## Appendix A Dataset
Standard for Verification and Validation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer: An American National Standard; American Society of Mechanical Engineers: New York City, NY, USA, 2009. * _[PERSON] et al. (2023)_ [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; et al. Best Practices for Computational Fluid Dynamic Applications in Water Infrastructure. _J. Environ. Eng._**2023**, _149_, 03123003. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2018)_ [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Backflow air and pressure analysis in emptying a pipeline containing an entrapped air pocket. _Urban Water J._**2018**, _15_, 769-779. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2020)_ [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] _Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer_; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2020. * _[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2009)_ [PERSON]; [PERSON] Numerical simulation of transient flow in pressurized water pipeline with trapped air mass. In Proceedings of the 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Wuhan, China, 27-31 March 2009; pp. 1-4. * _[PERSON] et al. (2011)_ [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Simulation of flow transients in a water filling pipe containing entrapped air pocket with VOF model. _Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech._**2011**, \(5\), 127-140. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2016)_ [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Study of a compressed air vessel for controlling the pressure surge in water networks: CFD and experimental analysis. _Water Resour. Manag._**2016**, _30_, 2687-2702. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2021)_ [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Analysis of Sub-Atmospheric Pressures during emptying of an Irregular Pipeline without an Air Valve Using a 2D CFD Model. _Water_**2021**, _13_, 2526. [CrossRef]* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Maximum transient pressures in a rapidly filling pipeline with entrapped air using a CFD model. _J. Hydraul. Res._**2017**, _55_, 506-519. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2012) [PERSON] Pressurization Dynamics of Hydraulic Systems with Entrapped Air. Ph.D. Dissertation, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 2012. (In Portuguese)
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Analysis of pressure transient following rapid filling of a vented horizontal pipe. _Water_**2018**, _10_, 1698. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 3D numerical modeling of geyser formation by release of entrapped air from horizontal pipe into vertical shaft. _J. Hydraul. Eng._**2018**, _144_, 04017071. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Air-pocket entrapment caused by shear flow instabilities in rapid-filling pipes. _J. Hydraul. Eng._**2020**, _146_, 04020016. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] CFD Simulation of Air-Water Interactions in Rapidly Filling Horizontal Pipe with Entrapped Air. In Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021, Virtually, 7-11 June 2021; pp. 495-507. * [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Three-Dimensional Analysis of Air-Admission Ortices in Pipelines during Hydraulic Drainage Events. _Sustainability_**2022**, _14_, 14600. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 3D CFD simulation and analysis of transient flow in a water pipeline. _AQUIA--Water Infrastruct. Ecosyst. Soc._**2022**, _71_, 751-767. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (1981) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. _J. Comput. Phys._**1981**, _39_, 201-225. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (1966) [PERSON] Influence of viscosity, surface tension, and inclination angle on motion of long bubbles in closed tubes. _J. Fluid Mech._**1966**, _25_, 821-837. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Air in pipelines. _Lit. Rev.