## 3 Materials and Methods
### Wireless Communication Technologies for IoT and Cloud-Based Solutions  
This section covers various wireless communication protocols used in IoT devices, including Wi-Fi AdHoc, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRaWAN, and SigFox. It also touches on the use of cloud computing for IoT applications, such as data storage, analytics, and remote device management. This section could provide a comprehensive overview of wireless communication technologies used in IoT devices and their integration with cloud-based solutions. 1. Wi-Fi AdHoc: With the standard of IEEE 802.11, Wi-Fi technology turned into the first technology to create devices connected to the network. Allowing to create news architectures such as Wi-Fi AdHoc is a decentralized type of wireless network because each node participates in routing by forwarding data to other nodes [47]. These nodes can be IoT devices and are very helpful in applications where it is needed to have many devices connected. 2. Zigbee: The most popular industry wireless mesh networking standard for connecting sensors, instrumentation, and control systems. Zigbee implements communication in a personal wireless area network, providing low power consumption and interoperating multi-vendor, commonly used in home automation, low-power consumption sensors, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) control, etc. [48]. 3. Z-Wave: A wireless protocol evolved by Zensys and confirmed by the Z-Wave Alliance for automation apparatuses for home and commercial environments. This protocol allows transmitting short messages with minimum noise and uses a Mesh network configuration [49]. 4. LoRaWAN: A low-power, wide-area networking protocol designed to connect battery wirelessly operated 'things' to the internet in regional, national, or global networks. It targets IoT requirements, such as bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility, and localization services. According to work cited in [50], LoRa has the most features in terms of IoT, such as low power consumption, long-range communication, etc. Furthermore, the paper tested communication in urban and forest areas, showing that LoRaWAN can transmit data up to 2.1 km in urban areas. Figure 7: Defining 5G and features that are essential for the Internet of Things services. SigFox: SigFox is a network operator dedicated to the Internet of Things. The SigFox network uses the ultra-narrow band, allowing devices to communicate with low power on a wide area [51]. * Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a term used to describe both a platform and a type of application. One of the essential features of cloud computing is the capability to assign dynamic resources to the network, being an important key to providing scalable solutions and avoiding high costs. The interference plays an important role when connecting devices since the signal quality decrease, which means the modulation decreases and the bits per error increases. That is a problem if we are trying to offer large bandwidths and low latency in each data transmission [52]. We must consider different factors to provide a great QoS, like the weather, buildings, hardware, software resources, etc. In the IoT context, the buildings and distances create the main interferences. For that reason, technologies such as Zigbee, SigFox, LoRaWAN, and Z-wave play a vital role in connecting devices. * WiGig: WiGig, also known as 802.11 ay, is a wireless communication technology that operates on the 60 GHz frequency band [53]. It was developed as an extension of the Wi-Fi standard to provide high-speed, short-range wireless communication, primarily for applications that require high bandwidth, such as virtual reality, high-definition video streaming, and gaming. WiGig supports multi-gigabit data transfer rates, with theoretical speeds of up to 176 Gbps, which is much faster than the previous Wi-Fi standards [54]. It achieves this speed through the use of wider bandwidth and advanced modulation techniques, such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).