## 4 Conclusions  
This study had employed the techniques of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), along with multivariate statistical analysis, to analyze the fruits and leaves of _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_. We identified 564 metabolites in the fruits and leaves, mostly comprising terpen and alcohols. Further calculations of the relative content of fruits and leaves from the three _Anomum_ species revealed that cineole, (_Z_)-2-decenal, and linalool were the volatile metabolites with the highest relative content in the fruits of _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_, respectively; while cineole, (-)-limonene, and 2-hexenal were the highest in their leaves. This indicates significant differences in the types and relative contents of volatile metabolites among different species and within the same species in different parts. Given the diverse pharmacological effects of these primary volatile metabolites, it is not recommended to use them interchangeably. Additionally, non-medicinal parts (leaves) are rich in bioactive compounds; thus, research on and utilization of these parts should be strengthened. Through the application of PLS-DA, it was found that linalool, cineole, and (_d_)-limone significantly contribute to the flavor of three species of the genus _Anomum_. In summary, these findings provide a theoretical basis for characterizing specific flavors associated with _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_. Figure 5: PLS–DA loading plots derived from 20 volatile compounds of different parts ((**A**) PLS–DA score chart of _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_ from different parts; (**B**) PLS–DA biplot chart of _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_ from different parts). **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13121925/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13121925/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13121925/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13121925/s1)), Figure S1. The fruits and leaves of three species of genus _Amomum_. Figure S2. Cross validation and permutation tests of PLS-DA model. A. Cross validation; B. Permutation tests. Table S1. Identification of compounds in the fruits and leaves of three species of the genus _Amomum_ using HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS. Table S2. The main volatile metabolites in the leaves of three species of genus _Amomum_. Table S3. The main volatile metabolites in the fruits of three species of genus _Amomum_. **Author Contributions:** J.G. : writing--review and editing, writing--original draft, visualization, investigation, formal analysis; M.Y. : resources, investigation, funding acquisition; M.Q. : resources, project administration; T.Y. : resources, methodology; L.W. : methodology; W.Y. : resources, investigation, funding acquisition; J.Z. : conceptualization, writing--review and editing, validation, supervision, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the Yunnan Province's major science and technology special plan project \"Nujiang _Amomum tsako_ Industry Science and Technology Innovation and Application Research\", Grant Number: 202202 AE090035; Rural Revitalization Science and Technology Special Project--Science and Technology Special Mission (Team), Dulongjiang, Gongshan, Yunnan, Grant Number: 202304 BI090032-17; Science and Technology Special Team of Cikai Town and Puradi Township in Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, Grant Number: 202304 BI090032-14; Science and Technology Special Brigade of Lumandeg Township and Shiyueliang Township in Fugong County, Yunnan Province, Grant Number: 202304 BI090032-13. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.