esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research on Thermal and Heat Insulation Properties of Aerogel Heat-Insulating Reflective Coatings
## 3 Data Analysis  
### Temperature of the Measuring Point for Condition 1  
Figure 4 shows the temperature change curves of the three specimens in working Condition 1. Recent findings suggest that all three shared a similar pattern of temperature fluctuation, consisting of specific periods of warming and cooling. According to Figure 4a-c, the infrared heat source lamp significantly impacted the air temperature inside the hot end and the surface temperature of the test piece at the hot end. The air temperature at the cold end and the surface temperature of the specimen at the stern end have a more moderate trend than at the hot end, indicating that the presence of the model effectively blocks the heat transfer between the cold and hot ends [21; 22]. We compared the surface temperature trends at the hot end and the air temperature at the hot end of the three specimens during the warming stage; as shown in Figure 4a-c, the temperature curves' slopes at the specimen's hot end at 10 min were 1.25, 2.28 and 4.65 for the blank, aerogel, and XPS boards, respectively. The slopes of the air temperature curves at the hot end of the three specimens at 10 min were 2.38, 3.15, and 4.25, respectively. This indicates that the XPS board formed the most effective insulation against heat under the same conditions. The heat not transferred to the cold end gathered in the hot end space, so the air temperature at the hot end was higher for the better-insulated specimens. After turning off the heat source, both the sample's surface temperature and the hot end's air temperature experienced a sudden and noticeable decrease. There was a significant time delay in the air temperature change at the cold end because the specimen blocked the heat transfer between the cold and hot ends. The slopes of the curves for the aerogel and blank boards were the same when the temperature was reduced, as seen in Figure 4d, indicating that the aerogel coatings did not significantly improve the thermal insulation performance of the substrate.
###### Abstract  
Climate is one of the key factors driving changes in vegetation, and the response of the vegetation to climate often occurs with a time delay. However, research on the cumulative lagged response of the vegetation to meteorological factors in large-scale regions is limited. Therefore, this study first evaluated the performance of the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) products provided by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODS) and Penman-Monteith-Leuning (PML) over the past 20 years in China and then determined the lagged relationships between the GPP and major meteorological factors in different regions and land-use types in China based on a partial correlation analysis. The results indicate that (1) GPP_PML outperforms GPP_MODS products in the regional context of China; (2) China's regional GPP has shown a fluctuating upward trend over the past 20 years, with a stepwise increase in the multi-year average from northwest inland to the southeast coastal regions, and a higher contribution from the southern regions than the northern ones; (3) unlike the recent upward trend in regional temperatures, both precipitation and radiation have decreased, with these two factors showing completely opposite multi-year trends in most regions; and (4) the proportion of regions with lagged effects of the GPP on meteorological factors is higher than those with cumulative effects in China. Among these, GPP exhibits a higher proportion of a 3-month lagged response to precipitation, which is particularly pronounced at altitudes between 500 and 2500 m and above 5500 m, the proportion of the areas with no lag cumulative response to temperature and radiation with GPP in China is the highest due to the influence of more barren land and grassland in the northwest interior. Simultaneously, grassland and barren land have a higher proportion of the non-lagged cumulative responses to temperature and precipitation. This study contributes to our understanding of vegetation dynamics in the context of global climate change and provides a theoretical foundation for regional ecological conservation and high-quality coordinated development.  
GPP; climate change; time-lag effects; elevation; land-use type +
Footnote †: journal: _Atmosphere_  
12 March 2024  
Revised: 2 April 2024  
Accepted: 8 April 2024  
Published: 16 April 2024
# Real-Time 3D Reconstruction Pipeline for Room-Scale, Immersive, Medical Teleconsultation
## 6 Evaluation
### Simplification Characteristics  
Simplification is a key aspect of our proposed method since it saves bandwidth and subsequent time spent for mesh extraction if many flat surfaces are present in our geometry. We compare the loss of quality with respect to varying QEF error thresholds (Figure 16). The probabilistic normal standard deviation \(\sigma_{n}\) is fixed at 0.15. As expected and consistent with previous work on QEF [59; 68], the mesh error from simplification is small, even if the number of triangles is significantly reduced, particularly since many flat surfaces are present.  
