# A Survey of GIS and IoT Integration: Applications and Architecture
## 3 GIS and IoT Integration Use Cases
### Disaster Management  
The tendency of cities toward modernization especially those exploiting technologies results in a more crowded environment [68]. Urbanization leads to structures built on most of the empty lots which result in low-efficiency rescue plans [69]. Therefore, broadly speaking, disaster management can be considered as one of the main concerns of all societies. Generally, disaster management can be considered into three phases, namely; Preparedness, Response, and Recovery [70]. A beginning phase called mitigation is also mentioned in [71] for disaster management phases.  
With the development of technologies, new strategies could be proposed to improve disaster management. Reference [71] explores the application of IoT and other technologies naming RFID, GPS, GIS, and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in disaster management approaches. In this research, studies are analyzed according to the technologies and tools they utilized and their studies supporting phase in disaster management.  
According to Reference [71], RFID, a valuable technology, has been used in disaster management studies the most. In addition, GIS, being used nearly by 60%, can be considered almost as an inextricable part of disaster management where Reference [72] suggests exploiting GIS due to the advantages over conventional maps. It is also worth mentioning that the capability of GIS as a simulating tool is highlighted in [71] by analyzing studies utilizing GIS and WSN to predict flood damage [73; 74].  
Many studies have been done on different phases of disaster managing [70; 75; 76; 77]. An early warning system which can be considered as a Preparedness phase is proposed by [78] to inform about the snowmelt flood. A section related to IoT, called Management Tools, is constructed in this study which includes an information mining sub-section dealing with spatial and sensor data mining. In turn, GIS functionalities are used to perform spatial analysis of those gathered data.  
Particularly for phase Response, using GIS and IoT a system is proposed in [79] to improve evacuation efficiency through analyzing the impact of smoke on evacuation. In this study, in order to collect high-resolution information in real-time and analyze the performance, IoT is exploited. The functions in GIS are used to process the parameter information of the environment and guide people to exits whenever a fire occurs. Another response system is presented in [80] so as to face volcanic disasters. In this study, a damage prediction model based on spatial information is used to enhance the effectiveness of the system. They use GIS as a tool to display the simulation and related tables and charts. Reference [81] exploits IoT, GIS, and GPS respectively as collection, mapping, and location finding tools to study forest fire monitoring systems to enhance the accuracy and rapidness of locating the position of fire. Another fire-related study is performed in [69] which is the presentation of a fire rescue emergency plan by integrating technologies like IoT, GIS, Virtual reality, and indoor positioning. The combination of GIS and VR is used to provide an interface with ease-of-use capability and training courses for fire forces. A weather disasters monitoring system is accomplished in [82] for alerting about severe weather changes. Using ArcGIS tools, a model is provided to observe emergency scenarios according to the data collected by weather sensors. In the proposed system, by allocating a server for GIS, it is responsible for displaying the weather parameters data and visualizing vulnerable regions on a map.  
According to what was discussed, there is a need to investigate the integration of GIS and IoT in studying disaster management phases particularly the Recovery phase.