# Water Gender Indicators in Agriculture: A Study of
## 3 Results
### Indicator Ratios and Comparison  
In Table 5, the indicators ratios are calculated (between women and men organizations, women and mixed organizations and men and mixed organizations), including the formal codes attributed to each of them during the processing phase. Moreover, in Table 5, the different levels of equality/inequality between the observed FOs are shown through a scale of different colors. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Indicator** & **Code** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Women/Men** \\ **Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Women/Mixed** \\ **Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Men/Mixed** \\ **Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Land_} & Plot distance \(<\) 500 m (from the village) & PD & 0.63 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.98 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.56 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\  & Group perimeter property (or village) & GPP & 1.02 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.90 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.88 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\  & Group plot distribution (not individual) & GPD & 2.0 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 1.00 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.50 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Water Technique_} & Pump presence & PP & 0.55 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.60 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.08 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\  & Improved irrigation system (drip or other) & IIS & 0.13 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.15 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 1.17 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Water_} & Reservoir (to facilitate the irrigation) & R & 0.77 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.93 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.21 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\  & Mixed water use (domestic and irrigation) & MWU & 1.07 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.10 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 1.03 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Economic_} & Agricultural products selling & APS & 0.71 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.70 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.99 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\  & Fertilizer purchase & FP & 0.68 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.65 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.96 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Legend: \({}^{\text{a}}\) = medium inequality; \({}^{\text{b}}\) = no inequality; \({}^{\text{c}}\) = high inequality; \({}^{\text{d}}\) = low inequality.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: The ratios of the investigated indicators and the different levels of inequality between the observed FOs. Table 5 makes evident high disparities in many indicators between women and men organizations, while more likenesses exist between women and mixed organizations. In particular, a high level of gender inequality concerns the water technique issues: in particular, the mechanical systems for the water lifting (pumps presence--PP) and the improved irrigation systems (ISS). In these two features, women organizations present evident shortages. Such lack may be explained by the possible diverse levels of capacities, training or attitudes between the different involved farmer organizations or rather by the presence of gender, socio and cultural bias (as noticed by some Ghana's researchers in a study of 2013) [29]. In this step of the research, only some suppositions can be made before pursuing with a more qualitative and specific analysis. In addition, the plot distance (PD) is critical because women' plots are more distant from the village than men (as observed by Oxfam International and Save the Children [75]). The collective plot distribution (GPD) is more applied by women and mixed organizations. However, they unlikely have a water reservoir (R), which facilitate the irrigation. The agricultural product selling (APS) is generally more performed by men and mixed organizations, while the fertilizers purchase (FP) of women and mixed FOs is less. The plots' property (GPP) and the water use for domestic or irrigation purposes (MWU) do not represent a gender bias in these regions for the FOs. Generally, we can observe a widespread inequality between the selected men and women FOs (Table 5), while women and mixed groups present more similar characteristics. This similarity may appear in contrast with another aspect that generally concerns the mixed groups.