# Enhancing Monocrystalline Solar Module Efficiency through Front-Surface Cooling with 96% Alcohol
## 1 Introduction
They used LM35 temperature sensors that were attached to the front surface of the module and connected to the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The temperature sensors detected a moment when the temperature of the front of the module reached 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C and sent a signal to the PLC, which signaled the water pump to pump water from the tank for 30 s. They observed that a decrease in solar module temperature of 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C led to a 3% increase in electrical efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [19] studied the performance of photovoltaic evaporative chimney, which is a new solar-cooling system that has the dual benefit of increasing the efficiency of PV panels and cooling down a water stream to dissipate heat from a refrigeration cycle. The results show that the system successfully increasing the power generated by the PV panels by approximately 10% through its cooling effect. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposes an innovative approach by combining active and passive cooling mechanisms to enhance the electrical output of a photovoltaic (PV) module. Aluminum fins and an ultrasonic humidifier were used as a heat sink to cool the PV panel. The cooling system was able to reduce the temperature of the panel by an average of 14.61 \({}^{\circ}\)C and increase electrical efficiency for 6.8%. [PERSON] et al. [21] developed a PV spraying cooling system to control the temperature of the modules and improve electricity generation. The results showed that a cooling system can improve the module's efficiency from 11.18% to 13.27% by reducing the temperature up to 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
[PERSON] et al. [22] conducted a series of experiments to determine the optimal cooling arrangement that balances water-film uniformity, module temperature reduction, water consumption, and module power production. The results indicate that a cooling system equipped with three nozzles with a 90\({}^{\circ}\) spraying angle, an inlet pressure of 1.5 bar, and operating for 30 s followed by 120 s off, can decrease module temperature by 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C and improve module efficiency by 14%. [PERSON] et al. [23] developed pulsed-spray water cooling system to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic panels while reducing water consumption. The results of the study show that compared to an uncooled panel, the maximum electrical power output of the photovoltaic panel increases by about 33.3%, 27.7%, and 25.9% when using the steady-spray water cooling, the pulsed-spray water cooling with the duty cycle, DC = 1 and 0.2, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [24] developed an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real-time energy monitoring system using internet of things (IoT) technology. The operation of a cooling system is based on a cut-off temperature of 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C. As a result of this cooling process, the average system output power increases from 14.97 W to 18.06 W.  
[PERSON] et al. [25] conducted an experimental study on the use of multi-wall carbon nanoparticles in ethylene-glycol as a coolant for a solar module. The experiments were carried out in Qazvin, Iran. Both energy and exergy analyses were performed, revealing that the thermal and electrical efficiencies were improved by 23.5% and 4.2%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated cooling of the back side of a 60 W polycrystalline solar module. A channel was attached to the back side of the module, through which fluids were passed at a flow rate of about 0.4 L/min. The temperatures of modules cooled by water, ethylene glycol, and a mixture of water and ethylene glycol were, respectively, 32.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 35.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 33.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At the same time, the temperature of the uncooled solar module reached a value of 71.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C. An increase in electrical efficiency by 6.84%, 6.03%, and 5.21%, respectively, was obtained. During the cooling, a temperature drop of at least 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved.