### Material Security  
Material security is a global economic concern, as it enables the identification of critical materials for a nation's economy. It is critical in the selection of materials, product design, recycling of materials, and investment decision-making. Material security has been used interchangeably with material criticality, critical mineral security, and mineral resource security in some studies [10; 11; 12; 13]. This has been explored by many researchers in several countries due to increasing demand for raw materials and rising supply risks globally [14; 15; 16; 17]. Countries and businesses employ criticality assessments to identify and prioritize material resources in need of attention, as well as supply chain risk mitigation techniques [17; 18]. This encompasses growing and new demand for materials from developing economies; \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Characteristics** & & **Initiatives** & **Strategies** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Europe} & \multirow{5}{*}{Resource poor.} & \multirow{5}{*}{Maintain access to sources} & \multirow{5}{*}{Recycle waste and substitute other materials to prevent shortage of certain materials.} \\  & & & & of minerals. \\  & & & & Reduce the environmental \\  & & & & impact of the industry. \\  & & & & Improve material and \\  & & & & energy efficiency. \\  & & & & Sustain the supply of \\  & & & & raw materials. \\  & & & & Decrease import dependence \\  & & & & on raw materials. \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._increased need for a larger range of material inputs as a result of new technologies; concentrations of production; supply monopolies; and recognition of mining's social and environmental effects. Material security is capable of sustaining economies, addressing environmental concerns, lowering industrial costs, and averting future material shortages [19]. This is because assessing material security enables the monitoring of a mineral's use pattern across industrial sectors and the material's contribution to the overall economy [11]. There are two main dimensions that are used to determine critical material: material risk and supply risk [17; 20]. Material risk criteria include global consumption level, lack of substitutability, global warming potential, and total material requirement. Supply risk criteria include scarcity, monopoly supply, political instability, and vulnerability to effects of climate change [21]. The material security dimension, with classification of all the indicators under this framework by [22], is shown in Figure 1. There are several determinants that are necessary to assess supply risk, with five main determinants listed in many reports: geological, technical, political, environmental and social, and economic [23]. The geological, technological, and economic elements are comprised of two equally weighted indicators. One examines relative abundance of the metal, and the other percentage of the metal mined [10]. For the environmental and social indicators, these two indicators can influence and inhibit primary production. Environmental factors are more likely to restrict material supply than physical scarcity. For example, international and national laws curbing greenhouse gas emissions may come to restrict the more carbon-intensive extraction processes required for a range of minerals. In the study by [21], two proxies for environmental impacts were used, which were global warming potential and total material requirement. The assessment determining critical materials can be affected by future demand as well. Future demand is the key determinant of future availability. There are two factors that are used in criticality assessment, which are future demand projections and substitutability [19].