## 2 Materials and Methods  
The literature is replete with articles on soil erosion by water and wind. Thus, the literature search was specifically focused on available information on the magnitude of SOC transported by water and wind erosion was collated from the Web of Science, Google, and other sources. The literature search involved journals dealing with basic and applied sciences. The focus included journals dealing with: (a) earth sciences such as Global Change Biology, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Biogeosciences, Geomorphology, J. Geophysical Research, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Geochemistry, J. Geophysical Res., J. Hydrology, Aeolian Research, (b) popular journals such as Science, Nature, Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, (c) environmental sciences including Env. International, Climatic Change, Ecosphere, (d) journals devoted to soil science including Soil Research, Geoderma, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., Catena, European J. Soil Sci., Australian J. Soil Res., J. Soil and Water  
Figure 2: The fate of soil organic carbon transport by erosion. About 40%–50% may be redistributed over the land, 20%–30% may be deposited in channel, 5%–15% may be carried into the ocean, and about 15%–20% may be emitted into the atmosphere. However, the exact partition may vary among soil, climate, land use, and other site-specific factors. Whereas the cumulative emission of CO\({}_{2}\) may decrease at the eroded site, it may increase at the transported and depositional zones. Conservation, and (e) those dealing with policy issues such as Land Use Policy, Science Policy, and Land Degradation and Development. Only those articles were selected for discussions in the present review which contained quantitative data on the magnitude of SOC or total carbon (TC) transported by erosional processes, and information on gaseous emissions at different landscape positions within an eroding landscape. While the literature searched is global, most of the articles addressing this theme were those published from the research done in the U.S.A., Europe, East Asia, Australia, and South America. Soil Erosion by Water: Transport, Redistribution, and Deposition of Soil Organic Carbon Over the Landscape  
Water erosion affects as much as 1.1 billion hectares (B ha) of the land area [11]. Available data on the magnitude of sediment load transported by world rivers are more credible [12] than that for the amount of soil moved by aeolian processes. The global land-ocean flux of sediment has reportedly increased from 14.0 Pg/yr. (Pg = peta gram = 1 billion metric ton) during the pre-human era to the contemporary flux in the absence of reservoir trapping to 36.6 Pg/yr. [12]. Sediments are enriched in SOC, and the global increase in sediment load may cause a strong increase in the transport of SOC, whose fate must be understood in relation to emissions of GHGs. Soil erosion on U.S. cropland increased by \(\sim\)17% over the 20 th century through the expansion of the land area under agriculture [13]. The SOC fraction entrained in the shallow runoff is moved and redistributed over the landscape. Erosion of soil and SOC stock has direct and indirect effects on soil and environment quality, net primary productivity (NPP), and efforts to achieve land degradation neutrality or LDN (Figure 3). The magnitude of the effect of emissions of GHGs is governed by the pathways of SOC erosion. The fate of SOC being redistributed depends on how it is being moved by the fluvial processes and on the temperature and moisture regimes at the redistribution and depositional positions (Figure 2). Quantitative assessment of the movement of SOC over the landscape is essential to establishing the watershed level C budget [14] that can be scaled up to the river basin and eventually to regional, national, or global scale. The magnitude of SOC erosion by fluvial processes varies widely (Table 1) depending on a range of factors. Important among these are climate [10; 13], soil [15; 16; 17], terrain [18] and land use [13; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23].