esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology
Two consecutive harmonics detected by LIAs can be expressed as follows:  
\[I_{(2k-1)\omega}=-I_{0}VJ_{2k-1}(m)\sin\left(\frac{4\pi n}{\lambda_{0}}\Delta L \right), \tag{3}\]  
\[I_{2k\omega}=I_{0}VJ_{2k}(m)\cos\left(\frac{4\pi n}{\lambda_{0}}\Delta L\right). \tag{4}\]  
The displacement \(\Delta L\) calculated from the phase shift is given by:  
\[\Delta L=\frac{\lambda_{0}}{4\pi n}\left\{\arctan\left(-\frac{J_{2k}(m)I_{(2k -1)\omega}}{J_{2k-1}(m)I_{2k\omega}}\right)\right\}. \tag{5}\]  
The maximum measurement speed \(V_{max}\) of the FM interferometer is given by [24]:  
\[V_{max}=\frac{f_{m}}{4}\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n}. \tag{6}\]  
By using a higher modulation frequency, a higher measurement speed can be achieved. Figure 1: Frequency-locked displacement-measuring interferometer. LD: laser diode; OI: optical isolator; HWP: half-wave plate; PBS: polarized beam splitter; BS: beam splitter; PD: photodetector; QWP: quarter-wave plate; PZT: piezoelectric transducer; LIA: lock-in amplifier; TEC: thermal electric cooler; PID: proportional–integral–derivative controller; FG: function generator; DAQ: data acquisition. To confirm the measurement accuracy and resolution, the interferometer was used to measure the displacement of a mirror, which was generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT); see Figure 1. Concurrently, the displacement of the mirror was measured using a capacitive sensor. To clarify the measurement speed, the proposed interferometer was used to measure the axial error of a high-speed spindle; see Figure 2. The experimental setup was similar to the experiment using the PZT. The moving mirror was attached on the top of a spindle instead of on the PZT. The interference signal was collected by PD2 under the presence of the vibration and the strong environmental disturbance caused by the spindle operation at 500 rpm.
## 4 Case Study Results
### A Brief Background of the AeroLogic Joint Venture Partners  
#### DHL Express  
DHL, an international air express company, was established in San Francisco in 1969. The company developed a niche market in the ocean freight sector by flying ahead with the shipment-related documentation. Arriving prior to the vessel, they were able to complete the discharge paperwork and expedite the turn-around of the cargoes by two to three days, thereby offering clients significant savings [91]. From this base, the three founders ([PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]) established a lean operation focusing on time-critical, high-value goods--particularly documents [92]. The overnight express product was expanded to the banking sector, and then more broadly to the general business sector. In 1971, DHL commenced operations in the Pacific Basin, introducing services to the Philippines, followed by Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia in 1972 [93].  
Over the following decade, the company expanded its operations to Europe in 1974, Latin America in 1977, the Middle East in 1978 [94], and the Eastern Bloc countries in 1983. In 1983, DHL also opened its first hub at Cincinnati International Airport. An international hub was established in Brussels in 1985 [95]. DHL commenced operations in China in 1980 under an agency agreement with Sinotrans, the Chinese state transportation authority. Under the terms of the agreement, DHL provided services to and from China, and Sinotrans provided the in-country distribution services. In 1986, DHL formed a full joint venture partnership with Sinotrans, becoming the first integrator to establish its own offices and employees in China [92]. In 1990, DHL introduced services to Cuba and Mongolia [94]. DHL commenced air-express services to Vietnam in 1994, becoming the first express company to operate services to that country [93]. DHL also launched its Middle East regional distribution centre in Bahrainin 1994. This facility enabled DHL to process shipments faster and facilitated earlier deliveries to customers located in 16 countries in the Middle East [95].  
An important milestone for the company occurred in 1990 when, to raise capital for future expansion, DHL, previously a private company, entered into an agreement with Lufthansa, Japan Airlines, and Nissho Iwai Trading Company, a Japanese trading firm, under which the three new partners purchased 12.5% of DHL's stock. Lufthansa and Japan Airlines each acquired 5% and Nissho Iwai 2.5%. The agreement provided options for both Lufthansa and Japan Airlines to increase their shareholdings up to 25%, respectively, and for Nissho Iwai to increase its shareholding to 7.5% over a period of 18 months, for a total of 57.5% [94; 96]. Lufthansa and Japan Airlines subsequently exercised their options in 1992, and together with Nissho Iwai, took control of 57% of DHL International [97]. In 1998, Deutsche Post acquired a 22.5% shareholding in DHL. By the end of 2002, Deutsche Post World Net completed its full takeover of DHL [98]. The company serves over 220 countries throughout the world [99]. In 2016, DHL Express revenues were \(\copyright\)14.03 billion [100].
