## 1 Introduction
The predictive assessment of OAC based on preoperative panoramic radiography has been investigatedin our previous study [16]. Here, we found only limited comparability of AI-based results compared to experienced surgeons. Even between different AI algorithms, the results were not consistent. Relying on the prediction of an AI-based algorithm alone can thus not be conclusively recommended based on available evidence. Further studies with larger case numbers, other algorithms, and multicenter center studies might be necessary [16]. Several risk factors can be employed to predict the development of OAC. Besides factors such as age or gender, techniques such as the selected surgical procedure and the practitioner's experience as well as anatomical conditions can influence the occurrence of OAC. For professionals and automated algorithms, standardized classification systems such as the Archer Classification [17] and the Root Sinus Classification (RS) [18] can be useful due to their reproducibility [19]. The Archer classification is based on the positional relationship of the third molar to the adjacent tooth and its relationship to the maxillary sinus, whereas the RS classification is dependent on the root tips as well as the direct relationship to the maxillary sinus floor (Figure 1) [19]. Figure 1: Archer classification and Root Sinus (RS) classification based on panoramic radiography. Archer classification: Type A: the upper third molar is situated on the same or below the occlusal plane of its neighboring second molar. Type B: the upper third molar is located between the occlusal and cervical lines of the adjacent second molar. Type C: the upper third molar is located between the cervical line and the upper root third of the neighboring second molar. Type D: The third upper molar is located at the level of or above the apical third of the adjacent second molar. RS Classification: Class I: the maxillary sinus is located strictly above the root apex of the maxillary third molar. Class II: the line of the maxillary sinus floor is sharply curved and partially overlapped by the root apex of the maxillary third molar. Class III: the line of the maxillary sinus floor slopes sharply between the maxillary teeth and overlaps most of the roots. Class IV: the line of the maxillary sinus floor meets the root tips and slopes only between the root seats. Class V: the line of the maxillary sinus floor in relation to the root tips of the maxillary third molars cannot be reliably delineated. [PERSON] et al. were able to reveal a significant association between OAC and the Archer classes B-D and/or the RS classes III/IV [19]. However, according to the CT examination, only the Archer classification D and the RS classification III, IV were associated with OAC [19]. Analyzing these classifications in panoramic radiographs with the help of an AI-based algorithm could help automate the prediction of OAC in panoramic radiography imaging. In a previous study of our workgroup, the prediction based solely on panoramic radiographs was found unreliable [16]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has utilized an AI-based algorithm to evaluate the predictive value of these classification systems for automated panoramic radiography analysis. Overall, the present study sought to (1) evaluate the feasibility of automatized classification of impacted teeth from panoramic radiographs, (2) determine the distribution of OAC stratified by classification system classes, and (3) evaluate the feasibility of automatized prediction of OAC utilizing established classification systems.