esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Sustainable Electrochemical-Based Solution for Removing Acetamiprid from Water
## 3 Results
### Effect of the Initial ACT Concentration on Its Electrochemical Elimination  
From the investigation of the EO of ACT at different \(j\) with lower concentrations (30 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), it can be observed that, in general, by applying higher \(j\) values, the best behaviors at both anodes were obtained. Given the above, a set of experiments was performed by applying 90 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) to limit higher energy consumption and avoid o.e.r. as an undesired reaction. At this point, the ACT concentration increased, and the synthetic effluent was electrolyzed with the Ti/TiO\({}_{2}\)-RuO\({}_{2}\)-IrO\({}_{2}\) and BDD anodes.  
Figure 5 shows the absorbance spectra for removing ACT at a concentration of 300 mg L\({}^{-1}\) by applying 90 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) as a function of electrolysis time using the DSA and BDD electrodes. As illustrated in Figure 5, on the one hand, the absorption band at 245 nm decreases at both EO-based processes, but it quickly decays at the BDD anode rather than the Ti/TiO\({}_{2}\)-RuO\({}_{2}\)-IrO\({}_{2}\) anode. On the other hand, the increase in the initial ACT concentration promotes the generation of the by-product at both anodes, and a new absorptive band appears at 275 nm, as described in Figure 2, consequently requiring a greater degradation of the organic compounds present there [41].  
As analyzed at the concentration of 30 mg L\({}^{-1}\), the oxidation efficacy of the BDD anode is due to the key role of the hydroxyl radicals and sulfate-based oxidizing species electrogenerated at its surface in a sulfate-mediated solution. Conversely, no persulfate production is observed at the DSA electrode, and the generation of free hydroxyl radicals is more restricted because of its active nature [9; 14].  
Figure 6 depicts a comparison between the DSA and BDD performance in removing ACT with EO treatment at 90 mA cm\({}^{-2}\). In this way, it is evident that after 5 min of electrolysis using the BDD anode, substantial removal is achieved, while DSA gradually eliminates ACT until 360 min.
# Design of NO\({}_{2}\) Photoacoustic Detection System Based on Finite Element Simulation
## 4 Experimental Verification and Discussion
### Frequency Response Curve  
The resonance frequency of the photoacoustic reaction calculated by the previous simulation is 1763 Hz, but the actual impact of the airflow disturbance, processing accuracy, temperature and humidity, etc., requires actual measurements. At a flow rate of 0.2 L/min, a 10 ppm NO\({}_{2}\) mixture gas was injected into the photoacoustic cell, and the photoacoustic signals generated at different frequencies were recorded in a range of 1300 Hz to 2100 Hz, and 10 groups of data were recorded at each frequency, to be averaged as the photoacoustic signal response value at this frequency. The frequency curve, fitted by the Lorentz model, is shown in Figure 13. The resonance frequency of the photoacoustic sensor is 1730 Hz, and its half-height full width is about 172.2 Hz, so the quality factor of the photoacoustic sensor is about 10.05. At a resonant frequency of 1730 Hz, its photoacoustic signal is 120.8 \(\upmu\)V, the sensitivity of the microphone used in the experiment is 50 mV/Pa, and the power of the blue semiconductor laser after modulation is 75 mW. Under the condition of the light source emitted by the laser used in this experiment, the optical signal is 120.8 \(\upmu\)V. The absorption cross-section of NO\({}_{2}\) is 5.9485 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-19}\)cm\({}^{2}\)/mol. Therefore, the pool constant can be obtained from Formula (3), which has a value of 542.3 (Pa*cm)/W.  
Therefore, the three parameters that are very important for a photoacoustic system were measured experimentally: cell constant, resonance frequency, and quality factor. The three important parameters of the photoacoustic system measured by the experiment were compared and verified with the three system parameters obtained by the finite element simulation. As shown in Figure 14, it can be seen that the system parameters obtained by the finite element simulation and the actual measurement are very close, and the results prove that the finite element simulation can indeed simulate the working situation of the system intuitively and efficiently.
