## 4 Conclusions  
In the present study, a multi-scale approach involving Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and \(\upmu\)-Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy equipped with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) analyses, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) was employed in order to characterize, in the framework of the A.I.Ar. Research project \"_Studio archeometrico del ciclo pittorico di [PERSON] e bottega presso la chiesa di San Panfilo in Villagrande di Tornimparte (AQ)_\", the micro-fragments of the paintings of the pictorial cycle at the San Panfilo Church in Tornimparte, sampled from specific areas of interest.  
Such a combined approach allowed us to successfully characterize, both at the elemental and molecular scales, the composition of the materials used by the artist in terms of preparatory components and pigmenting agents, furnishing novel insights into the execution technique of the master, the color palette, and the occurrence of nondocumented restoration treatments. Moreover, the analysis of the sample stratigraphy permitted a proper evaluation of the number of layers, together with the materials present in each of them. In this context, the measurements allowed us to confirm, among other aspects, the presence of both ancient and modern pigments, together with alteration products onto the pictorial surfaces of the cycle of frescoes.  
It is worth noting that the whole set of results, obtained by the employment of a multi-scale approach involving different spatial regimes, represents an essential pre-requisite in view of the optimization of the latest restoration procedures and for the accurate selection, by restorers and conservators, of the protection and best-cleaning strategies to be applied.  
Conceptualization, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; methodology, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; investigation, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; data curation, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; writing--original draft preparation, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; writing--review and editing, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; visualization, F.B., F.C., F.F., A.M.G., F.M., S.N., G.P. ([PERSON]), E.P., G.P. ([PERSON]), A.P.S., G.S. and V.V.; supervision, V.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was performed in the framework of the Project Tornimparte--\"Archeometric investigation of the pictorial cycle of [PERSON] in Tornimparte (AQ, Italy)\" sponsored in 2021 by the Italian Association of Archeometry AIAR (www.sosciazioneaair.com).  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & \({}^{\textbf{207}}\)**Pb/\({}^{\textbf{206}}\)Pb** & \({}^{\textbf{208}}\)**Pb/\({}^{\textbf{206}}\)Pb** & \({}^{\textbf{206}}\)**Pb/\({}^{\textbf{204}}\)Pb** & \({}^{\textbf{207}}\)**Pb/\({}^{\textbf{204}}\)Pb** & \({}^{\textbf{208}}\)**Pb/\({}^{\textbf{204}}\)Pb** \\ \hline SG45B & 0.8529 \(\pm\) 0.0003 & 2.0900 \(\pm\) 0.0007 & 18.26 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 15.57 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 38.16 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline Férols, Montgailard (France) & 0.8525 & 2.0903 & 18.33 & 15.63 & 38.32 \\ \hline Lastours, Montagne Noire (France) & 0.8535 & 2.0910 & 18.36 & 15.67 & 38.39 \\ \hline Cevennes, Massif Central (France) & 0.8519 & 2.0915 & 18.36 & 15.64 & 38.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison between the lead isotope ratio of SG_45B sample with closest lead mines present in the database.