## 4 Discussion
### Frameworks for CH Application Development, Design, and Evaluation
Her emphasis on storytelling as a tool for visitor engagement aligns well with the immersive possibilities of digital twins and metaverse applications. Similarly, Creating Exhibitions by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013) [127] highlights the importance of collaborative and interdisciplinary teamwork in exhibition development. Their case studies demonstrate how innovative experiences can emerge from effective collaboration--a principle vital for complex XR development projects involving diverse stakeholders. [PERSON]'s The Participatory Museum (2010) [128] focuses on visitor engagement through participatory design, emphasizing how institutions can involve users as co-creators of content. This approach is highly relevant for XR systems, where user interaction is critical, but it provides limited technical insights into implementing digital twins or linking virtual and physical environments. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage (2006) [129] fills this gap by delving into digital imaging technologies such as 3D scanning and VR. Their work underscores the technical requirements and potential of digital twins to enhance preservation and virtual accessibility. [PERSON]'s Exhibition Design (2006) [130] provides practical insights into integrating physical and digital elements in exhibitions, focusing on immersive and interactive design principles. However, its focus on traditional exhibition design leaves room for further exploration of how these principles extend to metaverse-linked XR systems. Finally, Heritage and Globalisation by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010) [131] explores the socio-cultural dimensions of heritage management, particularly in a globalized context. While this work emphasizes sustainability and community engagement, it offers less guidance on the technological or interactive design aspects crucial for CH XR systems. The existing frameworks, reviewed above, offer valuable perspectives for developing development frameworks for XR-based CH systems. The frameworks reviewed above collectively provide valuable strategies for addressing the challenges and opportunities in physital cultural heritage and tourism, ensuring inclusivity, authenticity, and sustainability. The frameworks emphasize storytelling, collaboration, participatory design, and technical imaging techniques, all of which are essential for linking metaverse digital twins to physical cultural heritage sites or artifacts. A synthesized summary of the frameworks, highlighting how they support HCD, HCI, UXUI evaluation, and XR/phygital cultural heritage application development, can be seen in Table 10.  
These frameworks illustrate how much interdisciplinary teamwork is required to implement the development methods with such a wide range of expert stakeholders--spanning HCI, UXUI, museum studies, and tourism innovation experts--whose views must be integrated to develop effective, user-centered CH XR applications. The landscape of CH XR application design is interdisciplinary, physgital, and user-centered. The frameworks described above are recommended to achieve the following:  
* Support holistic and inclusive innovation;
* Bridge physical, digital, and emotional experience;
* Ensure co-creation, cultural accuracy, and measurable impact;
* Empower designers, researchers, educators, and tourism entrepreneurs. However, these frameworks still lack specific guidelines for evaluating the user experience within XR systems, and there are still no guidelines for integrating blockchain and NFTs, or gamified CH XR hybrid tourism activities, into these projects. This means there continues to be a paucity of holistic frameworks that include all stakeholders for the development of CH XR applications with their potential innovations. In response to this, a new framework is presented below for the development of CH XR applications for the enhancement of tourism and hospitality. It brings the tasks of all stakeholders together in one workflow.