esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Path Effect on Signal Features  
The cutting edge and the flank wear level of the sharp and worn tool obtained online are shown in Figure 5. The corresponding time domain raw signal collected during three types of cutting paths for the sharp and worn tool conditions is illustrated in Figures 6a and 7a, respectively. The types of cutting paths cannot be identified by the vibration raw signals in the three directions. However, after transforming the raw signal to the time-frequency domain by using wavelet transformation, some changes in the signals correlated to the change in cutting path can be observed, with the wavelet coefficient representing the low-frequency signal. Moreover, as tool wear increases, a more unstable vibration signal can also be observed in the selected wavelet coefficient in Figure 7b. Moreover, the Y- and Z-direction vibration signals demonstrate a higher sensitivity to the tool wear than the X-direction signal.  
Figure 5: Tool wear condition for signal collection: (**a**) sharp tool; (**b**) 30 \(\upmu\)m tool wear level.  
To investigate more detailed information on the signal change as the direction change in cutting, the wavelet coefficients obtained from the circle and square cuttings are extracted from full-length signals, as shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. In the circle cutting, the change of signal amplitude in part B can be clearly matched to the direction change in the cutting path. Additionally, due to the appearance of overlap machining at the intersection of the circle and the straight line paths, the low signal energy can be identified between  
Figure 6: Time domain vibration signal with a new tool: (**a**) raw signal; (**b**) wavelet coefficient (sharp tool).  
Figure 7: Time domain vibration signal with a worn tool: (**a**) raw signal; (**b**) wavelet coefficient (30 μm).  
part A and part B in the signal analysis, as well as between part B and part C. In the square cutting, as shown in Figure 9, the portion of the cutting moving in the Y-direction will lead to a higher X-direction vibration signal in parts A and C. Based on the observation discussed above, the change in cutting direction is proven to lead to a significant change of the amplitude of the vibration signal in the specific frequency range.  
The AE signals are generated primarily by the strain rate of the material on the workpiece and the tool, as well as the friction on the tool--chip interface. The raw signal of the AE signals collected simultaneously with the vibration signals are shown in Figure 10 for the sharp and worn tool. In contrast with the vibration signal discussed above, no clear energy change in the signal features can be observed in the change in the cutting path. This  
Figure 8: Signal change in circle path cutting (sharp tool in x\(-\)direction).  
Figure 9: Signal change in square path cutting (sharp tool in x\(-\)direction).  
suggests that the direction change in the cutting path might not significantly affect the AE signal, as its effect on the vibration signals is in all directions.
# Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Cyanophage Encoding Multiple Auxiliary Metabolic Genes
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cyanophages Structural Proteome
The gene encoding this protein is reported to neighbors and cooperates with multiple genes that are shared by phage-host to achieve various functions. Previous studies revealed that _phoH_ gene was identified as a phosphate regulon in _Escherichia coli_. This gene was defined as a signature core gene in cyanomyovirus, which was related to pho boxes that could be found upstream of DUF680 in some reports, but the roles of these genes in cyanobacteria are still unclear [16; 68; 97]. _NrdC_ locates next to DUF680 in S-SZBM1 genome. This gene is known to be a core gene that participates in regulation of cellular redox state, which may work with DUF680 to impact host metabolic processes toward nucleotide production [17; 98]. More recent studies indicated that DUF680 protein has various mutations in cyanophage infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium _Synechococcus_[68; 91].
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Mechanical Response Considering Softening Effect
#### 4.2.2 Damage Characteristics  
Figure 11 illustrates the relationship between stress, damage degree, and the number of tensile and shear cracks with strain under uniaxial compression conditions for different durations of water immersion. The results indicate that the overall trends of variation in both tensile and shear cracks in the heterogeneous models are similar. The fluctuation of the shear crack curves is evident, especially at 4 and 8 days of water immersion. The tensile and shear cracks of the heterogeneous model tend to be stable near the peak strength only when immersed in water for 0 days and 1 day, which is because tensile and shear cracks may continue to occur even if the stress is small when immersed in water for a long time. In addition, Figure 12 shows the heterogeneous models with different durations of water immersion are primarily dominated by \"X-type conjugate shear failure\".  
