## 4 Results  
Inventory management parameters and related variables resulting from SEs are average inventory level, number, and size of inventory replenishments, SC costs, and GHG emissions according to the ISO 14083 standard. Inventory, cost, and emission variables are calculated on the level of a single SE and grouped based on demand variability, FR,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Parameters** & **Values** & **Units** \\ \hline Mean market demand & \(100\pm 0\) & unit/day \\ Demand variability (SD) & \(10^{+0.01}_{-0.01}\), \(30^{+0.01}_{-0.01}\) & unit/day \\ Observed period (N) & \(365\) & day \\ Fill rate (FR) & \(89.9^{+0.01}_{-0.01}\), \(99.9^{+0.01}_{-0.01}\) & \% \\ Inventory review period (R) & \(1,2,\ldots,15\) & day \\ Lead time (LT) & \(0,\,1,2,\ldots,15\) & day \\ Workweek schedule (WS) & 5-day, 7-day & work days/week \\ Product weight (w) & 5.5 & kg \\ Transportation distance (d) & 73.37 & km \\ Vehicle payload capacity (VPC) & \(1.5,\,3.5,\,6,\,11,\,15,\,26\) & tonne \\ Empty trip factor (ETF) & 100 & \% \\ Emission standard and fuel type & EURO 6, diesel & \\ Fuel price (\(\rm C_{f}\)) & 1.705 & EUR/1 \\ Fixed ordering cost per order (\(\rm C_{o,f}\)) & 20 & \(\rm\epsilon\)/order \\ Fixed depreciation cost (\(\rm C_{d}\)) & 27.40, 41.10, \(\ldots\), 123.20 & \(\rm\epsilon\)/delivery \\ Fixed inventory holding cost (\(\rm C_{h,f}\)) & 0.005 & \(\rm\epsilon\)/unit/day \\ Fixed penalty cost (\(\rm C_{p,f}\)) & 0.1 & \(\rm\epsilon\)/unit/day \\ Well-to-Wheels GHG emission factor (\(\rm g_{W}\)) & 3.17 kg\(\rm CO_{2}e/L\) & kg\(\rm CO_{2}e/L\) \\ Tank-to-Wheels GHG emission factor (\(\rm g_{T}\)) & 2.54 kg\(\rm CO_{2}e/L\) & kg\(\rm CO_{2}e/L\) \\
**Outputs** & & \\ \hline Average inventory level (AIL) & unit \\ Number of orders (\(\rm N_{o}\)) & - \\ Number of deliveries (\(\rm N_{d}\)) & - \\ Load factor (LF) & \% \\ Fuel consumption (F) & 1 \\ Ordering costs (\(\rm C_{O}\)) & EUR \\ Transportation costs (\(\rm C_{T}\)) & EUR \\ Inventory holding costs (\(\rm C_{H}\)) & EUR \\ Penalty costs (\(\rm C_{P}\)) & EUR \\ Lost sales (LS) & unit \\ Total inventory-related costs (\(\rm C_{TOT}\)) & \\ Well-to-Wheels GHG emissions (\(\rm G_{W}\)) & tonne \(\rm CO_{2}e\) \\ Tank-to-Wheels GHG emissions (\(\rm G_{T}\)) & tonne \(\rm CO_{2}e\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Research parameters, values, and outputs.  
R, LT, and WS for interpretation of the results of the SC's performance under operating conditions based on the lowest inventory levels required.  
In a descriptive analysis of inventory management, metavariable R + LT simplifies results' representation and is frequently used in equations for inventory systems. Introducing this metavariable reduces each combination of R with each LT. This way, the number of variable combinations is reduced from 240 to 30. The number of SEs vastly differs when expressing results using the R + LT metavariable group. Two groups with a minimum number of SEs are R + LT = 1 and R + LT = 30, which are based on 100 SEs since only one combination of R and LT results in these values (R = 1 and LT = 0 and R = 15 and LT = 15). As opposed to that, the two groups with the maximum number of SEs per R + LT group are R + LT = 15 and R + LT = 16, for which 1500 SEs are grouped, i.e., 15 combinations of R and LT with 100 results. When a detailed explanation of specific results is required, we will describe individually R and LT. When comparing results from different R + LT groups, we will write it in a way R + LT = x/y, i.e., comparing results from group x to a group of y.