esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# DANet: Temporal Action Localization with Double Attention
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Performance Comparison  
To assess the performance of DANet comprehensively, we choose nineteen benchmarking models, including thirteen two-stage models (e.g., BMN [7], G-TAD [40], MUSES [6], VSGN [41]) and six one-stage methods (e.g., AFSD [5], TadTR [9], ActionFormer [10]). As shown in Table 1, DANet achieves an average mAP of 66.5%, a mAP of 78.2% at tIoU = 0.4, and a mAP of 58.7% at tIoU = 0.6 on the THUMOS14 dataset. Compared with the state-of-the-art ActionFormer, DANet's average mAP is more than 1% higher. In addition, there is an increase of over 1% at tIoU of 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. Compared with TadTR, DANet's average mAP is more than 9% higher and has significant improvements at various tIoU levels. In addition, compared with the other existing two-stage methods and other one-stage methods, DANet outperforms all of them. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. In addition, we also assess the performance of all methods on the ActivityNet1.3 dataset, shown in Table 2. Our model achieves an average mAP of 36.5, with a mAP of 54.6% at tIoU = 0.5, 37.7% at tIoU = 0.75, and 8.6% at tIoU = 0.95. Compared with existing methods, our model does not show significant improvements in mAP on the THUMOS14 dataset, but still produces competitive results. The variation in results between the THUMOS14 and ActivityNet1.3 datasets can be attributed to several factors. These datasets differ in terms of video content, annotation quality, duration, and the types of activities they contain. These variations pose different challenges for models, leading to differences in performance. Compared with ActionFormer, our model achieves a 0.4% increase in mAP at tIoU = 0.95, while, compared with TadTR, our model achieves a 4% increase in average mAP. Additionally, our model shows competitive results when compared with other one-stage and two-stage methods. Specifically, in both Tables 1 and 2, all models share the exact same hyper-parameters and dataset divisions. Our explanation for the superior performance of DANet is that we utilize our proposed DABlock to facilitate contextual modeling of temporal information at both local and global levels simultaneously and maintain the most crucial features from embeddings, which enables the model to predict the temporal boundaries of action instances with greater accuracy, thus improving the overall mAP of the model.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Volatile Fraction
#### 2.1.5 SPME-GC-MS Analysis of Untreated Material  
The dry female inflorescences (untreated material, UM) of the investigated hemp commercial varieties, provided by Everweed farm (Section 3.2), were evaluated for their organoleptic and aromatic features through the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled to GC-MS. The detected volatile compounds belonged to the monoterpene and sesquiterpene classes, and, among them, \(\alpha\)-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, and (\(E\))-caryophyllene represented the main fractions (Table 4). Myrcene dominated the volatile fractions of Pablito (35.2%), White Shark (44.6%), Fresh Mountain (39.2%), and Amnesia Cookies (37.2%) varieties, supporting the results on EOs (Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3). Similarly, terpinolene was the most abundant compound in Lemon Conti Kush New (24.1%), and, to a minor extent, in White Shark (17.1%), as reported by the previous analyses on EOs. Concerning sesquiterpenenes, 24 K, Gorilla Glue, Venom OG, and Lemon Conti Kush were characterized by higher levels of (\(E\))-caryophyllene (50.3, 43.8, 36.5 and 25.7%, respectively). In compliance with the EOs' GC-MS results, selina-3,7(11)-diene and selina-4(15),7(11)-diene were detected especially in Gorilla Glue (10.0 and 6.3%, respectively) and, in minor amounts, in Lemon Conti Kush and Lemon Conti Kush New (Table 4).  
Regarding sesquiterpenes, the literature data suggest that a mountain environment could promote the production of these compounds, in particular (\(E\))-caryophyllene and \(\alpha\)-humulene, and other minor ones, such as selina-3,7(11)-diene [48]. In the cited study, dry inflorescences obtained from Kompolti grown in a mountainous area, analyzed with DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber as in the current work, presented significant amounts of the above sesquiterpenes, with respect to those obtained by lowland plants. In contrast to our research outcomes, the almost total absence of less common components, such as selina diene-, bisabolene-, and eudesmol-type sesquiterpenes, should be pointed out in other publications regarding the SPME analysis of inflorescences from several hemp varieties, including Carmagnola and Carmagnola CS [5]. Incidentally, the employed DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber was selected as the best one for the extraction of volatiles from _C. sativa_ inflorescences [49].