# Analysis of a Three-Level Bidirectional ZVS Resonant Converter
## 5 Conclusions  
A new three-level resonant converter is proposed, analyzed, and discussed to realize bidirectional power transfer and soft switching operation capability. A three-level diode clamp series resonant converter is used on the high-voltage side to have low voltage rating on active devices. For forward power operation, the conventional _LLC_ circuit is selected to have ZVS operation on all power switches. Full-wave rectifier with synchronous switches is adopted on the low-voltage side to reduce conduction loss on power semiconductors. To overcome the low voltage gain problem on conventional _LLC_ converter under reverse power operation, a parallel inductor is connected to the leg terminal of three-level diode-clamp resonant converter. Thus, the proposed converter can achieve voltage step-up and step-down for forward and reverse power operation by using PFM scheme. Compared to the  
Figure 14: Measured waveforms of power devices \(Q_{1}\)\(\sim\)\(Q_{4}\) under reverse power operation and 20% load (**a**) \(Q_{1}\) waveform (**b**) \(Q_{2}\) waveform (**c**) \(Q_{3}\) waveform (**d**) \(Q_{4}\) waveform (\(\textit{$\tau$}_{Q1,g}\)\(\textit{$\tau$}_{Q4,g}\): 10 V/div; \(\textit{$\tau$}_{Q1,t}\)\(\textit{$\tau$}_{Q4,d}\): 50 V/div; \(\textit{$\iota$}_{Q1}\)\(\textit{$\tau$}_{Q4}\): 20 A/div; time: 2 \(\upmu\)s)  
Figure 15: Pictures of the presented circuit: (**a**) prototype circuit; (**b**) experimental setup.  
bidirectional _LLC_ circuit [15], the proposed converter can achieve ZVS operation for both power flow directions. Compared to the symmetric _LLC_ converters in [16; 17; 18], the proposed _LLC_ converter has less freewheeling current on primary-side for forward power operation. However, one ac switch is needed in the studied circuit compared to conventional bidirectional _LLC_ circuit topology. Finally, the theoretical analysis is confirmed by experiments with a laboratory prototype.  
[PERSON] designed this project and was responsible for formal analysis, writing and editing this paper. [PERSON] measured the experimental waveforms. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, under research project MOST 108-2221-E-224-022-MY2.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Analysis of Outage Probability  
### The OP (Outage Probability) Under Different Seed Experiments  
Outage probability is the probability of signal interruption due to noise or damage during signal transmission in the case of experimental measurements.  
The number of signal interruptions and the total number of samples are recorded at each frequency by experimental measurements. OP is defined as the probability of signal interruption, i.e., the ratio of the number of signal interruptions to the total number of samples.  
As shown in Figure 8, we conducted controlled tests according to different seeds (corn, wheat, rape) at different frequencies and obtained the real verification of the shutdown probability analysis. The results are shown in Table 9.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Seed and Kernel Classification** & **Vibration Frequency (Hz)** & **Signal Outage Probability (OP)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Kernels of corn} & 4.5 & 0.08 \\  & 5.0 & 0.06 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 5.2 & 0.05 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 5.5 & 0.06 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Rape kernel & 6.0 & 0.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Outage probability (OP) tested under field conditions.  
Figure 7: **(a-c)** Characteristic images of the vibration piezoelectric response signal of the classified seed mixture.
