# Visualisation of Information Using Patient Journey Maps for a Mobile Health Application
## 2 Review of Literature and Applications
### User Experience Evaluation Metrics for Mobile Health Apps
The Health-ITUES is a customised tool developed to assess the usability of healthcare mobile technologies with reference to various system usability evaluation questionnaires, such as the IBM Computer System Usability Questionnaire, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS) [35]. The authors demonstrated the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in a mobile healthcare application usability study. However, unlike existing measurement tools, the Health-ITUES was designed to be customised through changes to several questions in the questionnaire so that the user-system-taskenvironment interactions of the app to be evaluated can be considered [36]. This can reduce the reliability of the evaluation because subject responses may vary depending on the question. In addition, the Health-ITUES is a validated evaluation metric centred on perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use factors, but with a focus on usability. The mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) is a questionnaire designed to evaluate the usability of mobile healthcare apps, which was developed based on well-validated questionnaires from previous mobile app usability studies [37]. Furthermore, the questionnaire was designed considering the problems of the mobile application rating scale (MARS) and Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Scale (Health-ITUES). Although the MAUQ is reliable and valid for assessing mobile healthcare app usability, it lacks factors and subscales that consider health literacy, which is an important concept in mobile healthcare apps. One study recommended the inclusion of health literacy-related assessments in the usability testing of patient web portals to improve the adoption of consumer health information systems and the health knowledge of users [38]. This finding suggests that information quality in health information systems should be assessed in multiple ways. Five dimensions of information quality have been identified for health websites: accuracy, completeness, depth, understandability, and relevance of the information [38]. Among these, understanding of information is rated as one of the most important qualitative dimensions [38]. Information understandability refers to the readability of information in plain language, including textual statistics, explanations of medical language and acronyms, selection of a display format for numerical or graphical information, and image clarity. Most evaluation factors for healthcare apps have been developed in terms of usability and quality [39; 30]. These two factors are commonly included in user satisfaction evaluation tools and are centred on usability. Therefore, existing mobile healthcare app evaluation tools lack questions on factors such as information literacy in relation to personal health data communication, which makes it difficult to comprehensively measure the experience of a patient with mobile healthcare apps. To overcome this issue, [PERSON] et al. [40] developed a UX evaluation scale for mobile healthcare apps by collecting evaluation items for each factor from existing related evaluation methods (MAUQ, uMARS, Health-ITUES, and eHLQ), combining items with overlapping or ambiguous meanings, and analysing their validity through factor analysis. In general, the UX consists of usability, emotion, and user value [41; 42]. The UX evaluation scale offers the advantage of considering aesthetics and health literacy in addition to usability and usefulness, which are the focus of existing evaluation methods; it can be compiled through a simple questionnaire. Therefore, this UX evaluation scale was adopted to measure the user experience of the prototype, and the detailed survey questions are presented in Table 1.