# Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) Enhances the Accuracy and Stability of Proprioception
## 3 Results  
The experimental results indicate that there are significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) in the accuracy and stability of two-point discrimination thresholds and knee joint position sense across different time points (Pre vs. Post vs. 90 min vs. 24 h) (Tables 1 and 2). Partial  
Figure 2: Knee position sense test. eta-squared values indicated large effect size across all significant comparisons (\(\eta^{2}>0.14\), 95% CI). In pairwise comparisons of proprioceptive accuracy, significant differences were observed for TPDR between Pre and Post (\(p\) = 0.002), Pre and 90 min (\(p\) < 0.001), and Pre and 24 h (\(p\) = 0.002); Post and 90 min (\(p\) < 0.001) and Post and 24 h (\(p\) < 0.001); and 90 min and 24 h (\(p\) < 0.001). For TPDL, significant differences occurred between Pre and Post (\(p\) = 0.001), Pre and 90 min (\(p\) < 0.001), Pre and 24 h (\(p\) = 0.023); Post and 90 min (\(p\) = 0.004); and 90 min and 24 h (\(p\) < 0.001). For D40R, significant differences were found between Pre and Post (\(p\) = 0.002) and Pre and 90 min (\(p\) = 0.016). For D40L, a significant difference was detected between Pre and Post (\(p\) = 0.035) (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & & **Accuracy** & **Stability** \\ \hline  & & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** \\ \hline Pre & TPDR & 56.28 \(\pm\) 13.32 & 14.31 \(\pm\) 9.89 \\  & TPDL & 56.08 \(\pm\) 12.86 & 14.49 \(\pm\) 11.95 \\  & D40R & \(-\)6.21 \(\pm\) 10.06 & 14.55 \(\pm\) 11.18 \\  & D40L & \(-\)7.38 \(\pm\) 8.71 & 10.11 \(\pm\) 7.07 \\ \hline Post & TPDR & 47.56 \(\pm\) 8.02 & 7.87 \(\pm\) 5.22 \\  & TPDL & 45.55 \(\pm\) 10.15 & 7.93 \(\pm\) 5.54 \\  & D40R & 0.22 \(\pm\) 7.87 & 6.98 \(\pm\) 5.80 \\  & D40L & \(-\)2.73 \(\pm\) 6.49 & 6.36 \(\pm\) 6.83 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{90 min} & TPDR & 39.82 \(\pm\) 6.63 & 2.55 \(\pm\) 2.92 \\  & TPDL & 39.20 \(\pm\) 7.00 & 2.45 \(\pm\) 1.60 \\  & D40R & 0.49 \(\pm\) 3.51 & 2.06 \(\pm\) 1.72 \\  & D40L & \(-\)1.55 \(\pm\) 2.96 & 1.72 \(\pm\) 2.02 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{24 h} & TPDR & 49.62 \(\pm\) 9.02 & 11.88 \(\pm\) 7.03 \\  & TPDL & 48.26 \(\pm\) 8.51 & 9.22 \(\pm\) 6.64 \\ \cline{1-1}  & D40R & \(-\)1.55 \(\pm\) 2.96 & 8.78 \(\pm\) 7.72 \\ \cline{1-1}  & D40L & \(-\)1.29 \(\pm\) 9.09 & 8.99 \(\pm\) 6.87 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics. TPDR: two-point discrimination threshold on right lower limb; TPDL: two-point discrimination threshold on left lower limb; D40R: difference in position sense test of right lower limb; D40L: difference in position sense test of left lower limb. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Source**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**df**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)**} & **Partial Eta** \\  & & & **Square** & & & **Squared** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Accuracy} & TPDR & 2.011 & 1304.199 & 27.168 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.601 \\  & TPDL & 3.000 & 930.075 & 28.154 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.610 \\  & D40R & 3.000 & 183.726 & 6.259 & 0.001 & 0.258 \\  & D40L & 2.033 & 192.183 & 4.806 & 0.014 & 0.211 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Stability} & TPDR & 2.175 & 693.134 & 11.586 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.392 \\  & TPDL & 1.555 & 892.681 & 9.117 & 0.002 & 0.336 \\ \cline{1-1}  & D40R & 2.187 & 694.108 & 11.027 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.380 \\ \cline{1-1}  & D40L & 2.001 & 395.699 & 7.064 & 0.003 & 0.282 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results of one-way repeated ANOVA. TPDR: two-point discrimination threshold on right lower limb; TPDL: two-point discrimination threshold on left lower limb; D40R: difference in position sense test of right lower limb; D40L: difference in position sense test of left lower limb. [PERSON]’s test of sphericity indicated violations for AccuracyTPDR, AccuracyD40L, StabilityTPDR, StabilityTPDL, StabilityD40R, and StabilityD40L. Consequently, Greenhouse–Geisser corrections were applied to these measures.