esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Compression Behavior of Rubber-Bentonite Mixture under Different Salinities
## 1 Introduction
The expansion of bentonite particles occurs gradually under initial pressure until reaching a stable state, initiating the compression process. When the initial load pressure is lower than the van der Waals force between bentonite particles, elastic compression occurs [22; 23], resulting in relatively small deformation. As the load pressure gradually increases beyond the van der Waals force between particles, plastic compression is observed [24]. In the mud state, the diffuse double layer of bentonite particles is fully expanded. In a low-pressure state, the compaction of mud-state bentonite particles leads to water dissipation in the diffuse double layer and the compression of the large pores between aggregates [25], resulting in significant compression deformation between particles. However, under high-pressure conditions [26], the water in the interlayer is continuously expelled, leading to relatively small compression deformation. [PERSON] et al. [27] conducted a series of studies on bentonite mixed with fly ash and rubber and discovered that the coefficient of volume compressibility values undergo changes in response to varying mixtures and curing periods. The overall observation indicated that as the percentage of rubber increases and the percentage of bentonite decreases, the coefficient of the volume compressibility values also increase. Additionally, applying either a 7-day or 28-day curing period leads to an increase in the coefficient of volume compressibility values. [PERSON] et al. [28] conducted a study on the mechanical properties of bentonite mixed with rubber fibers in the presence of two concentrations (0.1 mol/L and 1 mol/L) of salt solution. The findings revealed that utilizing salt solution as the saturated pore liquid led to a decrease in the time required for fiber-treated bentonite to achieve 90% consolidation. This increase in consolidation rate was accompanied by an increase in the consolidation coefficient (cv). Moreover, the compression index (Cc) decreased as the fiber content increased, reaching its lowest point at a 10% fiber content. However,for a fiber content of 15%, there was a slight increase in the Cc value. Additionally, the presence of salt pore fluid further reduced the Cc values, irrespective of the fiber content. This study aimed to investigate the compression characteristics of bentonite-rubber particle mixtures under different salt solution concentrations and stress levels. The volume compression coefficient and compression modulus were obtained from one-dimensional solid consolidation tests. A combination of laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis was employed to explore the changes in the compression characteristics of bentonite/rubber mixtures for different phytochemical characteristics of groundwater coupled with the effect of cyclic stress fields in the surrounding rocks.
## 3 Performance Attributes and Scenarios
### Scenarios  
Two different scenarios in the waste collection data are applied in this study. The first is the case of waste collection consisting of all the recyclable materials being removed and only the organic part of the MSW being available for gasification. The second case is the waste in which the organics as well as other combustible materials like wood, paper and board, plastic, and rubber wastes are used for gasification. The following Table 1 presents the calorific values of the inherent components of the waste collected in the central region of Saudi Arabia along with the specific items in the components. The waste was segregated to determine the different components of the waste. The total energy content in the non-recycled waste is 3.31 kWh/kg and that of waste after recycling is 1.297 kWh/kg.
# Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring
## 3 Discussions and Outlook  
In the above sections, we introduced typical graphene ECG electrodes developed in recent years. The graphene ECG electrodes were classified according to their design concept, structural characteristics, preparation methods, and material properties. Facing the need for daily long-term cardiovascular health monitoring, graphene ECG electrodes take advantage of graphene's flexibility to improve comfort and conformability to human skin, enhance electrical conductivity to ensure the quality of collected ECG signals, and improve their stability to enable long-term use. In Table 1, we summarize the main electrical and mechanical characteristics including electrode-skin contact impedance/electrode resistance and the flexibility of the graphene electrodes introduced above, label the electrodes as dry or wet, and show their decided advantages.
# FL-MD3 QN-Based IoT Intelligent Access Algorithm for Smart Construction Sites
## 3 FL-MD3 QN-Based Intelligent Access
### System Model
#### 3.2.2 FAVG Algorithm  
After obtaining base model data from different sites via MD3 QN, the edge server uses the FAVG algorithm to aggregate these base model parameters into a global model. The pseudocode is shown in Algorithm 2.  
