esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Characteristics of Multicolored Pulses
### Spectra and Wavelength Tuning of Multicolored Sidebands
#### 3.2.2 Tuning the Wavelength of Sidebands by Changing Nonlinear Media  
The phase-matching condition for CFWM is \(\mathbf{k_{\mathrm{Sm}}}=\mathbf{k_{\mathrm{S(m-1)}}}+\mathbf{k^{\mathrm{(-m)}}}_{2}-\bm {k^{\mathrm{(-m)}}}_{1}\approx\mathrm{(m+1)}\mathbf{k^{\mathrm{(-1)}}}_{2}-\mathrm{ m}\mathbf{k^{\mathrm{(-1)}}}_{1}\), \(\omega_{\mathrm{Sm}}\approx\mathrm{(m+1)}\omega_{2}\mathrm{{}^{(-1)}}-\mathrm{ m}\omega_{1}\mathrm{{}^{(-1)}}\), as discussed in Section 2. The wave vectors \(\mathbf{k}\) can be written as \(\mathbf{k}=n\times\mathbf{k_{0}}\), where \(n\) is the linear refractive index of the nonlinear medium and \(\mathbf{k_{0}}\) is the wave vector in vacuum. This means that the refractive index (dispersion curve) of the medium will also influence the phase-matching conditions. The refractive index (dispersion curve) can be adjusted by replacing the medium with different optical properties. Figure 7 shows the spectra of AS1 and AS3 for nonlinear media (CaF\({}_{2}\) plate, fused silica plate, BK7 glass plate, sapphire plate, and BBO crystal) with a fixed pump beam cross-angle of 1.8\({}^{\circ}\). By changing the media, the central wavelength of AS1 could be tuned from 640 nm to 610 nm, while the central wavelength of AS3 was adjusted correspondingly from 490 nm to 560 nm. The spectrum of AS3 in the BBO crystal overlapped with the spectrum of AS1 in the CaF\({}_{2}\) crystal, which means that spectral gaps between neighboring sidebands can be bridged simply by replacing the nonlinear medium.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Description
#### 2.4.1 Primary Productivity  
The simulation of daily canopy GPP (g C m\({}^{-2}\) day\({}^{-1}\)) was based on the P-model v1.0 [50] and is given in Equation (2).  
\[GPP=\varphi_{0}(T)I_{abs}REWm^{\prime}Mc \tag{2}\]  
where \(\varphi_{0}\) is the temperature-dependent intrinsic quantum yield efficiency (Equation (A2)), \(I_{\mathrm{abs}}\) is the fraction of the PAR absorbed by the canopy (Equation (A3)) [51], REW is the soil relative extractable water by the plants (Appendix A, soil moisture section), \(m^{\prime}\) is the CO\({}_{2}\) limitation factor for light-limited assimilation (Equation (A4)), and Mc is the molar mass of carbon (g mol\({}^{-1}\)).  
NPP (g C m\({}^{-2}\) day\({}^{-1}\)) was calculated by modifying the equation of [PERSON] et al. [52]:  
\[NPP=0.53\;GPP+(66.05/365) \tag{3}\]  
assuming that a fraction of GPP (ca 0.47) is used for the whole plant autotrophic respiration (both above and below ground). The constant term in Equation (3) was estimated after converting the annual value to daily.  
NEP (g C m\({}^{-2}\) day\({}^{-1}\)) was estimated daily by subtracting R\({}_{\rm het}\) from NPP, assuming that the aboveground heterotrophic respiration of the ecosystem is a very small fraction of the total R\({}_{\rm het}\).  
\[NEP=NPP-R_{het} \tag{4}\]  
R\({}_{\rm het}\) was parameterized by fitting an empirical mixed-effect model to the average daily available measurements (See Section 2.4.3).
## 4 Evaluation
### Test of the Antenna Structure  
We conduct extensive simulations and prototype tests on the AcpAS structure to verify its performance. Tests are performed in an anechoic chamber. Due to the symmetry of the antenna structure, the radiation performance of RHCP and LHCP is the same. Figures 15 and 16 provide the simulation and test results of the K-band and Ka-band antennas when radiating RHCP waves, respectively.  
