esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Heat Transfer Calculation for Ground-Coupled Floor in Emergency Temporary Housing
## 2 Solving the Heat Transfer Equation
### Superposition Principle  
According to the superposition principle, as shown in Figure 2, the governing Equations (5)-(7) can be written as the sum of two equations. Suppose that \(T=\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}\), then  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial\theta_{1}(z,\tau)}{\partial\tau}= \alpha\cdot\frac{\partial^{2}\theta_{1}(z,\tau)}{\partial z^{2}};\\ \theta_{1}(0,\tau)=T_{\rm os}(\tau);\\ \theta_{1}(z,0)=0,\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]  
and  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial\theta_{2}(x,z,t)}{\partial t}=\alpha \cdot\
abla^{2}\theta_{2}(x,z,t);\\ \theta_{2}(x,0,t)-h^{*}\cdot\frac{\partial\theta_{2}(x,0,t)}{\partial z}=f(t),\ x<0;\\ \theta_{2}(x,0,t)=0,\ x>0;\\ \theta_{2}(x,z,0)=0.\end{array}\right. \tag{9}\]  
\[f(t)=T_{\rm ia}(t)-T_{\rm aa}(t). \tag{10}\]  
\[T_{\rm aa}(t)=T_{\rm os}(t)+q(t)\cdot h^{-1}. \tag{11}\]  
The time \(\tau\) counts before the building is constructed, while time \(t\) counts after that. The heat flux \(q(t)\) could be obtained by solving Equation (8).  
Figure 1: Ground-couple floor model of: (a) heat transfer; (b) semi-infinite solid.  
Equation (8) describes the heat storage and release process of soil without building shelter, i.e., a classical one-dimensional semi-infinite solid heat transfer problem. When the boundary condition is Fourier series as Equation (2), and \(\theta_{1}(x,z,t)\to T_{\text{om}}\) at \(z\to\infty\), the steady periodic solution of soil temperature is [31],  
\[\theta_{1}(z,t)=T_{\text{om}}+\sum_{n=1}^{N}e^{-z/d_{n}}\cdot[B_{n}\sin(\omega_ {n}t-z/d_{n})+C_{n}\cos(\omega_{n}t-z/d_{n})], \tag{12}\]  
\[d_{n}=\sqrt{2\alpha/\omega_{n}}. \tag{13}\]  
The heat flux \(q(t)\) at \(z=0\) is  
\[q(t)=\lambda\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{N}d_{n}^{-1}\cdot[(B_{n}-C_{n})\cdot\sin\omega_{n }t+(B_{n}+C_{n})\cos\omega_{n}t]. \tag{14}\]
# Development and Application of a New Apparatus for Moisture Measurement in Building Composites
## 4 Results and Discussion  
In the first experiments, only the effect of the barrier was monitored. A six-aperture test container was used with a hole diameter of 1 mm. Different barriers (cloth linen fabric, non-woven fabric with hydrophobic finish, nanofiber membrane, vapor permeable building foil) were gradually introduced into the container. The results are shown in Figure 4.  
The measuring system was filled with water to height H1, shown in Figure 2B. The flow of water through the building composite was monitored and the weight and flow time of water were recorded. As can be seen from Figure 5, 1000 g of water in 90 s ran out from a six-hole container with a diameter of 1 mm. This means that all of the water has leaked from the upper container. Consequently, the height of the water column decreases significantly. This phenomenon confirms the break in the graph curve, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Flow rate through a test container with six openings and different types of barriers.  
Figure 3: Water flow through the test vessel through a variety of holes. (**A**) Experimental, (**B**) computational.  
When using the fabric as a hydro-barrier, 1000 g water per 330 s, i.e., at triple time with respect to the outflow of water from the container without a barrier, flowed out. When a non-woven fabric with a hydrophobic finish as a barrier was used, 1000 g of water leaked per 700 s, which is 10-fold time. The best results were achieved with the nanofiber membrane and building foil. The discharge time of the liquid was about 2300 s, i.e., over 30 min.
# Automatic Extraction of High-Voltage Power Transmission Objects from UAV Lidar Point Clouds
## 5 Discussion
### Pylon Extraction Efficiency  
#### 5.3.1 The Effect of Data Volume  
In areas of low vegetation and buildings, subareas that did not contain pylon points had low local height differences. The pylon points only accounted for a small proportion of the whole data, whereas non-power transmission objects, such as ground and vegetation points, which occupied most of the data volume, were eliminated at first. This elimination greatly reduced the amount of data to be processed further and decreased computing consumption.  
