# Tsunami Modeling and Satellite-Based Emergency Mapping: Workflow Integration Opportunities
## 2 Materials and Methods: Tsunami Modelling and Satellite-Based Emergency Mapping
### Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS)
#### 2.2.1 Rapid Mapping  
Copernicus EMS Rapid Mapping (CEMS-RM) covers the entire process from the satellite tasking, image acquisition, processing and analysis of satellite imagery and other geo-spatial raster and vector data sources until the production and delivery of vector data and ready-to-print maps to the user who requested the service. Since its start in April 2012, it has been activated 352 times, and 6% of these activations were for earthquakes (as of 10 April 2019). CEMS-RM products are standardized maps with a set of parameters to choose from when requesting the service activation (map type, scale, delivery time, additional information layers to be included). Table 1 shows the product portfolio. There are three map types, one pre- and two post-event maps, each performing specific functions relevant to crisis management. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Product Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Content**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Delivery Times after Image Reception in the**} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two Service Levels**} \\ \hline  & & 24/7 (hours) & \begin{tabular}{c} Production during \\ working days (days) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Reference & Pre-event situation & 9 & 5 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Delineation \\ \end{tabular} } & Detailed assessment of the & 12 & 5 \\  & \begin{tabular}{c} impacted area (extent) \\ \end{tabular} & 12 & 5 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Grading \\ \end{tabular} } & Detailed damage assessment & 12 & 5 \\  &
\begin{tabular}{c} (damage grade and its \\ spatial extent) \\ \end{tabular} & 12 & 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Rapid Mapping portfolio: product types and production times (two service levels). Note that for delineation and grading a First Available Map (an early information product) is available within 3 h from image reception in the 24/7 service level. The pre-event or reference maps provide comprehensive knowledge of the territory and exposed assets and population. They are based on satellite imagery and other geo-spatial data acquired prior to the disaster event and are often used for comparative purposes as a baseline for generating the post-event maps. The two post-event map types, known as delineation and grading map, are produced from post-disaster images. Delineation maps outline the extent of the area affected by an event and its evolution. Grading maps provide an assessment of the impact caused by the disaster in terms of damage grade and of its spatial distribution. They may also provide relevant and up-to-date information on affected population and assets, e.g., settlements, transport networks, industry and utilities. Grading maps are therefore the most relevant product for events like earthquakes and tsunamis: through the location of affected assets, they reveal indirectly the spatial extent of the impacted area. As detailed in Table 1, the service provides both post-event maps within 12 h after image data reception and quality acceptance in the fastest map production mode. For less time-critical activations, the same maps can be provided in five working days. Reference maps are provided either in nine hours (fastest mode) or in five working days. Satellite images being the main source of information for CEMS-RM, it is evident that satellite tasking is a key phase for the effectiveness of the service. CEMS-RM is currently testing a procedure which implies using early warning information on upcoming floods to trigger an image-tasking request 24 h before the expected flood peak. Following the same logic, alert systems like GDACS can be used to trigger satellite tasking (or encourage satellite mission owners to task their satellites) over a possibly affected area shortly after the alert and before an actual activation of CEMS-RM following the required request by an authorised user. This would allow having relevant imagery once the activation is triggered.