esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis of Drill String System with Fluid-Structure Interaction
## 4 Conclusions  
The non-linear dynamic characteristics of a fluid-structure coupled drilling system are studied in this paper. The effects of forcing frequency \(\omega\), perturbation amplitude \(\mu\), mass ratio \(\beta\) and flow velocity \(u_{0}\) on the dynamic characteristics are investigated. The research in this paper seeks not only to understand the dynamic response of the drill string, but also provides some references for vibration control and the optimization of vibration systems. The research conclusions are listed as follows:  
Under the control parameter of forcing frequency \(\omega\), the vibration system exhibits periodic motion, quasi-periodic motion and chaotic behavior, and the phenomenon of jumping discontinuity appears. In addition, a period-doubling reverse bifurcation from chaotic motion to periodic motion is exhibited. The support stiffness causes a change in the inherent characteristics, which has an impact on the dynamic of the system.  
With the increase in the perturbation amplitude \(\mu\), the periodic motion, quasi-periodic motion, chaotic behavior, jump discontinuity phenomenon and period-doubling bifurcations phenomenon of the system are transformed. In addition, under certain combinations of supporting stiffness, the region of chaotic motion becomes smaller and the area of periodic motion grows. The support stiffness can, to a certain extent, cause a change of the inherent characteristics of the system.  
As mentioned above, with the increase in the mass ratio \(\beta\) and flow velocity \(u_{0}\), the intensity of chaotic motion increases, and the system exhibits periodic and quasi-periodic responses and chaotic motion. Moreover, under certain combinations of supporting stiffness, periodic motion increases and the chaotic region shrinks.  
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization, validation, and writing--original draft preparation were performed by [PERSON] Review and editing were performed by [PERSON] Formal analysis and investigation were performed by [PERSON] The methodology was performed by [PERSON] All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Support Program, for key common technology research and demonstration of paving equipment for alpine subgrade, grant number 2015 BAF07B07. The education Department of Liaoning Province, research on the Realization Mechanism and Path of Digital Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises, grant number LJKR0122.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Discussion  
Several methods have been used to investigate the effect of distance and contrast on understanding, satisfaction, visibility, safety feelings, workload, system useability, and acceptability for an on-road eHMI projection for blind-spot detection. Previously most of the reported articles did not consider the perception of the ego vehicle driver [24]; instead considered the perception or distraction potential for other vehicle drivers.  
Regarding the understanding of on-road eHMI projection, results show that ego vehicle drivers prefer a distance of between 5 and 10 m. varying contrast does not affect. However, when the distance of the eHMI projection increased to 15 m, a change in understanding and interpreting the situation was noticed. Similarly, for satisfaction and usefulness, contrast also plays an important role. Results show that for the projection distance of 5 m, contrasts show a large change in people's satisfaction and understanding. In the same way, the safety results indicate that people feel relaxed and calm when the distance of the projection is 10 m and clearly visible to the subjects. As the distance increases, the symbol's visibility decreases, increasing the people's safety concerns in the system. Luminance contrast also showed the same behavior for the visibility and safety feeling. Workload using the on-road eHMI projection system and changing varying contrast and distance within the eHMI projection system does not show any effect. However, the rating for performance improved with using the eHMI system. This resulted outcome is the same as some other researchers showed while using their eHMI projection system for bottleneck situations [22].  
For the overtaking vehicle, the understanding of the scene decreases as the distance increases. There is no significant difference between 5 and 10 m; however, after 10 m, t varying contrast affects more. Similar trends have been shown in the people's preference for satisfaction and usefulness of the system. For the feeling of safety, the near the projection, the better the person feels toward the safe feelings. The possible answer lies in the visibility results. As the distance or the luminance decreases, the visibility rating decreases, and subjects need to make more effort to understand the whole situation completely. Although it does not affect driving behavior, overtaking vehicle drivers feel that the system is not useful for them but increases their workload. The same can be seen in the research society, where the on-road projection did not significantly affect other people's driving; however, the result shows a slight disturbance distribution [55].
