esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
150 people filled out questionnaires. Our study's main focus was on educated participants, with 43% acknowledging the values of peri-urban green areas (ES). 44% of these are men, while 56% are women. These responders come primarily from the Gujrat area and are part of the physically active population, with 40% being between the ages of 15 and 30, and a significant group of age classes from 31 to 45. Mature and elderly people are also represented (Table 1). The education status of the participants was mostly high; nevertheless, 8% of the sample included illiterate people. As for employment, 39% of the interviewed people were students, 19% were public servants, 21% were households, and 7% were unemployed (Table 1).  
The answers to the question \"How long do you stay in peri-urban green spaces?\" show that 15% of the sample stay less than one hour, 34% stay 1-2 h, 33% stay 2-3 h, and 18% stay 3-4 h.  
The valuation of the willingness to pay for maintaining green areas shows that 57% of the interviewed people declared they would be available to contribute to the conservation of green spaces as well as for the establishment of new ones, while 43% declared they would refuse because they have low income. Figure 2 shows the results of the amount the respondents would pay in local currency. Here it can be deduced that an abrupt change occurs when shifting from PKR 0-200 to PKR 201-400, and that even considering the survival function excluding zero values, less than 20% of participants would pay more than PKR 800.  
Three out of four people responded positively to volunteer donations for the development and enhancement of urban and peri-urban green areas. Nevertheless, it has emerged that for the low-income portion of the population, the imposition of any type of fee could represent a problem.  
Figure 3 shows the people's perception of the peri-urban green area of Gujrat in terms of the abundance of green spaces. The majority of interviewed persons answered that Gujrat is a city lacking noticeable urban and sub-urban green spaces.  
Figure 2: The amount in PKR for peri-urban spaces by local. The green line includes zero values; the blue line represents the answers without zero values.  
According to our green areas map and data provided by the municipal corporation of Gujrat, the total urban green area including parks, courtyards of educational institutions, and green belts is 3,117,566 m\({}^{2}\), whereas the total area of private green spaces (including private lawns, yards, etc.) is 378,813 m\({}^{2}\). The current spatial distribution of the green space in Gujrat city is shown in Figure 4. We calculated that the area of public green spaces available per resident in Gujrat is 8.9 m\({}^{2}\).  
Figure 4: Public and private green spaces in the city center of Gujrat.  
Figure 3: People’s perception of Gujrat as a green city.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Acceleration Responses  
Acceleration response refers to the total acceleration occurring at the corresponding degree-of-freedom/storey. Peak acceleration responses for near- and far-field stations of the Kocaeli earthquake are presented in Figure 14. The same legends have been adopted as discussed previously. For near-field stations, the fixed base structure has the highest response while MRE BIS shows the lowest. For the far-field stations, however, observation of passively isolated structures possessing minimum acceleration response can be made. This might be because the response of passively isolated structure against the far-field time histories is already very small and MRE BIS cannot improve it any further. This phenomenon can also be attributed to typical hybrid base isolation systems where the supplementary force forcefully confines the base displacement of the passive base isolation system for some cases [21; 35] at the expense of larger accelerations as well as increased inter-storey drifts in the superstructure [21; 36].  
Figure 14: Peak acceleration, Kocaeli earthquake.  
Figure 13: Average storey drifts response reduction of MRE BIS compared to passively IS.  
A comparison of peak acceleration response for all the adopted earthquake time histories is presented in Figure 15. A greater response for thepassively isolated structure and a greater subsequent reduction in acceleration response can be observed for the near-field earthquakes compared to the far-field ones. It can also be observed that the acceleration response of the passively isolated structure against the Kocaeli far-field station is very low compared to that of the other responses, thus its response reduction of MRE BIS compared to the passively isolated structure is also lower.  