The simplification process reduces the total uncompressed memory requirement for mesh storage in this scene by approximately 40% (Table 1); thus, an uncompressed streaming application would only require 91 MiB/s instead of approximately 223 MiB/s net bandwidth at 30 meshes per second. The total run time for simplific  
Figure 16: Evaluation of Simplification Errors. Absolute Euclidean distance in meters between the unsimplified reference and a simplified mesh with varying QEF error thresholds. Computation and visualization were performed with CloudCompare [74].  
due to the expensive neighborhood query at the lowest octree level to detect nonmanifold edges (Section 5.2).
## Appendix A Intra- and Inter-Observer Reproducibility  
As shown in Figure 11, excellent intra-observer agreement with minimal mean differences and small limits of agreement were found for peak systole. Mean differences were: velocity magnitude \(-\)0.0003 \(\pm\) 0.0118 m/s, kinetic energy (\(-\)0.4580 \(\pm\) 0.7490) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) J, vorticity magnitude 0.0029 \(\pm\) 0.0249 1/s, helicity density (\(-\)0.0978 \(\pm\) 0.5345) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) m/s\({}^{2}\), viscous dissipation \(-\)0.0070 \(\pm\) 0.0578 1/s\({}^{2}\), and energy loss (\(-\)0.0124 \(\pm\) 0.2563) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) W. Similar results were obtained at e-wave and end-diastole, as shown in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. Figure 14 demonstrates excellent inter-observer analysis agreement for peak systole. Mean differences were: velocity magnitude \(-\)0.0024 \(\pm\) 0.0124 m/s, kinetic energy (\(-\)0.0349 \(\pm\) 0.1093) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) J, vorticity magnitude 0.1122 \(\pm\) 0.7634 1/s, helicity density \(-\)0.0001 \(\pm\) 0.0139 m/s\({}^{2}\), viscous dissipation \(-\)2.1652 \(\pm\) 11.8205 1/s\({}^{2}\), and energy loss (0.0012 \(\pm\) 0.3008) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) W. Figures 15 and 16 show the results obtained at e-wave and end-diastole, respectively, with comparable results at peak systole.  
Figure 17: Bland-Altman plots represent the intra-observer reproducibility in the measurements of LV global hemodynamic parameters (**a–f**) at e-wave. The thick line represents the mean difference, and the thin lines represent the limits agreement (1.96 SD).  
Figure 14: Bland-Altman plots represent the inter-observer reproducibility in the exams of LV global hemodynamic parameters (**a–f**) at peak systole. The thick line represents the mean difference, and the thin lines represent the limits agreement (1.96 SD).
# Comparative Analysis of Current Control Techniques to Support Virtual Inertia Applications +
###### Abstract  
The rapid transition towards an inverter-dominated power system has reduced the inertial response capability of modern power systems. As a solution, inverters are equipped with control strategies, which can emulate inertia by exchanging power with the grid based on frequency changes. This paper discusses the various current control techniques for application in these systems, known as virtual inertia systems. Some classic control techniques like the proportional-integral, the proportional-resonant, and the hysteresis control are presented first, followed by the design and discussion of two more advanced control techniques based on model prediction and machine learning, respectively. MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations are performed, and results are presented to compare these control techniques in terms of harmonic performance, switching frequency, and transient response.  
