## 2 Overview of Internet of Things Applications  
The paradigm of IoT involve equipping everyday objects with identifying, sensing, networking and processing capabilities that enable the objects to communicate with one another and with other devices and services over the Internet in order to solve a particular task [6]. The importance of the features of IoT technologies in human lives cannot be overemphasized. This technology (IoT) is essential for building smart societies, enhancing the throughput of industrial processes and for boosting security systems as summarized in Figure 1. In smart society applications, IoT is employed for building smart homes, smart offices and intelligent environments, where sensors embedded devices are deployed for efficient management of public assets and resources. Additionally, IoT technology is useful for urban management, where information and communication technology (ICT) models are brought into service for addressing the ever-growing urbanization challenges. In IoT urban management applications, electronic data collection sensors are employed for improving the quality of life. This is achieved by the transmission of information using wireless and cloud-based technologies in order to enhance business transactions and influence better daily decision making by the citizens living across municipalities. It is briefly mentioned in Sections 1 and 3 that the benefits of IoT can as well be exploited to boost the production of industrial output in addition to protection of industrial lives, properties and environment. The manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, energy and food production sector of an economy are prominent industries that exploit the benefits of IoT technologies as summarized in Figure 1, where smart sensors are deployed to monitor environmental conditions. The manufacturingindustry comprises of automotive industries, consumer electronics and pharmaceuticals etc. Additionally, IoT applies to the transportation industry with specific reference to aviation, smart car production, smart parking, 3D assisted driving and traffic congestion management. Home healthcare, hospital management, electronic health (e-health) and mobile health (m-health) are all examples of IoT applications in smart healthcare industries while smart grid and lightning are applications of IoT in smart energy environments. Smart sensors and actuators can also be used to control agricultural equipment and pumps while regulating environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, chemical levels of the soil and humidity. This present-day technology (IoT) can also find application in the oil and gas sector. In this paper, the application of IoT in offshore oil and gas exploration using the concept of emergent configuration (EC) is presented in Section 4. The concept of IoT generally finds pragmatic applications in security systems. End to end security scheme is an essential rumination for implementing IoT technologies. It is worthy to mention that IoT devices can be expertly coded to offer enhanced integrity and confidentiality of the transmitted messages. Methodical end to end encryption on devices, networks, and cloud infrastructures can prevent hackers (or attackers) from unauthorized access to user information (or properties). Furthermore, professionally programmed IoT-based software applications in sensor embedded computing devices can be exploited to enhance the operation of IoT-based systems. The implementation of these well-organized security sensor devices find use in home automation, industrial machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, electronic wearables and smart energy grids etc., for device tracking and monitoring. On the other hand, cyber-physical-social (CPS) computing involves the processing of data/knowledge obtained from the CPS world for the integration, correlation, interpretation and provision of relevant abstractions to individuals for meaningful decision-making [14; 15].