In order to further explore the relationship between the crack threshold and meso-scale softening damage factor shown in Equation (6), a factor \(D_{w}\) was introduced to characterize the attenuation degree of the crack initiation threshold and crack damage threshold:  
\[D_{w}=\frac{TS_{0}-TS_{t}}{TS_{0}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(D_{w}\) is the crack threshold damage factor in a numerical simulation, \(TS_{0}\) is the crack threshold of the numerical model in its natural state, and \(TS_{t}\) is the crack threshold of the numerical model with \(t\) days water immersion. According to Equation (9), the attenuation curves of the crack initiation threshold and damage threshold and the relationship curves of damage parameters with immersion time of the heterogeneous model can be obtained, as shown in Figure 13a. The results indicate that the curve of the meso-scale softening damage factor (theoretical damage factor) with immersion time is very similar to the evolution law of the crack threshold damage factor. Figure 13b shows that both the tensile and shear crack ratio and the damage degree at 1 day of immersion are greater than those without immersion, but then all three show a gradually decreasing trend. The possible reason is that although both contact cohesion and contact tensile strength attenuate nonlinearly, the absolute values of their attenuation are different. In addition, the location of crack initiation and propagation also has a certain randomness due to the heterogeneity; thus, there is a large difference in the number of cracks when the numerical model is broken.  
Figure 10: Strength simulation results and errors of heterogeneous models with different immersion time: (**a**) uniaxial compression condition; and (**b**) Brazilian splitting condition.  
Figure 11: Damage curves of heterogeneous models under uniaxial compression with different immersion times: (**a**) natural state; (**b**) 1 day; (**c**) 4 days; (**d**) 8 days; and (**e**) 15 days.  
Figure 12: Failure modes of heterogeneous models with different immersion time.
## 5 Countermeasures against 3/4G Security Threats
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Protections** & **PROS** & **CONS** \\ \hline
**DDoS Protection on ISP** & Effective DDoS protection & Extra cost \\ \hline
**Stateful Firewall** & Effective and flexible IP filtering & Session state table limitations, \\  & & Point of failure \\ \hline
**CGN** & Blocking unwanted traffic from the Internet & NAT table limitations, Lack of IP filtering, \\  & & Point of failure \\ \hline
**GTP Firewall** & GTP attack protection & Extra cost, Point of failure \\ \hline
**Parameter Optimization** & No-cost and protection & N/A \\ \hline
**User Isolation** & Preventing organized internal attacks & Unforeseen UE-to-UE communication \\ \hline
**Rate Limiting** & Decreases the effect of attacks & N/A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of possible countermeasures against DoS and DDoS attacks on 3G mobile networks. Figure 15: Application points for possible countermeasures on an ISP and a mobile operator’s network. Security solutions could be applied most easily and efficiently on the border of the Internet. We have shown that cellular mobile networks should be effectively protected by using firewalls, Intrusion Prevention Devices (IPS) and/or DoS/DDoS protection products on the border of the Internet. In addition to these solutions, DoS/DDoS protection on the ISP side is very important, due to the limitations in the session tables of stateful firewalls. DDoS protection service on the ISP side is expected to filter all flooding and DDoS attacks before they overload an Internet connection link and fill up the session table of a stateful firewall. Another security solution is to isolate the customer traffic in order to prevent spreading of malicious software which may otherwise result in subscriber dissatisfaction due to additional usage charges and also harm core network equipment.
# Wear Characteristics of Different Groove-Shaped Friction Pairs of a Friction Clutch
## 2 Bearing Capacity Analysis of a Friction Pair Engaging Process  
Taking the aviation wet multi-chip clutch as the research object, the friction and wear of friction pairs in the relative sliding grinding process was studied. The wet multi-chip friction clutch mainly includes friction disks, dual steel disks, oil cylinders, separation springs, pistons, back-position springs, control channels, input shafts, output shafts, and other structures, as shown in Figure 1.  
Due to the high-safety and lightweight requirements of helicopter components, the wet friction clutch is mostly thin-walled, and the shaft lubrication is carried out with a multi-channel shaft. Hydraulic oil and lubricant oil enter the input shaft from different channels that apply pressure to the piston and lubricate the bearing. When the hydraulic oil is pressed, the back spring is compressed and the extrusion steel disk is close to the right, that is, the clutch is in an engagement state. At this time, the relative displacement between the disks causes wear due to the different rotation speed differences. When the hydraulic oil is decompressed from the control channel, the back spring causes the piston to reset, and the separation spring between the steel disk and the friction disk promotes its separation.  
