esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Simulations and Results
### Test System  
The proposed optimization would run in a central controller communicating with all participating prosumers, as depicted in Figure 2. The communication architecture and technologies are beyond the scope of this paper and can be included in a future enhancement of this work. For now we concentrate on energy sharing optimization. A test system has been devised involving six prosumers; the energy surplus and shortage values of each user, used in the algorithm, are indicated in Figure 3. Note that these values, i.e., the given shortage and surplus scenario, hugely influence the resulting reduction in shortage. If the shortage is much greater than the surplus, the algorithm will have less impact on the energy shortage reduction. On the other hand if the shortage is less than surplus, the algorithm can potentially bring the shortage to zero. We have chosen a realistic scenario. The first few hours and last couple of hours in Figure 3 indicate a high usage time span while in rest of the hours there is a mix consumption pattern. The other important parameter that influences the outcome of algorithm is the price associated with each user's surplus energy. As given in Equation (5) the algorithm tries to maximize surplus energy utilization and minimize the associated price at the same time. Per unit selling price offered by different users, in Pakistani Rupee (PKR), is given in Figure 4. The problem is to allocate available surplus energy to users with a shortage in such a way that the surplus is utilized as much as possible while shortage is minimized. Note that this problem can be approached in several different ways. It can be modelled as deterministic or stochastic programming, based on the nature of available information. Similarly, we may employ linear programming or BIP depending on whether it is desired to allocate full amount of surplus energy offered by a certain user or allocate flexibally i.e., only a certain part based on a shortage situation. The proposed algorithm, elaborated in the previous section, uses deterministic BIP approach and employs MATLAB 'bintprog' function.  
Note that linear programming would create extra billing-related problems such as calculating/measuring amount of surplus energy from a certain user allocated to different users with shortages. The BIP, on the other hand, removes this problem, as a participating selling prosumwill either commit its full available energy or no energy at all; this makes the billing problem simpler, and hence reduces the controller overhead. The billing in this case will be unpredictable, however, the algorithm tries to choose the surplus options in such a way that minimizes the associated price.
###### Abstract
The decomposition of graphs into simpler graphs has been the subject of various publications in the literature [33; 34; 35]. The scholars have introduced valuable contributions to the decompositions of circulant graph. The question of whether the Hamilton decomposition is possible for each Cayley graph over an abelian group was raised in [36]. The circulant graphs are a special case of the Cayley graph. The decomposition of the four-regular connected Cayley graphs into two Hamilton cycles has been demonstrated [37]. For a particular recursive circulant graph, the Hamilton decompositions have been demonstrated [38]. The circulant matrices that correspond to the circulant graph are introduced by the author in [39], and excellent explanations of circulant matrices are also given. For more details on the decompositions of bipartite circulant graphs, please take a look at [40; 41]. The purpose of this paper is to handle the Cartesian and tensor product approaches as helping tools for the decompositions. The proposed approaches enable us to decompose the bipartite circulant graphs into many categories of graphs. We consider the use cases of applying the described theory of bipartite circulant graph decomposition to the problems of finding new topologies and deadlock-free routing in them when building supercomputers and NoCs. This area of science is relatively recent, and there are still a large number of problems that can be solved using circulant graphs; this work is a mathematical justification for the development of new algorithms and methods for supercomputers and NoCs, but does not concentrate on them, formulating at the end only some ideas and concepts that can be developed in the future. The remaining sections of the paper are structured as follows. The preliminaries are introduced in Section 2. The edge decomposition of bipartite circulant graphs based on Cartesian products is shown in Section 3. Edge decomposition of bipartite circulant graphs based on tensor products is handled in Section 4. Section 5 discusses some use cases of applying the described theory of bipartite circulant graph decomposition. Section 6 concludes the paper.
# Toward a Comprehensive Understanding and Evaluation of the Sustainability of E-Health Solutions
## 7 Case Study
### Case Study: Evaluating the Hospital Information System  
The selected system (i.e., the hospital information system) had been running for six years, and it was adopted two years after the opening of the hospital. The main goal of adopting the system was to digitalize the work process in the hospital's pharmacy, such as dispensing medicines and laboratory tests processes. Additionally, another intended use of the system was to manage healthcare records and information within the hospital. Hence, the system was expanded to allow physicians to write the prescriptions of medicines in the patient's report, and place the order for medication with the hospital's pharmacy. However, as stated in the interview discussion, the system was found to be insufficient regarding meeting the minimum users' needs and allowing a full or efficient level of digitalization within the hospital, as some tasks were still paper-based.
