## 3 Preparation and Calculations
### Experimental Setup  
The EU implemented a ban on landfilling [3], a prohibitive measure not enjoyed widely across the globe [43]. Air and water pollution represent significant challenges, and while efforts to address them are crucial, existing landfills also present a pressing need for remediation to restore affected areas. These sites are a complex hazard, and they include the probable insect spread and fire outbreaks from the touch of burning dry grass by the fire.  
Incineration, as an alternative, presents two primary scenarios: energy utilization through fuel recovery and burning for cement production. Existing approaches for GHG emissions [27] reduction face significant challenges in the process of attaining global decarbonization. While national efforts to mitigate carbon emissions have produced some positive results, progress remains slow and insufficient to match the urgent calls for climate action. Unfortunately, there is a variety of emissions, in the case of 1680-2270 kg of CO\({}_{2\text{ Eq.}}\) per ton of ELTs [3; 32; 34; 36; 38].  
The third approach of ELT treatment includes their transformation into multi-phase composites having steel fibers, textile particles, and crumb rubber. Inspired by this recovery process, these materials can be collected and applied in various areas as recycled materials, contributing to sustainable resource utilization and the environment. Through the introduction of ELT-based materials in production processes, industries can reduce the  
Figure 1: Publication search results network mapping from the Scopus database [39].  
environmental effects associated with conventional repositories and clean-up methods and, similarly, develop a circular economy approach that embraces resource efficiency without waste generation. This innovative approach not only deals with the issue of ELT disposal but also brings options that improve the impact on the environment and the robustness of different sectors.  
System Boundaries  
The OpenLCA follows an attributional approach focusing on the ELT treatment stages. It considers the environmental impacts derived from the collection and transport of the ELTs to a treatment plant, pre-treatment operations, respective ELT treatment, and substitutes for ELT products. A schematic representation of the processes is shown in Figure 2, which visualizes possible scenarios of processes, outputs, and environmental impact of three different approaches for calculation.  
The calculations for concrete production encompass all stages, from raw material extraction to the production of the final concrete mix. This includes the environmental impacts of sourcing raw materials such as cement, water, and natural fine aggregate (river sand), as well as the processing and transportation associated with concrete production. Mix design variations were selected based on a typical concrete mixture design comprising cement (390 kg/m\({}^{3}\)), gravel 10-16 mm (500 kg/m\({}^{3}\)), gravel 8-10 mm (500 kg/m\({}^{3}\)), river sand (1000 kg/m\({}^{3}\)), superplasticizer (3 kg/m\({}^{3}\)), and water (200 kg/m\({}^{3}\)).  
Substitutions of natural fine aggregate (river sand) by crumb rubber aggregate ranged from 0% to 50% by volume (Vol.%), corresponding to crumb rubber quantities from 0 kg/m\({}^{3}\) (reference mix) to 228.3 kg/m\({}^{3}\). This expanded range was chosen to thoroughly evaluate the environmental benefits and mechanical impacts of incorporating crumb rubber as a sand replacement, offering valuable insights into its sustainability and structural viability.