# A Review of the T-Stub Components for the Analysis of Bolted Moment Joints
## 4 Numerical Models
The calibration results showed that the model reproduced with good accuracy the behaviour in terms of deformation, axial tensile stress, bending moment. Afterwards, a parametric study of 17 simulations was performed to evaluate the influences of the T-stub flange thickness, inner flange length, outer flange length and bolt diameter. The results of the simulations showed that when the inner length of the flange increased, it improved the prying force and the bending moment, and the increment of the flange thickness decreased the prying force and the bending moment. Besides, increasing the bolt diameter provokes the increment of the prying force. Finally, the parametric study results were used to verify a new T-stub connector model and a calculation method, which not require the calculation of the prying force. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [47] studied the behaviour of the aforementioned T-stub connection connected to a rigid base. The calibration of the FE models was performed in the ABAQUS software, and the experimental results were used for this purpose. After the calibration had reached a good agreement with the experimental results, a parametric study was conducted to observe the effect of the flange thickness on (a) the contact stress distribution between the flange and rigid base, (b) the prying actions on bolts, and (c) the shear stresses on bolts. The simulations results showed that the behaviour of the connections was reproduced with good accuracy (Force-displacement and applied load-reaction force in the bolts), and the results in the parametric study concluded that the prying action is higher for flange thickness of 7.8, 9.5 and 12.7 mm. However, for lower values, the predominance of the shear stress on the bolts is notorious. In 2021, [PERSON] et al. [55] developed three FEM models to study the influences of three types of connection between of the web and flange in T-stub connections. The three types of connections were the laminated T-stub (T-W), the fillet welded T-stub (T-FW) and the full penetration welded T-stub (T-FP). The FEM models were calibrated against the experimental data of the experimental part of the study in order to reproduced the T-stub behaviour. The results of the investigation showed that the higher stresses were found near the interface of the web and flange. Additionally, it was observed that the EC3 underestimated the resistance of the T-stub. In 2021, [PERSON] et al. [77] studied the T-stub component by developed a numerical model that was analysed with the meshless method. The meshless method is based on the external approximation (energy functions) that considered each part of the elements of an assembly as a finite element. This energy functions are infinite outside the boundary of the Sobolev space and they have a finite energy in the boundary of the Sobolev space (convergence). The meshless software that was employed in this investigation allowed to analyse the assembly without simplifications (which is usually done for FEM models), and also it saves the time that is spent in the mesh convergence due to it is not require. The results of the investigation (which were compared against experimental data of [4]) showed that the meshless model can reproduced the T-stub behaviour with good accuracy in the elastic zone. However, the prediction of the T-stub behaviour in the plastic zone was not good enough to consider the meshless software suitable for this kind of analysis.