# Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Ontology in Wireless Sensor Networks  
The term ontology can be defined as a formal and explicit specification of a set of concepts in a specific field of interest. The explicit specification of those ideas (concepts) is mostly presented in the form of a well-structured diagram composed of classes and sub-classes based on their inheritance, attributes, and relationship. Ontology can be designed to allow data to be shared and reused across applications and companies, etc. Depending on the topic in question, one can use ontology for improving their system. (For more information about ontology, please see this article [[https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/1/2/18/](https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/1/2/18/)]([https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/1/2/18/](https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/1/2/18/)), accessed on 14 September 2021, [50]). This paper clearly shows how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need to be protected. Firstly, the integration of information technology (IT) components (specifically, the Internet) in a system makes that system vulnerable. Unfortunately, despite this, the utility of IT is maintaining our \"unwillingness to get exploited\" and changes it to a \"passing obligation-route\". Therefore, security engineers have no other choice than to start thinking about the \"security requirements\" to minimize the chances for an Internet user being exploited by an attacker. Based on this fact, we propose a new ontology approach ORASWSN, which requires being taken into consideration at the initial phase (or before the launch) of any WSN. With this recommendation being respected, our scheme can become more powerful, due to the features and requirements it holds by helping network administrators and engineers to properly establish the static wireless sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks, when the attacker happens to cross the physical security barrier and obtain access to the wireless devices, any sensor node he captures becomes automatically a malicious sensor node, since it is in a pernicious person's hands. Sensor nodes usually maintain information that if found can jeopardize the whole system. In this approach, we recommend that the manager of the WSN deploys a well-structured intrusion detection system in case any malicious activities with the nodes or any unpredictable moves of a node quickly triggers an alert to the system administrator. Note that the ontology itself cannot enhance the security of a network, but it has to be properly used to be fruitful. The ontology technology was historically tied to the Semantic Web. Numerous approaches have already proved the value of design patterns for building domain ontologies that are reusable (See [PERSON], [51], or [PERSON], 2021 [52] for the history about ontology). However, understanding the concepts and the core meaning, one can introduce the ontology in various areas, such as in static WSN. Since the early 1990s, ontology has become a research area in artificial intelligence, including knowledge engineering, natural language processing, and knowledge representation. Recently, it has also become usual in areas such as wireless sensor networks, information systems, intelligent information integration, information retrieval, and knowledge management [53]. All developed ontologies have to be stored to be accessible by other system components. Building an ontology from scratch in a way that causes the inference engine to generate calculated, preplanned logical statements for its principal goal is a complex task. Hence, the feature of \"reusability\" comes into play. The \"inference engine\" can be shortly summarized as software that is designed to be capable of processing data stored in a knowledge-base and finding the in-depth query from such a knowledge-base (Please see [54]). Ontology can be designed to facilitate information being shared and reused across several applications and enterprises, etc. Depending on the topic in question, security professionals can apply ontology to improve their system.