current control; frequency stability; grid-connected inverter; power system stability; virtual inertia +
Footnote †: _Appl. Sci._**2018**, 8, 2695; doi:10.3390/app8122695
## 6 Empirical Experiments
### Discriminative Task
Another interesting finding is that as we gradually pushed the \(\alpha\) value to its positive end, the classification performance of the semisupervised EVAE deteriorated dramatically: \(46.4\%(\alpha=1)\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Test Error(\%)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Our implementation} \\ \hline S3C [20] & \(28.1\pm 0.3\) \\ Ladder networks [19] & \(16.5\pm 0.3\) \\ VAT [21] & \(24.1\pm 1.2\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=25\)) & \(47.6\pm 0.6\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=20\)) & \(48.3\pm 0.1\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=15\)) & \(47.4\pm 0.4\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=10\)) & \(47.6\pm 0.4\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=5\)) & \(47.8\pm 0.3\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=1\)) & \(46.4\pm 0.2\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=0.1\)) & \(21.7\pm 0.4\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=0.01\)) & \(19.5\pm 0.2\) \\ _semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=0.001\))_ & \(18.2\pm 0.1\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=0.0001\)) & \(18.3\pm 0.1\) \\ semisupervised EVAE (\(\alpha=0\)) & \(22.5\pm 0.3\) \\ Benchmark: supervised BNN & \(24.1\pm 0.2\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Other implementations} \\ \hline VAT [21] (in [27]) & \(13.13\pm 0.3\) \\ VAT + EntMin [21; 33] (in [31]) & \(10.55\) \\ Mean Teacher [32] (in [27]) & \(15.87\pm 0.3\) \\ Mean Teacher [32] (in [31]) & \(12.31\) \\ SaaS [31] (in [31]) & \(10.94\pm 0.1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Test error rates on CIFAR-10(4k) dataset. Note: S3C, spike-and-slab sparse coding; VAT, virtual adversarial training; SaaS, Speed as a Supervisor; BNN, Bayesian neural network. These compelling empirical results suggest that, with an imposed regularisation constraint of a small \(\alpha\), we can improve the discriminative modelling performance of this derived semisupervised EVAE on a classification task.
## 2 Operation of the BB84 Protocol
### Error Correction  
At the end of the preceding step, [PERSON] and [PERSON] have a partially correlated pair of key strings created by executing the information reconciliation procedure. [PERSON] sets her key as a reference key and performs a random hash function on her key string. She then shares her choice of the hash function, including the hash, with [PERSON]. After that, [PERSON] performs a hash function in his key string. The output hash of both parties must be compatible; otherwise, the protocol aborts. A fraction of information denoted by \(\mathrm{leak}_{EC}\) is disclosed to [PERSON] during the error-correction step.
## 5 Conclusions  
The \(Z\)-directional out-of-flatness as well as the \(X\)- and \(Y\)-directional pitch deviations of a reflective-type \(XY\) planar grating have been evaluated by analyzing the wavefronts of diffracted beams that were obtained by a Fizeau interferometer in the Littrow configuration. The experiment has been conducted to verify the proposed method by evaluating the planar scale grating with a nominal pitch of 1 \(\upmu\)m along both the \(X\)- and \(Y\)-directions by a commercial Fizeau interferometer having a field-of-view (FOV) of 100 mm equipped with a laser source with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The \(X\)-, \(Y\)-, and \(Z\)-directional error maps over an area of 20 mm \(\times\) 20 mm of the scale grating located near the center of the FOV have been obtained, and the small difference between the measured results and the fitted results have demonstrated the validity of the proposed measurement method. It should be noted that the proposed method can also be applied to measure the form errors of various types of the reflective-type diffraction gratings with a planar surface. In addition, intensive uncertainty analyses have been performed, while relative theoretical equations have been derived by taking the possible error factors, such as the error in the reference flat and the errors in the grating inclination angle, into consideration. The \(X\)-, \(Y\)-, and \(Z\)- directional uncertainty maps as well as the PV uncertainty of each error forms have been obtained by the proposed evaluation procedure. As a result, the PV uncertainties have been evaluated to be 4.12 nm, 1.60 nm, and 10.72 nm for the \(Z\)-directional out-of-flatness, \(X\)- and \(Y\)-directional pitch deviations of the planar scale grating, respectively. Future research will focus on how to reduce the uncertainties in the measurement results.  
