esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 10 Conclusions  
With advancements in computing technology and artificial intelligence algorithms, the field of civil engineering, which is often seen as a classic field of engineering, can benefit from the newly-available tools.  
Traditionally, traffic monitoring requires fixed sensors with high capital costs that can only monitor a few fixed locations or probe vehicles with a dedicated vehicle and driver with an advantage of monitoring traffic conditions throughout the route, yet with high labor costs. There are existing methods that attempt to replace the probe vehicles with conventional GPS data loggers or smartphones with additional sensors that can automatically collect data as long as their mode of transportation can be reliably detected as an \"auto\" mode. This paper develops an artificial neural network (ANN)-based mode detection procedure enhanced with a mode availability (MA) GIS map layer, named as the MAGIS approach, which can detect various modes of transportation for potential future ITS applications and an auto mode for traffic monitoring purposes. A new approach of constructing MA layers in a raster format is proposed, traffic data associated with certain locations are queried against the MA layers, and the results in binary form are fed into the mode detection ANNs. A thorough data collection is carried out in Dubai where extremely tall buildings and indoor pathways offer unique environments to conduct this study. It is found that ANN-based mode detection enhanced with mode availability layers improve the detection accuracies significantly.  
In the case of universal mode detection among seven different modes of transportation, including auto, bus, truck, tram, walk, bike, and boat, the proposed MAGIS approach has resulted in correct detection rates that range from 72 to 82% while the existing DL and SP methods resulted in correct detection rates from 42 to 53% and from 53 to 74%, respectively, for all modes of available transportation. In the case of the auto mode detection, the MAGIS approach produces correct detection rates ranging between 62% and 97% across all scenarios, while DL and SP methods have produced correct detection rates ranges between 49% and 89% and between 54% and 92%, respectively. Figure 9 shows the trends from the results. The proposed MAGIS approach can be adapted for cities with different sets of available modes as long as their MAGIS layers can be prepared and managed in parallel with the real-time operation of ANNs.  
This research was conducted by the Transport-GIS Lab at the Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST) with an interdisciplinary team of faculties from departments of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Industrial and Systems Engineering, and Electrical and Computer Engineering funded by KUIRF Level 1 (2016) at KUST, and an ADEC Award for Research Excellence 2016-2017 in Abu Dhabi, UAE.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived, designed, and analyzed the experiments; and [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] collected data, contributed the tools and wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Results and Discussions
### Radiation Characteristics  
The radiation pattern analysis at the resonating frequencies is performed in the anechoic chamber. The radiation patterns of the projected UWB and UWB band notch antennas are performed at 4.5 GHz, 8.5 GHz, and 12.7 GHz and 4.2 GHz, 7 GHz, and 9.5 GHz, respectively. Because the antenna's length and width are in the XY plane, the XZ and YZ planes serve as two primary planes, E and H. Figures 19 and 20 show the computed and observed radiation patterns of the proposed UWB and UWB band notch antennas.  
Figure 19: Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the UWB antennas. (**a**) 4.5 GHz, (**b**) 8.5 GHz, and (**c**) 12.7 GHz, and (**d**) the measurement setup.  
Figure 18: Impedance curves of the (**a**) UWB and (**b**) UWB band notch.  
In the E-plane, both the antennas exhibit nearly bidirectional and omnidirectional patterns in the H-plane. A slight deviation is witnessed in the measured results. This may be because of the SMA connector loss, fabrication, and soldering influence. Figure 21 depicts the simulated and observed gains against the frequency curves of the UWB and dual-band notch UWB antennas. It can be noticed from the figure that the first notch frequency gain is well below \(-5\) dB, and for the second notch, it is also below \(-5\) dB, indicating the effectiveness of the notch structures.
## 4 Comparative Evaluation of Collapse Probability
### Methodology to Evaluate Collapse Probability
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**(a) Buildings at High Seismicity Regions**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Strong Windy Region**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Weak Windy Region**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **3S\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **5S\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **10S\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **3S\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** & **5S\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** & **10S\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** \\ \hline \(\beta_{\text{MDL}}\) & 0.064 & 0.069 & 0.109 & 0.020 & 0.011 & 0.025 \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**(b) Buildings at Low-to-Moderate Seismicity Regions**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Strong Windy Region**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Weak Windy Region**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **3L\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **5L\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **10L\({}_{\text{E}}\)40C** & **3L\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** & **5L\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** & **10L\({}_{\text{E}}\)30B** \\ \hline \(\beta_{\text{MDL}}\) & 0.187 & 0.113 & 0.108 & 0.029 & 0.089 & 0.093 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Lognormal standard deviation parameter of the modeling uncertainty. the information of high and low-to-moderate seismicity regions, the values of \(\widetilde{\varepsilon}_{0}\) at the fundamental period, \(T_{M}\), for MCE records can be obtained. The values of \(\widetilde{\varepsilon}_{0}\) for the prototype isolated buildings are summarized in Table 7.  
