# Review: Facial Anthropometric, Landmark Extraction, and Nasal Reconstruction Technology
## 4 Nasal Reconstruction Technology
They used 3D obtained images to create a nasal model for clinical evaluation before rhinoplasty was performed. This is also the first study to use 3D printing in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Then, [PERSON] et al. [96] proposed a nasal bone model using 3D printing with PLA plastic to be used by doctors in traumatized rhinoplasty. According to the authors, 10 patients were detail planned for rhinoplasty surgery, this study had significant predictive methods that can be applied during surgery. Compared to prototyping with gypsum [92], 3D printing with PLA is more time- and cost-saving. However, in this study, other parts affected by nose surgery were not mentioned, such as tissue, nasal septum, etc. In another study, the figures of 3D measurements were extracted from specialized cameras. Doctors rely on these figures to create 3D models and send them to the MirrorMe3D Corporation to 3D print these faces using plaster, wax, and cyanoacrylate studied by [PERSON] et al. [97]. They create 3D models for the clinical diagnosis of rhinoplasty, letting patients know the changes in advance and to have an objective view after surgery; this way, the costs to pay for a model were 45 times higher than the PLA modeling method presented by [PERSON] et al. [98]. They used Blender software to build 3D models of the human head from 2D images with different angles, then the face was extracted, and the structure of the nose was adjusted to the desired shape manually and, finally, it was used for 3D printing; however, in these 3D models, only the external structure of the patient's face can be described. Therefore, the internal bone structures were not noticed in this study, as with these models, there is only the external evaluation view images of after the surgery to help patients have a more general view of predicted nasal shape. Twelve patients were surveyed in this study, and according to the author, no complications occured in surgeries. With the development of technology, numerous free software used to reconstruct images of objects were developed, such as Blender and RhinOnBlender, which were widely used in cosmetic surgery. Much software used to create SLT/OBJ format files, used for rapid prototyping with 3D printers by using PLA plastic, was introduced by [PERSON] et al. [99]. In this study, the authors only wanted to reconstruct the shape of the nose after surgery with the main purpose of surgical education and patient communication. 2D images collected from smartphone cameras are used to build virtual facial molding, from which patients can see their own faces after rhinoplasty surgery. Their results showed that the study was conducted on 3 patients with their absolute satisfaction with the results after surgery, the results compared the actual shape of the nose after surgery, and the 3D printed model was similar. However, the small sample size can lead to non-generalized conclusions, with the benefits of this model being that it is low cost and fast. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [100] published a study on a 3D printed rhinoplasty guide tool. Three-dimensionally-printed rhinoplasty guides were introduced, and the authors created two models before and after surgery to evaluate the 3D model, which increases the accuracy for clinical diagnoses. They were subtle in checking the satisfaction of the patients after the surgery with specific questions. 3D images are created using the Morpheus three-dimensional scanner, then calibrate the parameters for each patient and get consent from the patients before being sent to a 3D printing company. It is evaluated as an effective 3D model to make surgery easier; it was used as a testing tool and guide for rhinoplasty in the study of [PERSON] et al. [101]. In a similar purported study published in 2021, [PERSON] et al. [102] performed a one-year study from 2019 to 2020 in 15 rhinplasty patients. 3D images were collected from a commercial Vectra H1 camera and processed on specialized software.