# Periodontal Health Parameters in Adults: The Role of the Vestibular Fornix Depth
###### Abstract  
Little is known about whether the depth of the vestibular fornix influences people's ability to access their teeth to remove plaque during oral hygiene measures at home. This study aimed to investigate the association between vestibular fornix depth and periodontal health. The study included 100 adults in good periodontal health, with a plaque index (PI) \(\leq\)15%, bleeding on probing (BOP) \(\leq\)10%, and a pocket probing depth (PPD) \(\leq\)3 mm. Using a periodontal probe and a digital caliper, we measured PI, BOP, PPD, gum phenotype, gum recession, the width of keratinized gingiva, and the vestibular fornix depth. Adjustment for multiple testing was performed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Results: Vestibular fornix depth was associated with width of keratinized gingiva (\(\rho\) 0.60, \(p\) < 0.0001). Median BOP was 1.39% in participants with a vestibular fornix depth \(\geq\)7 mm, and 0.00% in those with a vestibular fornix depth <7 mm (\(p\) = 0.62). Vestibular fornix depth and the width of keratinized gingiva did not seem to be associated with the level of periodontal health. Participants with a shallower vestibular fornix depth should be given advice on how best to ensure good oral hygiene at home.  
vestibular fornix; oral hygiene; periodontal health 2023131561. 13561.  
and gum recession in the lower jaw. On the other hand, vestibular fornix depth seems to be an important factor for the long-term success of dental implants. The retrospective study conducted by [PERSON] et al. was the first, and remains the only investigation published to date, that assessed the correlation between the fornix depth at peri-implant sites and oral hygiene parameters [5]. Their results showed that a shallow fornix correlated with gum recession and there was a consequent loss of clinical attachment at the peri-implant sites. There was also a limited amount of keratinized gingiva in these areas, a factor influencing plaque control and the success of an implant [6; 7]. In the literature to date, there have been no other articles investigating the influence of the vestibular fornix depth on parameters of periodontal and peri-implant health. Establishing a minimum adequate fornix depth could be useful for the purposes of a patient-centered treatment and to enhance better oral hygiene at home, especially in young patients [8]. The main goal of the present study was to establish whether an association exists between vestibular fornix depth, width of keratinized gingiva, and periodontal health. We also examined whether it was possible to maintain normal levels of periodontal health even in the presence of a shallow fornix (<7 mm).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Communication Layer
#### 3.7.3 Satellite Connection  
Modern satellite Internet service is typically provided to users through geostationary satellites that can offer high data speeds. Satellite Internet generally relies on three components: a satellite in geostationary orbit, a number of ground stations known as \"gateways\" that relay Internet data to and from the satellite, and a VSAT (very-small-aperture terminal) dish antenna with a transceiver, located at the subscriber's premises and connected to a modem which links the user's network with the transceiver. Satellite Internet services can be provided in two different scenarios: one-way and two-way communications.  
One-way communication requires a terrestrial support link for upload (for example the GPRS network); two-way communication is only satellite, suitable for our needs. For our tests, the \"Tooway\" internet satellite service with the ViaSat RM4100 and a 70 cm diameter dish antenna was chosen; theViaSat modem provides an Ethernet connection to the Raspberry-Pi, operating at 20 Mbps in downstream and 6 Mbps in upstream mode.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Posnjakite  
Posnjakite is a basic hydrated copper sulphate Cu\({}_{4}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))(OH)\({}_{6}\).(H\({}_{2}\)O). A secondary mineral which forms through the oxidation of copper sulphide deposits, it can be considered an alteration product of chalcopyrite. It was named after [PERSON], a geochemist who worked at the Geophysical Laboratory (Washington, USA) and investigated the CuO-SO\({}_{3}\)-H\({}_{2}\)O system. Numerous deposits are found in the Karaganda Region (Kazakhstan), often used as a pigment [40; 41; 42]. The posnjakite structure consists of sheets of copper-distorted octahedra, parallel to (001), with sulfate groups connected to one side of the pseudo-octahedral sheet by corner sharing. The resultant composite octahedral-tetrahedral sheets are assured by hydrogen bonds [40]. Posnjakite normally occurs as small tabular crystals frequently associated with langite [40]. Elongated prismatic crystals can be found in the Mastricarro Barite Mine (Figures 17a and 18): these sometimes form sub-globular aggregates (Figure 17b), which grow by oxidation of the chalcopyrite.  
