## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this study on the effect of Miniature Vortex Generators (MVGs) on boundary layer flows provided significant insights into the possible changed MVG parameters and their effect on the downstream drag reduction, as well as the effect on the characteristics of the vortices themselves. This analysis of the vortex behavior shows the critical role of optimizing MVG configurations to achieve the desired transition delay for drag reduction purposes. The key takeaway points can be summarized as follows:  
Figure 17: On the left, a vortex velocity profile plot, similar to Figure 4, with on the right a vector plot, similar to Figure 3. For this case, found in the heatmaps in Figure 8 at 1.9 mm, top left, the absolute value of asymmetry is 1.345. In yellow, the dashed ellipse denotes the rough outline of the vortex shape. The MVG height compared to the boundary layer height is one of the most important parameters, with notable changes in the vortex characteristics observed for these different heights. Specifically, an increased MVG height leads to a higher circulation and a reduction in the vortex radius (Rc) whilst also \"flattening\" the vortex, meaning it has the tendency to be longer in the spanwise direction compared to the vertical direction. The elevated circulation values associated with higher MVGs also correlate with an increased risk of a premature transition from laminar to turbulent flow due to the stronger vortices inducing higher shear stresses in the boundary layer, possibly destabilizing the flow. An optimal MVG height must thus be determined to balance performance and stability. While higher MVGs generally demonstrate improved performance in terms of delaying the transition and reducing the drag, they also exhibit higher circulation values. This increase in circulation makes the boundary layer more susceptible to bypass transition, which can negate the benefits of using MVGs. Therefore, a careful balance must be struck to maximize the aerodynamic advantages while minimizing the risk of unintended transition. Among the parameters studied, the vortex radius (\(R_{c}\)) emerged as the most crucial factor in achieving drag reduction. The correlation between \(R_{c}\) and drag reduction underscores the importance of managing the vortex size to optimize the aerodynamic efficiency. In summary, the study underscores the complexity of optimizing the MVG parameters to achieve the desired aerodynamic outcomes. The interplay between MVG height, circulation, vortex shape, and transition risk necessitates a nuanced approach to the design and implementation. Looking at the vortex characteristics themselves paves the way to defining a more optimized strategy in terms of changing the MVG parameters. Now, an innovation is presented in this field: instead of changing the physical parameters and having to conduct a stability analysis, one can look at the desired vortex characteristics and change the MVG parameters to suit this. Future research should look further into these (and possibly more) vortex characteristics and could also extend the currently analyzed parameter range. The insights gained from this investigation provide a valuable foundation for further advancements in boundary layer control and aerodynamic optimization. Conceptualization, G.D.B. and M.V. ; methodology, G.D.B., A.S., P.T.N., G.P. and M.V. ; software, G.D.B., A.S., P.T.N. and M.V. ; validation, G.D.B., A.S., P.T.N., G.P. and M.V. ; formal analysis, G.D.B. ; investigation, G.D.B. ; resources, A.S., P.T.N. and M.V. ; data curation, G.D.B. and M.V. ; writing--original draft preparation, G.D.B. ; writing--review and editing, G.D.B., A.S., P.T.N. and M.V. ; visualization, G.D.B. ; supervision, M.V. ; project administration, G.P. and M.V. ; funding acquisition, G.P. and M.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding of this research under the Celsa framework by grant No. CELSA/21/024. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.