This reduction of data volume benefitted the efficiency of the following steps. As shown in Figures 15 and 22a, after the first step of the selection of grids with large height difference feature, nearly 95% of the non-power-transmission points were discarded. The data volume containing HV towers after the clustering operation was reduced to about one ninth of the input data volume. After these processes, the data volume was significantly reduced, and the remaining data volume (8.15 megabytes) was only 0.25% of that of the original data, which simplified the detection of each tower and its central location.  
The distribution feature of pylons in the horizontal plane was used to quickly define the pylon candidates, by which the data volume involved in the calculation was greatly reduced. The efficiency of the proposed method was improved, as fewer data needed to be read and written.  
In general, the higher the point density, the more complete the coverage of the pylons in the raw data and the more distinct features can be obtained, which helps object extraction. The advantage of the proposed object detection pipeline is that it can handle a large volume of original data, so the data can be as dense as possible during acquisition.  
Figure 22: _Cont._
## 2 The MPwise System
### Hardware
Each unit includes a high performance 3-axis ultracompact analogue accelerometer, based on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which have been successfully employed in various seismic networks (e.g., [1; 3; 4]) as well as for field acquisition by the exploration sector [13]. Different external sensors can be further connected to up to six input channels. Tested configurations include standard strong and weak motion sensors, broadband sensors, and USB-connected devices such as video cameras, temperature and humidity sensors, and GNSS systems (note, the latter is different from the internal GNSS used for the time synchronization). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Components**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Regional and**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Building and**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Site-Effect**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Other Applications**} \\  & & **On-Site (i.e.,** & & & **Structural** & & **Estimation** \\  & & **Decentralized** & & **Respose** & **Health** & **(Use of Two** & **Dimensional** \\  & & **Earthquake Early** & & **Supporting** & **Monitoring** & **Arrays)** & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Other Applications**} & External sensors & & & & & & \\  & (Broadband, Strong & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & Landslide monitoring \\  & Motion, or Geophone & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & Internal MEMS sensor & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & Landslide monitoring \\ \cline{2-6}  & Full HD camera & & & \(\surd\) & & Landslide, water levels \\  & & & & & & monitoring \\ \cline{2-6}  & GNSS receiver & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & & Landslide monitoring \\ \cline{2-6}  & Temperature and & & & & & & Meteorological \\  & humidity sensors & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Other Applications**} & LAN & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & & Response to any other \\  & & & & & & & hazardous events \\ \cline{2-6}  & WLAN including & & & & & & Response to any other \\  & self-organizing wireless & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\  & mesh network topology & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & Mobile communication & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & & Response to any other \\  & (UMTs, LTE) & & \(\surd\) & & & & hazardous event \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Other Applications**} & Node level & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & & Other hazardous events \\  & Network level & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & (andshides, floods) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The various possible applications of the data acquisition, communications and processing components of the MPwise. Figure 2: General schema of the MPwise units, showing the three main components: the digitizer board (see Table 3), the microcomputer (which includes the communication periphery, see Table 4) and the links to the internal and external sensors. Most of the components are off-the-shelf, with the exception of the digitizer board, which has been developed by GFZ Potsdam ([[http://www.omnirecs.de/](http://www.omnirecs.de/)]([http://www.omnirecs.de/](http://www.omnirecs.de/))).
# Fault-Tolerant Tripod Gait Planning and Verification of a Hexopod Robot
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] created a new technology to create a detailed high-performance behavior space map using the Gauss process model of machine learning, and an intelligent trial-and-error algorithm was introduced that can allow the robot to adapt to the environment successfully, including with an injured, broken, or missing leg [19]. The Reset-free Trial-and-Error (RTE) algorithm was explored by [PERSON], connecting with a probabilistic model to learn how to correct the outcome of each action of the damaged robot [20]. However, their research needs to train the robot in advance to create a detailed map of the space of high-performing behavior, which not only requires a large amount of calculation and storage space, but also has high requirements for hardware. Until recently, there has been a lack of knowledge around generating the locomotion sequence of a hexapod with a broken leg. Fault-tolerance gait planning remains scarce, and particularly for the gait generation mechanism of the continuous tripod gait. Furthermore, it is also hard to find a method to improve stability based on kinematics. The purpose of this paper is to expand the method of Fault-Tolerant Tripod (F-TT) gait generation. We preliminarily focus on the gait sequence and improvement of the stability margin. Leg failure in this paper refers to a fault in which one leg loses its ability to translate and rotate, and has no capability to support the body of the hexapod robot. The advantage of this continuous tripod gait is that it has higher locomotion velocity, which helps to maintain the fast movement ability of the hexapod robot. The structure of this paper is organized as follows. Definitions of robot gait are introduced, and the robot structure and kinematic model are established in Section 2. In Section 3, the F-TT gait sequence planning method and the method to improve the stability margin are studied, and their application under two different fault conditions are presented. In Section 4, the trajectory planning of the center of gravity (COG) and the foot is discussed. In Section 5, the simulations and experiments are developed. Some concluding remarks are provided in Section 6.
