## 4 Conclusions and Prospects
### Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary integration:  
The complexity of multi-field coupling in rocks goes beyond the interaction of temperature, water flow, stress, and chemical processes. Rock formations in real engineering environments are complex systems that cannot be accurately modeled using simple approaches. Therefore, advancing the field requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge from fields such as computer science, environmental science, geophysics, fluid mechanics, and chemical science. This interdisciplinary approach will allow for a more comprehensive analysis of rock behavior under multi-field coupling, yielding models that better reflect the complexities of real-world engineering scenarios. By integrating the latest scientific advances and technologies, future research can more accurately represent the complex multi-field interactions in deep rock masses.  
In conclusion, the study of multi-field coupling in rocks is at a critical juncture. While significant progress has been made in understanding the individual effects of temperature, water flow, stress, and chemistry on rock behavior, the challenge remains to develop integrated models that can effectively describe their combined effects. Future research should focus on refining mathematical models, expanding the scope of applications, embracing intelligent technologies, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. Only through such comprehensive efforts can we fully understand and manage the complex behavior of rocks in deep underground environments, ensuring the success of projects like geothermal energy extraction, nuclear waste disposal, and deep mining operations.  
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design J.W., J.H. and X.N.; methodology B.A., R.X. and H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, B.A.; writing--review and editing, J.W. and S.N.A.; visualization, S.N.A.; supervision,J.W.; project administration, B.A., N.S.A., J.H. and X.N.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Shanghai Shallow Geothermal Energy Engineering Technology Research Center (DRZX-202302); Guangzhou Metro Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. (0023020240166); Project of Shanghai Housing and Urban Rural Development Management Committee (2024-Z02-007); Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Research and Development Program, the People's Republic of China Research (2022-K-044); Yunnan Traffic Investment Group Yunling Construction Co., Ltd. (YLJS -KF-2024-02); Xiamen Road and Bridge Group; Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Project (18 DZ1201301; 19 DZ1200900); and China Railway 15 Bureau Group Co., Ltd. (CR15 CG-XLDYH7-2019-GC01).  
Not applicable.  
We want to express our thanks to the efficient editord and the authors whose publications we cited.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relation-ships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employees of Shanghai Geological and Mineral Engineering Survey (Group) Co., Ltd.; [PERSON] is employee of Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. The authors declare that this study received funding from Guangzhou Metro Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd.; Yunnan Traffic Investment Group Yunling Construction Co., Ltd.; Xiamen Road and Bridge Group and China Railway 15 Bureau Group Co., Ltd. The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.