## 3 Results
### Brushing Wear Resistance  
Brushing wear resistance was assessed by measuring surface roughness before and after 20 and 60 min of brushing. The detailed results are found in Tables 6-8, with visual representations provided in Figures 6 and 7. RivaSilver exhibited the lowest increase in roughness after 60 min of brushing, with Ra values rising from 1.2 \(\upmu\)m to 1.4 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.11 \(\upmu\)m). In contrast, FUJI IX GP FAST showed the most significant increase in roughness, with values increasing from 1.5 \(\upmu\)m to 1.9 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.15 \(\upmu\)m) (\(p\) < 0.001). SDR flow+ and Vertise Flow also experienced increases in surface roughness after brushing; SDR flow+ roughness increased from 1.0 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.09 \(\upmu\)m) to 1.5 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.12 \(\upmu\)m) (\(p\) = 0.008), while Vertise Flow's roughness increased from 1.1 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.10 \(\upmu\)m) to 1.6 \(\upmu\)m (\(\pm\)0.13 \(\upmu\)m) (\(p\) = 0.001). These findings are comprehensively detailed in Tables 7 and 8, which capture the variability and extent of wear among the different materials. Figure 5: SEM of the 4 materials subjected to different acid treatments, magnification 500\(\times\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Riquhness Values**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Standard**} \\  & **Ra 1** & **Ra 2** & **Ra 3** & **Ra 4** & & \\ \hline RivaSilver I & 4.42 & 3.58 & 3.021 & 3.619 & 3.660 & 0.576 \\ SDR Flow I & 6.014 & 6.701 & 6.668 & 6.329 & 6.428 & 0.323 \\ VERITSE Flow+ I & 6.546 & 7.074 & 6.861 & 7.254 & 6.934 & 0.304 \\ FUJI IX GP FAST I & 2.756 & 2.948 & 2.356 & 2.167 & 2.557 & 0.358 \\ Rivasilev II & 8.164 & 7.667 & 7.363 & 6.558 & 7.438 & 0.673 \\ SDR Flow+ II & 3.63 & 4.352 & 4.272 & 3.796 & 4.013 & 0.354 \\ Vertise Flow II & 3.553 & 3.301 & 2.561 & 3.218 & 3.158 & 0.423 \\ FUJI IX GP FAST II & 3.574 & 3.38 & 3.276 & 3.307 & 3.384 & 0.134 \\ Rivasilev III & 9.695 & 10.53 & 9.721 & 10.023 & 9.992 & 0.388 \\ SDR Flow+ III & 5.137 & 4.48 & 4.306 & 4.578 & 4.625 & 0.359 \\ Vertise Flow III & 4.591 & 4.3 & 3.486 & 4.316 & 4.173 & 0.477 \\ FUJI IX GP FAST III & 3.174 & 3.574 & 4.391 & 3.798 & 3.734 & 0.508 \\ RivaSilver IV & 3.477 & 3.154 & 3.991 & 3.807 & 3.607 & 0.369 \\ SDR Flow+ IV & 1.253 & 1.263 & 1.369 & 1.132 & 1.254 & 0.097 \\ Vertise Flow IV & 2.801 & 2.681 & 2.503 & 2.423 & 2.602 & 0.171 \\ FUJI IX GP FAST IV & 2.921 & 3.291 & 2.786 & 2.917 & 2.979 & 0.217 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Roughness values of the four materials subjected to different types of brushing treatment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experiment Number** & **Group 1** & **Group 2** & _p-Value_ \\ \hline
1 & FUJI IX GP FAST & RivaSilver & \textless{}0.001 \\
1 & FUJI IX GP FAST & SDR flow+ & \textless{}0.001 \\
1 & Rivasilev & SDR flow+ & 0.442 \\
1 & FUJI IX GP FAST & Vertise Flow & 0.0032 \\
1 & Rivasilev & Vertise Flow & \textless{}0.001 \\
1 & SDR flow+ & Vertise Flow & \textless{}0.001 \\
2 & FUJI IX GP FAST & RivaSilver & \textless{}0.001 \\
2 & FUJI IX GP FAST & SDR flow+ & \textless{}0.001 \\
2 & [PERSON] & SDR flow+ & \textless{}0.001 \\
2 & FUJI IX GP FAST & Vertise Flow & \textless{}0.001 \\
2 & SDR flow+ & Vertise Flow & 0.754 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: \(p\)-values in the comparison of various materials for different brushing treatments.