## 5 Discussion  
### Key Findings  
This review study investigated the impact of smart mobility innovations through the lens of transport disadvantage. Specifically, the review sought to answer the research question: How can smart mobility contribute to the alleviation of transport disadvantage? Firstly, some common smart mobility innovations were identified and the relationships between these innovations shown. These innovations include new vehicular and infrastructural innovations such AV, ITS, and alternative fuel vehicles, in addition to new and existing ways of offering services to the community including DRT, shared mobility, and MaaS. These innovations will likely benefit urban areas by improving accessibility, efficiency, coverage, flexibility, safety, and integration of the transportation system.  
The study also showed how smart mobility innovations have the potential to contribute to the alleviation of all six dimensions of transport disadvantage: (a) physical; (b) economic; (c) spatial; (d) temporal; (e) psychological; and (f) information. We also discussed some implications associated with a seventh, \"institutional\", dimension. Potential risks have been identified, and there are a number of key actions that can be taken to alleviate these risks. Of these actions, the implementation of MaaS and shared mobility appears as a common thread to overcoming the risks associated with smart mobility.  
Firstly, a move towards the shared mobility is critical to ensure resources are shared efficiency and services offered have the required accessibility, coverage, and flexibility to reach all users and do not result in excess consumer costs or reliance on government subsidies. This conclusion is reflected in studies on DRT [66], AV [39; 40; 52], and MaaS [40].  
Secondly, the review showed that it is often a combination of innovations that will best benefit the transport disadvantage. For instance, DRT and AV are shown to work more efficiently, and safely, when enabled by ITS and other smart technology including big data and cloud computing. Furthermore, the negative externalities associated with AV use, including increased VKT, suburbanization, and infrastructure demand, are significantly reduced when operating within a shared economy. This highlights the specific advantages of MaaS, which as an integrated system can provide the operational structure from which new innovations are trialed and released into the market. It also can help connect users to shared mobility and provide a platform from which mobility providers share resources. Sharing data between mobility providers could help decision-makers achieve better outcomes as issues associated with transport disadvantage can be considered by looking at the transportation system as a whole rather than concentrating on individual parts. Similar conclusions regarding the importance of MaaS as an overarching operational structure is supported by a number of studies including [PERSON] et al. [82], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [58], [PERSON] et al. [38], and [PERSON] et al. [116].  
Lastly, a summary of smart mobility potential contribution and risks and their association with transport disadvantage dimensions is shown in Table 3.