esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Closed-Loop Cognitive-Driven Gain Control of Competing Sounds Using Auditory Attention Decoding
###### Abstract
In Reference [5], the feasibility of a closed-loop system based on least-squares-based AAD has been shown by presenting the AAD results as visual feedback, i.e., using different colors or a sphere with different radii. However, the feasibility of closed-loop AAD enabling the listener to interact with speech enhancement in an online fashion and allowing the listener to switch attention between speakers remains to be investigated. In this paper, we aim at developing a closed-loop AAD system that allows to enhance a target speaker, suppress an interfering speaker and switch attention between both speakers. Specifically, we propose a cognitive-driven adaptive gain controller (AGC), which is based on real-time AAD (RAAD). The RAAD first generates correlation coefficients for both speakers from the EEG responses of the listener and the speech signals of both speakers. To this end, we adopted the least-squares-based AAD method from Reference [3], either using a small correlation window of length 0.25 s or a large correlation window of length 15 s. The fluctuating correlation coefficients are then translated into more reliable probabilistic attention measures, based on which the attended and the unattended speaker are identified. To this end, we propose an AAD algorithm either using a generalized linear model (GLM) or using a state-space model (SSM), similarly to Reference [9; 18]. The AGC as an ideal speech enhancement algorithm then amplifies the identified attended speaker and attenuates the identified unattended speaker, where the gains for both speakers are based on the probabilistic attention measures. Finally, the loop of cognitive-driven gain control is closed by presenting the amplified attended speaker and the attenuated unattended speaker to the listener via loudspeakers, enabling the listener to interact with the AGC in an online fashion and switch attention between speakers. For an acoustic scenario comprising two competing speakers where one speaker is located on the left side and the other speaker is located on the right side, we investigate the decoding performance and the speech enhancement performance of the proposed closed-loop cognitive-driven gain controller system with 10 participants based on objective and subjective evaluations. In addition, we provide a detailed analysis and experimental comparison between the open-loop and the closed-loop AAD system using either the GLM or the SSM. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the experiment protocol used to calibrate and evaluate the proposed cognitive-driven gain controller system, describe the stimuli and the data acquisition used for the experiments, and present the proposed cognitive-driven gain controller system. In Section 3, we evaluate the decoding performance and the speech enhancement performance of the proposed cognitive-driven gain controller system. In Section 4, we discuss the experimental results in more detail, summarize the main contributions, and suggest possible topics for further research.
# Optimisation of Cable Dome Structure Design for Progressive Collapse Resistance
###### Abstract  
Since the literature lacks an effective analysis method of collapse mechanisms and optimisation design theory for progressive collapse resistance of cable dome structure, a structural performance-based optimisation approach was proposed to improve the progressive collapse resistance for cable dome structures in this study. First, the dynamic response and collapse model of a cable dome structure were analysed after its members were removed using Ansys LS-DYNA and the full dynamic equivalent load-based instantaneous unloading method. Second, the importance coefficients of the members were calculated to determine the contribution of each member to the progressive collapse resistance of the structure. Finally, a stepwise optimisation solution was proposed by integrating a global optimisation model, which uses the mean of the importance coefficients of all members as the optimisation index, with a local optimisation model, which minimises the maximum member importance coefficient. The results indicated that different members exhibited varying levels of importance in the progressive collapse resistance of the structure, with the inner and outer hoop cables demonstrating the highest levels of importance, followed by the inner upper string of the tension hoop. The other members had low levels of importance. Compared with the cable dome structure based on the Geiger topology, the cable dome structure based on the Levy topology was more resistant to progressive collapse; such resistance decreased as the number of cable-truss frames decreased. Additionally, the local optimisation approach based on the genetic algorithm reduced the maximum member importance coefficient (i.e., that of the outer hoop cable) by 60.26%.  
