## 2 The \({}^{3}\)ColStar Satellite Mission  
The \({}^{\prime 3}\)ColStar KiboCUBE Colombia\" CubeSat (1U) mission emerged from the ambitious initiative to design a satellite manufactured up to 70% in Colombia. The \({}^{3}\)ColStar mission aims to produce reliable solar weather data through its primary payload and demonstrate the functionality of an IoT payload in space. This mission stands out for its unique dual focus on solar weather monitoring and IoT integration on a small satellite platform. In contrast, existing missions in the literature often prioritize either scientific data collection or technical demonstration, rarely addressing both simultaneously. For instance, missions focused on scientific data collection include those described by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) [47], which emphasize methodologies and technologies for effective data gathering. On the other hand, missions centered on technical demonstration are detailed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [48], who discuss the evaluation of new technologies. There are fewer examples of missions that integrate both scientific and technical goals. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [49] explore such missions, demonstrating the challenges and advantages of addressing both objectives within a single mission framework. The dual-purpose approach of \({}^{3}\)ColStar offers distinct advantages by leveraging satellite resources for a diverse range of scientific and technological objectives. One of the primary scientific objectives is the study and analysis of space weather phenomena. Space weather refers to the environmental conditions in space as influenced by the sun and the solar wind. These phenomena, including solar flares and cosmic rays, can have significant effects on satellite operations, GPS systems, and even terrestrial power grids. In Colombia, studying space weather is particularly crucial due to the country's geographical location near the equator. This region is more susceptible to ionospheric phenomena such as the Appleton Anomaly or Equatorial Anomaly, which can significantly affect communication and navigation systems [50; 51; 52]. The Equatorial Anomaly, characterized by high electron density in the ionsofera approximately 15 degrees north and south of the magnetic equator, can cause ionospheric scintillation, potentially disrupting radio and GPS signals. While Colombia is not directly in the center of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), the southern part of the country may experience some effects of this phenomenon, as it is located on the northern periphery of the SAA's area of influence. The SAA is a region where the Earth's magnetic field is weaker, primarily centered over Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean. By advancing our understanding of space weather, the \({}^{3}\)ColStar mission aims to improve the resilience and reliability of these critical systems in Colombia and similar regions [53]. Furthermore, the \({}^{3}\)ColStar mission includes a secondary IoT payload aimed at providing internet access to remote areas where connectivity is scarce. This objective is critical for enhancing internet usage across the majority of regions in Colombia, promoting digital inclusion, and supporting the socio-economic development of underserved communities. Additionally, the mission seeks to develop and integrate locally manufactured space components and subsystems, such as the structure, EPS (Electrical Power System), OBC (On-Board Computer), ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control System), and electronics. These advancements not only contribute to scientific knowledge but also foster technological innovation and collaboration among Colombian academia, industry, and government. This pioneering endeavor was made possible through the KiboCUBE call, organized jointly by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) [46].