## 4 Discussion  
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different exercise types on the electromyographic activity of both the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles on the convex and concave sides of individuals with AIS. The results of this study showed that there were no significant interaction effects between exercise type and concave and convex sides for either the TES or LES muscles. This indicates that the effects of exercise on muscle activity were increased (\(p<0.001\)) but not significantly different between the concave and convex sides. Previous studies have highlighted that EMG activity tends to be higher on the convex side of scoliotic curves, suggesting a potential link between this overactivation of paraspinal muscles and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) [9,14, 15, 16]. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. (2011) found no significant differences in the electromyographic amplitudes of the erector spinae muscles between the convex and concave sides [23]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2020) reported that there were no differences in multifidus and erector spinae muscle activation between the convex and concave sides of individuals with mild AIS and the control sides of healthy individuals [20]. Furthermore, there is research that demonstrates an increase in muscle activation while utilizing elastic bands during different exercises [24]. This discrepancy in findings may stem from methodological variances, such as differences in patient selection, a focus on specific types of scoliotic curves without adequate justification, or a failure to control for factors such as improper posture [25]. Considering \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Exercise**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Side**} \\ \hline  & **Without** & **Without** & **Manuel** & **P-Value** & **Concave** & **_p-Value_** \\  & **Manuel** & **TheraBand** & **TheraBand** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Concave** & **_p-Value_** \\ \hline TES \({}^{1}\) & \(-\)12.24 & \(-\)34.41 & \(-\)22.17 & \(<\)0.001 for all & \(-\)0.60 & 0.347 \\ \hline LES \({}^{2}\) & \(-\)14.10 & \(-\)33.56 & \(-\)19.45 & & \(-\)0.89 & 0.026 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\ddagger}\) TES: Thoracic erector spinae, \({}^{2}\) LES: Lumbar erector spinae, \({}^{3}\) %MVIC: the percentage of Maximal voluntary isometric contraction. \({}^{*}\) All multiple comparison results based on the Bonferroni adjustment were statistically significant at the 0.05 level.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: The mean difference for multiple comparisons of \({}^{3}\) %MVIC \({}^{*}\). Figure 3: The values of LES muscle activity during the Without, Manual, and TheraBand self-correction exercises on concave and convex sides. LES: Lumbal erector spinae, %MVIC: the percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. The effect sizes for the interaction and main effects are presented. To indicate a statistically significant \(p\)-value (\(p<0.05\)), the \({}^{*}\) icon was used. The \(p\)-values for the interaction, exercise, and side main effect were obtained as 0.480, \(<\)0.001, and 0.026; respectively. these conflicting results, our study demonstrates that 3D exercises with corrective movements result in muscle activation on both the convex and concave sides. This finding indicates that isolated muscle activation cannot be achieved. When scoliosis-specific exercises are applied, muscle activation occurs concentrically on the convex side, while it occurs eccentrically on the concave side. This underscores the complexity of targeting muscle activation in scoliosis interventions, necessitating a holistic approach that accounts for both sides of the curvature. We specifically focused on dissecting the relationship between paraspinal muscle asymmetry and various types of scoliotic curves. This was done in response to previous studies that did not provide clear descriptions of curve classifications and recording levels, which could be crucial in understanding this relationship.