esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Low-Cost, Compact, and Rapid Bio-Impedance Spectrometer with Real-Time Bode and Nyquist Plots
###### Abstract  
Bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been widely used to study the electrical properties of biological tissue based on the characteristics of the complex electrical impedance dispersions. One of the problems in using the BIS method is the length of time required for the data acquisition process and possibly data analysis as well. In this research, a compact and work rapidly BIS instrumentation system has been developed at a low cost. It is designed to work in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz, which is generally used in the fields of biophysics and medical physics. The BIS instrumentation system is built using several integrated modules. The modules are an AC current source to produce a selectable injection current; a data acquisition system to measure voltage, current, and phase difference rapidly and simultaneously; and software to calculate and display measurement results in the form of Bode and Nyquist plots in real time. The developed BIS system has been validated using a simple RC circuit as the sample being tested. The average time needed in the process of data acquisition and analysis until the formation of impedance dispersion curves in the form of Bode and Nyquist plots, for 54 sample frequencies, is less than one minute. The system is able to identify R and C values of the sample with a maximum error of 1.5%. In addition, some simple application examples are also presented in this paper.  
BIS-instrumentation; biological-tissue; gain-phase detector; Bode plot; Nyquist plot +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Transitioning Broadcast to Cloud
## 2 Processing Chains in Broadcast and Cloud-Based Online Video Systems
### Ad Processing  
In broadcast systems there are several types of ad slots, where some are local and anticipated to be filled by local stations, and some are regional or global and are filled earlier in the delivery chain.  
In all cases, insertions are done by splicing ads in the distribution TS streams, aided by SCTE-35 [19] ad markers. Such markers (or cue tones) are inserted earlier--at playout or even production stages [20]. Ad splices subsequently look for SCTE-35 markers embedded in the TS, and then communicate with ad servers (normally over SCTE 30 [76]) to request and receive ad content that needs to be inserted. Then they update TS streams to insert segments of ad content. Such TS update is actually a fairly tedious process, involving re-mux, regeneration of timestamps, etc. It also requires both main content and ads to be consistently encoded: have the same exact codec parameters, HRD model, etc. (see e.g., [77]).  
In the online/streaming world, ad-related processing is quite different. The ads are usually inserted/personalized on a per-stream/per-client basis, and the results of viewers watching the ads (so-called ad-impressions) are also registered, collected, and subsequently used for monetization. It is all fully automated and has to work in real-time and at mass scale.  
There are two models for ad-insertion that are used in streaming currently: server-side ad-insertion (SSAI) and client-side ad insertion (CSAI) [45]. In case of CSAI, most ad-related processing resides in a client. The cloud only needs to deliver content and SCTE-35 cue tones to the client. This scales well regardless of how cue tones are delivered--both in-band, or in-manifest carriage methods are adequate.  
In case of SSAI, most ad-related processing resides in cloud. To operate it at high scale and reasonable costs, such processing has to be extremely simple. In this context, in-manifest carriage of SCTE-35 cue tones is strongly preferred, as it allows ad-insertions to be done by manipulation of manifests.  
For example, in case of HLS, SCTE-35 markers in HLS playlists become substituted with sections containing URLs to ad-content segments, with extra EXT-X-DISCONTINUITY markers added at beginning and end of such sections [75]. In case of MPEG DASH, essentially the same functionality is achieved by using multiple periods [45]. The discontinuity markers or changing periods are effectively forcing clients to reset decoders when switching between program and ad content. This prevents possible HRD buffer overflows and other decodability issues during playback.
# Design of Infinite Impulse Response Filters Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
## 5 Conclusions  
This study realizes the \"multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm applied to the design of infinite impulse response filter\" using the particle swarm algorithm combined with Pareto efficiency. This method takes advantage of the global search capability. The multi-objective optimization concept of the Pareto frontier effectively solves the multi-objective conflict problems existing in traditional infinite impulse response filter design, especially the balance between passband and stopband performance filter orders and qualitative questions. Under the same conditions as other references, this research method can reach 1.83 and 2.83 in MMSE, 2.34 and 3.34 in ME, and 0.03 and 2.72 in SD. It has been proven that through the optimization method proposed in this study, a better balance can be achieved between multiple objectives, significantly minimizing passband oscillation and maximizing stopband suppression. Thus, the cutoff frequency can be guaranteed, and the filter order, passband, and stopband performance can meet predetermined specifications. These are essential factors to consider in filter design.  
