# Biodegradation of a Mixed Manure-Lignocellulosic System--A Possibility Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Concentration of Glucose and Xylose  
In addition to the insoluble lignin concentration, the concentrations of glucose and xylose remaining in the filtrate at the end of the Klasson procedure were measured. Lignin in plant cells is crosslinked to cellulose and hemicellulose. To make the cellulose and hemicellulose accessible, it is essential to break down the chemical bonds in lignin. One of the evidences of delignification is also the formation of sugars, which are the products of hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. The concentrations of both sugars in the initial samples and, after 30 d of incubation, were determined. The results for wheat straw samples are presented in Figure 1 and for Miscanthus in Figure 2. For the control, ordinary wheat straw was mixed with chicken manure with sawdust in the same mass ratios as in the case of pre-treated samples. The same experiments were performed with both wheat straw and Miscanthus. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(t\)/d & **Substrate** & **Ratio** & \(w_{\text{L}}\)/\% & **Substrate** & **Ratio** & \(w_{\text{L}}\)/\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Wheat straw} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Miscanthus} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{0} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 20.10 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M\(\rho\).} & 80:20 & 11.80 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 20.70 & & 50:50 & 15.00 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\) & 80:20 & 20.90 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 11.20 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 23.40 & & 50:50 & 14.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 19.90 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 13.50 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 20.80 & & 50:50 & 14.00 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 18.10 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 9.50 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 19.40 & & 50:50 & 15.10 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{9} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 21.30 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 9.20 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 22.60 & & 50:50 & 15.50 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 24.20 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 10.30 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 23.20 & & 50:50 & 13.80 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{14} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 25.50 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M\(\rho\).} & 80:20 & 15.20 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 20.80 & & 50:50 & 13.30 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 22.10 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 11.60 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 21.70 & & 50:50 & 15.30 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{19} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 21.10 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M\(\rho\).} & 80:20 & 13.20 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 19.60 & & 50:50 & 14.50 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 26.30 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 13.10 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 23.08 & & 50:50 & 15.50 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{23} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 24.80 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 10.30 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 20.10 & & 50:50 & 12.50 \\ \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 25.90 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 13.50 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 25.90 & & 50:50 & 15.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{30} & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 22.30 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 11.40 \\  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 18.10 & & 50:50 & 15.60 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 80:20 & 22.10 & \multirow{4}{*}{CMS:M} & 80:20 & 11.90 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & CMS:\(Sp\). & 50:50 & 24.70 & & 50:50 & 14.90 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Concentrations of acid-insoluble lignin. The concentrations of xylose were about 6-10% lower than that of glucose, but in some samples, the difference was as much as 27%. The average deviations in concentration of glucose and xylose in wheat straw samples were 0.48 and 0.28% and in Miscanthus samples 0.63 and 0.39%, respectively. It is worth noting that after 30 d, the glucose and xylose concentrations were also lower for the control samples, which were not pre-treated with fungi. These results can be explained by the fact that microorganisms already present in chicken manure can consume glucose and xylose.