## 3 Results
### DNA Damage and Micronuclei in Spermatids  
The indicated DNA parameter was examined by means of the alkaline comet assay. Figure 3A shows an approximation of the unit length-to-width index in the control mice, indicating an almost complete absence of DNA damage, a result that was similar to that found in the animals administered only GJ. These data contrast with the statistically significant duplication of the comet damage shown in the case of the CC-treated animals. Regarding the effect induced in the GJ-plus-CC-treated mice, we determined a significant level of protection exerted with the three tested GJ doses, with a mean preventive effect of 68% with respect to the level found in the CC-treated mice.  
In Figure 3B, we present the results obtained in the cytogenetic assay concerning the number of micronucleeli in the mouse spermatids. The control and GJ-alone-administered animals had similarly low amounts of micronucleeli, confirming that the juice exerted no damage in this parameter. In contrast, the CC-treated animals showed a threefold elevation in the amount of micronucleeli with respect to the control value. Regarding the combined groups (GJ plus CC), although we observed no protection with the lower dose of GJ, a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Group** & **Treatments** & **Normal Morphology** & **Progressive Motility** & **Viability** \\ \hline
1 & Purified water/10 \(\upmu\)L/g & 16 \(\pm\) 1.41 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 51.4 \(\pm\) 2.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 94 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline
2 & CC/3 mg/kg & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.84 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 13 \(\pm\) 2.83 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.8 \(\pm\) 1.64 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline
3 & GJ/33.28 \(\upmu\)L/g & 15.6 \(\pm\) 1.52 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 50.4 \(\pm\) 6.42 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 89 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline
4 & GJ & + CC & & \\  & 4.16 \(\upmu\)L/g & 3 mg/kg & 6.8 \(\pm\) 0.83 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 12.8 \(\pm\) 2.05 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 66.2 \(\pm\) 2.59 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
5 & GJ & + CC & & \\  & 16.64 \(\upmu\)L/g & 3 mg/kg & 12.6 \(\pm\) 1.67 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 39 \(\pm\) 4.30 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 77.8 \(\pm\) 4.92 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ \hline
6 & GJ & + CC & & \\  & 33.28 \(\upmu\)L/g & 3 mg/kg & 14 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 46.6 \(\pm\) 2.88 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 83.4 \(\pm\) 3.21 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} For morphology, each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SDM obtained in 200 spermatozoids per mouse (five mice per group). For motility and viability, each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SDM obtained in 100 spermatozoids per mouse (five mice per group). Values are expressed in percentage form. Different letters show statistical differences. For morphology, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey tests, \(p\leq\) 0.05 were used. For motility and viability, chi-squared and Fisher tests, \(p\leq\) 0.05 were used.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Mouse sperm quality determined with exposure to grapefruit juice (GJ) and cadmium chloride (CC).  
statistically significant decrease in the number of micronucleeli was found with the two high doses with respect to the CC-administered mice. At this endpoint, the high dose of GJ (33.2 \(\mu\)L/g) showed a better protective effect, with a 79% micronucleeli reduction in comparison with the value observed in the CC-treated mice.