# Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Mahajanaka Mango Pulp Extract in Murine Models
## 3 Results
### Anti-Inflammatory Effects of MPE
#### 3.4.2 Carrageenanen-Induced Hind Paw Edema in Rats  
Carrageenanen was administered to the hind paws of rats to induce paw swelling, the largest of which was acknowledged at 5 h (Table 5). A reference dosage of the NSAID aspirin significantly decreased the size of paw edema at 1, 3, and 5 h, producing 71, 54, and 43% inhibition of paw swelling when compared with the DI water control group. MPE at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW reduced the volume of paw swelling; however, only a dose of 1000 mg/kg BW presented a significant effect at all evaluation times. MPE at a dose of 1000 mg/kg BW demonstrated 52, 44, and 30% inhibition of paw edema at 1, 3, and 5 h, respectively. These findings suggest that MPE exhibited anti-inflammatory properties through the suppression of paw edema in rats.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Time (Min)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **15** & **30** & **60** & **120** \\ \hline DI water (1 mL/ear) & Thickness (\(\mu\)m) & 195.0 \(\pm\) 8.9 & 277.2 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 356.1 \(\pm\) 14.7 & 335.6 \(\pm\) 11.3 \\ \hline Phenylbutazone (1 mg/ear) & Thickness (\(\mu\)m) & 40.0 \(\pm\) 11.2 * & 69.5 \(\pm\) 8.5 * & 182.8 \(\pm\) 7.2 * & 171.1 \(\pm\) 10.9 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 80 & 75 & 49 & 49 \\ \hline MPE (1 mg/ear) & Thickness (\(\mu\)m) & 50.6 \(\pm\) 3.4 * & 138.9 \(\pm\) 6.4 * & 243.9 \(\pm\) 5.5 * & 178.3 \(\pm\) 9.4 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 74 & 50 & 32 & 47 \\ \hline MPE (2.5 mg/ear) & Thickness (\(\mu\)m) & 145.6 \(\pm\) 8.6 * & 202.8 \(\pm\) 8.5 * & 293.3 \(\pm\) 10.1 * & 260.0 \(\pm\) 14.2 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 25 & 27 & 18 & 23 \\ \hline MPE (5 mg/ear) & Thickness (\(\mu\)m) & 165.0 \(\pm\) 9.4 * & 214.4 \(\pm\) 13.4 * & 293.9 \(\pm\) 8.8 * & 268.9 \(\pm\) 14.5 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 15 & 23 & 18 & 20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: DI = deionized, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Anti-inflammatory activity of MPE on EPP-induced ear edema in rats (n = 6). Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD values. Accordingly, * \(p\) \(<\) 0.05 when compared with DI water.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Time (h)**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **1** & **3** & **5** \\ \hline DI water (5 mL/kg BW) & Volume (mm\({}^{3}\)) & 306.0 \(\pm\) 29.4 & 388.7 \(\pm\) 23.8 & 473.3 \(\pm\) 16.3 \\ \hline Aspirin (300 mg/kg BW) & Volume (mm\({}^{3}\)) & 92.7 \(\pm\) 8.5 * & 180.7 \(\pm\) 21.9 * & 272.7 \(\pm\) 35.6 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 71 & 54 & 43 \\ \hline MPE (250 mg/kg BW) & Volume (mm\({}^{3}\)) & 299.3 \(\pm\) 33.1 & 367.3 \(\pm\) 31.2 & 357.3 \(\pm\) 31.0 \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 3 & 5 & 23 \\ \hline MPE (500 mg/kg BW) & Volume (mm\({}^{3}\)) & 250.0 \(\pm\) 15.3 & 357.3 \(\pm\) 31.0 & 404.7 \(\pm\) 28.3 \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 19 & 8 & 15 \\ \hline MPE (1000 mg/kg BW) & Volume (mm\({}^{3}\)) & 149.3 \(\pm\) 11.0 * & 224.0 \(\pm\) 23.1 * & 334.7 \(\pm\) 19.4 * \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 52 & 44 & 30 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: DI = deionized, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Anti-inflammatory effects of MPE on carrageenanen-induced hind paw edema in rats. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD values (n = 6). Accordingly, * \(p\) \(<\) 0.05 when compared with DI water.