## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that connects a significant number of objects--such as wearable devices, sensors, smartphones, smart meters, and vehicles--to the Internet [1]. The IoT is a promising technology that provides services and practical solutions in several fields, including smart cities, healthcare, smart grids, smart homes, logistics, industrial manufacturing, intelligent transportation, and business management [2, 3]. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is an essential technology in most IoT applications, especially healthcare applications [4]. RFID systems have a small chip called an RFID tag implanted in an object. The tag contains data that a reader can read via short-range radio waves. The data retrieved by the reader are transmitted to the server for further processing. RFID systems increase productivity in applications by providing contactless and automatic object identification [5]. Based on the cost, memory size, and battery requirements, RFID tags are categorized into three classes: passive tags, semipassive tags, and active tags [6]. Passive tags acquire their energy from the reader and hence do not require a battery to operate. They use the reader to trigger a response from the tag. They have a limited storage memory, a lower cost,a longer lifespan, and a shorter communication range than the other classes. Semipassive tags have an internal chip battery to power a sensor and run the circuitry on the chip. They work similarly to passive tags by using the reader to trigger a response from the tag. They have a more extensive memory storage, a higher cost, a lower lifespan, and a longer communication range than passive tags. Active tags are powered by batteries and use two-way communication between the reader and the tag. They have a larger size and greater computing capabilities compared to the passive and semipassive tags. They have a larger storage capacity, a higher cost, a limited lifespan, and are more expensive than the other types of tags. Due to the distinctive feature of contactless and automatic object identification, RFID technology is widely used in many IoT applications for delivering intelligent services. For example, in healthcare applications, RFID technology provides intelligent services such as patient monitoring, medical asset tracking, and drug administration [7; 8]. In the field of logistics, RFID helps in delivering products. With the RFID tag attached to a package, we can track the process from pick up to delivery by tracking the current location of the products, which helps minimize the rate of incorrect deliveries due to human error [9]. In the field of assembly and manufacturing, we use RFID tags to improve throughput and reduce defects. Furthermore, we can use them in the manufacturing process to determine the product being assembled and the component that will be mounted. It is then possible to perform an instant check during assembly to select the parts that must be installed in the product and whether the components installed are correct. Thus, RFID plays a role in ensuring the quality of the final product. For payment systems, RFID can be used to pay for tolls without having to stop. These systems are widely used to make electronic toll collection more convenient, especially on highways and in parking lots [9]. The RFID toll system allows vehicles to automatically check in and out in a contactless, fast, secure, and convenient way [9]. Restaurants are also experimenting with paying for meals at drive-through windows using RFID tags [10]. For security and access control applications, may organizations use RFID cards to control access levels based on the security level granted to the card owners. For example, at the entrance to a building, readers are deployed to allow only authorized people access [9]. In supply chain management, RFID tags can be attached to products or every other part of the supply chain, and RFID readers can track all items from the manufacturing to the sales point [9].