From Figures 15 and 16, it is obvious that the simulated and measured results of the antenna are roughly consistent. In the actual testing process, to simulate the scenario of the antenna being mounted on a launch platform, the antenna was installed on a metal plane for testing, which led to a certain error between the test results and the simulation results. In Figure 15a, the return loss of the K-band antenna within the operating frequency band is less than 10 dB, and the Ka-band antenna is less than 15 dB. In Figure 15b, the gain of the K-band antenna within the operating frequency band is greater than 6.7 dBi, and the Ka-band  
Figure 14: The impact of the probe length on the performance of the septum circular polarizer by side-fed coaxial-to-waveguide transition. (**a**) VSWR. (**b**) Phase difference. (**c**) Amplitude difference.  
Figure 13: Coaxial-to-waveguide transition simulation results. (**a**) S parameter. (**b**) Electric field distribution in waveguide (K-band).  
is greater than 4.3 dBi. The return loss and gain performance of the two antennas meet the requirements of the antennas for the airborne relay communication system. Figure 16 provides the simulation and test results of the radiation patterns of the two antennas. Due to the addition of metal edges for installation, ripples and depressions appear in the antenna patterns. In the future, it is possible to consider replacing the metal bottom plate with a dielectric substrate to weaken this effect. From the results, it can be seen that the beam coverage range of both antennas with a gain greater than 0 dBi exceeds \(\pm 55^{\circ}\), featuring wide-beam coverage.
# Fabrication of Metal-Reinforced Complete Dentures Using the CAD-CAM Technique
## 3 Discussion  
In this technique, the denture base designed in the CAD software was first replaced with the corresponding tissue surface of the dental cast to obtain an ideal denture border and enhance the retention and stability of the denture [13]. The geometry guide, specially designed through this technique, functions as a connector to maintain parts of the denture in the correct position. To maintain a stable position, three hemispheres were attached to the maxillary flat metal base and three bars were attached to the mandibular metal framework. The customized design of the artificial teeth ensures ideal teeth arrangement and interoclusal relationship as per individual requirements. In addition, milling individual teeth from a double cross-linked resin block according to the CAD data provides adequate esthetics and accuracy.  
[PERSON] et al. [11] utilized the CAD-CAM technique to mill the denture base and artificial teeth from a wax disk. After the placement of the wax structure and metal framework, conventional flasking and injection molding were performed. Thus, the possibility of inevitable errors in these conventional flasking and packing procedures cannot be excluded. However, in our technique, unexpected errors can be eliminated as the conventional manual procedures were replaced by the geometry guide and subtractive milling process. Additionally, polymerization shrinkage of the base resin will not affect the fit of the denture, as the resin is cured before the milling procedure [7; 14].  
The limitation of this method is that additional efforts are required compared to the commonly used commercial techniques, due to the lack of automatic function in the CAD software for replacing the palatal part of the denture base with the metal base. To protect the milling burs from breakage while in contact with the metal base, the corresponding region should be extruded by 1 mm while designing. Thin remnant parts of pink resin and gypsum should be removed after the milling process.  
With the geometry guide providing support and stability for all components in the right position, this technique can be applied in dentulous cases. Furthermore, additional clinical studies are needed to comprehensively evaluate the metal-reinforced complete den  
Figure 5: Fabrication of metal-reinforced complete denture extruded by 1 mm.  
Figure 6: Final prosthesis after polishing. (**A**) Maximly denture. (**B**) Mandibular denture. (**C**) Intraoral photograph.  
tures fabricated using this method. In addition, research can be conducted for the adaption of this technique in the manufacturing of removable partial dentures and overdentures.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Food Supplements  
Common food supplements available in Czech stores usually do not contain lipophilic vitamins in their natural biologic form, but instead their synthetic analogs (menadione; VK3 and \(\alpha\)-tocopherol acetate), due to their higher chemical stability. Nowadays, food supplements based on vegetables or fish oils [38] encapsulated in gelatin capsules are rapidly growing in popularity. These good supplements usually contain a mixture of natural lipophilic vitamins. Here, a mixture of two of these types of food supplements was analyzed using the developed SWadSV.  
From Figure 5 it is evident that all the commonly occurring forms of VE are present in the capsule of VE because three overlapping peaks attributed to the anodic oxidation of \(\alpha\)-TOH, \(\gamma\)-TOH and \(\delta\)-TOH at +0.464 V, +0.539 V and +0.604 V were observed, respectively. Based on the position of the oxidation peaks reflecting the number of methyl groups (+I effect) in the chromatol ring, the order of the individual forms of vitamin E was determined [38; 39]. Due to this unsymmetrical overleaping peak, an evaluation of peak height was not used and peak area (\(A_{\text{p}}\)) was used instead (Figure 5, inserted graph).  