```
//FL execution on the edge server side
1: Initialize global model weights \(w_{0}\)
2:for each communication round \(t=1\), \(2\),..., \(T\)do
3: Set user selection ratio \(C\) (\(0<C\leq 1\)) // \(C\) is the fraction of users selected per round
4:\(m\leftarrow\max(C\cdot K,1)\)
5:\(S_{t}\leftarrow\) Randomly select \(m\) users
6:for each site \(k\in S_{t}\)in paralleldo
7:\(w_{t+1}^{k}\leftarrow(k,w_{t})\) // Local training at user \(k\) based on global model \(w_{t}\)
8:endfor
9:// Aggregate local model updates (weighted average) \(w_{t+1}\leftarrow\sum_{k=1}^{K}\frac{n_{k}}{n}w_{t+1}^{k}\) // Sample count for user \(k\); \(n\): Total selected samples
10:endfor // Definition of client update function Function ClientUpdate (\(k\), \(w_{global}\)):
11: Initialize local model \(w\gets w_{global}\)
12: Fetch local dataset \(P_{k}\) with size \(n_{k}\)
13: Partition \(P_{k}\) into batches of size B
14:for each local epoch \(i=1\), \(2\),..., Edo
15:for each batch \(b\in P_{k}\)do
16:// Compute gradient and update parameters (gradient descent)
17:\(\
abla\leftarrow\) Compute gradient \(\
abla l(w;b)\) for batch \(b\)
18:\(w\gets w-\eta\cdot\
abla//\) \(\eta\): Learning rate
19:endfor
20:endfor
21: Return updated model \(w\) to the edge server
```  
**Algorithm 2**FAVG. \(B\), \(E\), \(\eta\): Local minibatch size, epochs, and learning rate.
# Image Dehazing and Enhancement Using Principal Component Analysis and Modified Haze Features
## 3 Haze Removal Using PCA and Haze-Relevant Features  
The proposed method consists of two steps: (i) atmospheric light estimation using PCA, and (ii) transmission estimation using modified haze-features and random forest. An additional contribution of the proposed dehazing algorithm is its computational efficiency that can significantly reduce the processing time and computation resources, particularly for consumer mobile cameras. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed method.
## 3 Results and Discussion
Additionally, [PERSON]'s WSD test analyzed parameters like pH, org-P, ALP, and ACP as average values and about the spring and summer seasons. Of these mentioned parameters, there was no statistically significant difference between the two analyzed lakes for ACP in spring only. In contrast, the remaining parameters are characterized by statistically significant differences between Lake Jeziory Wielkie and Lake Lekno. Thus, it can be concluded that, taking into account several factors, these lakes significantly differ statistically. Furthermore, analyzing the PCA performed for Lake Jeziory Wielkie accounted for 57.43% of the data variability, which shows that factor 1 was most strongly related to the value of ACP in both spring and summer (ACP_spr and ACP_sum). Interestingly, these ACP values (ACP_spr and ACP_sum) are negatively correlated with the value of ALP in the summer (ALP_sum). Measurement points 5, 7, and 9 were most closely related to factor 1, which means that in the case of Lake Jeziory Wielkie, the indicators determining phosphorus enzymatic activity were mainly related to ALP. Factor 2 was responsible primarily for org-P content, which was negatively correlated with pH (Figure 8). However, in the case of Lake Lekno, which has a forest catchment area, a different relationship was noted. In the case of this lake, PCA accounting for 73.61% of the variability in the data showed that factor 1 was most strongly related to the amount of ALP in the spring period (ALP_spr), which was positively correlated with the values of ACP_sum and ALP_sum (summer). Measurement points 2 and 6 were most strongly associated with factor 1, which means that for these points, the greatest significance was observed for ALP (point 6) and ACP (point 2). Factor 2 was primarily responsible for pH, although the pH of the samples was not correlated with enzymatic activity and org-P (Figure 8). The PCA analysis showed a negative correlation between phosphorus enzymatic activity in bottom sediments and the
## 2 Synthesis and Characterization of MIP
### Polymerization Technique
#### 2.2.1 Bulk Polymerization  
Copolymerizing functional monomers and crosslinkers commonly produce MIPs in the presence of a template molecule. However, the polymer produced may be irregularly shaped due to the crushing and grinding mechanisms involved, resulting in the destruction of the imprinted sites and cavities, low adsorption capacity, and poor site accessibility to the template molecule. At the same time, polymers of varying sizes are unfavorable for chromatographic applications.  
During the mechanical disintegration of a synthesized polymer, the binding group may be partially destroyed, resulting in homogenous absorption sites. The approach is also characterized by low selectivity and reproducibility [55]. The synthesis apparatus used in this process is quite simple, and the reaction conditions are easy to control. Unfortunately, due to their varying sizes and shapes, the chromatographic performance of these particles is usually inadequate [56]. The general scheme for bulk polymerization is shown in Figure 2.  
As an example, [PERSON] et al. [57] compared the recognition of clozapine MIP prepared by bulk and the precipitation polymerization methods. Using clozapine as the template, MAA was chosen as a monomer due to the presence of the amine group in clozapine. The template easily bound with the acidic monomer, and EDMA was used as a crosslinker. The polymer synthesized via the precipitation technique was obtained without crushing and sieving, while the synthesis by bulk polymerization involved crushing  
Figure 2: General Scheme for in situ polymerization [11].  
and sieving. It was suggested that the binding sites of the polymer of the precipitation technique was more effective, whereby the particles obtained were spherical and more uniformly sized than bulk polymerization. Figure 3A shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a polymer that utilized the bulk polymerization technique.  
