## 4 Literature Review
### BIM Methods for Waste Management  
Better data and information flow means improved decision-making processes and, in addition, enhanced capacity to manage and decrease CDW streams. IMM methods play the double role of managerial and technological drivers [6], supporting the implementation of sustainable strategies and waste management practices during all stages of the construction and demolition processes [39; 42]. Digital methods and techniques are demonstrated to guarantee the consistency of the information flow during the entire construction and demolition process through several applications [59; 60; 61; 62]. Regarding the integration of BIM and CDW minimization and management, most of the existing studies focused on CDW reduction and management during the design phase. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63] proposed a BIM-based system for estimating and planning demolition and reconstruction activity by reducing the waste stream. They proposed an automated and accurate waste estimation methodology using the quantity take-off enabled by a BIM-model with a fast and more cost-effective approach. The authors addressed the lack of data and information that afflicts the estimation task during the demolition planning and reconstruction activities [64] in order to support the decision-making process. The correct quantification of waste, which must provide waste typology and dimensions, is in fact critical for effective and proper waste management [65]. [PERSON] et. al. [66] investigated how BIM implemented during the design phase could support CDW reduction during the construction phase by eliminating the root causes of waste generation through clash detection, quantity take-off, phaseplanning, site utilization, and digital prefabrication. The study aimed to maximize the homogeneous fractions of mono-materials by using BIM, and they proposed a BIM-based waste management planning and execution system to monitor the minimized and disposed waste [66]. [PERSON] et al. [67] proposed a BIM-based Deconstructability Assessment Score system (BIM-DAS) to compare several design options by identifying the best technological solution for deconstructability purposes and the most influential design factors influencing deconstructability. Deconstruction is defined as the possibility of disassembling a whole or a single element of a building, enhancing the technical component of reuse and recycling [68], leading the sector to reach a zero-waste economy [69; 70; 71; 72]. [PERSON] et al. [73] investigated a BIM-aided construction waste minimization framework, aiming to support designers in addressing waste causes during the decision-making processes of the design stages. [PERSON] et al. [74] investigated an automated waste estimation system, aiming to streamline the waste estimation process and support more efficient waste management during the design phases. The authors implemented their research for the visual planning of construction waste, discretizing waste generation in quantities for on-site reuse and off-site recycling, and identifying specific activities in the construction schedule where reuse is possible [75].  
The literature review highlighted the extensive implementation of BIM methodologies to support CDW management during the design phases through the parametric modeling, visualization, and simulation capabilities of BIM. Existing studies showed promising results, with possible waste reduction of 4-15% by using BIM during the design phases [76]. However, the application of BIM methodologies for CDW minimization and to manage the demolition or reconstruction of existing buildings that had not been designed following deconstructability principles is a less investigated topic [8].