esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Data  
To quantitatively evaluate the proposed method, this study used the publicly available data of the ANHIR challenge [6]. ANHIR describes a publicly available multi-institutional dataset [6; 26; 27; 28; 29] and a community benchmark to fairly evaluate and compare various non-rigid registration methods.  
ANHIR makes available a set of 481 high-resolution (up to 40\(\times\) magnification) whole-slide images (n\({}_{\rm public}\) = 230, n\({}_{\rm private}\) = 251) from different anatomical sites with manually demarcated landmarks (Figure 2). Specifically, these anatomical sites comprise (_i_) mice lung lesion tissue samples from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections, (_ii_) mice lung lobes corresponding to the same set of histologic samples as the lesion tissue, (_iii_) mammary glands, (_iv_) colon adenocarcinoma, (_v_) resected healthy mice kidneys that show high similarity to human kidneys, (_vi_) surgical material from patients with a histologically verified diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma, and (_vii_) FFPE sections of breast and (_viii_) kidney tissue. The original size of the provided images varied from 15 K \(\times\) 15 K pixels, going up to 50 K \(\times\) 50 K pixels. However, the images provided for the ANHIR challenge and therefore used to evaluate the performance of our approach represent a scaled version of the original images, of approximately 8 K \(\times\) 8 K-16 K \(\times\) 16 K pixels. More than 50 whole-slide histologic image sets were provided and were organized in sets of consecutive sections of the same tissue block of a distinct anatomical site, and each slice was stained with a different dye. The 10 different dyes used in the given dataset were hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), antigen KI-67 (MKI67), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1, also known as CD31), estrogen receptor (ESR), progesterone receptor (PGR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2), secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1, CC10), propeptide of surfactant protein C (pro-SFTPC), cytokeratin, and NPHS2 (podocin).  
Figure 1: Example mammary gland digitized sequential differently stained histologic whole slide images, as provided by the automatic non-rigid histological image registration (ANHIR) challenge. Figure taken from anhir.grand-challenge.org, last accessed: 13 May 2020.
# Challenges of Using the L-Band and S-Band for Direct-to-Cellular Satellite 5G-6G NTN Systems
## 4 Simulation Methodology
### Scenario 2  
In this scenario, the interference caused by the 5G NTN constellation affected the mobile receiving station's communication with the Lyra satellites. The simulation was conducted over a period of one week, with a time step of one second. A longer simulation period was necessary due to the intermittent visibility of the Lyra receiving mobile terminal to the Lyra satellites. This extended duration allowed for a more precise estimation of the long-term interference impact from the 5G NTN constellation. The mobile station was situated in Europe, and the 5G NTN satellites were assumed to be consistently active within their service area. Figure 9 illustrates the simulation results, showcasing the interference caused by the 5G NTN system on the Lyra system.  
Figure 8: Simulation of the interference transmitted from the 5G NTN system to the Omnispace system.  
Figure 9: Simulation of the interference from a 5G NTN system in the Lyra system.
## 7 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we proposed an automatic recognition scheme for maritime optical Morse lamps based on a modified k-means clustering algorithm. A flexible FSO communication prototype consisted of LED arrays, and an MCU was constructed for real data collection and real-time decoding. We also investigated the performance of the proposed approach including recognition accuracy, as well as system robustness. Real-time recognition results derived from the MCU indicate that the accuracy increases with the growth of the SNR, and can reach more than 99%. It is worth mentioning that our proposed modified k-means clustering algorithm can also be applied in other digital communication systems for decision threshold optimization and is adaptive to different channel characteristics. In the future, we will further investigate the recognition performance based on other ML-based clustering algorithms.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, X.W. and M.Z.; methodology, X.W. and M.Z.; software, X.W., M.Z., H.Z. and X.L.; validation, X.L.; formal analysis, X.W. and M.Z.; investigation, X.W. and M.Z.; resources, H.Z. and X.L.; data curation, X.W. and M.Z.; writing\(-\)original draft preparation, X.W.; writing\(-\)review and editing, M.Z.; visualization, X.W., H.Z. and X.L.; supervision, M.Z. and X.R.; project administration, M.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SNR (dB)** & **Total Characters** & **Correct Characters** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline \(-3\) & 2196 & 1979 & 90.1\% \\ \(-1\) & 2196 & 2003 & 91.2\% \\ \(1\) & 2196 & 2038 & 92.8\% \\ \(3\) & 2196 & 2102 & 95.7\% \\ \(5\) & 2196 & 2128 & 96.9\% \\ \(6\) & 2196 & 2176 & 99.1\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Recognition results under different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).  
