## 2 Related Work  
Various works aim at providing routing protocols that are secure and energy-efficient. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [2] discussed a fuzzy approach for selecting cluster heads (CHs) based on five features: density, residual energy, suitability, and distance from the BS. Utilizing FL-EEC/D (fuzzy logic-based energy-efficient clustering) depending on minimal segregation among CHs, WSNs are created. SNs are evaluated for energy efficiency using the Gini index; clustering techniques normalize resource allocations between WSNs. The results show that the energy usage of the SN stabilized and the energy efficiency with respect to the lifetime of a network improved. In regard to the first cluster dead and half clusters dead, the outcomes demonstrate an average growth. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [10] suggest a revised routing protocol to increase WSN resource efficiency. Residual network energy and network average energy are taken into account by the IEE-LEACH protocol in this study. In order to further increase the network's energy consumption, the proposed protocol also adopts a threshold for choosing CHs amongst some of the SNs and makes use of single-hop, multi-hop, and composite connections. The simulation findings demonstrate that this method greatly decreases WSN power use if compared with a number of current routing strategies. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [5] communicated with the OSI layers (physical, data link, network, topology, and application) to examine cyber threats in WSNs. The number of significant attacks is calculated, and security precautions are set up to detect attacks. A security technique is created to fix the flaws and identify other problems that require more investigation. This method was only used with a small number of SNs, which negatively impacted the performance performance of the network and did not increase network safety when there were many SNs present. However, the complexity, consumption, and transmit time would all significantly increase, making this potentially inappropriate for WSNs. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [14] created an innovative African Buffalo-based two-tier data dissemination technique (AB-TTDD) to check the energy-drained unit early, before information transfer. A brand new temporary energy mapping algorithm (TEMA) was also created to sustain the pathway by producing the reference node rather than the energy-drained component. This innovative method has significantly decreased both power usage and the packet flow ratio. The current study demonstrates that routing maintenance and optimization in WSN may decrease energy usage. However, the proposed methodology's processing takes longer. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [6] suggested SEHR for WSNs to detect and prevent data manipulation while achieving greater performance. The method provided reliable and insightful learning through the use of heuristic evaluation, which was taken from artificial intelligence (AI). This technique uses a heuristic approach to spot and guard against data breaches. The current metaheuristic method provides less accurate data categorization. The key generation portion of this approach needs to be enhanced because the counter block allows the key value to be identified. By taking into account asynchronous operations among the sensor nodes, energy consumption and routing efficiency can be further enhanced. In 2022, [PERSON] et al. [9] discussed a SEAMHR technique in order to choose the best route to the target while preserving data integrity. The learned path is used to identify the most ideal neighbourhood, which serves as a redirector to send the information to the intended receiver, and mutation elephant herding optimization (MEHO) is used to enhance the meta-heuristic function. The SEAMHR method uses the AEDL approach and CTR-AEDL mode encrypted using private keys to encrypt and decrypt data. The MATLAB tool is used to conduct the experiment.However, the suggested protocol will not be expanded to take into account mobility requirements and multi-hop network interactions. In 2022, [PERSON] et al.