esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The settlement and deformation of abandoned mining tunnels can lead to cracking, deformation, or even the collapse of surface structures. Recently, a dual-direction, four-lane expressway, designed a speed of 100 km/h, is planned to be constructed between Yuanling County and Chenxi County. This expressway will pass through a long-abandoned refractory clay mining area in Chenxi County. This study focuses on this abandoned mining area and employs the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method to investigate the underground conditions, aiming to determine the location and scale of the subterranean goaf. A total of five survey lines were deployed for the investigation. The inversion results indicate the presence of five low-resistivity anomalies in the underground structure (with six low-resistivity anomalies identified along line L1). These low-resistivity anomalies are preliminarily interpreted as subsurface cavities. Subsequent borehole verification revealed that the five low-resistivity anomalies correspond to a total of eight water-filled cavities, including six abandoned mining tunnels and two karst caves. At the location K33+260-K33+350, a large low-resistivity anomaly was identified which actually consisted of three closely spaced water-filled abandoned mining tunnels. Additionally, the surrounding strata primarily consisted of fractured mudstone, which has a high water content and thus exhibits low resistivity. These two factors combined resulted in the three water-filled abandoned mining tunnels appearing as a single large low-resistivity anomaly in the inversion profile. Meanwhile, at K33+50-K33+110, two water-filled abandoned mining tunnels were found. These tunnels are far apart along line L1 but are relatively close to each other on the other four survey lines. Consequently, in the inversion results, line L1 displays these as two separate low-resistivity anomalies, while the other four survey lines show them as a single large low-resistivity anomaly. Based on the 2D inversion results, a 3D model of the study area was constructed. This model provides a more intuitive visualization of the underground cavity structures in the study area. The findings not only serve as a reference for the subsequent remediation of the goaf area but also offer new insights into the detection of abandoned mining tunnels.  
abandoned mining; geophysics; ERT; expressway +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
# A Novel Computational Imaging Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography
## 1 Introduction
Based on the TR method, the objective function of the RELM algorithm is designed, in which the L\({}_{1}\)-norm as data fidelity effectively reduces the influence of outliers in the input data on the reconstruction results, the second-order total variation (STV) norm and the L\({}_{1}\)-norm as the regularizer effectively improves the stability of the numerical solution. The objective function is solved by the ISB method, which greatly improves the solution efficiency. 3. Numerical simulation and experimental results prove that the RELM algorithm improves the stability of the numerical solution, and the problem of poor imaging quality caused by inaccurate capacitance data is effectively alleviated. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we propose an imaging methodology based on the RELM. In Section 3, we detail the method for solving the capacitance correlation coefficient. In Section 4, the RELM model between the capacitance correlation coefficient and the imaging target is extracted from a large number of training samples. The numerical simulations and implementation details are described in Sections 5 and 6. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 7.
# Optimal Power Dispatch of an Offshore Wind Farm under Generator Fault
###### Abstract  
For offshore wind farms, the power loss caused by the wake effect is large due to the large capacity of the wind turbine. At the same time, the operating environment of the offshore wind farm is very harsh, and the cost of maintenance is higher than that of the onshore wind farm. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study through reasonable control how to reduce the wake loss of the wind farm and minimize the losses caused by the fault. In this paper, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the active power dispatch of wind farms under generator cooling system faults. The optimization objectives include avoiding the further deterioration of the generator fault, reducing unnecessary power loss of the faulty wind turbine, tracking the power demand from the Transmission System Operator (TSO), and reducing the power fluctuation caused by the PSO algorithm. The proposed optimal power dispatch strategy was compared with the two generally-used fault-handling methods and the proportional dispatch strategy in simulation. The result shows that the proposed strategy can improve the power generation capacity of the wind farm and achieve an efficient trade-off between power generation and fault protection.  
wind energy; power dispatch; offshore wind farm; particle swarm optimization; fault accommodation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
_Article_  
Optimal Power Dispatch of an Offshore Wind Farm under Generator Fault
# Interfacial Shear Properties of Red Clay and Polyurethane with Different Densities
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigates the influence of polyurethane density and normal stress on the interfacial shear characteristics of red clay through direct shear tests and further validates the findings using the Abaqus bilinear cohesive force model. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the interfacial shear characteristics of polyurethane-red clay composites. Based on the results and discussions, the main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The incorporation of polyurethane induces a transition in the shear stress-displacement curve of red clay from strain-hardening to strain-softening behavior. As the polyurethane density increases, the shear softening characteristics of polyurethane become more pronounced, though excessive density triggers abrupt interfacial softening. The shear strength exhibits a linear positive relationship with the density of polyurethane. Considering the changes in interfacial strength and ductility after the polyurethane infiltrates the red clay, the density of polyurethane can be controlled between 0.5 g/cm\({}^{3}\) to 0.8 g/cm\({}^{3}\), which provides critical guidance for determining the appropriate polyurethane content in red clay slope reinforcement projects.
