## 4 Discussion
Furthermore, neuromuscular control of lower limbs and the trunk during single-legged squatting and jump landing improved after an 8-week core muscle training in female collegiate basketball players [39]. Speed, agility, upper body strength, and leg explosive power improved after an 8-week core strength training in male handball players [40]. Performance in runners in terms of faster times in the 5000-m run improved after a 6-week core muscle strength training [41]. Running economy and endurance were enhanced by adding inspiratory loaded core conditioning exercises to a 6-week high-intensity interval training [42]. Running economy, core endurance, and static balance also improved after an 8-week core muscle training program in male college athletes, such as long-distance runners, basketball, football, and rugby players [43]. Additionally, long jump explosive force and agility skills, but not double right/left foot balance, increased after an 8-week core strength training in runners [44]. In addition, core muscle strength improved after an 8-week core strength training program in male young cyclists [45]. Similarly, core stability training improved core muscle strength in professional football players [46]. Flexibility and body balance improved after a 12-week static stretching and core specific training in Tripura cricketers [47]. A 12-week program of core muscle training enhanced isometric strength of the trunk and the prone bridge core endurance in rhythmic gymnasts [48]. A shorter, 6-week training program including core stability exercises enhanced core endurance and strength, which contributed to better static and dynamic balance by reducing postural fluctuations in female students with trunk control defects [49]. A 6-week core muscle strength and proprioceptive training program increased single leg hop and Y-balance test scores in taekwondo athletes [50]. Furthermore, a 10-week core strength training program improved core strength, power, balance, the spinning wheel kick, and reaction speed in female young karate athletes [51]. Maximal throwing velocity increased following a 6-week core stability training program including unstable, closed kinetic chain motions in female, high school handball players,indicating that a more stable and stronger lumbopelvic-hip complex contributes to greater rotational velocity in multi-segmental movements [4]. A review of 12 studies revealed that smash stroke performance and dynamic balance are improved by core stability training in badminton players; thus, the training can be implemented in various racquet sports for enhancement of athletic skill performance [52]. Moreover, rotational power and force, peak arm speed and acceleration, ball speed, and carry distance improved more after a 9-week isokinetic training program compared to an isotonic training program in pre-elite golfers [53]. An 8-week core strength training program also improved core strength, rotational power, estimated peak power, time to peak acceleration, rotational flexibility, and maximal countermovement jump in junior competitive surf athletes [54]. There was an increase in trunk rotational power after both preparatory and competitive periods in tennis players, whereas this only occurred after the preparatory period in ice-hockey players and canoeists, which reflected the specificity of their training programs [55]. In addition to the enhancement in athletic performance [56; 57; 11; 58], exercises that strengthen and stabilize core musculature have been recommended for prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders [56]. A recent review by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59] revealed that these exercises, performed alone or combined with athletic training, contribute to a decrease in back problems in athletes. Thus, a better understanding of the role which core strength and stability plays in physical activities has applications for enhancement of athlete performance as well as for a reduction in their risk of back problems.