When the friction disk comes into contact with the dual steel disk, due to the rough surface, the actual contact is only on a very small part of the apparent area. The shape of the rough peak on the actual surface is usually an elliptical body. Because the size of the contact area of the elliptical body is much smaller than its own curvature radius, the rough peak can be approximated to a sphere, and the contact between the two planes can be approximated to a series of uneven spheres. The contact between the two elastomers can be converted into the contact between a rigid smooth plane with an equivalent curvature radius, R, and an equivalent elastic modulus, E\({}^{\prime}\).  
As shown in Figure 2, in the interface contact lubrication of friction disks, the nominal contact area includes two different types of contact: the fluid lubrication area because of the lubricant oil film and the real contact area of the micro-convex body. The total load is borne by the lubricating oil film and micro-convex body contact.
# Fast, Lightweight, and Efficient Cybersecurity Optimization for Tactical-Operational Management
## 3 Experiments Design and Result
### Definition of Analysis Cases  
The test suite comprises twelve combinations derived from the amalgamation of the three implementation groups and the four sets of predetermined strategic constraints at asset (A), function (F), category (C), and expected outcomes (EO) levels. The strategic constraints are clustered into four hierarchical levels, namely A, A-F, A-F-C, and A-F-C-EO levels that aggregate the corresponding constraints. These experiments focused on the evaluation of the convergence, convergence time, and solution quality, as well as the ability of FLECO to navigate the constrained region of solutions. To ensure comprehensiveness, 15 initial statuses are employed (Section 3.1) and executed 15 times for each combination of implementation group and constraint type, resulting in a set of 225 executions per combination and a total of 2700 FLECO executions.
# Advanced Security Framework for 6G Networks: Integrating Deep Learning and Physical Layer Security
## 2 System Model  
The physical layer of wireless communication systems is inherently vulnerable to various impairments, such as noise, interference, and fading. The dynamic and complex nature of 6G networks, characterised by large-scale deployment and heterogeneity, further complicates the optimisation process [11]. The traditional optimisation techniques fall short of addressing these challenges. However, advancements in network intelligence (i.e., ML and DL) provide promising solutions. These technologies can dynamically learn the features of radio signals and carry out tasks such as network optimisation, signal detection, and classification in real time. This system model focuses on implementing secure communication between mobile devices named [PERSON] and [PERSON] as an example for transmission evaluation, where the framework for securely transmitting information between a mobile device named [PERSON] and an access node named [PERSON]. The communication channels between [PERSON] and [PERSON] are assumed to operate in time division duplex (TDD) mode, ensuring channel reciprocity (\(H_{AB}H_{BA}^{T}\)). This reciprocity allows shared channel information to be used for secure communication. [PERSON] transmits his secret information to [PERSON], utilising the shared channel information to conceal it. [PERSON] receives this information over a noisy channel and, in turn, sends her secret information back to [PERSON] using the same method. This bidirectional exchange enables both parties to recover each other's secret information securely.  
A key feature of this system is the development of the service-based architecture (SBA), which supports a modular approach to software design. As shown in Figure 1, the 6G-SA SBA includes a privacy plane feature enabled by the mobility management function. Network function (NF) services expose network capabilities via standard interfaces, usually HTTP RESTful interfaces. In most cases, 6G applications will adopt a \"client-server\" software model to utilise the most effective network services. The core network aims to deliver data messages with designated QoS assignments. A specialised 6G service employing a privacy plane is adopted to ensure secure and confidential communications. This allows for ultra-low latency for applications such as UAVs, connected vehicle control, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.
# Automatic Generation of Guidance for Indoor Navigation at Metro Stations
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Considerations for Implementations of Rules  
Implementation of the algorithm relies on creating the proper set of rules. When designing them, it is important to consider the following points discussed in previous sections:  
Figure 4: Stages of the algorithm for automatic generation of navigational directions. Figure 5: Rule-based algorithm—implementation of the pattern ‘chain of responsibility’. * Navigation guidance provided for indoor environments, particularly metro stations, must take into account the specific conditions of confined spaces;
* The system creates navigation guidance to be consulted by users manually, not to be played automatically by a system based on a position obtained from an indoor positioning system;
* Metro stations are not the destination points of the route. Users go through stations to find a platform and board a train in a particular direction or exit the station. * The navigation guidance should be usable for people with disabilities. The algorithm proposes a route considering the type of disability; then, the way the route directions are described should also take this disability into account;
* Turn-by-turn directions are not optimal. However, in some situations, they are acceptable;
* The full list of directions should be available for users to study for more time if needed;
* All directions should have spatial references to provide the option to see decision points on the map. They should also have pictures that allow users to find decision points in the neighbourhood. For subsequent combination and generalisation of directions in stage 4, the algorithm uses rules of varying granularity. After testing and final adjustments, the number of rules in stage 3 of the algorithm was about 40, and in stage 4, about 30. It is expected that once the application is made available to users, the rules will be modified based on users' feedback. The aim of this article is not to analyse the completeness of the rule set but to present some issues that are of interest in relation to the operation of the system. For this reason, only selected rules and their impact on the navigation guidance are presented in this article, while simple or obvious rules are omitted; see Table 2.