2. Normal stress has a significant impact on both the shear stress-strain curve and shear strength of polyurethane-red clay composites. As normal stress increases, the horizontal displacement at shear failure, peak shear stress, and residual stress all gradually increase, and the slope of the stress-rise stage also becomes steeper. Additionally, the interfacial shear strength increases linearly with normal stress.
3. Simulation of direct shear tests using the ABAQUS cohesive element finite element model effectively captures the mechanical properties of the polyurethane-red clay interface. The simulation results align well with the experimental shear stress-displacement curve; For the simulation and modeling of shear strength values, the fitting results are better when the density of polyurethane is 0.5 g/cm\({}^{3}\). However, there are certain errors when the density is 0.2 g/cm\({}^{3}\) and 0.8 g/cm\({}^{3}\), although these errors remain within an acceptable range.
## 5 Conclusions  
We demonstrated FF-OCM using an ultrathin forward-imaging SMMF probe of core diameter 50 um, OD 125 um, and length 7.4 mm, which is a typical graded-index multimode fiber for optical communications. The axial and lateral resolutions were measured to be 2.14 um and 2.3 um, respectively.  
By inserting the SMMF up to a maximum of 4 mm into the cortex of an in vivo rat brain, 3D OCM images with an FOV of 47 um and depth of 147 um from the SMMF facet were obtained. Images of tissues were obtained from scan depths of approximately 20-90 um. _En face_ images containing grain-like shapes of a few microns and short fibers of length 5-10 um were obtained.  
The 3D fiber structures were presented in the region of X 51.5 um, Y 51.5 um, and Z 104 um using orthoslice imaging. Furthermore, the 3D fibrous structures such as connections and bending were recognized in the region of X 14.9 um, Y 12.4 um, and Z 8.1 um. The diameters of these fibrous shapes were approximately 2 um, similar to the spatial resolution of FF-OCM.  
The dependence of signal intensity integration of the _en face_ images on the insertion length of the SMMF reached a maximum near the bottom of the cortex, corresponding roughly to a reported depth-dependent myelination profile. The practical diameters of nerve fibers may be less than the spatial resolution; however, the 3D information such as connections and curves of nerve fibers can also be obtained. In the field of neurosciences, the feasibility of an SMMF as an ultrathin forward-imaging probe in FF-OCM has been demonstrated.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/216/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/216/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/216/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/216/s1)), Video S1: _en face_ OCM image of Rat 1.avi, Video S2: resliced OCM image of Rat 1.avi, Video S3: _en face_ OCM image of Rat 2.avi, Video S4: resliced OCM image of Rat 2.avi, Video 55: 3D orthoslice OCM image.avi, Video 56: expanded 3D orthoslice OCM image.avi.  
All the authors contributed to this work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] discussed the basis of this study. [PERSON] performed the simulations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] developed the software. [PERSON] and [PERSON] built the mechanical stage system. [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the measurements and experiments. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] performed the staining and discussed the measured positions. [PERSON] wrote the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18K12051.  
We thank [PERSON] of Kyoei High Opt Co. Ltd. and [PERSON] of Fujikura Ltd. for supplying the fibers and technical support, and [PERSON] of Yonezawa Precision Co., Ltd. for technical support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Modified Ferrite Treatment on PVA Molecular Structure  
To investigate the treatment effectiveness of the modified ferrite process on PVA wastewater at different concentrations, FTIR analysis was performed on the filtrates before and after treatment. Figure 2 illustrates the FTIR spectral changes of solutions before and after treatment, with initial PVA concentrations ranging from 3 to 7 g/L. In the untreated samples, several characteristic peaks were observed: a strong absorption peak around 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponding to C-O stretching vibration, absorption peak clusters in the 1250-1500 cm\({}^{-1}\) range attributed to C-H bending vibrations, and a characteristic absorption at 1650 cm\({}^{-1}\) originating from C-C skeletal vibrations [35; 36]. The broad peak at 2750-3000 cm\({}^{-1}\) represents O-H stretching vibrations. After modified ferrite treatment, samples at all concentrations exhibited similar spectral change patterns. Notably, at lower concentrations of 3 g/L and 4 g/L, the intensity of the C-O stretching vibration peak (1000 cm\({}^{-1}\)) significantly decreased, indicating partial destruction of alcohol hydroxyl groups in PVA molecules. Simultaneously, the absorption peaks of C-H bending vibrations (1250-1500 cm\({}^{-1}\)) also weakened, suggesting degradation of PVA molecular chains. However, as initial concentrations increased to 5-7 g/L, the degree of these characteristic peak changes gradually diminished. Particularly at 7 g/L, the spectra before and after treatment almost overlapped, indicating limited impact of the modified ferrite treatment on PVA molecular structure at higher concentrations.  
