## Materials and Methods
### Determination of the Antibacterial Activity  
#### 2.2.1 Tested Microbial Strains  
The strains of the pathogenic bacteria that were tested as cell- targets to assess the antibacterial activity of honey were the following:  
* _Staphylococcus_ subsp. _aureus_, methicillin, and vancomycin resistant (source: dental septicaemia)
* _Staphylococcus aureus_ subsp. _aureus_, methicillin, and vancomycin resistant (source: tooth abscess)
* _Staphylococcus aureus_ subsp. _anareobius_ (source: septicaemic gingivitis)
* _Streptococcus mutans_ (source: oral cavity)
* _Fusobacterium nucleatum_ (source: oral cavity)
* _Staphylococcus aureus_ subsp. _aureus_, reference strain ATCC 12600
* _Staphylococcus aureus_ subsp. _anareobius_, reference strain ATCC 35844  
All the above strains were identified and classified by standard laboratory procedures, which are followed by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Dentistry. Antibiotic Susceptibility Assay  
Antibiotic susceptibility for the used bacterial strains and the reference strains was detected using the disc diffusion method, according to the standards set by The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (later renamed The Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute-CLSI) [50; 51]. An aliquot of 100 \(\upmu\)L of an overnight culture was diluted in saline solution to about 1.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) CFU/mL (0.5 McFarland turbidity standard). Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, UK) plates were flooded with this suspension in order confluent colonies given. The inoculated plates could stand at room temperature for 15 min prior to dispensing the paper discs and were then placed at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. The diameters of the clear zones around each disc were measured after incubation. In the present study, 9 antibiotic discs were used to determine the antibiotic resistance of the wild pathogenic _Staphylococcus_ tested strains: Vancomycin (VA, 30 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Erythromycin (E, 15 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Oxacillin (OX, 1 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Ciprofloxacinacin (CIP, 5 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (SLT, 25 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Oxytetracycline (OXY, 30 \(\upmu\)g, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke,Hampshire, UK), Ceftriofur (CFT, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), and Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid (AMC, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). For the _S. mutans_ strain, the antibiotics employed in this study were: Ampicillin (AMP, 10 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Ceftoxime (CTX, 30 ug, HiMedia Labs, Einhausen, Germany), Erythromycin (E, 15 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Cephazolin (kZ, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Methicillin (ME, 5 ug Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Lincomycin (L, 2 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Clindamycin (CC, 2 ug, Abtek Biologicals Ltd-UK, Liverpool, UK), Vancomycin (VA, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) Metronidazolezole (MTZ, 5 ug, Abtek Biologicals Ltd-UK, Liverpool, UK), Rifamipcin (RIF, 5 ug, HiMedia Labs, Einhausen, Germany), Ciprofloxacinacin (CIP, 5 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Offoxacin (OF, 5 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Gentamycin (GEN, 10 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Penicillin G (P10, 10 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Chlortetracycline (CTE, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd.), Doxycycline (DO, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Chloramphenicol (CHL, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), Tetracycline (TE, 30 ug, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) and Amoxicillin (AMO, 30 ug, NEOSENSITABSTM-Rosco Diagnostic, Taastrup, Denmark). Finally for the _F.