Conceptualization, Q.-Y.Z.; Software, W.-R.Y.; Formal analysis, W.-H.L.; Investigation, Y.-C.H.; Resources, W.-H.L., Y.-C.H. and S.-M.W.; Writing--original draft, Q.-Y.Z.; Writing--review & editing, T.-J.S.; Supervision, T.-J.S.; Project administration, Q.-Y.Z. and S.-M.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported financially in part by the National Science and Technology Council, ROC (No. 113-2221-E-230-004-) and ICP DAS Co., Ltd.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Design of Distance-Rendering Methods
### Envelope-Based Model
The spatial dependence of the free field transfer function is also neglected, as the source will always be heard from its frontal direction. Moreover, the attenuation law of the direct sound will be extended to the whole early energy, thus introducing discrepancies between the measured and the simulated early reflections. Under these assumptions, the modifications that should be applied to the early and late segments of the initial impulse response measured at a distance \(d_{ref}\) to derive the new impulse response at distance \(d\) can be written as follows:  
\[E_{s}(d)=E_{s}(d_{ref})*\frac{d_{ref}^{2}}{d^{2}} \tag{3}\]  
\[E_{rev}(d,f)=E_{rev}(d_{ref},f)*exp(-13.81*\frac{d-d_{ref}}{cTr(f)}) \tag{4}\]  
This model will be referred to as the \"envelope-based model\". Applying Equations (3) and (4), nine BRIRs were generated upon modification of the initial impulse response measured at \(d_{ref}=1\) m to simulate the different distances selected in the classroom.
# Shear Properties of the Interface Between Polyurethane Concrete and Normal Concrete
## 4 Constitutive Model for PUC-NC Interface Bonding Performance
The Nakaba model provides a concise and effective linear relationship that reveals the correlation between initial bond strength and slip displacement, particularly in terms of interface stiffness and load-bearing capacity at small slip displacements. Although the interface between PUC and NC may exhibit some nonlinear behavior, the Nakaba model is considered a reasonable starting point for analyzing the bond-slip relationship. The model demonstrates strong adaptability, allowing for adjustments based on varying material properties and geometric configurations, and thus has broad potential for application in the analysis of various bond interfaces. The expression of the model by [PERSON] et al. is as follows:  
\[\tau=\tau_{\text{max}}\left[\frac{\text{S}}{\text{B}}\frac{\text{A}}{1.86+ \left(\text{S}/\text{B}\right)^{\text{A}}}\right] \tag{3}\]  
\[\tau_{max}=3.5f_{c}^{0.19} \tag{4}\]  
\[S_{0}=B\text{mm} \tag{5}\]  
In this study, the experimental data were analyzed using the nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt fitting algorithm to determine new coefficients (i.e., A = 5.82, B = 0.33) for the performance evaluation of the proposed model. The expression of the fitted model is as follows:  
\[\tau=\tau_{\text{max}}\left[\frac{\text{S}}{S_{0}}\frac{5.82}{1.8+\left(\text {S}/\text{S}_{0}\right)^{5.82}}\right] \tag{6}\]  
\[\tau_{max}=3.5f_{c}^{0.19} \tag{7}\]  
\[S_{0}=0.33\text{ mm} \tag{8}\]  
Figure 13 compares the predicted model with the actual experimental data, indicating that the error between the predicted shear strength and the experimental values is within \(\pm 10\%\). The root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) for predicting the shear strength of the PUC-NC bond interface are 2.1% and 0.937. These metrics indicate that the model effectively captures the main trends in the experimental data. However, the model is developed based solely on the data from this study, it may not be able to capture the behavior of specimens with different types of reinforcement materials. Further research is needed to validate the model's applicability.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Soil Constraints for Plant Growth  
Numerous studies have examined the influence of _Acacia_ vegetation on various properties of soils in a number of geographical regions. It has been suggested that an increase in _Acacia_ biomass could alter soil nutrient availability through the nitrogen-fixing behavior of _Acacia_ trees, modify soil moisture regime through the shading effects of _Acacia_ trees and litter layer, as well as exert impacts on soil microbial communities through changes in the physio-chemical environment [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] found that _Acacia saligna_ increased soil ammonium and nitrate availability as well as total soil nitrogen pool when compared to non-nitrogen-fixing native species. In the European sand dunes, the invasion by _Acacia longifolia_ was shown to significantly alter the catabolic diversity of decomposer community in soils, which could further affect litter breakdown and nutrient cycling rates [23]. It has been shown that the litter of _Acacia longifolia_ had relatively slow decomposition rate, in spite of a high nitrogen content and low carbon to nitrogen ratio, which would contribute to the accumulation of nitrogen-rich litter on the soil surface [24].  