Figure 1: Visual appearance of PVA solutions with different concentrations (**a**) before and (**b**) after ferrite treatment. The solutions from left to right contain PVA at concentrations of 0 (No PVA), 4.25, 8.5, and 17 g/L, respectively. The color changes and solution uniformity reflect the interaction between PVA molecules and ferrite treatment process.  
Furthermore, the O-H stretching vibration peak near 3000 cm\({}^{-1}\) showed varying degrees of change across all concentration conditions, possibly related to the coordination between Fe ions and hydroxyl groups in PVA molecules during ferrite treatment [37]. This peak shape change was more pronounced at lower concentrations (3-4 g/L), further confirming the formation of Fe-O-C coordination bonds. This coordination interaction might be one of the key mechanisms leading to PVA removal. The FTIR analysis results demonstrate that the modified ferrite treatment can effectively alter PVA molecular structure, though its effectiveness is closely related to initial concentration. The treatment shows optimal results at lower concentrations (3-4 g/L), possibly due to more effective interactions between Fe ions and PVA molecules within this concentration range. As concentration increases, treatment effectiveness gradually decreases, suggesting that treating high-concentration PVA wastewater may require adjusted treatment conditions or multiple treatment cycles.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Research on the Presence of Radioactive Elements
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Age Group** & **\textless{}1 Year** & **1–10 Years** & **11–17 Years** & **Adults** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**\({}^{232}\)Th**} \\ \hline Conversion & 4.60 & 0.38 & 0.25 & 0.23 \\ factor (\(\mu\)Sv/Bq) & 250 & 350 & 540 & 730 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Annual effective dose (\(\mu\)Sv/a)} \\ \hline Franciszek & 2.76 \(\pm\) 2.42 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Average annual effective doses of the uptake of \({}^{232}\)Th in drinking water in the Franciszek sample. Figure 3: Annual effective dose for children under 1 year of age from the consumption of individual mineral waters. Annual effective doses for adults ranged from 1.71 \(\pm\) 0.12 to 8.24 \(\pm\) 2.24 \(\upmu\)Sv/a. The mean value for all waters was 3.92 \(\pm\) 1.34 \(\upmu\)Sv/a. Annual effective doses for adults from consumption of particular mineral waters are shown in Figure 6. The average value is marked with the red line. Figure 4: Annual effective dose for children from 1 to 10 years of age from the consumption of individual mineral waters. Figure 5: Annual effective dose for adolescents from 10 to 17 years of age from the consumption of individual mineral waters. Adults were selected as the comparison group. Table 5 shows the average values of annual effective doses for mineral waters consumed in Poland and other countries. From the values presented, Table 5 shows that the dose of water consumption received by an adult resident of Poland is over 70 times lower than the global values. The value of the annual effective dose from the consumption of mineral water available on the domestic market is similar to bottled waters in Turkey, Portugal, or Japan. The low value of the annual effective dose is related to the fact that the waters, e.g., in Iran, contain large amounts of radium \({}^{226}\)Ra, which when decaying emit alpha-radioactive radon \({}^{222}\)Rn [59].
# Self-Learning Power Control in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Method
### Q-Learning Transmission Power Control (QL-TPC)  
In this section, we describe the proposed protocol QL-TPC, where the Q-learning algorithm is integrated with TPC.
## 3 The Proposed Scheme
### Differentiated Data Protection Policy Structure  
First, Figure 6 briefly shows a general SSD internal structure to illustrate the proposed structure. It is assumed that five flash memory chips are connected by a channel to the SSD controller, and the block is configured as four pages. As shown in Figures 1 and 3, one layer has a lower, middle, and upper page, and the error rate varies by page and layer. Figure 4 depicts six clusters classified by the k-means algorithm based on the characteristics of these 3D-NAND flash memories to apply differentiated data protection strength based on error rates. If numbering the clusters in order from top left to right, depending on the error rates, the stripe of the first cluster sets the parity to \(n\), the stripe of 2, 3, and 6 clusters sets the parity to \(n-1\), and the stripe of 4 and 5 clusters sets the parity to \(n-2\) to apply the differentiated data protection strength [14].  
