## 2 Theoretical Framework: Definitions and Classifications  
### Classification of Modern Solutions in Transport  
Conducting a review of research on the latest advances in the area of sustainable transport development in the context of their importance for potential crises requires first and foremost considering the theoretical frameworks related to modern transport solutions. These solutions can be defined as a set of methods, tools, technologies, or strategies for moving people or goods from one place to another. They may encompass various aspects of transport operations, such as infrastructure, management systems, technology, and the organization of logistics processes [16; 17].  
The literature provides numerous examples of solutions that have been successfully implemented in transport and widely embraced by society [18; 19; 20]. However, in an era of rapid technological advancement--where artificial intelligence (AI), advanced automation systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Big Data technologies [21; 22] are increasingly influential--the emergence of new innovations is inevitable. Modern innovations, such as autonomous vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [23], and intelligent traffic management systems, are continually transforming the transport sector, making it more efficient, safer, and greener [24; 25; 26]. Research in the area of transport system models (TSMs) is also worth noting, as they not only can reduce risk but also increase evacuation preparedness in the event of disastrous events [27]. The classification of these modern transport solutions is not strictly defined and continues to evolve as new technologies emerge and research advances. Given the current state of knowledge, the classification in Figure 1 can serve as a useful framework.  
Recent research results show that vehicle propulsion technology is progressing rapidly, especially in the areas of hybrid (HEV and PHEV) and fully electric (BEV) drivetrains [28; 29]. Work is also advancing on autonomous vehicles--those capable of driving and making decisions without human input [30]. Many publications focus on intelligent transport systems (ITS), including traffic management systems [31; 32] and advanced technologies that assist with navigation and provide information to road users [33; 34]. Innovation in logistics and delivery is also an active area of research, with projects exploring the use of UAVs [35] and autonomous trucks for parcel delivery [36]. Attention is also being paid to the integration and management of transport systems, such as MaaS (Mobility as a Service) platforms [37], real-time public transport management systems [38; 39], and smart car parks [40]. A crucial component for the comprehensive development of the transport sector is the supporting infrastructure. This includes research on electric vehicle charging stations, sensors for smart transport systems [41], and integrated transfer hubs [42]. A significant body of literature also addresses modern vehicle technologies, such as the connected car, which enables two-way communication with systems outside the vehicle [43], as well as a range of innovations in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) [44]. Another important category includes public transport solutions, particularly efforts toward autonomous urban transport [45] and the implementation of on-demand transport systems [46; 47]. Progress is also being made on smart bus stops and stations [48; 49].  
In this section, specific examples of transport innovations are linked to the identified solution categories, based on a comprehensive literature review. The analysis of research progress considered the alignment of these solutions with the principles of sustainable transport and their importance in the face of potential global crises.