## 2 Materials and Methods  
Twenty-five representative samples were collected from the Guleman ophiolite for petrographic and geochemical studies. After petrographic investigations conducted in the Geology Engineering laboratories of Firat University (Elazg-Turkiye), samples showing a high degree of serpentinization were prepared for geochemical analysis. Serpentine mineral species were identified under a Leitz brand polarizing microscope (Leitz, Oberkochen, Germany).  
Serpentinite, which has industrial importance, was examined as a novel material. The ICP-MS NexION 2000 (Perkin Elmer Inc., Shelton, CT, USA) device, which includes a quartz nebulizer gasifier, cyclonic spray circle and an integrated autosampler, was used for oxide and elemental analyses of the samples. After the rock sample was crushed into a powder using a mortar in the laboratory, it was placed in 18.3 M\(\Omega\) ultrapure water. The precipitated particles were separated, and the sample was weighed in a solution containing 1% hydrochloric acid-ultrapure water. Approximately 0.5 g of the sample was mixed with each 1% hydrochloric acid-ultrapure water solution. Cem brand Mars 6 One Touch (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA) was transferred to Teflon microwave containers and pre-pared in the microwave by adding 10 mL of concentrated nitric acid to each sample. ICP-MS calibration solutions were prepared by diluting commercially available multi element standards with 1% (nitric acid-ultra pure water) at the concentrations specified in Table 1. Additionally, ICP-MS calibration was performed before each measurement. For the control of elemental analyses, 100 ppb 45 Sc, 89Y, 209 Bi was used as the internal standard. The results obtained are listed in Table 1.  
DTA/TG, SEM and XRD analyses of the selected samples were performed in Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Physics laboratory (Turkiye). Serpentine samples were ground in 75 micras mesh. The powdered sample was compressed into a container made of an inert material (platinum). DTA analyses used alumina powder as an inert reference material. A heating rate of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, maximum temperature of 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C and air/argon/N2 atmosphere was used in the tests.  
High-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructural properties of the samples. Electron microscope images were taken directly from the external surfaces of the samples. Fresh samples were prepared for SEM analyses. The other 5 faces were turned into smooth surfaces so that the broken surface was protected. This process was carried out at Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Science Center. These samples were then coated with gold under vacuum in the SEM laboratory of EBYU Department of Physics (Turkiye). SEM analyses were performed using a QUANTA FEG 450 model electron microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Granular structures could be clearly observed in the SEM photographs. SEM microphotographs of samples partially doped with Ag instead of Bi at different magnifications have been taken. Fibrous, plate or needle-like structures can be seen in the serpentinites [15; 39].  
X-Ray diffraction patterns were examined to determine the serpentine types. The abbreviation JCPDS stands for \"Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards\", which refers to a database containing X-Ray diffraction data for various materials. XRD (X-Ray diffraction) analysis enables the determination of the mineralogical structure of materials by comparing the results with the cards in this database. In summary, JCPDS cards serve as standard references for identifying specific crystal structures and compositions [16]. The JCPDS card numbers for serpentinite minerals are as follows: Lizardite is JCPDS 14-177, Chrysotile is JCPDS 14-116, and Antigorite is JCPDS 19-131 [17]. This was confirmed by XRD using an SC-70 detector operating at 15 mA and 40 kV at EBYU.