The \"AGW channel\" is supposed to be driven by the release of heat at the ground level: in turn, the resulting expansion of air is capable of causing a strength of gravity and planetary waves due to the AGW. Based on the microfracturing charge separation, EMs preceding large EQs [15] penetrate the inner magnetosphere and interact with high-energy particles, leading to their precipitation into the lower ionosphere [22]. Moreover, in the ionosphere, anomalies found in the F2-layer critical frequency measurements by ionosonde installed close to the epicentre could be recognised as a pre-seismic interaction due to the impending event (e.g., [23]). On 6 February 2023, a \"strong doublet\" [24] of large seismic events struck the Kahramamanas province, a south-eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, in the western section of the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ). According to the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD, [[https://en.afad.gov.tr/](https://en.afad.gov.tr/)]([https://en.afad.gov.tr/](https://en.afad.gov.tr/)), accessed on 5 March 2023), the first largest EQ, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.7 (M7.8 according to USGS), the strongest in more than 80 years of Turkish seismic history, occurred at 01:17:32 UT (37.166\({}^{\circ}\)N, 37.042\({}^{\circ}\)E, with a focal depth of 8.6 km), approximately 30 km away from one of the largest cities in Turkey, Gaziantep, close to the border with Syria [25]. This seismic event was a quite pure left-lateral strike-slip event, with no superficial displacement, occurring instead at a depth ranging from 6 to 20 km with a maximum slip of 7 m, with three asperities that correlate with bends and stepovers along the EAFZ [26]. About 9 h later, at 10:24:47 UT, a Mw 7.6 EQ (M7.5 according to USGS) occurred to the north-northeast of the first one, in Kahramanmaras province (38.089\({}^{\circ}\)N, 37.239\({}^{\circ}\)E, with 7 km depth) [27], causing a mapped surface rupture of 130 \(\pm\) 10 km [28], also with a left-lateral strike-slip with a major asperity along the Cardak Fault featuring a maximum slip of approximately 9.5 m at depths between 0 to 24 km [25]. Actually, in agreement with Bath's Law, on the coda of the mainshock, about 11 min after it, at 01:28:16 UT, the largest aftershock of M6.6 struck close to the epicentre. After two weeks, another major event (M6.3) hit the region, this time further southeast along the EAF, near the sea and the Turkish-Syrian border, on 20 February at 17:04:29 with the epicentre (36.162\({}^{\circ}\)N, 36.025\({}^{\circ}\)E) at a 16 km depth (USGS). Ultimately, the sequence of those large events caused about 60,000 people to be killed (50,783 in Turkey and over 7000 in Syria), leaving around 120,000 people injured and 1.5 million homeless [29]. The number of aftershocks of the sequence reached something more than 37,000 (until 22 June 2023), distributing along two branches following the EAF, as shown in Figure 1.  
Recently, [31] recomputed the magnitude of the doublet by means of the coda momentum through long-term coda energy: they estimated the magnitudes to be slightly larger with values of 7.95 \(\pm\) 0.013 and 7.86 \(\pm\) 0.012, respectively. The first of the two major 2023 Kahramanmaras EQs exceeded expectations in both size and destructiveness [32; 33]. By analysing the near-field seismic records, [32] developed a dynamic rupture model that reconciles conflicting inversion results and reveals variable propagation speeds during the EQ. Predominantly, supershear speeds were observed along the Narli fault and at the southwest end of the EAF. The model underscores the importance of geometric complexity and heterogeneous frictional conditions in enabling continued rupture propagation and influencing rupture speeds.