esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Internal Zoning Pattern and Th/U Ratio  
Different patterns of zoning obtained through CL imaging show the origin of zircons to be either metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary [17; 43; 45]. The grain sizes obtained from the collected samples were in between the range of ~50-150 micrometer. These grains were separated from medium-coarse grained samples of sandstone. The zircons of igneous source mostly showed oscillatory zoning. While the grains showing a metamorphic origin had a younger rim with core. A few zircons with xenocryst cores, with sectoral zoning, without a zoning pattern, and showing a plane texture were also seen.  
The ratio of Th/U obtained from the analysis was used to distinguish the origin as being metamorphic or igneous [13; 46]. The ratio of zircon representing a metamorphic origin is usually less than 0.3, while it is greater than 0.3 for igneous grains [46].  
In this study, the binary plot of the detrital ages and Th/U ratio reflects that the major age population, between ~500 Ma and ~1200 Ma, has mixed igneous and metamorphic origins (Figure 5B). This mixed source likely reflects derivation from the igneous and metamorphic rocks widely exposed in the Indian craton. This event is mostly associated with the Pan-African orogen, which has been identified well in the northwestern Himalayas [11]. Similarly, the early Proterozoic-Archean (~1300-3500 Ma) zircons predominantly reflect an igneous origin, with very few metamorphic origin zircons. Early Proterozoic-Archean age granites are common in the Indian craton and higher and lesser Himalayan zones, which might have been possibly reworked and deposited on the northern margin. These detrital zircons, with ages between Archean and Paleozoic, were most likely derived from the Higher Himalayan zone. However, the significant younger zircons, with ages <100 Ma, are completely consistent with an igneous origin (Figure 5B). This younger age population is representative of the Kohistan-Ladakh arc, marking the onset of the India-Asia collision.
# State Residualisation and Kron Reduction for Model Order Reduction of Energy Systems
## 3 Model Order Reduction by Combination of the State Residualisation and Kron Reduction Technique
### The Kron Reduction Technique  
After the above process, sections of the network are modelled as algebraic equations. Kron reduction can then be used to eliminate the passive nodes (i.e., no current injected). A passive node \(k\) in the node admittance matrix can be eliminated by replacing the elements of the remaining \(n-1\) rows and columns by  
\[y^{\prime}_{ij}=y_{ij}-\frac{y_{ik}y_{kj}}{y_{kk}}, \tag{52}\]  
for \(i=1,2,\ldots,k-1,k+1,\ldots,n\) and \(j=1,2,\ldots,k-1,k+1,\ldots,n\), where \(y_{ij}\) is the mutual admittance between nodes \(i\) and \(j\) (negative value of the sum of all admittances connected between nodes \(i\) and \(j\)), and \(y_{kk}\) is the self admittance of node \(k\) (sum of all admittances connected at node \(k\)).  
By the successive application of (52), any desired number of passive nodes can be eliminated. Equation (52) is called [PERSON]'s reduction formula, with further details of the method to be found in [34].  
It is seen that after a Kron reduction process, fewer bus nodes and algebraic states/ equations remain in a DAE model, such that the simulation time is reduced, which is particularly useful for power systems, where the number of passive bus nodes is much larger than the number of generation nodes.
## 3 Case Studies
### Dams with a Low Groundwater Level
#### 3.1.1 Numerical Simulation  
Here, according to the topographic conditions and geological survey data of the Fukang pumped storage power station, the finite element mesh model is established to calculate the seepage field of the reservoir using the finite element method. A model of the whole dam, with 102,332 superelements and 108,074 nodes in total, is shown in Figure 4a. The size of the whole dam model is 700 m along the water flow direction and 860 m in the other horizontal direction.  
