# Attention-Oriented CNN Method for Type 2 Diabetes Prediction
## 1 Introduction  
In today's era, humanity faces huge challenges in the fight against diabetes, both in industrialized and emerging countries [1]. Diabetes usually manifests as metabolic disorders, caused by environmental, genetic and other factors. The main clinical manifestation is hyperglycemia. Long-term symptoms of hyperglycemia can lead to damage to the eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular organs, dysfunction, and even organ failure [2]. Typical cases of diabetes usually manifest as polyuria, polyplasia, polyphagia, and weight loss. In the field of diabetes research, researchers refer to this phenomenon as the symptoms of \"three more and one less\". In the medical field, diabetes is dividedinto type 1 diabetes (T1 DM), type 2 diabetes (T2 DM) and gestational diabetes (GDM) [3]. T1 DM usually manifests in individuals under 30 years of age. This particular form of diabetes presents itself quite suddenly, and patients frequently present with symptoms such as excessive urination, excessive thrust, and elevated blood glucose levels [4]. In many instances, the first indication of T1 DM is ketoacidosis, accompanied by decreased levels of serum insulin and C-peptide. Furthermore, these patients tend to exhibit positivity for islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin antibodies (IAA), or glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD) [5]. For patients afflicted with T1 DM, treatment with oral medications in isolation proves ineffective, necessitating the implementation of insulin therapy to effectively manage blood glucose levels [6]. T2 DM often occurs in middle-aged and elderly people, and excessive obesity is one of the important causes of its onset. It often occurs in conjunction with diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and arteriosclerosis. The disease is subtle, and in its initial stages, there may be no symptoms or only mild fatigue and thirst. Diabetic patients need to undergo a glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis. In patients with T2 DM, serum insulin is normal or elevated in the early stage and decreases in the late stage [7]. GMD is one of the common complications during pregnancy. Excessive obesity, older childbearing age, past history of GDM, family history of T2 DM, and race are the main risk factors for GDM [8]. In recent years, surveys of diabetes patients have shown that from 1980 to 2014, the incidence of diabetes among adults increased by 3.8%. This increase is particularly rapid in developing countries [9]. Statistics in 2017 show that there are approximately 450 million people estimated to have diabetes worldwide, and this number is expected to increase significantly to approximately 693 million by 2045 [10]. Another statistical study shows the seriousness of diabetes, reporting that there are approximately 5 billion people with diabetes worldwide, and this number will increase to 25% and 51% by 2030 and 2045, respectively [11]. Among individuals diagnosed with diabetes, T2 DM accounts for approximately 95% of cases [12]. Because identifying diabetes in its early stages is challenging, many patients with T2 DM suffer from lasting complications before being diagnosed. These complications increase patient injury and mortality [13]. Although a complete cure for diabetes remains elusive, careful blood sugar control can be achieved through timely intervention, reasonable treatment, and lifestyle changes. Under the guidance of a skilled healthcare professional, a customized treatment plan can be developed based on each patient's unique situation [14]. Therefore, accurate early prediction of diabetes has the potential to control its development and avoid its onset. Although many researchers have conducted extensive research efforts on diabetes diagnosis, there is still room for improvement in the field of diabetes prediction, making it an extremely difficult task. The contributions of this study are summarized in the following points:  
* We propose a robust T2 DM prediction framework to aid the clinical diagnosis of diabetes.