## 2 Simulation Environment and Studied Buildings
### Details of Reinforced Concrete Buildings  
For this exercise, an actual office building that has already been constructed in Harbin is selected as the case study building. In order to reflect the actual situation in each climate zone, the structure of the original building is redesigned as necessary to meet the local building regulations. The RC structure designs strictly follow the local Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010). However, the load-bearing structure and functional organization of the building remains unchanged.  
The original building has a total floor area 27529.67 m\({}^{2}\) and is a 15-story office building designed for government use as an office. Figure 3 presents the floor plans of the building. It is mainly made up of offices, meeting rooms and related auxiliary space. The total height of the building is 67.8 m and the standard height of each story is 4.2 m. The building has a RC framed structure, RC slabs (full weight) and brick infill walls. An example of the RC external wall, roof and window design details in Beijing are resented in Tables 2-4. Figure 4 illustrates the design of the external envelope for the five studied cities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Climate Regions**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Temperature**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sub-region**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Representing City**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**U-Value** (Local Regulations)} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Hottest** & & & & & Roof. \(\leq\)0.28 \\ \hline Severe Cold & \(\leq\)25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\leq\)\(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & I (B) & Harbin & Wall. \(\leq\)0.38 \\  & & & & & Window: \(\leq\)2.5 \\ Cold Region & 18–28 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)10–0 \({}^{\circ}\)C & II (B) & Beijing & Wall. \(\leq\)0.5 \\  & & & & & Window: \(\leq\)2.7 \\ Hot-Summer Cool-Winter & 25–30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0–10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & III (B) & Shanghai & Wall. \(\leq\)0.8 \\  & & & & & Window: \(\leq\)3 \\ Hot-Summer Warm-Winter & 25–29 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(>\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & IV (B) & Shenzhen & Wall. \(\leq\)1.5 \\  & & & & & Window: \(\leq\)4 \\  & & & & & & \\ Temperate & 18–25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0–13 \({}^{\circ}\)C & V (B) & Kunming & Wall. \(\leq\)1.5 \\  & & & & & Window: \(\leq\)4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Five studied cities by climate zones.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Thickness (mm)** & **Conductivity (W/(mK))** & **Density (kg/m3)** & **Specific Heat** (J/(kgK))** & **Resistance (m\({}^{2}\)K/W)** \\ \hline Cement fiber & 20 & 0.082 & 350 & 1300 & 0.2439 \\ EPS insulation & 50 & 0.035 & 25 & 1400 & 1.4286 \\ Concrete block & & & & & Roof: \(\leq\)0.8 \\ (heavyweight) & 200 & 1.63 & 2300 & 1000 & 0.1227 \\ Cement plaster & 20 & 0.72 & 1860 & 800 & 0.0278 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Details of reinforced concrete (RC) external wall design in Beijing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Thickness (mm)** & **Conductivity (W/(mK))** & **Density (kg/m3)** & **Specific Heat** (J/(kgK))** & **Resistance (m\({}^{2}\)K/W)** \\ \hline Cement fiber & 20 & 0.082 & 350 & 1300 & 0.2439 \\ EPS insulation & 50 & 0.035 & 25 & 1400 & 1.4286 \\ Concrete block & & & & & Roof: \(\leq\)0.8 \\ (heavyweight) & 200 & 1.63 & 2300 & 1000 & 0.1227 \\ Cement plaster & 20 & 0.72 & 1860 & 800 & 0.0278 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Details of RC roof design in BeijingFigure 3: Floor plan and section of the case study building.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Thickness** & **Conductivity** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gas**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Convection**} & **Resistance** \\  & **(mm)** & **(W/(mK))** & & **Coefficient** (W/m\({}^{2}\)K) & **(m\({}^{2}\)K/W)** \\ \hline Outer pane & 8 & 1.06 & - & - & 0.0075 \\ Cavity & 6 & - & Air & 4.5382 & 0.1795 \\ Inner Pane & 8 & 1.06 & - & - & 0.0075 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Details of RC external window design in Beijing