# NOMA-Based VLC Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Potential Challenges and Open Research Issues  
NOMA may be used to solve a variety of problems in VLC systems as shown in Figure 12. However, implementing NOMA in VLC systems introduces new limits and obstacles that necessitate appropriate solutions. Based on the existing work in the literature,  
Figure 11: NOMA-VLC system with two users and an eavesdropper.  
in this section, we outline various challenges and open research issues that need to be considered and investigated in the future work.
# Assessment of AEC Students' Performance Using BIM-into-VR
## 2 Theoretical Background
### BIM and VR in AEC Education/Training
In summary, VR technologies have the potential of:  
* Providing outstanding visualizations that were not imaginable in a traditional system;
* Creating curiosity by helping students become more dedicated and inspired;
* Increasing student commitment by grabbing and holding their attention (because VR makes it challenging and thrilling to interact, create, and manipulate objects in a virtual setting);
* Helping students realize intricate topics, concepts, and theories;
* Improving the quality of instruction by introducing new practices and opportunities for learning by doing;
* Reducing barriers of language for international learners;
* Adding precision and permitting the visualization of things, elements, or processes which difficult to present in a real environment;
* Enabling students to interact collaboratively for the first time and, for those students already using VR, increasing their ability to interact and collaborate;
* Providing instructors' instant feedback for students;
* Offering the ability to repeat practice in a safe setting. From instructors' perspective, to teach students for BIM-into-VR approaches, there is a need for necessary and sufficient conditions such as the available VR technologies and their potentials; how to apply them to our daily life and AEC industry; and the workflows from BIM-into-VR. With VR, we can review our design and construction with a human scale and simulate safety issues before exposing them to dangerous conditions. The challenge instructors have to think about while teaching all kinds of reality technologies is perhaps, some technical things those students learned this year might not be workable or applicable next year because of the rapid technological change. They need to encourage students to understand the concept and learn the methodology instead of the step-by-step procedures. In addition, students need to explore the latest VR applications and be prepared to apply that once they graduated and use them in real-world scenarios on the projects.
# A Long-Term Dynamic Analysis of Heat Pumps Coupled to Ground Heated by Solar Collectors
## 4 Conclusions  
In the present paper, a numerical analysis of ground-coupled heat pumps coupled with solar collectors is presented. The main findings of this work are:  
* The solar collectors coupled with ground-source heat pumps can make an important contribution to soil temperature drift, and this also adds to cases of unbalanced loads during the heating season;
* The influence of the solar collectors can be observed also on the _SCOP_ values during the years: in particular, the SCOP tends to be higher in cases that employ the solar collectors;
* The _SCOP_ obtained in the last year of simulation, in the case that considers 40 m\({}^{2}\) of solar collectors instead of 30 m\({}^{2}\), is slightly higher, but the influence of the solar collector dimension has a limited impact on the _SCOP_ itself (case A9, with respect to case A5, shows an increase on _SCOP_ of 1%). However, considering the cases characterized by the same collector area, as in, for example, cases A9-A12, the SCOP decrease due to the undersized ground field is up to 5% by the fifteenth year of the dynamic simulations.  
Despite the reduction in _SCOP_ due to the undersizing of the borehole field (up to 5% compared to an appropriately sized field with the same solar collector area), as mentioned above, the use of solar collectors could be a key factor to consider and deeper investigate in future works, also in relation to the initial investment cost of the borehole field. Additional investigations may also take into account the influence of different soil properties, or of the convection in the soil [26], and the effect of real weather data on the temperature drift in ground-source heat pumps coupled with solar collectors. Moreover, an economic analysis of substituting the old generation system with the one proposed in this study will also be conducted, also considering the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.  
