# Statistics on Typhoon Intensity and Rice Damage in Vietnam and the Philippines
## 1 Introduction  
The strong winds, heavy rains, and storm surges that typically accompany a typhoon have the potential to damage crops, and a more intense event is often assumed to cause more damage [1, 2, 3]. The quantity of crop loss is influenced by the type of crops grown, as different crops have different resistances to wind and rain damage. Crops like bananas, pomelos, and papayas are vulnerable to strong winds as fruits and branches are easily blown off, while the roots and leaves of melon crops and leafy vegetables are easily damaged by flooding and storm surges [4]. The growth stage of the plant is also another critical factor that may affect the extent of crop damage [4, 5, 6]. Rice plants at the heading stage are particularly prone to lodging induced by excessive wind and the weight of water on the canopy from the rain associated with a typhoon. As a result, the upper part of the plant gets bent and the bent stem may lean against their neighbors creating a domino effect on other plants. Widespread lodging in the field may lead to a reduction in overall yields [6, 7]. Meanwhile, rainfall during the ripening of rice might induce preharvest sprouting, while heavy rain during the flowering stage may increase the frequency of unfilled grains [8]. As crops may respond differently to typhoon wind and rain, it is important to investigate how the wind speed of a typhoon and the volume of rainfall have contributed to crop losses. To determine if there was a relationship between typhoon intensity and agricultural damage, there is a need to have accurate information on agricultural losses first. There are several disaster databases that compile loss and damage data at the international, regional, and local scale but data on agricultural losses was not always available. DesInventar Sendai, Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), NatCatSERVICE, and Sigma are four major international databases that provide damage data related to biological, geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, and climatological disasters [9] (Supplementary Table S1). On a regional level, the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC) has provided disaster information in Asia since 1998. Data in the ADRC database were obtained from United Nations agencies, international news agencies, and non-governmental organizations. However, the inclusion criterion is not publicly available. Reported losses in the ADRC database include the number of dead, missing, affected, or displaced, as well as the amount of material damages [10; 11]. While international databases such as DesInventar Sendai, EM-DAT, NatCat, Sigma, and the ADRC database provide information related to human impacts, infrastructure damage, and economic loss, only DesInventar Sendai and the ADRC database had information on agricultural-related damage. Even though the two databases compiled information on agricultural damage, information was not consistently available. For example, in the DesInventar Database, Vietnam was among the 82 countries that supposedly had data in the database but a search for information pertaining to cyclone induced crop damage from the year 2000-2018 did not yield any results. In Southeast Asia, some countries have specific organizations that compile disaster data. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) in the Philippines and the Philippines Disaster Response Management Bureau (DRMB) publish information on natural disasters that affected the Philippines (Supplementary Table S2). In Indonesia, disaster information is collated and published in Data Dan Informasi Bencana Indonesia (DIBI) or the Disaster Data and Information database. In addition, disaster data was mapped and displayed in the Geoportal Data Bencana Indonesia or Indonesia Disaster Data Geoportal (Supplementary Table S3). Likewise, Malaysia has a publicly available national-level disaster database that is published in Malay (Supplementary Table S4).