esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 System Description
### The Manual Vehicle  
In the MPC scheme, the Helly model is adopted for the manual vehicle. This decision is based on the fact that the Helly model, being a linear model, can precisely depict the phenomenon of car-following without introducing any delay effects. The Helly model is a simple differential equation, and it is related to the relative distance and speed between two vehicles [53]. To be practically applicable, the model is rewritten by the following equation:  
\[\dot{v}_{i}(t)=\lambda_{x}[x_{i-1}(t)-x_{i}(t)-D_{i}(t)]+\lambda_{v}[v_{i-1}(t )-v_{i}(t)] \tag{1}\]  
\[D_{i}(t)=d+hv_{i}(t) \tag{2}\]  
where \(x_{i}(t)\) and \(v_{i}(t)\) are the position and velocity of vehicle \(i\) at time step \(t\), the vehicle (\(i-1\)) represents the preceding vehicle of vehicle \(i\). The quantities \(\lambda_{x}\) and \(\lambda_{v}\) are sensitivity parameters; \(D_{i}(t)\) is the desired distance for vehicle \(i\); \(d\) is the minimum distance between two consecutive vehicles; and \(h\) is the desired (time) headway.  
However, if the gap between vehicles is infinite, the Helly model will cause the continuous acceleration of vehicles and an infinite increase in vehicle speed. Therefore, it is necessary to satisfy the collision-free behavior subjected to safety-related constraints in the traffic dynamics. The string stability of the Helly model is analyzed using Laplace transforms.  
By substituting (2) into (1), the formula is as follows:  
\[\dot{v}_{i}(t)=\lambda_{x}[x_{i-1}(t)-x_{i}(t)-d-hv_{i}(t)]+\lambda_{v}[v_{i-1 }(t)-v_{i}(t)] \tag{3}\]  
Figure 2: The schematic view of the overall framework.  
According to the relative distance \(x_{R}(t)=x_{i-1}(t)-x_{i}(t)\) and the relative velocity \(v_{R}(t)=v_{i-1}(t)-v_{i}(t)\), the expression (3) can be written as:  
\[\dot{v}_{i}(t)=\lambda_{x}(x_{R}(t)-d-hv_{i}(t))+\lambda_{v}v_{R}(t) \tag{4}\]  
According to the kinematic law, the following relationships between vehicle position \(x(t)\), velocity \(v(t)\), and acceleration rate \(a(t)\) are satisfied:  
\[\dot{x}(t)=v(t),\dot{v}(t)=a(t) \tag{5}\]  
The derivative of both sides of (3) can be conducted:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\ddot{v}_{i}(t)&=\lambda_{x}\big{[}\ddot{x}_{i-1}(t)-\dot{ x}_{i}(t)-h\dot{v}_{i}(t)\big{]}+\lambda_{v}\big{[}\dot{v}_{i-1}(t)-\dot{v}_{i}( t)\big{]}\\ &=\lambda_{x}\big{[}v_{i-1}(t)-v_{i}(t)-h\dot{v}_{i}(t)\big{]}+\lambda_{v} \big{[}\dot{v}_{i-1}(t)-\dot{v}_{i}(t)\big{]}\end{array} \tag{6}\]  
The Laplace transform of (6) is represented as:  
\[s^{2}V_{i}(s)=\lambda_{x}\big{[}V_{i-1}(s)-V_{i}(s)-hsV_{i}(s)\big{]}+\lambda_ {v}s\big{[}V_{i-1}(s)-V_{i}(s)\big{]} \tag{7}\]  
Using the transfer function, we get  
\[\begin{array}{ll}G(s)&=\frac{V_{i}(s)}{V_{i-1}(s)}\\ &=\frac{\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{x}s}{s^{2}+\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{x}s+\lambda_{v}s} \end{array} \tag{8}\]  
String stability can be guaranteed if and only if \(|G(j\omega)|\leq 1,\ \forall\omega\)[54]. Therefore, the string-stability condition is calculated as:  
\[h\geq\frac{-\lambda_{v}+\sqrt{\lambda_{v}{}^{2}+2\lambda_{x}}}{\lambda_{x}} \tag{9}\]
# Experimental Study on the Permeability of Microbial-Solidified Calcareous Sand Based on MICP
###### Abstract  
In the construction of artificial islands in distant seas, calcareous sand has been widely used as a foundation filler due to its excellent mechanical properties and extensive availability in the marine environment. How to store more fresh water on the artificial islands by reducing its permeability is currently a great challenge. Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has always been considered as a great potential method to improve the cemented properties of calcareous sand, but the effect of grain gradation on the permeability of MICP-improved calcareous sand remains unclear. In this research, a self-made device was developed to conduct MICP grouting and permeability tests, where the permeability coefficient (\(k\)) under different grain gradations (curvature coefficient (\(C_{c}\)) and uniformity coefficient (\(C_{u}\))) was measured. A CT scan was conducted to investigate the variation in the porosity (\(n\)) of sand samples before and after MICP treatment. The weighting method was adopted to measure the content of induced calcium carbonate (\(M\)). A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to further study the micromechanism of the MICP treatment. Finally, the correlations between the \(k\) of MICP-treated sand and \(C_{u}\), as well as \(C_{c}\), were semiquantitively analyzed. The results show that the magnitude of \(M\), \(k\) and \(n\) changes are closely related to \(C_{c}\) and \(C_{u}\). The reduction amount of \(k\) and \(n\) increased with the rise in \(C_{c}\) and \(C_{u}\), and the increased amount of \(M\) increased with the rise in \(C_{c}\) and \(C_{u}\). The SEM results show that the particle surface became rough due to the coating effect of CaCO crystals, and the pore spaces were reduced because of the partially filling effect of the crystals, which was responsible for the decrease in permeability and porosity. Furthermore, \(k\) fitted well with \(C_{u}\) and \(C_{c}\), respectively, and the fitting curve reveals that larger \(C_{u}\) (\(C_{u}\geq 6.0\)) and smaller \(C_{c}\) (\(2.0>C_{c}>0.5\)) were more suitable for MICP treatments and lead to a large reduction in permeability. The above results indicate that the grain gradation of calcareous sand had a significant influence on its permeability improved by MICP.  
MICP; calcareous sand; grain gradation; permeability coefficient; porosity 18 October 2022  
1  
Accepted: 9 November 2022  
11 November 2022
## 2 Structure of PV Panel and Causes of Power Loss  
### Structure of a PV Panel  
Once the photons from sunlight enter the semiconductor composed of a P-N junction, the electrons separated by the internal electric field accumulate in the N-type silicon, generating a charge; a path is formed to enable current to flow in the direction opposite to electron flow [13; 14; 15].  
In a typical PV power generation system, several solar cells are wired in series to form a panel-type module. Then, several modules are wired in series and parallel. Depending on the type of light-absorbing material, solar cells can be classified into three types: silicon-based, compound semiconductor-based, and organic semiconductor-based. Further, the order of commercialization is as follows: first-generation cells (crystalline silicon), second-generation cells (amorphous silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe)), third-generation cells (dye-sensitized and organic cells), and next-generation cells (quantum dots and plasmons).  
Among these materials, crystalline silicon solar cells were the first to be commercialized, and they currently account for more than 90% of the solar cells on the world market. Further, thin-film solar cells (CdTe, CIGS, etc.) account for approximately 8% of the world market. Dye-sensitized solar cells and organic solar cells are attracting interest owing to their potential implementation in a variety of applications, such as building-integrated PV and mobile devices. In recent years, perovskite solar cells have been widely studied as potential alternatives to silicon solar cells [16].
# Design of an Optically Transparent Microwave Absorber Based on Coding Metasurface
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a metamaterial absorber with a checkerboard patterned ITO (indium tin oxide) film as the surface is obtained by using flexible and optically transparent wave-absorbing material ITO-PET (polyethylene terephthalate), and a coding arrangement of two basic coding units based on the APS-PSO (Array Pattern Synthesis -Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm. The surface structure of the absorber consists of ITO rectangular patch structures and ITO circular patch structures (110 \(\Omega/\)sq). The ITO rectangular patch structures and ITO circular patch structures are symmetrical. The middle layer is made up of two layers of PET and one layer of PMMA, and the bottom surface is covered with a layer of low square resistance ITO film (8 \(\Omega/\)sq). The experimental results, which are consistent with the simulation results, show that the absorber has superior performance: over 90% absorptance in the 5.06-9.01 GHz band, high transmittance, and a \(-\)10 dBsm RCS (radar cross-section) reduction in the 5.3-8.7 GHz band. This design also has polarization insensitivity and angular stability.  
