## 3 Results
### Geographical Distribution of Natural and Man-made (Technological) Disasters  
3.1.1. In-Depth Analysis of Disaster Distribution by Continent with Comprehensive Supporting Data  
The geospatial distribution of both natural and man-made (technological) disasters across continents from 1900 to 2024 reveals significant trends and patterns in the frequency and spread of various disaster types (Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2). A total of 25,836 disasters were recorded worldwide, of which 69.41% were natural disasters (16,567) and 30.59% were man-made (technological) disasters (9269). Key trends and patterns in the frequency and spread of various disaster types can be discerned through the examination of these data. Asia was found to have experienced the highest number of disasters, with 10,786 events, representing 41.75% of all recorded events. Following Asia, Africa encountered 5540 disasters (21.44%), and North America had 3575 events (13.84%). Oceania reported the fewest disasters, with 730 events, accounting for just 2.83%. Natural disasters predominantly occurred in Oceania, where they comprised 91.51% of all recorded disasters. In North America, natural disasters constituted 75.75% of the total, while Asia and Europe had slightly lower percentages, at 61.89% and 64.54%, respectively. Africa had the smallest proportion of natural disasters at 56.21%. In contrast, man-made (technological) disasters were most prevalent in Africa, accounting for 43.79% of all disasters on the continent. Asia followed with 38.11%, while Europe and South America reported 35.46% and 33.44%, respectively. Oceania had the lowest percentage of man-made (technological) disasters at just 8.49%. From the comprehensive data, it is evident that natural disasters dominate most continents, particularly in Oceania and North America. Despite Asia having the highest total number of disasters, it also had a significant proportion of man-made (technological) disasters (38.11%), highlighting the presence of technological accidents in the region. Africa's notable percentage of man-made \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Continent**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Disasters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Natural Disasters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Man-Made (Tech.)**} \\  & **n** & **\%** & **n** & **\%** & **n** & **\%** \\ \hline North America & 3575 & 13.84 & 2708 & 75.75 & 867 & 24.25 \\ Asia & 10,786 & 41.75 & 6675 & 61.89 & 4111 & 38.11 \\ Africa & 5540 & 21.44 & 3114 & 56.21 & 2426 & 43.79 \\ Europe & 3091 & 11.96 & 1995 & 64.54 & 1096 & 35.46 \\ South America & 2114 & 8.18 & 1407 & 66.56 & 707 & 33.44 \\ Oceania & 730 & 2.83 & 668 & 91.51 & 62 & 8.49 \\ \hline Total & 25,836 & 100 & 16,567 & 69.41 & 9269 & 30.59 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Geospatial distribution of natural and man-made (technological) disasters by continent (1900–2024). An analysis of the geospatial distribution of both natural and man-made (technological) disasters across the continents from 1900 to 2024 reveals significant insights into regional vulnerabilities and disaster management challenges. Natural disasters vary widely across continents, each facing unique challenges and frequencies. Here is a detailed look at the occurrences of different natural disasters (Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2):  
1. Earthquakes: Asia recorded the highest number of earthquakes (3.68%), followed by Europe (0.63%) and North America (0.65%). Oceania experienced the fewest earthquakes (0.22%);
2. Volcanic activity: volcanic activity was most prevalent in Asia (0.43%), while North America and South America each reported 45 events (0.17%). Europe had the least volcanic activity (0.04%);
3. Floods: floods were most frequent were in Asia (9.40%), with significant occurrences in Africa (4.80%) and North America (2.66%). Oceania had the fewest flood events (0.62%);
4. Water-related disasters (This category includes a wide range of water-related disasters, not just floods. It also covers incidents like glacial lake outburst floods and coastal erosion.