## 2 Literature Review and Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Authentication Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Discusses Either ATM**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Scope**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Limitations**} \\  & & & **or Other Sorts of Payments Transactions** & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ and [PERSON], \\ 2020 [45] \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Geolocation-based \\ authentication \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} ATM \\ (geo-fence) authentication as a \\ substitution for PIN-based \\ authentication. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} The authors proposed a novel \\ approach for securing ATM \\ transactions using geolocation-based \\ (geo-fence) authentication as a \\ substitution for PIN-based \\ authentication. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} The authors introduce their \\ approach as a substitution for \\ PIN-based authentication, \\ whereas no MFA can be seen, \\ and no implementation is \\ provided for the proposed \\ approach. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Our work \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Geolocation-based MFA \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} ATM \\ (474) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} We propose a novel geolocation-based \\ MFA for authenticating ATM \\ transactions without making major \\ modifications to the existing banking \\ infrastructure, and the proposed \\ approach offers the facility to control \\ the ownership of transactions in a \\ convenient way (deactivate, reactivate \\ MFA at any time, set the limit for \\ withdrawal amount/block the card if it \\ is stolen or lost, etc.). \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Test Case** & **Test Results** \\ \hline Verify that the user is prompted to enter a PIN before the account data are shown. & Passed \\ \hline Verify to see whether the user has a certain amount of PIN tries. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that if the total number of incorrect PIN tries is exceeded, the user is not permitted to proceed. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that the PIN is presented in masked form when input. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that the user is authorized to view account information such as available balance. & Passed \\ \hline Verify to ensure that the proper amount of money has been withdrawn as specified by the user for cash withdrawal. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that the user’s session timeout is not exceeded. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that the user is not permitted to exceed the transaction limit. & Passed \\ \hline Verify that the user is not permitted to proceed with the expired ATM card and that the appropriate error message is provided. & Passed \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Evaluation of functional testing. So far, in the literature we reviewed, it is evident that existing multi-factor authenticating methods are not guaranteeing adequate security, which leaves a gap for attackers to sneak through. With the aid of a smart mobile device and GPS technology, in this study, we are proposing a novel ATM credit/debit card authentication method, which will be explained further in the next section. The main aim of our proposed solution is to reduce the risk of credit/debit card fraud by a considerable margin. Our mechanism will also provide the maximum possible security for credit/debit cards, even if these cards are stolen, hacked, lost, or cloned, through our proposed authenticator app. It also enables the user to deactivate and reactivate MFA at any time, setting a limit on the withdrawal amount and blocking the card if it is stolen, as opposed to the other research work we reviewed. In other words, the proposed solution would aim to mitigate credit card/debit card fraud even if the user is not present.