# Connected Objects Geo-Localization Based on SS-RSRP of 5G Networks
## 3 Distance Estimation
\right) \tag{30}\]

We assume that the sum of sines or cosines becomes negligible for large N.

The CRLB gives the lowest variance of our proposed estimator \(D_{ij}\). Figure 6 shows that the proposed estimator follows at all SNR ranges the CRLB with almost the same gap. At one meter we notice a gap of 9 dB, this is due to the mathematical approximation done to derive the CRLB. When the SNR values increase asymptotically the variance of the estimator becomes closer to the CRLB limit. ## 5 Conclusions

In this paper we proposed an innovative method to estimate the distance between two mobile COs from the measurements of SS-RSRP when 5G is deployed. We have provided a sophisticated analysis, naturally assuming that the SS-RSRP values depend on the distance from the COs to the MC. In particular, it has been shown that the use of these 5G signals makes it possible to provide good location accuracy without resorting to the GPS system. Using simulations and a detailed analytical study, it has been shown that the proposed algorithms have achieve good location accuracy of distance of around one meter. Funding acquisition was ensured by F.A. All the scientific investigation are equally ensured by the three authors: [PERSON], A.H. and F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. (G: 840-611-1441). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support. The APC was funded by Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University. Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The study did not report any data. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure 6: Cramer Rao Lower Bound compared to simulation results. ## References

* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 5G mmWave Positioning for Vehicular Networks. _IEEE Wirel. Commun._**2017**, _24_, 80-86. * [PERSON] et al. (2001) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Experimental Performance of Methods to Estimate the Location of Legacy Handsets in GSM. In Proceedings of the IEEE 54 th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01 CH37211), Atlantic City, NJ, USA, 7-11 October 2001; Volume 4, pp. 2716-2720. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2004) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Enhanced Performance of Cell ID+RTT by Implementing Forced Soft Handover Algorithm. In Proceedings of the IEEE 60 th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 26-29 September 2004; Volume 5, pp. 3545-3549. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2010) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] RTT Positioning Field Performance. _IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol._**2010**, _59_, 3656-3661. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2014) [PERSON] TDOA navigation Using CDMA2000 Signals \"Experimental results\". In Proceedings of the 2014 Ubiquitous Positioning Indoor Navigation and Location Based Service (UPINLBS), Corpus Christi, TX, USA, 20-21 November 2014; pp. 265-271. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2005) [PERSON]; [PERSON] E-GPS: Indoor Mobile Phone Positioning on GSM and W-CDMA. In Proceedings of the 18 th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2005), Long Beach, CA, USA, 13-16 September 2005; pp. 2762-2768. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Stand-alone and Hybrid Positioning Using Asynchronous Pseudolites. _Sensors_**2015**, _15_, 166-193. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] _5G Localization And Context-Awareness_; University of Bologna: Bologna, Italy, 2018. * [PERSON] et al. (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Position and Orientation Error Bound For Wideband Massive Antenna Arrays. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), London, UK, 8-12 June 2015; pp. 853-858. * [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A Survey On 5G Massive MIMO Localization. _Digit.