## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, EMR and CS were employed to improve the activity of GBFS through alkali-sulfur co-activation. A CS-EMR-GBFS multicomponent solid waste cementitious material system was designed, and its mechanical properties, microstructure, and hydration behavior were explored. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. EMR and CS effectively enhanced the cementitious activity of GBFS and improved the mechanical properties of the multicomponent cementitious materials, with the most significant improvement observed in early strength. Notably, the EGC11 group, featuring 20% GBFS content, 8% EMR content, and 2% CS content, exhibited the optimal performance, achieving a 28 d compressive strength of 45.5 MPa, with lower costs and carbon emissions than conventional cement. 2. The addition of 30% GBFS alone reduced the hydration reaction rate and the total cumulative heat release. However, the incorporation of CS and EMR effectively increased the hydration reaction rate and the total cumulative heat release of the slurry. This suggests that alkali-sulfur co-activation effectively enhanced the cementitious activity of GBFS and the degree of hydration reaction. 3. The main hydration products of the CS-EMR-GBFS solid waste cementitious material were AFt and C-S-H gels. With the increase in the EMR content and the decrease in the CS content, the AFt and C-S-H gel contacts continued to increase, and a large amount of AFt was interspersed and grew in the C-S-H gels. Conceptualization, R.L. ; methodology, R.L. ; software, J.L. ; validation, J.L. ; formal analysis, R.L. ; investigation, D.J. ; resources, R.L. and Z.X. ; data curation, Y.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.L. ; writing--review and editing, R.L. ; visualization, Y.Z. ; supervision, F.L., W.H. and T.C. ; project administration, R.L. ; funding acquisition, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi (No. AB24010020). The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company Guangxi Maibu New Material Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Figure 11: Comprehensive comparison of cost, carbon emission, and 28 d compressive strength of multicomponent solid waste cementitious material and cement. * [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; et al. A critical review on approaches for electrolytic manganese residue treatment and disposal technology: Reduction, pretreatment, and reuse. _J. Hazard. Mater._**2021**, _418_, 126235. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Utilizing desulphurized electrolytic-manganese residue as a mineral admixture: A feasibility study. _Cem. Conr. Compos._**2022**, _134_, 104822. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Simultaneous removal of ammonia and manganese from electrolytic metal manganese residue leachate using phosphate salt. _J. Clean. Prod._**2016**, _135_, 468-475. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Pore structure analysis of electrolytic manganese residue based permeable brick by using industrial CT. _Constr. Build. Mater._**2019**, _208_, 697-709. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2013) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Preparation of electrolytic manganese residue-ground granulated blastfurrace slag cement. _Powder Technol._**2013**, _241_, 12-18. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Investigation on sulfate activation of electrolytic manganese residue on early activity of blast furnace slag in cement-based cementitious material. _Constr. Build.