## 5 Results
### Moderator Analysis
#### 5.3.1 Subgroup Analysis  
To analyze the heterogeneity results in Section 5.2, this paper first conducted the subgroup analysis of these links using the random effect models (Table 6). The analysis revealed the following results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Relationship**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Moderators**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No. of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Effect Size**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**95\% CI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Z-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p_-Value**} \\  & & & **Studies** & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{PU-BI} & Africa & 3 & 0.669 & (0.086, 0.910) & 2.193 & 0.028 \\  & Asia & 29 & 0.524 & (0.422, 0.613) & 8.651 & 0.000 \\  & Europe & 4 & 0.595 & (0.526, 0.656) & 13.399 & 0.000 \\  & Geographical & NA & 4 & 0.328 & (\(-\)0.468, 0.830) & 0.787 & 0.431 \\  & region & North America & 2 & 0.501 & (\(-\)0.697, 0.961) & 0.764 & 0.445 \\  & & South America & 1 & 0.712 & (0.618, 0.786) & 10.355 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Organization size} & Large & 8 & 0.598 & (0.398, 0.744) & 5.038 & 0.000 \\  & & NA & 21 & 0.474 & (0.287, 0.626) & 4.581 & 0.000 \\  & & Small–medium & 14 & 0.562 & (0.397, 0.692) & 5.774 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{PU-BI} & Agriculture & 1 & 0.214 & (0.060, 0.358) & 2.706 & 0.007 \\  & Industry & 10 & 0.577 & (0.337, 0.747) & 4.195 & 0.000 \\  & Multisector & 10 & 0.562 & (0.196, 0.791) & 2.849 & 0.004 \\  & sector & NA & 7 & 0.522 & (0.308, 0.686) & 4.342 & 0.000 \\  & & Service & 15 & 0.491 & (0.360, 0.603) & 6.543 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{PEOU-BI} & \multirow{9}{*}{Geographical region} & Africa & 3 & 0.562 & (0.263, 0.763) & 3.398 & 0.001 \\  & Asia & 28 & 0.448 & (0.360, 0.529) & 8.969 & 0.000 \\  & Europe & 5 & 0.543 & (0.331, 0.703) & 4.502 & 0.000 \\  & & NA & 4 & 0.369 & (0.125, 0.571) & 2.897 & 0.004 \\  & North America & 2 & 0.524 & (0.016, 0.817) & 2.015 & 0.044 \\  & South America & 1 & 0.629 & (0.516, 0.720) & 8.595 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Organization size} & Large & 8 & 0.519 & (0.340, 0.661) & 5.118 & 0.000 \\  & Organization & NA & 21 & 0.463 & (0.373, 0.545) & 8.918 & 0.000 \\  & & Small–medium & 14 & 0.445 & (0.324, 0.551) & 6.611 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Organization sector} & Agriculture & 1 & 0.214 & (0.060, 0.358) & 2.706 & 0.007 \\  & Industry & 10 & 0.473 & (0.298, 0.618) & 4.870 & 0.000 \\  & & Multisector & 10 & 0.434 & (0.308, 0.545) & 6.230 & 0.000 \\  & & NA & 7 & 0.437 & (0.220, 0.612) & 3.756 & 0.000 \\  & & Service & 15 & 0.518 & (0.439, 0.590) & 10.949 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{SI–BI} & \multirow{9}{*}{Geographical region} & Asia & 8 & 0.402 & (0.233, 0.548) & 4.417 & 0.000 \\  & Europe & 3 & 0.594 & (0.469, 0.695) & 7.677 & 0.000 \\  & North America & 1 & 0.725 & (0.635, 0.796) & 10.667 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Organization size} & Large & 2 & 0.393 & (0.173, 0.575) & 3.386 & 0.001 \\  & & NA & 8 & 0.519 & (0.401, 0.620) & 7.505 & 0.000 \\  & & Small–medium & 2 & 0.454 & (\(-\)0.332, 0.868) & 1.150 & 0.250 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Organization sector} & Industry & 4 & 0.339 & (0.084, 0.522) & 2.574 & 0.010 \\  & & NA & 1 & 0.650 & (0.591, 0.702) & 15.794 & 0.000 \\  & & Service & 7 & 0.538 & (0.453, 0.614) & 10.384 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Subgroup analysis of the relationships by random effects models. PU-BI. Regarding the geographical region, the effect sizes were significant in Asia, Europe, South America, and Latin America at the 1% level. In terms of organization size, the effect sizes were significant both in large organizations and small-medium organizations at the 1% level. Concerning the organization sector, the effect sizes were significant in all sectors except for the agriculture sector. PEOU-BI. Regarding the geographical region and organization size, the effect sizes were significant in all regions and scales of organizations at the 5% level.