# A Review on Millimeter-Wave Hybrid Beamforming for Wireless Intelligent Transport Systems
## 5 Conclusions  
Hybrid beamforming in mm-wave MIMO designs provides an attempt to utilize the available bandwidth in spectral and energy-efficient ways, thereby reducing the power requirement and enabling cost-effectiveness in a wide range of applications. This systematic review has meticulously analyzed the landscape of millimeter-wave hybrid beamforming for wireless communications, shedding light on its potential to revolutionize next-generation wireless systems. By examining various algorithms, performance metrics, and techniques, we have unveiled the strengths and limitations inherent in current hybrid beamforming solutions. Our review underscores the critical role of hybrid beamforming in optimizing system design and performance across diverse user scenarios, incorporating factors such as user density, link quality, band usage, scattering effects, and network applications. The analysis reveals that hybrid beamforming not only improves spectral efficiency but also enhances system robustness, making it a cornerstone technology in the evolving milieu of wireless communications. As we stride toward an era defined by ubiquitous and seamless connectivity, hybrid beamforming emerges as a pivotal enabler of advanced wireless communication systems, equipped to meet contemporary demands and pre-emptively address future challenges. By highlighting current research trends and outlining key challenges along with potential solutions, this review serves as a comprehensive guide for both academia and industry professionals. It also provides strategic insights for the continuous advancement of hybrid beamforming technologies. Also, the insights garnered from this review are intended to equip researchers and engineers with the knowledge necessary to drive innovation in wireless communications forward. Through continued exploration and development, hybrid beamforming is poised to significantly influence the trajectory of wireless technology, paving the way for more efficient, reliable, and adaptive communication systems that can seamlessly accommodate the growing demands of a hyper-connected world.  
Conceptualization, writing the original draft, W.S.; supervision, S.W.S. and A.S.S.; review and editing, M.A. and R.S.R.; review final draft, W.S.; writing--original draft preparation, W.S.; writing--review and editing, O.K. and R.S.R.; supervision, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported by the Computer Science and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, UK.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the ongoing research with it.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Blockchain Technology for Intelligent Environments
## 3 Noteworthy Blockchain Implementations
### Public/Permissionless Blockchains
#### 3.1.3 Cardano  
Cardano [26] is being developed in two layers that separate the ledger of account values from the reason why values are moved from one account to the other. The Cardano Settlement Layer (CSL) acts as the _balance ledger_. It uses a Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm to confirm transactions and generate new blocks. Moreover, CSL supports sidechains for moving assets from the CSL to the Cardano Computation Layer (CCL) and any other blockchains that support the Cardano KMZ protocol, which is used for efficient Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) proofs [41]. CCL is the second layer of the Cardano platform. It contains the information on why transactions occur. Because the computation layer is detached from the CSL, different users of the CCL can create different rules when evaluating transactions. The Cardano team is creating a new programming language to be used to develop smart contracts on the CCL, which is called Plutus. CCL also supports Solidity--used in Ethereum smart contracts--for low-assurance applications.  
The Cardano ledger will also implement its own proprietary virtual machine, called _IELE_ (named after a mythical creature). The VM is based on the LLVM compiler (originated in the Low Level Virtual Machine project) [42], along with its own unique low-level language. The core difference between IELE and the Ethereum VM is that IELE is a register-based machine with an unbounded number of registers, while EVM is a stack-based machine with a stack limit of 1024. As direct result of IELE's design paradigm, it supports unbounded integers, enabling easier development of secure smart contracts. The rationale behind the development of IELE is the creation of a uniform low-level language that elegantly translates to and from high-level languages, due to its register-based nature.
## 3 Results
### Nanowire-Based Sensors  
#### 3.3.1 Growth Techniques and Sensor Design  
Nanowire-based sensors typically consist of nanoscale wires made from materials such as silicon, zinc oxide, or silver [51]. Several growth techniques and design considerations are employed in the fabrication of nanowire-based sensors.  
One common growth technique for nanowire synthesis is the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method [52]. In this approach, a vapor-phase precursor is introduced to a heated substrate containing a catalytic metal nanoparticle. The precursor decomposes on the nanoparticle, resulting in the nucleation and growth of nanowires from the liquid catalyst. The VLS method allows for controlled growth of nanowires with desired dimensions, orientations, and crystal structures.  
Other growth techniques, including molecular beam epitaxy and electrodeposition, have also been utilized for nanowire fabrication [53]. These techniques offer precise control over nanowire properties, such as diameter, length, and doping levels. Additionally, template-guided growth can be employed, using porous templates or nanoscale patterning to guide the growth of nanowires into specific geometries or arrangements.  
The design of nanowire-based sensors involves considerations such as wire material selection, diameter optimization, and integration strategies [54]. Different materials offer varying sensing capabilities, with properties tailored to specific applications. The diameter of the nanowires influences their sensitivity and response time, with smaller diameters providing higher sensitivity. Integration strategies involve positioning the nanowires on appropriate substrates, enabling their incorporation into bridge components or attachment to critical areas for monitoring structural parameters.