Posnjakite is usually pale green with a vitreous luster and individual crystals are rarely greater than 0.5 mm long. The chemical composition of the crystals, which appear spongy under the SEM (Figure 18), reveals a CuO/SO\({}_{3}\) ratio of 3.93, which is very close to the theoretical stoichiometric ratio (3.97); furthermore, a low amount of Al was present as an impurity (Figure 18).  
The Raman spectrum of the posnjakite crystals shows considerable complexity (Figure 19--Table 1), in agreement with the data reported in the literature [36;37; RRUFF ID R070316], with its typical bands at 1126, 1098, 1076, 972, 914, 731, 621, 612, 597, 506, 482, 422, 320, 242, 197, and 141 cm\({}^{-1}\) (Table 1). In particular, it is possible to observe the (SO\({}_{4}\))\({}^{2}\)- symmetric stretching mode (\(v_{1}\)) at 972 cm\({}^{-1}\) and the antisymmetric stretching mode (\(v_{3}\)) at 1126, 1098, and 1076 cm\({}^{-1}\). More complex is the bending region that shows bands at 511, 482, 447, 422, 386, and 363 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the symmetric bending mode (\(v_{2}\)), and bands at 621, 6012, and 597 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the antisymmetric bending mode (\(v_{4}\)).  
As with langite and malachite, in this case as well, Raman spectroscopy detected further bands at 454, 395, 158, and 90 cm\({}^{-1}\) (Table 1), which have not been highlighted previously in the literature.  
Figure 17: Optical images showing posnjakite crystals from the Mastricarro Barite Mine (Catanzaro, southern Italy): (**a**) hundreds of tiny pale-green elongated prismatic crystals forming sprays of posnjakite; (**b**) spherical aggregates of elongated tabular posnjakite crystals.  
Figure 19: Raman spectra of posnjakite from the Masticarro Barite Mine (Catanzaro, southern Italy). In the insert is the structure of the posnjakite [40].  
Figure 18: SEM image and corresponding EDS spot analysis (red filled square) of spongy-looking posnjakite crystals from the Masticarro Barite Mine (Catanzaro, southern Italy).
## 6 Case Study
### Comprehensive Evaluation of the Integrated Transportation Network  
This study evaluated and ranked the candidate consolidation centers in an integrated transportation network under the BRI. This ranking can supply a reference for optimizing the layout of these centers to some extent, thereby enhancing the efficiency of freight services in China. We assessed the overall conditions of various transportation modes in each node city following the evaluation obtained for each mode individually. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the transportation modes passing through the candidate consolidation centers to obtain the ranking of these cities under the BRI. Given that freight volume is an important indicator of transportation business and industry linkage, this study referred to references [11] and [27] and the proportion of freight volume of different transportation modes to the total freight volume in 2022 published by the Chinese government as the weight of each transportation mode [38]. After calculation, the proportions of railway, highway, water, and air freight volumes to total freight volume were 0.097419, 0.733509, 0.168952, and 0.000120, respectively. The comprehensive score of each node city can be obtained based on these weights. Consequently, the comprehensive score (\(C_{s}\)) of each node city of the integrated transportation network was calculated using Equation (33). \[C_{s}=0.097419x_{r}+0.733509x_{h}+0.168952x_{w}+0.000120x_{a}, \tag{33}\]  
where \(x_{r}\),\(x_{h}\), \(x_{w}\), and \(x_{a}\) represent the comprehensive score for each city in the highway, railway, water, and air transportation networks, respectively. In summary, 44 candidate consolidation centers were comprehensively evaluated based on each transportation mode within the integrated transportation network under the BRI with the freight volumes serving as the weights. The final comprehensive scores and rankings of the 44 node cities are displayed in Table 3.