Assuming \(n\) (by analyzing the error incidence analysis introduced in Section 4, the number of parity per stripe can be adjusted to achieve the desired reliability level) is 2, one stripe spans five flash memory chips. If flash memory blocks corresponding to the first cluster of the error occurrence are represented as shown in Figure 6c, it applies to the lower page of the lower layer. Similarly, the flash memory chip stripe corresponding to clusters 2, 3, and 6 can be expressed as Figure 6a,c, and it applies to all pages of the upper layer and to the upper and middle pages of the lower layer. If the flash memory chip stripe corresponding to the 4 and 5 clusters has a low number of error occurrences, it can be represented as Figure 6b and applies to all pages of the middle  
Figure 5: Number of retention error occurrences in different page and layer [1].  
that has the most number of error occurrences sets the data protection strength highest by setting the number of parity data per stripe (\(n\) parity). For 2, 3, and 6 clusters, where the number of error occurrences is middle, the number of parity data per stripe is set to \(n-1\), and set the data protection strength of middle. Finally, for the 4 and 5 clusters that have the lowest number of error occurrences, the number of parity data per stripe is set to \(n-2\). So, specifies differentiated data protection strength for each cluster. The management methods of striping and partial stripe parity for partial data follow the recent efficient log structure writing schemes [12; 14]. Differentiated protection policy should be similar to the efficient log write methods. Details will be discussed in Section 5.3.
# Transitioning Broadcast to Cloud
## 3 Technologies Needed to Support Convergence
### Cloud Contribution Links and Protocols  
As mentioned earlier, cloud-based video platforms typically use RTMP [38] as a protocol for live ingest. It is an old, Flash-era protocol, performing internal demux and carriage of audio and video data as separate streams sent over TCP [38]. It has no control over latencies, alters PTS (Presentation Timestamp)/DTS (Decoding Timestamp) timestamps, and makes it very difficult to carry SCTE-35 and other important metadata. In other words, it is basically inadequate for integration with broadcast workflows.  
Things can be done better. Nowadays most cloud systems can accept UDP traffic, enabling the use of protocols such as RTP [33], RTP+SMPTE 2022-1 [34], RTP+SMPTE 2022-2 [35], Zixi [36], SRT (Secure, Reliable Transport) [39] or RIST (Reliable Internet Stream Transport) [40]. Such protocols can carry unaltered transport streams from contribution encoders or broadcast workflows to the cloud. Some of these protocols can also be used to send information back from cloud to the broadcast systems.  
What also ultimately helps with achieving reliable ingest (as well as all other exchanges between broadcast on-prem systems and cloud) is the use of dedicated connections to cloud datacenters. Such dedicated links can be established with most major cloud operators (see e.g., AWS Direct Connect [81], or Azure ExpressRoute [82]).
# Security and Independence of Process Safety and Control Systems in the Petroleum Industry
## 4 Technological Trends, New ICT Systems, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Solutions
### Edge Devices  
Edge devices appear to be increasingly used to extract data from the OT systems. There is no unambiguous definition, other than that they are used on the edge of what is otherwise available by IT/OT. The technology and protocols are also not unambiguous but depend on the supplier and who will retrieve data. There are several reasons why these devices are used:  
* Information may be lost on the way through the layers of the Purdue model because one may want to reduce bandwidth and storage needs, such as: **-**: Only sending averages for a time interval. **-**: Not sending over all values. **-**: Updating values only when they have changed since the last time.
* One wants to retrieve information other than what is available and mounts IIoT devices that can extract other information.  
This solution initially looks permissible; however, one must bear in mind that, in order to realize a lossless transfer, one must use a protocol that has messages both ways. One must either inquire about values or sign on to receive, and this requires good protection to prevent anything else from joining these messages.  
In particular, where information is extracted from devices that are part of safety functions, it is critical to protect against \"stowaways\". To avoid problems with operations, one must generally also protect the PCS. Such protections can be demanding especially for \"cheap\" devices where one does not have enough computing power and battery capacity, especially in wireless devices and also, for example, in a pressure transmitter.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Sensor Robot Design as Access Point
#### 4.1.7 State Checker Unit: Status Information to Be Written in Distributed Databases  
First, the robot device includes a state checker unit (270 in Figure 7a), which can check the operating state of each component of the robot device to generate state information. Accordingly, the'status information' refers to information on the operation state of each component of the robot device: the detection unit, the image projection unit, the communication unit, the image management unit, and the location information unit. Information about the operation state of at least one of the information and power supply units is included. Information on the remaining battery charge of the power supply unit is also included. Furthermore, the status checker can cause the light emitter (280 in Figure 7a) to illuminate to notify an operator when the remaining charge in the battery is within a preset, remaining range.  
Second, the state checker unit can check the communication state of at least one other robot device through the communication unit. The status checker can store unique identification information of each robot device connected through a network, periodically check the communication state with at least one other robot device and communicate with other status checkers. Unique identification information of a robot device can also be extracted. In this case, the status checker can transmit the extracted unique identification information of the robot device that cannot be communicated to one of the operator terminals or another robot device through the communication unit, in which case, the light-emitting unit can also emit light.  
Third, the status checker includes a gyro sensor and can, therefore, determine whether the robot device has moved or fallen based on the motion information detected by the gyro sensor. If it is determined that a robot device has fallen, the state check unit generates state information indicating that the robot device is inoperable and is communicated by the communication unit to at least one other robot device or the operator terminal.