esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Forecasting Cost Risks of Corn and Soybean Crops through Monte Carlo Simulation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Spearman Correlation Coefficient (\(\rho\)) and Coefficient of Determination (\(R^{2}\))  
The Spearman correlation coefficient (\(\rho\)) was used to measure the existence and degree of correlation between the price (in USD) of corn or soybean per bag (independent variable) and the price (in USD) of the dependent variables.  
The correlation of the prices (in USD) of the selected dependent variables considered in this study (diesel fuel, fungicide Trifloxystrobin Tebuconazole, herbicide Glyphosate, insecticide Thiamethoxam Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Dolomitic Limestone amendment, NPK 05-25-25 fertilizer, exchange rate, soybean seed, corn seed, tractor operator labor, daily laborer labor, Potassium Chloride fertilizer, Urea fertilizer) and the independent variable (corn or soybean price in USD) is presented in Table 3. The variables were defined according to their use in the crops and product information availability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**DV** & **IV** & **P** & **R2** & **DC** & **IV** & **P** & **R2** & **DC** \\ \hline DOIL & Corn & 0.72 & 0.52 & Strong & Soy & 0.81 & 0.65 & Strong \\ FUT & Corn & 0.88 & 0.77 * & Strong & Soy & 0.92 & 0.85 * & very strong \\ HEGL & Corn & 0.65 & 0.42 & moderate & Soy & 0.74 & 0.54 & Strong \\ INTL & Corn & 0.79 & 0.64 & Strong & Soy & 0.83 & 0.68 & Strong \\ DLLC & Corn & 0.81 & 0.65 & Strong & Soy & 0.87 & 0.77 * & Strong \\ NPKF & Corn & 0.80 & 0.64 & Strong & Soy & 0.86 & 0.75 * & Strong \\ DLR & Corn & 0.79 & 0.62 & Strong & Soy & 0.77 & 0.59 & Strong \\ SOY & Corn & 0.92 & 0.93 * & very strong & Soy & 0.97 & 0.93 * & very strong \\ SOYS & Corn & 0.92 & 0.93 * & very strong & Soy & 0.97 & 0.93 * & very strong \\ CORS & Corn & 0.15 & 0.02 & negligible & Soy & 0.27 & 0.08 & Negligible \\ TRAC & Corn & 0.91 & 0.83 * & very strong & Soy & 0.95 & 0.90 * & very strong \\ DAI & Corn & 0.87 & 0.75 & Strong & Soy & 0.92 & 0.85 * & very strong \\ PCF & Corn & 0.72 & 0.54 & Strong & Soy & 0.81 & 0.66 & Strong \\ URF & Corn & 0.77 & 0.60 & Strong & Soy & 0.84 & 0.70 & Strong \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Spearman correlation coefficient (p) and coefficient of determination (R2).  
The results show the weight of each cost item in the product cost structure. In this regard, the dependent variables, diarist, Glyphosate, and Trifloxystrobin Tebuconazole, do not have the same degree of correlation as among the dependent variables. However, the remaining variables have the same degree of correlation as among the dependent variables.  
The highlighted cases show a correlation coefficient \(\geq\) 0.70 (strong). The variables that showed strong correlation and R\({}^{2}\)\(\geq\) 0.70 for the soybean or corn crops, were selected for future forecasting analysis (24 months) using MCS (predictor).
## 8 Discussion  
Before the implementation of this system, there was no safety management system in the mine except for the simple telephone communications between the surface and underground stations. The previous method of manual entries of accidents were not reliable and made it extremely difficult to build a quantitative comparison between the number of accidents before and after the installation of the integrated system. Therefore, four persons (mine manager, a technical consultant, and two miners from the mine staff) were interviewed after the implementation of this system. After the implementation of this system, a training session was arranged for miner's training and explaining to them the benefits of this system. Afterwards, the two representatives of miners were interviewed. They showed the positive response for carrying MN, because of its light weightiness, safety concerns, and also as a source of entertainment. Also, there was a significant reduction in mine accidents. Hence, this system proved to be highly suitable and provides a replacement for the previous mine management system. This system  
Figure 12: Comparison of representational state transfer (REST) and simple object access protocol (SOAP) in terms of (**a**) memory consumed and (**b**) response time.  
is helpful for mine managers because they always know the locations of the mine crew inside the mine. Thus, this system enables improved management performance, especially for restricted areas. The continuous tracking of miners helps to prevent unauthorized entry to restricted areas that have high concentrations of toxic gases. Moreover, an important aspect of this system is the simultaneous information sharing with all involved workers and managers. This system enables quick rescues in case of an accident or unexpected danger. Furthermore, this system helped to provide information about the general trend of gases emissions throughout the coal mine. Table 10 compares distinguishing features of our proposed system relative to the few previously existing systems.  