The average acceleration response improvement of MRE BIS compared to the passively isolated structure is presented in Figure 16. It is evident that response improvement is greater for the near-fault stations compared to the far-field ones. However, no reduction in average acceleration response for the Kocaeli far-field station time histories can also be observed. This behavior of increased inter-storey drifts and structural accelerations is typical for hybrid base isolation systems where the supplementary force may forcefully confine the base displacement of the passive base isolation system at the expense of larger accelerations as well as increased inter-storey drifts to the superstructure [21; 35; 36].
# Uniform Circle Formation for Fully, Semi-, and Asynchronous Opaque Robots with Lights
## 5 The Algorithm for the Fully Synchronous Mode
### Cycle 1: Pivot Selection and Angle Setting
Given a pair \(\rho=(u_{i},v_{i})\) of placeholders, the following axes are defined:_  
* _The_ **internal axis** _of_ \(\rho\) _is the symmetry axis passing in the middle point of the arc_ \(\widehat{u_{i}v_{i}}\)_;_
* _The_ **external axes** _of_ \(\rho\) _is the symmetry axes passing in the middle point of the arc_ \(\widehat{u_{i}v_{(i-1)\bmod k}}\) _or_ \(\widehat{v_{i}u_{(i+1)\bmod k}}\)_._  
Figure 10: Pivots and angle robots for rotational symmetry with two sectors. Dashed lines are the safe diameters. Figure 9: Pivots and angle robots for rotational symmetry with three sectors. Dashed lines are the safe chords. Indeed, for odd \(k\), the same axis is both internal and external, for different pairs of placeholders. It is important to note that no robot lies on these axes, otherwise it would be the case of one main class of symmetry. Each rotational sector contains \(q=\frac{u}{k}\) robots and \(u_{i}\hat{O}u_{(i+1)\bmod k}=\frac{2\pi}{k}\) (obviously, \(v_{i}\hat{O}v_{(i+1)\bmod k}=\frac{2\pi}{k}\)). The internal and external axes of the placeholders divide the SEC into \(2k\)_slices_, each with the same number of robots. In this cycle, each robot \(r\) acts as follows:  
* **Look-Compute**: \(r\) spots the two main classes of robots from which the same minimal angle-string starts, and the \(k\) placeholder pairs. Then \(r\) spots the placeholder pair \((u,v)\) it is closest to, the internal axis \(l\) and external axes \(h,h^{\prime}\) with respect to \((u,v)\), and hence the slice is lying on (for example, the slice cut by \(h\) and \(l\)). It computes the two pivots positions \(p\) (in its slice) and \(p^{\prime}\) (in the opposite slice with respect to \(h\)) such that \(p\) and \(p^{\prime}\) are symmetrical to \(h\), and \(p\hat{O}p^{\prime}\) measures the base angle \(\frac{2\pi}{n}\). Then it computes the point \(a\) in its slice which will form the base angle with \(p\). * **Move**: If \(r\) is in the placeholder position, then it does not move and sets its color as _placeholder_. If \(r\) is the nearest robot to some points \(p\) or \(a\) within the same slice (unambiguously chosen with respect to the axis of symmetry in case of equidistance), then it sets its color as _pivot_ or _angle_, and it heads to the proper position without colliding. Otherwise, \(r\) does nothing. Figures 12 and 13 display the configurations described above. During this round, each slice does not change the number of robots and the axes passing in the middle of the pivots are maintained: hence, they continue to be equally distributed within the slices. Figure 12: Regular 4-tuples setting in a 2-rotational symmetry. Main and safe diameters parallel to the external axis are shown. Figure 13: Regular 4-tuples setting in a 3-rotational symmetry. The internal axis and an external axis are shown for the pair of placeholders \((u_{2},v_{2})\).
