# Automation and Robotics Pilot Lines in the Context of Industry 5.0
## 2 Pilot Lines in the Literature
### Pilot Lines for Workforce Skilling  
Pilot lines are not only being deployed as tools for technology development and validation, or for mitigating technical and investment uncertainties. The idea of using pilot lines as a formative element and facilitator for capacity building is discussed in multiple articles. A relevant perspective is provided by the authors of [40], who emphasize that new technologies are emerging faster than workers' ability to adopt them and use pilot lines for validating one of these technologies. They specifically focus on an educational teleoperation platform as a learning environment for heavy industrial robotics. The challenges identified during the pilot line validation include data transfer issues between the robot and user interface as well as ensuring the safety of laboratory staff while remotely teleoperating the equipment. Additionally, they highlight a challenge applicable to other teleoperated lines used for training: the need for mechanisms to recover from common errors that occur when learning. A similar case related to education and training is presented in [41]. The authors rely on a human-robot collaboration pilot line designed for diesel engines to present a test case for Virtual Reality-based safety training. The article confirms the usefulness of the pilot line for evaluating the case study and suggests the value of Virtual Reality, at least at the pilot line level, for training operators on safety. When discussing the digitalization of manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), cost-related obstacles, as well as challenges associated with hardware and software investments, technological and implementation difficulties, and skills and knowledge gaps are often cited [42]. In their work, the authors summarize the industrial R&D needs for testing before investment and the lifelong learning, evaluating how pilot lines can be helpful. Their research focuses on three different pilot lines: Robolab Tampere, human-robot collaboration (HRC) pilot line, and the Tampere University of Applied Sciences (TAMK) fieldlab. In their analysis, they concluded that skills and technologies related to human-machine collaboration, robotics, cybersecurity, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence are the most relevant. Expanding on the subject of pilot lines for training, ref. [43] emphasizes the role of learning factories in supporting digitalization and the adoption of artificial intelligence. The high demand for automation and new technologies also implies a need for new workforce skills, and pilot lines and learning factories facilitate AI training through practical tasks and applications. Specifically, the article focuses on additive manufacturing, human-robot collaboration, and Digital Twins. The perspective on pilot lines as a training tool is also linked to the concepts of \"test-before-investment\" and pre-production validation, ensuring that the workforce is adequately trained when investments in technologies for production are made. Additionally, the article details specific objectives for learning pilot lines and factories, such as (i) strengthening technological and business competencies; (ii) developing AI-based Industry 4.0 applications; (iii) demonstrating and validating Industry 4.0 technologies; and (iv) facilitating the rapid implementation and application of results. A somewhat different approach to workforce capacity building is presented in [12]. This article addresses the definition of requirements for Reconfigurable Pilot Lines (RPLs), which can be used for skill development and adapted to future training needs. The authors present various surveys conducted with industrial stakeholders and detail cybersecurity, robotics, human-machine collaboration, flexible manufacturing, and digital design and optimization as essential competencies in future industries.