After the three-dimensional finite element calculations, considering steady seepage under two calculation conditions (the design flood level and check flood level conditions), the potential distributions of the seepage field and seepage flux during the operational period are obtained as shown in Figure 5 and Table 2. Figure 5 reveals that the saturation surface is almost coincident with the groundwater line, which is lower than the horizontal blanket, and a section of unsaturated soil is formed between the river surface and groundwater line.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Position** & **Material Partition** & **Permeability Coefficient (cm/s)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Foundation} & sand gravel (upper) & \(4.00\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & sand gravel (lower) & \(1.50\times 10^{-2}\) \\  & strong weathered rock & \(1.00\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & week weathered rock & \(1.00\times 10^{-5}\) \\  & overburden & \(1.35\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Dam} & Composite geomembrane & \(1.00\times 10^{-8}\) \\  & Main rock-fill (dam body) & \(1.00\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & cushion material & \(5.00\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & berm & \(1.35\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Permeability coefficients of the materials in each area.  
Figure 4: Finite element mesh models. (**a**) The whole dam. (**b**) The compound geomembrane.
## 2 Protocols for Synchrotron X-Ray Experiments
### Saxs
#### 2.6.3 Data Acquisition, Correction, and Analysis Flow  
During the SAXS measurements, two ionization chambers are placed immediately upstream and downstream of the sample to record the X-ray flux and enable accurate absorption corrections. Before analyzing the scattering from the sample, the X-ray flux without any sample (air) is measured to calibrate the ionization chambers and account for their sensitivity variation. A two-dimensional Pilatus 2M detector (Dectris, Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland) is used to collect the scattering patterns, which are then integrated into one-dimensional scattering intensity profiles. After acquisition, background subtraction is performed using data from an empty capillary. The scattering intensity arising solely from the sample can only be accurately determined after applying an appropriate absorption correction. This correction accounts for the variation in the transmitted X-ray intensity owing to the presence of the sample and can be expressed as:  
Figure 13: Custom-designed cassette for holding capillaries during SAXS measurements. Each capillary is placed in a vertical groove, and X-rays pass through a small aperture aligned with the sample position, ensuring stable and reproducible sample orientation for scattering measurements.  
\[I(\text{sample})=I(\text{sample}+\text{capillary})-I(\text{capillary})-(T(\text{sample }+\text{capillary})/T(\text{capillary})) \tag{14}\]  
where I is the intensity and \(T=I(\text{anything})/I(\text{air})\) is the transmittance. The sample-to-detector distance is then calibrated using a standard sample with a known \(d\)-spacing, such as silver behenate (\(d=5.838\) nm), to ensure accurate \(Q\)-scale determination. Once corrected and calibrated, the one-dimensional scattering profiles can be analyzed using various software tools designed for SAXS data interpretation. Commonly used programs include Irena [33], McSAS [34; 35], SasFit [36], and SasView [37]. Fitting scattered data with a spherical form factor is generally sufficient for PEFC-related applications. In the NEDO project, McSAS is employed, allowing the determination of key parameters such as the mean particle radius and its distribution width.
# Prediction of Surface Deformation Induced by Ultra-Shallow-Buried Pilot Tunnel Construction
## 3 Case Validation of Deformation Predictions in Shallow-Buried Tunnels
### Analysis of Results
#### 4.2.1 Vertical Surface Deformation
curve would converge to zero at this stage, whereas the curvature curve for an ultra-shallow-buried pilot tunnel does not converge to zero. Instead, it increases positively after reaching zero at x = i\({}_{2}\). In regions (\(-\)i\({}_{1}\), i\({}_{1}\)), (\(-\infty\), \(-\)i\({}_{2}\)) and (i\({}_{2}\), \(\infty\)), surface curvature deformation is positive, corresponding to the surface settlement curve being relatively convex upward. In regions (\(-\)i\({}_{2}\), \(-\)i\({}_{1}\)) and (i\({}_{1}\), i\({}_{2}\)), curvature deformation is negative, with the settlement curve being relatively concave. Thus, the four inflection points \(\pm\)i\({}_{1}\) and \(\pm\)i\({}_{2}\) of the surface settlement curve are also the four curvature reversal points. Generally, the settlement value at the rebound point of a shallow-buried tunnel is approximately 0.63 times the maximum ground surface settlement. In this case, the ultra-shallow-buried pilot tunnel excavation exhibits a similar pattern: the heave value at rebound points \(\pm\)i\({}_{1}\) is 2.35 mm (about 50% of the maximum settlement of \(-\)4.23 mm), and the heave at \(\pm\)i\({}_{2}\) is 5.35 mm (50% of the maximum heave of 10.19 mm). As x approaches infinity, surface tilt and curvature tend to zero. Notably, significant surface heave occurs at 2.5 times the pilot tunnel's width from the centerline, while surface deformation nearly vanishes at 5 times the tunnel's width. Using the shallow tunnel influence radius concept, the calculated influence radius for this pilot tunnel is 34 m, but field data show that surface deformation is negligible at a 25 m horizontal distance, indicating that the shallow tunnel influence radius concept is inapplicable here.
# Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm with Mobile Sink Support for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 System Model  
### Basic Assumptions  
In this paper, we consider that the sensing field is a circular region. Each node owns a unique ID that differs from others' nodes. We make some basic assumptions as follows:  
* All sensors are randomly deployed by vehicles, such as a plane, and remain stationary after deployment.
* All sensors have the knowledge of the location of the other nodes via the information exchange.
* All sensors have the same initial energy and their batteries cannot be changed. Once a sensor exhausts its energy, it will be useless.
* The transmission power of sensors could be adjusted based on the communication distance.
* The moving trajectory of the mobile sink is well-scheduled and it owns unlimited energy and communication range.
# Motion Characteristics of Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Actuator for Yarn Micro-Gripper
## 1 Introduction
Conventional yarn grippers are driven by an excitation coil. With the increase of working hours, the problem of insufficient end clamping force and poor cycle response consistency occurs, caused by the heat generation problem of the excitation coil. This can lead to inconsistent weft rewind lengths, which seriously degrade the performance of the weaving machine and the yarn quality. This problem can be solved by the use of piezoelectric yarn grippers. However, the diameters of yarn are generally between 130-280 \(\upmu\)m, and the existing piezoelectric clamping devices cannot simultaneously satisfy such a large clamping range in a limited space. In the meantime, due to the specific needs of the yarn gripper, it is only necessary to have a gripping force that prevents the yarn from moving out of its gripping position. Therefore, in order to solve the defects of the traditional yarn gripper and improve the productivity and technology level of the weaving machine, this paper uses the piezoelectric micro-gripper in place of the traditional yarn gripper. The target of this micro-gripper is shown in Table 1. It features a simple and easy-to-install structure, large clamping stroke, suitable clamping force, quick response time, and good response stability for high-speed yarn clamping operations. Theoretical modeling based on the cantilever structure and the design of the self-sensing method based on charge sensing were carried out to evaluate the working performance. The clamping stroke, clamping force, bending motion characteristics, and self-sensing ability of the micro-gripper were experimentally tested. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Micro-Gripper** & **Size** & **Clamping Stroke** & **Clamping Force** & **Response Speed** & **Force Sensing** \\  & **/mm** & **/\(\upmu\)m** & **/mN** & **/ms** & **Relative Error** \\ \hline Target & - & 560 & 500 & 50 & 1\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The targets of the piezoelectric micro-gripper for yarn clamping.
## 4 Statistical Results and Analysis
### Case 1 Results and Analysis  
As previously mentioned, Case 1 is discussed extensively in [8], but the analysis of published results regarding Case 1 are limited and preliminary. Thus, to summarize the findings from [8] analysis, the results from the [PERSON]'s \(t\)-test and the two-tailed Wilcoxon sign ranked test indicate that the use of a VBSA appears to have no adverse effects on the individual's task execution speed, cognitive load, or stress factor.  
However, to further analyze these results, we implemented the two-way ANOVA method on results obtained through Case Study 1. The hypothesis is that there is no relation between the experimental group that uses VBSA in training a ECP and the control group that does not use a VBSA in training a ECP. Tables 3 and 4 are the results of variation between the control group and experimental group with respect to training time and performance. These tests are performed to identify interrelation between the two groups while training progresses. Here, we can observe significant results in Table 4 using \(p\)-value.  
