# Highway Construction Safety Analysis Using Large Language Models
## 3 Database and Methods
### Post-Classification Summary Validation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cluster** & **EventTitle** & **NatureTitle** & **Part\_of\_Body\_Title** & **SourceTitle** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cluster 1} & Pedestrian struck by & & & Highway vehicle, \\  & forward-moving vehicle & Fractures (49.1\%) & Nonclassifiable (11.8\%) & motorized, unspecified (24.6\%) \\  & in work zone (21.9\%) & & & \\  & Pedestrian struck by & Traumatic injuries and & Multiple body parts, \\  & vehicle in work zone, & disorders, unspecified & n.e.c. (10.1\%) & Dump truck (9.2\%) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Cases: 228/1031} & unspecified (9.6\%) & & & \\  & unspecified (9.6\%) & & & \\  & unspecified (9.6\%) & & & \\  & unspecified (9.6\%) & & & \\  & unspecified (9.6\%) & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cluster 2} & Injured by slipping or & & & \\  & swinging object held by & Fractures (49.6\%) & & & \\  & injured worker (9.7\%) & & & \\  & Pedestrian struck by & & & \\  & vehicle in non-roadway & Cuts, lacerations (17.2\%) & Lower leg(s) (11.8\%) & Excavating machinery, \\  & Hospitalized: 95.8\% & area, unspecified (6.7\%) & & & \\  & & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Amputation: 8.4\%} & Struck by falling object or & & & \\  & equipment, n.e.c. (5.9\%) & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cluster 3} & Exposure to & & & \\  & environmental heat & Effects of heat and light, & BODY SYSTEMS & Heat—environmental (90.6\%) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Cases: 53/1031} & Full on same level, n.e.c. & Effects of heat and light, & Heart (5.7\%) & Floors, walkways, \\  & (1.9\%) & unspecified (26.4\%) & Heart (5.7\%) & ground surfaces, \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Amputation: 0\%} & Full through surface or & & & \\  & existing opening, less & & & \\  & than 6 feet (1.9\%) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cluster 4} & Struck by falling object or & & & \\  & equipment, n.e.c. (10.0\%) & Fractures (68.6\%) & Multiple body parts, & Bridges, dams, locks (12.9\%) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Cases: 210/1031} & Other fall to lower level, & & & \\  & unspecified (9.5\%) & & & \\  & Internal injuries to & (10.5\%) & & \\  & less than 6 feet (8.6\%) & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cluster 5} & Contact with hot objects & Heat (thermal) burns, & Multiple body parts, & \\  & or substances (23.6\%) & unspecified (25.8\%) & n.e.c. (25.8\%) & & \\  & Ignition of vapors, gases, & Second-degree heat & & \\  & or liquids (9.0\%) & & & \\  & Exposure through intact & Third- or fourth-degree & & \\  & skin, eyes, or other & heat (thermal) burns & Leg(s), unspecified (6.7\%) & Gasoline, diesel fuel, jet \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Cluster 6} & Compressed or pinched & & & \\  & by shifting objects or & & & \\  & equipment (34.3\%) & & & \\  & Injured by slipping or & & & \\  & swinging object held by & Cuts, lacerations (9.4\%) & Finger(s), fingernail(s), & Saw-powered, except \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Hospitalized: 72.3\%} & Injured worker (10.3\%) & & & \\  & caught in running & & & \\  & equipment or machinery & & & \\  & during regular operation & & & \\  & (8.5\%) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Top categorized OSHA fields, identified for each cluster after LLM classification. related to upper limb injuries, has the lowest rate of hospitalization (49.8%). Instead, this cluster has the highest rate of amputations at 72.3%. With only information about the final narrative, the LLM was able to properly discern an entire group of accidents related to these types of injuries. Since these incidents in cluster 6 had a relatively low hospitalization rate, the attention to other clusters may be attractive to personnel, yet 210 incidents indicate that upper limb injuries may be of relative importance.