cable dome structures; progressive collapse; member importance analysis; design optimisation
###### Abstract
By combining different differential interferograms, MT-InSAR approaches more accurately provide the trends of displacements in the area of interest and their temporal evolution. Therefore, they have been applied to detect anomalies in a single structure [14] and for the assessment of tunnel-induced subsidence and related damage [15]. Despite the advantages afforded by this new approach, there are still many limitations and challenges to overcome [16; 17]. They are mainly due to the differences between satellite data and the information required by traditional SHM techniques and obtained from in situ sensors. Furthermore, new visualization/representation approaches are necessary to give a relevant interpretation of the measures provided by satellite datasets. This issue is of primary importance to realize automatic procedures for the assessment of structures' behavior and for the diagnosis of anomalies, which may be connected to structural damage. The main representation techniques refer to the distribution of direct quantities (i.e., displacements along the LOS, velocities along the LOS). However, it is also possible to create maps or diagrams of indirect measures to enhance data interpretation. It is the case of spectral entropy-energy graphs, which can be used to estimate the average information of the signal and to characterize the behavior of a system. This study aims to explore and compare the possibilities given by the different methodologies of satellite data representation and to highlight the advantages provided by the evaluation of spectral entropy for the description of whole structural systems. This is accomplished by analyzing the case study of the area of Rome (Italy) subject to excavations for the construction of the T3 section of the subway line C. This work is under construction, which began in 2013, and affects an area rich in architectural heritage. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly describes the characteristics of the satellite data employed and the proposed representation approaches; Section 3 concernsthe results of the case studies; finally, conclusions are presented in Section 4. The case study initially focuses on representing data at a territorial scale to identify the subsidence phenomena induced by the excavation of the two tunnels of the underground railways. Then, the entropy-energy diagram is adopted to describe single monumental buildings or building complexes, highlighting the presence of points with outlier signals. However, the data used for this representation refer to a period that is insufficient to detect an actual anomaly in the structural behavior due to the poor frequency content. Consequently, the two types of representation used are compared to verify the results and obtain cross-validation of the methodology. A further comparison is made between the representations in the first and second parts of the analyzed period for a small complex of structures, as well as for the monumental Colosseum structure.
# AI-Based Modeling and Monitoring Techniques for Future Intelligent Elastic Optical Networks
## 2 AI-Based QoT and Impairment Modeling
### AI-Based Impairment Modeling  
Accurate modeling of impairments can provide more information to improve the accuracy of QoT models. Moreover, the estimation of specific impairments can help controllers design an optimum configuration of a light path. In this section, since impairments like CD and PMD can be compensatedin the receiver, we focus on the impairments that may cause performance degradation. A few recent works using AI-based modeling methods for estimating fiber nonlinearity, filtering effect and ASE noise are investigated in this section. They are listed in Table 2 and introduced as follows.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Hybrid Technologies for Ceramic/Polymer Scaffolds
No significant cytotoxicity was reported for 2.05 wt% co-sputtered Ag-HA coating after incubation with human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells for 24 h [74]. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [75] suggested a silver concentration of 7 wt% in coating as the optimum balance between antibacterial effect and minimum cytotoxicity. Quantification of the planktonic bacteria, those present in the broth after 24 h incubation, was conducted to highlight the role of either the scaffold composition itself, to avoid toxic behavior, or the Ag\({}^{+}\) ions when released from the scaffold. Once again, the Ag\({}^{+}\)-free control samples showed a high accumulation of planktonic bacteria (10\({}^{9}\) CFU/mL). This value was significantly decreased (10\({}^{4}\) CFU/mL) for the Ag\({}^{+}\)-functionalized samples. Therefore, the results validated the release of antibacterial Ag\({}^{+}\) ions from the composite layer to the surrounding medium as an effective tool in eradicating the bacterial contamination of the surgery site. Figures 16 and 17 show SEM micrographs of Ag\({}^{+}\)-free and Ag\({}^{+}\)-modified hybrid scaffolds, respectively. In Figure 16, the center image presents the overall structure of the sample, and the left and right images present the polymer and ceramic parts, respectively at higher magnifications. Biofilms made from bacterial colonization can be observed from the high magnification images on both polymer and ceramic parts, confirming a negligible role of both layers in preventing bacterial adhesion. On the contrary, Figure 17 shows the effectiveness of the Ag\({}^{+}\)-functionalized since the microstructures were almost bacteria-free. Both the functionalized porous layer and ceramic parts were found free of bacteria. The absence of staphylococci also in the ceramic part (which does not contain Ag) suggests an effective Ag\({}^{+}\) release in the broth, as validated by the quantification of the planktonic bacteria.
