## 2 Theoretical Background
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Link** & **Technology** & **Description/Application** & **Support References** \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Artificial Intelligence (AI) & It simulates human intelligence, allowing information to be processed and learned, and problems to be solved optimally. AI components are embedded in applications for climate management, waste control, nutrition management, disease detection and treatment, demand projection, quality management, inventory control, consumer analysis, and food fraud detection. & [42; 43; 44; 45; 46] \\ \hline Production & Drones & Uncrewed aerial vehicles. These can be adapted with different technologies to monitor activities, product application, inspection, topography, and cartography. These data are reported and stored for decision-making. & [42] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & IoT & These are systems of interconnected sensors that communicate and interact with each other, allowing for the capture of information from actuators. These have the potential to be applied in different links of the agri-food chains due to their impact on sustainability, energy consumption, manufacturing costs, security, supply chain tracking, marketing, and consumer experience. & [47; 48] \\ \hline Processing & IIoT & These are sensors, devices, and industrial machines interconnected to capture information and share it in real-time. Their applications are primarily found in the processing link because they allow for the optimization of production processes based on the real-time monitoring of process variables, quality control, traceability, logistics, and inventory management. This technology facilitates the implementation of smart factories. & [49; 50] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Blockchain & Blockchain can be defined as “a decentralized and distributed data recording system in which transactions are recorded and added in chronological order to create permanent and tamper-proof records.” This technology is applicable throughout the agri-food chain, facilitating the traceability, quality verification, and certification of origin processes. It also increases food safety, brand reputation, and end-consumer satisfaction. & [51; 52; 53] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Cloud Computing & Virtual storage systems accessed through the Internet; these are only accessed via an Internet connection and avoid the use of local applications such as physical servers and computers. This service model can be implemented to apply technologies such as IoT, Blockchain, and AI, among others. & [54; 55; 56; 57] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Edge Computing & These are data processing models that allow for increased response times because they act as a cloud closer to local devices and end users. This technology is applied in the production, processing, and marketing links since it supports others, such as machine learning, IoT, and Blockchain. & [58; 59; 60] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & RFID & This is a radio-frequency identification system that allows for the tracking of products in real-time, inventory management, quality control, and maintenance processes, increasing transparency. & [61; 62] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Robotics–Cobots & This is the application of robots designed to interact directly with humans in shared spaces, allowing for the more efficient development of tasks, reduction of risks, and improvement of process automation. These robots are mainly used in the production and processing links; however, their use extends to the marketing link. & [63; 64; 65] \\ \hline Production— Processing and Marketing & Digital Twins & These are virtual representations of physical entities that are permanently updated through data to generate dynamics that allow decisions to be made in the real world. Their applications range from cultivation and processing to logistics and food packaging. & [48; 66; 67] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}