## 1 Introduction  
Building information modeling (BIM) involves creating a comprehensive virtual model of a physical asset, enabling various applications in both urban and building environments. BIM is technically linked to the concept of a \"digital twin\" [1; 2]. A geographic information system (GIS) complements this by supporting large-scale navigation and managing quantitative and semantic data for urban structures like buildings and infrastructure. The applications of these digital models in public-private management have increased the demand for skills in both BIM and GIS, whether used independently or integrated, especially developing smart cities [3]. The precision of these models depends on data quality and detail [4]. However, in practice, combining multiple software systems within a project is challenging due to format incompatibilities, impeding smooth integration. Consequently, a methodology is needed to ensure interoperability between BIM, GIS, and auxiliary tools, introducing a lightweight linking mechanism [5], without affecting the effectiveness in the synchronization and management of information. Geographic information systems (GISs) enable problem-solving through spatial analysis by integrating spatial and attribute data, linked to geographic objects on digital maps to identify issues, track changes, and support decision-making [6]. A GIS stores spatial entities, such as geometry, with projections and coordinates, and organizes attributes in tables associated with spatial features [7]. A layered architecture allows the separation of information into thematic layers for independence [8]. Building information modeling (BIM) is a parametric, computer-aided approach that optimizes decision-making throughout the life cycle of buildings and smart cities [9]. Although it has been under development for over a decade, BIM remains a relatively recent advancement [7; 10]. It supports three-dimensional modeling to integrate architectural, structural, and facilities data into a unified parametric model, enabling efficient project design, development, and management within a common data environment (CDE) [11; 12; 13]. This model serves stakeholders across planning, design, construction, and asset management, emphasizing life cycle project considerations [14; 15; 16] (Figure 1). BIM's primary objective is to centralize stakeholder information within a federated model that serves as a reliable information source, ensuring project consistency. Beyond 3D visualization, BIM automates digital documentation for various applications--economic, structural, environmental, and energy management--optimizing project information management and lowering operational costs [6; 17]. The integration of GIS with BIM enables efficient, multifunctional modeling, providing comprehensive information about the building and its relationship with the surrounding environment [18; 19; 20; 21]. Effective integration requires selecting suitable formats to ensure interoperability, which depends on the software and project objectives. Therefore, the primary challenge is to establish a linking mechanism between GIS and BIM technologies that minimizes information overload and maintains effective data exchange [4; 5; 21; 22]. Facility management (FM) is an integrated approach that coordinates processes to maintain and enhance the services necessary for an asset's effectiveness. These processes consist of pre-planned activities aimed at specific maintenance objectives, utilizing coordinated human and material resources. The selection of FM processes depends on the required \"input elements\" [23], which may include equipment, workspaces, buildings, resources, labor, energy, and data storage. After identifying these inputs and ensuring they align with planning, the workflow commences, leading to \"output elements\" that reflect the outcomes of the processes. This workflow represents a logical sequence of planned activities designed to address failures, deficiencies, and interruptions, ultimately striving for effective and measurable results.