## 5 Control Strategies
The study demonstrates that combining experimental evidence with digital trajectory analysis provides actionable insights for transport authorities. Furthermore, the methodology enables scalable assessments that could be replicated across diverse station typologies and user profiles, including passengers with disabilities, thereby contributing to inclusive transit design and operational efficiency. This section underscores the practical impact of specific crowd management strategies at the PTI by linking them to quantifiable outcomes. For instance, the redesign of seat layouts--particularly shifting to parallel configurations--was found to modestly reduce boarding and alighting times by 5% and 2%, respectively, while significantly enhancing user perception of space and comfort [31]. Similarly, interventions like yellow safety lines have been shown to improve compliance and spatial organization on platforms, indirectly reducing conflicts during boarding and contributing to smoother flows [23]. The installation of platform edge doors (PEDs) not only improves safety by reducing accident rates but also fosters more predictable passenger clustering patterns, which reduce spatial conflicts and shorten PST under medium-demand conditions [26]. Floor markings and access control signage, as explored by [PERSON] et al. [72], demonstrated a 35% reduction in travel time and a 23% decrease in pedestrian interactions by redistributing passengers more evenly across the platform. These findings highlight that even low-cost spatial interventions, when supported by empirical evidence, can generate meaningful operational improvements and better user experiences. Ultimately, this advocates for an integrated strategy that aligns infrastructure modifications with behavioral insights, ensuring that efficiency gains also advance accessibility and user satisfaction. Other studies [73] proposed a crowd dynamics model to study the behavior of passengers when crowds are formed. The model revealed that maintaining at least 11 ticket boothsand 6 turnstiles during peak hours is crucial to minimize turnaround times and prevent service degradation. Moreover, practical recommendations are suggested in [74], which recommends crowd management measures to prevent accidents at crowded events through coordinated planning and communication among management teams and the public. More recent studies [75] registered that small group behaviors--such as decision-making patterns and physical closeness--significantly influenced evacuation dynamics in metro stations. Using field observations, surveys, and cellular automaton simulation, the authors found that tightly connected groups with joint decision making tend to slow evacuation, reduce average speed, and disrupt overall crowd flow. Also, in [76], the study analyzed passenger behavior and facility use at Suzhou Metro's Dongfangzhimen transfer station to improve coordination between passenger demand and infrastructure. Using fare collection data, field observations, and simulation modeling, the researchers proposed a volume-based path organization and multi-stage crowd management plan that significantly reduced queue length, time consumption, and crowd density. In the case of [77], the authors carried out a complete review of studies and suggested that effective crowd management is essential not only during emergencies but also in everyday high-traffic areas to prevent accidents and enhance service quality. The study proposed a crowd management platform that integrates real-time monitoring, predictive simulations, and coordinated control efforts, demonstrating its ability to improve safety and visitor experience in real-world settings.