## 3 Results  
### Baseline Characteristics  
Ninety-five MS patients were included. Median (IQR) age was 53 (45-62) years, median disease duration 17 (9-26) years. The majority of patients were affected with progressive MS (14 patients [15%] with primary progressive and 37 [39%] with secondary progressive), while 44 [ (46%] patients had relapsing remitting MS. Median (IQR) EDSS was 6 (4-6). Sixty-six (70%) patients were receiving a disease modifying therapy for MS, 54 (57%) one or more other symptomatic treatments for spasticity and 89 (94%) physiotherapy (Table 1).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **Overall** & **Treatment Responders** & **Treatment Non-Responders** & \(p\) \\ \hline  & **N = 95** & **N = 46** & **N = 49** & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Age (years)**} \\ \hline - & Median & 53 & 50.5 & 56 & 0.048 \\ \hline - & IQR & 45–62 & 42–59 & 48–65 & \\ \hline - & Range & 25–86 & 30 & 26–77 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Gender**} \\ \hline - & F & 66 (70\%) & 30 (65\%) & 36 (74\%) & 0.504 \\ \hline - & M & 29 (30\%) & 16 (35\%) & 13 (26\%) & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Disease duration (years)**} \\ \hline - & Median & & & & \\ \hline - & IQR & 17 & 16 & 20 & 0.254 \\ \hline - & Range & 9.0–26 & 9–22 & 8–27 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**2–36**} & 3–35 & 1–40 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**MS course (N,\%)**} \\ \hline - & RRMS & 44 (46) & 26 (57) & 18 (37) & 0.246 \\ \hline - & SPMS & 37 (39) & 16 (35) & 21 (43) & \\ \hline - & PPMS & 14 (15) & 4 (9) & 10 (20) & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**EDSS (median, IQR)**} & 6.0 (4.0–6.0) & 4.0 (3.0–6.0) & 6.0 (4.0–6.0) & 0.006 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**DMT (N,\%)**} \\ \hline - & No & 29 (30) & 12 (26) & 17 (35) & 0.383 \\ \hline - & Yes & 66 (70) & 34 (74) & 32 (65) & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Ashworth score**} \\ \hline - & Median & 3 & 3 & 3 & 0.005 \\ \hline - & IQR & 2–4 & 2–3 & 2–4 & \\ \hline - & Range & 1–5 & 1–5 & 1.5 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Current physiotherapy (N, \%)**} \\ \hline - & No & 6 (6) & 3 (7) & 3 (6) & \\ \hline - & Yes & 89 (94) & 43 (93) & 46 (94) & 1.000 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Current drugs for spasticity**} \\ \hline - & No & 41 (43\%) & 24 (52\%) & 17 (35\%) & \\ \hline - & Yes & 54 (57\%) & 22 (48\%) & 32 (65\%) & \\ \hline - & & **N = 54** & **N = 22** & **N = 32** & \\ \hline - & 1 & 43 (80\%) & 17 (77\%) & 26 (53.1) & \\ \hline - & \textgreater{}=2 & 11 (12\%) & 5 (23\%) & 6 (12.2) & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**N = 54**} & **N = 22** & **N = 32** & \\ \hline - & Tizanidine & 25 (46\%) & 9 (41\%) & 16 (50\%) & \\ \hline - & Tolperisone & 2 (4\%) & 1 (5\%) & 1 (3\%) & \\ \hline - & Baclofen & 28 (52\%) & 11 (50\%) & 17 (53\%) & \\ \hline - & Antiepileptics & 9 (17\%) & 4 (18\%) & 5 (16\%) & \\ \hline - & Others & 10 (19\%) & 7 (32\%) & 3 (9\%) & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of patients, overall and stratified according to responder status.
