## 4 Results
### Smart Mobility Impacts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Innovation** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline ST & Shared mobility refers to services where rides are shared with other users (e.g., ride-sharing) or vehicles are shared but used at different times (e.g., car sharing or bike sharing). Traditional types of shared mobility include car rentals, public transport, or taxis. Recent shared mobility innovations that make use of ITS, DRT, or battery-operated systems include FFM and peer-to-peer ride sharing apps such as Uber. The main advantage of shared mobility is that resources are shared among multiple users resulting in improved efficiencies in operation, storage, and cost. A move towards the shared mobility is a critical component for smart mobility innovations including DRT, AV, and MaaS to achieve sustainable city goals. ITS refers to applications which utilize advances in ICT to effectively shared data between vehicles, infrastructure, and between users. ITS covers a broad range of applications including transport telematics, automatic information signs (ATIS), electronic ticketing, smart infrastructure, and in-car assistance, sensors, and other safety features. ITS is enhanced by advances in big data, Internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI), which contribute to more efficient data collection, processing, and analysis. The primary advantage of ITS within the transportation field relates to its ability to optimize the performance of other technological innovations. Alternative fuel vehicles refer to those vehicles which do not rely on petroleum-based fuel sources. These vehicles use batteries for their primary fuel source, which in turn are fueled by non-petroleum sources such as the electrical grid, hydrogen, or solar power. Most literature focuses on the environmental benefits of this technology. However, with reference to transport disadvantage, the primary benefits of battery-operated vehicle relate to the convenience of FFM which provides users an assortment of conveniently placed powered transportation options which they can access on-demand. AV refer to vehicles that can be operated without input of a human driver. While there are various levels of autonomy for the purpose of this article any reference to AV assumes the vehicles can operate without human input in all conditions—unless otherwise stated. The primary advantage of AV relates to improved accessibility, operational efficiency, and safety. MaaS is a concept whereby a range of transportation options, including ride-sharing, car-sharing, public transport, and FFM, is offered to customers via a single online platform, or app. Users subscribe to the service which gives them access to various transport options that were traditionally offered separately. The advantage of MaaS is that as an integrated system it can provide the platform from which mobility providers are able to shared resources, and could contribute to better transport outcomes as any issues can be better considered by looking at the transport system as a whole rather than only concentrating on individual parts. MaaS can also provide the operational structure from which new transport innovations are released into the market. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. provides a conceptual outline to better understand the relationships between the various smart mobility innovations identified in the literature.