Conceptualization, E.R.d.S. and P.V.; methodology, V.B., E.R.d.S., P.V., C.N. and M.D.; software and investigation, V.B. and P.V.; validation, M.D. and C.N.; writing--original draft preparation, V.B., E.R.d.S. and P.V.; writing--review and editing, V.B., E.R.d.S., P.V., C.N. and M.D.; supervision, E.R.d.S. and P.V.; funding acquisition, E.R.d.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research leading to these results has received funding from Italian PNRR--Missione 4--Componente 2, Investimento 1.5 Creazione e rafforzzamento di Ecosistemi dell'innovazione, costruzione di leader territoriali di R&S D.D. 3277 del 30 December 2021, under the research project ECOSISTER-Ecosystem for Sustainable Transition in Emilia-Romagna (Spoke N. 2--Clean energy production, storage and saving), Code ECS00000033, CUP J33C22001240001.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are available on request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Occlusion-Robust Multi-Target Tracking and Segmentation Framework with Mask Enhancement
## 3 Methodology
### Mask-Enhanced Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation Framework  
Despite recent progress in MOT tasks, existing frameworks struggle with persistent occlusion scenarios. Traditional MHT algorithms [5; 14] rely on delayed decisions and cannot handle model occlusions dynamically. Bounding box-based representations lack accuracy for robust pixel-level associations.  
Therefore, we introduced a Mask-Enhanced MHT-based Framework. The framework integrated mask geometry and hypothesis management based on the mask-conditional feature fusion network and the occlusion-aware propagation network. The components in the framework are shown in Figure 3.  
Our method addressed three critical shortcomings of existing MHT: the occlusion-blind association, geometric inaccuracy of bounding boxes, and inefficiency of mask-based operations.
## 8 Phase Two Testing and Results  
Phase Two was optimized accordingly, i.e., the hybrid method was dropped, IVI and MOD IVI methods were only performed on Tests 1 to 3, and 3 DTouch and HOMER-S methods were only performed on Tests 4 to 7. The results from this phase would identify the most suitable methods for manipulating small- and large-scale virtual objects.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tests**} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{**IVI**} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**MOD IVI**} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**3 DTouch**} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**HOME-S**} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**Hybrid**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** \\ \hline
**Test1** & 5.1 & 9.4 & **7.3** & 6.4 & 13.3 & 8.8 & 24.6 & 45.4 & 36.9 & 15.9 & 21.5 & 18.9 & 61.3 & 86.8 & 71.9 \\ \hline
**Test2** & 4.9 & 12.3 & 8.8 & 5.5 & 12.2 & **8.7** & 24.8 & 32.7 & 28.7 & 17.0 & 18.8 & 17.8 & 70.1 & 85.9 & 75.6 \\ \hline
**Test3** & 8.2 & 21.9 & 16.3 & 9.4 & 15.0 & **13.4** & 40.4 & 136.6 & 78.1 & **44.2** & 108.7 & 79.2 & 121.6 & 198.6 & 145.4 \\ \hline
**Test4** & 63.9 & 77.8 & 68.4 & 63.6 & _75.7_ & 67.5 & 20.9 & 40.0 & 32.2 & 11.5 & 25.0 & 18.3 & 100.7 & 136.4 & 123.4 \\ \hline
**Test5** & 116.2 & 149.3 & 129.5 & 101.3 & 153.8 & 132.8 & 26.6 & 136.6 & 62.0 & 7.3 & 29.8 & 27.7 & 119.7 & 397.7 & 182.9 \\ \hline
**Test6** & 64.0 & 83.5 & 74.2 & 63.7 & 79.8 & _69.8_ & 23.8 & 35.6 & 27.5 & 14.1 & 29.9 & 19.2 & 106.5 & 162.5 & 125.1 \\ \hline
**Test7** & 30.6 & 39.2 & 35.6 & **24.2** & 33.8 & 29.1 & 16.2 & 24.0 & 21.4 Each of the recruited 20 users was randomly assigned either IVI or MOD IVI for completing Tests 1 to 3 and either 3 DTouch or HOMER-S for Tests 4 to 7. In this way, all Phase Two testers only ran through all seven test cases once. The collected data was analyzed in a similar fashion as in Phase One.
