esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Time Series Forecasting Method Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion and Autoformer
## 3 Results
### Experimental Parameters and Evaluation Metrics
#### 3.1.2 Evaluation Metrics  
In this paper, to assess the performance of the time series forecasting model, we utilize Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) as our evaluation metrics. RMSE calculates the square root of the average of the squared differences between predicted and actual values, and it is measured in the same units as the original data, thereby directly reflecting the standard deviation of the discrepancies between predictions and actuals. On the other hand, MAE evaluates the average of the absolute differences between predicted and actual values, giving equal weight to all error magnitudes and offering an unbiased estimate of the prediction errors. A comprehensive analysis using both RMSE and MAE metrics allows for a more objective and precise evaluation of the model's predictive accuracy. The formulas corresponding to these evaluation metrics are presented in Equations (13) and (14).  
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^{T}(y_{t}-\hat{y_{t}})^{2}} \tag{13}\]  
\[MAE=\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^{T}|y_{t}-\hat{y_{t}}| \tag{14}\]In which \(y_{t}\) and \(y_{t}\) represent the true value and the predicted value of the target sequence, respectively, and \(T\) denotes the number of samples.
# Motion Correction for Brain MRI Using Deep Learning and a Novel Hybrid Loss Function
## 5 Discussion
### Cross-Dataset Generalization  
Our DL model was trained with a single orientation (axial) and contrast (T1-weighting using MP-RAGE). Therefore, we assessed the generalizability of MC-Net using datasets with untrained orientations and untrained contrast. In terms of new orientations (sagittal and coronal) without change in contrast (T1), the quantitative improvements in image quality after processing with the MC-Net were similar to those for the trained orientation (axial) for a given number of motion artifacts. Importantly, MC-Net also improved the quality of actual T1-weighted images that were corrupted during acquisition. However,neither MC-Net nor the network with an additional input-output connection markedly improved the visual quality of clinical images. This is most likely because the training data set did not include clinical images and since the clinical images showed less gray-white matter contrast than the training data.  
MC-Net provided little to no benefit in terms of correcting motion artifacts in axial T2 view images. Therefore, image contrast appears to have more relevance in representing imaging artifacts than anatomical structure. Hence, motion correction may be considered a low-level vision problem in which a low-level clue (contrast) is more important than a high-level clue (anatomical structure).  
Compared with previous studies using DL to correct motion-induced artifacts, our paper contains a comprehensive and in-depth assessment of the performance of MC-Net. In addition to quantitative measures such as SSIM and PSNR, the severity of motion artifacts was assessed by imaging specialists and analyzed statistically. The motion trajectories in the simulated motion experiments span a wide range of severity and were synthesized from real recorded motion trajectories in exams. MC-Net was tested for cross-dataset generalization with respect to the image contrast and with respect to the anatomical structures, which change with image orientation.
# Enhancing Saga Pattern for Distributed Transactions within a Microservices Architecture
## 4 System Implementation  
This section illustrates the implementation of the preceding illustrated system (see the Supplementary Materials section). Two versions of the system will be implemented for later comparison. The first version employs the baseline standard saga pattern and the second version utilizes the proposed approach (i.e., enhanced saga pattern via the use of the quota cache and the eventual commit sync service).  
The implementation is mainly based on the spring boot. The communication between the microservices is done via the REST API, which lets the other services obey the REST rules. Moreover, several message queues middleware were utilized to handle the different events, including: the buy events, the completion events, and the failure events. With these message queues, higher throughput can be achieved for the entire system.  
For the microservices architecture, there are two approaches to coordinate sags: the orchestration and the choreography. In our proposal, both the orchestration and the event choreography techniques were utilized for implementation.  
* With the orchestration-based saga, the manager controller manages all the communications among the microservices. As shown in Figure 3, in our proposal, the orchestrator module is responsible for telling the corresponding microservice what transactions have to be executed. Thus, the order of the workflow could easily be managed without changing any microservices. When the orchestration module captures a \"buy-event\", it tells the Warehouse-Service to start fetching goods. Additionally, the orchestration handles both the failure and the completion events via the message queue middleware where each event happens in an asynchronous manner. When all transactions are completed successfully, the orchestration publishes a \"complete-event\" to the message queue middleware which enables the Warehouse-Service and the Billing-Service to consume it and perform database commit.
