# Are Torque-Driven Simulation Models of Human Movement Limited by an Assumption of Monoarticularity?
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**(a) SJ** & **P0 [s]** & **TR3 [s]** & **A2 [s]** & **A3 [s]** & **strain at peak** **isometric torque** \\ \hline dors flexor & 2.783 & 0.356 & 0.803 & 0.208 & 0.043 \\ plantar flexor & 2.910 & 1.971 & 0.931 & 0.996 & 0.050 \\ knee extensor & 2.724 & 1.287 & 0.691 & 0.955 & 0.054 \\ knee flexor & 3.326 & 0.274 & 0.806 & 0.368 & 0.080 \\ hip flexor & 3.027 & 1.738 & 0.089 & 0.190 & 0.068 \\ hip extensor & 3.152 & 1.050 & 0.955 & 0.992 & 0.047 \\ shoulder flexor & 3.103 & 0.988 & 0.229 & 0.704 & 0.043 \\ shoulder extensor & 2.733 & 0.906 & 0.010 & 0.924 & 0.041 \\ MTP & 3.792 & 1.580 & 0.452 & 0.438 & 0.043 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{MTP (stiffness 600 Nm\(\cdot\)rad\({}^{-1}\), damping 1.28 Nms\(\cdot\)rad\({}^{-1}\), natural angle 2.43 rad), trunk angular velocity \(-\)0.295 rad\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\)} \\ \hline dorsi flexor & 3.562 & 1.896 & 0.391 & 0.241 & 0.050 \\ plantar flexor (mono) & 2.636 & 1.090 & 0.089 & 0.580 & 0.051 \\ plantar flexor (buart) & 2.696 & 1.477 & 0.798 & 0.999 & 0.051 \({}^{*}\) \\ knee extensor (mono) & 2.783 & 0.246 & 0.422 & 0.906 & 0.076 \\ knee extensor (buart) & 3.657 & 0.653 & 0.496 & 0.709 & 0.076 \({}^{*}\) \\ knee flexor (mono) & 3.295 & 0.865 & 0.291 & 0.963 & 0.047 \\ knee flexor (buart) & 3.071 & 1.590 & 0.848 & 0.908 & 0.047 \({}^{*}\) \\ hip flexor (mono) & 3.629 & 0.785 & 0.182 & 0.682 & 0.051 \\ hip extensor (mono) & 2.864 & 1.546 & 0.775 & 0.754 & 0.044 \\ shoulder flexor & 3.643 & 0.084 & 0.185 & 0.928 & 0.060 \\ shoulder extensor & 3.468 & 0.255 & 0.482 & 0.751 & 0.045 \\ MTP & 3.465 & 1.836 & 0.275 & 0.197 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{MTP (stiffness 600 Nm\(\cdot\)rad\({}^{-1}\), damping 3.64 Nms\(\cdot\)rad\({}^{-1}\), natural angle 2.49 rad), trunk angular velocity \(-\)0.201 rad\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\), \({}^{*}\) as for the monoarticular component} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Matching parameter values for the countermovement jump ascent, (a) SJ and (b) TJ. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Countermovement Jump**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Squat Jump**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Descent**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ascent**} & & \\ \cline{2-7}  & **SJ** & **TJ** & **SJ** & **TJ** & **SJ** & **TJ** \\ \hline
**kinematics** & & & & & & \\ ankle (\({}^{*}\)) & 2.74 & 2.40 & 21.38 & 14.84 & 15.93 & 18.18 \\ knee (\({}^{*}\)) & 4.61 & 5.38 & 27.78 & 19.38 & 22.29 & 9.86 \\ hip (\({}^{*}\)) & 4.11 & 8.74 & 33.18 & 20.62 & 20.14 & 11.32 \\ shoulder (\({}^{*}\)) & 19.79 & 18.21 & 30.54 & 11.48 & 6.67 & 9.89 \\ MTP (\({}^{*}\)) & 5.00 & 6.65 & 24.41 & 18.48 & 22.73 & 20.55 \\ orientation (\({}^{*}\)) & 5.32 & 3.46 & 20.78 & 9.34 & 3.49 & 2.56 \\ _kinematics only_ & **9.04** & **9.12** & **26.74** & **16.23** & **16.98** & **13.44** \\
**other** & & & & & & \\ vertical GRF (\%) & 11.17 & 11.30 & - & - & - & - \\ vert. velocity at take-off (\%) & - & - & 17.83 & 2.39 & 15.48 & 1.80 \\ contact time (\%) & - & - & 42.00 & 15.09 & 0.56 & 0.31 \\ rotation potential (\({}^{*}\)) & - & - & 11.88 & 1.27 & 0.08 & 0.07 \\ orientation at take-off (\({}^{*}\)) & - & - & 2.71 & 2.99 & 0.14 & 1.71 \\
**outcome \$** & & & & & & \\ mass centre height at take-off (m) & - & - & 1.13 & 1.14 & 1.03 & 1.10 \\ jump height (m) & - & - & 0.26 & 0.36 & 0.25 & 0.34 \\ peak of jump height (m) & - & - & 1.38 & 1.50 & 1.28 & 1.44 \\
**overall difference (\({}^{*}\))** & **9.38** & **9.46** & **24.27** & **10.07** & **10.28** & **6.11** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\$}\)Measured outcome of countermovement jump: Mass centre height at take-off (1.16 m), jump height (0.4 m), peak of jump height (1.56 m); squat jump: Mass centre height at take-off (1.16 m), jump height (0.37 m), peak of jump height (1.53 m).  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Difference between simulation and measured performance for SJ and TJ simulations of countermovement and squat jumping, and comparison of outcomes of each jump.