# Black Loaded Columns--State of the Art Review
## 3 Numerical Modeling  
Due to the increasing number of terrorist attacks, new challenges were posed to engineers. It is necessary to have a good understanding of computer programs, their capabilities, and their limitations to predict individual attack scenarios. The use of numerical simulations gives a clearer insight into the blast effects on the entire bridge and individual components. It provides the possibility of determining the most critical parts and problems that cannot be numerically simulated and need to be examined experimentally. Thus, one of the most important and difficult parts of this analysis is to properly define air blast loadings. Table 4 summarizes the software used to predict the effects of explosions on different types of columns. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Year** & **Structural Element** & **Software** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [46] & 2003 & Bridge deck and column & ConWep, BlastX, SHAMRC \\ [PERSON] et al. [36] & 2004 & Bridge columns & BlastX, ConWep, SPAn32 \\ [PERSON] et al. [2] & 2005 & Bridge concrete girders, deck, columns & BlastX, SPAn32, Nonlin \\ [PERSON] et al. [47] & 2006 & Steel and composite bridge columns & MSC-Dytran \\ [PERSON] et al. [48] & 2009 & RC and composite building columns & 1S-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [49] & 2010 & RC building columns & CARLER \\ [PERSON] et al. [50] & 2011 & RC building columns + CFRP & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [51] & 2011 & RC bridge columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [52] & 2011 & RC bridge columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] [10] & 2013 & RC building columns + FRP + SJ & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [53] & 2013 & RC building columns & Abaqus \\ [PERSON] [54] & 2014 & RC building columns & Abaqus \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] & 2014 & RC building columns & Autodyn \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] & 2014 & RC column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57] & 2015 & RC building column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [58] & 2015 & RC bridge pier-bent model & LS-Dyna, ConWep \\ [PERSON] et al. [59] & 2015 & RC column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [12] & 2015 & CPST building columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [14] & 2016 & RC building column & Autodyn \\ [PERSON] et al. [21] & 2016 & CPST columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [60] & 2017 & RC bridge column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [61] & 2017 & RC bridge columns + SFRP & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [62] & 2017 & RC building columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63] & 2017 & RC building columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [23] & 2017 & RC bridge columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [64] & 2018 & RC building columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [65] & 2018 & CFDST bridge columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [66] & 2018 & RC bridge piers & LS-Dyna, ConWep \\ [PERSON] et al. [67] & 2019 & CFDST bridge columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [68] & 2019 & RC building columns & Autodyn, LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [69] & 2019 & RC bridge column + CFRP & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [70] & 2019 & RC column + SJ & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [71] & 2019 & RC column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [72] & 2019 & RC columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [28] & 2020 & RC columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [73] & 2020 & CFDST columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [74] & 2020 & RC columns & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [75] & 2020 & RC building columns + polymeric foam & Abaqus \\ [PERSON] et al. [76] & 2020 & Segmental CFST column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [77] & 2020 & RC column & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [78] & 2020 & RC columns + CFRP & LS-Dyna \\ [PERSON] et al. [79] & 2021 & RC column + CFRP & LS-Dyna \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: CFRP—Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer; FRP—Fiber-Reinforced Plastic; SJ—Steel Jacket; CFST—Concrete-Filled Steel Tube; CFST—Concrete-Filled Double Steel Tube; SFRP—Steel Fiber Reinforced Polymer.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of software for prediction and calculation of blast loads.