## 3 Results
### The Study Participants' General Characteristics and Homogeneity Testing
#### 3.2.2 Group Comparison at Each Point of Time for a Change in AI Competency
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Groups**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pre-Test**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Post-Test**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Follow-Up**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sources**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Differences**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Differences**} \\  & & & & & & & **(Post-Pre)** & & & **(Follow-Up-Pre)** & \\ \cline{3-14}  & & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **M \(\pm\) SD** & & & & & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **t** & \(p\) & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **t** & \(p\)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{AI competency} & Exp. & 3.13 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 3.92 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 3.94 \(\pm\) 0.47 & G & 9.77 & 0.003 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 2.11 & 0.041 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 2.06 & 0.048 \\  & Cont. & 3.01 \(\pm\) 1.01 & 3.28 \(\pm\) 0.87 & 3.12 \(\pm\) 0.80 & T & 6.76 & 0.002 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.71 & & & & 0.10 \(\pm\) 1.36 & & \\  & & & & & & GT & 2.77 & 0.069 & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Knowledge inference} & Exp. & 3.07 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 3.82 \(\pm\) 1.01 & 3.77 \(\pm\) 0.76 & G & 5.42 & 0.025 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 1.89 & 0.066 & 0.70 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 1.49 & 0.144 \\  & Cont. & 3.02 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 3.10 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 3.17 \(\pm\) 0.94 & T & 3.25 & 0.044 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 1.15 & & & 0.15 \(\pm\) 1.28 & & \\  & & & & & GT & 1.79 & 0.173 & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Data understanding and learning learning} & Exp. & 3.43 \(\pm\) 0.51 & 4.15 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 4.05 \(\pm\) 0.50 & G & 6.98 & 0.012 & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.89 & 1.93 & 0.061 & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 1.83 & 0.074 \\  & Cont. & 3.36 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 3.60 \(\pm\) 0.93 & 3.28 \(\pm\) 0.90 & T & 4.23 & 0.025 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.64 & & & \(-\)0.07 \(\pm\) 1.55 & & \\  & & & & GT & 2.31 & 0.116 & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Machine learning} & Exp. & 3.18 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 3.90 \(\pm\) 0.87 & 3.97 \(\pm\) 0.42 & G & 10.46 & 0.003 & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.94 & 1.41 & 0.166 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 1.88 & 0.068 \\  & Cont. & 2.98 \(\pm\) 1.17 & 3.28 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 3.07 \(\pm\) 0.84 & T & 5.25 & 0.007 & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.90 & & & 0.08 \(\pm\) 1.52 & \\  & & & & & GT & 2.15 & 0.123 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Deep learning} & Exp. & 2.93 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 3.83 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 3.96 \(\pm\) 0.53 & G & 11.09 & 0.002 & 0.90 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 1.61 & 0.115 & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.093 & 2.35 & 0.024 \\  & Cont. & 2.78 \(\pm\) 1.19 & 3.13 \(\pm\) 0.96 & 2.88 \(\pm\) 0.84 & T & 6.84 & 0.002 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 1.05 & & & & 0.10 \(\pm\) 1.49 & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{AI ethics} & Exp. & 3.01 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 3.93 \(\pm\) 0.80 & 3.95 \(\pm\) 0.62 & G & 6.42 & 0.016 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 1.87 & 0.069 & 0.93 \(\pm\) 0.98 & 1.68 & 0.101 \\  & Cont. & 2.93 \(\pm\) 1.18 & 3.28 \(\pm\) 0.94 & 3.20 \(\pm\) 0.88 & T & 7.92 & 0.001 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.87 & & & 0.26 \(\pm\) 1.46 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* AI = artificial intelligence; Exp. = experimental group; Cont. = control group; M = mean score; SD = standard deviation; G = group; T = time; G*T = group by time; F = F-statistic; t = t-statistic; \(p\) = significance level; significance at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effects of the international training program for enhancing intelligent capabilities on AI competency (N = 40).