## 8 Organic Agriculture, Conventional Agriculture, and Traditional Agriculture
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\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Practices** & **Compliances** & **Traditional Cultivation** & **Organic Cultivation** & **Conventional Cultivation** \\ \hline Historical & Knowledge preservation and development or the advancement of farming practices & Historic farming practices & Natural cultivation through crop diversification, genetic diversity, soil organic management, watering conservation, and harvesting techniques [72] & Advanced of modern practices to advance large-scale commercial agriculture \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Environmental} & Legislation and policies & Few to no documented reports & Organic certification in place [1,25] & Food health and safety legislation [73] \\ \cline{2-5}  & CO\({}_{2}\) footprint reduction & Very low CO\({}_{2}\) footprint [8] & Low CO\({}_{2}\) footprint [74] & High CO\({}_{2}\) footprint [74] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Fewer chemical residues & Natural and traditional remedies & Alternative and organic pesticides and fungicides registered usage & Integrated pest and disease management [75] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Cultivation} & Meeting food security & Often linked with self-sufficiency and subsistence farming [31] & Reported as alternative cultivation practices and limited large-scale production [76] & Aimed at meeting food security, often overproduction and wastage \\ \cline{2-5}  & Land use & Smaller land use areas often sustainable self-sufficient farming [31] & More land but smaller cultivation, more or less land use [59,61] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Volume of production & Lower production [8] & Low-volume production [59,61] & Higher volume of production [59,61,73] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Speed of production & Reliant environmental [32] & Subjected to environmental conditions conditions [3] & Subjected to environmental conditions for open ground or controlled \\ \cline{2-5}  & Adaptable to various seasons & Open field [32] & Open field or undercover [3] & Open field or undercover [59] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Propagation} & Accepted or approved methods used & Mainly self-harvested organic seed and traditional vegetative materials and methods used [77,78] & Organic seed and asexual propagation using organic plant material [77,78] & Seed and vegetative propagation methods using commercial seed in conventional farming [77,78] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Minimize destruction of soil profiles & Traditional farming animals (cows and horses) are used to prepare the soil, with plant residues [79] & Reduced tillage with permanent plant cover to establish improved and nurtured soils [80] & Conventional tillage defines soil management practices with multiboard blowing, followed by secondary cultivation to create a seedbed often degradation of soils [80] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Soil preparation} & \multirow{5}{*}{Chemical usage regulation and nutrition} & \multirow{5}{*}{Chemical usage regulation} & Animal manure, crop residues, green manure, bio-fertilizers, and bio-solids from agro-industries and food & Chemical fertilizers are used to provide nutrients to the plants, and they are applied using heavy machinery, boom processing wastes [81, 82, 83] & Chemical fertilizers are used to provide nutrients to the plants, and they are applied using heavy machinery, boom machinery, boom processing wastes [82, 83, 84] & Applied using heavy machinery, boom spray, etc. [25,85] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Irrigation} & \multirow{5}{*}{Water management} & Traditional irrigation systems of flood irrigation and hand watering with the utilization of available sources of water, rainxurset, wastewater, and sewage as fertilizer [86, 87, 88, 89] & Applications of in-organic agriculture use drip irrigation with water \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Weed control} & \multirow{5}{*}{Weed management strategies} & Nonchemical weed strategies used in traditional farming, such as crop rotations, covercrops, intercropping, and hand weeding [92] & Increasing seeding rate suppresses the development of weeks through the use of mulch and long-term weed control [95] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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