## 3 Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities
### Smart Cities Conceptual Framework  
A smart city is an urban area that uses digital technologies to enrich residents' lives, improve infrastructure, modernize government services, enhance accessibility, drive sustainability, and boost-up economic development [59]. A modern smart city is a framework principally comprised of an intelligent network of connected objects and machines using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) such as 5G cellular, LPWAN wireless technologies, and the cloud to collect/transmit data, develop, deploy, and promote sustainable development practices to address growing urbanization challenges. It improves infrastructure, efficiency, convenience, and quality of life for residents and visitors likewise [60]. The smart city concept integrates ICT', and various objects/devices connected to the 'IoT' network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens [61]. Smart cities are defined as smartness both in how their governments harness technologies as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city [62]. Hence, smart cities can easily be conceptualized based on the Smart City Wheel, developed by Dr. [PERSON] [63; 64] in which a smart city is defined as the integration of the following six attributes: Smart People; Smart Government; Smart Environment; Smart Economy; Smart Mobility and Smart Living. Figure 5 shows a clearer illustration of these attributes integrated into the smart city framework. Various smart city applications have different technical requirements due to their varying features. Hence, smart city applications can be categorized into three groups based on certain features such as coverage distance, data rate/bandwidth, energy consumption, and latency. Based on these features, technical requirements such as communication networks and devices can be identified for a particular smart city application. For instance, an LPWAN solution can be identified to enable a low data rate with longer distance coverage for smart city applications. The smart cities application groups and remote area applications are:  
1. Massive machine-type communication (mMTC) smart cities applications;
2. Critical infrastructure smart cities applications;
3. Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) smart cities applications;
4. Remote area applicationsTable 4 shows the smart cities applications group with their examples and associated supported features. This smart city application grouping together with LPWAN technologies in Table 2 will help one to know at a glance the LPWAN-IoT device that will support a particular IoT application. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **Examples** & **Coverage** & **Bandwidth** & **Latency** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{(mMTC) smart cities applications} & Smart utility meters (electricity, gas, and water meters), Smart homes, Smart buildings, Smart street light, Smart waste management, Smart car parking, Smart health care, E-Government \& Smart public safety, Smart environment management, Smart retail, and supply chain & Medium/Long & Low & Low/High \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{(eMBB) smart cities applications} & Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Tactile internet, Smart streaming, Smart Robotics, Smart Surveillance & Short & High/Very High & Very low \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Critical infrastructure Smart Cities applications} & Autonomous driving/connected cars, Industrial automation, Smart health monitoring, Smart traffic light control, Smart grid monitoring, Smart utility monitoring, Smart disaster monitoring, Smart asset monitoring, and fleet management, Smart structural monitoring, Smart oil and gas monitoring, Smart security and emergency/alarm, smart mobility & Medium/Long & Medium/High & Very low \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Remote areas applications} & Smart agriculture (agro-allied, farming, livestock, soil, and environmental applications measurement), Smart telemedicine, Smart distance education & Long & Low/High & Low/High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}