esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Network Measurement and Performance Analysis at Server Side
## 3 Measurement Methodology
### Bl BlBw Estimator  
For any network path at any time, there must be exactly one bottleneck router/switch, whose available bandwidth is the physical upper bound of data delivery rate of TCP flows that traverse the path. We define this available bandwidth as BlBw, i.e., bottleneck bandwidth. BlBw can be measured in network stack [3], however, we have to adopt a packet-based approach that is similar but somehow more challenging, since the application behavior and the congestion control status are invisible to us.  
To estimate BlBw, we continuously measure the rate that data are delivered to receiver. Note that delivery rate is different from send rate: the former is bound by BlBw but the latter is not. When an ACK arrives back to the sender, it conveys two pieces of information: the amount of data delivered and the time elapsed since the corresponding data packet departed. The ratio of the two is the delivery rate. After obtaining a stream of delivery rate samples, we use a windowed maximum filter to estimate BlBw, which is similar to [3], but our window is flight-based rather than time-based. We explain how to separate packets into flights in detail in later subsections. On the arrival of each ACK that belongs to nth flight \(f(n)\), we define:  
\[Bl\widehat{Bw}(n)=\max_{i\in(n-W_{f},n]}\max_{ack\in f(i)}deliveryRate(ack) \tag{1}\]  
where \(W_{f}\) is the window length of the filter, which is set to ten flights in the current implementation. However, not all ACK can be used to update BlBw. Specifically, when TCP flow is sender or receiver limited, delivery rate samples will be obviously lower than BlBw. To avoid underestimation of BlBw, EVA pauses updates to BlBw in such situations.  
Now, we can see the dynamics of BlBw estimator. Initially, the window is empty. After several flights of data transfer, the window is filled up, so we have an initial estimate of the BlBw. If the BlBw increases, we would see immediately that the delivery rate goes up. If the BlBw decreases, it would take several flights to correct the BlBw estimate.  
Several refinements and extensions have been made so that we can estimate BlBw more accurately and more efficiently using only packet traces. First, since it is physically impossible for data to be delivered faster than they are sent in a sustained fashion, when the estimator notices that the delivery rate for a flight is faster than the send rate for the flight, it filters out the implausible delivery rate by capping the rate sample to be no higher than the send rate. Second, if a packet retransmission just filled the \"hole\" in the TCP byte stream, implausible delivery rate can still be observed even filtered by send rate. This problem stems from TCP's cumulative ack mechanism, which can be solved by TCP SACK option that selectively acknowledges data blocks after the \"hole\", so that we can know the actual bytes acked. Finally, we implemented [PERSON] algorithm for tracking the estimate of a stream of delivery rate samples.
# Numerical Simulation Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics during Take-Off Phase in Ski Jumping
## 4 Discussion
### Aerodynamic Characteristics of Different Body Parts  
From Figures 4 and 5, it can be observed that the mechanical characteristics of different body parts of the athlete show similar variations over time for both take-off modes. Additionally, the mechanical characteristics of the skis have a relatively small impact but should not be ignored. The torso and legs of the athlete are the main contributors to aerodynamic forces, while the arms, head, and skis themselves also contribute, albeit to a lesser extent. In terms of the drag characteristics, the torso and legs contribute the majority of drag, accounting for approximately 80%. For the lift characteristics, the torso and legs also contribute the majority of lift, accounting for approximately 85%. Regarding the moment characteristics, the torso contributes the majority of the moment, accounting for over 57%, and the remaining significant contributors are the legs and head.  
In the KPH mode, the double vortex flow generated by the arms creates a downwash vortex behind the athlete, as shown in Figure 8. This downwash vortex increases in circulation around the athlete, resulting in an increased lift effect, leading to a rapid increase in the total lift for the same period. In the HDK mode, in the initial take-off posture, the vortex flow from the arms is quite evident, but later on, these vortex flows become disordered (Figure 8, HDK mode, image of \(-\)54 ms). It can be inferred that these disordered vortex flows contribute to the increased area of low-speed regions in the wake of the HDK mode (Figure 7d), which subsequently leads to a decrease in the total lift  
Figure 8: Comparison of the equal-vorticity contours of two take-off modes based on the side and back views. The equal vorticity contours (\(\omega=100\) s\({}^{-1}\)) were plotted. The colors indicate the anteroposterior distance from the surface.  