Figure 14: Recognition accuracy under different SNRs.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Optical Waveguide Cross-Section Design and Simulation
### Bending Loss  
Waveguide bends are crucial for designing compact photonic integrated components and the path routing of optical interconnects between devices. We studied the waveguide 90\({}^{\circ}\) bend loss to assess its design limits. We used a 3D model of the bent waveguide with nano-fin support at various bend radii at two different core diameters, and assessed the transmission loss using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation (with Lumerical FDTD), preferring its higher loss estimates over those we obtained with Eigen Mode Expansion (EME) simulations (based on conformal mapping per bend radius). A composite picture of the mode evolution of the FDTD propagation through the 2 \(\upmu\)m wide waveguides (top view) for three different bend radii of 5 \(\upmu\)m, 10 \(\upmu\)m, and 15 \(\upmu\)m is shown in Figure 4a. Bend losses as a function of bend radius, for core diameters of 1.5 and 2 \(\upmu\)m, with a fin height/width of 1.5/0.3 \(\upmu\)m, are shown in Figure 4b, with insets showing the mode supported by the bent waveguide (evaluated using mode solving). As expected, bending losses increased substantially at small bend radii (below 10 \(\upmu\)m); however, the low losses did not reduce to negligible values for large bend radii, suggesting a leakage path to the substrate [26]. To verify this, we evaluated the same bend losses without the presence of the nano-fin (but with the substrate) and observed lower losses with monotonic decay, demonstrating that the nano-fin provides a leakage path at waveguide bends. The observed losses were sufficiently small to be practically ignored, but if desired, they could be reduced further with a taller/narrower nano-fin support structure.  
Figure 3: **(a)** Effective refractive index variation with fin height, \(h\), for fin width of 0.3 \(\upmu\)m. **(b)** Effective refractive index variation with fin width, \(w\), for fin height of 1.5 \(\upmu\)m and core diameters of 1.5 and 2 \(\upmu\)m, for \(\text{LP}_{\text{0 lx}}\) and \(\text{LP}_{\text{0 ly}}\) modes.
###### Abstract  
With the advancement of active distribution network construction, to solve the shortcomings of the existing distribution network technology in distribution network perception and control, the relevant technologies of the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in the transmission network have attracted more attention in terms of their usage in the distribution network. Micro Multifunction Phasor Measurement Unit (\(\upmu\)MPMU), as an example, is being gradually utilized in the distribution network. However, the existing synchronous phasor transmission protocol is mainly designed for the transmission network, which requires an extension to meet the communication requirements to be directly used in the distribution network. In this work, the requirements of active distribution network communication are analyzed, and trade-offs between National Standard of the People's Republic of China/Recommended (GB/T) 26865.2-2011 and International Electro technical Commission (IEC) 60870-5-101/104 protocol are compared. An extension method of the communication protocol is proposed, with the benefits of the prioritized transmission of important data, expanded remote control function of \(\upmu\)MPMU, increased types of offline files, and reduced amount of network communication and data storage. The method is built upon the existing GB/T 26865.2-2011 protocol, and refers to the Application Service Data Unit (ASDU) of IEC 60870-5-101/104 to add an application extension frame. Application extension frames are used to transmit telemetry data, telesignalization, partial commands, and partial offline files. Finally, an experimental environment is set up, which includes a phasor measurement unit (PMU) Emulator, distribution network phasor data concentrator (PDC), and main station emulator to implement the standard GB/T 26865.2-2011 protocol and extension protocol. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method are confirmed by the superior performance of the extended protocol compared with the standard protocol.  
distribution network; WAMS; protocol extension; priority +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2019, 9, 2135; doi:10.3390/app9102135
## 3 Results
### Fault Diagnosis  
Beside pointing out the presence of faults, the phase of fault detection is essential to temporally locate their occurrence and then to identify the limited portion of signal to be analyzed in the second step of the study, which is fault diagnosis. This is based on the application of more complex techniques with higher computational effort to determine the exact nature of each fault, i.e., the particular bearing sub-component affected by it.  
Since the statistical parameters previously adopted for the fault detection revealed the presence of faults only on bearings 3 and 4, and not on bearings 1 and 2, these last two bearings are not further considered, and the fault diagnosis is carried out only on bearings 3 and 4.  
The signal from the last 49 s of acquisition, belonging to the last part of the 33 rd and all the 34 th day of the experiment, will be considered for bearing 3, as well as the signal from the 26 th day until the end of the campaign for bearing 4, in light of the earlier occurrence of faults on it, which tend to gradually reduce their impact on the signal and their impulsive nature due to progressive smoothing of the damaged surfaces.
