## 4 Discussion  
This is the first pilot study that investigated the impact of dwarf kiwi combined with apple on recognized clinical metabolic parameters in humans. Apples are one of the most popular fruits in Poland, while dwarf kiwi has become more popular in recent years [7; 27; 28; 29; 30]. They both can be consumed without peeling, which makes them attractive and easy to prepare. Moreover, as already mentioned, dwarf kiwi and apples are rich sources of antioxidant agents and fiber, and their concentration is higher in peel compared  
Figure 1: The study results (\(\uparrow\) increase, \(\downarrow\) decrease). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Supplementation Group**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Placebo Group**} \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Day 0**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Day 60**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Day 0**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Day 0**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Day 60**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_p_**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD [\(\downarrow\)]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD [\(\downarrow\)]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD [\(\downarrow\)]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD [\(\downarrow\)]**} \\ \hline FM [kg] & 32.63 & 16.05 & 34.21 & 15.29 & 0.11 & 32.01 & 11.37 & 33.13 & 10.25 & 0.74 \\ FM\% & 29.31 & 7.22 & 30.85 & 6.89 & 0.11 & 30.49 & 6.40 & 31.77 & 5.08 & 0.74 \\ Creatinine [mg/dL] & 0.78 & 0.06 & 0.75 & 0.06 & 0.18 & 0.92 & 0.16 & 0.87 & 0.12 & 0.15 \\ GFR [mL/min/1.73 m\({}^{2}\)] & 117.39 & 12.75 & 121.91 & 14.18 & 0.22 & 101.00 & 24.60 & 106.38 & 20.34 & 0.31 \\ Unic acid [mg/dL] & 5.89 & 0.81 & 5.60 & 0.72 & 0.34 & 6.04 & 1.41 & 5.91 & 1.43 & 0.95 \\ GCTP [UT]/L & 38.43 & 18.76 & 41.57 & 19.55 & 0.40 & 39.63 & 23.57 & 37.75 & 21.16 & 0.89 \\ Amylase [U/L] & 53.53 & 13.31 & 56.90 & 16.52 & 0.11 & 46.49 & 11.92 & 52.23 & 15.80 & 0.04 \\ Total cholesterol [mg/dL] & 180.71 & 52.28 & 178.43 & 66.48 & 0.94 & 211.50 & 50.47 & 198.63 & 34.17 & 0.25 \\ HDL [mg/dL] & 42.43 & 8.54 & 43.86 & 5.73 & 0.55 & 40.13 & 9.73 & 44.38 & 12.14 & 0.13 \\ LDL [mg/dL] & 87.40 & 29.34 & 103.14 & 51.58 & 0.31 & 123.43 & 48.19 & 116.00 & 35.03 & 0.30 \\ TG [mg/dL] & 212.74 & 127.15 & 155.63 & 80.61 & 0.047 & 228.05 & 177.63 & 229.31 & 239.05 & 0.74 \\ Non-HDL [mg/dL] & 138.35 & 52.32 & 134.40 & 64.90 & 0.94 & 171.39 & 51.75 & 154.33 & 37.00 & 0.11 \\ AST [U/L] & 29.94 & 13.65 & 20.69 & 7.61 & 0.58 & 26.34 & 7.74 & 26.45 & 10.47 & 0.74 \\ ALT [U/L] & 38.13 & 27.66 & 33.27 & 19.81 & 0.30 & 38.71 & 18.58 & 31.88 & 16.36 & 0.40 \\ Glucose [mg/dL] & 103.86 & 9.30 & 102.00 & 15.11 & 0.47 & 108.88 & 17.97 & 102.35 & 13.96 & 0.07 \\ HbA\({}_{\downarrow}\)[\%] & 5.33 & 0.37 & 5.23 & 0.37 & 0.17 & 5.61 & 0.37 & 5.41 & 0.31 & 0.02 \\ Insulin [mL/mL] & 16.20 & 11.04 & 15.93 & 9.73 & 0.94 & 23.68 & 14.46 & 16.13 & 7.21 & 0.08 \\ HOMA-IR & 0.16 & 0.11 & 0.17 & 0.10 & 1.00 & 0.20 & 0.11 & 0.18 & 0.07 & 0.67 \\ Albumin [g/L] & 48.66 & 2.88 & 46.00 & 2.51 & 0.58 & 45.34 & 1.71 & 45.96 & 1.65 & 0.38 \\ Body mass [kg] & 106.04 & 26.46 & 106.46 & 24.77 & 0.73 & 102.60 & 18.85 & 102.08 & 18.90 & 0.46 \\ BMI [kg/m\({}^{2}\)] & 31.90 & 8.22 & 32.00 & 7.75 & 0.80 & 31.98 & 5.57 & 31.81 & 5.54 & 0.46 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, FM: fat mass, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, GGTP: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, TG: triglycerides.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: The results of the supplementation and placebo control in the men subgroup. to other fruit parts [31; 33; 41]. The main compounds present in both apples and dwarf kiwis are flavonoids with quercetin as one of the most important ones [27; 41].