# Image-Based Crack Detection Using Total Variation Strain DVC Regularization
## 5 Discussion
The significant improvement in MAE (Figure 5h) justifies the choice of using TV regularization with lambda set to 0.1 instead of no regularization. Although the NCC metric, used to assess registration quality, shows a slightly higher value (0.15%) in this case, Figure 7a. When \(\lambda\) exceeds 0.1, the NCC (Normalized Cross-Correlation) value decreases significantly and becomes unreliable, making it unsuitable for consideration. In the second experiment, due to the unavailability of a ground truth strain field, our main objective was to investigate the accuracy of crack detection. This was achieved by comparing the volumes of detected cracks using the two methods and assessing the sensitivity of crack detection. However, both the measurements of cracks volume and crack detection sensitivity serve as indicators of the accuracy of the computed displacement field. The observed shift towards higher values in the volume range of the smooth-reg method (Table 2) indicates the blurring effect and the resulting loss of information caused by classical smoothing techniques. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c} \hline
**TV-Reg** & **Smooth-Reg (w = 7)** & **Smooth-Reg (w = 15)** & **Smooth-Reg (w = 31)** \\ \hline
0.002 & 0.011 & 0.011 & 0.029 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: MAE of the strain values computed with TV-reg and smooth-reg (median filtering [10]). TV-reg has also been tested with noisy simulated input images. Indeed, together with the correlation errors, the causes of the noise in the displacement field is the quality of the input images [17]. Therefore, a degradation of the input images was simulated by adding Gaussian white noise with standard deviation (SD) ranging from 0.01 to 0.03. With an increase in the noise the performance of DVC decreases (Figure 7a) with and without regularization. In the case of the strain field computed with TV-reg, there is a substantial improvement in MAE, as shown in Figure 7b. When the strain field is derived from input images corrupted by Gaussian white noise with standard deviations of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, the improvements in MAE are 71.46%, 74.60%, and 56.11%, respectively. These values are calculated by taking the average of five measurements. The noise on the input images has less impact if the strain field is computed using TV-reg instead of smooth-reg. This is because, with increased noise in the input images, more aggressive filters are required to mitigate the noise in the strain field. However, employing such filters comes at the expense of reduced spatial resolution, ultimately resulting in information loss.
## 2 Background
### Methods to Compare New and Traditional Accelerometer Data  
There are many publications describing how to convert a raw accelerometer signal into the output data of the ActiGraph [16; 24; 25]. Such data can be obtained using a common smartphone, which is equipped with an accelerometer and a pedometer. Mapping the conversion of counts will allow performing tests in an inexpensive and easy way, which will be comparable to those obtained using the ActiGraph activity monitor.  
The research literature describes that counts are calculated as the area under the filtered and rectified (non-negative) curve. The ratio between raw acceleration signal and counts is likely to be brand specific [16]. The experiment described in the literature showed that a third-order Butterworth filter resulted in the highest correlation between ActiGraph counts and unscaled raw accelerometer counts (r = 0.975, \(p<0.01\)) [24].  
The complete method of the conversion of raw accelerometer data to the output the ActiGraph signal is presented below as steps. First, it is necessary to gather 60 s of analog accelerometer reads and calculate the Euclidean distance on analog data in order to create one signal from three axes. Second, this signal should be processed using a third-order Butterworth filter. Next, the area under the filtered  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Activity**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cut Point**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & _From_ & _To_ \\ \hline Sedentary & 0 & 149 \\ \hline Light & 150 & 499 \\ \hline Moderate & 500 & 3999 \\ \hline Vigorous & 4000 & 7599 \\ \hline Very Vigorous & 7600 & \(\infty\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Freedson Children ActiGraph cut points.  
and rectified signal should be calculated. Then, the result should be labeled by type of activity (i.e., sedentary, vigorous, etc.) using predefined cut points and a count of the selected incremented label. All steps should be repeated until enough data are collected.  
