# Exploring the Impact of Thermal Environment on Student Well-Being in Sustainable Campus Settings
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis in the Spring Season
#### 3.3.3 Influence of Time-of-Day Variations on Psychological Factors  
In the analysis of psychological factors relative to the time of day, there are observable trends in the mean ranks, as shown in Figure 13. The afternoon period (1:30 pm to 2:30 pm) consistently registered the highest mean ranks across all factors, notably 'Eye Fatigue', 'Body Heat', 'Thermal Discomfort', 'Desire to Escape', and 'Site Unattractiveness', suggesting that participants experienced heightened discomfort or negative psychological effects during this time. Conversely, the evening timeframe (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) frequently exhibited the lowest mean ranks, especially in the categories of 'Eye Fatigue', 'Body Heat', and 'Desire to Escape', indicating that participants felt comparatively more comfortable and less affected by these factors. The morning period (7:00 am to 10:00 am) displayed intermediate values, neither exceedingly high nor low. In terms of the time of day, the evening seems to be the most favorable period concerning the examined psychological factors, whereas the afternoon appears to be the least. Figure 12: Students’ psychological perceptions with respect to landscape site during spring season. In the Kruskal-Wallis analysis examining psychological factors in relation to the time of day, several factors showcased statistically significant differences among the time slots. 'Eye Fatigue' (H(2) = 10.562, \(p\) = 0.005), 'Body Heat' (H(2) = 12.466, \(p\) = 0.002), 'Thermal Discomfort' (H(2) = 6.955, \(p\) = 0.031), 'Desire to Escape' (H(2) = 11.815, \(p\) = 0.003), and 'Site Unattractiveness' (H(2) = 10.866, \(p\) = 0.004) all revealed statistically significant disparities across the times of day, underscoring a discernible variation in participants' experiences based on the time frame. While 'Skin Dryness' (H(2) = 5.771, \(p\) = 0.056) and 'Unproductivity' (H(2) = 5.594, \(p\) = 0.061) hovered near the threshold of significance, they did not quite reach the conventional alpha level of 0.05. Meanwhile, 'Body Fatigue' (\(p\) = 0.167) did not manifest any noteworthy differences among the time periods. Overall, these findings suggest that the time of day profoundly influences several psychological experiences, warranting consideration when designing or scheduling activities to optimize well-being. This analysis result has shown that various students' psychological perceptions throughout the spring are influenced by the time of day. Therefore, hypothesis 3 is partially supported. In the post hoc pairwise comparison using the Dunn-Bonferroni test to further explore differences in times of day for the studied psychological factors as given in Table 6, the following interpretations arise. For 'Eye Fatigue', the evening (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) significantly differed from the afternoon (1:30 pm to 2:30 pm) with an adjusted significance level of 0.004. However, no significant differences were observed between the evening and morning or between the morning and afternoon, as the adjusted p-values were greater than 0.05. Regarding 'Body Heat', significant differences were observed between the evening and both the morning (adjusted \(p\) = 0.031) and afternoon (adjusted \(p\) = 0.002). Conversely, the morning and afternoon did not showcase any marked differences in this regard. For 'Thermal Discomfort', a significant difference was observed only between the evening and afternoon (adjusted \(p\) = 0.028), with no notable differences in the other pairwise comparisons. In terms of 'Desire to Escape', the evening and afternoon showcased a significant difference with an adjusted \(p\)-value of 0.002. The other combinations did not yield significant disparities. Lastly, for 'Site Unattractiveness', the evening differed significantly from the afternoon (adjusted \(p\) = 0.003), but no other significant contrasts were seen between the times. In summary, a consistent trend emerges where the evening seems to differ most markedly from the afternoon across various psychological factors.