Based on the results presented above, we can see that there is no statistical significance between two groups in their training performance (\(p\)-value \(<0.005\)). However, we can see in the third row, controls vs experiment, that we observed statistical significance (\(p\)-value \(>0.005\)) between the two groups performance during testing, meaning that a group trained with a VBSA performed significantly better than the group that was not trained with VBSA. A few points to notice from the results of [PERSON]'s \(t\)-test, the two-tailed Wilcoxon sign ranked test [8], and the two-way ANOVA is that the group that was trained with VBSA performed significantly better in their tests and there was no significant effect of performance of ECP student while learning when they were using a VBSA. One conclusion we can draw from Case 1 analysis is that forming an HMT to train an ECP student, or even to train a student in general, can improve a student's overall performance in the field. A second point to observe is even through there is no statistically significant effect on training using VBSA, we can observe that some non-native English-speaking students may face problems in interacting with VBSA, and some student may face problems if have a single language structure, thereby leading to difficulty in using same interaction commands [5; 8].
## 2 Investigation of Five Parametric Models
### MRE with MWCNTs Models
Other experimental work was to test the change of magnetization effect when the traditional MRE is enhanced by multiwall carbon nanotubes. In the experiment, vibrating sample magnetometer was used to acquire magnetization curves of MRE and MRE nanocomposite. The externally applied magnetic field varied between 0-1.5 T. Hysteretic curve for MRE and MRE nanocomposite samples were measured as shown in Figure 4. The saturation magnetization curve shows the relationship between magnetic strength \(H\) and magnetic induction \(B\) for MRE and MR nanocomposite during the magnetization  
Figure 3: Stress-Strain Curve of Initial modulus from M1-M5, (**a**) for MER are1.74, 1.81, 1.62, 2.13, and 1.96 MPa, (**b**) for MER with MWCNTs are 1.94, 2.03, 1.77, 2.38, and 2.17 MPa. process. It can be denoted that the saturated magnetic induction for MRE and MRE with MWCNTs is 1.296 T and 1.316 T, respectively. Figure 5 illustrates the samples of traditional MRE and MRE filled with MWCNTs with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dashed arrow denotes the direction of applied magnetic field when particles in the matrix are energized. As can be seen, with the addition of MWCNTs, nanocomposites wrap up iron particles, forming a more stable bonding property between the matrix and the particles.
# Coexistence of 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television Networks
## 4 Discussion
Nevertheless, these services may be also transferred to IMT systems through the interleaved IMT spectrum, for instance, by employing 5G broadcast mode. Intelligent sharing across the entire 470-694 MHz range is feasible in downlink mode, enabling a generous allocation of spectrum for broadcasts from base stations to users, which typically face the highest demand. Implementing this solution necessitates sophisticated radio planning and the utilization of cognitive radio allocation strategies, such as geolocation databases [30] or a light licensing regimen [31]. While it obliges network operators to adoptinnovative spectrum management techniques, this method spares the DTT networks from any expensive alterations and minimizes the need for public engagement that typically accompanies TV channel reallocation. Intelligent spectrum sharing minimizes further modification requirements of DTT networks by assigning additional spectrum to new IMT services. This second method has a significant benefit over the first since it can be deployed instantly, unlike the first way, which requires time-consuming frequency coordination procedures. Given the possibility of switching off DTT in some countries, the first method may only be a temporary solution, taking into account terms of reference of the ITU WRC31, where the UHF band discussion will return and possible discussion about DTT turn-off may occur, requiring a significant administrative effort for a short period of time. The second method has the advantage of being easily transferable to a full UHF band IMT solution, with IMT uplink acceptable at the next stage, and does not necessitate additional international administrative coordination efforts or costly DTT network changes.
## 3 The AgroTRACE Infrastructure
### Transaction Support and Information Management System  
Four subsystems make up the transaction support and information management system which exploits the information given by the aforementioned element of AgroTRACE for tracking the procedures:  
* A system for physical entity information management, which, via special queries, enables users to access information, thus, fully leveraging the capabilities for data visualization.
* A system for event information management, which allows users to track events that take place at different phases of the supply chain within clearly defined flows by fully exploiting the data visualization capabilities.
* A system for evaluating the performance of the supply chain, by making a comparison between real-time data and targets that have been set (KPIs).