# Novel Insights on Plant Extracts to Prevent and Treat Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
## 6 Plants Commonly Used in the Treatment of rUTI
### Herbal Chinese Medicine
#### 6.1.2 Vaccination macrocarbon  
Cranberry
Currently, no definitive mechanism of action has been clarified to explain the prophylactic treatment of UTI, but there is much clinical evidence that the berries and cranberry-containing products can be used as prophylaxis for rUTI [1]. Cranberry is a plant from the family Ericaceae, known as _V. macrocarbon_. It was used by native Americans to treat infections [41]. Other varieties, including _V. oxycocos_, a small/log cranberry, and _V. erythrocarbon_, a southern mountain cranberry, have also been used to treat UTI because these berries contain many biologically active compounds that are supposed to be responsible for anti-uropathogenic activities [42]. Cranberries contain fructose and A-type proanthocyanidins that have been found to prevent the adhesion of _E. coli_ to uroepithelial cells, and prolonged exposure to cranberry induced a change in the morphology of _E. coli_ to the spherical shape that affects adherence [36; 43]. Ursolic acid inhibits _E. coli_ biofilm formation, and quinic acid is responsible for the excretion of hippuric acid and acidifies the urine. In contrast, sialic acid has an anti-inflammatory and painkilling effect, but other cranberry components have a complementary or synergistic role that contributes to the antibacterial development [1; 40].  
Ellura, a proanthocyanidin-rich commercial product from cranberry, is used for its preventive role in rUTI. Recent reviews analyzed the data obtained during clinical trials that have been conducted to assess the efficiency of cranberry extracts/juice/syrup/tablets/capsules in UTI treatment. They concluded that they are mixed results and more significant well-designed trials are required [1; 40]. However, in the case of rUTI, several randomized controlled trials with a large number of participants suggested that cranberry products might be efficient in specific populations (women with rUTI and children). Still, some side effects could occur [1]. An interesting result was reported in a clinical trial when cranberry extract (500 mg/kg) administered for six months decreased the UTI to the same level as the trimethoprim (100 mg) [44].
## 4 Evaluation
### One-to-One Basic Block Matching  
We conduct performance evaluations for BlockMatch and other baseline methods targeting one-to-one basic block matching. Given two basic blocks, the evaluated models give their similarity scores. Note that source code lines are only utilized for the ground truth construction, not for prediction.  
The ROC curves of BlockMatch and other comparative approaches across different optimizations and compilers are displayed in Figures 7 and 8. The following findings can be derived from the results: (1) BlockMatch outperforms SAFE and PalmTree across different compilers and optimization options. For example, as illustrated in Figure 7f, BlockMatch achieves an AUC of 0.984, superseding SAFE and PalmTree, which achieve 0.931 and 0.889, respectively. (2) In the cross-compiler scenario, BlockMatch demonstrates strong robustness across different compilers (Clang and GCC). On the contrary, PalmTree and SAFE are prone to underperform due to compiler differences. (3) For unseen projects in the training phase, BlockMatch maintains a promising AUC of 0.920 (DiffUtils) in the cross-compiler scenario, which is comparable to the average AUC (0.942) of trained projects. (4) Compared with SAFE and PalmTree, BlockMatch achieves more stable performance. With the help of a contrastive training framework, BlockMatch has a better capability to distinguish basic block similarity.  
Figure 7: _Cont._
## 2 Results
### Optimization of the Extraction Method
#### 2.1.1 Sample Volume  
Volumes of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mL were selected to determine how the sample volume affects total peak area (Figure 1A). Results showed that total peak area with sample volume of 6, 8, and 10 mL were higher than those of 2 and 4 mL. In consideration of extraction efficiency, 8 mL served as the optimal sample volume. Because the HS-SPME mechanism is based on the equilibrium of analytes among three phases (polymeric coating, headspace, and sample), sample volume directly affects two phases of the headspace and sample, which in turn influences extraction efficiency [21]. The volume of analyte removed by the fiber is proportional to the compound concentration in the sample volume. Along with the increase in the sample volume, the concentration of volatile compounds increases in the headspace. When volatile compounds were in equilibrium concentration with the fiber, no clear change in absorption efficiency was observed. The equilibrium might have been reached for some compounds (typically those with low MW), it was not likely to reach for heavier MW compounds.