As was mentioned above, the recognition of individual forms of VE in the real sample was also possible using SWadSV. Unfortunately, this did not apply for VK, because the HPLC analysis showed (Figure 6) that the food supplement (Sample 1) did not only contain only VK2 (retention time of 6.53 min), as the manufacturer claimed, but also VK1 (10.73 min) and menadione (VK3; 2.60). Thus, it can be concluded that SWadSV is not a suitable electroanalytical tool for determining individual forms, but only their sums. By spiking sample solutions with a known concentration of individual forms of vitamins, the rate of recovery for HPLC was found to be in the range of 91-105%.  
Figure 5: SWadSV voltammograms of mixture of two different food supplements analyzed by standard addition method (inset).  
Table 2 summarizes the results obtained by both SWadSV and HPLC methods of analysis of food supplements. For food supplements based on natural oils, the hydrolysis of fats was necessary and a simple dissolution in an organic solvent alone was insufficient to achieve precise (declared) results. Nevertheless, the developed SWadSV could find a direct utilization (without complicated sample preparation) in the analysis of many other food supplements, especially in the form of tablets. Due to its high sensitivity, SWadSV could represent a suitable analytical tool for the determination of lipophilic vitamins, e.g., in human plasma. Future research should be directed towards the possibility of the direct absorption of lipophilic vitamins bound with carrier lipoproteins [26] or also include a hydrolysis step with specific lipoprotein lipases [40].
# Water Extraction in PolSAR Image Based on Superpixel and Graph Convolutional Network
###### Abstract  
The timely detection and mapping of surface water bodies from Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) images are of great significance for emergency management and post-disaster restoration tasks. Though various methods have been proposed in previous years, there are still some inherent flaws. Thus, this paper proposes a new surface water extraction method based on superpixels and Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN). First, the PolSAR images are segmented to generate superpixels as the basic unit of classification, and the graph structure data are established according to their connection to superpixels. Then, the features of each superpixel are extracted. Finally, a GCN is used to classify each superpixel unit using node features and their relationships. This study conducted experiments on a sudden flooding event due to heavy rain and a lake in the city. Detailed verification was carried out. Compared to traditional methods, the recall was improved by 3% while maintaining almost 100% accuracy in complex flood areas. The results show that the proposed method of surface water extraction from PolSAR images has great advantages, acquiring higher accuracy and better boundary adherence in cases of fewer samples. This paper also illustrates the advantage of using GCN to mine the contextual information of classification objects.  
water extraction; object-based image analysis (OBIA); superpixel; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); graph convolutional networks (GCN); threshold segmentation 2023132610. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042610](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042610)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042610](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042610))  
1
# A Novel QoS-Aware ARQ Scheme for Multi-User Transmissions in IEEE802.11 ax WLANs
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Priority-Based Network Performance
(**c**) The throughput of the AC_BE (best effort) traffic in each station.
## 6 Security Analysis of the Improved Protocol  
In this section, we first present our design goals related to security features and then offer both heuristic and formal security analyses to demonstrate that our proposed scheme successfully achieves all these design goals.  
Security GoalsOur design goals include identity privacy, confidentiality, message integrity, and resistance to common attacks, which are detailed as follows:  
1. Identity privacy: The proposed protocol should enable vehicle users to authenticate without revealing their identity and ensure that their activities and actions cannot be traced.
2. Confidentiality: The proposed protocol needs to ensure that all data and information on public transmission channels remain private and prevent unauthorized access and leakage.
3. Message integrity: The proposed protocol needs to ensure that the data transmitted during the authentication process have not been tampered with.
4. Resistance to common attacks: The proposed protocol is designed to effectively counter a range of potential security threats, including but not limited to replay attacks and impersonation attacks.
