# Review on BCI Virtual Rehabilitation and Remote Technology Based on EEG for Assistive Devices
## 9 BCI Applications for Rehabilitation
### BCI Devices for Rehabilitation  
BCI applications in the medical field have the purpose of manipulating an external device or monitoring a mental state, such as the devices designed to identify depression or other mental health issues. The BCI that allows manipulating external devices is composed of prostheses, orthoses, and exoskeletons [38]. These devices are focused in proportionate certain rehabilitation services and are limited by their configurations and purposes. These devices are described as follows:  
* Functional electrical stimulation (FES). This type of orthesis uses functional electrical stimulation of the patient's muscles to generate forces that can approximate the movement. The FES systems are categorized among the sources of control signals to trigger the regulation pattern, such as shoulder control, voice control, respiratory control, joystick control, position transducers, and a physical trigger. Electrical stimulation patterns complement these control strategies: A 1 to 3-channel surface electrode system, a multichannel surface stimulation system, a multichannel percutaneous system with intramuscular electrodes, and finally, the fully implanted systems with epimysial electrodes (electrodes that are sewn onto the surface of a muscle). * Orthotics and exoskeletons. An orthosis is a mechanical structure that maps the anatomy of the human limb. Its purpose is to restore lost or weak function [42]; this is done by augmenting the function of the skeletonotor system or by controlling motion or altering the shape of a body tissue [10]. Ortheses are classified by acronyms describing the joints they cross; for example, an AFO is an ankle-foot orthesis. The joints are the cervix (neck), upper limb, trunk, lower limb, and foot. Additionally, the classification is given by external interference; \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Year** & **Type of Rehabilitation** & **Area of Rehabilitation** & **Quality Measures** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [4] & 2008 & Not specified & Upper Limb & Not specified \\ [PERSON] et al. [87] & 2016 & Post-stroke & Upper Limb & FMA UE Score \\ [PERSON] et al. [85] & 2018 & Cognitive & Upper Limb & Exit Survey \\ [PERSON] et al. [90] & 2020 & Post-stroke & Upper Limb & Questionnaire \\  & & & & Accuracy = 87.3\% for \\ [PERSON] et al. [86] & 2020 & Post-stroke & Upper Limb & Exit Survey \\  & & & & Questionnaire \\ [PERSON] et al. [91] & 2020 & Multiple & Upper-Lim & Time of movement \\ [PERSON] et al. [92] & 2020 & Orthopedic & Lower-limb & CAT Score \\ [PERSON] et al. [89] & 2021 & Post-stroke & Upper Limb & Feedback Movement \\  & & & & Deviation = 36.2\% No \\  & & & & feedback = 68.4\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Virtual rehabilitation implementation studies. this category is divided into structural and functional. There are three major considerations in the design of an orthesis: the function, the structure, and the cosmesis (the aesthetics or appearance). Orthotic care involves external appliances designed to support, straighten, or improve the functioning of a body part; prosthetic interventions involve an artificial external replacement for a body part. * Prosthetic and robotic devices. A prosthesis is an electromechanical device that substitutes for lost limbs after amputation. The robotic counterparts of prostheses take the form of electromechanical wearable robotics limbs and make it possible to replace the lost limb's function in a way closer to the natural human function. This is achieved by the intelligent use of robotic technologies in terms of human-robot interaction and actuation [42]. Figure 11[94] portrays some of the commercial devices that are triggered by electromyography biosignals. Rehabilitation requires an effective system [10] for restoring motor conditions.