###### Abstract  
The impacts of drought and/or warming on forests have received great attention in recent decades. Although the extreme drought and/or warming events significantly changed the forest demography and regional carbon cycle, the seasonality quantifying the impacts of these climate extremes with different severities on the productivity of subtropical coniferous forests remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of seasonal drought and/or warming on the net primary productivity (NPP) of subtropical coniferous forests (i.e., _Cunningham lancolata_ and _Pinus massoniana_ forests) from Hengyang-Shaoyang Basin in southern China using the Ecosystem Demography model, Version 2.2 (ED-2.2) and based on the datasets from forest inventory, meteorological reanalysis, and remotely sensed products. The results showed that the goodness of fit of the DBH-height allometric equations was better than that of the default in ED-2.2 after model calibration; the ED-2.2 model qualitatively captured the seasonality of NPP in the subtropical coniferous forests; and the mismatch between simulated annual NPP and MODIS-NPP (MOD17A3 HGF) became smaller over time. The effect of seasonal drought on NPP was greater than that of warming; the decline rate of NPP gradually increased and decreased with time (from July to October) under the seasonal drought and warming scenarios, respectively; NPP decreased more seriously under the combined drought-warming scenario in October, with an average decrease of 31.72%, than the drought-only and warming-only scenarios; seasonal drought had an obvious legacy impact on productivity recovery of subtropical coniferous forests, but it was not the case for warming. With the increase in drought severity, the average values of soil available water and NPP together showed a downward trend. With the increase in warming severity, the average values of canopy air space temperature increased, but NPP decreased. Seasonal drought and/or warming limit forest production through decreasing soil moisture and/or increasing canopy air space temperature, which impact on plant photosynthesis and productivity, respectively. Our results highlight the significance of taking into account the impacts of seasonal warming and drought when evaluating the productivity of subtropical coniferous forests, as well as the significance of enhancing the resistance and resilience of forests to future, more severe global climate change. d 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 222 222 222 222 222 222 222 2222 222 222 2222 2222 2222 222 2222 222 2222 2222 222 22  
warming events on forest productivity. Since the 20 th century, with the intensification of global climate change, drought and/or warming events have occurred more frequently across the globe [3; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11], and the trend is expected to be stronger in the future under climate change [10; 12]. The forest is a vital component for carbon sink among the terrestrial ecosystems [13], and their demography (e.g., growth, mortality, and reproduction) may be influenced by climate extremes (e.g., drought and warming), and further causing changes in the regional carbon cycle [3; 4; 14]. Drought and warming are inextricably linked [15], and drought often occurs with warming [15], triggering a series of synergies and jointly affecting tree and seedling mortality [15; 16; 17; 18; 19] and forest productivity. Drought stress also increases the risk of fires, causes outbreaks of pathogens and pests, and affects the forest demography, which seriously affects forest productivity and carbon absorption [15]. Consequently, investigating the effects of drought and/or warming on forests is critical in a changing climate. The current research on forest drought and/or warming varies by climatic zones. So far, research on drought and/or warming has focused primarily on tropical forests, such as the Amazon rainforest [7; 15; 20; 21; 22; 23] due to the distinctive dry and rainy seasons by the tropical monsoon climate.