## 4 Results
### Analysis of Land Use Dynamic Changes in Xiong'an
#### 4.1.2 Analysis of Land Use Dynamics  
1. Single Land Use Dynamics  
The SLUDD of different land use types in Xiong'an are quantitatively presented in Table 5. Combined with the results of classification and area transfer, spatiotemporal patterns of land use changes were analyzed through the following aspects:  
1. Grassland Changes. Grassland coverage exhibited a net increase (dynamic degree: 43.81%; annual rate: 5.48%) during 2014-2022, following an initial decline-then-recovery pattern. Remote sensing analysis revealed that this trend resulted from vegetation colonization on abandoned construction sites near the start-up area of Xiong'an in Rongcheng County, where the demolition of villages and the suspension of constructions created transitional grasslands (Figure 3).
2. Construction Land Changes. Construction land grew steadily (dynamic degree: 5.06%; annual rate: 0.63%), peaking during 2014-2016 due to village expansions in Rongcheng's Zhang Town region (Figure 4). However, following the official establishment of Xiong'an New Area, the growth rate was moderated significantly due to two key factors: (i) stringent government land use regulations, implemented to ensure planned development, and (ii) pandemic-related disruptions to construction activities during the COVID-19 outbreak period. This dual regulatory and exogenous shock resulted in a notable deceleration of urban expansion compared to the pre-establishment phase.
3. Afforestation Changes. Forest cover changes revealed divergent trends: (i) broad-leaved forests saw a gradual increase (dynamic degree: 3.38%; annual rate: 0.42%), and coniferous forests saw dramatic expansion (dynamic degree: 189.84%; annual rate: 23.73%, particularly during 2016-2019). The \"Millennium Forest\" project, launched  
Figure 2: Land use types in Xiong’an (subplots a to f highlight regions with significant land use changes, and case studies will be presented in subsequent sections).  
in 2017, achieved remarkable results. By 2022, it had successfully affected an area of 30,000 hectares with 23+ million trees, elevating forest coverage from 11% to 32% (Figure 5).
4. Cultivated Land Changes. Cultivated land demonstrated a consistent decline (dynamic degree: \(-\)7.51%; annual rate: \(-\)0.94%), with accelerated losses post-2016. This transformation primarily supported two development priorities: (i) urban expansion around the start-up area in Rongcheng County (Figure 4) and (ii) ecological afforestation initiatives in Xiong County (Figure 5). Approximately 30% of converted farmland transitioned to coniferous forests, aligning with Xiong'an's eco-city planning objectives.
5. Water Body and Wetland Changes. Water bodies fluctuated seasonally (dynamic degree: \(-\)4.49%; annual rate: \(-\)0.56%), with precipitation and image acquisition timing significantly influencing measurements. Wetlands expanded markedly (dynamic degree: 18.22%; annual rate: 2.28%), especially around Anxin County's Yangdiko Village, where climate-driven rainfall increases facilitated substantial areal growth during 2016-2019.  
Comprehensive Land Use Dynamics  
Analyzing the CLUDD the four periods in Xiong'an revealed distinct pattern (Table 6). During the entire study period (2014-2022), the total CLUDD reached 4.96%, corresponding to an annual change rate of 0.62%. This progression followed a characteristic \"slow-fast-slow\" trajectory:  
1. Initial phase (2014-2016): exhibited relatively modest land use changes, reflecting baseline development conditions prior to major policy interventions.
2. Accelerated phase (2016-2019): marked by the most substantial transformations, directly coinciding with the formal establishment of Xiong'an New Area and its subsequent initial development surge.
3. Moderated phase (2019-2022): showed a gradual deceleration in land use dynamics, attributable to external constraints including the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts on construction activities.