Conceptualization, W.G., X.C. and Y.S.; Methodology, X.C. and X.X.; Software, X.X.; Validation, X.C. and X.X.; Formal Analysis, X.C., X.X.; Investigation, X.C. and X.X.; Resources, X.X. and X.C.; Data curation, X.X., H.M. and X.C.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, X.X., X.C. and Y.S.; Writing-Review & Editing, W.G. and Y.S.; Visualization, W.G. and Y.S.; Supervision, W.G.; Project Administration, W.G.; Funding Acquisition, W.G. and Y.S.  
This work is supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).  
Figure 12: Error and uncertainty maps of the planar scale grating. (**a**) Error map of the \(Z\)-directional out-of-flatness; (**b**) Error map of the \(X\)-directional pitch deviation; (**c**) Error map of the \(Y\)-directional pitch deviation; (**d**) Uncertainty map of the \(Z\)-directional out-of-flatness; (**e**) Uncertainty map of the \(X\)-directional pitch deviation; and, (**f**) Uncertainty map of the \(Y\)-directional pitch deviation.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
# Preparation of Co-Ni Alloy Coating with Stable Composition by Jet-Electrodeposition
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase Structure of the Coatings  
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of the coatings obtained at different flow rates. The analytical results show that Co-Ni alloys are all solid solutions, with Co solvent and Ni solute. When the M of the plating solution is 2:1 or 1:1, the coating is in the structure of HCP (Co). The main diffraction pattern is (110), (100), (101), and the texture direction (110) of the coating does not change with the flow rates. When the M is 1:2 and the flow rate is 2.0 L/min, the (111) peak of the FCC structure appears, except for the diffraction peaks of the HCP. When M is 1:3 in the bath, the diffraction peaks of the FCC (111) can be found at many more flow rates. This means that both HCP and FCC coexist in these coatings. The main reason for the change of the coating structure with different flow rates is that the flow rate changes the Co content in the plating coating. When the M in the plating solution is 2:1 and 1:1, the Co content in the coating does not change significantly, so does the structure of coatings. When M is 1:2 and 1:3, the Co content in the coating is lower than 80%, and the coating coexists in two phases.  
Figure 3: X-ray diffraction patterns of the Co-Ni coatings obtained at different mass concentration. ratios: (**a**) M = 2:1 (**b**) M = 1:1, (**c**) M = 1:2, (**d**) M = 1:3.  
Figure 2: Co content in the coatings with different flow rate and M.
# Analysis and Design of Infrared Search and Track System with Afocal Zoom Telescope
## 1 Introduction  
Infrared search and track (IRST) systems are widely used in various areas, such as security monitoring, situation awareness, target detection, etc. [1; 2; 3]. However, to deal with the image wandering induced by the 360\({}^{\circ}\)/s or faster scan speed and avoid image deformation and blur, a fast steering mirror (FSM) is employed to stabilize the image boresight [4; 5; 6]. The problem will become more complicated once zoom or a changeable field of view (FOV) is required [7]. A special kind of cascaded optics, which has an afocal zoom telescope with an external exit pupil, an imaging objective with an external entrance pupil, and an FSM set at the location of the inner pupil, can be used to meet a long focal length and variable magnification and solve the aforementioned problem [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Therefore, the design of such IRST to realize small image wandering comes into consideration.  
Recent work mostly focuses on the design results and applications of IRST. In particular, the trivial selection of the telescope magnification and the objective focal length make the design work very time-consuming. Also, the residual image wandering and relevant optical design methods are rarely mentioned. [PERSON] pointed out the image motion issue of the oblique frame camera and provided a geometrical approximate analysis [13]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] introduced the coordinate transformation method to calculate the image motion in remote and aerospace camera systems [14]; this method has also been used by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. to investigate the servo control system design [15; 16]. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al., [PERSON] et al. and many other researchers proposed serval different kinds of imaging optical systems for IRST, but no descriptions of residual image wandering were given or discussed [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. tried to use a field lens with a freeform surface toaddress the non-rotationally symmetric image wandering problem in a specific optical system [23].  
