## 4 Conclusions  
The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of both elevation and positioning errors on the seismic array response. One field data set was recorded using 24 receivers and five different shot gathers. Processing and interpreting the recorded data show two subsurface layers with velocities of 313 and 1949 m/s for the first and second layers, respectively, and a critical angle of \(\theta_{c}=9.2^{\circ}\). Knowing the exact source and receiver positions and elevations, the elevation errors and position errors are calculated. Our results show that elevation has higher errors relative to position, where the mean errors of elevation and position are 2.4 and 0.014 m, respectively. The reason for the higher errors in the elevation case is the big difference between the receiver elevations and the horizontal datum elevation, which reached a maximum of 4 m.  
The first arrival travel times and the array trace energy are calculated for all studied cases. The first case is the perturbed case involving the first arrival travel times of the head wave without applying any correction for position or elevation errors. The second case is the ideal case involving the first arrival travel times of the head wave after applying corrections for both position and elevation errors. Results show that there is a considerable difference between the two cases, where the array trace energy of the ideal case is enhanced by almost three times in comparison with the array trace energy of the perturbed case. Afterwards, the first arrival travel times and the array trace energy of position and elevation error removal cases are calculated separately and compared to the ideal case. Results show \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & & **Ref. [31]** & & **Current study** & \\ \hline Ec (\(t=0\)) & & 1060.57 & & 2237 & \\ Error type & Error standard deviation & Trace energy & Degradation & Trace energy & Degradation \\ Ex & 1.025\% & 1060.47 & 0.009\% & 2237 & 0.000\% \\ Ez & 30.5\% & 126.919 & 88.033\% & 795 & 64.461\% \\ Exz & 30.52\% & 127.973 & 87.934\% & 797 & 64.372\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of results of this study to those of [31]. a considerable decrease in the array trace energy after elevation error removal, and almost no change after position error removal, compared to the array trace energy of the ideal case. These results assure us that almost all signal energy loss is due to the presence of elevation errors in this study area. Therefore, it is necessary to correct for this error to minimize energy degradation of the seismic array, which is very important for many steps of seismic data processing such as static corrections, velocity analysis, and imaging. The two main applications of the proposed technique are; (1) processing deep seismic reflection data and (2) high-resolution imaging for engineering applications. In both applications, it is essential to obtain accurate source and receiver positioning. Although the elevation errors have larger effects on the final data, both position and elevation need to be accurately measured. The main limitation of the proposed technique is the need for D-GPS to obtain accurate position and elevation of receiver points. This could be an obstacle in some cases; however, the more accurate the position/elevation readings, the more accurate the final results. Methodology, S.M.H., A.-M. and A.A.A.-S.; Field work, S.M.H., A.-A.-M. and A.A.A.-S.; Processing and calculations, S.M.H., A.A.-M. and A.A.A.-S.; Conclusions, S.M.H., A.A.-M. and A.A.A.-S.; Writing--original draft, S.M.H., A.A.-M. and A.A.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences (CPG), grant number: SF19013. No applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to its large size.