## 4 Empirical Results
### Map Based Analysis  
In this section, the performance of SLD-GEDIR has been analyzed considering the road network of New Delhi (India). A satellite image of the city (_cf._ Figure 12) is obtained _via_ Google Earth software and it imported in ArcGIS 10.2.2 for the assignment of the road network coordinates. The city map is  
Figure 11: Impact of density in (**a**) end-to-end delay; (**b**) throughput and (**c**) one-hop link disconnection.  
input to MOVE that integrates network information with the map. Thereafter, configuration and trace files have been generated and ultimately the vehicular traffic flow in the New Delhi Map has been produced to analyze the performance of the proposed protocol in a high speed and low vehicle density traffic environment. The complete process of map-based simulation has been depicted in Figure 13.  
Figure 12: The city map of New Delhi, India.  
Figure 13: The Map-based simulation steps.  
The results depicted in Figure 14a show the comparison of end-to-end delay between SLD-GEDIR and the state-of-the-art protocols obtained through map-based simulation. It can be clearly observed that the end-to-end delay of the proposed protocol is below \(50\;ms\) for each of vehicle speed considered, whereas for all the considered state-of-the-art protocols, the end-to-end delay is above \(100\;ms\). The difference in end-to-end delay can be attributed to the fact that the proposed protocol uses speed information in NHV selection whereas all the considered state-of-the-art protocols do not utilize speed information for the same consideration. A throughput comparison between SLD-GEDIR and the state-of-the-art protocols has been given in Figure 14b. The proposed protocol shows approximately \(90\;Kbps\) stable throughput as compared to the stable throughput below \(30\;Kbps\) of the state-of-the-art protocols. The reason behind the higher throughput of the proposed protocol in comparison with the state-of-the-art protocols is its single copy multihop forwarding technique which reduces network load and increases throughput. The stable nature of throughput of all the considered protocols is due to the  
Figure 14: Map-based analysis (**a**) end-to-end delay; (**b**) throughput and (**c**) One-hop link disconnection.  
lower vehicle density traffic environment considered in the simulation resulting in intermittently connected traffic environment. The results in Figure 14c show the comparison of one-hop link disconnection between SLD-GEDIR and the state-of-the-art protocols. The one-hop link disconnection of the proposed protocol is below 40% whereas it is above 65% in case of the state-of-the-art protocols. The difference in one-hop link disconnections is due to the link quality prediction of the proposed protocol utilized in NHV selection that effectively reduces one-hop link disconnections as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols. The state-of-the-art protocols did not consider link quality in their NHV selection process. Thus, the performance of SLD-GEDIR is better as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput and one-hop link disconnection in the map-based simulation.