(Figure 3b). The study found that when the arm is in a low position, particularly in the HDK mode, it has a significant influence on the flow. This is because in the HDK mode, the arms are always very close to the athlete's thighs (Figure 7), generating larger disordered vortex flows during the entire take-off motion. These findings indicate that the vortices generated by the arms have a significant impact on the generation of aerodynamic lift and the flow structure behind the athlete. Although the aerodynamic forces generated by the arms themselves may not be significant, they have a substantial influence on the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the athlete. [PERSON] et al. (2006) suggested considering the arm angle in flight phase postures and found that the aerodynamic lift during the flight phase increases with an increase in the shoulder joint abduction angle [12]. Additionally, [PERSON], in his CFD study on ski jumping in the invn and take-off phase, found that the positioning of the athlete's arms should not be ignored, as elite athletes are able to control the impact of their arms within a smaller range [24].
# Ontology Modeling Using Fractal and Fuzzy Concepts to Optimize Metadata Management
###### Abstract  
To address the data management limitations of traditional ontology models in dynamic industrial settings, this study introduces the Fractal Fuzzy Ontology Modeling (FFOM) framework, a novel methodology for optimizing data management, integration, and decision making. FFOM's value is rooted in two major contributions: firstly, the strategic use of fractal structures to achieve unparalleled scalability and modularity, which significantly reduces the effort required during data hierarchy updates by enabling self-similar, expandable data architectures. Secondly, FFOM features the synergistic use of fuzzy logic to meticulously manage ambiguity and uncertainty, including the representation of imprecise relationships and support for flexible, rule-based reasoning. The practical value of this integrated approach is demonstrated through a mold assembly case study, which validates FFOM's effectiveness in structuring complex data hierarchies, managing uncertainty, and enabling automated reasoning. Implemented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for standardization and interoperability purposes, FFOM ultimately provides a clear pathway toward developing more intelligent, adaptive, and scalable data ecosystems in demanding manufacturing domains, where real-time data analysis is critical.  
ontology modeling; metadata management; fractal concept; fuzzy logic; continuous process industries
# Comparison of CAD/CAM and Conventional Denture Base Resins: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### Residual Monomer Content  
The residual monomer alters the resins' mechanical properties. It is also suspected of being responsible for allergic or irritating chemical reactions such as burning sensations in the mouth, stomatitis, edema or ulcerations of the oral mucosa. A certain amount of residual monomer is unavoidable due to the monomer-polymer balance required for the radical polymerization of resins [53]. Although the ISO 20795-1 norm (2013) allows a maximum residual monomer content of 2.2% by weight [54], the presence of residual monomer in the denture base resins should be reduced to a least amount possible.  
In the study by [PERSON] et al. [14], the amount of residual monomer in industrially-polymerized and then machined CAD/CAM resins was not statistically different from that of conventional resins. Four CAD/CAM resins were tested (BalticDenture, Whole You Nexteeth, Wieland digital dentures and Vita). The BalticDenture process exhibited the least residual monomer of the resins tested. In the BalticDenture system, the prosthetic teeth are incorporated into the base during polymerization. In the other systems, the prosthetic teeth are bonded separately to the base after milling, using a PMMA bonding agent. These results suggest that the bonding agents used to attach the teeth to the milled resin base are a source of methacrylate monomer release. Thus, industrially polymerized resins would contain less residual monomer than laboratory-cured resins [21]. PMMA discs are polymerized industrially at high temperature and high pressure. This type of polymerization promotes the formation of longer polymer chains and would therefore lead to a higher level of monomer conversion with lower residual monomer values [37]. Assembling the prosthetic teeth to the machined bases during the CD manufacturing process would explain why the residual monomer content of some machined CDs is not that different from that of conventional CDs. Further studies need to be conducted to confirm this hypothesis, using, for example, Ivotion (Ivoclar's newest monolithic CD material).
# Application of Three-Dimensional Porous Aerogel as Adsorbent for Removal of Textile Dyes from Water
## 5 Conclusions  
This study evaluated the adsorption capacity of adsorbent made from paper and cardboard waste for removing textile dyes from aqueous solutions. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions (in batch stand). The adsorption capacity of the aerogel in Congo red solutions varied from 0.028 mg/g to 14.483 mg/g; in Naphthol green B solutions, from 0.013 mg/g to 7.698 mg/g; in Rhodamine B, from 0.020 mg/g to 8.768 mg/g; and in Methylene blue, from 0.024 mg/g to 13.538 mg/g.  
The analysis showed that the results of the adsorption equilibrium modeling obtained for the aerogel are very compatible with the experimental results; thus, both the Langmuir and Freundlich models can be successfully applied.  
The smallest differences in adsorption amount for the dyes Congo red and Methylene blue were found for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model constructed by using a nonlinear fit. It was observed that for the dye Naphthol green B, the kinetic model applied in the pseudo-first-order nonlinear form and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models in both forms are almost equally appliable. Pseudo-second-order models (both linear and nonlinear) would be more suitable for Rhodamine B.  