## 4 Discussion
This study also investigated the effect of rootstock on the expression of genes in the C6/C9 compound metabolic pathway. The effect of rootstock on genes in grapes varied accordingly under different vintage conditions, with vintage and rootstock jointly determining changes in LOX-HPL pathway genes. Although gene expression was influenced by the vintage, we still found that 1103P up-regulated _VvADH2_ in both vintages, indicating that this gene was less affected by the vintage and was the key gene affected by 1103P. [PERSON] et al. [29] compared the expression of LOX-HPL pathway genes in four varieties and found that _VvLOXA_, _VvHPL1_, and _VvAAT_ were targets that altered the composition of GLVs in grape varieties. A recent study also showed 5 BB and 1103P up-regulated five _VvGTs_ and nine genes from the LOX and MEP pathways in Marselan berries. 1103P increased the concentrations of C6 alcohols, C6 aldehydes, and citronello1 from the Marselan berry [46]. However, in merlot grapes, 1103P significantly down-regulated the _VvLoXA_, _VvADH1_, _VvADH2_, and _VvADH3_ expression levels, which indicated that different scion varieties also affect the gene expression level. It has also been studied that seawater irrigation affects the expression of _VvLOXA_, _VvHPL_, _VvADH_, and _VvAAT_ in grapes [47]. This showsthat genes on the LOX-HPL pathway are highly plastic and susceptible to environmental and cultivation practices. A previous study showed that excessive rainfall caused branch depression, allowing CS/1103P to be pruned more aggressively [48], which affected grape development and flavor compound accumulation. Another study showed that proper water deficiency was beneficial to wine composition, global quality, and sensory perception for high-vigor rootstocks (1103P, 140 Ru) [44], which explains why 1103P only has a tendency to increase GLVs in dry and sunny vintage, while significantly increasing GLVs in rainy and cloudy vintage. Considering the sample size and the focus on volatile compounds, grapevine standing conditions, and vintage of this study, there are some limitations in this study, and there is a need to expand the sample size and vintages of this study to further validate the results of this study in future research.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Vegetation Index Selection
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Index** & **Equation** & **Description** \\ \hline NDVI & \(\frac{R_{air}-R_{rad}}{R_{air}+R_{rad}}\) & Vegetation health index using near-infrared and red reflectance. \\ \hline TNDVI & \(\sqrt{\frac{R_{air}-R_{rad}}{R_{air}+R_{rad}}+0.5}\) & Transformed NDVI, enhancing vegetation measurement sensitivity. \\ \hline GNDVI & \(\frac{R_{air}-R_{green}}{R_{air}+R_{green}}\) & Green NDVI, uses green band for enhanced vegetation sensitivity. \\ \hline RENDVI & \(\frac{R_{ridge}-R_{rad}}{R_{ridge}+R_{rad}}\) & Improved NDVI responding better to vegetation change. \\ \hline MSAVI2 & \(\frac{1}{2}(2R_{nir}+1-\sqrt{(2R_{nir}+1)^{2}-8(R_{nir}-R_{real})})\) & Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, reduces soil background effects. \\ \hline RVI & \(\frac{R_{rad}}{R_{blue}}\) & Ratio Vegetation Index, measures vegetation health using NIR and red reflectance ratio. \\ \hline DVI & \(R_{nir}-R_{red}\) & Difference Vegetation Index, calculates vegetation health using NIR and red reflectance. \\ \hline GDVI & \(R_{nir}-R_{green}\) & Green Difference Vegetation Index, measures vegetation health using green and NIR reflectance. \\ \hline GRVI & \(\frac{R_{nir}}{R_{green}}\) & Ratio of NIR to green reflectance, assessing vegetation condition. \\ \hline OSAVI & \(\frac{R_{nir}-R_{rad}}{R_{air}+R_{rad}+0.16}\) & Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, minimizing soil background impact. \\ \hline GOSAVI & \(\frac{R_{nir}-R_{green}}{R_{air}+R_{green}+0.16}\) & OSAVI variant using green band, adjusting for soil effects. \\ \hline NDRE & \(\frac{R_{nir}-R_{rededge}}{R_{nir}+R_{reading}}\) & Red-edge band-based index, monitoring chlorophyll content. \\ \hline SR & \(\frac{R_{nir}}{R_{rededge}}\) & Simple Ratio, assessing vegetation health using NIR and red-edge reflectance. \\ \hline NLI & \(\frac{R_{2g}^{2}-R_{rad}}{R_{nir}^{2}+R_{rad}}\) & Non-linear index, identifying plant photosynthetic activity. \\ \hline RDVI & \(\sqrt{\frac{R_{nir}-R_{rad}}{R_{nir}+R_{rad}}}\times(R_{nir}-R_{red})\) & Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index, reducing background noise. \\ \hline MSR & \(\frac{R_{nir}/R_{rad}-1}{\sqrt{R_{nir}/R_{rad}+1}}\) & Modified Simple Ratio, combining vegetation and soil data. \\ \hline NG & \(\frac{R_{green}}{R_{air}+R_{real}+R_{green}}\) & Normalized Green Index, assessing plant greenness. \\ \hline NR & \(\frac{R_{nir}}{R_{nir}+R_{rad}}\) & Normalized Ratio, analyzing vegetation using NIR and red bands. \\ \hline IPVI & \(\frac{R_{nir}}{R_{air}+R_{rad}}\) & Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index, estimating vegetation cover using NIR. \\ \hline MTVI2 & \(\frac{15(12(R_{nir}-R_{green})-25(R_{real}-R_{green}))}{\sqrt{(2R_{nir}+1)^{2}-( 6R_{nir}-5\sqrt{R_{rad}})-0.5}}\) & Modified triangular vegetation index for sparse vegetation monitoring and stress detection. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Vegetation indices with corresponding formulas and descriptions.