With the consideration of the spectral shape effects mentioned above, the median collapse spectral acceleration is calculated by the following steps [24]:  
1. Perform incremental dynamic analysis to obtain the collapse capacity defined as the spectral acceleration \(S_{a,Cd,j}(T_{M})\) at the collapse under the \(j\)th ground motion;
2. Calculate \(\varepsilon_{j}(T_{M})\) at \(T_{M}\) using Equation (1);
3. Perform a linear regression analysis between \(\ln\!\left[S_{aj}(T_{M})\right]\) and \(\varepsilon_{j}(T_{M})\), as shown in Figure 15, and determine coefficients \(c_{0}\) and \(c_{1}\) (summarized in Table 7) from the following equation: \[\ln\!\left[S_{a,Cd}(T_{M})\right]=c_{0}+c_{1}\varepsilon(T_{M});\] (2)
4. Replace \(\varepsilon(T_{M})\) with \(\widetilde{\varepsilon}_{0}(T_{M})\) in Equation (2) and obtain an adjusted median collapse capacity, \(\hat{S}_{a,Cd,adj}(T_{M})\): \[\hat{S}_{a,Cd,adj}(T_{M})=\exp\!\left[c_{0}+c_{1}\widetilde{\varepsilon}_{0 }(T_{M})\right];\] (3)
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper outlines the design procedure of a radial turbine for a cycle size of \(\approx\)100 MW starting with cycle modelling and moving towards preliminary design, performance analysis, CFD simulations, and mechanical assessment. Key findings include the identification of the areas within the turbine passage that require careful readjustment due to the presence of losses that diminish the performance. The final observation is that a radial turbine configuration is suitable for use in a utility-scale (100 MW) supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) power cycle at the pressure and temperature levels of 297 bar and 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The advantage of using a radial turbine is its compactness and its ability to endure a high pressure ratio in a single stage, about 5 for the designed turbine. The flow behaviour in the turbine design aligns well with results from other works on high fluid density radial turbines. However, the current design requires re-visitation to improve the overall turbine efficiency especially through optimising the design of the nozzle vanes through different stacking, or changing the number of blades to deliver better incidence to the rotor, and to reduce the exit Mach number, and thus the associated losses. The approach towards achieving the goal of employing a radial turbine in a mid-scale power plant requires further work. Future research should include, but is not limited to:  
* Incorporation of the fluid mixture in the design processes to account for the influence on performance
* Optimisation of the blade profiles
* Additional stress analyses including modal, harmonic, and hot-to-cold simulations
* Experimental testing and validation
* Investigation of the relevant technologies such as seals, bearings, gearing
* Research on suitable material advancements  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] performed the simulation and analysis, and drafted the manuscript. [PERSON] supervised the project, provided technical advice, and edited the manuscript. [PERSON] supervised the project, established research collaborations, and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge the research group from Politecnico Di Milano that includes Prof. [PERSON], Prof. [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their collaboration on the cycle modelling part of the work. Also Prof. [PERSON] from the same institution for his input on the results of turbine design. The discussions with several researchers from the U.S. National Energy Technology Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Oak Ridge National Laboratories are highly valued. The authors appreciate the support from SoftInWay in matters relating to software.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Systematic Review of Cybersecurity Risks in Higher Education
## 8 Vulnerabilities in HE
### Physical Security in HE  
Physical security is also an essential aspect of information security as it can lead to hardware loss, espionage, and data theft. The physical security will be very dependent on geographical location and vary from one university to another. However, we found some generic discussion on the physical vulnerabilities on University campuses:  
Related to the academic culture being open and inclusive, universities practice very little physical security in general. FireEye writes that there is an obvious lack of physical security on US university campuses as they have no physical access controls [5]. Furthermore, FireEye writes that if they do, they cannot enforce the access control or determine who caused a security incident. We see from the statistics in Table 11 that threat events such as _Stolen_, _Missing_, _Loss of portable/stationary device_, and _Physical_ are frequent causes of incidents at the universities. These threat events are all caused by weak physical access control and physical equipment security. Considering the findings at the Turkish universities [4], the six participants score moderately well on when considering physical security, three out of six needs improvement, while the remainder meets best practice.  