Table 1 shows the basic physio-chemical properties of soils on _Acacia_-dominated slopes in Hong Kong. The soils on these slopes are generally acidic with a mean pH of 5.22, which are typical for soils developed in this subtropical region with high annual precipitation (>2400 mm) and intense leaching. The soils have a mean bulk density of 1.02 g/cm\({}^{3}\), which is within the range of uncompact soils and indicative of a suitable environment for root penetration [25]. The mean soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations are 25.9 and 9.1 mg/kg, respectively, which together are considered to be rather low (< 40 mg/kg) for supporting plant growth [25]. The mean available phosphorus concentration is 9.1 mg/kg, which falls within the medium range (2-40 mg/kg) that could have probable fertilizer response [25]. The soil organic matter and total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations are 7.22% and 0.27%, respectively, which are around the threshold values that distinguishes between low and medium levels [25]. The mean exchangeable sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations are 13.5, 81.6, 47.8, and 646 mg/kg, respectively, which are all considered to be low [25], which reflects the low cation exchange capacity of the acidic and highly leached soil in this climatic region.
# Resazurin-Based Assay for Quantifying Living Cells during Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Release
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determining the Standard Curve of Resazurin and Cell Numbers  
Cell numbers can be quantified by the calibration curves of resazurin reduction. The calibration curve of each cell line was generated by plating the cells lines (Balb/c 3T3, A549, MCF-7, and Ht-29) at the same initial density (\(\sim\)250 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) cell/mL), then serially diluting in a ratio of 1:2 to produce a range of cell density/well. Eight hours later, and before dividing, resazurin solution was added according to the optimal concentration and incubated for four hours. Figure 4A-D shows the experimental and theoretical calibration curves produced by acceptable data over the concentration range of (\(\sim\)4-250 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) cell/mL) of the four cell lines. In comparison with the theoretical calibration curves, which were calculated using the linear equation of cells ranging from (4-60 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\))cell/mL, the experimental curves of the four cell lines displayed an exponential shape at the high concentration  
Figure 3: Effect of incubation time on fluorescence intensity measured during resazurin reduction. (**A**) Balb/c3T3 cell lines; (**B**) A549 cell lines; (**C**) MCF-7 cell lines; (**D**) Ht-29 cell lines; (**E**) Coefficient variance % of incubation time vs. cells numbers. Data are expressed as the mean \(\pm\) SD of the measurements of three independent experiments.  
with adjusted R-squared of 0.97, 0.97, 0.99, and 0.98 for the cells of Balb/c 3T3, A549, MCF-7 and Ht-29, respectively [33]. The shape was most clear in the Balb/c 3T3 cell lines, where cells reached the inhibitive growth point, and least clear in the MCF-7 cell lines. This saturating trend might result in different cell sizes. For example, the MCF-7 size was 5-7 \(\upmu\)m in diameter [34], this then limited the cell attachment to the plate surface. Therefore, the differences between the two curves, theoretical and experimental, were determined for each dilution ratio. Figure 4F illustrates the significant data of cell number (\(-4\)-\(250\times 10^{3}\) cell/mL), which were less than 10% for all cell lines. However, at the range of (\(125\)-\(250\times 10^{3}\) cell/mL), the percentage of errors barely exceeded 10% for all cell lines. Notably, the repeatability of results can be interpreted in Figure 4E. The relative variability of the lowest recorded cell numbers barely exceeded 20%, while at high cell numbers, the CV% was the lowest.
# UAV-Borne Profiling Radar for Forest Research
## 2 FGI-Tomoradar Development
### Selection of Operating Frequency  
The potential frequency for the profile radar ranges from the C-band to the Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz). Considering that two parabolic dish antennas are employed, the C-band solution cannot be considered because of the large and massive antennas if less than 6 degrees field of view (FOV) is needed. Regarding the Ka-band solution, the antenna aperture and weight represent advantages for a UAV-borne application. However, the availability of active microwave components is limited, and additional waveguide components are required, which counteracts the benefit of a smaller antenna. The initial choice represents a trade-off between technical and financial parameters. The Ku-band (14 GHz) solution was selected because of the lighter antenna weight. In addition, several satellite-borne Ku-band scatterometers have been successfully deployed, such as SASS (14.6 GHz), NSCAT (14.0 GHz) and Seawind (13.4 GHz) [23]. The backscattering measurements of Tomoradar were comparable with those of the satellite-borne sensors. It should be noted that with the current setup the system can be reconfigured to operate from 12 GHz to 16 GHz by only changing the dedicated LO and the corresponding band-pass filters.  