In this paper, we propose a homogeneous coordinate transformation method to analyze the residual image wandering induced by the rotation of the scanning platform and the FSM. The method can help designers complete the selection of telescope magnification and objective focal length promptly during the evaluation stage and improve the efficiency and convenience of the design process. In Section 2, we established a homogeneous coordinate transformation imaging model with telescope magnification, lens power, object distance, rotation speed, etc. Residual image wandering with different combinations of magnification and FOV is analyzed and discussed in Section 3. A specified zoom IRST optical system and its design results, analysis, performance, and manufacturability are presented in Section 4, and the conclusions are summarized in Section 5.
# Current Status and Future Developments of Micromegas Detectors for Physics and Applications
## 2 Micromegas Fabrication Techniques
### Solid State Pixel Readout  
Micromegas technologies also benefit from advancing techniques in manipulating silicon wafers. One example is the InGrid Micromegas [12]. This technology further improves the granularity of the Micromegas by growing a conductive grid on top of an epoxy-based photoresist substrate (SU-8) that is subsequently etched out to leave only pillars. A lithographic process is used to make readout pixels exactly aligned with the Ingrid holes so that every hole has one dedicated pixel (see Figure 5). This lead to a digital Micromegas detector called Gridpix, combining both InGrid and the lithographic process for the pixels. To protect against sparks, an amorphous silicon layer, between 7 to 12 \(\upmu\)m, is deposited by sputtering on the pixels before the lithographic post-processing.  
This technology, with 55-\(\upmu\)m square pixels, allows high efficiency for single electron detection and, thus, cluster counting, providing an optimal particle identification. This has been applied to the International Linear Collider (ILC) TPC R&D for which modules of 100 Timepix chips were tested in particle beams [25]. The same technology has also been implemented in axion searches [26; 27; 28; 29] thanks to the good energy resolution, background discrimination, and low energy threshold as described in Section 6.4.  
Another implementation combining Micromegas with semiconductors is the integration of the Caliste electronics [30], which was initially used for semiconductor hard X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a Micromegas detector with the Piggyback technique (Section 2.7) for X-ray polarimeter physics [31; 32].
## 3 Analysis of Bibliographic Results on Road Network Pricing
### Year of Publication Analysis  
This analysis showed two distinct periods, namely 2007-2017, and then 2018-2020 (Figure 3). For the period between 2007-2017, the analysis showed low volume of relevant publications (one to four publications per year) including some notable contributions by [11] and [39], where the authors discussed the effectiveness and importance of road network pricing to governments and the public. Implementation strategies and the use of technologies for electronic pricing were also explored [24]. There was high-profile work during that period that attracted the public's interest through case studies from around the world [40]. Towards the end of that period, there was more interest in modelling impacts of road network pricing by using transport modelling tools [7].  
Figure 3 shows how the time period between 2018-2020 witnessed a substantial increase in the volume of publications relevant to road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy [17]. Almost 40 percent of the studies on this topic were published in 2020, including case studies on dynamic pricing from London, Singapore, Stockholm, Oregon, New York, and Milan, which have provided appealing results in terms of social welfare benefits [41]. The recent literature in 2020 also emphasised the impacts of road pricing on emissions and pollution [42]; incentivising private vehicle users to shift to public transport [43; 44]; the impact of road network pricing on peak hour taxi fares [45]; and trialling of combinations of pricing policies such as parking and congestion pricing [46]. This analysis is directly related to answering **Q-1**. The year of publication analysis also provided insights into the historical development of road pricing and how it evolved over time, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Year of publication analysis.