## 3 Results
### Specific Findings
#### 3.2.3 Cross-Cultural Impact on Drivers' Emotions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Participants** & **Number of Participants** & **Description of Participants** & **Method** & **Findings of Driver Emotion Modulation** & **Human Factor(s)** \\ \hline
[95] & younger adults & 36 & 20 Japanese, 16 Dutch & visual, auditory &
\begin{tabular}{c} Japanese participants were \\ more attuned to vocal \\ processing in the \\ multisensory perception of \\ emotion than Dutch \\ participants \\ \end{tabular} & visual, vocal \\ \hline
[96] & workers & 511 & 231 Chinese, 280 Americans & cultural experiences &
\begin{tabular}{c} expression of emotions was \\ more direct in the United \\ States \\ \end{tabular} & physiological \\ \hline
[97] & students & \textgreater{}400 & \begin{tabular}{c} Chinese and \\ American \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} cultural \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Chinese men reported \\ relatively low levels of \\ emotion; American women \\ reported relatively high \\ levels of emotion \\ \end{tabular} & — \\ \hline
[98] & students & 85 & \begin{tabular}{c} 46 students from a \\ university in the \\ United States of \\ America, \\ 39 students from \\ two universities \\ in India \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ university in the \\ United States of \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} the students from India \\ adapted more to situations; \\ the students from the United \\ States of America perceived \\ situations as more influential \\ on their emotions \\ \end{tabular} & — \\ \hline
[99] & native speakers & 30 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} China, United \\ States of America, \\ and Singapore \\ \end{tabular} & visual, auditory &
\begin{tabular}{c} Chinese participants showed \\ greater auditory modality \\ bias, while American \\ participants showed greater \\ visual modality bias \\ \end{tabular} & visual, vocal \\ \hline
[100] & adults & 108 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 51 and \\ 57 participants \\ recruited from \\ India and United \\ States of America, \\ respectively \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} participants from India were \\ more prone to using \\ cognitive reappraisal for \\ high-intensity negative \\ stimuli compared with \\ participants from the United \\ States of America \\ \end{tabular} & physiological \\ \hline
[101] & adults aged & 102 & \begin{tabular}{c} Chinese, German, \\ and English \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} cultural \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} improved usability and \\ accessibility \\ \end{tabular} & visual \\ \hline
[102] & \begin{tabular}{c} drivers (over 18 years) \\ \end{tabular} & 620 & \begin{tabular}{c} Australia and \\ China \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} cultural \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Chinese drivers preferred \\ symbols over words \\ \end{tabular} & visual \\ \hline
[103] & \begin{tabular}{c} younger \\ drivers \\ \end{tabular} & — & \
\begin{tabular}{c} China, United \\ States of America, \\ Australia, and \\ New Zealand \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} cultural \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} & better emotional regulation & visual \\ \hline
[104] & \begin{tabular}{c} drivers (aged \\ 20–60 years) \\ \end{tabular} & 70 & \begin{tabular}{c} South Korea and \\ Canada \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} cultural \\ experiences \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} differences in ethical \\ decision-making in the face \\ of dilemmas \\ \end{tabular} & physiological \\ \hline
[105] & drivers & 561 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Italian, Argentine, \\ Romanian, Chinese, \\ Malaysian, Dutch, \\ and Belgian \\ participants \\ \end{tabular} & social &
\begin{tabular}{c} driving style assessment \\ comms \\ emotion modulation \\ \end{tabular} & physiological, driving style \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._* Cultural Background Differences  
Research demonstrates that cultural differences impact the effectiveness of driver emotion regulation.