## 3 General Findings
### Key Findings Addressing the Research Questions
#### 3.2.1 Potential Theories, Frameworks/Models Used for the BIS Research
The role of the institutional environment can be highlighted by using institutional theory by describing and defining the organizational change [20; 93]. In the BIS adoption context, this theory pointed out that organizational decisions and the adoption process of any innovation is strongly influenced not only by organizational objectives but also driven by external environmental determinants including others social determinants, for instance: social and political pressures. Due to these pressures, enterprises in the same sector are encouraged to emulate the industry leader's actions and become counterparts. According to this theory, pressures from trading partners, competitors, suppliers, customers, and governments can affect companies' decision to embrace the innovation adoption such as BIS. Previous research has applied this theory to describe the adoption of IT innovations [20; 93; 94; 95]. Thus, many organizations in the same industry become homologous with the passage of time, as competitive pressure from suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders drive them to follow their peers in the same business domain [96]. Currently, several researchers have deployed the institutional theory to investigate the BIS adoption as presented in Table 5. Some researchers have also blended the institutional theory with the TOE framework [20; 41; 47; 54; 55; 61; 66; 73; 76]. The data analysis also revealed another important finding that UTAUT, TPB, and TAM are commonly used for the BIS acceptance at an individual level in organizations. UTAUT appears to be the most recently cited model from scholars on the acceptance but some studies used for adoption, management, and efficacy of a technology [46; 97; 64]. [PERSON] et al. developed the UTAUT model by combining eight models in (2003). The four primary variables were identified by this integration that were considered as potential determinants of intention and technology use: performance expectancy (PE) is the perception a user has, That in use technology is beneficial; effort expectancy (EE) is the perception a user has that a particular technology can be easily operated; facilitating condition (FC) is the perception, a user has sound existing technical facilities to enhance the technology use; and social influence (SI) is the influence of superiors on others towards using a particular technology. TPB theory has frequently been adopted with UTAUT and TAM for innovation acceptance [25; 98]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] have mentioned in their study that [PERSON] himself later extended the theory of reasoned action to bring about TPB [25]. The essence of this new theory is to hypothesize a person's action with limited voluntary control. TPB assumes that the actual behavior of an individual is influenced by intention to that behavior. Similarly, intention is greatly influenced by subjective norm, attitude, and the person's ability to execute that action necessary for acceptance of any innovation [50]. Technology acceptance model (TAM) shows a significant theoretical contribution towards comprehending acceptance, adoption, and usage of new information systems [40; 70; 99]. It is the most applied model in the identified studies to investigate user acceptance and forecast user adoption of the BIS [36; 39; 51; 57; 60; 98] as depicted in Figure 6. In 1989, [PERSON] proposed the (TAM) that is used to predict user behavior in accepting new technologies [74; 99]. The aim of this model development is to explain the association with environmental variables on an individual's attitude, intentions, and beliefs with perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU), which determines the individual'sattitudes to adopt new technology. The TAM suggests that, if technology is easy to use and perceives useful, it will affect positively on the user's behavior for innovation and if not, it will lead to a negative effect on the adopter's decision in future, concerning new technology. Consequently, if adopters have positive behavior, it will motivate the users to adopt the innovation in minimum time.