# An Estimation of Speech Privacy Class Based on ISO Parameter
## 3 Methodology
### Proposed Procedure for Calculating SPI  
In the part of the world where ISO standardization is applied, the evaluation of sound comfort is based on the measurement of the sound reduction index according to the ISO 16283-1 standard [50] and the equivalent level of ambient noise, \(L_{A,\alpha}\), expressed in dB(A) according to the ISO 1996-1 standard [45]. The result of the sound insulation measurement is expressed by the single-number value of the sound reduction index, \(R^{{}^{\prime}}_{w}\). This paper proposes a modification to the method for determining the Speech Privacy Class (_SPC_), which would be based on using the values obtained according to ISO standardization. The proposed parameter (which makes sense as an _SPC_) is named the Speech Privacy Index (_SPI_) and is defined as  
\[SPI=R^{{}^{\prime}}_{w}+L_{A,\alpha}. \tag{11}\]  
In this paper, a substantial number of in situ scenarios are examined to determine whether the Speech Privacy Index (_SPI_) accurately estimates the Speech Privacy Class. An affirmative answer would imply that _SPI_ can be used to assess the level of speech privacy between rooms using standard indicators defined by ISO standards that are routinely measured. The authoritative values of the partition's sound reduction index, \(R^{{}^{\prime}}_{w}\), are prevalently used as input data in the building design phase. Information on equivalent ambient noise levels can be found in the literature [53]. By acquiring these two values and applying the proposed method, it is possible to assess the level of speech privacy even in the facility design phase.  
Interestingly, the importance of ambient noise levels in protecting privacy is also recognized in the standard procedures for quantifying the state of privacy in open-space offices. The relevant ISO standard, which defines parameters for quality assessment in these specific spaces, also includes the measurement of the equivalent level of ambient noise [44].  
The procedure described in that standard considers the impact of noise indirectly, through the decrease in the value of speech level with distance. The distance from the speaker at which the speech signal is \"drowned\" in the existing ambient noise, and thus becomes practically unintelligible, is also taken into account.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Pulse Wave Acquisition System  
Figure 2a shows a PWAS consists of a sensor array module, a circuit module, and a program module with a graphical user interface (GUI) [27]. The acquisition module converts the pulse signal into a voltage signal, amplified and separated into a static force signal and a dynamic force signal by the circuit module, and finally processed by the program module and displayed on the terminal screen.  
The MEMS pressure sensor array, rigid plastic housing, and inflatable cuff comprise the sensor array module. A MEMS pressure sensor chip (MPS20N0100D, MEMStek Co., Ltd.) was chosen as the critical component to form the sensor array [27], as shown in Figure 2b. The maximum pressure it can measure is 100 Kpa, which is more extensive than the range of static force variations. Non-linearity of 0.3% Full-scale (FS) and maximum stability of 0.2% Full-scale per year (FS/Y) guarantee the linearity, consistency, and stability of the sensor chip. The sensor's size is 5.5 mm \(\times\) 3.6 mm \(\times\) 4.5 mm, which makes it possible to form high-density sensor arrays. The MEMS pressure sensor array consists of 12 MEMS  
Figure 2: Acquisition devices for array sensor signals and single sensor signals. (**a**) Photograph of the pulse wave acquisition system (PWAS); (**b**) schematic diagram of the circuit structure of the sensor; (**c**) schematic diagram of the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor array; (**d**) photograph of the single-point pressure vibration generator (SVVG).  
sensors, divided into 4 rows and 3 columns, covering a test area of 18.6 mm \(\times\) 20.3 mm. The housing is curved to ensure adequate contact between the acquisition module and human skin and to ease the testers' discomfort during the acquisition process. Cuff with polyurethane foam to distribute pressure evenly across the contact surface of the wrist and acquisition module. The inflated cuff can deliver a stepped pressure of 10 to 210 mmHg. The cuff pressure exerted on the wrist of the subject gradually increases in steps of 10 mmHg, each time stopping for a few seconds to collect both static and dynamic force signals of the pulse wave. After completing the entire acquisition process, the cuff undergoes a deflation process. The sampling frequency of the system is 218 Hz. Acquisition time is 15 s for each set static force. For the convenience of expression, each sensor in the sensor array is named sensor 1, sensor 2, sensor 3,..., sensor 12, in order of location, as shown in Figure 2c.
# Maintenance Prediction through Sensing Using Hidden Markov Models--A Case Study
## 4 Case Study  
This case study focuses on the fault diagnosis status of equipment (i.e., a drying system press) in a Portuguese paper pulp industry. The objective is, through the data provided by the company, to be able to make a diagnosis of the equipment state in order to know if it is in \"Good Operation\", \"Alert Status\", or \"Faulty Equipment\", using the HMM model. This case study's specification adds value about evaluating the equipment diagnosis, namely, because it does not need a priori information concerning the failure conditions. To carry out the study, the MatLab software and its functions were used.