microwave absorber; coding metasurface; flexible and optically transparent; RCS reduction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Optics and Quantum Electronics
## 6 Performance Analysis
### Computation Cost  
Compared with typical source location protection protocols (the phantom single-path and PRLA [4, 9]) and the protocols described in [24] (also called general protocols), our protocols additionally provide security protection for the source. Considering the attacker with ordinary field of vision (_i.e._, the attacker can only observe the sensors within only one hop's distance), both the proposed protocols and the typical source location protection protocols incur no extra computational cost when compared with general protocols [24]. Considering the situation with more powerful attackers as described in Section 5, to protect the source, each sensor within \(h\)-hops from the source needs to calculate a value fort the next forwarding sensor selection in PRLA. Given the sensor density \(\rho\) and the communication radius of sensor \(R\), there are \(\mathrm{J}h^{2}\,R^{2}\rho\) extra calculations for PRLA. However, both the proposed protocols and the phantom single-path incur no extra computation cost when compared with other existing protocols.
## 4 Bending Analysis  
The bending of flexible antennas is different for the different range of frequencies, and becomes crucial at higher frequencies because of the small size of the antenna, impedance mismatching, and the narrow bandwidth. The tested frequency ranges were divided into three groups to analyze the stable response in each range of frequencies, as described in [1]. For this purpose, the effects of bending levels on the PET, Teflon, and PVC substrate antennas for the bending levels of 14 and 27 mm were analyzed for the flexible polymer antennas with an operating frequency of 2.45, 4.25, and 7.45 GHz, which lie within the three frequency ranges of (i) 2.2-2.5 GHz, (ii) 2.5 to 5.0 GHz, and (iii) greater than 5 GHz. To establish a consistent bend in the flexible antenna, polystyrene foam cylinders were used with the radial curvatures of 27 and then 14 mm, as demonstrated in Figure 12. In  
Figure 11: Reflection coefficients of E-shaped flexible polymer substrate antennas on PET, Teflon, and PVC substrates operating at 7.45 GHz.  
Figure 10: Reflection coefficients of E-shaped flexible polymer substrate antennas on PET, Teflon, and PVC substrates operating at 4.25 GHz.  
this figure, the bending of the flexible antenna on the foam at 27 mm, then 14 mm, and the connection with the VNA are exhibited.  
The \(S_{11}\) parameters were obtained for these bending stages and compared with the parameters in a flat condition. Figure 13 depicts the reflection coefficients of the flexible PET, Teflon, and PVC substrate antennas operating in the first range at 2.45 GHz with a bending level of 27 mm and then 14 mm. Similarly, the reflection coefficients of each of the flexible antennas operating in the second two ranges, at 4.25 and 7.45 GHz, with bending levels of 27 mm and then 14 mm, are presented in Figures 14 and 15, respectively.
# An Investigation of Alternatives to Transform Protein Sequence Databases to a Columnar Index Schema
## 2 Background
### Protein Data  
The data acquired by the mass spectra are the masses of the peptides (parts of a protein) and their amino acids. The mass of the particles is represented by a mass spectrum; see Figure 1. On the x-axis, the mass-to-charge ratio can be seen, and on the y-axis, the intensity of the signal measured by the device is represented. The intensity signal represents the collisions that are detected by the digitizer of the mass spectrometer device. The mass of a peptide is a list of peaks that can be represented in a textual format or as a plot of the peaks.  
Besides the XML standard mzML (XML-based textual representation of mass spectrum data), the Mascot Generic File (MGF) (lightweight textual representation of mass spectrum data) format is the standard format to store mass spectra [15; 16; 17]. One mass spectrometer produces around 200,000 spectra every two hours, resulting in over 40 GB files. For the further analysis of mass spectrometry data, a collection of all possible protein sequences is required. The protein sequences are usually stored in FASTA format, including a textual representation of the protein sequences and their descriptions [18]. Listing 1 shows one protein with its unstructured text description (Listing 1, Line 1) and its protein sequence (Listing 1, Lines 2-4). Each letter of the protein sequence represents one of the 22 amino acids. The uniqueness of a protein is not only given by the protein sequence, but also by the description.  
