# Molecular Profile of Skin Cancer
## 3 Gene Mutations in Melanoma  
BRAF is the most common mutant protein kinase found in human cancers (Table 1). The gene encoding this BRAF protein is located on the long arm of chromosome 7, at position 34 and is composed of 18 exons. BRAF gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The BRAF protein plays an important role in the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway by regulating the MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase), a protein involved in physiological processes such as cell division and growth, differentiation, secretion or even apoptosis [20]. The activation of a number of changes in cell phenotype requires several steps, by which the signal passes through a kinase cascade involved in the activation of various proteins. Kinases are enzymes involved in the transmission of different cellular signals, and therefore, any change in the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway may facilitate the neoplastic process and allow abnormal cells to divide uncontrollably. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Gene** & **Type** & **Incidence (\%)** & **Type of Melanoma** & **Comments** & **Therapeutic Modalities** \\ \hline PS3 & & & & - associated with advanced-stage & \\ [PERSON] et al., 2007; [PERSON] et al., 2013 & tumor suppressor gene & 92–100 or 7–27 & Cutaneous & disease directly & \\  & & & & - correlated with the exposure to & \\  & & & & UV-type B & \\ \hline TP S3 & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al., 2010 & tumor suppressor gene & 50 & Cutaneous & - somatic mutations & PRIMA-1 MET \\ \hline P16 & & & & & ABT-737 \\ [PERSON] et al., 2004; [PERSON] et al., 2000 & tumor suppressor gene & 10 & Familial malignant melanoma & - loss of p16 protein expression was common event in melanoma & ABT-23 (oral administration) 3 MR (novel suicide gene therapy) \\ \hline Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit PR70 ([PERSON] et al., 2018) & tumor suppressor gene & 1 & Gonosomal melanoma & - PPP2R3B expression was lower in males than in females - independently correlated with poor clinical outcome. & SMAPs, Phenothyazines \\ \hline RASA2 ([PERSON] et al., 2015) & tumor suppressor gene & 5 & Cutaneous melanoma & - encodes a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) & MEK inhibitors \\ \hline RAS ([PERSON] et al., 1984) & proto-oncogene & 15 & Cutaneous melanoma & - activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and other signaling pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis \\ \hline BRAF V900K ([PERSON] et al., 2017) & proto-oncogene & 10 & Melanoma in situ & - tumors appear over 50, in males, and the tumors often occur in the head and neck area (prone to sun damage) & Sorafenib \\ \hline BRAFV60E ([PERSON] et al., 2017) & proto-oncogene & 40 & Cutaneous melanoma & - has been reported to be more frequent in benign than in & YLF40Q2 \\  & & & & dysplasia nevi or melanoma & Vemurafenib and Dabraelm \\ \hline BCORL1 ([PERSON] et al., 2018) & tumor suppressor & 10 & Cutaneous melanoma & - correlated with resistance of the disease to previous effective & immunosuppressive therapy \\  & & & & drugs & - Azetidine \\  & & & & drugs & \\  & & & & - represses E-cadherin expression via interaction with CGRP & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Gene mutations in melanoma.