## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Variations in ARGs and LRGs After Remediation via Multiple Methods  
#### 3.1.1 ARGs Variations  
As shown in Figure 3a, seven categories of ARGs were identified in the soil before and after applying various remediation methods: aminoglycosoide, \(\beta\)-lactam, macrolide-lincosamide-streptomycin B (MLSB), multidrug, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and vancomycin. ARGs abundance initially decreased, followed by a significant increase as Pb concentration rose. The highest total ARGs abundance was observed in soil with a Pb concentration of 10 g/kg (PS10). The total ARGs abundance in soils remediated by Imvite, MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), and Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) increased compared to that in PS2.5 (Figure 3a). The increase in the total abundance of ARGs in Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) was the most significant, and the types of ARGs were also the most abundant, among which the total abundances of aminoglycosoide, \(\beta\)-lactams, MLSB, and sulfonamide increased obviously (Figure 3b). The relative abundances of \(bl_{\text{JESE}}\), \(bl_{\text{TEM}}\), and \(tet\)D-01 reached 2.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\), 8.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), and 6.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\), respectively. The use of these three remediation agents to remediate Pb-polluted soil carries the risk of promoting the spread and transfer of ARGs. Therefore, exogenous additive remediation agents, in addition to the transformation of Pb speciations, trigger the potential host bacteria to produce ARGs after remediation with different remediation agents. The total abundance of ARGs was significantly lower in BES-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) than Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), particularly for ARGs resistant to aminoglycososides, \(\beta\)-lactams, MLSB, and tetracycline. For example, the relative abundances of _aad_A5-01, _aad_A5-02, _aad_D, and _aad_E decreased by 2.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), 3.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), and 7.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), respectively. The relative abundances of _cph_A-01, _bld_PSE, and _mexF_ decreased by 8.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), 4.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), and 4.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), respectively. Compared to BES alone, the relative abundances of most ARGs related to aminoglycos and \(\beta\)-lactams were significantly reduced in the BES-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\). Specifically, ARGs such as _aad_A5-01, _aad_A5-02, _aad_D, _aad_E, _cph_A-01, _meCA_, _bld_PSE, and _bld_ETM exhibited substantial decreases. This reduction may be attributed to the bioelectrochemical inhibition of bacterial growth and the suppression of horizontal ARG transfer between bacteria [12]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [20] noted that BES can notably reshape microbial communities and effectively reduce ARGs distribution and proliferation. The total abundance of ARGs in BES5-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) was higher than in both BES-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) and BES10-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) (Figure 3a). The relationships of ARGs and pH among BES-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), BES5-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), and BES10-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) were consistent (Figure S1). ARGs resistant to sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and \(\beta\)-lactams exhibited the lowest relative abundance at an initial Pb concentration of 10 mg/L. Compared to BES-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) and BES-pH9-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), BES-pH5-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) showed the highest total abundance of ARGs, particularly those associated with sulfonamides and \(\beta\)-lactams. In BES-pH5-Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\), the relative abundances of ARGs such as _tet_A-02, _tet_B-02, _tet_D-01, _aad_A5-01, _bld_PSE, _bld_TEM, _suI_2, and _meF_A were the highest.