# Leveraging Industry 4.0 for Sustainable Manufacturing: A Quantitative Analysis Using FI-RST
## 3 Results
### Detailed Explanation of Result Calculations  
The results presented in Table 1 were derived using a combination of fuzzy integration and rough set theory, as part of the FI-RST model. Below is a step-by-step explanation of how the environmental impact, resource efficiency, waste reduction, and sustainability scores were calculated. Environmental Impact Calculation  
The environmental impact of each Industry 4.0 technology was evaluated through a weighted scoring system based on three primary environmental dimensions (the relevant data are displayed in Table S5 of the Supplementary Information):  
* Waste Reduction: This dimension measures the percentage reduction in material waste following the adoption of each technology (e.g., a 25% reduction for MES indicates that material waste was reduced by 25%). * Energy Savings: Measured as a percentage of energy saved per unit of production after the implementation of the technology (e.g., 18% energy savings for MES). * Carbon Footprint Reduction: This applies to specific technologies, such as Additive Manufacturing and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), where a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions was considered. Each environmental dimension was normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 100 using the following formula:  
\[Sustainability\ Impact\ Score=\frac{\text{Waste Reduction \%}+\text{Energy Savings \%}}{2}\]  
For example, the Environmental Impact Score for Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) was calculated as  
\[Sustainability\ Impact\ Score\ for\ MES=\frac{25+18}{2}=21.5\%\]  
Resource efficiency improvements and waste reduction were quantified by assessing the percentage of material saved and production waste minimized through the implemen \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Economic** \\ **Impact** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Environmental**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Social Impact**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Resource**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Waste Reduction**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Energy Savings**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Overall**} \\  & & & & & **(\%)** & & **(\%)** & **Sustainability** \\ \hline Manufacturing & Cost reduction, & Reduced waste, & Improved & & & & & \\ Execution System & increased & lower energy & decision making & & & & & \\ (MES) & efficiency & consumption & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Industrial Internet \\ of Things (IIoT) \\ \end{tabular} } & Enhanced & Lower material & Improved supply & & & & & \\ management, & & waste, reduced & chain & & & & \\ predictive & emissions & transparency & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Additive \\ Manufacturing \\ (AM) \\ \end{tabular} } & Reduced & Minimal waste, & & & & & & \\ material costs, & localized & carbon & & & & & \\ production & footprint & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Augmented Reality \\ (AR) \\ \end{tabular} } & Enhanced & Minimal direct & Improved & & & & & \\ training & & impact & worker safety, & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Mixed Reality \\ (MR) \\ \end{tabular} } & Increased & Minimal direct & Enhanced & & & & & \\ productivity & & impact & workforce & & & & \\ training, safety & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Information and \\ Communication \\ Technology (ICT) \\ \end{tabular} } & Data-driven & Indirect & Improved & & & & & \\ decision & benefits via & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & making & integration & and coordination & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of key Industry 4.0 technologies and their sustainability impacts. tation of each technology. These data points were obtained from survey responses and field studies conducted with participating companies. For example, the \(-25\%\) waste reduction reported for MES indicates that the introduction of MES technologies resulted in an average \(25\%\) reduction in material waste across the \(12\) companies that adopted this technology.