Inexpensive and straightforward are several factors that make bulk polymerization a commonly used technique. Its one drawback is that the technique is time-consuming specifically during the polymerization process, involving tedious processes such as crushing, grinding, and screening. These techniques affect the polymer's spatial structure and recognition sites, and also the polymer's selective adsorption of the template molecules [40]. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of the crosslinking agent causes the template molecule to attach thoroughly; thus, an extra amount of eluent is needed to remove the template. Due to the low MIP yield produced with this technology, the implementation of this method in the industrial manufacturing and analytical laboratory sectors is impossible. To address these limitations, many polymerization techniques for the direct production of MIP spherical particles of the desired size have been developed.
## 4 Agro-Food Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion
### Fruits and Vegetables Waste  
Food waste in a supply chain can be classified as pre-consumer waste from agriculture, processing and distribution and post-consumer waste from meal preparation and consumption. A conspicuous part of fruit and vegetables wastes (FVW) consists of residual biomasses from the food-processing industry [98]. Approximately 1728 million tons of fruit and vegetables have been produced worldwide in 2011 and around 15% of fruit and 25% of vegetables are wasted at the bottom of the production chain (FAO, 2014) [99]. High amounts of FVW are produced daily in large cities worldwide, and the effective disposal of such highly biodegradable waste is a challenge [100]. Fruit and vegetable wastes are characterized by high moisture content and high biodegradable organic compounds [101; 102] (Table 5) [103; 104; 105; 106; 107; 108; 109; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114] with a good potential as substrate for AD [115] leading to the production of biogas and a residual digested material to be used as organic fertilizer [116]. Less than 20% of the amount of FVW is used by AD, the remainder being either discarded, or used as animal feed or burnt with negative effects, such as offensive odors, pollution of air, water and soil [117; 118; 119]. The ratio C/N in FVW AD is often around 20 [91]; therefore, an additional nitrogen source should be used to obtain an increased pH value of the substrate, a higher biogas yield with a methane content of 50% and a VS removal of 80% [10]. As for cow and horse manure, particular attention should be paid to vegetable matrices such as cereal waste showing high fiber contents. Fiber content and composition (i.e., neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, hemicelluloses and celluloses) should be determined in order to estimate the biogas potential of fiber rich biomasses [105]. However, in these cases, pre-treatments should be used to enhance their digestion process. Post-consumer waste and residual biomasses from the agro-food processing industry (e.g., low quality fruits and vegetables, damaged production left in the field) can also be considered as promising for AD. The world generates 2.01 billion tons of municipal solid waste annually. When looking forward, global waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050 [5] with many environmental problems but with a great potential as biogas substrate. Food waste, deriving from catering services, as well as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, have been investigated as potential matrices for anaerobic digestion. However, the process can have some limitations linked to the long time required for the stabilization of organic matter and the low efficiency in VS removal [120]. As already stated for other matrices, co-digestion may represent a good strategy for improving the AD process [121].
# On the Hardware-Software Integration in Cryptographic Accelerators for Industrial IoT
## 5 Conclusions  
We have developed a full-stack system, from hardware to Operating-System integration, for cryptographic acceleration. The implementation and the experimental results have shown that hardware-software integration must be designed carefully from the early stages of development: failure to do so may lead to unnecessary software complexity and even the impossibility to extract the full performance from the hardware. One possible approach is to follow the \"hardware software co-design\" approach, described in the literature [24; 25]. In our case, the former problem manifested itself in the friction between the Linux Crypto API and the hardware interface, while the latter problem was caused by a sub-optimal I/O interface, which essentially limited the maximum available bandwidth. Indeed, the analysis of the experimental results has proven that, once the OS Linux kernel and drivers have been optimized, and thanks to the use of HW accelerator for crypto primitive computation, the time bottleneck in providing secure services is represented by the communication latency for data transfer. This is why in a second generation, the DMA core shown in Figure 1 has been added. The new DMA core is connected via AXI-4 memory mapped interface (with 128-bit data size so that a whole AES block can be transferred in one single transaction) to the cryptographic accelerator and to the local memory (SRAM).  
Implementing a full system has also shown that the OS overhead may sometime mask the acceleration potential: since the hardware accelerators must be accessed through the inter-mediation of the OS kernel, which has a non negligible cost, cryptographic operations on small data sets may be implemented more efficiently in software. Therefore, for remote industrial sensing applications, where the typical message is very short, a solution implemented entirely in userspace software is preferable, given the cost of current kernel APIs; on the other end, for remote software updates which may involve several megabytes of data, the hardware solution can give a tenfold speed-up even when integrated in a commodity OS kernel such as Linux.
