# Integration of BIM Tools for the Facility Management of Railway Bridges
## 5 Case Study
### Software Used to Generate BIM/data Automation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Damage** & **Category** & **Damage Intensity** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Vertical cracks} & \multirow{6}{*}{4} & (1) Localized cracks with an opening \textless{} 2 mm, affecting \textless{} \textless{} 20\% of the shaft height, regardless of the opening. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (2) Localized cracks with an opening of 2–5 mm, affecting between 20–40\% of the shaft height, regardless of the opening. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (3) Localized cracks with an opening of 5–10 mm, affecting 40–60\% of the shaft height, regardless of the opening. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Localized cracks with an opening \textgreater{} 10 mm, affecting \textgreater{} 60\% of the shaft height. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Moisture, patinas, crusts, or effloresences} & \multirow{6}{*}{2} & (1) Extent \textless{} 25\% of the element’s surface, or there are other significant deteriorations. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (2) Extent between 25–50\% of the element’s surface or associated medium-severity damage. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (3) Extent between 50–75\% of the element’s surface, or there are other high-severity deteriorations. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Extent \textgreater{} 75\% of the element’s surface, or there are other high-severity deteriorations. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Paintings/Graffiti} & \multirow{6}{*}{1} & (1) Extent \textless{} 25\% of the affected surface. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (2) Extent between 25–50\% of the affected surface. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (3) Extent between 50–75\% of the affected surface. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Extent \textgreater{} 75\% of the affected surface. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Rooted arboreal vegetation} & \multirow{6}{*}{3} & (1) Woody vegetation in initial growth, causing no deterioration to the shaft. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (2) Woody vegetation causing slight deterioration. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (3) Woody vegetation causing medium deterioration. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Woody vegetation causing severe deterioration. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Nesting, dirt} & \multirow{6}{*}{2} & (1) Isolated presence of dirt or isolated deposits of small volume. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (2) Widespread presence of dirt on \textless{} 30\% of the pile elements. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (3) Widespread presence of dirt on 30–60\% of the pile elements. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Widespread presence of dirt on \textgreater{} 60\% of the pile elements. \\ \cline{3-3}  & & (4) Widespread presence of dirt on \textgreater{} 60\% of the pile elements. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Excerpt of the inspection criteria for the pier shaft. On the other hand, the damage severity level refers, as the name implies, to how serious the defects in the elements are and whether they could compromise the structural health of the bridge. It is measured on a scale of four levels, which directly depends on the category and intensity of the damage. For this project, an equation is proposed to obtain the severity level of the damages for each bridge element to be inspected. This weighting is proposed to emphasize the value of the damage category since, as mentioned earlier, some deteriorations at their maximum intensity level generate a high severity level, while others at the same intensity level result in low or medium severity levels. However, this is only a proposal to determine the severity value of the elements; thus, it is possible that for other projects, a different equation that better fits that specific purpose may be used. The aforementioned Equation (1) is presented below:  
\[NG=\frac{Cat^{2}_{1}*Int_{1}+Cat^{2}_{2}*Int_{2}+\ldots+Cat^{2}_{n}*Int_{n}}{Cat_{ 1}+Cat_{2}+\ldots+Cat_{n}} \tag{1}\]