## 4 Results
### Review Papers and Application Fields
#### 4.6.2 MCDA and Waste Management  
Waste management is a multifaceted process involving planning, collection, transport, transfer, and processing of waste and residuals at all stages [93]. [PERSON] et al. [90] focused on solid waste management and concluded that, although the relevant studies are increasing, MCDA remains untapped for waste management purposes, mainly in terms of waste management strategies and routing optimisation. [PERSON] et al. [94] conducted a literature review on municipal solid waste management and argued that, even though the number of publications is increasing, focusing mainly on the optimal location and strategy, a crucial point is the selection of the appropriate MCDA method to be used in each particular case under study. Another related review developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [100] that focused on the combination of MCDA with GIS concluded that the papers studied take into account a variety of criteria--environmental, social, and economic--with multistakeholder and expert consideration and governments/municipalities being the most common participants [93]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [95] argued that waste management experts are recognising the necessity of involving various stakeholders in the decision-making process for municipal solid waste management.  
[PERSON] et al. [99] investigated the use of MCDA for plastic waste management. AHP was the most frequently used method, followed by TOPSIS and MAUT/MAVT. Evaluation criteria included operational, environmental, and economic factors, with social, management, and political aspects receiving less attention. Experts and decision-makers primarily conducted criteria weighting, with limited involvement from affected populations or stakeholders. The authors deemed the implementation of MCDA successful as it can integrate multiple dimensions in the assessment and offer transparency.  
[PERSON] et al. [98] conducted a literature review to synthesise the incorporation of MCDA into LCA for the transition to the agro-food waste biomass circular bioeconomy. The most commonly applied methods were AHP and TOPSIS. However, the current trend of integrating MCDA into LCA only focuses on the impact assessment phase, neglecting the other phases. The involvement and potential of stakeholders are only partially explored. Holistic sustainability assessments exist, but they rarely consider social impacts.  
[PERSON] et al. [97] and [PERSON] et al. [92] focused on GIS-based landfill suitability analysis and concluded that this approach ensures the efficiency and integrity of landfill selection/suitability studies, while the dominant criteria are environmental, social, and economic. In addition, the quality and reliability of final decisions are improved by incorporating the preferences of decision-makers into the framework provided by MCDA.  
[PERSON] et al. [91] clearly proved that MCDA methods aid decision-makers in suggesting hierarchies of technological solutions customised to local and decentralised features with regard to waste-to-energy management strategies. Moreover, the relevant case studies increasingly incorporate the social dimension, which is beneficial for making better informed decisions, raising awareness, and empowering communities; thus, MCDA can effectively contribute to addressing the challenge of waste-to-energy conversion. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [96] conducted a study on the applications of MDCA in managing electronic waste. The study found that MCDA is effective in integrating multiple criteria in decision-making processes. The reviewed literature included various criteria that highlight the importance of technical, economic, environmental, social, and legal aspects throughout the e-waste supply chain. The recycling phase was found to have the highest number of MCDA applications.