# Replacement of Natural Sand with Expanded Vermiculite in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortars
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Ultrasound Pulse Velocity  
Figure 10 represents the ultrasound pulse velocities of different geopolymer mortar. It is illustrated in the figure that, for a given FA and vermiculite content, the mixes having a 10 molar NaOH solution exhibited lower ultrasound pulse velocities in comparison with those having a 15 molar NaOH solution. The obtained trend is consistent with that reported in previous studies on FA-based geopolymer mortar [70] and geopolymer mortar containing rice husk ash [70], and this is attributed to decreased porosities in the mixes with increasing activator concentrations, causing an increased ultrasound pulse velocity [51]. The 10 molar NaOH mixes with 50% and 70% FA experienced 3-7% and 3-11% lower ultrasound velocities compared with companion mixes having a 15 molar NaOH solution, respectively. As was also observed, for a given content of vermiculite and concentration of NaOH, increasing the FA content caused decreased ultrasound velocities in the mixes. This behavior agrees with that found in previous studies on concrete [73; 74], and it happens because of the increase in the porosities of the mixes with increasing contents of FA [73]. For the 10 molar NaOH solution, 70% FA mixes containing 0%, 10% and 30% vermiculite had 5%, 11% and 31% lower ultrasound velocities, respectively, and for the 15 molar NaOH solution, they had 8%, 15% and 24% lower ultrasound velocities than the companion 50% FA mixes, respectively.  
As can be observed from Figure 10, for a given FA content and NaOH concentration, the replacement of natural sand with expanded vermiculite caused a decrease in the ultrasound pulse velocities of the mixes. It is also observed that increased vermiculite contents resulted in decreased ultrasound velocities in the mixes. These findings are consistent with previous studies on conventional mortar [9; 26] and polyurethane foam composite [20], and they are attributed to the porous structure of expanded vermiculite, resulting in decreased propagation velocities of the ultrasonic pulses in mixtures containing expanded vermiculite [26]. At 50% FA, the mixes containing 15% and 30% vermiculite had approximately 2% and 7% lower ultrasound velocities, respectively, and at 70% FA, they had approximately 9% and 28% lower ultrasound velocities in comparison with the companion mixes without vermiculite, respectively. As was reported previously, the ultrasound pulse velocity has a direct relationship with the compressive strength of concrete and mortar [26]; a decreased compressive strength leads to a decrease in the ultrasound pulse velocity. This trend is obvious in this study, showing that increasing the vermiculite  
Figure 10: Ultrasound pulse velocities of the geopolymer mortar.  
content caused a decrease in strength, which consequently caused a decreased ultrasound pulse velocity in the geopolymer mortar.
# Fuzzy-Based Multi-Modal Query-Forwarding in Mini-Datacenters
###### Abstract  
The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) enabled devices in industrial environments and the associated increase in data generation are paving the way for the development of localized, distributed datacenters. In this paper, we have proposed a novel mini-datacenter in the form of wireless sensor networks to efficiently handle query-based data collection from Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices. The mini-datacenter comprises a command center, gateways, and IoT sensors, designed to manage stochastic query-response traffic flow. We have developed a duplication/aggregation query flow model, tailored to emphasize reliable transmission. We have developed a dataflow management framework that employs a multi-modal query forwarding approach to forward queries from the command center to gateways under varying environments. The query forwarding includes coarse-grain and fine-grain strategies, where the coarse-grain strategy uses a direct data flow using a single gateway at the expense of reliability, while the fine-grain approach uses redundant gateways to enhance reliability. A fuzzy-logic-based intelligence system is integrated into the framework to dynamically select the appropriate granularity of the forwarding strategy based on the resource availability and network conditions, aided by a buffer watching algorithm that tracks real-time buffer status. We carried out several experiments with gateway nodes varying from 10 to 100 to evaluate the framework's scalability and robustness in handling the query flow under complex environments. The experimental results demonstrate that the framework provides a flexible and adaptive solution that balances buffer usage while maintaining over 95% reliability in most queries.  
Internet of Things; mini-datacenter; fuzzy logic; distributed computing; edge-computing; reliability; redundancy 20251426152025