## 2 Geological Setting and Data
### Characteristics of Mining Tremors
#### 2.2.2 Distribution Features of Source Mechanical Parameters  
The source mechanical parameters (SMPs) with different physical meanings can be divided into three categories: (1) scalar seismic moment (\(M_{0}\)) and radiated energy characterize burst strength; (2) source radius (\(r_{c}\)) and apparent volume (\(v_{a}\)) characterize disturbance scale; and (3) stress drop (\(\Delta\sigma\)) and apparent stress (\(\sigma_{app}\)) characterize stress adjustment. The detailed physical meanings and formulas can be found by referring to the literature [22].  
Figure 3: (**a**) Plane distribution of mining tremors at different stopping stages in LW 1208; (**b**) Vertical upward distribution characteristics of mining tremors.  
Typical SMTs can be further distinguished by inverting the relationship between the SMPs and analyzing the difference between the SMPs of mining tremors. Figure 4 shows the correlation between the SMPs.  
Unlike other mining tremors, the seismic moment of SMTs exceeds 10\({}^{9}\) N\(\cdot\)m, indicating that the burst strength of SMTs is the largest (seen in Figure 4). Figure 4a shows a negative correlation between seismic moment and corner frequency. When \(M_{0}\) exceeds 10\({}^{9}\) N\(\cdot\)m, the corner frequency fc decreases to 10-20 Hz, indicating that it has more abundant low frequency components. The source parameters of \(E_{s}\), \(r_{c}\), \(v_{a}\), \(\Delta\sigma\) and \(\sigma_{app}\) basically show an obvious linear increase with the increase in \(M_{0}\). The source parameter of \(r_{c}\) is close to 100 m, and \(v_{a}\) is more than 10\({}^{7}\) m\({}^{3}\), i.e., the disturbance scale of the SMTs is the most extensive. The source parameters of \(\Delta\sigma\) and \(\sigma\)app both exceed 10\({}^{4}\) Pa, indicating that the stress change at the source is the largest, leading to the most obvious burst effect before and after the SMT.
# CeRA-eSP: Code-Expanded Random Access to Enhance Success Probability of Massive MTC
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results  
#### 5.2.1 Delay and RA Failure Rate  
In Figure 7, the average delay and RA failure rate for the RA schemes for different numbers of devices are analyzed. The average time of the total RA procedure was measured to analyze the average delay for the RA schemes, including devices that failed RA, as shown in Figure 7a. In the baseline method, most devices were dropped as the number of access devices increased to over \(N=20,000\). As the number of dropped devices increased, the average access delay of the baseline method increased significantly, even at low access intensities. The ACB and BO method showed a lower access delay performance than the legacy CeRA method in a low-access-intensity environment. Because additional access delay occurs owing to the back-off time, it shows a larger access delay increasing tendency than legacy CeRA as the number of devices increases. Furthermore, as the number of access  
Figure 6: Comparison of different random access schemes.  
devices exceeds \(N=120,000\), the ACB and BO method shows a higher RA failure rate than legacy CeRA. Consequently, the average access delay exceeds that of legacy CeRA.  