# Solar Radiation Parameters for Assessing Temperature Distributions on Bridge Cross-Sections
###### Abstract  
Solar radiation is one of the most important factors influencing the temperature distribution on bridge girder cross-sections. The bridge temperature distribution can be estimated using estimation models that incorporate solar radiation data; however, such data could be cost- or time-prohibitive to obtain. A review of literature was carried out on estimation models for solar radiation parameters, including the global solar radiation, beam solar radiation and diffuse solar radiation. Solar radiation data from eight cities in Fujian Province in southeastern China were obtained on site. Solar radiation models applicable to Fujian, China were proposed and verified using the measured data. The linear Angstrom-Page model (based on sunshine duration) can be used to estimate the daily global solar radiation. The Collares-Pereira and Rabl model and the Hottel model can be used to estimate the hourly global solar radiation and the beam solar radiation, respectively. Three bridges were chosen as case study, for which the temperature distribution on girder cross-sections were monitored on site. Finite element models (FEM) of cross-sections of bridge girders were implemented using the Midas program. The temperature-time curves obtained from FEM showed very close agreement with the measured values for summertime. Ignoring the solar radiation effect would result in lower and delayed temperature peaks. However, the influence of solar radiation on the temperature distribution in winter is negligible.  
Keywords:global solar radiation; beam solar radiation; diffuse solar radiation; estimation model; temperature distribution; bridge girder; cross-section; finite element model; monitoring +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Axial and Bending Bearing Capacity of Double-Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls
## 4 Derivation of the Axial and Bending Bearing Capacity
### Verification  
The ultimate bearing capacities of 31 specimens in different researches were calculated by Equations (9)-(21). The calculated results are compared with the experimental results, as shown in Figure 12. Since large eccentric compression failure occurred in all the specimens in the references, therefore, the finite element analysis for three small eccentric specimens was carried out using ABAQUS to verify the effectiveness of the calculation formula of small eccentricity, and the results were compared with the theoretical results from the calculation formula of small eccentricity. As shown in Figure 12, the calculated results agree well with the experimental and finite element analysis results. The average ratio of the calculation results to the experimental results of 31 specimens and the results of 3 FE models is 1.054, and the standard deviation is 0.086. Consequently, the above calculation method can predict the axial and bending bearing capacity of SC walls effectively.  
Also, for some specimens in [12], it is clear that the calculation results are much lower than the experimental results. This is mainly because the hardening of the steel plate in tension is not considered in the formulas, but the steel plates of some specimens in [12] had reached the strain-hardening range, and even tension fracture appeared.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Radiochemistry  
The radiosynthesis of [\({}^{11}\)C]2a was accomplished by a two-step approach. The reaction of the phenol Precursor **4** with [\({}^{11}\)C]CH3I was performed in DMF in the presence of NaOH [19, 20, 21], and the _N_-acetyl group of the \({}^{11}\)C-labeled intermediate was removed by DBU following the literature procedure [22], as outlined in Scheme 2. [\({}^{11}\)C]2a was obtained in approximately 35%-45% overall radiochemical yield (RCY) after HPLC purification (\(n=4\)). The radiochemical purity of [\({}^{11}\)C]2a was \(>\)99% and chemical purity was \(>\)95%. [\({}^{11}\)C]2a was identified by co-eluting with the solution of standard **2a**. The entire synthetic procedure, including the production of [\({}^{11}\)C]CH3I, radiosynthesis, HPLC purification and formulation of the radiotracer for animal studies, was completed within 50-60 min. [\({}^{11}\)C]2a was obtained in a specific activity of \(>\)363 GBq/\(\mu\)mol at EOB (\(n=4\)).  
The radiosynthesis of [\({}^{18}\)F]2b was achieved using a three-step reaction. The radioactive intermediate, [\({}^{18}\)F]fluoroethyltosylate ([\({}^{18}\)F]FEDTs), was first synthesized through a typical fluorination of the di-toyslate substrate [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Treatment of ethylene glycol thiosylate using [\({}^{18}\)F]fluoride, potassium carbonate and Kryptofix 222 gave [\({}^{18}\)F]FEDTs in good yield (60%-70%, decay corrected) after HPLC purification. The intermediate was reacted with the precursor, followedby DBU hydrolysis to afford a sufficient dose of [\({}^{18}\)F]**2b** with the labeling yield of 55%-65% after HPLC purification (\(n=4\), decay corrected to EOB). The radiochemical purity of [\({}^{18}\)F]**2b** was \(>\)98%, and the chemical purity was \(>\)95%. [\({}^{18}\)F]**2b** was identified by co-eluting with the solution of standard **2b**. The entire synthetic procedure, including the drying of [\({}^{18}\)F]F\({}^{-}\), the radiosynthesis, HPLC purification and formulation of the radiotracer for _in vivo_ studies, was completed in 3 h. Radiotracer [\({}^{18}\)F]**2b** was obtained in a specific activity of \(>\)200 GBq/umol (decay corrected to EOB, \(n=4\)).