* A system for supporting the transaction among partners across the entire supply chain by taking advantage of data and information.
# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 4 Smart Metering Applications--Smart Grid Projects
### LV and MV Monitoring and Management
#### 4.7.3 Grid4 EU  
Grid monitoring from the LV as well as from the MV point of view are issues dealt with in the \"Grid4 EU\" project. The project involves participants from six countries and it focuses on managing electricity supply and demand, while it facilitates the integration of decentralized energy resources in the MV network. The project entails 6 sites, where on most of them smart metering solutions are applied. The technology chosen depends on the site. In most cases PLC is preferred for data transferring from the smart meter to the data concentrator, thus PRIME, G3-PLC, Meters & More are used depending on the site. On the other hand, GPRS is selected for data transmission from the data concentrator to the control center. Connection between MV/LV substations and between an HV/MV and a MV/LV substation is realised through the substation (MV/LV) router. The communication is fulfilled through a wireless network or a system based on the MV power lines. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology andRemote Terminal Units (RTUs) are also used to complete the picture of LV and MV monitoring [120].
# A High-Resolution MIR Echelle Grating Spectrometer with a Three-Mirror Anastigmatic System
###### Abstract
With the development of two-dimensional detector technology and grating manufacturing technology, immersion gratings have increasingly become an area of interest for the development of light, compact, high-resolution spectrometers [2; 3; 4; 5]. Moreover, the airborne echelle spectrometer enables the detection of chemical elements released by nuclear radiation during nuclear material production, storage, and use. Therefore, the development of a mid-band infrared immersion grating spectrometer is described in this paper. In this work, we present the optical structure of an immersion echelle spectrometer with a wide wavelength range from 3.7 to 4.8 \(\upmu\)m. The structure features a simplified design with an immersion grating used as a dispersive element in contrast to the traditional grating used in imaging spectrometers. An off-axis parabolic mirror is used as a collimating mirror, an off-axis three-mirror optical system is used as the converging mirror, and a concave grating is used as an additional dispersive element for aberration correction to achieve a high-dispersion, broad, free spectrum. The three-mirror anastigmatic system structure improves the device's optical transmittance. In this study, the relationship between the proposed device's imaging performance and optical parameters is analyzed, and a detailed design for the spectrometer is provided based on the parameter constraints for each element. This technique is also suitable for application to other conditions.
## 1 Electrospinning: Generalities
In 2008, [PERSON] et al. [26] demonstrated the possibility to fabricate electrospun nano-fibers by a needless setup. Using an aerated polymer solution, they managed to produce continuous and uniform nanofibers. In fact, insufflation of gas inside a vessel containing the polymer solution led to the formation of bubbles on the solution surface, that could give rise to the extraction of nanofibers upon the application of a potential. The key advantages of this novel design, called bubble electrospinning, is represented by the easiness to overcome the surface tension of the small bubbles, and the scalability  
Figure 1: A typical electrospinninging set-up, comprising: (i) A spinneret containing the polymeric solution; (ii) a DC high voltage supply; and (iii) a grounded collector. A charged jet of polymer solution is extracted from the spinneret tip (with a typical cone shape, in the inset) and reaches the collector with a typical whipping motion. of the process, which has the potential for the mass-production of nanofibers. Moreover, different from classical electrospinning, in which spinnability mainly depends on the solution properties, in bubble-electrospinning it mainly depends on the size of the bubbles [27]. Electrospun meshes are characterized by high surface-to-volume ratio, dimensions ranging from tens of nanometers to micrometers, high porosity, and variable pore size distribution, showing morphological similarities to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Hence, one of the main applications for electrospun fibers has been as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Additionally, the possibility to modify fiber surface and the ease of incorporating molecules or nanoparticles of interest in the solution to be electrospun further enhanced their range of application, including drug delivery systems [28; 29; 30], water treatment [31; 32], energy conversion and storage [33; 34], biosensing devices [35], gas sensors [36; 37], electronics [38], as sorbents in microextraction techniques [39], as chromatographic phases [40], as separators, concentrators, or mixers in microfluidic systems [41; 42; 43].