```
1\(\texttt{mag}\)[Testsequence_1 Methyl-coenzyme
2 MMMARYEDIDLYGADGKLEEDVPELASVELKMPTIANLVSDVRRSV
3 GAFERHMLLGLAYGGLANANNLLFDLVKENSKGTVGIASLVERAI
4 IGSVESIDYFEREPIVNVXGAEAIKDQL
```  
Listing 1: Textual representation of one protein in FASTA format.  
A popular protein sequence database is SwissProt from UniProtKB (numbers of UniProtKB as of the beginning of 2019; [[https://www.uniprot.org/](https://www.uniprot.org/)]([https://www.uniprot.org/](https://www.uniprot.org/)), accessed on 22 January 2021) with 556,196 proteins. After the digestion of the proteins to peptides, the SwissProt proteins are divided into 37,403,696 peptides. This digestion increases the amount of data from 500 MB of proteins to over 17 GB of peptides. In our system, the peptides have to be indexed additionally by their mass and the charge to guarantee fast access. This indexing enables considering for the identification step only suitable peptide candidates fitting the mass spectrometer. In the next section, we explain the basic protein identification approach.
# Monitoring and Analysis of Slope Geological Hazards Based on UAV Images
## 4 Remote Sensing Image Data Processing
### Point-Cloud Data Processing
#### 4.2.2 Geographic Information Extraction  
A digital surface model of the study area was generated using LiDAR360 software to process the point-cloud data. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was constructed, with the XSize and YSize set to their default value of 0.5 m. The buffer size  
Figure 5: Classification of ground points in point-cloud models.  
parameter was set to its default of 5. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method does not require pre-computation of the spatial variability function, making it especially suitable for the rapid interpolation of high-density LiDAR point clouds. In contrast, the kriging method assumes data smoothness and requires accurate fitting of the semi-variance model. This method may fail if there are local outliers (e.g., building edges or vegetation penetration noise) in the LiDAR point-cloud [37]. Using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method, the raster cell value was calculated based on nearby points. The weighted average was determined based on the distance from the point to the center of the raster cell. In this study, the weight is set to the default value of 2, which effectively balances smoothness and detail preservation in most terrain scenes, such as hills and mountains [38]. A variable radius search mode was selected, with the distance set to 5 and the number of pixel points defaulted to 12. This resulted in a Digital Elevation Model in TIF format (Figure 6) for export.
# Behaviour Analysis of Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall According to Laboratory Scale Test
## 1 Introduction  
The reinforced soil retaining wall (RSW) method was first introduced by [PERSON] (1963) and has since become one of the civil engineering structures that can be seen all around us. Then, reinforcements were developed for this type of wall. The RSW method secures structural stabilitythrough the frictional force between the embankment and the reinforcement by installing reinforcements and walls simultaneously with the embankment. In Korea, these walls were first constructed in 1980. This type of wall is easier to construct than reinforced concrete retaining walls, can be applied to high-filling land, and is widely used. Therefore, many researchers and engineers have studied the RSW method.  
In addition, research on the performance of substantially improved reinforcements, simpler construction methods is underway [1]. Research on the stability of this type of wall has been limited to the stability of the straight part assumed under a two-dimensional strain [2]. However, this does not fully reflect the characteristics of actual installed RSWs, as many cracks and dropouts have been reported in the wall block owing to excessive displacement occurring at the curvilinear portion [3]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the displacement generated at the curved part of the RSW.  
At present, the design of the RSWs in Korea is mainly created by a two-dimensional numerical analysis under two-dimensional plane strain conditions. However, the design of the RSWs through this two-dimensional numerical analysis is limited by its inability to reflect the behavior of the curved part of the RSWs constructed at the field site. These have a limit that the behaviour of the curved part of RSWs constructed in the field cannot be reflected [4]. Therefore, in this study, the curved part of a RSW was reproduced through a laboratory test, and the displacement of the straight part and the curved part were analysed. The angle of the curved section was varied at 60\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), 120\({}^{\circ}\), and 150\({}^{\circ}\), and the shape was changed between convex and concave in order to analyse the displacement of the straight part and the curved part with regard to the angle and shape.  
