# Plant Foliar Geometry as a Biomimetic Template for Antenna Design
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
1 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 7 & & 9 & 10 \\ \hline
11 & 12 & 13 & & 15 & 16 & & 18 & 19 & 20 \\ \hline  & 22 & & 24 & 25 & 26 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline
31 & & & 34 & 35 & 36 & 37 & 38 & 39 & 40 \\ \hline  & 42 & 43 & 44 & 45 & 46 & 47 & 48 & 49 & \\ \hline  & 52 & 53 & 54 & & 56 & & 59 & 60 \\ \hline
61 & & 63 & & 65 & 66 & 67 & 68 & & 70 \\ \hline
71 & 72 & 73 & 74 & 75 & 76 & 77 & 78 & 79 & 80 \\ \hline
81 & 82 & 83 & 84 & 85 & & 87 & 88 & 89 & 90 \\ \hline
91 & 92 & 93 & 94 & 95 & 96 & 97 & 98 & 100 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Antenna elements based on the leaf geometries that operate between 0.6 GHz and 1 GHz. Each antenna element could be worked and analyzed to operate at a specific frequency. However, this analysis of operation frequencies helps us to identify what kind of leaf design geometries can adapt in a better way to a set frequency range. Some modern applications or bands of interest can be included in this analysis. For example, Table 8 illustrates the antenna elements that can operate at frequencies of Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) and 5 GHz. These frequencies are often used in wireless technologies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\ \hline
11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 & 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 \\ \hline  & 22 & 23 & 24 & 25 & 26 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline
31 & 32 & 33 & 34 & 35 & 36 & 37 & 38 & 39 & 40 \\ \hline
41 & 42 & 43 & 44 & 45 & 46 & 47 & 48 & 49 & 50 \\ \hline
51 & 52 & 53 & 54 & 55 & 56 & 57 & 58 & 59 & 60 \\ \hline
61 & & 63 & 64 & 65 & 66 & 67 & 68 & 69 & 70 \\ \hline
71 & 72 & 73 & 74 & 75 & 76 & 77 & 78 & 79 & 80 \\ \hline
81 & 82 & 83 & 84 & 85 & 86 & 87 & 88 & 89 & 90 \\ \hline
91 & 92 & 93 & 94 & 95 & 96 & 97 & 98 & 100 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Antenna elements based on the leaf geometries that operate in the C band (4–8 GHz). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & & & 9 & 10 \\ \hline  & 12 & 13 & 15 & 16 & 18 & 19 & 20 \\ \hline  & & 24 & 25 & 26 & 27 & & & \\ \hline  & & & 36 & & 38 & 39 & 40 \\ \hline  & 42 & 43 & 44 & 45 & 46 & 47 & 48 & 49 & \\ \hline
51 & 52 & 53 & 54 & & & & 59 & 60 \\ \hline
61 & & 63 & & 65 & 66 & 67 & 69 & 70 \\ \hline
71 & & & & 76 & 77 & & 79 & \\ \hline
81 & 82 & 83 & 84 & & 86 & & 89 & 90 \\ \hline
91 & 92 & 93 & 94 & 95 & 96 & 97 & 98 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Antenna elements based on the leaf geometries that operate in the L band (1–2 GHz). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\ \hline
11 & 12 & 13 & & 15 & 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 \\ \hline  & 22 & 23 & 24 & 25 & 26 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline
31 & & 33 & 34 & 35 & 36 & 37 & 39 & 40 \\ \hline
41 & 42 & 43 & 44 & 46 & 47 & 48 & 49 & \\ \hline
51 & 52 & 53 & 54 & 55 & 56 & 57 & 59 & 60 \\ \hline
61 & 62 & 63 & 64 & 65 & 66 & 67 & 68 & 69 & 70 \\ \hline
71 & 72 & 73 & 74 & 75 & 76 & 77 & 78 & 79 & 80 \\ \hline
81 & 82 & 83 & 84 & 85 & 86 & 87 & 88 & 89 & 90 \\ \hline
91 & 92 & 93 & 94 & 95 & 96 & 97 & 98 & 99 & 100 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Antenna elements based on the leaf geometries that operate in the S band (2–4 GHz). As illustrated previously, each leaf geometry presents a different geometric shape. Therefore, we selected seven particular leaves in order to illustrate a different geometrical shape: _Tetrapterys macrocarpa_ (Malpighiaceae), _Sarcomachnis maranjoana_ (Piperaceae), _Cis-sampelos owariensis_ (Menisperaceae), _Paranomus spectrum_ (Proteaceae), _Cesaria_ (Salciaceae), _Liquidambar styracciflua_ (Hamamelidaceae), and _Quercus alba_ (Fagaceae). The effect of the leaf's geometric characteristics (elliptic, obovate, ovate, oblong, toothed, lobed leaves, pinnnately lobed) can be studied by analyzing these seven different types of leaves across species. Figures 2-8 illustrate the antenna design in CST and the results obtained for the seven leaf geometries selected.