## 4 Discussion
Additionally, our investigation has taken into account the findings of previous studies. In the prior research on antibacterial properties, it was established that cerium-containing compounds exhibit antibacterial effects by inhibiting both glucose oxidation and absorption, along with the modulation of endogenous respiration [33]. According to recent research, the glass composition, local pH, dose, duration of treatment, shape, surface chemistry, particle size, and presence of surface coatings are some of the parameters that affect cerium's antibacterial properties [67, 68]. A stronger antibacterial property was detected when the quantity of cerium oxide was in the 5 to 10 mol% range at the concentration of 10 mg/mL and above [69]. [PERSON] et al. [70] discovered that increasing the cerium concentration of phosphate glasses improved their antibacterial effectiveness against _E. coli_. [PERSON] et al. investigated the antibacterial properties of cerium-doped MBGs up to 5.3 mol% concentration [33]. Despite the conclusion made by [PERSON] et al. [71], that cerium has weak antibacterial activities at low concentrations of cerium [72]. According to [PERSON] et al., the cerium (III) ion [73] attaches to _E. coli_ cells, blocks endogenous respiration, enters the cells' cytoplasm, and disrupts their metabolic processes [74]. It should be highlighted that the presence of Ce\({}^{3+}\) and Ce\({}^{4+}\) may be responsible for the improved antibacterial activities observed. The conversion of cerium (IV) to cerium (III) that occurs after ceria particle adsorption at the surface of _E. coli_ cells suggests that oxidative stress may be a plausible mechanism by which cerium particle exerts their toxicity [75]. Because it may act through two different mechanisms: ionic and particle effects, the Ce-doped MBG produced in this work is thought to have antibacterial characteristics during 24 h at 2 mg/mL concentration, as shown in Figure 6. The ionic effect may aid in maintaining the material's antibacterial properties if one of the pathways was hindered by an environmental factor, such as when particle impacts were reduced after interacting with or aggregating with other particles in the medium [76]. The enhanced antibacterial effectiveness of Ag-MBG in comparison to Ce-doped MBG can be attributed to the enhancement of silver's antibacterial characteristics via thiol groups [77]. The thiol groups of cysteine residues, which are crucial for the operation of many enzymes, are subjected to numerous conformational changes as a result of this linkage, which ultimately renders bacterial enzymatic activity inactive. For instance, DNA replication is hampered by the increased pyrimidine dimerization caused by the attaching of Ag\({}^{+}\) to the guanine base (N7 atom) [78, 79] and the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles are influenced by factors including their morphology (as shown in TEM images) and nanoparticle size. Further, the reaction mechanisms underlying the action of silver and cerium ion-doped or co-doped MBG within the bacterial membrane. Our investigation revealed that these doped MBGs induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within _E. coli_ bacterial cells. This production of ROS occurs as a result of the presence of silver and cerium ions, as well as silver and cerium nanoparticles. The resultant oxidative stress serves as a pivotal mechanism for the effective eradication of _E. coli_ bacteria. The intricate interplay between these elements contributes to the potent antimicrobial action of silver and cerium-doped MBGs, ultimately leading to the successful elimination of _E. coli_ bacteria [80; 81]. For the bioactivity part of the in vitro study, the bioactivity of the 5.75 mol% Ce-doped MBG sample was slower than that of the un-doped, Ag-doped, 2.87 mol% Ce-doped, and Ag/Ce co-doped MBG sample, but the addition of 5.75 mol% Ce-doped MBG did not significantly modify the capacity of crystallinity production [82]. According to a thorough investigation by [PERSON] et al.