## 1 Introduction
Single-factor experiments were then conducted to compare grinding temperatures for different patterns, revealing that a staggered diamond pattern achieved the lowest grinding temperatures. To better control grinding temperature and workpiece quality, [PERSON] et al. applied bionic phyllotaxis in grinding [14], developing internally cooled cup-shaped grinding wheels. Inspired by the sunflower seed arrangement, they used computational fluid dynamics to explore the flow characteristics of grinding wheels with different surface structures, and analyzed the impact of phyllotaxis growth coefficients on cooling performance. The experimental results demonstrated that applying bionic phyllotaxis significantly improved the grinding performance of the wheels, and the phyllotaxis parameters had a notable influence on grinding temperature and workpiece surface quality. [PERSON] et al. [15] manufactured single-layer honing tools with an ordered abrasive arrangement and conducted grinding experiments on 16 MnCr5 using specific grinding parameters. Although the abrasive concentration of the honing tool was reduced by 25%, there was no decline in cutting performance during grinding. Compared to traditional grinding wheels, the grinding efficiency was significantly increased, the processing time was reduced by over 30%, and the tool's lifespan was notably extended. [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [16; 17] applied phyllotaxis arrangement theory to grinding wheels and designed the structure of the wheel base. They performed surface roughness simulations based on MATLAB to analyze the influence of phyllotaxis growth coefficients on abrasive grain density and workpiece surface roughness. Experiments revealed that under identical conditions, grinding wheels utilizing phyllotaxis arrangement theory achieved the lowest grinding forces when processing workpieces. [PERSON] et al. [18] conducted external plunge grinding experiments to compare the performance of non-grooved ceramic grinding wheels and grooved ceramic grinding wheels. The grooved wheels featured high-angle helical grooves with a 50% groove factor. Grinding forces, spindle power, workpiece roundness, and surface roughness were measured at five different feed rates. Simulation models of the grinding system were established, showing that while surface roughness increased by 38%, using grooved wheels improved the overall grinding cycle time by 30%. [PERSON] et al. [19] introduced laser cladding technology to fabricate a structured CBN grinding wheel with a no-impact trajectory on the surface of the grinding wheel. This can reduce the fluid friction in the channel and increase the fluid pressure at the outlet. [PERSON] et al. [20] investigated the effects of different groove depths and widths of helical circumferentially grooved grinding wheels on grinding performance during creep feed grinding. The investigated groove widths were 3.2 mm and 1.7 mm, with only minor differences observed in force, power, and workpiece surface roughness between the two groove widths. The results indicated that as groove depth increased, the reduction in grinding force and power initially decreased significantly, before stabilizing. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed a microstructuring method based on ultrasonic-assisted grinding (UAG) and ordered grinding wheels. Using grinding kinematics, they established control equations linking surface characteristic parameters related to performance with the parameters of the ordered grinding wheel and machining conditions. Based on the proposed characteristic parameters, pattern parameters and machining parameters were inversely solved using the control equations. Ultimately, the authors successfully fabricated cross-line microstructures using ordered grinding wheels and ultrasonic-assisted grinding. [PERSON] et al. [22] studied microstructured diamond grinding wheels processed by nanosecond pulsed lasers, and validated their performance in the grinding of optical glass.