During the batch experiment, 0.8 g of adsorbent was used for the removal of the dyes Congo red, Naphthol green B, Rhodamine B and Methylene blue. The adsorbent, aerogel, was not reused in the later stages of the process. The colors of the dyes were not removed, but the color intensity was reduced.  
Figure 20: The kinetic experimental data with the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models using the obtained constants (Tables 10 and 11).  
**Author Contributions:** M.L.: conceptualization; methodology; formal analysis; investigation; resources; data curation; writing--original draft preparation; project administration; funding acquisition. D.P.: writing--review and editing; supervision. T.L.: software; validation; visualization; modeling. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of the article will be made available by the authors upon request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Ultra-Low-Power FinFETs-Based TPCA-PUF Circuit for Secure IoT Devices
## 3 Simulation and Results
### Energy dissipation  
One of the major reasons for employing adiabatic switching techniques in PUF circuits is to reduce power consumption. In this study, the energy is collected from the total instantaneous power along the duration of the challenge bits cycle, as follows:  
\[E=\int_{0}^{T}\Sigma(VpcsIpcs)dt \tag{3}\]  
where T signals the period of the challenge bits (\(f_{CD}\) = 10 MHz or inversely equal to 100 ns). Energy dissipation of 4-bits TCPA-PUF is depicted in Figure 7. Figure 7a,b depict an energy consumption comparison for \(\pm\)10% tolerance variation of \(T_{OX}\) and \(V_{TH}\), respectively, for a load capacitance that varies from 10 to 200 fF. The results show that the proposed FinFET-based TPCA-PUF consumes lower energy compared to the QUALPUF topology [35].
# A Systematic Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Models in the Stomach and Small Intestine
## 3 Results
### Stomach
The small meat particles were assumed to be \"a collection of unlinked food particles that will separate quickly when mixed with gastric fluid\", and thus were treated as a passive scalar. This model also incorporated the breakdown of large solid particles (modeled as the porous food matrix) into small meat particles through the action of H\({}^{+}\) ions and enzymes. Heating of meat proteins resulted in faster breakdown and emptying, while the opposite was observed with reduced contraction amplitude and reduced H\({}^{+}\) secretion rate. The process of gastric digestion occurs over the span of 30 min to several hours, depending on the meal content [51], but only two studies have simulated digestion over \(\mathcal{O}(1000)\)s [31; 43]. [PERSON] et al. [31] also modeled the chemical breakdown of a liquid meal that contains only proteins (Figure 4). Protein hydrolysis was incorporated into this model using first-order catalytic reaction kinetics, and the three species in the model (pepsin, protein and hydrolyzed protein) were modeled as passive scalars. This model included the mixing dynamics of pepsin, and consequently larger/faster contractions lead to faster hydrolysis. The delayed emptying rate observed in the stomach can be attributed to the time required for the transportation of pepsin from the secretion zones to the antrum. The interface between food and pepsin provided a direct measure of the mixing, and this study found that stronger motility led to better mixing and more widespread reaction interfaces. Gastric emptying has been incorporated into 9/10 of the CFD models developed after 2018. However, in most of these studies the pylorus was assumed to be always open [40; 41], and only a few studies have included the realistic function of the pyloric sphincter. [PERSON] et al. [39] included the function of the pyloric sphincter and the geometry used for the model consisted of both the stomach and duodenum from the VHP. The duodenum was static throughout the simulation and was initially completely filled with liquid, while only 80% of the stomach was filled (the rest contained air). This study concluded that impaired coordination between contractions of the antrum and pyloric closure lead to delayed gastric emptying, rapid emptying and/or bile reflux. In a subsequent study [52], using the same model, the effects of peristaltic amplitude and frequency on gastric emptying and mixing were studied. It was found that an increase in the contraction amplitude (1.2 times higher than normal) led to an increase in the emptying rate (2.7 times faster) and mixing strength becoming 5.4 times larger, with a similar effect observed for the frequency of contractions. Two other studies also included a small section of the duodenum in their CFD model of the stomach [31; 32], which was used to calculate emptying rates of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and hydrolyzed protein, respectively.
## 3 Packet Delays within a Router
### Delay as a Result of Implementing Security  
Security is typically implemented on a router using ACLs. Each rule is evaluated in turn until a matching rule is found. Standard ACLs only filter on the source IP address of a packet whereas extended ACLs provide the capability to filter on additional fields such as destination address, protocol and port numbers. A complete coverage of ACL design and formatting is not covered in this paper since there are many good texts available on this topic [32].  
Measurements were taken to investigate the delays when the router, running the basic OS, was configured with 100 rule ACLs. This was seen as a minimum configuration and the results can be seen in Figure 3. As expected no ACL gave the least delay, a standard ACL increased the delay by approximately 110% and the extended ACL an increase of 270% over no ACL.