* The choreography service applies a decentralized approach to service composition. In our proposal, via the choreography-based saga, after a microservice finishes its local transaction, it will publish domain events that will be subscribed by the other microservices to trigger their local transactions.
Other researchers have attempted HCM, but success has been limited to manufacturing one-off component manufacture or to process planning without full investigations into components mechanical properties or optimisation [25; 26; 27; 28]. Hot isostatic pressing has been used successfully to increase the density of porous components, e.g., MIM and metal AM ones, and as a net shape process to consolidate powder as well as improve mechanical properties of materials [29]. According to the literature, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a pressure-assisted sintering method, where the application of isostatic gas pressure during hot isostatic pressing strongly enhances the densification of ceramic and powder metallurgical produced metallic materials and components. This allows materials and components with high relative density and small defect sizes to be produced [30]. In addition, it has been used as a diffusion bonding technique for joining components, and hence could be used with HCM to improve the performance of hybrid components and address specific application requirements [31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. The process can be used to homogenise the microstructure of metal AM parts and therefore could benefit HCM by minimising/eliminating any anisotropies in hybrid components produced by employing different manufacturing methods. The substantial benefits of HIP were reported by research groups, especially as a treatment for enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured components/devices. For example, HIP has been used extensively in biomedical [36; 37] and aerospace [38; 39; 40] applications, where surface integrity and mechanical performance of the parts must comply and exceed stringent safety standards. To date, HIP of hybrid components produced by MIM and L-PBF as well as other HCM solutions has not been attempted, while it has a clear potential to address some key HCM limitations related to the mechanical properties and consistency required in batch manufacturing. In this research, the effects of HIP post-processing in HCM was investigated to analyse and assess its benefits. Especially, the HIP impact on any incompatibilities between MIM and L-PBF processes and the resulting microstructure in HCM were investigated to define a post-processing strategy that can minimise/eliminate any porosity whilst improving mechanical properties, i.e., mechanical strength. The concurrent principal effects of the gas pressure and high temperature were studied, on densifying MIM components while improving the integrity and microstructure of L-PBF sections and ultimately, the overall quality of hybrid components. The fracture mechanism and microstructure of treated hybrid components were investigated and compared to that of components that underwent conventional HT and with as-built samples. Finally, the results are discussed and conclusions are made about the HIP effects on the mechanical properties of hybrid components and their potential application areas.
###### Abstract
Compared to the TCP/IP-based messaging mechanism of ROS, ROS2 ensures stable data transmission in complex network environments by introducing a DDS (Data Distribution Service) communication mechanism and provides rich QoS (Quality of Service) strategies to meet real-time and security requirements of data transmission in different scenarios [8]. The VRX simulation platform can be used to test algorithms such as detection and recognition, path planning, and motion control for USVs [9; 10]. [PERSON] et al. [11] designed a virtual simulation experimental platform for verifying the motion control program of USVs based on the VRX environment, which exchanged information with external controllers through ROS2. [PERSON] et al. [12] designed a simulation platform based on VRX for validating USV path planning algorithms, which can simulate multiple USV scenarios under environmental interference. [PERSON] et al. [13] designed a USV simulation platform based on VRX that integrates path planning and motion control, and verified the effectiveness of their proposed algorithms through the platform. In recent years, with the widespread application of ROS2, MathWorks has launched a timely ROS toolbox for the graphical programming environment Simulink. Compared to traditional C++ and Python programming, building a control simulation system in Simulink and connecting it to the ROS2 system through the ROS2 module groups in the ROS toolbox is more intuitive and efficient. In addition, Simulink models can be automatically generated into C++ code, compiled into executable programs, and seamlessly deployed in the ROS2 system, thereby achieving full automation from model design to system deployment [14]. Combined with speed control, three control modes are considered in this paper, including yaw rate control, heading control, and path-following control. Using Simulink, speed, heading, yaw rate, and path guidance controllers are designed. The controllers are connected to the ROS2 system using the Simulink ROS Toolbox, and a simulation system for USV motion control combined with the VRX environment is implemented. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
* A high-fidelity and plugin-extensible USV motion control simulation system is developed by integrating Simulink with the VRX environment via ROS2, providing a platform for rapid verification of USV motion control algorithms. * The feasibility of the proposed simulation system for USV rapid development is validated through path-following water tank experiments, offering an efficient solution to bridge the gap between simulation-based verification and real-world vessel testing of motion control algorithms.
