# Slow Pyrolysis as a Method of Treating Household Biowaste for Biochar Production
## 5 Future Perspectives  
To complement the conclusions of this study, future research should focus on optimizing the slow pyrolysis process for kitchen biowaste to increase the yield of biochar. In parallel, further exploration of the potential applications for kitchen-derived biochar is needed to better understand its practical utility. Additionally, an economic assessment of the pyrolysis process is essential, as favorable technical outcomes may not always translate into financial feasibility for large-scale implementation. Taking into account that the current study was conducted on a laboratory scale, future experiments should be performed on a pilot or semi-industrial scale to validate the findings under more practical conditions. There is also a need for more studies on co-pyrolysis involving various waste combinations (e.g., municipal solid waste (MSW) with coal [57], plastics [58], or other biomass [59]) to improve product quality and yield. Further investigation into pretreatment methods, such as chemical activation or moisture control, could improve the efficiency of the process and tailor biochar properties for specific applications. Moreover, the development of integrated systems like pyrolysis combined with combined heat and power (CHP) units, supported by life cycle and techno-economic analyses under different regional conditions, will be critical in ensuring commercial viability and sustainable implementation [59; 60]. In the case of garden biowaste, further investigation is needed to determine whether contamination--such as with soil or stones--can be prevented during collection. If such impurities persist in the garden biowaste gathered by residents, it may be necessary to introduce pre-cleaning protocols before the pyrolysis process. Moreover, due to the high yield and ash content observed in garden-derived biochar, the properties of the ash should be investigated. While the ash may contain nutrients that have a positive effect on plant growth, they may also have a negative effect on soil properties, depending on the type of soil to which it is applied. In addition to experimental methods, computational approaches to biowaste pyrolysis play a key role in process optimization, particularly regarding energy efficiency and product distribution. Mathematical models, such as thermal reaction kinetics [61; 62], computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [63; 64], and Aspen Plus simulations [65; 66], can predict the behavior of heterogeneous biowaste during pyrolysis, including decomposition rates and the distribution of product fractions (gas, oil, and biochar). Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) also allows for the determination of kinetic parameters, which are crucial for scaling up the process from the laboratory to industrial level [62; 67; 68]. Computer simulations also enable the assessment of how temperature, heating rate, and residence time affect the quality and composition of the products, thereby supporting the design of more efficient and sustainable biowaste processing systems. A.B. : conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing--original draft, and visualization; M.L. ([PERSON]): conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition; K.P. : validation, resources, supervision, and funding acquisition; A.F.F. : conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, and project administration; A.R. : methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, supervision, and project administration; G.O. : investigation and visualization; M.L. ([PERSON]): resources, funding acquisition, and investigation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This publication was funded by the research subsidy allocated for 2025 (08/030/BK_25/0151). Not applicable. This study's original contributions are detailed in this article; any further inquiries can be addressed to the corresponding author.