## 3 Analysis of the LEO Satellite Downlinks in Interference Situations
In order to more easily observe the trends according to the path and altitude during the data communication period (\(n=1\), \(N=600\)), the average \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) ratio are obtained using Equations (10) and (11):  
\[\psi_{\mathrm{ave}}=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\psi_{n}}{N} \tag{10}\]  
\[\frac{J_{\mathrm{ave}}}{S_{\mathrm{ave}}}=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\frac{I_{n }}{S_{n}}}{N}. \tag{11}\]  
Figure 6a,b show \(\psi\) and the \(J/S\) ratio when the altitudes of the interference source in Path 1 are 3 km, 6 km, 9 km, and 12 km. The \(\psi_{\mathrm{ave}}\) values according to these altitudes are 73.2\({}^{\circ}\), 72.2\({}^{\circ}\), 71.2\({}^{\circ}\), and 70.2\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The \(J_{\mathrm{ave}}/S_{\mathrm{ave}}\) ratios for these altitudes are \(-22.3\) dB, \(-22.1\) dB, \(-21.9\) dB, and \(-21.7\) dB, respectively. Figure 6c,d present the \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) ratio according to altitude when the interference source moves along Path 2. For each altitude, the \(\psi_{\mathrm{ave}}\) values are \(80.8^{\circ}\), \(80.3^{\circ}\), \(79.8^{\circ}\), and \(79.3^{\circ}\), respectively. The \(J_{\mathrm{ave}}/S_{\mathrm{ave}}\) ratios are \(-29.5\) dB, \(-29.4\) dB, \(-29.2\) dB, and \(-29.1\) dB, respectively. The \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) ratio when the interference source moves along Path 3 are illustrated in Figure 6e,f. Figure 7a shows the ground paths of the airborne interference source and LEO Trajectory 2 for 16 March 2023. The minimum \(d_{\mathrm{p}}\) for paths 1, 2, and 3 is 100 km, 200 km, and 300 km, respectively, and the paths are parallel to LEO satellite Trajectory 2. Figure 7b shows the elevation angle \(\theta_{i}\) and slant distance \(d_{i}\) for when the interference source moves along Paths 1, 2, and 3 at an altitude of 12 km. The maximum elevation angles are \(6.7^{\circ}\) (Path 1), \(3.4^{\circ}\) (Path 2), and \(2.2^{\circ}\) (Path 3). When the interference source is located at the maximum elevation, the slant distances are 101.2 km (Path 1), 201.5 km (Path 2), and 301.2 km (Path 3). Figure 5: Airborne interference source paths during the data communication period when the LEO satellite moves along Trajectory 1: (**a**) paths on a map based on the WGS84 geodetic data; (**b**) elevation angle \(\theta_{i}\) and slant distance \(d_{i}\) for each path. Figure 6: Relative angle differences \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) ratios of the airborne interference source at different altitudes when the LEO satellite moves along Trajectory 1: (**a**) \(\psi\) for Path 1; (**b**) \(J/S\) ratio for Path 1; (**c**) \(\psi\) for Path 2; (**d**) \(J/S\) ratio for Path 2; (**e**) \(\psi\) for Path 3; (**f**) \(J/S\) ratio for Path 3. Figure 7: Airborne interference source paths during the data communication period when the LEO satellite moves along Trajectory 2: (**a**) paths on a map based on the WGS84 geodetic data; (**b**) elevation angle \(\theta_{I}\) and slant distance \(d_{I}\) for each path. Figure 8a,b show \(\psi\) and the \(J/S\) ratio according to the different altitudes of the airborne interference source. When the source moves along Path 1 at altitudes of 3 km, 6 km, 9 km, and 12 km, the \(\psi_{\rm{ave}}\) values are 59.4\({}^{\circ}\), 58.4\({}^{\circ}\), 57.3\({}^{\circ}\), and 56.3\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, and the \(J_{\rm{ave}}/S_{\rm{ave}}\) ratios are \(-\)18.7 dB, \(-\)18.4 dB, \(-\)18.2 dB, and \(-\)17.9 dB, respectively. Figure 8c,d show the results of \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) depending on altitude when the interference source moves along Path 2. The \(\psi_{\rm{ave}}\) values at these altitudes are 67.1\({}^{\circ}\), 66.6\({}^{\circ}\), 66\({}^{\circ}\), and 65.5\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The \(J_{\rm{ave}}/S_{\rm{ave}}\) ratios are \(-\)26 dB, \(-\)25.9 dB, \(-\)25.8 dB, and \(-\)29.1 dB, respectively. Figure 8e,f present the \(\psi\) and \(J/S\) ratios when the interference source moves along Path 3.