# Performance Evaluation of MPTCP on Simultaneous Use of 5G and 4G Networks
## 2 An Overview of The MPTCP Schedulers and Congestion Control Algorithms
### Existing Research on Performance Analysis of MPTCP Schedulers  
Several research papers have been published that focus on the performance analysis of MPTCP schedulers under various scenarios. However, most of them did not consider scenarios considering 5G networks. In MiniNet [39] emulation experiments, different schedulers' performances were compared in a basic scenario where the sender and receiver send the packets through two different paths [40]. [PERSON] et al. [41] implemented that same scenario in a testbed and tested different schedulers' performance. [PERSON] et al. [42] exploited the MPTCP schedulers' performance in their testbed where the client connects to the server via two different cellular network operators. [PERSON] et al. [43] compared the performance of different schedulers under the 5G/B5G hybrid network in a physical testbed. However, they did not consider mobility when observing the schedulers' performance while the UE is on the move. Table 1 summarizes the key considerations of these research works. Moreover, in [44], [PERSON] et al. tested the fidelity of the available NS3-DCE [24] simulator for MPTCP with MPTCP testbed results. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research work has tried to enable an NS3-DCE-based 5G MPTCP simulator that can help researchers understand the performance of MPTCP schedulers in a 5G network scenario, even when the UE is on the move. This is very vital for future research to grasp a proper estimation of MPTCP's performance in 5G networks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Research Work** & **Test Tool** & **Considered Scenario** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [40] & MiniNet [39] & Simple, connecting client and server via two paths \\ [PERSON] et al. [41] & Physical Testbed & Simple, connecting client and server via two paths \\ [PERSON] et al. [42] & Physical Testbed & Client and server connects via two cellular network operators \\ [PERSON] et al. [43] & Physical Testbed & Simple 5G/B5G hybrid network \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: A brief overview of the existing research works on the performance analysis of the MPTCP schedulers.
# Spaceborne LiDAR Systems: Evolution, Capabilities, and Challenges
## 5 LiDAR in Space Missions
### Spaceborne LiDARs for Terrestrial Applications
#### 5.1.3 CALIOP--Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR with Orthogonal Polarization  
The Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) was launched aboard the CALIPSO satellite on 28 April 2006, as part of a collaborative mission between NASA (USA) and CNES (France). Operating at an altitude of 705 km, CALIPSO is integrated within NASA's Aqua satellite constellation, a group of satellites designed to collectively study Earth's climate system through synergistic data acquisition [88; 117; 119].  
CALIOP was the first spaceborne LiDAR specifically optimized for aerosols and cloud profiling, as well as the first polarization-sensitive LiDAR in orbit. Its primary scientific objective was to precisely measure the altitudes, spatial distributions, and overlaps of the cloud and aerosol layers [131].
## 4 Numerical Optimization Experiments
### Simulation Results Analysis
#### 4.3.3 Fixed-Dimension Multimodal Functions (F14-F19):  
MSWOA generally overtook the other six algorithms. More precisely, MSWOA could nearly reach the best solution on functions F15, F16, and F19, and it also exhibited great advantages on stability. With respect to function F14, LWOA was superior to the other competitors. On function F17, MFO, HPSO-SSM, GWO, and MSWOA showed little difference in search accuracy, but HPSO-SSM was more stable. In addition, GWO got a high-quality mean solution on function F18.  
Figures 11-13 display the convergence graphs of three selected fixed-dimension multimodal functions (F15, F18, and F19). From Figure 11, we can see that the search results of all the algorithms were roughly the same. However, MSWOA owned the fastest convergence speed. Figure 12 presents that GWO had a better performance in search accuracy and convergence rate in the final stage. The plot in Figure 13 reveals that MSWOA possessed excellent capability in jumping out of the local optimums and converged towards the global optimum closely and quickly, while MFO and PSO-GWO reached the stagnation state prematurely, which led to poor search results.  
Therefore, from the above descriptions and discussions of the simulation results of numerical optimization experiments, it can be seen that compared with other six SI algorithms, the proposed MSWOA method had better optimization accuracy and convergence speed for the majority of the nineteen classical benchmark problems, which indicates that the proposed strategies are practical and successful.  
To further testify the effectiveness of the proposed variant, we applied MSWOA to analog circuits fault diagnosis, and the detailed information is presented in the next section.