## 4 Discussion
### Failure Mechanism of the K209 Landslide  
We next applied the above analysis to understand the failure mechanism of the K209 landslide. Strain softening, swelling-shrinkage, low strength, and high temperature of the CMS can be identified as internal factors underlying the K209 landslide. Because the C-M-S medium contained quartz, kaolinite, and other minerals, several mixed-layer clay minerals were formed. The crystal units of montmorillonite/illite were composed of a three-layered structure. Because of the weak van der Waals force corresponding to the interlayer connections, exchange cations and water molecules could easily enter the crystal cells. The presence of soluble salt ions increased the thickness of the diffuse double layer of clay particles. In particular, the presence of sodium ions in CMS significantly increased the diffusion-layer thickness. In addition, the distance between the cells increased with the thermal effect and the entry of water molecules, thus leading to soil expansion (Figure 14). When the repulsive forces were greater than the attractive forces between the clay platelets, the individual clay platelets separated from the surface of the soil and formed a suspension in water [46]. The microstructure of these minerals could be damaged during dry-wet cycling and exposed to high temperatures and rainfall; thus, the soil porosity gradually increases, resulting in reduced soil shear strength. Once the shear strength dropped to a critical value, the sliding of the soil body was accelerated, thereby leading to a landslide. To sum up, the combination of these peculiar features ultimately resulted in the deterioration of the engineering properties of landslide soils.  
Figure 13: Temperature-induced stress distribution: (a) temperature distribution in the X–Z plane (b) temperature-induced stress distribution.
# ATC Human Factors Involved in RPAS Contingency Management in Non-Segregated Airspace
## 3 Experiments  
Introducing RPAS into non-segregated airspace should occur within the current air traffic control procedures, although new specific procedures or technologies could be necessary to address the potential increase in the ATC workload due to RPAS traffic. Such a foreseen increase in workload would depend on several variables that may affect the ATC RPAS-related tasks, such as the type of RPAS mission, the surrounding traffic complexity, the use of support technologies such as flight intent, if the RPAS is en route to/from the mission area or at the mission area, etc.  
This section describes the experiments being carried out as part of the ERAINT Project to evaluate human factors that affect the ATC when an RPAS operates within their sectors of responsibility. The evaluation exclusively focuses on how both main RPAS contingencies, lost link and engine failure, may impact the ATC managing the RPAS operation. The section also details the participants and the data collection tools used to create the simulation environment and all the human-machine interfaces involved in the real-time simulation experiments.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.5 Post-Processing  
As noted in Section 2.2.1 the L3D network predicts a semantic point cloud localized to the lidar point locations, H3D-Flat and H3D-DSM predict semantic point clouds localized to the HSPC point locations (same points, differing \(Z\) values), and HSD-L3D predicts a semantic point cloud localized to both the lidar and hyperspectral point locations. To allow for a fair comparison between all networks presented along with previous works ([21; 22; 28; 29]) the semantic point predictions for the lidar point locations had to be projected into a pixel representation. The semantic point predictions for the HSPC based/localized predictions do not need to be altered because each point has a bijective mapping between pixel locations in the original hyperspectral image. Thus, we utilize the same method described in [8] to project the semantic point label predictions from the L3D network and the lidar prediction component of HSD-L3D network. That is, reversing the operation of labeling the point cloud in the first place as described in Section 2.1.1. Finally, to combine the predictions for each of the multimodal samples back into the original unsliced GRSS18 image format the same method as described in [8] is used; selecting the highest softmax confidence value for all pixel locations.
## 5 Application of the Apparent Power Vectors and Unbalanced Power Vectors in a Three-Phase System
### Two Buses of a System Linked by a Power Line  
Figure 6 shows two buses in a system (\(i\) and \(j\)) linked by a power line with impedance \(Z_{ij}\). Under these conditions, the apparent power vectors in the line are determined by subtracting their corresponding homologous vectors in each of the buses according to (52)-(54).  
\[\overline{S_{v+(line)}}=\overline{S_{v+(bus\ i)}}-\overline{S_{v+(bus\ j)}} \tag{52}\]  
\[\overline{S_{v-(line)}}=\overline{S_{v-(bus\ i)}}-\overline{S_{v-(bus\ j)}} \tag{53}\]  
\[\overline{S_{v0(line)}}=\overline{S_{v0(bus\ i)}}-\overline{S_{v0(bus\ j)}} \tag{54}\]  
For unbalanced power vectors,  
\[\overline{S_{uv+(line)}}=\overline{S_{uv+(bus\ i)}}-\overline{S_{uv+(bus\ j)}} \tag{55}\]  
Figure 5: Two parallel linear loads connected to a system bus.  