Digging into the issues regarding of physical access control, [PERSON] et al. [58] found that a total of 161 out of 532 (30.3%) had lent their access card and given the PIN to others. Furthermore, 9 out of 532 answered that they knew of security incidents directly caused by card lending. Seventeen answered that they had lost devices containing information belonging to the University and one respondent commented that he knew about lab equipment theft, indicating multiple unrecorded incidents.
# Evaluation of Novel Preformed Particle Gel System for Conformance Control in Mature Oil Reservoirs
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Material  
A blend comprising 0.2 g of ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator and 1 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was dissolved in 60 mL of deionized water and subjected to a 2 min reaction period under stirring and irradiation at 600 W power within a microwave reactor. Subsequently, 4 g of acrylamide (AM) was dissolved in 15 mL of water, followed by the addition of a specified quantity of N,N\({}^{\prime}\)-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. The grafting reaction was initiated by introducing the AM/MBA solution into the reaction mixture, with continuous irradiation until gel formation occurred. The grafted material was then recovered from the reaction vessel through crushing and subsequently purified using deionized water to eliminate unreacted reagents or non-crosslinked material. Finally, the preformed gel CMC/PAMBA was dried in an oven at 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C until a constant weight was achieved and was subsequently ground with a mortar, yielding a powder with varying particle sizes ranging from 250 to 800 \(\mu\)m after sieving. Table 1 below shows the name, quantity, and chemical structure of the material used for the synthesis procedure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline Name & Chemical Structure & Amount (g) \\ \hline Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Materials used for the synthesis of CMC/PAMBA.  
Cores: Brea Sandstone cores (2-inch diameter) were used to build the fracture model. A water-saturated cylindrical core of known porosity and permeability was cut lengthwise equally into two halves, stainless-steel strips were fixed on the core face using epoxy, then the core was wrapped with Teflon. The stainless-steel strips' thickness represents the fracture width.  
Brine: A 2% KCl solution was prepared and used as a base case for gel plugging efficiency evaluation. Persian Gulf Sea water was prepared for swelling kinetics evaluation. The recipe can be found in ([PERSON] et al., 2019) [56].
## 2 Related Work  
The integration of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) into vehicular communication systems has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential to enhance spectral efficiency and support massive connectivity. In this section, we will scrutinize the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Terms** & **Meaning** \\ \hline NOMA & Non-orthogonal multiple access \\ OMA & Orthogonal multiple access \\ QoS & Quality of service \\ RSU & Roadside unit \\ S()NR & Signal-to-(interference-plus)-noise Ratio \\ V2X & Vehicle-to-everything \\ VU & Vehicle user \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Abbreviations and terminologies.  
relevant resources to NOMA and its applications in vehicular communication networks, particularly in the context of resource scheduling and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems. We are dividing the approach into two primary areas: general NOMA resource scheduling strategies and the integration of NOMA into V2X communication systems.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Device Calibration  
A 780 nm femtosecond laser (the pulse duration is 120 fs) was used to verify the measurement accuracy of the FLDI system. The laser energy of a single pulse is 2.4 mJ with a repetition frequency of 1 kHz. An artificial density fluctuation is introduced by focusing a femtosecond laser to ionize the air and generate shockwaves. The schlieren image of the ionization point is shown in Figure 3a, and the ionization region caused by femtosecond laser pulse can be observed clearly from the schlieren image. Figure 3b shows the measurement results with a sampling time of 50 ms. It can be seen that the voltage signal is characterized by a similar amplitude with a repetition frequency of 1 kHz, which is consistent with the femtosecond laser. Figure 3c shows the power spectrum of the density fluctuation after FFT processing. Here an optical filter and a pinhole device are used to eliminate the effect of laser and ionizing radiation light on the system. The result shows that the fundamental frequency is 1 kHz, and the harmonics are also observed. It certifies that this FLDI system can accurately measure the density fluctuation frequency. In our experiment, the femtosecond laser is transmitted through a light guide arm, which can conveniently change the transmission direction of the laser in free space. The light guide arm carries a focusing lens at the end, and the focused femtosecond laser is emitted in the vertical direction, perpendicular to the beam of the FLDI system which is transmitted horizontally. The distance between the measuring point of FLDI and the ionization point is less than 1 mm due to the small disturbance area of the shock waves. Based on the above analysis, the scheme of generating shock waves from a femtosecond laser pulse has the characteristics of stable frequency and small disturbance area and provides an effective method for calibrating the FLDI system.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Separation distance of the two convergence points with different distances between the Wollaston prism and the convex lens. (**b**) CCD image of the two convergence points in FLDI.
