# Planning of High-Power Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles: A Review
## 6 Discussion and Future Research Scope  
The literature in this paper focused on private passenger vehicles, which constitute the largest share of road vehicles. However, electrification of other modes of transport, such as short-distance ferries, or the electrification of ports operational activities, are topics that will be key in upcoming years. Overall, most of the articles implemented a plug-in solution, with a considerable percentage of fast chargers. The review showed a lack of usage of coinciding factors in sizing and allocating high-power charging station (HPCS): not accounting for this parameter can lead to an oversized infrastructure. Long-term planning of charging stations should anticipate mobility scenarios while estimating societal benefits that they produce. All in all, it is a recognized need to further investigate holistic and integrated approaches that include trade-offs between socio-economic and environmental benefits and power grid constraints. For example, a new stream of research could consider aggregated controllable loads of energy communities together with public and private charging stations to integrate and positively couple loads and intermittent renewable generation.  
Authors have outlined the following investigation areas that can further complement and expand the research on HPCS infrastructure planning:  
* Model-driven approaches are assessed to be preferred: the authors believe that further use of real data could produce more accurate results to help investors achieve a more optimal development of CI and enable regulators to produce policies that aim for sustainable mobility scenarios.
* There is a strong focus on the urban context for electrification. To the best knowledge of the authors, only one study produces an AS strategy for rural areas. More research is needed in this field, especially due to the divergent conditions between rural and urban regions.
* Only a limited number of studies analyzed the electrification of highway networks. In particular, a profitability assessment of HPCS in large transport systems is missing, especially in terms of optimized number, location, and size [13].
* There is a lack of studies that investigate how to plan electrification for heavy duty vehicles (HDV)s. Although the European Parliament is setting short-term targets on new HDV fleets [151], there is not a solid scientific basis for the best practices to supply this mode of transport.
* Land: as in Section 4.2.3, it was highlighted as one of the most influential parameters for cost estimation of CI planning, but more analysis could be developed on the revenues generated by areas designated to EV charging compared to other final uses.
* Policies: the present review article did not include current and future trends in policies, barriers, and threats on charging infrastructure development and other factors that could enhance the uptake of EVs. For example, V2G and V2X regulation could decrease operational cost for grid operators and final users (especially when in combination with V2B applications), and we suggest future investigation on the scope.
* Future trends: more research must be developed to take into account trends such as ownership-to-service, shared vehicles, technological advancements of electrical scooters, and autonomous vehicles, etc. In this regard, autonomous vehicle technologies and shared mobility are predicted to complement each other in the future of transportation with positive feedback loops [73; 121; 152]. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, no studies have assessed AS coupling automotive EVs offering car-sharing services.