## 4 Discussion
### Individual Plants
#### 4.2.4. Coriandrum sativum  
_Coriandrum sativum_ deserves special attention because of the significant number of studies that have confirmed its hypotensive, hypolipidemic, antiarrhythmic, and cardioprotective activity. According to [PERSON] and co-authors [188], these abilities can be connected with such compounds as quercetin (**10**), kaempfer (**7**), vanilla acid (**28**), and ferulic acid (**22**).  
Various studies have consistently demonstrated the cardioprotective and cardiotherapeutic effects of quercetin, particularly in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Numerous biological mechanisms of quercetin have been identified, including the inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation by blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque formation by upregulating nitric oxide synthase enzyme, and the inhibition of plaque formation in endothelial cells by downregulating levels of metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) [189].  
[PERSON] and co-authors [190] reported that 10 mg/kg of quercetin (**10**) administered via intraperitoneal injection 5 min before reperfusion in male Sprague Dawley rats provoked cardioprotection via the activation of the PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway and adjusted the expression of Bcl-2-associated death promoter and apoptosis regulator BAX proteins. [PERSON] and co-authors [191] provides information regarding anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity of kaempfer (**7**). This compound, given via i.p. injection in the dose of 20 mg/kg per day for 15 days to male albino Wistar rats, diminished the level of inflammatory markers (TNF-a, IL-6, NF-kB) as well as the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and cas-3 through the regulation of the MAPK pathway. Moreover, properties related to normalize heart function and diminishing oxidative stress can be observed.  
The anti-atherosclerotic properties of kaempfer was studied in a rabbit model of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis, focusing on endothelial cells. It has been proven that kaempfer acted through downregulated TNF-\(\alpha\) and enhancing antioxidant capacity [192]. Another study investigated the impact of kaempfer on heart failure in diabetic rats. The results indicated a reduction in cardiac apoptosis with kaempfer treatment through the regulation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and Akt/GSK signaling pathways, thus confirming the cardioprotective effects of kaempfer [193].  
MTT assay on cell lines revealed that 80% methanol extract obtained from C. sativum leaves possesses cardioprotective activity towards HL-1 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner up-to 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL [57].  
A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 80 patients proved the hypotensive and hypolipidemic properties of _C. sativum_ seeds (2 g per day) [60].  
The research conducted by [PERSON] et al. [56] is of vital significance, due to the fact that it demonstrated multidirectional effects of _C. sativum_ seeds towards cardiovascular disorders. Methanol extract administrated to male Wistar rats in the doses 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day orally for 30 days reduced markers of myofibrillar failure (cardioprotective effect), diminished the lipid peroxidation and cholesterol level (antioxidant, hypolipidemic), and increased endogenous ATPases.