In fact, the use of WSNs in mines can be further enhanced by taking into consideration issues like energy management [43; 44]. In addition, the operation of the proposed WSN based platform could be considerably more efficient if not only hard thresholds but also soft thresholds would be used. So that the sensor nodes send alarm messages each time that there is a specific deviation between the current and the last value of the parameters measured as suggested in [45].
# Key Management Scheme Based on Route Planning of Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 The Scheme Design
### Establishment of Session Keys
#### 3.3.3 Key Revocation and Update  
When the node's residual energy is less than a certain threshold, the base station will exclude the node from the network during the clustering process. Therefore, it is impossible for it to participate in the remainder of the process, including cluster head selection, path planning and session key establishment. If a normal node was captured, the intrusion detection mechanism will be used to find this situation, and the captured node will be noticed by the base station, and it will be prohibited from participating in establishing a session key in the next cycle. In this paper, the dynamic clustering scheme is adopted, which means the base station will launch re-clustering in every period of \(T\). Due to the reselection of cluster heads, cluster keys and all kinds of session keys among the MS, cluster heads, member nodes, and base stations all need to be rebuilt, and all the key updates will be completed in this process. This ensures one session key will be used once time. It ensures the network uses a session key with a short time for communication, and it can reduce the risk of cracking for the network.
# Use of New and Light Materials in Automotive Engineering for Towing System
## 3 Experimental Study of the Proposed Materials
### Materials Used for Specimens
#### 3.1.3 Steel  
The grade of steel used in the manufacturing of the specimens was S355]2. The semi-finished product from which the samples were made was sheet metal with a thickness of 4 mm, cut by laser, and because this process thermally influenced the cutting area, producing a superficial tempering of the sheet, the cutting was made with additions of 5 mm on each side, additions that were later removed on a CNC milling machine to avoid a possible influence on the results of the experimental research on mechanical strength. Analogous for the specimens intended for the bending test, the holes at the ends of the specimens intended for the tensile tests had a purely technological role, to help fix them on the milling device in order to obtain the hourglass-shaped outer outline (Figure 6).  
Due to the fact that the final dimensions of the samples were obtained using a high-precision machine, the dimensions of all the samples were constant, and their section was 4 \(\times\) 10 mm, which is why it was not necessary to measure each sample.  
The specific mass (density, \(\rho\) [g/cm\({}^{3}\)]) of the materials varied according to the chemical composition of which they were made, and the density values of the materials studied in the present paper are shown in Table 2.  
Figure 5: Tensile and bending specimens, made of (**a**) Al99.7%, (**b**) AlSi12 Cu1 Fe, and (**c**) AlSi10 MnMg.  
It is noted that the material with the highest specific mass was steel, which is why the study of obtaining towing hooks from alternative materials was desired, precisely with the idea of reducing the total mass of the vehicle.  
The materials proposed to replace steel have much lower values of this property, with the specific mass of CF composite materials being 20% that of steel and the density of aluminum and aluminum-based alloys being 33% that of steel.
# Improved Image Denoising Algorithm Based on Superpixel Clustering and Sparse Representation
## 2 Basics of Superpixel Clustering and Sparse Representation (SC-SR) Algorithm  
This paper implements a novel image denoising algorithm based on the NSS prior in mid-level vision cues and weighted sparse coding. Before analyzing the proposed denoising algorithm, it is essential to introduce three basic algorithms which play vital roles in realizing the proposed algorithm.
# Aerostat-Based Observation of Space Objects in the Stratosphere
## 3 Aerostat-Based Observation Installation for Space Objects
### Observation Telescope  
For aerostat-based observation and optical telescope, the observation payload in the SOFOS needs to adapt to the conditions of the floating platform. According to the stratospheric environmental conditions described in the previous section and the process of aerostat distribution and recovery, the telescope must meet the basic environmental conditions as follows:  
1. Low pressure: 55 hPa @ 20,000 m.
2. Temperature range: \(-70\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to +40 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
3. Impact overload: 5 g.  
These conditions form special technical requirements for the design of the observation telescope and require environmental simulation tests to be carried out on the ground before the flight experiment.  
According to the advantage of the astronomical observation conditions in the stratosphere, the observation telescope can select a multi-band detection mode with visible and infrared wavelengths to gain richer object information than ground observation and has a stronger detection capability than the ground telescope with the same aperture. As for space debris and oncoming NEA, small or medium-sized aperture telescopes, which are fixed with a stabilized turntable, can be used to observe such objects so that the weight and volume of the payloads can be reduced. It is convenient to design and install a low-cost SOFOS; therefore, a rapid response ability of emergency observation for space debris and oncoming NEA can be supplied.  
