## 4 Gut Microbiome, Inflammation, and Health Benefits Provided by Probiotics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Health Condition** & **Probiotic** & **Original Article or** & **Reference** \\  & & **Review Paper** & **Reference** \\ \hline  & _L. acidophilus_ LA11-Onlly, _L. rhamnosus_ & & \\  & LR22, _L. reuteri_ LE16, _L. plantarum_ & & \\  & LP-Onlly, and _B. animalis_ subsp. & & \\  & _L. rhamnus_ LR-168, _L. acidophilus_ LA-99, & & \\  & and _B. animalis_ BB-115 & & \\  & Irritable bowel syndrome & & \\  & Necrotizing enterocolitis & _B. longum_ subsp. _infantis_ & \\  & Ulcerative colitis & & \\  & & & \\  & Hospital stay for acute pancreatitis & & \\  & Colorectal cancer & & \\  & Gastrointestinal cancer & & \\  & Liver and breast cancer & & \\  & Breast cancer & & \\  & Prostate cancer & & \\  & Cervical cancer & & \\  & Polycystic ovary syndrome & & \\  & Vaginosis & & \\  & Antimicrobial activity (hydrogen peroxide, & \\  & bacteriocians, and lactic acid production) for & & \\  & vaginal health & & \\  & Inhibit sperm activity & & \\  & Male fertility disorders & & \\  & Bladder cancer & & \\  & Bladder diseases (bladder cancer, & \\  & interstitial cyystitis, and overactive bladder) & & \\  & Reduce exposure to uremic toxins in & & \\  & hemodialysis patients & & \\  & Pediatric urinary tract infection recurrence & & \\  & Urinary excretion of oxalate (risk factor for renal stones) & & \\  & Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome & & \\  & Lung metastasis of melanoma cells & & \\  & Respiratory tract infection & & \\  & Influenza A virus & & \\  & COVID-19 & & \\  & Ventilator-associated pneumonia in & & \\  & critically ill patients & & \\  & Allergic rhinitis & & \\  & Respiratory allergy & & \\  & Asthma & & \\  & Cystic fibrosis & & \\  & Atopic dermatitis & & \\  & Skin disorders (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, & \\  & rosacea, and acne vulgaris) & & \\  & Skin health & & \\  & Dry eye & & \\  & Vernal keratoconjunctivitis & & \\  & Rheumatoid arthritis 2 & & \\  & Recovery from bone fractures & & \\  & Pain relief after rib fracture & & \\  & Mineral absorption and bone health & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._
Different strains of bacteria provide their health benefits by different mechanisms [229], and knowledge of these mechanisms can help in probiotic selection and modification for effectively treating disease. Four main mechanisms by which probiotics confer health benefits include potential pathogen interference, barrier function improvement, immunomododulation, and neurotransmitter production [230]. Pathogen interference mechanisms include production of antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins and defensins, competition with pathogens, inhibition of adherence of pathogens, and luminal pH reduction [229]. Probiotics such as _L. rhamnus_ can be bioengineered for an alternative method for pathogen inhibition within the field known as pathobiotechnology [231]. Gut microbiomes vary from person to person [114]. Individuals vary in the ability of which consumed probiotics, such as in a fermented milk product, are able to modify the composition of the autochthonous gut microflora, suggesting that a tailored diet may be needed for individuals that are on a beneficial microbial based therapy and have a resistant gut microbiota [232]. Veiga et al. [233] predicts that many people will have their genome sequenced in the future that will allow them to tailor specific probiotics (referred to as precision probiotics) to their unique human-microbiome symbiosis to optimize their microbiome-centered nutrition and preventative health care. Perhaps in the future, yogurt could be a carrier for these precision probiotics.