# Spectroscopy Imaging Techniques as In Vivo Analytical Tools to Detect Plant Traits
## 1 Introduction  
To date, the campaign to end hunger has received great attention from nations. With the growth in human population and the ongoing rise in food demand, hunger is a pertinent subject that warrants concern. Furthermore, the global population is expected to continue rising and eventually reach nine billion people [1]. Moreover, a meta-analysis investigated by [PERSON] et al. [2] demonstrated that there will be a rise in food consumption through 2050. Although crop yields are projected to rise, concerns regarding food security and food safety have been spreading around the globe [3]. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the war in Ukraine were the pressing problems in 2020-2022, leading to a loss of food security [4]. The challenge of food security appeared when people tried to deal with social distancing, which forced citizens to stay at home. In this case, people tended to store up their food shelves in huge amounts. Additionally, the fear of viral infection could heighten the concern about food unavailability [5] caused by inadequate access to agricultural activities. Similarly, the war between Russia and Ukraine significantly affects agricultural processes, from plant growth to food markets [6]. Further, food safety deals with the safety of the food production line, ranging from on-farm to off-farm practices [7, 8]. Hazards commonly occur due to chemical contamination [9], physical contamination [10, 11], food adulteration [12, 13], genetic modification [14], and other processes. Chemical contamination and food adulteration in agricultural products are present as the side effects of food unavailability. Hence, an analytical method, such as spectroscopy, can be used. Spectroscopy imaging techniques are emerging as a powerful tool to directly and rapidly assess food quality [15], although a model needs to be built using machine learning algorithms before an assessment is conducted. We suggest the reviews by [PERSON] et al. [16] and [PERSON] et al. [15] for detailed applications of spectroscopy imaging techniques in food safety control assessment. A description of current spectroscopy imaging techniques is available in Section 3. Plants are considered one of the important food resources for humans and stocks. The consumption of plants can offer various advantages for the human body. This is due to the presence of natural materials in plants, such as vitamins, minerals, and other micro- and macronutrients. However, the quality of food products derived from plants depends on the unique traits during their growth period. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity [17; 18], extreme temperature [19; 20], and drought [21; 22], play a role in causing yield loss [23; 24]. Nevertheless, these factors are present naturally during crop growth. Subsequently, numerous symptoms and alterations may occur throughout the growth time and, hence, plant growth can be disturbed. Plant biotechnology has been widely developed by researchers to strengthen various crops' resistance to stresses, such as Chinese cabbage [25] and potato [26]. The term hybridization refers to combining high-resistance and high-yield genes with a target gene [27; 28]. In this process, a technician is needed to isolate the desired gene and subsequently clone it to the target plant. Nevertheless, some Asian countries still face difficulties when confronting abiotic stresses that threaten crops, for example, heat stress during summer in countries such as Indonesia. In this case, due to the consequences of heat stress, plants are likely to show different responses (in physiological and biochemical aspects), as previously summarized by [PERSON] et al. [29]. Under an elevating ambient temperature, the stomata tend to close and produce a lot of carbon dioxide, and the photosynthetic rate will fall gradually [30; 31]. For an in-depth understanding, readers may refer to [29; 30]. Therefore, a preventive step--crop growth monitoring--should be conducted [32].