# An Overview of Fog Computing and Edge Computing Security and Privacy Issues
## 4 Security and Privacy Issues of Fog Computing
### Privacy Issues in Fog Computing  
Privacy is becoming a serious challenge in fog computing as the confidential data of users is exchanged, gathered, processed, and transmitted over fog nodes. Each user wants its data to be safe and secure over the wireless medium but, unfortunately, it is very difficult to preserve the privacy of user's confidential data due to the presence of malicious users and intruders in the network. It is very important to maintain privacy from the perspectives of both user and the provider. As, the application processing of fog computing is carried out in the user's device, keeping the privacy of user's information is the first priority. According to [24; 37], there are six major aspects of privacy issues:  
1. User Privacy: Fog computing network contains large number of IoT enabled devices that are inter-connected via sensors or wireless system. The job of IoT devices is to generate sensitive data and transmit it to fog nodes for processing. This sensitive data includes personal information, smart home automated data, healthcare information, business information, etc. and all of this data can be stolen by the intruder with a weak security system. 2. Identity Privacy: The identity of a user is extremely vulnerable of getting disclosed while having authentication of fog nodes as each user has to provide their identity related information to the nodes including name, phone number, home address, passport number, license ID etc. in order to get verified. 3. Data Privacy: The confidential data of a user can get exposed to a network attacker who is trying to steal user's personal data from the transmission medium or relay nodes. This information consists of user's personal address, preferences and political data. For example, the online system of voting can put the political preference of users at risk. The privacy of such data is very critical. 4. Usage Privacy: Usage privacy refers to the pattern in which the user accesses the services of the fog computing network. This pattern can help the intruder in know \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Security Attack** & **Research Contribution** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Forgery} & In [26], the authors suggested privacy preserving authentication scheme that provide access control which address the forgery attack. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tampering} & In [27], the authors suggested reliable trust computing mechanism (RTCM) based on fog computing fusion. Their suggested solution aims to provide high level of integrity for the data in fog environment. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sybil} & In [28], the authors suggested a Sybil attack detection mechanism for the cloud computing environment that also could be used with fog computing. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Jamming} & In [29], the authors discussed jamming issues in fog computing. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Eavesdropping} & In [30], the author suggested some techniques that can detect and prevent this type of attacks. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Denial of Service} & In [31], the authors provided a comprehensive overview of this type of attacks and how they could affect fog computing. In [32], the author suggested lightweight mechanism to mitigate this type of attacks. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Man-in-the-Middle} & In [33], the author discussed this type of attack in fog computing and how it could be detected. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Collusion} & In [34], the authors identified different privacy framework to prevent this type of attacks. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Impersonation} & In [32], the authors discussed this type of attacks and provided a technique to prevent it. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Side Channel Attack} & In [35], the author suggested a system with resistant to side channel attacks in fog computing. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Session Hijacking} & In [36], the author discussed a way to prevent this type of attacks in fog and edge environment. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: security attack in fog computing with some researches contribution.