# Developments, Trends, and Challenges in Optimization of Ship Energy Systems
## 5 Further Research Needs and Challenges in Optimization of Ship Energy Systems
### Optimization of Maintenance Schedule in Itself or Embedded in SDO Optimization  
In articles of Table 1 that include cost estimation, maintenance cost is estimated either as a fixed percentage of the capital cost of the system or as a linear function of the mechanical or electric energy produced with no consideration of the maintenance strategy, being tacitly assumed that maintenance will take place at fixed and prespecified periods, as is the usual practice on ships. However, with the continuous expansion of data acquisition systems on board, condition-based maintenance can be a realistic option for certain equipment, while reliability-centered maintenance could be considered, even though more demanding in application. Maintenance after failure (run till failure) should rather be excluded as an option on ships, for safety reasons.  
The aforementioned indicate that the maintenance strategy itself can be the subject of optimization. Since such an application on ships has not been found, an example referring to a land installation is mentioned here, in order to make the subject more clear. In [103], a network of compressors with fixed synthesis and design operating in parallel in an air separation plant is considered and the operation and maintenance schedule are optimized simultaneously. Objective function is the minimization of the total startup, shutdown, and power consumption costs of the compressors as well as the procurement cost of products from external sources. Three different maintenance policies are considered: (i) fixed maintenance plan, (ii) flexible maintenance plan through the simultaneous optimization of operational and maintenance tasks, and (iii) flexible maintenance plan considering maintenance workforce limitations. Optimization is performed for policies (ii) and (iii) in separate.  
Optimization of maintenance scheduling either in itself or embedded in the whole SDO optimization of ship energy systems is an interesting endeavor. Taking into consideration that maintenance and reliability are directly interrelated, SDO optimization of ship energy systems including both reliability and maintenance scheduling is even more interesting and challenging.
## 6 Conclusions  
The influences of parameters such as corrosion degree and eccentricity on the mechanical properties of uniformly corroded circular steel tubular beam-columns in atmospheric environment were studied experimentally. Based on the calculation formulas of three specifications, the load carrying capacities of corroded specimens were calculated by the section reduction method and material degradation method. Herein, the following conclusions are summarized.  
The yield strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation of corroded steel decrease linearly with the increase of corrosion ratio, and the elongation decreases more quickly than other properties.  
The failure modes of circular steel tube specimens do not change under uniform corrosion, which are global buckling failure. With the increase of eccentricity, the load carrying capacities and stiffness of specimens descend.  
The load carrying capacities and stiffness of circular steel tube specimens decrease with the growth of corrosion ratio, which are more prominent than the degradation of material properties of steel, and the degree of reduction is linear with the corrosion ratio. At the same corrosion ratio, the load carrying capacity and stiffness degradation of specimens with larger eccentricity are more significant.  
The load carrying capacities of specimens calculated based on the section reduction and material degradation are in good agreement with the test results and have a certain margin. The conservative degree of the calculation results of three specifications ranks in descending order of ANSI/AISC 360-16, GB50017-2017, and EN 1993-1-1.  
When the corrosion ratios of specimens are equal and do not exceed 20%, the load carrying capacities of one-sided corrosion and two-sided corrosion specimens are basically the same, and the difference between two results is no more than 3%.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; and [PERSON] wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the China National Key R&D Program during the 13 th Five-Year Plan Period (Grant No. 2016 YFC0700706).  
This research was supported by the China National Key R&D Program during the 13 th Five-Year Plan Period (Grant No. 2016 YFC0700706), which is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to acknowledge Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Multi-Disasters Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering Fuzhou University, China, for laboratory help.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Development of Key Technologies in Applications of Vessels Connected to the Internet
## 5 Challenges and Prospects
### Challenges of the IoV System
#### 5.1.2 The Limit of Transmission for the Waterway Traffic Information  
Although the waterway traffic has many ways, such as perception and communication, to transfer information from vessel to vessel, vessel to shore, vessel to buoy, limits of transmission still exist in use, arrangement and integration [77]. The details of the limitation are described below.  
1. As is well known, there are a variety of communication styles such as VHF, RFID, GPRS and 3G [78; 79]. The data of these communication styles is similar but not compatible because of the lack of unified interaction interfaces.
2. Due to the lack of service contents [80; 81] and service styles, the information is transferred from the ship terminal to the coast station only to meet the requirement of the administration. A general service platform should be established to provide various information services.
3. When the ships sail in different regions, the information will be transferred across these regions. If the business systems in these regions do not support each other, it is a barrier for the information sharing and information efficiency.
