## 1 Introduction  
Endodontic sealers are utilized in the obturation process of root canal treatment to improve a fluid-tight or hermetic seal throughout the canal. This includes the apical foramen as well as any canal unevenness or minor discrepancies that exist between the root canal wall and the core filling material [1; 2]. Root canal sealers and repair materials should have the desirable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and an antibacterial effect if possible. Root canal sealers are used to prevent bacterial infiltration and the formation of harmful byproducts in the periapical tissues, hence facilitating tissue regeneration and preventing the progression of periapical diseases [1]. Several methods, such as single master cone, cold lateral compaction, the Thermafil system, hybrid Tagger's, and continuous wave, have been suggested as possible approaches to the obturation of root canals. Gutta-percha is typically selected as the core material associated with endodontic sealers that have a variety of compositions [3]. Therefore, the best endodontic sealers should prevent leakage and reduce the chance of bacterial invasion through the periapical tissues. An endodontic sealer should be dimensionally stable, biocompatible, slow setting to allow for ample working time, seal well once set, and adhere well to canal walls. Additionally, it should not dissolve in body fluids [2]. The chemical nature of the substances present in root canal sealers may define significant relationships with tissue tolerability, bond strength with dentin, and antibacterial capabilities. Each new root canal sealer should offer suitable options that are well defined for their intended use and environmental contexts [4]. The characteristics of root canal sealers influence the overall quality of the root filling that is placed in the canal. It is possible to gain an understanding of the clinical behavior of a root canal sealer as well as its handling characteristics by conducting laboratory experiments on their physical and chemical properties [5; 6]. There are a variety of laboratory tests that may be performed to investigate the clinical and physical characteristics of sealers. To meet the standards set by the American National Standards Institute and the American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA), a sealer must have a radiopacity of at least 3 mm aluminum thickness, less than 3% solubility, more than 20% flowability, no more than 50 \(\upmu\)m film thickness, and a setting time that does not exceed 10% of the time prescribed by the manufacturer's declaration [7; 8]. Endodontic sealers come in a variety of forms, including glass ionomer, silicone, resin, calcium hydroxide, and zinc oxide eugenol, as well as a sealer made from a bioceramic resin, which can be used for apexification, retro-filling, direct pulp capping, apexogenesis, and perforation repair [9]. Portland sealer is related to the radiopacifier, known as MTA, and the bioceramic resin [10]. These bioceramic materials in particular are produced by mixing calcium silicate and calcium phosphate, which are frequently employed in the medical and dentistry fields [11]. Their physical and biological characteristics, such as their alkaline pH and chemical stability in the biological environment, as well as the fact that they are biocompatible, have received a great deal of attention. These materials also have the benefit of forming hydroxyapatite during the fixing procedure, which creates a link between the filling material and dentin [12]. However, all root canal sealers demonstrate some level of toxicity in their active ingredients. Because of this, the cytotoxicity of sealers continues to be an issue despite the fact that newer sealers have been produced due to the great biocompatibility of these sealers [13; 14]. There is little information available on the biocompatibility of new sealers on the market.