# Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Highway Management in Sustainability
## 5 Conclusions  
This study begins with a question on why scholars rarely deal with the relationship between efficiency and effectiveness despite vast volumes of literature on both. Especially in the management of sustainable infrastructure, these two values are fundamental aims of governments that must respond to citizens' needs under a limited budget. Despite this, previous literature regarding highway management has not empirically investigated the relationship between the two values. Therefore, this study focused on presenting empirical evidence for explaining how two core values of highway management are related and how efficiency and other determinants affect effectiveness. It is noteworthy that efficiency and effectiveness might not be compatible because efficiency is about cost reduction and effectiveness is about enhancing quality. As a result of quantitative models, however, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Road Condition** & **Mobility** & **Safety** & **Effectiveness Indicator** \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Coef. (S.E.)** & **Coef. (S.E.)** & **Coef. (S.E.)** & **Coef. (S.E.)** \\ \hline Past performance (lagged dependent variable) & \(0.542\)*** & \(0.952\)*** & \(0.520\)*** & \(0.769\)*** \\  & (0.031) & (0.042) & (0.041) & (0.041) \\ \hline Efficiency score & \(-0.084\)* & \(0.167\)*** & \(0.081\)*** & \(0.079\)*** \\  & (0.046) & (0.032) & (0.030) & (0.023) \\ \hline Urbanization & \(-0.005\) & \(0.319\)** & \(0.749\)*** & \(0.311\)*** \\  & (0.198) & (0.131) & (0.135) & (0.097) \\ \hline Automobiles per capita & \(-0.111\)* & \(-0.007\) & \(-0.088\)** & \(-0.031\) \\  & (0.058) & (0.040) & (0.039) & (0.030) \\ \hline Drivers/driving age people & \(-0.020\) & \(0.084\) & \(0.237\)* & \(0.106\) \\  & (0.202) & (0.138) & (0.130) & (0.099) \\ \hline Highway expenditure & \(0.045\) & \(-0.164\)*** & \(-0.080\) & \(-0.109\)*** \\ per capita & (0.079) & (0.053) & (0.050) & (0.038) \\ \hline Maintenance expenditure & \(0.004\) & \(0.043\)*** & \(0.022\)** & \(0.025\)*** \\ per capita & (0.017) & (0.012) & (0.011) & (0.008) \\ \hline Capital outlay per capita & \(-0.011\) & \(0.107\)*** & \(0.041\) & \(0.054\)** \\  & (0.043) & (0.029) & (0.028) & (0.021) \\ \hline Rho (spatial) & \(0.059\) & \(0.224\)*** & \(0.387\)*** & \(0.408\)*** \\  & (0.058) & (0.058) & (0.046) & (0.056) \\ \hline Variance & \(0.017\)*** & \(0.008\)*** & \(0.007\)*** & \(0.004\)*** \\  & (0.001) & (0.001) & (0.001) & (0.001) \\ \hline Number of observations & 480 & 480 & 480 & 480 \\ Number of groups & 48 & 48 & 48 & 48 \\ Log-likelihood & 318.0782 & 494.6012 & 518.8232 & \(-636.5719\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: *** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.05\), * \(p<0.1\). Time-period: 11 waves (2000–2013 except 2009–2011). Forty-eight continental U.S. states. All variables are log-transformed.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Second Stage Regression Using the Spatial Autoregressive Panel Model. this study found that the two significant values can be compatible with each other, highlighting developed definitions and measurements for them. The findings show significant effects of efficiency on effectiveness of highway management. A more efficient government does the \"right things\" in terms of highway management, particularly better mobility and safety as well as overall effectiveness. Thus, it can be said that a government which does \"things right\" is likely to be more effective than an inefficient government. In addition, regarding expenditure on highways, maintenance and investment (capital outlay) enhance effectiveness as shown by the evidence that maintenance expenditure positively affects mobility, safety, and overall effectiveness, and investment has a significant impact on the mobility and the overall effectiveness indicator. This implies that direct spending on highways is important to improve the effectiveness of highway management. Furthermore, the study suggests ways to measure efficiency and effectiveness and states the kinds of inputs, outputs, and outcomes that are appropriate for this measurement.