These models do not depend on the particle size, refractive index, or concentration; instead, they consider the amount of chlorophyll and the particle composition. Therefore, some works in UVLC used the Mie scattering theory, such as the study in [17], to comprehensively analyse the scattering caused by phytoplankton particles that control many marine waters' optical characteristics. The transmission of light in underwater channels is highly challenging due to the complex light propagation properties in the underwater environment. The absorption, scattering, scintillation, and turbulence impairments cause the attenuation and temporal and spatial dispersion of light travelling through the aquatic medium. Therefore, comprehensive modelling and experimental studies of underwater channels are essential [18]. However, due to the significantly high complexity of the underwater channel, it is challenging to conclude one comprehensive formula for a water channel model that can capture different underwater channel environments. Besides the complexity of the underwater environment, conducting UOWC experiments incurs high costs. Thus, the simulation becomes a logical and valid supporting approach to assessing a channel model. The accuracy of the channel model is crucial because it reflects the impacts on light propagation in the underwater link. Some studies have attempted to simulate the UOWC channel by assuming a homogeneous medium; i.e., the refractive index and attenuation coefficients are constant throughout photon travel, where the ocean's component is uniform across its volume [19; 20]. The concept of a homogeneous medium may be used as a communication link that lies horizontally to the water's surface, while the characteristics of the ocean change with a perpendicular depth connection, causing a medium inhomogeneity [21]. Fluctuating chlorophyll content, salinity, temperature, and ocean turbulence with depth are the primary sources of medium inhomogeneity [22]. It is necessary to consider the impact of an inhomogeneous propagation channel to produce a more comprehensive solution model, which several studies have ignored when designing the UOWC channel [23]. Some studies [24; 25; 26; 27] have utilised the stochastic model to accommodate the medium content randomness in seawater. However, in this work (Section 4), we attempted to deal with the issue of inhomogeneous channels in a simple but effective technique using the derived MCS formulation without reducing the conformance to the CLT, which is a critical requirement for a valid MC practice. Nevertheless, many recent studies based on MCS, such as [23; 28], have ignored the effects of turbulence, reflection, and background scattering. Such studies help set RTE solution limit extremes, enabling other studies to assess the concluded solutions' reliability level. The study in [28] advanced the multiple-phase screen design to connect the turbulence besides the absorption and scattering effects, resulting in investigating the integration of these effects upon underwater channels simultaneously, based on the generalised Snell's law. However, one of the approaches that might be workable is to consider the CIR as an outcome of joint individual PDFs, each corresponding to a specific impairment. From the above brief review, it is clear that there are many approaches to conclude a valid and reliable solution for the RTE. Hence, the prelude of Section 2 focuses on seawater channel modelling elements to give the readers who are not entirely familiar with formulating an RTE solution a knowledge window to enable them to follow the flow of our discussions in the remaining sections. Additionally, Section 2 covers related topics: UOWC system layout, seawater channel impairments in terms of IOP and AOP characteristics, scintillation, and turbulence.