# Removal of Chromium(VI) by Chitosan Beads Modified with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Experiment
#### 3.1.6 Estimation of Partition Coefficient (PC)  
Many adsorption studies have shown that the adsorption performance is usually evaluated and expressed by the maximum (or equilibrium) adsorption capacity. However, the maximum adsorption capacity is sensitively influenced by the initial concentration of the target pollutant (or expressing in more detail, what is left after the sorption reaction) [52; 53]. When the sorbent is exposed to a higher concentration of objective targets, it is likely to exhibit a higher adsorption capacity. On the other hand, when the sorbent is exposed to lower levels of target species, it will show lower capacities. Therefore, in addition to the maximum adsorption capacity, it is effective to estimate using the concept of the partition coefficient (PC--adsorption capacity/final concentration) [53; 54]. Comprehensive experimental data of the adsorption process under different effect factors are shown in Table 2. The data in Table 2 correspond to the data from Section 3.1.1. to Section 3.1.4. (i.e., Figures 2, 3, 5 and 6). From Table 2, it could be found that the adsorption affinity was fairly good under the following conditions when using either the concept of the adsorption capacity or that of the PC: pH of 4-5, contact time of 72 h, initial concentration of SDS 40 mg: L\({}^{-1}\), and adsorbent dose of 0.8-1.0 mg: L\({}^{-1}\).  
Figure 6: Effect of the adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the SDS-modified chitosan beads.
# Study on Active Tracking of Underwater Acoustic Target Based on Deep Convolution Neural Network
## 4 Discussion  
In active sonar tracking of underwater acoustic targets, the initial measurement information, data association and target judgment of the target affect the tracking performance. In this article, we use DCNN to improve the performance of active tracking of underwater acoustic targets, especially to solve the problem of correctly associating target data after overlapping target azimuths. The samples in the data set are azimuth-weighted time-frequency images, which contain the target's echo feature information and azimuth information. Therefore, when tracking a target, the observation results given by the DCNN-KFAT method include the target's category and azimuth angle, which can accurately correlate the data.  
We simulated the moving target using the bright spot echo model of active sonar, performed simulation experiments and validated them using some prerecorded data. We found that the KFAT method uses matched filtering and beamforming methods to determine the time when the target appears through threshold detection, and the deviation range is relatively large. DCNN-KFAT method uses the time-frequency image of the target to judge according to the intensity of the frequency band energy of the target echo signal, and the target arrival time can be calculated more accurately. Due to the limitations of experimental conditions, we only conducted simulation verification, and did not conduct sea trials. In the future, we hope to test in the actual marine environment to verify the performance of the DCNN-KFAT method in practical applications.
# Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview
## 4 Nanocarriers in Management of Fungal Infections
### Vesicle Systems
#### 4.1.2 Transfersomes  
Biocompatible ultra-deformable/elastic vesicles called Transfersomes are fabricated from natural phospholipids and nonionic surfactants. Transfersomes have gained significant interest in transdermal drug delivery [33]. Since their structures involve hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, both drug molecules' categories can be accommodated with extensive solubility. Transfersomes have a higher elasticity rate, resulting in a higher flux rate and penetration across the skin than other vesicular systems [34].  
[PERSON] developed a topical formulation of a hydrophobic fungicide terbinafine (TF)-loaded in Transfersome(r) vesicles (TFVs), which have significant in vitro antifungal capacity compared to the plain TF. The study showed that TFVs caused more efficient local damage to the fungal endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Additionally, the outcomes suggested that transfersomes can act independently in the treatment of all types of fungal diseases [35].  
[PERSON] et al. designed a transferase-based liquid spray to deliver the therapeutic drug across the nail bed to treat onychomycosis infections. The Transfersome-designed system demonstrated potent activity against the dermatophyte strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.03-15 mg/mL [36]. In a study, [PERSON] et al. prepared TF-containing transfersomes to compare the antifungal activity and skin permeation rates of different vascular formulations, such as menthosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes in nonocclusive environments. The ex vivo study of the drug-loaded vesicle displayed a two- to three-fold greater permeation rate compared to the drug suspension. The TF transfer is considered an effective antifungal agent against _Aspergillus niger_ to manage fungal diseases of toenails or fingernails [37].
## 4 Protocol Constraints  
The allocation of superframe durations to each of the clusters is done according to a set of boundary equations, hereafter referred as protocol and buffer constraints. In this section, we model such a protocol and buffer constraints, considering the main constraints imposed by the IEEE 802.15.4 operation behaviour.