(www.imo.org, accessed on 24 September 2023). Net zero refers to a balance situation in which the total amount of GHGs in the atmosphere is not increased by human activity. Seaports are multimodal interface nodes in shipping logistics networks where various types of vehicles and cargo handling equipment operate. Seaports are regarded as concentration areas producing air pollutants and GHG emissions. As seaports are often located near highly populated coastal cities, port-associated stakeholders are undoubtedly concerned with health-impacting air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. On the other hand, GHG emissions (mainly carbon dioxide and methane) have long-term impacts on climate change and global warming. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand and decarbonise port activities in order to achieve national and IMO net zero decarbonisation goals. A few review papers in the literature have discussed emission reduction measures in seaports. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010) reviewed the literature on tools and technologies that are used to achieve sustainable ports. They identified 26 tools and technologies and grouped them into four main categories: port management and plans, power and fuels, sea activities, and land activities. Their focus was on general port sustainability. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010) conducted a comprehensive literature review on energy efficiency in ports and terminals by grouping the emission reduction measures into three broad categories: operational strategies, technologies, and energy management systems. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2010) provided a pragmatic and comprehensive overview of the main policies, technologies, and practices that European ports have adopted to enhance their energy efficiency with an emphasis on container transport. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2011) offered a systematic review of ports' technical and operational measures to reduce GHG emissions and improve energy efficiency. They structured the identified measures into seven main categories and nineteen sub-categories. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2011) offered a comprehensive review of the recent interventions and technologies that can be adopted to mitigate emissions in ports and showed the correlation between emissions and port infrastructures. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2013) adopted policy and management perspectives to identify and analyse policies and tools that port policymakers can use to accelerate the uptake of technical and operational measures in seaports. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2013) conducted a systematic literature review on the various emission reduction measures in ports and summarised the effectiveness of these measures. It is stated that among the reviewed emission reduction measures applied to ships and ports, the operational measures can achieve an abatement average potential ranging from 20% to 50%, whereas energy measures could have an abatement potential of over 80%. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2014) conducted a literature review on port decarbonisation focusing on the concept of port decarbonisation, the barriers that hinder progress, the pathways to implement decarbonisation measures, and the solutions to mitigate the barriers. The above review papers have provided very good overviews of the emission reduction measures in ports from different angles or with different emphases. Most of them are primarily based on articles in academic databases. There is a lack of discussions on case studies, industrial practices, and pathways towards net zero in a broader context. Since seaports are hubs that connect to not only transport sectors but also other industrial sectors, we believe there is a need for research to build a broad strategic model to guide seaports towards net zero from the system viewpoint.