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation  
The European Green Deal is a new growth strategy with the aim to transform the European Union into a fair and prosperous society with a modern, resource-efficient economy in which, by 2050, there will be no greenhouse gas emissions, and economic growth will be decoupled from resource use. Energy production and use account for more than 75% of the European Union's (EU) greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors of the economy [1]. The electricity sector must therefore be developed and modernized through the introduction of clean technologies based on renewable energy sources, thus gradually reducing carbon and gas emissions. With each passing year, an increasing number of power sources are being connected to an electricity grid using power electronics [2, 3]. This electricity grid transformation poses new challenges for power system engineers, as new power-sharing solutions must be found [4], and reliable and stable voltage and frequency management [5] and grid stability must be ensured--from innovative controllers integrated with wind farms [6, 7] to virtual synchronous generator inertia simulation with drops in power frequency [8].  
Synchronous generators (traditional generators), whose rotating mass forms the conventional system inertia (CSI) of the electrical power system, are reduced by the power sources connected to the electrical power system via power electronics converters. The increased use of power electronics to connect loads to the electrical power system also contributes to reduce CSI. Such a reduction in CSIs and increase in frequency volatility could pose a major problem in terms of frequency stability in the electrical power system, especially in the absence of countermeasures [9]. The same problems have been identified in the analyses in [10; 11; 12; 13], i.e., it has been pointed out that ever-increasing problems regarding the dynamic stability (voltage, frequency, and angle) of the electrical power system are related to the decreasing CSI.  
This paper presents the methodology used to obtain an efficient SI algorithm, which is based on the output-error (OE) parametric identification method using simulated traditional generator active power output and electric power system frequency change during a large disturbance in the electric power system. The proposed SI algorithm allows for the simulation of the CSI response of a traditional generator to the electrical power system. To prove the efficiency of the presented SI algorithm, detailed dynamic calculations were carried out with the PSS/E modeling package using a large, real electrical power system mathematical model to determine the generator power, angle, voltage, and system frequency change and its angle variation in the presence of a power deficit in the electrical power system. The calculated data were used to compare the generated response of the SI algorithm with the frequency change in the electrical power system and the traditional generators.
## 5 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Developments of VPL-Based Design  
### VPL-Based Design--Opportunities  
#### 5.1.1 Form Creation in General  
At present, it seems that application in modeling the geometry of building objects is the greatest advantage of visual programming-based design environments. It is a very useful tool to design all those geometries that, on the one hand, can be easily described--broken down into simple shapes and geometric elements--but on the other hand, shapes that are so arbitrary that such a description is very complicated. As explained in the previous section and illustrated with examples, geometric elements such as splines and NURBS have very broad applications here, as they allow any editing of the final geometry using control points. The ease and dynamism of this editing allow for the creation of many variants of the designed objects.  
A separate category is the design of organic forms. This applies not only to buildings, as many engineering objects such as bridges and footbridges have a bionic form, but also often refers to the plant or animal world, and even to the deepest layers of tissue structure, such as DNA. A good example is the Helix Bridge footbridge in Singapore (Figure 25), whose structure is described by two helical curves. A helix is a surface formed by the uniform rotation of a straight line about a fixed axis while moving parallel to that axis. Such a surface models well the shape of a human DNA spiral.  
The description of such structures can be continuous, using mathematical functions, or fluid and flexible, using splines or NURBS surfaces. Therefore, a very good solution is to use visual programming-based modeling, which offers all these possibilities. Figure 26 shows the model of the Helix Bridge walkway created in the Dynamo environment.  
Figure 26: A model of a pedestrian walkway with a helical structure created in Dynamo.  
Figure 25: The Helix Bridge pedestrian walkway in Singapore [29].  
Design of the shape of objects using visual programming is also effective in designing repeating fills that function modularly within the designed structure of the object.