# Infrastructure Elements for Smart Campuses: A Bibliometric Analysis
## 1 Introduction  
The emergence of smart campuses worldwide has become an opportunity for educational institutions to enhance their utilisation of existing physical infrastructure to introduce smart technologies [1]. The construction and upgrading of smart campuses have seen the deployment of various infrastructures such as sensors, microgrids, smart classrooms; smart parking; smart meters; energy consumption management and digital technologies to improve learning and teaching on campuses [1, 2]. Moreover, smart campuses are essential for meeting the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs) like affordable and clean energy and sustainable cities and communities [1]. Likewise, campuses are smaller communities within cities that may serve as micro smart cities and an available framework for smart city development [3, 4]. [PERSON] et al. [3] suggested that smart cities development in developing countries can be hinged on a clear strategic framework inclusive of governance, policymaking, and management of campuses. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [5] suggested that 70% of the world's population will be living in urban areas by the year 2050, and the development of smart campus information technology (IT) applications is an integral part of creating smart campuses. The need for smart cities worldwide is predicated on the problems of the epidemic, climate change, unhealthy cities and access to modern amenities such as the internet of things [1, 3]. The development of smart cities is viewed as expensive, non-inclusive of low-income earners, but [PERSON] et al. [3] argued that the microlevel application of smart infrastructure througha smart campus is an opportunity for existing cities to transcend towards smart cities. On-campus, IT infrastructure such as smart buildings; mobile learning; e-learning on smart devices; smart classrooms; campus information portal; and renewable energy are opportunities for campuses to provide wider smart city development lessons [6; 7]. Previous studies by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1], [PERSON] et al. [2] and [PERSON] et al. [3] are deficient in terms of new developments in smart campus infrastructure (especially in the last 10 years), inclusive of improvement measures and the need to identify focal and emerging areas of smartness needs on campuses. Consequently, the diverse IT infrastructure required to attain smart campus status is unknown in academic literature despite being reviewed in multiple articles. For instance, scholars like [PERSON] [6]; [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7]; [PERSON] et al. [8]; [PERSON] [9]; and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] discussed cloud computing, the internet of things (IoTs), and digital technology in smart campuses. Moreover, many articles on smart campus development have considered the sustainability, technology, student behaviour, challenges and opportunities for their continued transitions into smart cities [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. However, a significant challenge facing smart campus development is the paucity of studies seeking to articulate an existing framework for identifying all the infrastructural elements required for smart campus development. Such a smart campus infrastructure framework can foster a comprehensive approach to any campuses in developing and developed country contexts seeking to engage in micro smart city development. This study intends to propose an inclusive framework of smart campus infrastructures by reviewing all existing literature on smart campus technologies. In achieving this aim, the bibliometric analysis of extant literature will be used to identify cogent smart campus technologies deployed in various countries worldwide. Bibliometrics is a very valuable tool to obtain good information and knowledge about the status of scientific research activities in specific disciplines, helping researchers to find novel trends and interests within investigation frameworks [18].