## 9 Summary and Future Perspectives
Commercial flow cytometers, for example, can cost over USD 50,000, and modern FTIR probes require specialised calibration and maintenance. In contrast, RGB cameras or turbidity sensors can be implemented at a fraction of the cost (less than USD 500), albeit at the expense of limited specificity. This imbalance between cost and benefit limits the wide acceptance of advanced analytical systems. The literature reviewed contains conflicting reports on the effects of elevated oxygen concentrations on photosynthetic inhibition or optimal light intensity for maximum lipid accumulation. In addition, studies with different strains under different environmental conditions often lead to contradictory results, making direct comparisons difficult. There is also a lack of standardised protocols for evaluating sensor performance, especially in mixed cultures or under wastewater conditions. Key bottlenecks in the practical implementation of monitoring technologies include sensor fouling and drift over time, the lack of robust, low-maintenance calibration procedures, interference from coexisting microorganisms (e.g., bacteria or fungi), the difficulty of integrating multiple sensors into a single control platform, and the limited availability of open-source bioprocess control software compatible with AI. Addressing these gaps requires both interdisciplinary research and collaboration between universities, device manufacturers, and bioprocess engineers. Future work should focus on comparative testing of monitoring systems under standard test conditions, conducting life cycle and cost-benefit analyses, and developing modular, interoperable hardware platforms suitable for different photobioreactor configurations. In summary, effective optimisation and monitoring of microalgae cultivation processes are fundamental to the development of algae biotechnology. Future advances will depend on the convergence of sensor technologies, real-time data analysis, and predictive modelling, which will ultimately enable the full automation and scalability of photobioreactor systems. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date resource for researchers and engineers working on the development of novel cultivation systems that support the development of a sustainable bioconomy based on microalgae. Conceptualisation, M.D. ; methodology, M.D. ; formal analysis, M.Z. ; investigation, M.D., J.K. and M.Z. ; resources, M.D., J.K. and M.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.D. and J.K.; writing--review and editing, M.D. and J.K.; visualisation, M.D. and J.K.; supervision, M.D. ; project administration, M.Z. ; funding acquisition, M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was financially supported by works No. 29.610.023-110 of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and WZ/WB-IIS/3/2025 of the Bialystok University of Technology, funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Data are contained within the article. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Methodology
### Generating UAV Photogrammetric Point Clouds
#### 2.1.1 Image Preprocessing  
In the process of exposure, imaging and recording, the image will be interfered and affected by certain factors such as mechanical movement and current generation, and there will be noise in the image that seriously affects the visual effect of the image, which reduces the image quality. Thus, the acquired images need to be processed by image filtering and image enhancement. Median filtering is used for image filtering, and histogram equalization is used for image enhancement. All optical camera lenses have the problem of distortion. Distortion is the geometric distortion of imaging, which is caused by the different magnification of the image in different areas on the focal plane. The degree of distortion increases from the center of the picture to the edge of the picture, and it is mainly reflected in the edge of the picture. The distortion problem is especially serious for remote photography [30], therefore, camera distortion of UAV needs to be corrected before generating UAV photogrammetric point clouds. [PERSON]'s camera calibration technique will be applied [31] as distortion correction method which has been widely adopted as a toolbox or packaged function in result of its high accuracy.  
After distortion correction, interest points in UAV images needs to be distinguished and matched with algorithms such as SIFT and SURF, and a comparison between different algorithms was carried out. According to the result [32], the SIFT is more suitable for recognition and matching of points of interest. As shown in Table 1, interest points recognition of multiple groups of images were carried out in the study. It is found that SIFT usually takes more time, but more interest points are identified than SURF with better robustness. At the same time, SURF algorithm has some deficiencies in edge suppression, and more edge points are identified as interest points (Figure 2). In the process of UAV photography route planning, the robustness of size and rotation changes is required, and the matching accuracy is expected to be as high as possible. Finally, SIFT algorithm was adopted as the interest points identified algorithm.  
Figure 1: Comprehensive processing flow.
# Complete Full Arch Supported by Short Implant (<8 mm) in Edetulous Jaw: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
Indeed, it was observed that the greater the length of the implants used, the lower the failure rate of these implants. [PERSON] et al. [38] in his review, however, did not find this increase in survival rate using long implants alone. The question of a probable compensation of the reduction in implant length with an increase in the diameter of the implant remains controversial at present. In this review, no significant difference was found between implant diameter and outcomes of marginal bone loss and implant failure rate once the majority of implants used were of regular diameter. Conversely, the least favorable results were found to be related to implants of larger diameter rather than regular for all lengths. The results suggest that short implants need not have a large diameter to resist masticatory forces if the prosthetic axes are respected. Due to the thickness and blood supply (cortical bone) characteristics of the buccal and lingual bone walls, short and regular-diameter implants help to better dissipate masticatory forces over the crestal bone, reducing marginal bone loss. A study on finite element analysis by [PERSON] et al. [41] and [PERSON] et al. [42] demonstrated that implant length plays a minor role in force distribution. From this in vitro study, in order to reduce the loss of marginal bone, it was recommended to modify the design of the implant, favoring rough surfaces and increasing the thread to favor and improve osseointegration. [PERSON] et al. [43] noted in a finite element study that it is suggested that all short (4 mm) implants studied are apparently viable alternatives for the rehabilitation of atrophic mandibles. However, the 6 and 8 mm implants showed more favorable mechanical behavior than the 4 mm implants. The clinical recommendations obtained from this review with the associated limitations dictated by the sparse literature were as follows:  
* Short implants demonstrated the same survival rate as long implants;
* There are slight variations in marginal bone loss between short and long implants;
* Standard implants are associated with more biological complications when associated with GBR;
* Fixed prostheses with cantilevers are more prone to prosthetic complications. Limitations of this review include the limited number of articles found in the literature and are selected and included with small sample sizes. The following limitations may be mainly due to the recent nature of the topic that the aforementioned review aims to address, as well as to the eligibility criteria applied during the study selection phase. Another limitation is that the studies included evaluated full-arch fixed restorations and no removable-type restorations. It is well documented that the two types of restorations exhibit different biomechanics behaviors and, therefore, a direct comparison should be made in detail [44].
