###### Abstract  
This study evaluates coordinate consistency in the static Korean Geodetic Datum 2002 (KGD2002) by comparing GNSS station positions derived independently from GAMIT/GLOBK and Bernese software. Using a nationwide network of approximately 3000 unified geodetic control points (UGCPs), we analyze horizontal coordinate differences (\(\Delta\)N, \(\Delta\)E) to identify regional patterns and potential systematic biases. The results indicate that both solutions are closely aligned with the official KGD2002 coordinates, generally within a few millimeters to sub-centimeter levels. However, small regional discrepancies are evident; for example, some provinces exhibit consistent mean northward or southward offsets on the order of 0.1-0.3 cm, and greater dispersions--up to 2 cm--are observed in peripheral regions such as Jeollanam. Notably, the Bernese solution demonstrates slightly tighter agreement, with lower standard deviations compared to GAMIT/GLOBK. The application of two distinct processing strategies within a unified static reference frame is a novel aspect of this study, revealing subtle differences attributable to network geometry, environmental factors, and software modeling approaches. The findings also underscore the limitations of KGD2002's static nature, particularly its fixed epoch and lack of motion modeling. In response to these issues, this study discusses the rationale for transitioning to a dynamic geodetic reference frame, such as ITRF2020, to improve compatibility with international systems and account for ongoing crustal motions. Overall, the results provide a foundation for the future modernization of Korea's spatial reference infrastructure and highlight the importance of adopting time-dependent datums in geodetic applications. G 20  
This modernization is particularly important in regions undergoing significant tectonic motion or where outdated, non-geocentric datums persist. Failure to align with contemporary reference systems can lead to inconsistencies between spatial datasets, reduced positioning accuracy, and difficulties in integrating regional geospatial infrastructures into global networks. Consequently, several countries--including the United States (NAD83), Japan (JGD2000, JGD2011), and Australia (GDA2020)--have undertaken substantial revisions of their national coordinate systems in recent decades [8; 9; 10]. In this context, the Republic of Korea transitioned from a legacy Tokyo-based datum to the Korean Geodetic Datum 2002 (KGD2002) in the early 2000s. KGD2002 is a static, geocentric horizontal datum aligned with ITRF2000 at epoch 2002.0, realized using GPS and VLBI observations and the GRS80 ellipsoid. Its establishment marked a significant milestone in Korea's geospatial modernization efforts, enabling centimeter-level accuracy and interoperability with global systems. Modernizing a national geodetic datum is crucial for ensuring consistency with global reference frames. The Republic of Korea addressed this by adopting the Korean Geodetic Datum 2002 (KGD2002) in the early 2000s, replacing its legacy Tokyo-based datum. KGD2002 is a geocentric horizontal datum aligned with the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000) at epoch 2002.0 [11]. It uses the GRS80 ellipsoid and was realized by fixing a new datum origin at the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) and readjusting the national control network. The origin's coordinates were determined via VLBI and GPS and are published as \(\varphi=37^{\circ}16^{\prime}33.3659^{\prime\prime}\) N, \(\lambda=127^{\circ}03^{\prime}14.8913^{\prime\prime}\) E, h = 91.253 m. KGD2002's implementation ensured that the Republic of Korea's geospatial data infrastructure became compatible with international standards, supporting modern GPS/GNSS positioning technologies [12]. The adoption of KGD2002 involved a comprehensive nationwide adjustment of geodetic control points.