## 4 Results
### The Direction and Magnitude of LULC Change
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**LULC Types** & **High Coverage** & **Medium** & **Low Coverage** & **Low Coverage** & **Parameter loci** & **Shady land and Swamp** & **Sand, Gold and** & **Best Land** & **Desert** & **The Early** \\  & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **Grassland** & **1990s** \\ \hline high-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 1996.20 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 1996.20 \\ medium-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 0.00 & 2442.42 & 0.00 & 0.15 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 2442.57 \\ \hline low-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 0.00 & 0.00 & 8160.92 & 2.40 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 8163.35 \\ \hline water bodies & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 964.61 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 964.61 \\ permanent ice & & & & & & & & \\ snow & & & & & & & & \\ school land & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 18.07 & 0.00 & 429.10 & 0.00 & 407.96 \\ swamy & & & & & & & & & \\ sand, gold and bare & & & & & & & & & \\ land & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 1.28 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 2332.87 & 0.00 & 2333.95 \\ desert & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.44 & 6.96 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 3234.21 & 3221.62 \\ \hline
2004 & 1398.20 & 2462.42 & 8164.36 & 9943.0 & 397.15 & 479.10 & 2303.267 & 3214.21 & 1949.41 \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**(B) The headwaters of the Yellow River**} \\ \multicolumn{10}{c}{**LULC Types**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Forest**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sharb**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**High Coverage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Medium**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Low Coverage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Low Coverage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sand**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Build-up Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sand, Gold and**} \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Causland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Constland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Constland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Guassland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Guassland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Guassland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Building-up Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sand, Gold and**} \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} \\ \hline forest & 30.29 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 302.29 \\ shrub & 0.00 & 665.58 & 0.67 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 687.26 \\ high-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 0.00 & 0.00 & 11960.96 & 227.46 & 74.71 & 0.00 & 4.93 & 0.10 & 0.00 & 12,268.17 \\ medium-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 7223.37 & 29454 & 0.39 & 0.22 & 0.00 & 4.50 & 7523.81 \\ low-coverage & & & & & & & & & \\ grassland & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.13 & 1.87 & 146315.70 & 1.90 & 1.91 & 0.32 & 766.73 & 15,388.56 \\ water & & & & & & & & & \\ bodies & & & & & & & & & & \\ lands and & & & & & & & & & & \\ swamy & & & & & & & & & \\ build-up & & & & & & & & & & \\ snow & & & & & & & & & & \\ sand, & & & & & & & & & & \\ gold and & & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 31.97 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 3015.74 & 3947.71 \\ forest & & & & & & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swinney**} \\ \hline
2004 & 302.29 & 666.58 & 11,982.56 & 7471.55 & 15,065.96 & 1978.85 & 2023.64 & 10.38 & 4608.24 & 43,938.05 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Direction and magnitude of LULC changes from early 1990s to 2004 in the headwaters of the (A) Yangtze River and (B) Yellow River (unit: km\({}^{2}\)).