## 2 Results
### Animal Model
#### 2.5.2 Hematological and Biochemical Parameters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **CON**1 ** & **_p Value_** \\ \hline Glucose mmol/L & 6.54 \(\pm\) 0.62  & 5.39 \(\pm\) 1.59  & 5.56 \(\pm\) 1.85  & 0.303 \\ Insulin pg/mL & 4015.80 \(\pm\) 1714.38 & 3066.41 \(\pm\) 1458.38 & 3078.84 \(\pm\) 1134.45 & 0.394 \\ Chol. 5 mmol/L & 4.92 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 4.63 \(\pm\) 1.19 & 5.14 \(\pm\) 0.93 & 0.574 \\ HDL. 6 mmol/L & 2.11 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 1.93 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 2.13 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 0.524 \\ LDL. 7 mmol/L & 2.80 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 2.71 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 3.01 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 0.426 \\ TG 8 mmol/L & 4.13 \(\pm\) 0.82  & 4.87 \(\pm\) 1.94 & 6.09 \(\pm\) 1.44  & 0.057 \\ NEFA 9 mmol/L & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 1.63 \(\pm\) 0.2  & 2.15 \(\pm\) 0.47  & 0.062 \\ AST 10 U/L & 186.31 \(\pm\) 74.71 & 152.29 \(\pm\) 21.23 & 150.30 \(\pm\) 27.16 & 0.304 \\ TP 11 g/L & 75.21 \(\pm\) 4.61 & 73.99 \(\pm\) 4.07 & 76.06 \(\pm\) 5.26 & 0.711 \\ Alb. 12 g/L & 32.81 \(\pm\) 2.62 & 34.70 \(\pm\) 3.53 & 34.06 \(\pm\) 1.34 & 0.419 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Mean values of lipid and biochemical parameters and activity of AST in blood Zucker rats. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **CON**1  & **SAP**2  & **TERP**3  & \(p\) Value** \\ \hline WBC 5  & 6.16 \(\pm\) 1.02  & 8.66 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 9.17 \(\pm\) 2.19  & 0.046 \\ RBC 6  & 7/L & 6.73 \(\pm\) 1.04  & 7.38 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 7.47 \(\pm\) 1.24  & 0.006 \\ HGB 7 mmol/L & 7.37 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 7.81 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 7.80 \(\pm\) 1.30 & 0.100 \\ HCT 8 8 L/L & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.05  & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.05  & 0.010 \\ MCV 9  & 47.29 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 46.71 \(\pm\) 1.25 & 46.71 \(\pm\) 1.38 & 0.296 \\ MCH 10  & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.402 \\ MCH 11 mmol/L & 23.31 \(\pm\) 1.45  & 22.54 \(\pm\) 0.64  & 22.36 \(\pm\) 0.69  & \(\text{-}\)0.601 \\ PLT 12  & 431.00 \(\pm\) 242.83 & 575.14 \(\pm\) 253.74 & 674.00 \(\pm\) 180.63 & 0.003 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Hematological parameters in Zucker rats after treatment with saponin and terpenoid fractions. potential to reduce insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. Our previous study showed that _I. aquifolium_ and its terpenoids had an impact on serum lipid levels in an animal model of hyperlipidemia [32]. _I. aquifolium_ improved insulin sensitivity and decreased blood concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL. Supplementation with terpenoids may be an effective means to reduce oxidative damage to lipids, as it decreases the concentration of MDA and leads to increased blood TAS. However, terpenoids also appeared to mitigate liver damage [32]. In general, a decrease in antioxidant capacity leads to endothelial dysfunction and is characterized by a decrease in NO bioavailability of vasodilator nitric oxide and an increase in endothelium-derived contractility factors, which lead to atherosclerosis [36]. In our study, age-related increases in terpenoids caused an increase in hyperlipidemia and total cholesterol levels, with a trend toward an increase in the LDL and HDL fractions. However, the most intense changes were observed in the TERP group.