## 3 Results
### Intelligent Vehicle Infiltration Scenario Experiment
#### 3.1.2 Intelligent Vehicle Dedicated Lane  
The effectiveness of setting dedicated lanes for intelligent vehicles under the conditions of smart-car infiltration remains unclear. This section will focus on setting the inner lane of a three-lane highway as a dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles. Scenario 1 represents the presence of a dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles, and Scenario 2 represents the absence of a dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles.  
Figure 5 shows the total carbon emissions on the road and the carbon emissions in each lane with and without the implementation of a single dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles. Setting a single dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles can reduce carbon emissions on the road, and the reduction effect initially increases and then decreases with an increasing intelligent vehicle infiltration rate. Carbon emissions in the middle and outer lanes decreased as the intelligent vehicle infiltration rate increased, whereas carbon emissions in the inner lane increased as the intelligent vehicle infiltration rate increased. As the implementation of a dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles on the inner side of the road occurs, with the rising proportion of intelligent vehicles, they gravitate toward traveling in this exclusive lane. Consequently, there is a surge in traffic flow and a heightened occurrence of congestion within the dedicated lane for intelligent vehicles, ultimately resulting in a proportional escalation of carbon emissions. By comparing the carbon emissions with and without a dedicated inner lane for intelligent vehicles, it is evident that the middle lane is significantly affected and gradually transfers to the inner lane with an increase in the infiltration rate.
## 4 OTA Control Methods  
### OTA control in coffee  
Coffee post-harvest manufacturing is carried out using two processes. The _ad hoc_ manifests consists of a natural drying stage (in the sun) or an artificial drying stage, followed by mechanical dehuling. In the wet method, cherries are pulped, and resulting beans are dried and dehuled. Pulping does not result in any significant change in the OTA content. However, there is a difference between temperature and physical mucilage removal, the latter resulting in a substantial drop in OTA levels. After drilling, only traces of the mycotoxin are found in both cases. For the dry method, there is an inphase in the OTA content, suggesting neoformation during drying. However, husk removal causes complete disappearance of the toxin. Afterwards, recontamination during the storage stage might enable toxin production [249]. Once the coffee is contaminated, the industrial decaffeation process can reduce the OTA levels by 60-90% [125]. Initial studies on the treating process influence on OTA levels indicated a reduction of 77-87% [98], 80-90% [250], 100% [251] and 90-100% [133]. However, lower OTA (0-12%) reduction has also been observed [98]. These differences can be due to different spiking methods, selectivity and sensitivity values, initial contamination levels and roasting and drying conditions or the lack of homogeneity in toxin distribution [2, 126]. More recently, [PERSON] _et al_. [120] have found a loss of 84%, [PERSON] _et al_. [17] of more than 69%, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [252] of more than 80%, [PERSON] _et al_. [253] of more than 90% and [PERSON] _et al_. [107] of 13-93%. [PERSON] _et al_. [107] suggested three different explanations for this reduction: physical OTA removal with the husk, isomerisation of the C-3 position into another diastereomer and thermal degradation with possible involvement of moisture. During coffee brew manufacturing, the coffee grinding entails OTA losses of 20% [21]. Coffee steaming might also promote OTA reduction about 25% [126]. Regarding brew preparation, contradictory studies exist: [PERSON] _et al_. [99], [PERSON] _et al_. [180], [PERSON] _et al_. [254] indicated that all the toxin found in the coffee bean was still present in the brew, whereas [PERSON] _et al_. [133] noted that 90-100% of the OTA was absent after this stage. More recently, [PERSON] _et al_. [107] have pointed out that, depending on the brew preparation method, OTA losses vary in the range 15-50%.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing  
