# ATC Human Factors Involved in RPAS Contingency Management in Non-Segregated Airspace
## 3 Experiments
### Data Collection  
In order to establish a realistic environment for the RPAS's insertion into non-segregated airspace, we have defined two realistic scenarios, employing context information such as the airspace description, representative airspace routes, flight plans, traffic volume, and aircraft performance; all of this was extracted from the Eurocontrol DDR2 database [27] for 30 August 2013, which was one of the busiest days of the decade. Two high-performance RPASs have been employed, using realistic aircraft performance data [28; 29] and different equipment levels according to the five different evaluation scenarios. To estimate the workload impact, we employed the NASA-TLX, extended with our own general workload questionnaire (see Table 7) as a post-exercise tool. Each question was considered through the five considered evaluation scenarios (described in Section 3.1) and the two missions on a Likert Scale of 1-5 in questions Q1-Q20 and on a scale from 0 (never) to 6 (always) in questions Q21-Q28. In order to have a broader perspective of the ATCs' perception in the specific context of having an RPAS in their sectors, we design a set of questionnaires to evaluate different operational aspects that affect the ATC performance, see Table 8. Except for those requiring enumerative answers, the rest was rated from 0 to 5, with 0 indicating the non-applicability of the question. In addition, the Instantaneous Self-Assessment (ISA) mechanism was implemented to capture the immediate subjective ratings of work demands during the operation of ATC [28; 29]. Each ATC rated his experienced workload level from one (underused) to five (excessively busy) every two minutes while on duty. The system also recorded the response time to each ISA query. Figure 3 shows the ISA management interface implemented in ERAINT, in which simulation recording events are set up, ATC operators are assigned to each sector, current simulations can be supervised in real-time, and previous simulations can be reviewed. The questioning of the ATC was set to occur every 120 s with an open window to answer for 30 s. The ATC query is performed via mobile devices connected to the ISA service deployed on a private cloud. The interface also allows for recording key events such as aircraft coordination and notifications. **Contingency Analysis--Operation Questionnaire**  
_Scale: Variable depending on question_  
Q1. Which mechanism has employed the RPAS to communicate the contingency to the ATC controller? _Select more than one if needed (Voice comm, Transponder setting, Datalink, None)_  
Q2. Was the RPAS pilot able to communicate the contingency to the ATC controller in an accurate way? Q3. Was the RPAS able to complete the contingency procedure as initially agreed with the ATC? Q4. Was the RPAS able to successfully manage the contingency employing a non-expected or non-pre planned procedure agreed with the ATC on-the-fly? Q5. Contingency procedures have been designed and pre-evaluated to be 100% feasible. If they are not properly executed during the contingency needs to be investigate the main cause? _Please specify the cause: (RPAS malfunction, RPAS pilot error, ATC interaction, Other)_  
Q6. Which mechanism has employed the RPAS to update the development of the contingency procedure to the ATC controller? _Select more than one if needed (Voice comm, Transponder setting, Datalink, Radar track, None)_  
Q7. Was the RPAS pilot accurately communicating with the ATC updating the RPAS contingency state and responding to the ATC request? Q8. If a datalink was employed by the RPAS, was the information provided to the ATC accurately updating the RPAS intentions? Q9. Was the ATC aware of the RPAS capabilities and operational envelops so that they maintained situational awareness with respect the RPAS intentions? Q10. How important for the proper development of the contingency was the fact that the ATC controller had a full understanding of the RPAS operational envelop and performance? Q11.