## 1 Introduction  
In much scientific research, temperature is an important influencing factor [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], especially in situations where atomic beams need to be generated [6]. Also, many types of atomic clocks or precision instruments need to consider the impact of temperature on the final output signal [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].  
Time-keeping cesium beam frequency standards are widely used in defense, communication, power, transportation, and other fields [12]. As a device for generating cesium atomic beams, the cesium oven is the foundation for the normal operation of time-keeping cesium beam frequency standards. A cesium oven is placed inside a sealed cesium beam tube, which is equipped with a cesium bulb [13]. When the vacuum degree of the cesium beam tube reaches the required level, the cesium bulb is punctured by a high voltage, allowing the cesium atomic beam to pass through the puncture hole and be collimated by a collimator before being ejected. It then interacts with laser, microwave, and static magnetic fields to form clock transition signals [14, 15].  
The melting point of metallic cesium is 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the boiling point is about 671 \({}^{\circ}\)C [16]. As the temperature rises, gaseous cesium atoms will continue to be ejected and form a cesium atomic beam. Generally speaking, when the cesium oven temperature is around 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the number of atoms in the cesium atomic beam can meet the requirements of atomic transition excited by the 9.2 GHz microwave field [17]. However, as the cesium atoms in the bulb are consumed, the number of cesium atoms will gradually decrease. If it drops to a certain extent, the number of cesium atoms can be ensured by raising the temperature of the cesium oven.  
Due to the vacuum environment inside the cesium beam tube, cesium exists in liquid form in the cesium oven [18]. As the temperature increases, a portion of cesium transforms into a gaseous state, forming a saturated vapor pressure \(P\) inside. The research results of [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. indicated that the saturated vapor pressure \(P\) can be expressed as a polynomial of temperature \(T\): [19]  
\[logP(atm)=A+B\cdot T^{-1}+C\cdot logT+D\cdot T\cdot 10^{-3} \tag{1}\]  
Here, \(A,B,C\), and \(D\) are all constants.  
From Formula (1), it can be seen that it is only when the temperature is stable enough that the saturated vapor pressure inside the cesium bubble can stabilize, thereby forming a relatively uniform cesium atomic beam for use in the later stage. That is to say, the stability of the cesium oven temperature directly affects the signal-to-noise ratio of the clock transition signal, and will further affect the output signal indicators of the cesium beam frequency standards.  
Similarly, not limited to small cesium clocks, temperature is an important physical quantity in many situations where a hot atomic beam is required, which can directly affect many parameters, such as the velocity distribution, divergence angle, and flow rate of the atomic beam [20; 21; 22]. Therefore, a temperature control system with both high precision and wide range has good application prospects.  
This paper is structured as follows: We present the fundamental cesium oven design in Section 2. In Section 3, the hardware design, including the sensors, the electric bridges, and the power amplification, is presented. We describe the software design in Section 4, including the digital filter, the temperature conversion, and the digital PID (proportional, integral, differential) operation. The experimental results and discussion are stated in Section 5. The conclusions are summarized in Section 6.