## 3 3D Printing in Orthognathic and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery  
The integration of 3D printing technology into orthognathic and oral maxillofacial surgeries has revolutionized the medical domain [4]. This transformation has been characterized by its wide-ranging applications, from facilitating advanced preoperative planning--where specific patient models are created for detailed visualization and simulation of surgical steps--to enhancing intraoperative guidance with the help of personalized surgical guides [2]. These technological advancements have greatly reduced the uncertainties often linked with intricate surgical endeavors. Postoperative care has equally been transformed by 3D printing, introducing the realm of custom prosthetics and implants, which are pivotal in accelerating patient recovery and ensuring optimal rehabilitation outcomes [31]. The benefits of these 3D-printed surgical models and guides extend in various dimensions. Primarily, they provide unparalleled surgical precision tailored to each patient's unique anatomical features, ensuring predictability during surgeries [32]. Such precision, combined with patient-specific guides, can considerably decrease operating durations, and lower the chances of surgical complications. This not only enhances surgical efficiency but also stands as a testament to the cost-effectiveness brought about by the technology [21]. Beyond the surgical process, these 3D models have shown considerable value in the sphere of patient communication. They offer a tangible and illustrative tool, facilitating a deeper understanding of the surgical process for patients and presenting an informed base for obtaining patient consent [33]. Multiple case studies echo the transformative potential of 3D printing in this surgical niche. For instance, research indicates that using 3D printed surgical guides can drastically reduce surgical time, simultaneously ensuring greater precision and thereby minimizing potential complications [34]. Another study accentuated the effectiveness of a patient-specific 3D printed implant, documenting its pivotal role in expediting postoperative recovery and optimizing aesthetic outcomes [35]. In a similar vein, the significance of 3D models in enhancing patient comprehension and subsequently obtaining informed consent was highlighted, marking a direct correlation with elevated patient satisfaction and confidence in the therapeutic approach [36]. Shifting the focus to facial reconstructions, the pioneering introduction of a customized 3D titanium implant stands out with its multifaceted applications [37]. These implants not only furnish the essential mechanical support required for the compromised area but are also marked by their biocompatibility, thus substantially minimizing risks such as rejection or adverse reactions [38]. A notable application of this technology is evident in the management of orbital floor fractures, where the implant can be meticulously designed, taking cues from the anatomy of the opposite orbit, thereby ensuring restoration of typical ocular movement [38,39]. In the realm of reconstructive efforts for maxilla and mandible defects, the success of a tailored titanium device is prominent [40]. By harnessing the power of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and amalgamating it with electron beam melting technology, a personalized implant was fashioned, mirroring the specific bone defect [31]. According to the research of [PERSON] et al. [31], an implant showcased a lingual plate aligned with the mandible's lingual surface. A crucial design highlight was the porous upper surface of the implant, strategically crafted to prompt osteogenic cells from the remaining mandible segment, thereby fostering the natural healing trajectory and promoting bone regeneration [31,41]. This approach embodies the dual capability of the implant, balancing both structural reinforcement and biological tissue restoration [31].