## 2 Study Area and Datasets
### Datasets
#### 2.2.1 Satellite RS Data  
Satellite imageries of two MS Landsat (L) missions were one of the optical satellite data sources utilized in this study. When conducting this research, only L8 and L9 satellites were active, launched on February 11, 2013, and September 27, 2021, respectively [51]. This study utilized the Surface Reflectance (SR) products of L8/9, which are available after the Land SR Code (LaSRC) correction incorporating radiometric, terrain, and atmospheric corrections [52]. L8 and L9 missions have a spatial resolution of 30 m. Besides, both include six spectral bands, encompassing the visible, Near Infrared (NIR), and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) regions, with a spectral range extending from 482 to 2200 nm (Table 1). It is important to mention that the coastal aerosol band of L8/9 was not utilized. Each of these missions provides a temporal resolution of 16 days, which is reduced to 8 days when combined. So, because of their similar spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics, their combination was considered as a single dataset, hereafter referred to as L8/9. Figure 1b illustrates that the study site is covered by two L8/9 scenes (with a path number of 135 and row numbers 34 and 35). In this paper, S2 MS images were used as another source of optical satellite data, which are acquired through a Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) sensor. The S2 mission consists of two identical satellites, S2-A and S2-B, launched on 23 June 2015, and 7 March 2017. Each satellite has a 10-day repeat cycle, which is reduced to 5 days when both are used. The MSI has 13 spectral bands, with three dedicated to atmospheric applications (with a spatial resolution of 60 m). The other ten bands cover the visible, Near Infrared (NIR), and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) regions, spanning from 496 to 2200 nm, with spatial resolutions of 10 and 20 m [53]. This study utilized S2 level-2A data which provide SR values after radiometric, terrain, and atmospheric corrections using the Sen2 Core algorithm [54]. As can be seen in Figure 1b, the study site is entirely covered by a single S2 image with a granule number of 38 SNF. This study also utilized the S1 satellite as an SAR data source. S1 is the first mission of the Copernicus program developed by the European Space Agency (ESA). This mission includes a constellation of two identical satellites: S1-A (launched on 3 April 2014) and S1-B (launched on 26 April 2016). The dual-satellite constellation provides a 6-day repeat cycle. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Collection** & **Band Name** & **Wavelength (nm)** & **Resolution (m)** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{S2} & B2 & 496.6 & 10 & Blue (B) \\  & B3 & 560 & 10 & Green (G) \\  & B4 & 664.5 & 10 & Red (R) \\  & B5 & 703.9 & 20 & Red Edge 1 (RE1) \\  & B6 & 740.2 & 20 & Red Edge 2 (RE2) \\  & B7 & 782.5 & 20 & Red Edge 3 (RE3) \\  & B8 & 835.1 & 10 & NIR \\  & B8A & 864.8 & 20 & Red Edge 4 (RE4) \\  & B11 & 1613.7 & 20 & SWIR 1 \\  & B12 & 2202.4 & 20 & SWIR 2 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{L8/9} & B2 & 482 & 30 & Blue (B) \\  & B3 & 561.5 & 30 & Green (G) \\ \cline{1-1}  & B4 & 654.5 & 30 & Red (R) \\ \cline{1-1}  & B5 & 865 & 30 & NIR \\ \cline{1-1}  & B6 & 1608.5 & 30 & SWIR 1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & B7 & 2200.5 & 30 & SWIR 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The S2 and L8/9 spectral bands used in this study. The S1 satellites are equipped with a C-band (5.405 GHz) SAR instrument, which can collect data in any weather conditions and at any time of the day or night [55]. The S1 Ground Range Detected (GRD) product is used for this study, which provides two polarizations: Vertical-Vertical (VV) and Vertical-Horizontal (VH) in Interferometric Wide (IW) swath mode. This product is available through GEE after being preprocessed using the S1 Toolbox (S1 TBX), providing a spatial resolution of 10 m [56]. The preprocessing includes thermal noise removal, radiometric calibration, and terrain correction.