## 4 Discussion  
### Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics  
Carcass yield is important for determining the growth performance and economic returns of broiler meat. The noted increase in carcass yield, HCW, and CCW from MSE-supplemented birds indicates an improvement in muscle and bone development than in the control groups. This was expectable given that moringa has growth-stimulating properties. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [20] noted an increase in the carcass yield and breast weight of chickens fed diets containing 1% clove (_Syzygium aromaticum_) seed meal. Contrary to this study, [PERSON] et al. [21] noted a similarity among dietary treatments for carcass yield when roselle (_Hibiscus sabdariffa_) seed meal was supplemented (50%) in the diets of finishing broilers. The increased CCW observed in this study among the MSE-administered group could be translated to more cuts available for sale, signifying high profitability.  
Furthermore, the lack of differences in gizzard and liver weights among the treatments might be a result of the elimination of the nonstarch polysaccharides of moringa seed through water extraction, as it has been noted by [PERSON] et al. [22] that a direct relationship exists between dietary fibre levels and internal organ sizes. The liver is generally responsible for the secretion of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase enzymes, and high levels indicate a liver disorder. The similarity in the values of these enzymes among treatments obtained in our previous work [10] justifies the lack of differences in liver weight.  
The observed increase in spleen weights indicates that there was a positive immune response to the nutraceutical content of MSE. Thus, MSE nutraceuticalul can be stated to operate as an immune system booster by increasing blood flow and boosting the body's immunological function. [PERSON] et al. [23] noted no variation in the spleen weight when grape seed extracts were administered up to 300 mg/Kg diet to birds.  
The oral administration of MSE increased ultimate meat pH, which is supported by the findings of [PERSON] et al. [24] who administered chestnut wood extract to broilers for 42 days. The 24 h pH values generally demonstrate the rate of carcass glycolysis and are linked with meat shelf life. Hence, oxidation tends to occur rapidly in meat with a reduced pH2 thr value. The PC treatment had the lowest pH2 thr and redness (\(a^{\star}\)) values, which supports previous studies that noted that light-coloured broiler meat samples have reduced pH2 thr values [25].  
Meat producers value the WHC because it plays an essential part in determining the ultimate weight of the meat. The increased WHC through oral administration of MSE\({}_{90}\) and MSE\({}_{120}\) agrees with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [26], who administered bamboo leaf extracts to broilers.  
Present findings show that shear force values declined with MSE administration, suggesting that the meat became tenderer with the supplementation of MSE. This was not consistent with the report of [PERSON] et al. [27] who reported no effect on shear force of broiler meat when _Saposhnikova diaricata_, _Lonicera japonica_, or _Chelationium majus_ extracts were administered for 35 days. However, [PERSON] et al. [26] noted variations among treatments for shear force, which agrees with this present study. Nonetheless, the observed differences among these trials can be attributed to differences in various plant species, the concentration of the phytochemicals, and the route of administration of the phytogenics.