In Figure 7b, it can be seen that the proposed CeRA-eSP method exhibited a lower RA failure rate than the legacy CeRA method in all situations. Compared with the legacy CeRA method, the proposed CeRA-eSP method achieved a lower RA failure rate by dynamically selecting the preamble codeword set. As the access intensity increased, the proposed CeRA-eSP method utilized a higher preamble codeword set. In a situation where the number of access devices was \(N=150,000\), the proposed CeRA-eSP method utilized a larger preamble codeword than the legacy CeRA method; therefore, the RA failure rates of the two methods were similar. All the RA schemes showed an approximately linear increase in the number of dropped devices. The baseline method showed the highest RA failure rate. The baseline dropped most of the devices because the high collision problem occurred in the process of supporting large access intensity with limited preamble sequences that lacked a baseline and had no congestion control. The ACB and BO method showed a low RA failure rate when the number of devices was less than \(N=50,000\). However, the ACB and BO method had the highest rate of increase in the RA failure rate as the access intensity increased. This is because the ACB and BO method did not efficiently support high access intensity with limited preamble resources as the baseline method did. In addition, the baseline and ACB and BO methods showed similar performances as the number of devices increased.
## 4 Dynamic Thermal Simulation Model Definition and Calibration  
The building model was drawn using the SketchUp(r) (Trimble Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) software with a graphical interface (OpenStudio plugin--a registered trademark of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, U.S.), reproducing the geometry of the model and the thermal zoning division.  
The annual thermal behaviour of the building was simulated using EnergyPlus(r) (managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S.) software considering the conduction transfer function  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & \\ \hline \(U_{\text{Gound slab}}\)/W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 0.315 (XPS = 10 cm) \\ \hline \(U_{\text{Wall}}\)/W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 0.211 (EPS = 12 cm) \\ \hline \(U_{\text{Rood}}\)/W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 0.181 (EPS = 15 cm) \\ \hline \(U_{\text{Window}}\)/W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 1.720 (northeast); 1.690 (southwest) \\ \hline Windows Solar heat gain coefficient & 0.570 for all windows \\ \hline Ventilation system/h\({}^{-1}\) & MVHR = 0.6 \\ \hline Night ventilation & No \\ \hline Lighting type & LED \\ \hline \(n_{\text{50}}\)/h\({}^{-1}\) & 0.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Case study: general characterization.  
Figure 3: Building plans: (**a**) ground floor (**b**) first floor.  
model with a time step considering 6 divisions in one hour. A multi-zone model was defined using eight thermal zones, according to the internal spaces of the building (see thermal zones division in Figure 3).  
Regarding the monitoring, thermo-hygrometer sensors were installed in 6 interior zones, to measure the air temperature and relative humidity during the period from 22 October to 21 December with a data acquisition frequency equal to 10 min\({}^{-1}\). Exterior dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, solar irradiation and wind speed and direction were also monitored for calibration purposes. Considering that air infiltration has a significant influence on indoor thermal behaviour, a blower door test was also performed. An infiltration of 0.9 h\({}^{-1}\) with a pressure difference of 50 Pa was observed, indicating a very airtight building envelope.  
Figure 4 depicts the coefficient of determination (r\({}^{2}\)) for the simulated and real temperatures results. The point cloud obtained reveals a good agreement of temperatures with deviations of \(\pm\)1 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
All data from monitoring were used to calibrate the dynamic model. Thus, the calibration was performed by using the index of coefficient-of-variation of the root mean square error (CV RMSE) between the real building and the numerical model.  
A CV RMSE of 3.28 was attained, meaning a good agreement between measured and simulated data, according to ASHRAE, IPMVP and FEMP standards [47; 48; 49].  
Additional features, including real schedules, ventilation system characterization with heat recovery as well as monitoring plots are fully detailed in [PERSON] et al. [46].
## 3 Interpretation of Experimental Results
### Relation of the Dynamic Shear Modulus Ratio and Dynamic Shear Strain  
Contemporary research on dynamic properties for coarse-grained soils predominantly employs the Hardin-Drnevich model [18]. This model describes the correlation between the dynamic shear strain (\(\gamma_{\text{d}}\)) and the dynamic shear modulus ratio (\(G_{\text{d}}/G_{\text{dmax}}\)) in coarse-grained soils, as per the following relationship:  
\[\frac{G_{d}}{G_{\text{dmax}}}=\frac{1}{1+\gamma_{d}/\gamma_{r}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\gamma_{\text{r}}\) represents the reference shear strain.  
