## 3 Results
### Bone Morphology and Mineral Composition  
Bone morphology, breaking strength, and other characteristics at week 63 are described in Table 10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Control** & **Food Waste** & **50:50 Blend** & **SEM** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Tibia & & & & & \\ Fresh weight (g) & 12.9 & 12.5 & 12.9 & 0.12 & 0.341 \\ Air-dry weight (g) & 9.60 & 8.98 & 9.35 & 0.11 & 0.054 \\ Oven-dry weight (g) & 8.95  & 8.34  & 8.71  & 0.10 & 0.041 \\ Relative oven-dry weight 1  (g/kg) & 3.86 & 3.64  & 3.68 & 0.04 & 0.053 \\ Ash 2  (\%) & 37.6  & 42.0  & 39.8  & 0.44 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Length 3 (mm) & 125  & 122  & 124  & 0.51 & 0.034 \\ Diameter (mm) & 8.38 & 8.08 & 8.15 & 0.07 & 0.163 \\ Seedor index 4 (mg/mm) & 71.3 & 68.3 & 70.4 & 0.62 & 0.132 \\ Breaking strength (N) & 253 & 248 & 256 & 9.82 & 0.941 \\ Femur & & & & & \\ Fresh weight (g) & 11.2 & 11.0 & 11.2 & 0.10 & 0.697 \\ Air-dry weight (g) & 7.62 & 7.34 & 7.54 & 0.09 & 0.489 \\ Oven-dry weight (g) & 6.74 & 6.37 & 6.52 & 0.09 & 0.218 \\ Relative oven-dry weight (g/kg) & 2.90 & 2.78 & 2.76 & 0.03 & 0.176 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Bone morphology and strength for experimental treatments at week 63.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Control** & **Food Waste** & **50:50 Blend** & **SEM** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Villus height (\(\mu\)m) & 935 & 1075 & 998 & 31.15 & 0.181 \\ Crypt depth (\(\mu\)m) & 130 & 149 & 154 & 4.78 & 0.083 \\ Villus height/crypt depth & 7.64 & 7.53 & 7.02 & 0.25 & 0.581 \\ Basal width (\(\mu\)m) & 143 & 145 & 165 & 5.47 & 0.192 \\ Middle width (\(\mu\)m) & 136 & 138 & 155 & 4.82 & 0.228 \\ Apical width (\(\mu\)m) & 125 & 125 & 142 & 4.53 & 0.205 \\ Apparent villus area (\(\mu\)m\({}^{2}\times 10^{3}\)) & 125 & 146 & 154 & 6.69 & 0.143 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Jejunal morphological measurements for experimental treatments at week 63.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Control** & **Food Waste** & **50:50 Blend** & **SEM** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Villus height (\(\mu\)m) & 527 & 545 & 633 & 25.90 & 0.238 \\ Crypt depth (\(\mu\)m) & 108 & 111 & 162 & 10.35 & 0.054 \\ Villus height/crypt depth & 5.00 & 5.17 & 4.23 & 0.29 & 0.431 \\ Basal width (\(\mu\)m) & 114 & 99.2 & 107 & 4.08 & 0.310 \\ Middle width (\(\mu\)m) & 106 & 93.6 & 102 & 3.94 & 0.456 \\ Apical width (\(\mu\)m) & 91.3 & 85.6 & 101 & 5.02 & 0.521 \\ Apparent villus area (\(\mu\)m\({}^{2}\times 10^{3}\)) & 55.3 & 51.4 & 66.8 & 4.25 & 0.362 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Ilea morphological measurements for experimental treatments at week 63.  
Hens offered the food waste-based diets had a lower absolute oven-dry weight for the tibia compared to those offered the control diets (\(p<0.05\)). However, when the oven-dry weight of the tibia was expressed as per unit of hens' body weight, the tibia oven-dry weights were not different between the dietary treatments. Higher ash content in both the tibia and femur was observed in hens offered the food waste-based diets compared to the control group (\(p<0.001\)). Hens offered the 50:50 blend diets had higher ash content in the femur compared to those offered the control diets (\(p<0.001\)). Additionally, hens offered the food waste-based diets had shorter tibias and femurs compared to hens offered the control diets at week 63 (\(p<0.05\)).  
The tibia mineral composition for the dietary treatments at week 63 is given in Table 11. Hens fed the food waste-based diets had increased S (\(p<0.05\)), Fe (\(p<0.01\)), Mn (\(p<0.001\)), and Zn (\(p<0.001\)) levels in the tibia compared to hens fed the control diets at week 63. Hens offered the 50:50 blend diets had higher tibia \(P\), Mg, and Mo compared to those fed the control diets at week 63 (\(p<0.05\)). Additionally, higher tibia Ca and P levels were observed in hens fed the 50:50 blend diets compared to those fed the food waste-based diets at week 63 (\(p<0.05\)).