# Flexible Coated Conductive Textiles as Ohmic Heaters in Car Seats
## 5 Carbon-Based Heating Textiles  
Carbon-based conductive materials are an excellent source of heat generation. Graphite powder, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene are typically adhered to the fibre surface to render it conductive. It is also feasible to develop conductive heating textiles by immersing and depositing carbon nanotubes in cotton while utilising recycled carbon fibre as a dispersion method [74]. In order to enhance the fabric's thermal properties, MWCNTs are deposited on cotton using impregnation-drying coating techniques, and a rise in specific heat has been reported. Figure 8 shows time-temperature curves for elastic MXene-decorated textiles with interlaced conducting nanostructures for an integral Joule heater with varied heat resistance and voltage. Cotton fabrics coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet films are being used to manufacture conductive fabrics for heat-generation applications [75]. Wearable electronics, smart devices for personal heating and cooling, or entire personal thermal management (PTM) electronics can be produced by embedding graphene in textiles. Breathability and stretchability can be easily increased by using high conductivity graphene fibres with excellent heating at low energies [76; 77; 78]. Figure 9 shows IR pictures of a polymer/graphene-treated textile-based multi-layered heating element with aramid fabric along with the surface temperatures of triple and quadruple layers at various power levels [78; 79].  
Figure 7: Schematic presentation of: (**a**) A continuous coating process; (**b**) a discontinuous coating process; and (**c**) a photo and optical microscopic image of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOD: PSS)-coated cotton fabric, and quick bulb testing of its electrical conductivity. [Reproduced with permission from [[PERSON]], [A Review of Electro Conductive Textiles Utilizing the Dip-Coating Technique: Their Functionality, Durability and Sustainability], published by [MDPI], [2022][68].  
Figure 8: Time–temperature curves of M-C fabrics at a voltage of (**a**) 2 and (**b**) 6 V. (**c**) Time–temperature curves of 6 wt % M-CF from 1 to 6 V. (**d**) Temperature adjustability of the 6 wt % M-CF heater. (**e**) Temperature stability of 6 wt % M-CF heater under 100 heating cycles. (**f**) Temperature distribution of the wearable 6 wt % M-CF heater attached on a glove and wrist. [Reproduced with permission from [[PERSON]], [A Review of Electro Conductive Textiles Utilizing the Dip-Coating Technique: Their Functionality, Durability and Sustainability], published by [American Chemical Society], [2020][79].  
Figure 9: A piece of flexible MXene-decorated fabric with interwoven conductive networks for integrated Joule heating, electromagnetic interference shielding, and strain-sensing performances: Time–temperature curves of M-C fabrics at a voltage of (**a**) 2 and (**b**) 6 V. (**c**) Time–temperature curves of the 6 wt% M-CF from 1 to 6 V. [Reproduced with permission from [[PERSON]], [Progress in Flexible Electronic Textile for Heating Application: A Critical Review], published by [MDPI], [2021][80].