## 3 Lean Management and Industry 4.0 Integration: Conceptual Approach
### Correlation Model for the Industry 4.0 Solutions with the Lean Practices
Figure 4: Graphic model of the key elements of value creation in Industry 4.0 and Lean technologies. Figure 5: Industry 4.0 integration model and application of Lean principles. It is noted that the principles of Industry 4.0 and Lean manufacturing can be interwoven in order to support company development by generating positive effects on productivity, efficiency and performance. The companies that have implemented Lean management in manufacturing exhibit an openness to switching to Industry 4.0, having already developed a culture of improvement, and they are more receptive to change. They consider that the new Industry 4.0 technologies can contribute to achieving the main Lean goals of reducing and eliminating waste by developing intelligent and value-creating processes, digitalization and connectivity. The approach to the association of Lean practices with the complex technologies of Industry 4.0 requires the development of a framework model that provides an efficient technical-managerial integration and organizational culture. Conceptual Approach Regarding the Industry 4.0 and Lean Interdependence  
Seen from a technical perspective, Industry 4.0 brings major changes in technology, but it does not exclude principles to identify added value and eliminate waste, which are typical of Lean management. Integrating Lean methodology and tools into the new industry represents a challenge for any company wishing to adapt its processes in order to increase performance, both at the operational and the organizational levels, through digitalization and connectivity. Through Lean manufacturing, solutions can be found to certain problems in terms of organizing and managing new high-end technologies implemented through Industry 4.0 such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), additive manufacturing (AM), big data analytics and human-machine interfaces (HMI). Simultaneously, through its solutions and intelligent processes, Industry 4.0 contributes to meeting customer demands by offering customized, quality products (smart products), thus meeting the demands of Lean manufacturing regarding value creation for the end user. Following the investigation of the key concepts of I4.0 technologies and Lean tools applied in practice, the favorable effects of the combination of the two practices in the  
Figure 6: A conceptual model for integrating the principles of Industry 4.0–Lean Production. Industry 4.0 industrial environment can be highlighted as increasing the productivity and performance of production systems. Infrastructure Industry 4.0 contributes to the support of Lean systems primarily on the operational levels of the company (i.e., departments, production workshops and manufacturing lines), but it also ensures interconnection at the organizational level and among organizations. The compatibility and positive impacts of various Industry 4.0 solutions implemented in Lean production are discussed below:  
* Cyber-physical system (CPS): An intelligent system implemented in the Industry 4.0 environment that contributes to the improvement in Lean production by identifying, at the operational level, value-creating activities, flow mapping and flexible reconfiguration using digital tools (RDIF technologies, e-Kanban, IoT and cloud technologies). Thus, tools, such as Lean VSM, are adapted as DVSM (digital value stream map) in Industry 4.0.