## 3 Results
### Graph Theory Analysis: Lobar Networks Analysis
All mean values of the significant graph-theoretical measures for the lobar networks are reported in supplementary Tables S8-S14. In brief, frontal tumors showed multiple significant network changes in the left and right hemispheres with both HGG and LGG (\(p<0.05\)). Right-sided changes were located in the Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG), while left-sided changes were localized in the SFG, middle frontal gyrus (MidFG) and Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) Pars Triangularis. Temporal tumors showed multiple significant network changes in the left and right hemispheres with both HGG and LGG (\(p<0.05\)). Right-sided changes were located in the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) posterior division, Middle Temporal Gyrus (MTG) posterior division, MTG temporo-occipital part and Inferior Temporal Gyrus (ITG) anterior division. Left-sided changes were located in STG anterior division, STG posterior division, MTG anterior division and ITG anterior division. No significant difference was found when comparing the total number of significant connections in the connectograms between HGG, LGG and HC. Nevertheless, the total number of connections was higher in LGG than HGG in the majority of the cases (60%), and it was equal in 20%. Only a minority of cases showed higher connections in HGG than LGG (20%). Connectivity diagrams for significant ROIs are reported in Figure 4 and supplementary materials (Supplementary Figures S3-S16). Regarding potential confounding effects, the linear regression and covariance analyses showed that the correlation and the covariance of both age and tumor size were \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**SFG r** & **HGG/HC** & **LGG/HC** & **pSTG r** & **HGG/HC** \\ \hline  & Degree & & AG1 & HGG/HC \\ \hline aMTG 1 & & LGG/HC & & Global Efficiency \\ \hline  & & Betweenness & & Average Path Length \\ \hline  & & Cost & PostCG 1 & HGG/HC & LGG/HC \\ \hline  & & Degree & Local Efficiency & Betweenness \\ \hline  & & Betweenness & & \\ \hline toMTG r & HGG/HC & IC1 & & LGG/HC \\ \hline  & Cost & & & Cost \\ \hline  & Degree & & Degree \\ \hline  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} AG 1 = angular gyrus left; HGG = high-grade gliomas; IC 1 = insulator cortex left; IFG tri1 = left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangulars; ITG = inferior temporal gyrus (l = left; r = right; a = anterior division); LGG = low-grade gliomas; MidG IC 1 = middle frontal gyrus left; MTG = middle temporal gyrus (l = left; r = right; a = anterior division; p = posterior division; to = temporporo-occipital); PostCG 1 = post-central gyrus left; STG = superior temporal gyrus (l = left; r = right a = anterior division; p = posterior division); SFG = superior frontal gyrus (l = left; r = right). \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._  
Figure 4: Example of whole-brain connectivity diagrams generated by seeding of the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG r) in healthy controls (HC, (a)), left-hemispheric high-grade gliomas (HGG, (b)) and left-hemispheric low-grade gliomas (LGG, (c)). The red square in diagrams (b) and (c) indicates that there was a significant difference in functional connectivity in this seed for HGG and LGG compared to HC (a). The color scale of the links represents their statistical significance (\(p\)-value FDR corrected, only links with \(p<0.05\) are included). Regions of interest (ROI) in the diagrams are labeled as per the AAL atlas (available in CONN toolbox at [[https://web.conn-toolbox.org](https://web.conn-toolbox.org)]([https://web.conn-toolbox.org](https://web.conn-toolbox.org)), accessed on 3 March 2022). very low among our dependent and independent variables (Age: Covariance \(<\pm 0.2\), correlation \(<\pm 0.4\) and Tumor size: Covariance \(<\pm 0.2\), correlation \(<\pm 0.3\)).