## 5 Conclusions  
Nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation has been performed on two different types of diamond single crystals, one grown by CVD and the other by HPHT synthesis. The irradiation marks and surface microstructures were compared. The following conclusions were obtained.  
1. The transmission rate of HPHT diamond to the present laser beam is 75.7%, lower than that of CVD diamond (83.9%).
2. For both HPHT and CVD diamond, destructive interference takes place on the upper surface at a sufficiently high laser fluence, leading to direct ablation of smooth grooves.
3. For HPHT diamond, at a laser fluence lower than the machining threshold for the upper surface, laser passes through the upper surface and material removal only takes place on the lower surface of due to constructive interference of the laser, resulting in spalling of material and formation of sharp grooves with rough bottoms.
4. There is significant deposition of debris containing sp2 bonding on the area surrounding the groove on the upper surface, while no such deposition was found on the lower surface. For the latter, the laser comes into contact with a limited amount to oxygen in the grooves, thus oxidation, which greatly reduces the onset temperature of crystal structure change, cannot take place, and limited sp2 bonds are produced.  
The crystal growth method should be taken into account in determination of laser processing conditions. A greater crystal defect density exists in CVD diamond, causing it to become more absorbing and thus easier to machine by lasers.  
[PERSON] conceived, designed and performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data and wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Real-Time, Content-Based Communication Load Reduction in the Internet of Multimedia Things
## 2 Related Research and Background
### Challenges in IoT  
Researchers have pointed out the challenges faced [10] and issues arising in the IoT. These challenges mainly consist of--the protection and privacy of information; the shortcomings of enabling technologies; the protocols available; and problems in designing an IoT architecture; along with data management and analytics [11]. In an IoMT in particular, real-time operation is an additional constraint. Other challenges are: the provision of scalable networks; device mobility; and interoperability of devices and networks. Within an IoMT, the extraction of useful and meaningful information from massive amounts of raw data will reduce the data quantity but the context of the video scenes must also be preserved. More specific challenges are now considered.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Calculation Model and Method
Lastly, a finite element numerical model for each structure was established, as shown in Figure 3b. Ground displacement values for each geological condition simulated in the model were combined with stress-strain and modulus-of-elasticity formulas to derive the corresponding structural axial force and bending moment values. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Soil and** \\ **Rock Name** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Natural** \\ **Density** \\ **\(\rho\)/(g/cm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Cohesion** \\ **of/kPa** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Internal** \\ **Arge \(\Phi\)/(\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Compression** \\ **Arge \(\Phi\)/(\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Deformation** \\ **Medou-** \\ **lus/MPa** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Poisson's** \\ **Ratio \(\mu\)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Vertical** \\ **K\({}_{\
u}\)/(MPa/m)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Horizontal** \\ **K\({}_{\
u}\)/(MPa/m)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline Compacted Fill & 1.97 & 12.0 & 15.6 & 0.35 & / & / & 14 & 18 \\ \hline Residual Silty & \multirow{2}{*}{2.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{30.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{15.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.30} & \multirow{2}{*}{25} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.30} & \multirow{2}{*}{45} & \multirow{2}{*}{35} \\ Clay & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Strongly & \multirow{2}{*}{2.29} & \multirow{2}{*}{45.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{28.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.20} & \multirow{2}{*}{120} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.25} & \multirow{2}{*}{150} & \multirow{2}{*}{140} \\ Wearhered Silty & & & & & & & & \\ Mudstone & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Moderately & \multirow{2}{*}{2.31} & \multirow{2}{*}{150.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{32.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{2500 *} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.22} & \multirow{2}{*}{240} & \multirow{2}{*}{220} \\ Weathered Silty & & & & & & & & \\ Mudstone & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Values with an asterisk (*) represent rock elastic modulus.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Physical and mechanical parameters of model materials.
# Real-Time Localization of Epileptogenic Foci EEG Signals: An FPGA-Based Implementation
## 2 Methodology, Materials and Methods
### Feature Reduction  
Feature reduction reduces the computational complexity of the classifier and also avoids the possibility of redundancy. In this study, we obtained several discriminatory features for the two class classification process (Section 4.1). The number of features was reduced using the Relief feature selection technique [39], as is explained in Subsection 4.1.