## 5 Experimental Results
The accuracy can be mathematically represented as:  
\[\text{Acc}=\frac{\text{Total number of correctly directed patients}}{\text{Total number of patients' requests}}. \tag{10}\]  
Figure 4 presents the different comparisons between the two methods concerning the accuracy criterion. The evaluations have been made over different number of patients (100,150,200,254) and different number of hospitals (20,30,40,50,60). The figures show the high accuracy rates of the proposed method. The accuracy rates of the proposed method are very similar despite the number of patients and the number of hospitals. On-contrary, the lexicographic method accuracy rates suffer from a near steady decrease in the accuracy. This may return to its biasness to optimize one objective and provide a less degree of optimization for the other objectives. From the previous discussion, it is clear that the admission problem is very critical to minimize the in-bed time of patients and to save the lives of patients with severe cases. The proposed method has identified two objective functions to formulate the admission problem. The method applied the \(PO\) algorithm to vary among different hospitals according to the two objective functions. The method has been tested over a real-life dataset and proved its efficiency in admitting patients to suitable hospitals in real time. This presents the proposed method to be valid for real-life healthcare admission systems, especially for the second wave of Covid-19. Figure 3: A comparison between Pareto optimization and the lexicographic method according to the average running time in seconds.
## 2 Experiment Materials and Methods
### Instruments  
The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were collected on a Tecnai F20 transmission electron microscope (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) operated at 120 kV. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were collected on a SU8010 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 2.0 kV. Zeta potential was carried out on a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (UK). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were observed on a Bruker Multimode 8 AFM/SPM (Ettlingen, Germany) system in tapping mode and processed with freely available software: Gwyddion 2.30. The fluorescence spectra were measured using a SpectraMax M5 multi-mode microplate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA) with the emission spectra ranging from 495 nm to 700 nm with an excitation of 485 nm at room temperature. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra were acquired from a DR6000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Hach, Loveland, CO, USA). Circular dichroism (CD) spectra were performed on a MOS-500 circular dichroism spectrometer (Bio-Logic, Seyssinet-Pariset, France) with a 0.1 cm quartz cell at 200--350 nm using standard procedures.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Identification of Functional Residues for SSM  
To increase the substrate specificity of PbAcE towards tertiary alcohol esters, we adopted a semi-rational protein engineering approach. Covalent docking is widely used to find residues that interact with ligands or substrates [21; 29; 30; 31]. The X-ray crystal structures of CE7 family AcEs demonstrated that they have two pockets for substrate binding: one for acetyl groups and the other for alcohol groups (Figures 1a and S1) [14; 32; 33; 34; 35]. The catalytic triad of Ser815-His303-Asp274 is located near the smaller acetyl binding pocket (designated as S0). The alcohol groups bind to the larger pocket (designated as S1), which are mostly composed of hydrophobic amino acids. Previously, the putative hydrophobic substrate binding site was suggested to consist of Lys91, Glu104, Trp108, Tyr182, Phe208, Leu306, His309, Glu310, and Met313 [14]. In this study, we covalently docked the substrates to the active site Ser185 using HCovDock [21]. The substrates docked included tert-butyl acetate, linalyl acetate, \(\upalpha\)-terpinyl acetate, glyceryl tributyrate, and glyceryl trihexanoate. To find common residues that interacted with most substrates and ones that interacted with longer aliphatic substrates, the substrates to be docked were not limited to tertiary alcohol esters. The interaction of PbAcE with each substrate is shown in Figure 1b-f. Figure 1f shows the top 10 glyceryl tributyrate models with lowest energy. The residues interacting with substrates in the top 10 models were analyzed and are presented in Table 1. In this step,amino acids involved in the active site or S0 were eliminated. To further sort the residues for SSM, functional hotspots in PbAcE were investigated using the HotSpot Wizard program. Hotspot Wizard performs in silico identification of functional hotspots of the protein, which are highly mutable residues in the pockets or tunnels. This helps to reduce the size of mutant libraries [36; 37]. The prediction proposed 35 hotspot residues with mutability that exceeded six (Table S2). Hotspots were located evenly in the protein sequence, but only two residues, Lys91 and Tyr182 (in the S1 pocket), were predicted as hotspots. Taken together, we selected Lys91, Tyr182, and His93 for SSM, to improve substrate specificity for linalyl and \(\alpha\)-terpinyl acetates; however, Tyr92 was excluded, since it is not exclusively conserved in CE7 AcEs, but its side chain OH group faces the interior and forms hydrogen bonds with Ile162 NH.
## 1 Introduction  
The hydration of alkyne is one of the most important methods for the synthesis of ketone (Scheme 1) [1,2]. The addition of water to the alkyne, with a perfect atom economy, is regarded as a convenient and efficient access to carbonyl compound in modern organic synthesis [3,4].  
