## 3 Results and Discussion  
The results of preliminary tests of the samples of HOPG, MWCNTs, fullerene C\({}_{60}\) and CSS by Raman method are shown on Figure 1. The MWCNT Raman spectrum contains the main peak G (1586 cm\({}^{-1}\)), and in contrast to the HOPG spectrum--the peak D (1361 cm\({}^{-1}\)), characteristic of noncrystalline materials. The ratio of the intensities of D and G peaks (I(D)/I(G)) demonstrates the degree of sample graphitization. The lower the ratio, the higher the graphitization and the fewer defects and impurities are in the graphene layers of MWCNTs. For the investigated nanotube samples, this value is 0.45 and corresponds to high-purity MWCNT [26]. The CSS Raman spectrum includes the D, G, and 2D bands. The analysis of the energy position and intensities of these bands, as well as the I(D)/I(G) ratio indicates increasing clustering and the presence of sp\({}^{2}\) chains in CSS, according to model proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27]. More precisely, it can be said that the material evolves from amorphous carbon toward nanocrystalline graphite with mixed bond based on sp\({}^{2}\) and sp\({}^{3}\) hybridization. The average graphite nanocrystalline size is \(\sim\)3 nm [13]. Two small extra peaks A\({}_{1}\) (\(\sim\)450 cm\({}^{-1}\)) and A\({}_{2}\) (850 cm\({}^{-1}\)) in CSS Raman spectrum are typical of low sp\({}^{3}\) amorphous graphite [28; 29]. The spectrum of fullerite shows all the peaks characteristics of pure C\({}_{60}\)[30; 31]. The diffractograms of MWCNTs, fullerite C\({}_{60}\) and CSS are shown on Figure 2. Fullerite XRD patterns consist of a sequence of narrow peaks, whose positions correspond to a face-centered molecular crystal with a lattice constant of 1.417 nm and a distance between C\({}_{60}\) molecules of 1.002 nm [30; 32; 33]. The XRD pattern of MWCNT (Figure 2b) consists of four peaks characteristic of graphite: (100), (002), (004) and (112). Moreover, diffraction peaks marked with an arrow in Figure 2b prove the presence of residual iron catalyst (\(\gamma\)-Fe) in the MWCNT inner volume. Figure 1: The Raman spectra of the fullerite C\({}_{60}\), HOPG, MWCNTs and CSS. Figure 2: XRD characterization of the C\({}_{60}\) (**a**) and MWCNT, CSS powders (**b**). The arrows indicate the positions of diffraction peaks of \(\gamma\)-Fe from the iron catalyst. The XRD patterns of the CSS sample (Figure 2b) contain broad peaks, and only the strong (002), (100) and (112) peaks may be reliably distinguished. The peaks (100) and (112) are strongly asymmetric. The XRD patterns of turbostructurally disordered carbon contain peaks with similar shapes [13]. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy methods allow for obtaining the bulk structural characteristic of the samples as a whole. NEXAFS [20] and XPS [21; 22], in contrast, characterize the changes in the system of electron states at the level of an individual molecular cluster on the surface of the samples. The high sensitivity of the C 1s fine structure absorption spectra of carbon-containing materials to the presence of C-O, C-O-C, C=O linear and carbonate CO\({}_{3}\) planar functional groups is due to the high oscillator strength of the C 1s \(\rightarrow\pi^{\star}\) transitions in these atomic groups. Therefore, even at low concentrations of carbon oxides, their presence is observed in the C 1s NEXAFS spectra of the samples. The C 1s NEXAFS spectra of HOPG, MWCNTs, fullerene C\({}_{60}\) and CSS are shown on Figure 3, where the vertical dashed lines point out the positions of the peaks corresponding to C 1s \(\rightarrow\pi^{\star}\) transitions in the atomic groups C=O (288.4 eV), C-O-C (287.2 eV), C-O (286.4 eV) [25; 34; 35] and in anion [CO\({}_{3}\)]\({}^{2-}\)[36]. In the C 1s absorption spectrum of fullerite and pyrolytic graphite, there is no fine structure due to the presence of the carbon oxides mentioned above. Consequently, water molecules are physically adsorbed on the surface of C\({}_{60}\) powder and HOPG without the formation of a chemical bond with carbon.