## 6 Results and Discussion
### Case 4. Complex Partial Shading Condition
CPS dealt in case 4 and the proposed hybrid algorithm gives the effective results with the lowest settling and convergence time as compared to the other PSO, DFO, FA, CS, InC, and ACO techniques. In the case of CPS, PSO, and CS technique performance is compromised because they initialized the particles randomly. For comparative analysis of all presented techniques, the DFO algorithm is included because it has effective unique characteristics like enemy avoidance, coherence, swarms closely spaced interaction. These DFO characteristics help to eliminate the oscillations and present optimized results of the PV energy systems. It is observed that the hybrid (InC-DFO) technique has a higher efficiency among all the comparing techniques and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Technique** & **Convergence** & **Settling** & **Maximum** & **Power** & **Efficiency** & **GM** \\  & & **Time (s)** & **Time (s)** & **Power** & **Tracked** & **(\%)** & **De-** \\  & & & **(Watt)** & **(Watt)** & **(Watt)** & **(**\%)** & **tected** \\ \hline  & PSO & 0.80 & 1.10 & 864 & 862 & 99.77 & Yes \\  & DFO & 0.53 & 0.61 & 864 & 863.3 & 99.92 & Yes \\  & InC & 0.52 & 0.60 & 864 & 863.1 & 99.90 & Yes \\
1.UIC & Hybrid & 0.50 & 0.59 & 864 & 863.4 & 99.93 & Yes \\  & CS & 1.90 & 1.94 & 864 & 863 & 99.88 & Yes \\  & FA & 0.60 & 0.67 & 864 & 852 & 98.61 & Yes \\  & ACO & 0.53 & 0.62 & 864 & 862.2 & 99.76 & Yes \\ \hline  & PSO & 1.60 & 1.80 & 512 & 498 & 97.27 & Yes \\  & DFO & 0.59 & 0.75 & 512 & 509 & 99.41 & Yes \\  & InC & 0.48 & 0.52 & 512 & 325 & 63.48 & No \\
2.PS1 & Hybrid & 0.48 & 0.62 & 512 & 511.4 & 99.88 & Yes \\  & CS & 1.60 & 1.78 & 512 & 506 & 98.83 & Yes \\  & FA & 1.00 & 1.30 & 512 & 508 & 99.22 & Yes \\  & ACO & 0.65 & 0.93 & 512 & 507 & 99.02 & No \\ \hline  & PSO & 1.10 & 1.65 & 781 & 779 & 99.74 & Yes \\  & DFO & 0.53 & 0.73 & 781 & 780 & 99.87 & Yes \\  & InC & 0.22 & 0.22 & 781 & 712 & 91.17 & No \\
3.PS2 & Hybrid & 0.20 & 0.89 & 781 & 780.4 & 99.92 & Yes \\  & CS & 1.41 & 1.93 & 781 & 770.2 & 98.59 & Yes \\  & FA & 1.01 & 1.42 & 781 & 769 & 98.46 & Yes \\  & ACO & 0.31 & 0.35 & 781 & 768 & 98.33 & No \\ \hline  & PSO & 1.31 & 1.91 & 1250 & 1246 & 99.68 & Yes \\  & DFO & 0.69 & 0.83 & 1250 & 1248 & 99.84 & Yes \\  & InC & 0.39 & 0.45 & 1250 & 1094 & 87.52 & No \\
4.CPS & Hybrid & 0.41 & 0.75 & 1250 & 1249.8 & 99.98 & Yes \\  & CS & 0.73 & 1.82 & 1250 & 1243 & 99.44 & No \\  & FA & 0.52 & 0.80 & 1250 & 1157 & 92.56 & No \\  & ACO & 0.59 & 1.40 & 1250 & 1247.1 & 99.76 & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparative Analysis between Proposed and Previous MPPT Techniques for all Weather Conditions. their output is oscillation-free for all-weather conditions. The hybrid technique tackles the steady-state and transient response successfully. The result shows better performance compare to the results shown in the paper [45]. The settling time of PSO, DFO, InC, Hybrid, CS, FA, and ACO techniques are 1.80 s, 0.75 s, 0.52 s, 0.62 s, 1.78 s, 1.30 s, and 0.93 s, respectively for PS1 condition and power tracked by proposed hybrid and all other DFO, CS, PSO, FA, InC, and ACO techniques are 511.4 W, 509 W, 506 W, 498 W, 325 W, and 507 W, respectively. The convergence time of the PS2 condition for PSO, DFO, InC, InC-DFO, CS, FA, and ACO techniques are 1.10 s, 0.53 s, 0.22 s, 0.20 s, 1.41 s, 1.01 s, & 0.31 s, correspondingly. When comparing all the techniques it is observed that InC has the least convergence time. The settling time of ACO, FA, CS, hybrid, InC, DFO, and PSO are 0.35 s, 1.42 s, 1.93 s, 0.89 s, 0.22 s, 0.73 s, and 1.65 s, respectively. It is noted that the proposed technique presents the lowest settling time that decreases the power losses and enhances the efficiency of the PV energy systems. CS has the highest settling time that may result in loss of power. The Power of DFO, PSO, CS, FA, Inc, ACO, and hybrid techniques are 780 W, 779 W, 770.2 W, 769 W, 712 W, 768 W, and 780.4 W, correspondingly.