# Comprehensive Review of Traffic Modeling: Towards Autonomous Vehicles
## 6 Simulation Platforms for AV Traffic
### SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility)  
The Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) is a versatile and widely utilized traffic simulation tool, capable of handling a broad spectrum of urban mobility studies. Its flexibility allows it to simulate traffic at various scales, ranging from sub-microscopic to macroscopic levels, making it an essential tool for modeling complex real-world scenarios. This includes capabilities such as sensor-based data processing and the simulation of connected intersections, which are crucial for modern urban planning and traffic management [218,219]. One of SUMO's strengths lies in its ability to model different modes of transportation, including bicycles and other micro-mobility options. However, it has been noted that while SUMO can simulate these modes, there is room for improvement in accurately differentiating between them [220]. This indicates a growing recognition of the need for more precise modeling as cities increasingly adopt diverse mobility solutions. The integration of communication networks, such as 4G and 5G, into SUMO scenarios is becoming increasingly relevant. This integration allows for the modeling of cellular coverage and its impact on traffic behavior, thereby providing a more comprehensive simulation of modern urban environments where connectivity plays a significant role [221]. Such advancements are particularly important for studying the effects of emerging technologies on traffic patterns and urban mobility. SUMO's utility has been demonstrated in various case studies. For example, in Brazil, SUMO was used to analyze intersection improvements, revealing that a speed bump was more effective than a traffic light in reducing vehicle wait times and costs [222]. This case highlights how SUMO can be applied to assess the effectiveness of different traffic control measures in diverse contexts. This tool is also instrumental in testing intelligent transportation system (ITS) strategies, which are crucial for managing urban congestion. By simulating different ITS strategies, researchers can evaluate their potential impacts on traffic flow and safety, contributing to more informed decision making in urban planning [223]. Additionally, SUMO supports the simulation of Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) systems, facilitating the dynamic scheduling and routing of DRT vehicles. This capability is essential for optimizing the efficiency and responsiveness of urban transport services [224]. Recognizing the need for more accurate cyclist modeling, efforts have been made to improve the representation of cyclists in SUMO. These efforts are based on real-world cycling data, aiming to enhance the tool's accuracy in simulating bicycle traffic, which is becoming increasingly important, as cities promote cycling as a sustainable mode of transport [225]. In the realm of traffic control, SUMO has been used to evaluate different systems at intersections. Findings indicate that adaptive traffic controllers can significantly reduce the potential for collisions, demonstrating the tool's value in enhancing road safety through improved traffic management strategies [226]. The work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] provides a comprehensive guide for generating and simulating traffic scenarios using SUMO. Their paper details the process of creating synthetic traffic models, importing existing traffic data for accurate simulations and analyzing SUMO outputs, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners looking to utilize SUMO effectively in their studies [227]. In a focused study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] used SUMO to model and analyze traffic with the goal of optimizing emergency vehicle arrival times. Their research, which centered on Morfelder Landstrasse in Frankfurt, Germany, included steps such as vehicular demand calibrations, road traffic simulations, and comparisons of various scenarios to find the most effective solutions [228]. [PERSON] et al. defined the requirements for a traffic simulation based on real-world scenarios and evaluated SUMO's capabilities in meeting these requirements.