**Scheme 1.** The hydration of alkyne.  
The classical methods for the hydration of alkynes have been carried out using mercury (II) salts as Lewis acidic catalysts in aqueous sulfuric acid [5]. However, the toxicity of mercury (II) and the requirement of strong acid have produced pollution problems that have limited its applications [6]. As possible alternative catalysts, transition-metal complexes containing Rh [7], Ir [8], Pb [9], Pt [10], Au [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16], Ag [17; 18], Fe [19], Co [20] have been reported to catalyze the hydration of alkyne in good yields. At the same time, anti-Markovinokov hydration of terminal alkyne have been carried out in the presence of ruthenium complex [21; 22]. It was noted that the strong Bronsted acid such as TfOH or TfENH [23] or concentrated H2 SO4 [24], HCO2H [25] or PTSA [26] has to be used as a cocatalyst in order to obtain a good yield of ketone when the transition-metal complex was employed as a catalyst in the hydration of alkyne. Recently, it was found that the metal salts were effective at activating the carbon-carbon triple bond in the presence of protonic acids, for instance, In(OTf)\({}_{3}\) with PTSA [27], FeCl\({}_{3}\) with AcOH [28] and FeCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O with MsOH [29]. These methods use non-noble metal salts as catalysts, but the stoichiometric amount of Bronsted acid as a cocatalyst was still necessary for the hydration of alkyne. Therefore, the development of a general, efficient, inexpensive and readily available catalyst for the hydration of alkyne to corresponding carbonyl compound is very much in demand [30; 31; 32; 33].  
It is well known that SnCl\({}_{4}\) is a common, cheap, easy-handling Lewis acid, and has much lower toxicity. Recently, as a Lewis acid catalyst, SnCl\({}_{4}\) has been used widely in reduction of glycopranosyl azides [34], the ring-opening reaction of 4, 5-dihydropyrroles [35], conversion of glucose [36] and intermolecular polyene cyclization [37]. In this work, we found that SnCl\({}_{4}\cdot\)5H\({}_{2}\)O was a highly efficient and environmentally benign catalyst for the hydration of terminal alkyne to generate methyl ketone without using liquid Bronsted acid as a cocatalyst. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of Sn-catalyzed hydration of alkyne. In this manuscript, the reaction conditions and the substrate scope of hydration of alkyne were investigated when SnCl\({}_{4}\cdot\)5H\({}_{2}\)O was employed as a catalyst.
# State-of-the-Art DC-DC Converters for Satellite Applications: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Review of DC-DC Converters for Satellites
### Non-Isolated Topologies
#### 3.1.1 Buck-Derived Topologies  
Buck converters are extensively used in small satellites to lower the main bus voltage to power the LV subsystems in the satellite. In [71], a buck converter was used for an educational nano-satellite to step down the bus voltage from 16.8 V to 12 V, 5 V, and 3.3 V to supply the loads. Another demonstration was provided in [72], where a 5 V to 3.3 V buck converter was used as an onboard converter for a pico-satellite. In [73], a buck topology was employed to regulate the voltage for CubeSat payloads (3.3 V and 5 V). Recently, a ripple-less buck converter was proposed to step down a 33 V satellite bus voltage to 1 V for LEO applications [74]. The converter uses an inverted AC current replica to cancel the ripple in the buck converter. Apart from the above-mentioned cases, the buck topology has also demonstrated its effectiveness for MPPT applications. For instance, a buck converter was used for MPPT (1500 W, 80 V to 28 V) in the Rosetta-Mars Express deep space mission [75]. A topology based on a buck converter was proposed by the authors of [76] for MPPT in nano-satellites. Without impacting the converter's efficiency, the current ripple was lowered by two coupled inductors at the load side. It also reduced the component count of the EPS. The converter was simulated using MATLAB, and the output confirmed its functionality under various source and load scenarios. In [77], two buck-derived converters, a redundant MPPT converter, and a redundant load-side converter were proposed for nano-satellites, comprising two half-bridge modules with a shared inductor and a fuse providing over-current protection. The redundant module is operative only under faulty conditions. Although the topology provides a fault diagnosis capability and improved reliability, its applicability for small satellites needs to be evaluated, considering the volume and weight restrictions of small satellites. A multi-stage EPS architecture for nano-satellites was proposed in [78], which used four buck converters for MPPT, load-side conversion, and battery charge regulation. Thus, in general, the conventional buck converter and its derivatives have demonstrated good performance with regard to PoL conversions and MPPT, especially for small satellites. While the conventional buck converter is not shown, the various buck-derived topologies of DC-DC converters discussed above are shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 9: Buck-derived topologies (**a**) proposed in [76] and (**b**) proposed in [77].