If a space-based telescope has a sufficiently large field of view, it can observe the debris objects in the geosynchronous orbit and archive independent orbital determination as a single platform [21]. The same analysis can be used for the SOFOS. Utilizing its long flight ability in the stratosphere, SOFOS can be equipped with a large field optical telescope to provide long arc and high revisit observation for debris objects. It can improve the  
Figure 7: Experiment pod in near space.  
observation efficiency and accuracy for the important tracking and monitoring tasks of debris threat alarms, such as dangerous orbital rendezvous, disintegration, and big space debris reentry.
# Additive Manufacturing for Surgical Planning and Education: A Review
## 4 Applications of 3D Printing in the Medical Field
### Surgical Practice and Implants  
Anatomical models serve as molds for crafting prosthetics, exemplified in specific cranial and ear surgery cases. Additionally, personalized 3D-printed molds for prosthetics [84]have streamlined procedures like chin-augmentation surgery, reducing surgical duration and enhancing aesthetic outcomes due to precise profile matching. Additional research indicates that 3D-printing methods can directly produce final implants, notably prevalent in cranial surgery [85]. Custom cranial implants prove highly accurate, reducing operating-room time and correlating with improved clinical results across various studies.  
Similarly, 3D-printed trays and fixation plates enhance medical outcomes and trim operation room time in maxillofacial surgery. A study [7] highlighted enhanced bone formation and angiogenesis with custom implants. Furthermore, complete dentures are also attainable through additive manufacturing, with results varying; some studies note slightly lower aesthetics for 3D-printed dentures, while others report aesthetics comparable to standard dentures, emphasizing the benefits of facial simulation before final prosthetic printing.  
As a case study [86], a 43-year-old woman with a significant mandible defect initially underwent mandible reconstruction using an intraoperatively modeled reconstruction plate. However, this initial attempt failed due to asymmetrical mandibular contour, causing difficulties in jaw movement. The patient faced challenges in opening and closing her mouth, leading to saliva overflow, impaired oral food intake, and speech problems. To address these issues, a second surgical procedure was planned to involve a custom-designed implant. CT data were transferred to a CAD environment for implant design (Figure 10). Given the extent of the defect, reaching from the right condyle to the midline of the chin, a combination of mirror-imaging technique and another mandible was utilized as a template. The undamaged mandible was mirrored to the affected side, but due to the defect's size exceeding the midline of the chin, additional scaling and templating from another mandible image was necessary to complete the implant contour design.  
The designed implant was fabricated using stereolithography, creating an SLA model that served as a pattern for the titanium implant. The finalized implant was then forwarded to the maxillofacial department for the surgical procedure, as depicted in Figure 10.
# Virtualized MME Design for IoT Support in 5G Systems
## 5 Virtualized MME Design for M2M  
This section describes the main points relevant to the virtualized MME (vMME) design adopted. Firstly, we introduce a design parameter named the _target arrival rate per tier_. This parameter defines the arrival rate used in the dimensioning of the vMME resources. Secondly, we explain two baseline schemes assumed in this work, named the Baseline Scheme (BS) and the Overdimensioned Scheme (OS). These baseline schemes highlight the impact of the overdimensioning of resources due to the inclusion of M2M events. Finally, the last subsection explains the two proposed schemes, called the Traffic separated Scheme (TS) and the traffic Shaper Scheme (SS). These proposed schemes include new mechanisms to optimize the dimensioning of the vMME, while at the same time they satisfy to the _target arrival rate per tier_ defined.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experiment Design and Evaluation
(2) Qualitative metrics: To visualize the results, the NIR-Red-Green channels are used as RGB channels for image rendering, highlighting the vegetation-dominated scenes in the datasets. Additionally, the Average Absolute Difference (AAD) Map is employed to visually compare pixel-wise absolute error values between the predicted images and the ground truth. The error magnitude is represented using a color gradient, enabling an intuitive understanding of error distribution across the image.
# 5G-MEC Testbeds for V2X Applications
## 2 Background
### Fundamentals of ETSI-MEC
#### 2.2.4 MEC in the NFV Environment  
In the future, MNOs will deliver the network as a service (NaaS) using NFV. To achieve this, MNOs use the VI to integrate the network elements, MEC apps, and components into the infrastructure [25]. The data plane in the VI routes traffic between applications, various services, access networks, and the MEP. The data plane configuration is managed via the Mp2 reference [26]. The VI is a fundamental component of the MEC and NFV architecture. The MEPM shown in the MEC system reference architecture is transformed into a \"Multi-Access Edge Platform Manager-NFV\" (MEPM-V) that transfers the Life Cycle Management (LCM) section to one or more VNF Managers (VNFMs), which is smart of the NFV MANO. The MEO in the MEC reference architecture is transformed into an MEC Application Orchestrator (MEAO) that uses an NFV Orchestrator (NFVO) for the orchestration of resources, along with a set of MEC application VNFs as one or more NFV Network Services (NSs) [27]. By deploying the MEC in the NFV environment, low latency and scalability are the main benefits. The NFV delivers scalability and the MEC offers low latency.