###### Abstract  
This study introduces an innovative phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (\(\varphi\)-OTDR) technology based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) pulse modulation sequences. The proposed approach addresses the inherent trade-offs among spatial resolution, frequency response range, and sensing distance that conventional \(\varphi\)-OTDR systems encounter. This method optimizes spatial resolution and sensing distance by modulating both the frequency and phase of optical pulses. Moreover, it enhances sidelobe suppression by adjusting the nonlinearity of frequency modulation, reducing interference between adjacent signals, and improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Additionally, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing expands the frequency response range. This paper elucidates the fundamental principles and implementation of OFDM-NLFM time-domain pulse modulation techniques and designs, experimentally validates a \(\varphi\)-OTDR system based on this method, and conducts comprehensive testing and analysis of the system's performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed \(\varphi\)-OTDR system achieves an 11 m spatial resolution and a frequency response range of 1-10 kHz over a 16.3 km optical fiber, utilizing a 65 MHz frequency bandwidth with multiplexed signals across four frequencies. This innovative approach reduces hardware resource consumption, opening up promising prospects for various practical engineering applications in optical fiber sensing technology.  
optical fiber sensing; phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer; orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing; nonlinear frequency modulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Fast Path Generation Algorithm for Mobile Robot Navigation Using Hybrid Map
## 1 Introduction
To apply the DFS algorithm, the environment must first be converted into a graph-type data structure. In the DFS algorithm, the path search time is proportional to the square of the number of nodes in the graph. Despite this, it offers faster path generation compared to grid-based map algorithms. However, a significant drawback is that the robot may struggle to move accurately using the path information generated by the algorithm [29; 30; 31]. This limitation arises because topological maps often lack the detailed spatial information needed for precise navigation, particularly in complex environments. As a result, additional optimization or hybrid approaches may be required to enhance the accuracy of robot movement while maintaining the efficiency of topological path planning methods. The previously mentioned occupancy grid-based path generation algorithm and topology map-based path generation algorithm have the following issues. First, both algorithms assume that the robot has access to a pre-generated map before it begins to move. As a result, the robot cannot generate a path if pre-generated map information is unavailable. Second, when using an occupancy grid-based map, the time required for path generation increases significantly with the size of the map. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the research related to the paper. Section 3 describes the structure of the hybrid map and shows the fast path planning using the hybrid map. Section 4 describes the experimental results. Finally, Section 5 describes the conclusion and future plans.
## 3 Effects of Vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on Dental MSCs
### Vitamin \(D_{3}\) and Inflammatory Immunomodulatory Properties of Dental MSCs
The studies of our group investigated the effect of vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on the immunomodulatory properties of hPDLCs [84; 85]. We found that 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) down-regulates cytokine-induced expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and prostaglandin synthase 2. These proteins mediate the immunosuppressive effects of dental MSCs, and, thus, this finding implies that the reciprocal interaction between dental MSCs and immune cells might be affected by vitamin D\({}_{3}\). To study the exact impact of vitamin D\({}_{3}\), we used a co-culture model with transwell inserts. In this model, cells continuously affect each other through paracrine mechanisms but have no direct cell-to-cell contact. We found that the effect of vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on CD4+ T lymphocytes strongly depends on the presence of hPDLCs. While 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) inhibits the CD4+T cell proliferation and stimulates the formation of Tregs in the absence of hPDLCs, it has no effect on the CD4+T lymphocytes proliferation and inhibits Tregs' formation in the presence hPDLCs [84]. Moreover, when the immunosuppressive properties are enhanced by IFN-\(\gamma\), 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) even stimulates CD4+ T lymphocytes' proliferation [84]. The effects of 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) are partially abolished when the immunomodulatory properties of hPDLCs are pharmacologically inhibited. Thus, vitamin D\({}_{3}\) might diminish the immunosuppressive action of dental MSCs and exert a pro-inflammatory effect on CD4+ T-cells by this indirect mechanism. Vitamin D\({}_{3}\) also modulates the immunomodulatory activity of hPDLCs towards macrophages. [PERSON] et al. investigated the effect of hPDLCs primed with one of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1\(\beta\), TNF-\(\alpha\), or IFN-\(\gamma\), in the presence or absence of 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\)[85]. Interestingly, hPDLCs primed with different cytokines stimulate the expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in co-cultured macrophages. Priming of hPDLCs with 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) and inflammatory cytokines usually diminish the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-12, and MCP-1 in the co-cultured macrophages. The quantitative extent of this indirect 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) effect depends on the type of inflammatory cytokine. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)\({}_{2}\)D\({}_{3}\) enhances the stimulating effect of IL-1\(\beta\) primed hPDLCs on the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and transforming growth factor \(\beta\)3 in macrophages and inhibits that of IFN-\(\gamma\)-primed macrophages [85]. Thus, the effect of vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on the interaction between hPDLCs and macrophages strongly depends on the inflammatory environment.