Figure 6a-c depict the results of \(G_{\text{d}}/G_{\text{dmax}}\) and \(\gamma_{\text{d}}\) tests for samples S1 to S3 under varying relative densities, alongside their fitting curves based on Equation (1). These Figures demonstrate a strong correlation and a satisfactory fit between the experimental data and the fitting curves. Upon analyzing Figure 6, it is noted that the attenuation rate of \(G_{\text{d}}/G_{\text{dmax}}\) varies with different relative densities (\(D_{r}\)). In general, the higher the relative density \(D_{r}\), the greater the rate of decay of \(G_{\text{d}}/G_{\text{dmax}}\) with increasing dynamic shear strain (\(\gamma_{\text{d}}\)), and the more pronounced the overall decay trend.
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, circularly polarized laser pulses can drive electrons to move in three-dimensional space, allowing for more detailed data and parameters on the radiation spatial distribution and motion trajectories of the electrons. This provides a better data reference for controlling electron motion with high-energy laser pulses. Therefore, this paper presents numerical simulations and result analyses of the radiation spatial distribution and motion trajectories of stationary electrons driven by circularly polarized chirped pulses. [PERSON] et al. [24; 25] analyzed the fluctuation effect of energy gain as a result of changing the chirped parameter. However, the cross-effects of chirped parameters and other pulse-related parameters, such as pulse width, have not been studied too much. This paper builds upon the findings of [PERSON] et al. and investigates the combined effect of the chirp parameter and pulse width. [26] Considering the high costs associated with the instruments, manpower, and material preparation required for conducting nonlinear Thomson scattering experiments, as well as the difficulty in performing large-scale experiments on individual electrons, simulations through computational experiments offer a more efficient approach. Such simulations allow for large-scale data acquisition and analysis in a relatively shorter time and at a lower cost. Therefore, the simulation of nonlinear Thomson scattering and the subsequent data analysis through simulations hold significant research value. Moreover, many scholars have also studied nonlinear Thomson scattering under different conditions. [27; 28; 29] For the first time, this paper conducts a systematic analysis of the interaction between laser pulses and electrons under different chirp parameters and pulse width conditions. It details the electron motion trajectories in multiple states, providing theoretical guidance for the experimental design and phenomenon analysis of laser pulse and free electron interactions. The relative changes in electron dynamic characteristics under different combination conditions of pulse width and chirp parameters are studied.
# Amharic _Adhoc_ Information Retrieval System Based on Morphological Features
## 4 Amharic IR System Design and Text Representation
### Text Preprocessing  
The preprocessing involves removal of tags and punctuation, language specific tokenization, and character normalization. Punctuation marks are removed as they do not bear content relevant to IR system. Character normalization is required due to the fact that some characters have similar pronunciation but different graphemes. The characters \(h\) /_h_ /_h_ / /_h_ / /_h_ / and their modifications are normalized to their corresponding modifications of \(u\) /_h_ /. The character \(u\) /_s_ / and its modifications are normalized to their corresponding modifications of \(u\) /_s_ /. The character \(u\) /_s_ / and its modifications are normalized to their corresponding modifications of \(u\) /_s_ /. The character \(u\) /_s_ / and its modifications are normalized to their corresponding modifications of \(u\) /_s_ /. The fourth orders \(u\) /_ha_ /_, \(u\) /_ha_ / /_ha_ / and \(u\) /_ha_ / are normalized to \(u\) /_ha_ / whereas the fourth orders \(u\) /_a_ / and \(u\) /_a_ / are normalized to \(u\) /_ao_ /. Thus, \(u\) /_s_root for the aforementioned examples of morphological variants is -?aC/n-?-?/. Therefore, roots are more appropriate than stems for Amharic as roots conflate word variants more accurately. Thus, we developed a new root-based representation for text representation for Amharic IR. We test our hypothesis experimentally by considering stem-based and root-based morphological analyses where extracted basic stems and roots of words from documents and queries. Basic stems serve for the formation of derived stems and surface forms of words. In Amharic, basic stems are usually derived from roots by inserting vowels between radicals.