In this study, Agisoft Photoscan Professional Version 1.7.0 [32] software was used to generate dense point clouds, a DSM, and a DOM based on the SfM algorithm. Before processing, position data were solved by the network RTK/PPK fusion differential job mode, which gave priority to the results of the PPK fixed solution, while for the non-fixed solution part of PPK, RTK fixed solution data were used for fusion, so as to ensure the quality of high-precision position data through complementary operation mode, and the RTK trajectory file was input during fusion difference resolution. Then, image EXIF was sequentially written--that is, the GPS positioning data were stored in the header file of the image, so that the GPS data could be directly read through the image in the software. The workflow in Photoscan is described as follows:  
1. Image feature extraction and matching. The software automatically identifies many conspicuous points in each image, regardless of image scale or perspective, and similar feature points are recognized in multiple images. After locating the feature points in each image, similar feature points are recognized in multiple images. The quality of feature matching depends on the texture and overlap success of the image [33; 34];
2. Iterative bundle adjustment. The purpose of BA is to determine internal and external orientation elements of the images by minimizing the reprojection errors between predicted and observed points, which can be converted into a nonlinear least-squares problem [35]. By applying the BA, the three-dimensional structure of the scene, the internal and external orientation elements of the camera are estimated at the same time;
3. Model optimization based on control points. GCPs provide additional external information about reconstructed scene geometry. The optimization process in Photoscan refines the camera position and reduces non-linear project deformations by incorporating GCPs [36];
4. Point cloud density matching. The MVS image matching algorithm operates on a single-pixel scale of the image to build dense clouds and increases the point density by several orders of magnitude;
5. Generate DSM and DOM. Using the dense point cloud as input, other results, such as DSM and DOM, can be produced. The outliers in the dense point cloud are removed before the dense point cloud is interpolated to generate DSM, and then the DOM is generated by digital differential correction based on DSM.  
The images in all projects underwent the same photogrammetric processing, with differences in the number and distribution of GCPs used in the BA process. The number of GCPs in the experiment for evaluating the vertical _RMSE_ ranged from 0 to 16, while the number for the horizontal _RMSE_ ranged from 0 to 10. Seven other experiments evaluated the impact of the GCP distribution; the distribution schemes are shown in Figure 4.
## 3 Results
### Sample Loading and Failure Behavior  
A detailed analysis of loading behavior, initial rupture, and overall failure characteristics of each FDP tendon revealed two distinct patterns. Continuous loading behavior was observed in 47% of specimens, whereas 53% exhibited a loading behavior characterized by one or multiple micro-steps. The mode of initial rupture was gradual in 47% of cases, while 53% of cases experienced an abrupt rupture. Subsequent to the initial rupture, continuous failure was observed in 33% of specimens, with the remaining 67% exhibiting failure involving one or more steps. No consistent patterns were identified across the different tissue types. Table 2 lists all test samples and their classification into one of the designated failure categories.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & **Cross-Sectional** & **Elastic** & **Ultimate Tensile** & \multirow{2}{*}{**F\({}_{\text{max}}\)**} & **Failure** \\  & **Area** & **Modulus** & **Strength** & & **Mode** \\ \cline{2-5}  & **[mm\({}^{2}\)]** & **[MPa]** & **[MPa]** & **[N]** & \\ \hline
4 & 9.39 & 246.86 & 54.93 & 515.64 & mid \\
5 & 6.67 & 280.85 & 58.29 & 388.84 & mid \\
6 & 7.15 & 320.42 & 68.22 & 487.87 & mid \\
7 & 6.63 & 331.43 & 80.40 & 532.89 & mid \\
8 & 8.15 & 312.80 & 85.35 & 695.85 & mid \\
9 & 5.87 & 423.39 & 99.35 & 582.76 & mid \\
10 & 7.46 & 323.95 & 92.24 & 688.23 & mid \\
11 & 5.89 & 451.72 & 101.10 & 595.17 & mid \\
12 & 8.01 & 263.87 & 85.05 & 680.84 & clamp \\
13 & 7.01 & 280.56 & 100.46 & 704.19 & mid \\
14 & 16.07 & 148.70 & 45.21 & 726.35 & clamp \\
15 & 15.16 & 195.34 & 51.90 & 786.54 & mid \\ \hline
**Mean Value** & **8.17** & **316.18** & **79.25** & **604.55** & **mid: 80\%** \\
**Standard** & **3.07** & **86.73** & **19.10** & **106.43** & **clamp: 20\%** \\
**Deviation** & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Box plots summarizing the load–deformation data of flexor digitorum profundus tendons using the capstan clamping system. The outlines of the boxes indicate the 25 th and 75 th percentile, the solid horizontal line the median. Whiskers represent the minima and maxima. F\({}_{\text{max}}\) = maximum force.  
