## 1 Introduction  
Ceramic materials based on zirconia (zirconium oxide, ZrO\({}_{2}\)) attract the attention of researchers and industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high flexural strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability [1]. Due to these advantageous properties, zirconia is considered one of the vital materials for engineering, tools, dental, or orthopedic applications [2, 3, 4]. Zirconia-based ceramics serve as a catalyst and are used as a material for solid fuel cells due to their unique characteristics [5]. Zirconia exhibits superior thermal resistance with a melting temperature ca. 2700 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which makes it a more effective material for isolation layers than glass or quartz fibers [6]. Pure zirconia, under low-pressure conditions, exists in three distinct crystalline phases: monoclinic (m-ZrO\({}_{2}\), P21c, stable to 1170 \({}^{\circ}\)C), tetragonal (t-ZrO\({}_{2}\), P42/nmc, stable 1170-2370 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and cubic (c-ZrO\({}_{2}\), Fm3m, stable 2370-2900 \({}^{\circ}\)C). In the presence of pressure, a primary phase transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic phase is observed at 3-11 GPa [7; 8; 9] (brookit phase, either Pbcm or Pbca), with a secondary transition occurring at 9-15 GPa [8] (Pnam, isostructural to cotunnite). The rutile phase, which is theoretically predicted and should be more stable than the monoclinic phase, has not yet been observed in experimental studies. Furthermore, zirconia has a polycrystalline biphasic structure [10]. At elevated temperatures, pure zirconia has a tetragonal structure \(t\)-ZrO\({}_{2}\), and a monoclinic phase \(m\)-ZrO\({}_{2}\) at room temperature, but two phases, t-ZrO\({}_{2}\) and m-ZrO\({}_{2}\), can coexist, e.g., in a matrix. Since the tetragonal phase is unstable, it is usually stabilized with yttria, making up a hard, tough structural ceramic feasible for the high-temperature applications, e.g., in jet engines [11]. Recently, cerium has been considered as an attractive alternative to yttria for stabilizing zirconia, due to its higher toughness compared with yttria-stabilized zirconia, even though CeO\({}_{2}\) ceramics exhibited relatively low strength [12]. Some researchers pointed out that zirconia with Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) has better mechanical properties, but it suffers from the disadvantage of degrading at low temperature. Experimental evidence suggests that CeO\({}_{2}\)-doped zirconia is more stable [13]. Due to higher mobility of grain boundaries, the grain size after sintering is larger, making challenging the fabrication of completely dense ceria-stabilized zirconia ceramics with fine grains [14]. In recent years, significant attention has been paid to nanostructured ceramics, because reducing the grain size results in increased hardness and fracture resistance of the ceramic. Indeed, the ZrO\({}_{2}\) nanopowders exhibit enhanced mechanical and functional characteristics compared to coarse-grained materials [15]. One of the most promising methods for obtaining such nanopowders is an electrospray deposition technique [16]. However, for successful industrial application, it is necessary to ensure the reproducibility of the properties of the obtained materials. It is widely known that the particle size distribution of the initial powder plays a crucial role in further compaction and thus has an effect on the properties of the sintered material [17]. The utilization of nanopowders is contingent upon the procurement of substantial quantities of materials that are characterized by their reproducible quality. Research has demonstrated that by optimizing the conditions of electrospray deposition, high reproducibility of the structure and properties of nanopowders can be achieved [18]. In particular, under certain process parameters, it is possible to obtain particles with a narrow size distribution, ensuring stable mechanical properties of the sintered ceramic products.