This method allows for consistency with traditional physical activity measurements so that it is possible to make a historical analysis and comparisons.
# Electron Beam Characterization of REBCO-Coated Conductors at Cryogenic Conditions
## 2 Material and Methods
### Experimental Techniques  
#### 2.3.1 Experimental Setup  
A newly developed analytical system was used to acquire the SEY and ESD data. The corresponding methodology for cryogenic measurements was described in detail in preceding articles [36; 37].  
The studied sample was mounted on a cryogenic manipulator installed in a baked UHV \(\mu\)-metal chamber held at room temperature, with a base pressure in the 10\({}^{-10}\) mbar range. A Kimball ELG-2 electron gun irradiated the sample at normal incidence with a focused beam of 0-1.4 keV electrons at sub-nA to a few uA beam currents and a 2-3 mm wide flat-top beam profile. A custom-designed collector held at 300 K formed closed geometry over the studied cold sample and captured the emitted secondary electrons and neutral gas species.  
The sample was biased to \(-28\) V to impose a retarding potential that slowed the primary electron beam down to 0 eV. By doing so, both SEY and ESD energy dependence measurements started from 0 eV, as referenced in the sample vacuum level. Conversely, the electron conditioning was performed at a +46 V sample bias to minimize the gas desorption caused by the secondary electrons. Indeed, the electron energy was always corrected for the used bias.
## 1 Introduction  
In the past twenty years, the discipline of orthodontics has experienced revolutionary changes mainly due to two factors: the utilization of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and, more recently, the development of digital workflows [1].  
Miniscrews are being largely used in everyday orthodontic practice and have become a cornerstone for minimizing anchorage loss [2]. While a variety of miniscrew-supported appliances have been proposed for orthodontic movements in the three planes of space, they all share the same sequence of application: first the miniscrews are inserted, then the appliance is secured over the heads of miniscrews either with fixation screws or other mechanisms [3, 4, 5]. Such a workflow may have some disadvantages related to difficulties in fitting the appliance to the already inserted miniscrews, the necessity of a surgical guide for a more accurate miniscrew insertion and increased chair time for the clinician.  
On the other hand, technology innovation has impacted orthodontics with digital workflows for planning and fabricating miniscrew-supported appliances. A digital planning process involves the utilization of the intraoral scanning file and the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging of maxillary bone for determining the miniscrew position and designing the appliance structure [6]. Additive manufacturing (AM) is used afterwards for the fabrication of the appliance [7]. Such digital workflow offers several advantages. Firstly, it eliminates the inaccuracies introduced by an analog impression taking or manual fabrication of the appliance [8]. Secondly, it enhances the accuracy of the planning process by allowing a better assessment of the miniscrew insertion sites on the basis of patient's CBCT. In this way, a more appropriate temporary anchorage device (TAD) insertion site in terms of bone thickness can be chosen, and any possible damage to nearby structures during miniscrew insertion can be avoided [6]. Thirdly, the AM technology allows for a complete customization of the appliance for each case [9].  
In the present study, we introduce a miniscrew-supported appliance for orthodontic dental movement named DIVA (Divergent Anchors), with a digital workflow for planning and selective laser melting (SLM) for fabrication. The appliance is cemented first in the patient's oral cavity, serving as a surgical guide for the subsequent insertion of miniscrews and can provide anchorage for a variety of tooth movements in the sagittal and vertical planes.
# Intelligent Monitoring Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging
## 4 Intelligent EV Charging Monitoring System
### System Architecture Overview  
The proposed monitoring system uses a layered architecture with three tiers: physical sensors, edge computing, and cloud services (Figure 1). Each layer has a specific role, but data flows continuously between them. Physical components collect data, edge computing performs local analysis, and cloud services manage the overall system. This design allows for both distributed control and centralized management, using standard protocols. Fault-tolerant channels handle inter-layer communication, and security measures (encryption, authentication, and access control) are implemented at each level.