# Concealed Conduit Routing in Building Slabs
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Workspace Representation
#### 2.1.2 The Bottom-level Representation  
After creating the weight graph \(G\), we split each slab into voxels by using a regular grid. The width of a voxel is decided by the users (for example 1 cm). Henceforth, the slabs become 3D images of voxels and the bottom-level representation of the building is initialized. An example is shown in Figure 5. In this example, each slab is decomposed into a layer of voxels. However, in a practical case, a slab will consist of more than ten layers of voxels.  
* Obstacle voxel labelling Since there are windows, doors, and stair openings inside the slabs, the 3D images have to be further processed to exclude these obstacles. First, the voxels that belong to doors, windows, and other openings are identified and given a special tag. Hereafter, they are inferred as _obstacle_ voxels.
* Distance field computation Then, a distance field is established in the slab by using the Chamfer transformation [13]. The algorithm can be briefly formulated as follows: 1. The voxels adjacent to the open space or the obstacle voxels are identified. They form the boundaries of the distance field. 2. The distance values in these boundary voxels are set to one-half of the voxel size. 3. Then, the distance field is expanded by using a multiple-sweeping method until the distances of all the ordinary voxels have been computed. The detailed steps of the sweeping can be found in [19]. We omit it here. Chamfer transform is known to be fast but inaccurate. In this study, the accuracy of the distance field is not crucial. If higher precision computations are required in the distance field computation, the methods presented in [20,21] are good choices.
* Peeling the slabs After the distance field is calculated, the minimum distance from each non-obstacle voxel toward the workspace boundaries is known. Since the surface of each pipe must be at a safe distance from the open space, the voxels within this safe distance are found  
Figure 5: The bottom level of the hierarchical representation is composed of 3D images (slabs).  
and excluded from the workspace. They are regarded as _infeasible_ voxels. They are not used for routing pipe paths, but they can be used to construct pipe surfaces. Next, the remaining voxels are labeled as ordinary voxels and will participate in the following routing procedure.  
* Bottom-level representation updating  
When a pipe is created, the voxels penetrated by it cannot be used to fabricate other pipes and must be deleted from the workspace. Consequently, the distance field and voxel labels in each slab have to be modified at the run-time. The bottom-level representation is hence a dynamic data structure. Its contents (voxel labels and distance values) are constantly changed as the pipe-routing process progresses.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Fruit and ABA Injection  
Octaploid strawberry (\(Fragaria\times ananassa\) Duch. cv. [PERSON]) plants were grown in suitable environmental conditions. The plastic greenhouse in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China (30\({}^{\circ}\)15\({}^{\prime}\) N 120\({}^{\circ}\)10\({}^{\prime}\) E), was used for fruit development with a temperature range of 15-25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, relative humidity of 70\(-\)90%, and no supplemental light. Strawberry fruit at different stages (SG: small green fruit, LG: large green fruit, DG: de-green fruit, W: white fruit, IR: initial red fruit, PR: partial red fruit, and FR: full red fruit) were collected for analysis [7].  
Twenty fruit on the plant at DG stage were injected with 0.1 mL of 1 mM ABA (dissolved in 2% ethanol \(v/v\) total volume) into the receptacle core through the pedicel using a sterile microsyringe. Another twenty fruit were injected with 2% ethanol as the control [29]. At 0 d, samples of the control and ABA treatment were collected immediately after injection, and subsequently, all samples were collected after 3, 6, and 9 d. After sanitizing with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution, all fruit was washed with ddH\({}_{2}\)O, cut into small cubes devoid of achenes with a sterilized blade on a sterile bench, and then rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen [28].  
Determination of Fruit Firmness, Total Anthocyanin, Soluble Solid, Titractable Acid, Protopectin, and Soluble Pectin  
The firmness of the fruit was determined using a TA-XT2i Texture Analyzer (Stable Micro Systems Ltd., Surrey, UK). According to the manufacturer, two opposite sides of each fruit were identified as the detection site, and a 5 mm diameter probe was used for testing strawberry fruit. During the experiment, a 5 mm penetration depth and a speed of 1 mm s\({}^{-1}\) were established, and the resulting value, N, was recorded.  
Ten strawberry fruit were longitudinally cut into four identical portions and distributed into four subgroups to determine the contents of total anthocyanin, soluble solid, titratable acid, protopectin, and soluble pectin. The content of total anthocyanin (TAC) was detected using the pH differential method [30]. The content of soluble solid was directly measured using a Pocket Refractometer (PAL-1, Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The total titratable acid content was determined using the acid-base titration method, according to [PERSON] et al. [31]. The contents of soluble solid and titratable acidity were expressed as %. The contents of protopectin and soluble pectin were measured by coloring carbazole/vitriol according to [PERSON] et al. [32].