Further comparison demonstrated that mid sample failure was observed more frequently using the capstan clamping setup (80%, n = 12) when compared to the traditional 3D-printed clamping setup (60%, n = 9), demonstrating a 50% reduction in clamping-related tissue failure using PLA, in line with a computed 38% force reduction calculated previously.  
Concerning the typical sample behavior, four characteristic types were observed until failure was reached as outlined in Figure 4.
# Affordable Thin Lens Using Single Polarized Disparate Filter Arrays for Beyond 5G toward 6G
## 2 Design of Single Polarized Thin Lens  
### Comparison of In-Plane Reacitance for Single/Dual Polarization  
Conventional millimeter wave thin lenses are designed by utilizing a moderate tunable range of the phase shift acquired by different types of frequency selective surface (FSS) unit cells having low-pass or band-pass responses. Patch and grid elements, which are the most basic types of FSS, are shown in Figures 1a and 2a. When such basic elements having sub-wavelength size are populated repeatedly, the capacitance and inductance in their equivalent circuit are determined by the in-plane coupling structure between the patches and the thin metal line structure of the grid element, respectively. With \(y\)-polarized incident waves, their equivalent circuits are shown in Figures 1c and 2c. The theoretical capacitance and inductance values of the equivalent circuit can be obtained by Equations (1) and (2), respectively [10; 11; 12; 13].  
\[C=\varepsilon_{0}\varepsilon_{eff}\frac{2d}{\pi}\ln\left(\frac{1}{\sin\left( \frac{\pi y}{2d}\right)}\right) \tag{1}\]  
\[L=\mu_{0}\mu_{eff}\frac{d}{2\pi}\ln\left(\frac{1}{\sin\left(\frac{\pi w}{2d} \right)}\right) \tag{2}\]  
As can be seen from Equations (1) and (2), smaller values of \(g\) and \(w\) must be selected to obtain higher values of capacitance and inductance in a unit cell for a fixed value of \(d\). Having higher capacitance and inductance values under the given physical dimensions is advantageous in two aspects. First, for the needed capacitance and inductance values wider gap and width of the unit cells can be used leading to reduced fabrication costs. Second, the lower resonant frequency can be realized when designing the low-pass and band-pass unit cells designed in Section 2.2. However, at frequencies greater than  
of the dual-polarized grid unit cell. This is because the equivalent circuit of the net topology of the dual-polarized grid includes a shunt capacitance and the desired shunt inductance. Thus, the inductance is partially cancelled by the shunt capacitance. These characteristics validate that the proposed design approach can achieve higher values of capacitance and inductance for a unit cell without an increase in \(d\), \(g_{d}\), and \(w_{d}\).  
Figure 1: (**a**) Conventional dual-pol patch, (**b**) proposed single-pol patch, and (**c**) equivalent circuit of the patch.  
Figure 3: Simulated in-plane capacitance of dual-pol patch and single-pol patch.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Conventional dual-pol grid, (**b**) proposed single-pol grid, and (**c**) equivalent circuit of the grid.