## 3 User Study
### Results  
#### 3.4.1 Compression Quality Evaluation  
Table 6 shows the average data of the two groups collected during compression-related skill evaluation including Supplementary Materials Table S1. Considering the size of the two groups, which are independent samples, the Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to conduct a normality test on the average value of each item. While a normal distribution could be assumed for compression rate, equal variance through the F-test could not be assumed, and analysis was thus performed using [PERSON]'s two-sample \(t\)-test. A normal distribution could not be assumed for the average values of the remaining four items, and a Mann-Whitney test was carried out. Statistical significance was determined based on a \(p\)-value of 0.05, and statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for'mean compression depth' and 'proportion of correct recoil'. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of 'proportion of correct compression depth','mean compression rate', and 'proportion of correct compression rate'.  
Figure 7: Overall procedures for Students (**left**) and Instructor (**right**).  
Looking at the analysis results, the mean compression depth of the two groups satisfied the KCPR guidelines. The face-to-face group had a slightly higher average than the remote group for 'proportion of correct recoil'. The difference was not statistically significant due to the limited samples. The trends for'mean compression rate' show that both groups had values falling in the recommended range, and the face-to-face group had a higher 'proportion of correct compression rate'. For 'proportion of correct compression depth', the face-to-face group again had a higher value.
# Joint Channel Estimation Algorithm Based on DFT and DWT
## 6 Simulation and Analysis
### Joint Channel Estimation Algorithm Performance  
Figures 8 and 9 show the MSE performance of the joint channel estimation algorithm under different channel models. It can be seen from the figures that, in the low SNR range, the MSE of the joint channel estimation algorithm (ST-DFT+DWT) coincides with that of the ST-DFT channel estimation algorithm. In the high SNR range, the MSE of the joint channel estimation algorithm and the DWT channel estimation algorithms coincide. Another observation is that the MSE of the joint channel estimation algorithm is smaller than that of both ST-DFT and DWT channel estimation algorithms in the mid-SNR range. The above results show that the joint channel estimation algorithm can dynamically select the algorithm with the best transient channel estimation performance based on the MSE estimated in Equations (36) and (37) as the judgment condition. Thus, its overall estimation performance will be better than that of both algorithms.  
Figure 6: Comparison of MSE estimates and simulation values for different algorithms in channel D.  
Figure 7: Comparison of MSE estimates and simulation values for different algorithms in channel UMi.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Glottal Flow and Implications for Phonation
Figure 6 shows the leakage flow rate (\(U_{\text{D}}\)), which is the average of minimum volume flow rate over cycles, reflective of glottal gap size. This is a method for measuring the leakage of glottal flow during maximal glottic closure. High values of each parameter indicate a breathy voice quality. Figure 6 shows that the mean flow rate decreases monotonically with \(a_{\text{CT}}\) and increases monotonically with \(a_{\text{TA}}\) and \(a_{\text{LC}}\), a result that matches clinical results. Stretching the CT muscle leads to elongation of the vocal fold, but stretching the TA muscle or LC muscle leads to contraction of the vocal fold. The elongation and contraction of vocal fold affects the glottal area. The variation of \(U_{\text{C}}\) is related to vocal fold vibration. Vibration at low frequency often requires high glottal volume flow velocity. The opposite is true at high frequency. This may seem counter-intuitive, but it is difficult for pathological vocal folds to vibrate regularly even if the muscle activity achieves the conditions for producing high-frequency sound. Because of the unilateral polyp, the amplitude of vocal fold vibration is small, and the glottal area has little variation. Increased vocal fold stiffness prevents normal vibration. Figure 6 can be regarded as a supplement to other figures. Leakage flow is not zero, which means that there is incomplete glottal closure in each cycle for the pathological vocal fold. Note that the fluctuation in the amplitude of volume flow rate increases as the minimum volume flow rate decreases. That is, in contrast to normal vocal folds, low leakage flow in pathological vocal folds may not result in a good voice quality. Vibratory periodicity should still be the primary consideration. Figure 6: Comparison of effects of important airflow parameters related to laryngeal muscle activation on voice quality. (**a**) The fluctuation amplitude of volume flow rate, which is the root mean square of the time shift of glottal flow during the test. (**b**) The time-rate of change of the volume flow rate, which is the root mean square of the time shift of glottal flow velocity during the test. (**c**) The mean value of volume flow rate during the test time. (**d**) The average of minimum volume flow rate over cycles during the test time.
