## 3 Proposed Approach and Methodology
### System Architecture
#### 3.1.3 Data Integration Platform
Here, L2V and V2V communications are presented for the vehicle under study. In the first L2V communication, information is transmitted to the vehicles, such as their positions on the road (R3,3; B4,8; G3,2) and the time the communication is established (TIME: 11:23:15). In the V2V communication for the last vehicle in the queue, the transmitted information includes its position (R3,3; B4,8; G3,2), the road it is on (L: 0), the number of vehicles behind it (currently 0), and the time the communication is made (TIME:11:23:16). Because there are no cars behind it, this vehicle does not pass any information forward in these blocks. For the next vehicle in the queue, V2V communication transmits information like its position (R3,3; B4,8; G3,2), the road it is on (L: 0), the number of vehicles following it (in this case, 1), and the time the communication is established (TIME: 11:23:17), and it informs the vehicle ahead that there is one car behind it, providing its position (R3,3). After passing through C1, the vehicles arrive at C2, where they queue again, awaiting their phase. V2V and L2V communications are re-established. For the L2V communication, information is transmitted to the first vehicle under study, including its position on the road (R3,1; B4,6; G3,2) and the time the communication is established (11:26:10). In the V2V communication, the first car under study has three vehicles behind it on the same road. It then communicates its position (R3,1; B4,6; G3,2), the road it is on (lane 0), the number of vehicles following it (3), the communication time (11:26:11), the identifiers of the vehicles behind it (G3,2; R3,3; G3,4), as well as the number of vehicles following each of those cars. Figure 7 illustrates the different communication moments. * _L2V Communication:_ Vehicles receive their positions in the environment. * _V2V and V2I Communication:_ Vehicles receive their positions and communicate both with one another and with the infrastructure to relay positioning, traffic light phases, and vehicle status. This data exchange helps vehicles align their movements with the active traffic phases, ensuring a coordinated flow. * _P2I and I2P Communication:_ Pedestrians also participate in a similar communication cycle, requesting to cross intersections and receiving confirmations. The infrastructure responds based on the active traffic phase, managing pedestrian crossings in harmony with vehicular phases to improve safety and efficiency. * _Traffic Flow and Phase Coordination:_ Each intersection has specific phases (Figure 5) to control pedestrian and vehicle movements. By synchronizing these phases across multiple intersections (C0, C1, C2), the system can handle complex flows and enhance safety, preventing conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians. Overall, the V-VLC protocols provide a structured way for traffic management systems to coordinate and streamline both pedestrian and vehicle movement, which can be particularly beneficial in densely populated or high-traffic areas. The approach leverages real-time data to reduce delays, improve safety, and optimize intersection efficiency.