The required minimum antenna beamwidth was approximately 6 degrees, and the resulting footprint size was 5.3 m from 50 m altitude, which can cover the canopy of a single mature tree. The antenna aperture could be approximately calculated as follows:  
\[\theta\_3\;\mathrm{dB}\cong 1.27\;\lambda/D \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the employed radio frequency signal and \(D\) is the antenna diameter [24]. Assuming that the adopted centre frequency was 14 GHz, that the antenna diameter was 0.26 m and that the thickness of the parabolic dish h was 1-3 mm, the weight of the antenna could be estimated using Equation (2):  
\[\mathrm{m}=\pi\mathrm{r}^{2}\;\mathrm{h}\mathrm{\rho} \tag{2}\]  
where r is the antenna radius and \(\mathrm{\rho}\) is the density of aluminium. The estimated parabolic dish weight varied from 145-435 g. The weight of Tomoradar's adopted parabolic antenna (33 cm aperture) was approximately 900 g, including the OMT and the support structure. The masses of the Tomoradar sub-systems are listed in Table 3. It must be mentioned that the georeferencing system and the digitizer  
Figure 1: Simplified block diagram of Tomoradar.  
in the helicopter-borne Tomoradar system differ from those of the UAV-borne version although the design principle is identical. The total weight of the UAV version of Tomoradar should be less than 7.2 kg considering a 20% weight margin. With such a payload, the operation time of a battery-powered UAV is approximately 10-20 min.
###### Abstract  
In multi-agent domains, dealing with non-stationary opponents that change behaviors (policies) consistently over time is still a challenging problem, where an agent usually requires the ability to detect the opponent's policy accurately and adopt the optimal response policy accordingly. Previous works commonly assume that the opponent's observations and actions during online interactions are known, which can significantly limit their applications, especially in partially observable environments. This paper focuses on efficient policy detecting and reusing techniques against non-stationary opponents without their local information. We propose an algorithm called Bayesian policy reuse with LocAl OServations (Bayes-Lab) by incorporating variational autoencoders (VAE) into the Bayesian policy reuse (BPR) framework. Following the centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) paradigm, we train VAE as an opponent model during the offline phase to extract the latent relationship between the agent's local observations and the opponent's local observations. During online execution, the trained opponent models are used to reconstruct the opponent's local observations, which can be combined with episodic rewards to update the belief about the opponent's policy. Finally, the agent reuses the best response policy based on the updated belief to improve online performance. We demonstrate that Bayes-Lab outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of detection accuracy, accumulative rewards, and episodic rewards in a predator-prey scenario. In this experimental environment, Bayes-Lab can achieve about 80% detection accuracy and the highest accumulative rewards, and its performance is less affected by the opponent policy switching interval. When the switching interval is less than 10, its detection accuracy is at least 10% higher than other algorithms.  
Bayesian policy reuse; non-stationary opponents; variational autoencoders; reinforcement learning; partial observability +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Breakage Rate Parameters  
Figure 8a-d shows in normal-log plots the relationship between the remaining mass fraction of each feed size vs. grinding time for all materials used. The feed size is the upper size of the tested size fractions. The results indicate that breakage follows a first order law i.e., the breakage rate \(S_{i}\) is independent of time and the \(S_{i}\) values can be determined from the slope of the straight lines. Each line refers to a different feed size. Figure 9 shows on log-log scale the variation of \(S_{i}\) values, obtained from the first order plots, with the upper feed particle size. It is shown that for each material \(S_{i}\) increases up to a specified size \(x_{m}\) (optimum feed size), but above this size breakage rates decrease sharply, since particles are too large to be nipped and fractured by the grinding media used. The optimum size \(x_{m}\) for each material is the size at which, under normal grinding conditions, the highest breakage rate \(S_{m}\) is reached. It is mentioned that the breakage rate parameters were back calculated using the Moly-Cop Tools(tm) v.1.0 software and the determined values are presented in Table 5. The back calculation method is described in detail in a previous recent publication of the authors [8].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Observations** & **Mean** & **Minimum** & **Maximum** & **Median** & **Std. Dev.** \\ \hline Quartz & 7 & 59.5 & 47.5 & 71.2 & 62.8 & 9.1 \\ Marble & 8 & 48.2 & 21.5 & 64.9 & 53.0 & 15.8 \\ Quartzite & 7 & 41.7 & 26.7 & 56.2 & 44.8 & 11.0 \\ Metasandstone & 7 & 27.1 & 10.7 & 39.0 & 31.0 & 10.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The statistical results of \(E_{t}\) (GPa).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & \(S_{i}\) & \(\alpha_{T}\) & \(\alpha\) & \(S_{m}\) & \(x_{m}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(\mathbf{min^{-1}}\) & \(\mathbf{min^{-1}}\) & & \(\mathbf{min^{-1}}\) & \(\mathbf{mm}\) \\ \hline Quartz & 0.55 & 0.68 & 0.80 & 0.85 & 1.80 \\ Marble & 0.89 & 1.09 & 0.90 & 1.83 & 2.84 \\ Quartzite & 0.83 & 0.98 & 0.84 & 1.29 & 2.00 \\ Metasandstone & 1.05 & 1.41 & 1.12 & 2.45 & 2.32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Breakage rate parameters for all materials used.