## 8 Encapsulation of Xanthophylls  
As summarized in Table 3, numerous attempts have been made concerning the encapsulation of xanthophylls from microalgae. [PERSON] et al. (2014 and 2016) proved that an aqueous fluid of andrographolide made by particle engineering Supercritical (SEDS) is a promising approach for the encapsulation of ASX isolated from _Haematococcus pluvialis_[176; 177]. ASX encapsulation based on a co-precipitation of PHBV with supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) and DCM respectively as an anti-solvent organic solvent was studied by [PERSON] et al. (2014 and 2016) [176; 177]. Mean particle sizes of 0.128 \(\upmu\)m was achieved with the a maximum Presure = 100 bars [176]. In addition, at the carotenoid extraction phase, a maximum of encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 48.25% was realized utilizing [B/ DCM] = 10 mg/mL. At [B/ DCM] = 10 mg/mL and 80 bars, globular drops with 0.228 \(\upmu\)m were gained. Overall, a pressure extension caused a reduction in EE [177]. By using a spraying technique, [PERSON] et al. in 2014 reviewed the EE of ASX-extracted from _Xanthophyllomyces dendorhous_. These authors confirmed that the microparticles varied from 10 to 800 \(\upmu\)m, with an average of 210.26 \(\upmu\)m and EE was within 68 and 79% [178]. [PERSON] et al. (2013) studied the pH-stability and thermal properties of ASX encapsulated by spray drying [179]. These authors used gum Arabica (GA) and whey protein (WP) individually or in association with maltodextrin (MD) or inulin (IN) as wall materials, and established circular micro particles, with a size that ranged between 1 and 10 \(\upmu\)m. In another study, [PERSON] et al. (2004) examined the ASX/CT matrix microencapsulation [180]. The fabricated product (microcapsules) had a \(\O\) of 5-50 \(\upmu\)m. In a study by [PERSON] et al. (2007), encapsulated ASX was evaluated against oxidative stress [181]. _Haematococcus pluvialis_ was entrapped into beads, which were then coated with 5 layers of CT film, resulting in CT-algae capsules that have a \(\O\) of 0.43 cm and the thickness of the film was \(\sim\)100 \(\upmu\)m. By precipitation processes using supercritical fluid (200 bars and 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C), [PERSON] et al. (2009) studied \(H\). _pluvialis_ ASX, and obtained particles with \(\O\) of 0.5 and 3 \(\upmu\)m [182]. Similar findings were obtained by [PERSON] et al. (2009) [183]. By using an external ionic gelation technique, [PERSON] et al. (2019) evaluated the effect of five independent formulations (Tconcentrations of: CaCl\({}_{2}\), oleoresin, alginate/oleoresin, alginate and surfactant) for natural ASX oleoresin encapsulation [184]. Mathematical models were developed to predict size of particle, ASX t1/2 release and EE. If oleoresin-enriched beads \(\O\) were linked to alginate and alginate/oleoresin levels, EE was mannered by surfactant and alginate concentrations. These parameters have an impact on the kinetic modeling on ASX release under an intestinal micro bioassay. [PERSON] et al. (2016) reported the same results [185]. According to [PERSON] et al. (2020), ASX-enriched O/W emulsion was controlled by WPI (2-5 wt %) and XG (0.25 and 0.5 wt %) [186]. Compared to blends supported by WPI, XG addition increased the stability of the emulsion. The ASX enclosed in an WPI-XG structure was more constant, at 5, 25 and 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Through simulated digestion,WPI-XG trials showed a lesser globule dimension inside the gastric and intestinal stage, demonstrating that the XG enhances the emulsion. XG blended with WPI established lesser lipid digestibility and restricted the free fatty acid composition. Through nanoencapsulation, [PERSON] et al. (2019) developed a method to stabilize the ASX of _Haematococcus pluvialis_ to improve its nutritional properties and to increase its bioavailability [187]. Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by an emulsification-solvent evaporation technique, and oleoresin at 1%. At this concentration (1%), NP \(\O\) was equal to 90 nm.