# A Trust-Based Model for Secure Routing against RPL Attacks in Internet of Things
## 5 Performance Parameters  
The performance of the proposed SMTrustOF-based protocol is compared with existing protocols based on topology stability, packet loss rate, throughput, and power consumption. Multiple simulation runs under three different scenarios have been used to verify the results for network performance comparison of SMTrust with MRHOF [55], SecTrust [14], MRTS [15], and DCTM [16]. The scenarios include Scenario I: static nodes, Scenario II: mobile sender nodes, and Scenario III: mobile sender and the sink node.
# Carbazoles: Role and Functions in Fighting Diabetes
## 2 Carbazole Derivatives in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes
### Carbazole-Ethoxy-Phenyl Propanic Acid Derivative  
The discovery of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptor (PPAR) -\(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\), as primary targets for fibrates and the thiazolinedines (TZDs), respectively, has opened up new possibilities for the development of alternative tools for the treatment of type 2 DM [75; 76].  
The ability of TZD and fibrates to lower blood sugar and lipids, respectively, demonstrated in experimental models of insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, has been known for decades. The improvement in insulin sensitivity promoted by TZDs (pioglitazone or rosiglitzone), although modest, is nevertheless significant and has justified the investments in the search for alternative diabetes treatments, using these compounds as starting compounds [77; 78]. Thus far, several computational and in vitro studies on the PPAR receptor have been conducted for this purpose.  
Figure 10: Structures of: O-methylmurrayamine A (**17**), koenidine (**18**), mahanimbine (**19**) and murrayazoline (**20**).  
One of these research works has led to the identification of compound (S)-3-(4-(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-ethoxy)phenyl)-2-ethoxypropanoic acid (**21**) (Figure 11), which showed dual activity on both PPAR isoforms \(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\)[43]. The results of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that treatment with compound **21** promoted an improvement in insulin sensitivity, greater than that seen with both pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Compound **21** was also able to lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol in rats fed high cholesterol, whereas treatment with other PPAR\(\gamma\) agonists did not have the same results [43].
## 1 Introduction  
Fishing in Tunisia has mainly exploited benthic stocks, which are currently in an optimum exploitation state or even overexploitated. This state has prompted the Tunisian authorities to seek effective solutions such as the development of aquaculture and the recovery of fish populations not exploited. As a result, the idea of exploiting freshwater fish species (Nile tilapia, common carp (_Cyprinus Carpio_) and common barbel (_Barbus barbus_)) in intensive farming has appeared. These freshwater fishes, which have a relatively low commercial value, bear the advantage of having a high nutritional quality. The common carp is a species of freshwater fish that belongs to the family of _Cyprinidae_[1]. The flesh of common carp is characterized by a beneficial nutritional composition of essential amino acids and a high content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3,EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA)) [2]. The presence of intramuscular bones in the flesh of common carp is the cause for its low level of consumption by Tunisians. Hence, it is very important to create and develop new fish-based products from these underused fish species so as to enhance their consumer acceptability.  
In the agri-food industries, several synthetic additives have been used for the sake of coloring, flavoring, fortifying, and extending the shelf-life of commercialized products [3]. Still, many recent studies have indicated that the unreasonable consumption of synthetic food supplements is related to many health problems [4; 5]. Thus, the need to use natural food fortifiers has pushed experts to prepare additives from natural resources that might be suitable in the production of fish products [3].  
Microalgae have been exploited worldwide, with the principal genera used for functional and nutritional food being _Arthospira_, _Isochrysis_, _Picochlorum_, and _Chlorella_[6; 7; 8]. These microalgae are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, heat-induced proteins, phenolic compounds, pigments, and sulfated polysaccharides [9; 10]. Polysaccharides isolated from these microalgae have significant antioxidant properties in vitro and have effective scavenging abilities on superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and hydroxyl peroxide. In addition, it is worth highlighting the significant quantity of fibers that microalgae supply [11]. The bioactive compounds present in microalgae have also been proven to show antibacterial and antifungal activities against some human pathogens [9]. The principal objectives of this study are first to produce new ready-to-eat fish burgers from common carp fortified with microalgae rich in bioactive compounds and second, to evaluate the microalgae's effects on the functional, physicochemical, textural, and microbiological characteristics of these products.