# Influence of the Polarity of the Electric Field on Electrorheometry
## Materials and Methods
### Rheometry  
#### 2.2.1 Simple Shear Flow  
The rheological characterization under simple shear flow was carried out in a stress controlled rotational rheometer (Anton Paar MCR301), which was equipped with an electrorheological device (ERD) and concentric cylinders. The outer cylinder was fixed, while the inner cylinder rotated and imposed a shear stress (\(\tau\)) at its wall. The rotating cylinder had a radius of \(R_{i}=13.33\) mm and a length of 39.97 mm, while the radius of the cup was \(R_{e}=19.99\) mm. The electrorheological cell applied an electric field (\(\vec{E}=\frac{\Delta V}{R_{e}-R_{i}}\vec{e_{r}}\)) in the radial direction, where \(\Delta V\) is the applied potential difference. Thus, the electric field and the velocity field were perpendicularly oriented (Figure 2a). It is worth mentioning that it is not possible to change the polarity in the ERD connected to the rotational rheometer. The temperature within the sample fluid was fixed at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a Peltier temperature controller.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **0 wt.\%** & **30 wt.\%** \\ \hline \(\rho\) (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & 917 & 1076 \\ \(\sigma\) (mN\(\cdot\) m) & \(\sim\)32 & \(\sim\)32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Fluid properties of cornstarch/olive suspension of different concentrations at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 1: (a) Bright field microscope image of the cornstarch and (b) particle size distribution, where the error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent measurements (reprinted with permission from [PERSON] et al. Journal of Rheology 64, 43 (2020) [14], Copyright 2020, The Society of Rheology).  
It is widely accepted that electroheological fluids exhibit yield stress under the presence of an electric field, and their flow behavior is reasonably well modeled by the Bingham model (Equation (1)):  
\[\tau=\tau_{yd}+\eta_{p}\dot{\gamma}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\eta_{p}\) is the plastic viscosity, \(\dot{\gamma}\) is the shear rate, and \(\tau_{yd}\) is the dynamic yield stress. The dynamic yield stress can be measured by extrapolating to zero shear rate the steady-state flow curve obtained with a decreasing ramp in shear stress (1000-0.01 Pa) [16]. The steady-shear flow curves were determined for both fluids at different electric field values (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2.25, 3 kV/mm).
## 3 Experimental Section
### Characterization: Apparatus and Techniques  
Investigating HNTs, PVA, and HNTs-PVA nanocomposites are conducted through several techniques. Firstly, the HNTs structure and crystallite size are investigated using XRD model D8 with advance Bruker AXS X-ray and Cu radiation of 1.5406 A (Berlin, Germany). XRD is equipped with the EVA software (Version 2, Manufacturer, Karsruhe, Germany) to evaluate the structure and lattice strain of samples. All XRD patterns are compared for standardization with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). Regarding morphological images of the HNTs, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) of model Zeiss SUPRA 55-VP (Manufacturer, Konigsallee, Germany) was used. This model is equipped with a higher resolution and it has a lower charging on the sample surface. The magnifications of the morphology observations are set at 50.00 kc. Finally,  
Figure 4: Procedure of crosslinked HNTs-PVA nanocomposites using MA.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **Step I** & **Step II** & **Step III** & **Step IV** \\ \hline S05 & HNTs (1.0 g) + H\({}_{2}\)O (50 g) & +SDS (0.05 g) & +PVA (0.05 g) & +MA (0.05 g) \\ S07 & HNTs (1.0 g) + H\({}_{2}\)O (50 g) & +SDS (0.07 g) & +PVA (0.07 g) & +MA (0.07 g) \\ S10 & HNTs (1.0 g) + H\({}_{2}\)O (50 g) & +SDS (0.10 g) & +PVA (0.10 g) & +MA (0.10 g) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Samples preparation.  
