# Exploring Evolutionary Algorithms for Multi-Objective Optimization in Seismic Structural Design
## 2 Background  
### Seismic Design--Energy-Dissipating Elements  
Effectively enhancing the structural response to seismic stress are passive energy dissipation systems, such as nickel-titanium alloy shape-memory devices, friction systems, and viscoelastic shear dampers [27]. For seismically resistant buildings, the modular buckling restrained brace (BRB) provides an adaptable energy dissipation mechanism with excellent cumulative ductility and stability [28]. Based on metal plasticity, the new energy dissipator has the ability to protect building structures from earthquakes. Its design may yet need to be refined and validated [29]. With a lower construction cost and acceptable levels of stiffness, damping, and ductility, the suggested Boxy Bending Damper (BBD) is a revolutionary energy dissipation device for the seismic protection of engineered structures [30]. In earthquake-resistant constructions, steel triangle plates welded as additional damping and stiffness devices (TADAS) efficiently disperse seismic energy without compromising strength or stiffness [31]. Buildings with moderate stiffness and exceptional energy dissipation characteristics during strong earthquakes are the outcome of the effective upgrading of moment-resisting frames and concentrically braced frames by ADAS elements [1]. ADAS components and other earthquake energy dissipation technologies were effectively employed in a seismic update of a San Francisco structure, increasing safety and minimizing damage [32]. It is possible to efficiently disperse seismic energy without creating stiffness  
Figure 1: Conceptual framework. or strength degradation in Iran's earthquake-resistant structures using steel plates welded as additional damping and stiffness (ADAS) devices [33]. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s study aimed to improve the structural performance of steel frames using optimization methods for a multi-level performance-based design. Specifically, the researchers aimed to increase the seismic resistance of steel frames at different performance levels (e.g., functional, failure limit, pre-collapse) using nonlinear viscous dampers. For this purpose, they used a multi-level optimization approach to observe how structures behave under different loading conditions. The result of the study showed that viscous dampers are effective in improving the seismic performance of structures [34]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] focused on an optimization-based approach in the seismic design of steel moment frames with nonlinear viscous dampers. The researchers aimed to maximize the seismic performance of structures using optimization algorithms. They determined the location and properties of dampers by applying various optimization techniques to obtain steel frames with high seismic performance. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of this optimization process especially in high-stress situations such as earthquakes [35]. By lessening base shear, roof displacements, and inter-story drift, the hybrid passive energy dissipation device (HPED) enhances the seismic performance of buildings while dissipating more seismic input energy than XADAS and friction dampers [36]. The seismic performance of cable-stayed bridge towers is greatly improved by the energy dissipation system of the low-yield-point steel seismic link, which lowers demands on the tower and the bridge overall while preserving elastic behavior under strong seismic excitation [37]. The suggested passive energy dissipation device for bridges offers a viable design for affordable seismic retrofitting because of its enhanced energy dissipation capacity and steady behavior during and after dynamic events [38]. Through enhancing energy dissipation and lowering seismic demand, passive energy dissipation technologies like shape memory alloy and Coulomb friction dampers have the ability to increase a structure's seismic resistance [39]. A key aspect in the seismic performance of seismically isolated structures is vicinity to the earthquake fault, as mentioned by [PERSON] [40], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41], and [PERSON] et al.