# Review of Functionally Graded Thermal Sprayed Coatings
## 4 Major Applications of Functionally Graded Coatings
### Applications in Printing Industry (Corona and Anilox Rolls)  
The APS method is widely used to spray coatings in the printing (_anilox rolls_) and packaging (_corona rolls_) industries.  
Anilox rolls are used to transfer ink to paper at printing. The ceramic coatings sprayed with the APS method replaced galvanic layers used previously. The specifications of coatings in such rolls are hard to realize. Namely, the surfaces of coatings must be smooth, free from defects, resistant to abrasion and corrosion, with high wettability [132; 342]. The rolls are made of stainless steel. The metallic bond coat is sprayed on the substrate followed by a ceramic, mainly Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), top coat. The as-sprayed coatings are ground and polished. The laser engraving of small cells follows. The last stage is the final polishing. There is a tendency to increase the density of cells on the surface. The rolls with the surface texturing after spraying are also sometimes used [343]. The rolls are important and increasing part of thermal spray market [344]. It should be stressed up, that anilox rolls can be produced with other than Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) oxides such as e.g., Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) + TiO\({}_{2}\) alloys [345]. On the other hand, the Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) coatings can be produced with use of HVOF spraying [346].  
_Corona rolls_ are used to increase the adhesive capacity of printing ink to the polyethylene surface by the use of plasma generated at corona discharge. The rolls used in the process were coated by Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) sprayed using the APS method. The amount of metal (The inclusions of metals in sprayed coatings are mainly the droplets of W or Cu from the spray torch electrodes.) in sprayed alumina must be as small as possible. Therefore, it is very important to optimize parameters and to control the electrodes of the torch. The coatings must have good dielectric properties and being thick enough to have high breakdown voltage [347]. This requires spraying of thick alumina coating. The APS-sprayed alumina coating on corona rolls can be sealed after deposition [348]. The rolls are an important part of the plasma spray set-ups market [349].
## 2 Design of Base Cells  
In this section, the optimization design process of the base cells is presented, including the PLSM, the numerical homogenization method, the optimization formulation, and the design sensitivity analysis.
## 4 Results  
To obtain an overview of the raw data, three categories of hazard level 3-5 [21] were defined for the tested series. The first test result category summarizes the data for the correct CID behavior (hazard level 3) [21]. All tested cells showed the expected triggering behavior (refer to Figure 6), i.e., after an overcharge time of 10 min, the internal gas pressure was sufficient to open the CID, which leads to an out-gassing process of the cell (current drops and voltage increases). The CID had correctly interrupted the current flow and prevented further overcharging of the cell, which is categorized as a safe condition, i.e., marked as hazard level 3 [21] (marked as green safe behavior).  
The next category summarizes the behavior that has been observed as the incorrect triggering of the CID (refer to Figure 7). During the experiment, it was found that, in this state, there was strong smoke development with increased temperatures due to partial interruption in current flow by the CID. Therefore, this is classified as a non-safe condition hazard level 4 [21] (marked as yellow, unsafe behavior).  
The last category included the CID data with a false triggering behavior of the CID, which could separate current and voltage only briefly or not at all, and therefore did not prevent overcharging of the cell (refer to Figure 8). This eventually leads to the burning or explosion of the cell and is therefore classified as the non-safe condition at hazard level 5 or higher (marked as red, unsafe behavior).  
Figure 6: CID has correctly interrupted the current flow. This is typical behavior for the correct separation of CID. Hazard level 3 [21].