The displacement of an entire RSW face were analysed using a close range photogrammetry during the laboratory model test. The displacement generated at each position of the wall according to the shape and angle as well as position of maximum displacement and its change are analysed in this study.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Finite Element Model Generation  
A three-dimensional (3D) FEA model of a foot was constructed to study the contact pressure between the foot and CMI. Two types of CMIs were designed with overall similar thickness; single layer (6 mm) and two layers with top layer (3 mm) and base layer (3 mm). The thickness of CMI was measured from the lowest point of the hindfoot to the ground. Using computer-aided design, the subtraction technique was performed to obtain CMI with an overall thickness of 6 mm. This study used the images from a human subject to reconstruct the foot model. The protocol was approved by the research ethics committee (EC-63-219-25-2), Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University. The computerized tomography scan images of a left foot (male subject, 57 years old, 84 kg) were imported to the image processing software Mimics version 20 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), and a 3D model of foot bones with encapsulated soft tissues were developed. The foot is a complex structure, as it comprises 26 bones, 33 joints, muscles, and numerous ligaments [29]. In this study, the FEA foot model was simplified to reduce the modeling cost and to improve the feasibility of optimization. Therefore, 26 bones were merged together as one whole body. The relative motion between the segments was neglected, and the effects of muscles and ligaments were also neglected [30]. The models were assembled in Ansys SpaceClaim (ANSYS Inc., Canonsbung, PA, USA). The CMI and ground were then created following the geometry of the foot, as shown in Figure 1.
## 4 Results
### Experiment III  
The results of the registration are shown in Table 7. The benchmark and our proposed multistage network yielded significantly (\(p<0.05\)) higher Dice coefficients than the baseline. And registration with the proposed multistage network resulted in a significantly higher Dice coefficient than the benchmark. The level of image folding (\(|\mathrm{J}|<0\)) is similar for the benchmark and the proposed multistage network.  
Example registration results are presented in Figure 7. A large rigid part of the deformation is visible in the images before registration, as the fixed image is shifted downwards compared to the moving image. Registration with the baseline improved the overlap of the liver segmentations; however, the moved image is rotated incorrectly. Here, the rigid or affine algorithm of the baseline computed an incorrect transformation. Registration with the benchmark improved the spatial alignment and overlap of the liver segmentations. However, in the moved image, the torso on the right side and parts of the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **DICE (\%)** & \(|\mathrm{J}|\leq 0\) (\%)** \\ \hline Before Registration & \(54.4\pm 19.9\) & - \\ Baseline NiftyReg & \(63.3\pm 25.5\) & \(0.0\pm 0.1\) \\ Benchmark & \(66.6\pm 24.0\) & \(0.1\pm 0.1\) \\ Proposed Multistage Network & \(68.1\pm 24.6\) & \(0.1\pm 0.1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: The Dice coefficient and Jacobian determinant (\(|\mathrm{J}|\)) \(\leq 0\) results (mean \(\pm\) SD) of the M\({}^{2}\)OLIE liver dataset of the baseline, the benchmark and our proposed multistage network. Dice coefficient: higher value is better (maximum is 100%), \(|\mathrm{J}|\leq 0\): lower value is better (minimum is 0%).  
Figure 6: Example results of the registration of two volumes from the external augmented kidney dataset. The images show central slices of the coronal plane. The fixed images are overlaid by the kidney segmentations and the moving images and result (moved) images are overlaid by the kidney cyst segmentations (column 2 and 3). The resulting composites for image and segmentation show the fixed data in blue and the moving/moved data in red. The deformation field is visualized in RGB channels.  
right arm were deformed in a medically implausible way. This area is marked by a white arrow. The registration with the proposed multistage network also produced a medically implausible deformation on the right side of the torso (white arrow in result image in the fourth row). Apart from this area, the overlap of the corresponding structures improved following the registration. The area of the medical implausible deformation is also visible in the deformation field (white arrow in column six in Figure 7).