## 2 Methodology of Research, Radio Planning, and Design of 5G Network
### Link Budget Dimensioning and Planning
The value of the path loss is significantly affected by the parameters used in the link budget for the planning of the 5G NR network, so the path loss is calculated using the following expression [12]:  
\[\text{Pathloss (dBm)}=\text{a}-10\text{ log (b)}+\text{c}-\text{d}-\text{e}-\text{f}-\text{g}- \text{h}-\text{i}-\text{j}+\text{k}-1-\text{m}-\text{n}, \tag{3}\]  
where the required values in (3) are given in Table 2. Next, in order to obtain the value of \(\text{d}_{\text{3D}}\) using (3), the following values need to be calculated from the 3 GPP standards [14]  
\[\text{h}^{\prime}{}_{\text{BS}}=\text{h}_{\text{BS}}-\text{h}_{\text{E}} \tag{4}\]  
\[\text{h}^{\prime}{}_{\text{UT}}=\text{h}_{\text{UT}}-\text{h}_{\text{E}} \tag{5}\]  
\[\text{d}^{\prime}{}_{\text{BP}}=(4\times\text{h}^{\prime}{}_{\text{BS}}\times \text{h}^{\prime}{}_{\text{UT}}\times\text{f}_{\text{c}})/\text{c}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\text{h}_{\text{BS}}\) and \(\text{h}_{\text{UT}}\) are the heights of the gNodeB (m) and UE (m), \(\text{f}_{\text{c}}\) denotes the frequency of operation (GHz), \(\text{c}\) is the speed of the light, and \(\text{h}_{\text{E}}=1\) m, according to (3 GPP_TS_38.901). Based on [16], the propagation model in the scenario with the Line of sight (LOS) of the Urban Macro model (Uma) and Urban Micro model (Umi), we use the following formulations, considering that \(10\text{ m}<\text{d}_{\text{2D}}<\text{d}^{\prime}{}_{\text{BP}}\):  
\[\text{Lp1}=28+22\text{ log(d}_{\text{3D}})+20\text{ log(f}_{\text{c}})\text{ (Uma with LOS)} \tag{7}\]  
\[\text{Lp2}=32.4+21\text{ log(d}_{\text{3D}})+20\text{ log(f}_{\text{c}})\text{ (Umi with LOS)} \tag{8}\]  
On the other hand, for the propagation model for NLOS, we use [16]:  
\[\text{Lp3}=13.54+39.08\text{ log(d}_{\text{3D}})+20\text{ log(f}_{\text{c}})-0.6\text{ (h}_{\text{UT}}-1.5)\text{ (Uma with NLOS)} \tag{9}\]  
\[\text{Lp4}=22.34+35.3\text{ log(d}_{\text{3D}})+21.3\text{ log(f}_{\text{c}})-0.3\text{ (h}_{\text{UT}}-1.5)\text{ (Umi with NLOS)}, \tag{10}\]  
where:  
\(\text{Lp1}\), \(\text{Lp2}=\text{Value of pathloss (dBm) for scenario LOS for Uma/Umi models}\)  
\(\text{Lp3}\), \(\text{Lp4}=\text{Value of pathloss (dBm) for scenario NLOS for Uma/Umi models}\)  
\(\text{d}_{\text{3D}}=\text{result of the distance between }\text{h}_{\text{BS}}\) and \(\text{h}_{\text{UT}}\) (m)  
\(\text{d}^{\prime}{}_{\text{BP}}=\text{break point distance (m)}\). After the value of \(\text{d}_{\text{3D}}\) (outdoor) is obtained using the Pathloss calculation of the propagation model, the value of \(\text{d}_{\text{2D}}\) (outdoor) is the cell radius obtained from the following:  
\[\text{Pathloss (dBm)}=\text{a}-10\text{ log (b)}+\text{c}-\text{d}-\text{e}-\text{f}-\text{g}- \text{h}-\text{i}-\text{j}+\text{k}-1-\text{m}-\text{n}, \tag{3}\]0  
From the cell radius, the coverage area of one gnodeB site can be determined using the following expression for a three-sector model [13]:  
\[\text{Pathloss (dBm)}=\text{a}-10\text{ log (b)}+\text{c}-\text{d}-\text{e}-\text{f}-\text{g}- \text{h}-\text{i}-\text{j}+\text{k}-1-\text{m}-\text{n}, \tag{3}\]1  
To determine the number of sites required in the target area of planning for coverage, this must be known for comparison with the coverage area of gnodeB. The calculation of the number of gnodeB in the case of LOS is the following [12]:  
Number of site = total area surface area (\(\text{Km}^{2}\))/coverage area of 1 site (\(\text{Km}^{2}\))  
\[\text{Pathloss (dBm)}=\text{a}-10\text{ log (b)}+\text{c}-\text{d}-\text{e}-\text{f}-\text{g}- \text{h}-\text{i}-\text{j}+\text{k}-1-\text{m}-\text{n}, \tag{3}\]2  
where  
\(\text{A}_{\text{T}}=\text{Total surface area (m}^{2}\))Cellular network planning generally covers two perspectives: coverage area planning and capacity planning [12].