## 1 Introduction
[28] combined the global land data assimilation system version 2 (GLDAS-2) soil moisture data and NDVI with crop phenology data and assessed drought evolution and crop growth. [PERSON] et al. [7] developed a new agricultural drought index called the agricultural dry condition index (ADCI) by combining various hydrometeorological variables and verified the applicability of the ADCI on the yield of paddy and arable crops in Korea. Through the review of previous studies, we can assume that information can be integrated from multi-sensor satellite data and multivariate analyses to effectively achieve comprehensive drought assessment goals. In addition to providing information based on different drought conditions (meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological), it is necessary to develop and apply an integrated drought index that considers complex factors that can provide comprehensive information about droughts and the required proactive response to drought situations. Inspired by this idea, our study seeks to diagnose complex droughts by using multi-sensor collaborative approaches and multivariate dimensional reduction models. In this study, we proposed an integrated drought assessment method to comprehensively convey drought information to the public and conducted statistical simulations to determine spatial sensitivity to various types of droughts to provide tailored information on local drought responses in a changing climate.
## 9 Future Work  
The proposed methodology for overload forecasting in semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills, integrating convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with physics-informed principles, has significantly improved predictive accuracy. Nonetheless, there are several avenues for future research to further enhance its effectiveness and applicability:  
* Incorporation of Additional Physical Constraints: Future work could include more physical laws, leveraging mechanistic models of SAG mill dynamics or real-time sensor data for dynamic adjustments.
* Real-Time Implementation and Validation: The next step is integrating the model into a real-time monitoring system, validating predictions through collaboration with operators in operational mills.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Sensitivity** & **Specificity** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline No-PINN model & 0.892 (\(\pm\)0.003) & 0.992 (\(\pm\)0.002) & 0.905 (\(\pm\)0.002) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Average and standard deviation on ablated neural network.  
* Extension to Other Grinding Mills: The approach could be adapted to other mills, such as ball or rod mills, exploring its generalizability and broader applications.
* Enhancing Model Interpretability: Research should focus on advanced techniques, like improved visualization or explainable AI, to ensure transparency and usability for operators.  
Addressing these areas will refine machine learning applications in SAG mill operations, fostering more efficient, sustainable, and profitable mining practices.  
Conceptualization, R.H. and C.V.; methodology, R.H., C.V., H.A. and C.A.; software, R.H. and C.V.; validation, R.H., C.V., H.A., C.A. and E.L.; formal analysis, R.H., C.V., H.A. and C.A.; investigation, R.H. and C.V.; resources, R.H.; data curation, R.H.; writing--original draft preparation, R.H. and C.V.; writing--review and editing, R.H., C.V., H.A. and C.A.; visualization, R.H. and C.V.; supervision, C.V. and H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) PIA/APOYO AFB230003 and partially supported by DGIIP-UTFSM PI-LIR23-13 and partially supported by the Fondecyt Initiation project 11230351.  
Not applicable.  
The data for this study are available in this manuscript and a GitHub repository. The repository access must be required, which can be found in the following URL: [[https://github.com/rhermosilla-codes/SAG_Overload_Forecast_PINN_CNN](https://github.com/rhermosilla-codes/SAG_Overload_Forecast_PINN_CNN)]([https://github.com/rhermosilla-codes/SAG_Overload_Forecast_PINN_CNN](https://github.com/rhermosilla-codes/SAG_Overload_Forecast_PINN_CNN)), accessed on 1 December 2024.  
The authors would like to thank the institutions and colleagues who supported this work.  
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.