## 2 Distortion and Perceptual Measures  
We set out to explore the interplay between conventional distortion measures and the recently introduced perceptual measures. Details regarding the emerging class of perceptual measures, including the total variation (TV) distance, the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, and the Wasserstein distance, are provided. Additionally, we present a set of assumptions and a series of distance-divergence inequalities. These elements highlight the fundamental differences and connections between distortion and perceptual measures, thereby motivating the information-theoretic results. We demonstrate that neither the distortion measure nor any of the perceptual measures, including the TV distance, KL divergence, and Wasserstein distance, dominate each other. Instead, they synergistically contribute to the RDP trade-off.
# World-Models for Bitrate Streaming
## 4 Design
### World-Model Design  
A fully hallucinogenic world-model requires an accurate state and reward predictor. It is straightforward to apply the MDN-RNN in order to predict state in the bitrate streaming environment. The state space for bitrate streaming is continuous, except for the number of chunks remaining in the video, which decreases by one until the episode ends. These experiments apply the MDN-RNN to the entire state space and assume that the remaining chunk predictions will contain a small rounding error.  
The reward for bitrate streaming, QoE metrics, measures the quality of experience for the user across the episode, but it is computed at each step. This computation involves the previous state and action, and the current state and action. The action prior to each step, \(a_{t-1}\), is recorded in the state space at each step, \(s_{t}\). If an MDN-RNN is used to predict the next state given an action, then we can apply a function to compute the contribution to total QoE at each step, forming a fully hallucinogenic world-model. This method also has the advantage of allowing the QoE metric for performance to be substituted or changed as needed, without retraining the entire model. The reward function at each step is as follows:  
\[\text{Reward}_{t+1}=q(a_{t})-\mu(\max(\tau_{t}-b_{t-1},0))-\mid q(a_{t})-q(a_{ t-1})\mid\]Here, \(\mu\) is the linear QoE parameter constant, (4.3 in the simulator), \(q(a_{t})\) is the quality function on the current action, and \(\max(\tau_{t}-b_{t-1},0)\) is the rebuffering time, being computed from the previous buffer size and the time to download the current chunk. \(|\ q(a_{t})-q(a_{t-1})\ |\) is the penalty term for bit rate change from the previous action. The world-model presents a state to the agent \(s_{t}\) and the agent selects an action \(a_{t}\). The MDN-RNN samples the next state \(s_{t+1}\), and the world-model then computes the reward using the three inputs that it requires: \(\text{Reward}_{t+1}(s_{t},a_{t},s_{t+1})\). The world-model then passes the next state and computed reward to the controller. In the first step of the environment, the bitrate change penalty is set to 0, because the agent does not have a previous action.  
[PERSON] & [PERSON] [5] used evolutionary algorithms to train their controller inside the world-model. Instead, we evaluate the ability of a model-free reinforcement algorithm to train inside the world-model.
# Development of the Romanian Radar Sensor for Space Surveillance and Tracking Activities +
## 4 Tracking Radar Design  
### Design Assumptions  
The original design of the new SST radar was carried out based on the following hypotheses:  
* Operation with two antennas in quasi-monostatic architecture with an 80 m baseline: In this setup, the Cheia 1 antenna was used for transmitting (\(Tx\)), and the Cheia 2 antenna was used for receiving (\(Rx\)).
* While the antenna bandwidth allowed functioning in both radar S and C bands, the frequency range chosen for radar probing signals was 5830-5850 MHz because, in the C band, antenna performances are higher, and this interval was also very close and partly coinciding with the antenna specified bandwidth of 5845-6425 MHz.
* Dual mode modulation capability: The basic operation scenario was continuous wave (CW) modulation, which offers superior performances. The frequency-hopping pulsed (FH-P) mode was also investigated, which offers theoretically superior performances in a dense target situation and mitigates the risk of possible interference between the \(Tx\) and \(Rx\) antennas.
* Transmitted power: For the output power of the \(Tx\) amplifiers, the value of 2.5 kW was finally chosen (\(-\)3 dB from the 5 kW saturation point of the PA). This was an optimum value relative to the budget and the minimum size of detectable objects.
* Improved velocity of the antenna positioning system: The retrofitted radar antennas would be capable of superior performances compared to the originals by installing new drive motors and a tracking system, resulting in an increase of the slew velocity above the original 0.3\({}^{\circ}\)/s to the target of 1\({}^{\circ}\)/s.