Figure 6: Two system buses linked by a power line  
\[\overrightarrow{S_{uv-(line)}}\ =\ \overrightarrow{S_{uv-(bus\ i)}}- \overrightarrow{S_{uv-(bus\ j)}} \tag{56}\] \[\overrightarrow{S_{v0(line)}}\ =\ \overrightarrow{S_{v0(bus\ i)}}- \overrightarrow{S_{v0(bus\ j)}} \tag{57}\]  
where, for \(z=\{a,b,c\}\) and \(w=\{+,-,0\}\),  
\[P_{zw(line)}^{z}=P_{zw(bus\ i)}^{z}-P_{zw(bus\ i)}^{z} \tag{58}\] \[Q_{zw(line)}^{z}=Q_{zw(bus\ i)}^{z}-Q_{zw(bus\ j)}^{z} \tag{59}\]  
and also  
\[P_{+(line)}=P_{+(bus\ i)}-P_{+(bus\ j)} \tag{60}\] \[Q_{+(line)}=Q_{+(bus\ i)}+Q_{+(bus\ j)} \tag{61}\]  
The quantities \(P_{zw(line)}^{z}\), \(Q_{zw(line)}^{z}\), \(P_{+(line)}\), and \(Q_{+(line)}\) can also be calculated from the impedances of the power line that exists between the two buses. Decomposing \(Z_{ij}\) from (1) according to the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence voltages: \(Z_{z+}\), \(Z_{z-}\) and \(Z_{z0}\), obtaining the following expressions:  
\[P_{zw(line)}^{z}=R_{zw}\ l_{z}^{2}\quad z=\{a,b,c\}\quad w=\{+,-,0\} \tag{62}\]  
\[Q_{zw(line)}^{z}=X_{zw}\ l_{z}^{2}\quad z=\{a,b,c\}\quad w=\{+,-,0\} \tag{63}\]  
\[P_{+(line)}=\sum R_{z+}\ l_{z+}^{2}\quad z=\{a,b,c\} \tag{64}\]  
\[Q_{+(line)}=\sum X_{z+}\ l_{z+}^{2}\quad z=\{a,b,c\} \tag{65}\]
# A Review of Properties of Nanocellulose, Its Synthesis, and Potential in Biomedical Applications
## 3 Chemical Modification and Functionalization of Nanocellulose
### Ionic Charge Transfer to Nanocellulosic Surfaces  
The 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-assisted oxidation is often employed to make the surface of nanocellulose hydrophobic, as well as a pretreatment for the isolation of nanofibers. This method was first reported by [PERSON] et al. [64], demonstrating that only the primary hydroxymethyl group of polysaccharides are oxidized by TEMPO, while the secondary hydroxyl group remains intact. This approach transforms the glucose unit's C6 alcohol functionalities into carboxylic acid [65; 66]. When NaOCl\({}_{2}\)/NaOCl/TEMPO is used to catalyze the oxidation of cellulose, the oxidation at the 6 th position forms anionic carboxylate, which produces a high charge level, resulting in enhanced water dispersibility [67]. The negatively charged ions formed through this oxidation method on the surface of CNC significantly raise the electrostatic repulsion. Upon hydrolyzing the cellulose fibers with HCl, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of CNC [38]. The morphological characteristics of the oxidized CNC were found to be the same as that of the CNC substrate and were quickly dissolved in the water.
# Effect of Carotid Stenosis Severity on Patterns of Brain Activity in Patients after Cardiac Surgery
###### Abstract  
Background: The negative effects of high-grade carotid stenosis on the brain are widely known. However, there are still insufficient data on the brain state in patients with small carotid stenosis and after isolated or combined coronary and carotid surgery. This EEG-based study aimed to analyze the effect of carotid stenosis severity on associated brain activity changes and the neurophysiological test results in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with or without carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods: One hundred and forty cardiac surgery patients underwent a clinical and neuropsychological examination and a multichannel EEG before surgery and 7-10 days after surgery. Results: The patients with CA stenoses of less than 50% demonstrated higher values of theta2- and alpha-rhythm power compared to the patients without CA stenoses both before and after CABG. In addition, the patients who underwent right-sided CABG+CEA had generalized EEG \"slowdown\" compared with isolated CABG and left-sided CABG+CEA patients. Conclusions: The on-pump cardiac surgery accompanied by specific re-arrangements of frequency-spatial patterns of electrical brain activity are dependent on the degree of carotid stenoses. The information obtained can be used to optimize the process of preoperative and postoperative management, as well as the search for neuroprotection and safe surgical strategies for this category of patients.  
carotid stenosis; brain electrical activity; EEG; postoperative cognitive dysfunction; coronary artery bypass grafting; carotid endarterectomy