## 1 Introduction
In this respect, it would be advisable to arrange the location of the panels in such a way that there is no intershading. However, given the high price of the terrain and the increasingly low price of the panels, the most common solution is to construct PV plants with suitable distances between the panels that produce shade [21]. This important scientific challenge has been widely studied by many authors who are interested in the reduction in PV production due to shade from the panels [17,18,21,22]. In addition, solar geometry and PV plant design also affect energy production. Solutions which aim at simulating all the relevant aspects of this issue therefore demand significant calculation times [23,24]. However, authors such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] have started to work on the optimisation of this issue using a model with a low computational load. This model can maintain the required accuracy levels using a few input parameters. However, it has only been tested in two PV plants. The authors therefore recommend extending the validation of this model to other facilities and geometries. Consequently, it is necessary to continue studying the influence of shading on energy production. Under this paradigm, the backtracking method can provide adequate solutions for the intershading problem in PV plants [25], especially during sunrise and sunset when solar beams are very low and there is greater intershading between PV modules. This method varies the optimum angle of greatest solar incidence to prevent the back panels from being shaded (Figure 1). Although the result of using backtracking is a lower angle of incidence of solar collection, it is more favourable than the projection of shadows among adjacent solar panels [26]. Backtracking has become a technique used to increase energy production in photovoltaic plants in cloudy periods. The diffuse component of solar radiation is much more relevant in these cases and \"approaches\" that ignore this component (such as astronomical ones) are thus no longer optimal. This is not the only advantage of employing backtracking. There is also the resulting reduction in hot spots on the trackers, which increases their life span and reduces breakdowns. Backtracking also improves the ground cover ratio (GCR) of the installations, which has the effect of reducing the economic impact with regard to the soil required when building plants [27]. For these reasons, there is a niche in scientific work focused on the development of options utilising backtracking and on the optimisation of solutions responding to the challenges posed by solar panels which are not exclusively focused on classical tracking [9; 26; 28; 29]. From this perspective, work based on tracking has been undertaken with the aim of optimising production throughout the movement of a panel path, including the backtracking periods [27]. To achieve this, the search is underway for a panel path that maintains the optimum production under the premise that the panel is isolated and therefore does not receive shade from any adjacent panel. Once this objective has been considered, a condition can be established to verify the possible shading between photovoltaic panels. After these two steps, the shaded orientations can be indicated against those that are not shaded. Thus, a panel path that optimises production, including the non-shading of modules, can be established. Since it is difficult to find a completely horizontal location for photovoltaic plants, further study and deeper knowledge of photovoltaic trackers are required to offer optimisation guidelines for solar capture. The present study was undertaken to include: (a) mathematical modelling of solar capture on trackers; (b) programming that allows automation of the calculations; (c) simulations of case studies; and (d) analysis of optimal conclusions. In light of this, conclusions were drawn on orientations, land inclinations and distances between modules, etc., in terms of produced energy.