## 4 Discussion
The study concluded that a fully digital approach for addressing aesthetic, complex bone defects in the anterior maxilla can yield satisfactory results. It is crucial to recognize the need for a proper learning curve and a well-trained team, given the broad applications associated with new digital technologies. On the same note, [PERSON] et al. [40] reported a case introducing a novel protocol for manufacturing custom-made CAD/CAM hydroxyapatite scaffolds to augment posterior mandibular bone and reduce the extent of surgery in a case of severe atrophy. At the 1-year follow-up examination, the implant-supported restorations exhibited favorable functional and aesthetic integration. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [41] assessed the healing and resorption process associated with a 3D-printed Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic (BCP) scaffold in a bone augmentation procedure. The patient underwent maxillary buccal plate bone regeneration using a 3D-printed biphasic-HA block. After a 7-year period, a specimen of the regenerated bone underwent harvesting and processing for micro-CT and histomorphometric analyses. Their findings indicated that in cases where jaws remained unloaded, the microarchitecture typically resembled osteoporotic features after one year without loading. In contrast, the utilization of BCP contributed to the preservation of correct microarchitecture even after 7 years. The conclusion drawn was that BCP 3D-printed scaffolds offer a viable solution for bone regeneration, facilitating straightforward and less time-consuming surgery while promoting bone preservation. Another notable case report by [PERSON] et al. (2023) [42] validated successful outcomes through the utilization of particulate bone grafts placed within a 3D-printed, patient-specific polycaprolactone/bioactive glass-7 scaffold (PCL/BGS7) for augmenting the mandibular alveolar ridge with severe bone atrophy for dental implant placement. While these studies offer interim reports, they underscore the feasibility of creating anatomically shaped custom-made scaffolds through the integration of computed tomographic scans and CAD/CAM techniques. Subsequent studies are warranted to validate and build upon these initial findings. In recent years, tissue engineering has emphasized bone reconstruction techniques employing 3D scaffolds for comprehensive biological and mechanical tissue rehabilitation [30]. The fundamental principles governing these bone grafting materials encompass low immunogenicity, bioactive behavior, and the capacity to interact seamlessly with host tissues [39]. It is imperative that the 3D scaffold not only provides temporary skeletal support until the formation of new bone tissue but also ensures structural integrity and porosity for the rapid dissemination of cells and nutrients throughout the entire structure. Additionally, the manufactured 3D scaffold must be biodegradable, eliminating the necessity for surgical removal. Simultaneously, the resorption speed rate should be slow, ensuring degradation occurs while new tissue formation is ongoing. Notably, there is a divergence in the types of bioprinted scaffolds observed in the included studies. For instance, one study [37] utilized porous hydroxyapatite (HA) blocks. Hyaluronic acid (HA) emerges as a promising material for bioprinting applications due to its natural presence in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and distinct characteristics, including high viscoelasticity, biocompatibility, and degradability. Significantly, HA constitutes 11% of the total polymer distribution employed in bioink preparation. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the heightened hydrophilicity of HA may compromise the stability of its bioprinted constructs, thereby restricting its application scope [43]. [PERSON] et al. [36] used polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. PCL, a biodegradable synthetic polyester employed in bioprinting, exhibits enhanced stiffness and elasticity.