Brunauer-Emmelt-Teller (BET) was used to show the physical adsorption of gas molecules to specify the effective surface area using (V-Sorb 2800 TP). BET analysis including surface area, pore size, and distribution, and pore volume, was performed using a Gemini apparatus (Micrometrics ASAP 2020, Norcross, GA, USA) of accuracy of \(\pm\)0.02 m\({}^{2}\)/g. Samples are degassed in a vacuum of 50 mTorr and at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) equation is used to calculate the pore volume as well as the average pore size of the distribution by exploiting the nitrogen desorption isotherm [35]. The total surface area of the sample can be determined by the number of nitrogen molecules obtained from the desorption-adsorption results.
# Protection of Digital Elevation Model--One Approach
## 3 Results
### Testing of the Proposed Model
#### 3.2.1 Configuring the Simulation Environment  
We configured the simulation environment as follows:  
* The Certification Authority of the MoD and SAF issued two types of certificates for each entity. The first entity is the LiDAR radar and the second is the end user. The Certification Authority during this process generated the first pair of asymmetric keys used for encryption purposes, whereas the second pair of cryptographic asymmetric keys is generated on the contact microcontroller of the smart card. The Certification Authority of the MoD and SAF for each generated public key or entity, issues an electronic certificate, Figures 4 and 5. The first issued certificate, i.e., the first pair of asymmetric keys, is used for the electronic signature and its verification, and the  
Figure 3: Model for securing the transfer of non-repudiated and protected DEM data.  
second certificate, i.e., the second pair of asymmetric keys is used for encryption and decryption purposes.
* Installing the trust path. The root certification authority such as trust point (MOVS-RootCA) is installed, followed by the certificate of the subordinate certification authority (MOVSUzKCA). The point of trust is the point, i.e., the certification authority, from which the entity's certificate starts the validation of the certification path. A certificate path is a chain of trust between certification authorities that verifies that a certificate comes from the right issuer.
* Installation of the application for working with smart cards. The TrustEdgeID v2.2.0 x64 application represents middleware for working with the contact microcontroller content of the electronic card.
* Installation of the electronic signature and encryption application. e-Doc Encryptor is an application for signing files, verifying, encrypting, and decrypting, using certificates of the Certification Authority of the MoD and SAF. This application includes a verification module as a separate PDC Manager application.
* Creation of means for a qualified electronic signature, i.e., smart cards. For testing purposes, the Certification Authority and the personalization system of the MoD and SAF issued two smart cards for LiDAR and the end user.  
Figure 4: Digital certificates for LiDAR radar. (**a**) Digital certificate for electronic signature; (**b**) Digital certificate for encryption.  
Figure 5: Digital certificates for end user. (**a**) Digital certificate for electronic signature; (**b**) Digital certificate for encryption.
# A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure
## 4 Charging Type
### Conductive Charging
#### 4.1.2 Charging Level  
Different types of charging levels can be defined, which reflect the power supply to the EV at the CS for community charging. Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 charging are defined as follows:  
* Level 1: AC charging Level 1 AC charging is defined as slow charging, especially for low-powered vehicles. Most countries utilize Level 1 charging using a 120 V power outlet, which seems to be a cheaper choice, but with a higher charging duration of 7-8 h. The setup for Level 1 AC can be installed in a household or an apartment with no additional requirement of infrastructure. However, people are more interested in Level 2 charging than Level 1 charging due to its longer charging duration [61]. [PERSON] et al. [62] proposed a single-phase AC charging scheme that combines the motor and inverter in a dual-inverter to improve the voltage level of AC charging compared to conventional chargers. * Level 2: AC charging Level 2 AC charging is primarily suitable to be installed at a private or public location equipped with on-board chargers. It provides a higher voltage output of 240 V than Level 1 charging to the battery of EVs with the installation of suitable infrastructure. People are encouraged to charge their vehicle with Level 2 charging due to the shorter charging time. This type of charging level can be used for community charging in which multiple residential buildings or households can utilize a dedicated charger with an affordable cost of charging [42]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [63] designed a two-level optimum hybrid EV charging strategy using an adaptive-equivalent consumption minimization strategy integrated with adaptive dynamic programming. They mainly worked to achieve high efficiency, low energy consumption, and to maintain the charging for vehicles. * Level 3: DC charging Level 3 DC charging uses off-board chargers to provide fast charging for EVs for commercial purposes. Level 3 DC charging stations can charge EVs at up to a 480 V to facilitate more rapid charging than the other levels. However, despite fast charging, the incurred cost for DC charging may be unaffordable. Additionally, a high output power voltage in case of fast charging can overburden the electricity grid, whereas Level 1 and Level 2 charging overcome the overburdening issues of the power grid for private and public charging [64]. To achieve efficient DC fast charging, [PERSON] et al. [65] developed an algorithm for a three-phase off-board charger to control the utility grid of high power voltage from any distortion due to the increased demand for EVs for fast charging. Although, people belonging to a community of several apartments can utilize the Level 2 charging efficiently with lower charging costs. Table 2 presents a comparative analysis of various EV charging levels and modes based on conductive charging.