## 2 State of the Art
These components include:  
* Regulations by emissions: this aspect involves implementing regulations based on vehicle emissions, ensuring that only vehicles meeting specific emission standards are allowed to enter designated areas (e.g., Brussels, Belgium) [12];
* Regulations by vehicle type and dimension (vehicle type, weight, or length): in Paris, France, measures are enforced to control vehicle entry based on their types, restricting access for specific categories of vehicles [13]. In Utrecht, the Netherlands, regulations distinguish between Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV) and Light Duty Vehicles (LDV) by imposing limits based on their dimensions [14];
* Regulations by trip purpose (delivery; residents and specific users): in Strasbourg, France, regulatory measures are tailored to the purpose of the trip, particularly targeting delivery vehicles and regulating their access to specific zones [9];
* Scheme timescale: these schemes may rely on programmed time windows, which refer to fixed and pre-established intervals during which regulations are applied; reactive operations, which allow for dynamic adjustments based on real-time conditions or unexpected events; or phasing, which involve the gradual introduction or withdrawal of measures to ensure a smoother adaptation process for users and stakeholders. Madrid, Spain [9], implements regulatory schemes within designated time windows, controlling vehicle access during specific periods of the day; similarly, Stockholm, Sweden, applies time-based restrictions, with a particular focus on nighttime regulations that may restrict vehicle access during late hours [15];
* Regulations by permit: this regulatory category includes several forms of access control based on formal authorization. For example the \"permit to travel\" refers to an authorization required for accessing specific urban zones with a vehicle, often conditioned by vehicle category, time of day, or user profile; the \"car park or ownership permit\" regulates the right to own or park a vehicle within restricted areas, typically granted to residents or specific business operators: the \"permit to build car park space\" concerns urban planning permissions necessary to construct new parking facilities, serving as a strategic tool to manage parking supply and promote sustainable mobility. Siena, Italy, requires a permit to travel for vehicles wishing to access certain areas, regulating entry based on permits issued by the authorities [16]; London, UK, implements regulations based on planning permits, particularly controlling vehicle access to specific areas [17];
* Regulations by other factors: additional considerations such as load factors, vehicle safety features, company size, or the reallocation of road space are also integrated into the UVAR framework. While this research typically adopts a more general approach, there are numerous studies centered on specific measures, aiming to optimize their implementation or test their outcomes, such as those focused on Zero Emission Zone [23] or Low Emission Zone [24]. Simulation is relevant in the field of logistics, enabling analysis, optimization, and planning of logistics strategies and operations more effectively. The evolution of Urban Vehicle Access Regulations (UVAR) has been increasingly supported by enabling technologies from the Industry 4.0 paradigm. These technologies provide the necessary infrastructure and analytical capabilities to design, implement, and monitor UVAR schemes effectively, especially in complex and dynamic urban logistics contexts. The following categories highlight key applications within this framework:  
1. Advanced manufacturing solutions: in urban logistics, advanced manufacturing enables the on-demand production of components for electric vehicles or cargo bikes used for urban deliveries, supporting modularity and customization of the vehicles operating in access-regulated zones;
2.