# Location-Awareness for Failure Management in Cellular Networks: An Integrated Approach
## 4 Evaluation  
In order to evaluate the proposed framework, its performance in classifying the network status and the achieved execution times is assessed in comparison with classical non-context-aware approaches as well as manual selection of the inputs to be considered for the classification of the network status. The system is implemented and tested via the system-level simulator that is presented in [26] and whose main details are summarized in Table 1. Here, a key UDN scenario modeling the departure area of Malaga city Airport is implemented. This is the one shown in Figure 3 and further detailed in Figure 4. This includes an irregular building plan, with walls and boarding gates. The UDN deployment is composed of 12 picocells distributed in an area of 200 \(\times\) 300 m. Three macrocells are also modeled, with the closest one being located 500 m to the north-west of the building area. Simulated users are moving around all available areas where realistic user pattern concentrations (hotspots) have been defined in the security check area, boarding gates, etc. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Detail** & **Value** \\ \hline Propagation model & Indoor-indoor & Winner II A1 [27] \\  & Indoor-outdoor & Winner II A2 \\  & Outdoor-outdoor & Winner II C2 \\  & Outdoor-indoor & Winner II C4 \\ \hline Base station & Directivity & Omni (small)/tri-sector (macro) \\  & Access & Open (small)/open (macro) \\  & Equivalent Isotropically Radiated & 3 dBm (small cells)/43 dBm (macro) \\  & Power (EIRP) & \\ \hline UE model & Noise figure & 9 dB \\  & Noise density & \(-174\) dBm/Hz \\ \hline Traffic model & Calls & Poisson (avg. 0.43 calls/user-h) \\  & Duration & Exponential (avg. 100 s) \\ \hline Mobility model & Outdoor & 3 km/h, random direction \& wrap-around \\  & Indoor & Random Waypoint based model with hotspots [28] \\ \hline RRM model & Cell reselection & Criteria S, R \\  & Handover & Events A3, A5 \\ \hline Time resolution & Simulation & 100 ms \\  & Classification epoch time & 60 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: System level simulator parameters. Network measurements in this scenario follow those in real deployments, while considering cell level metrics as well as UE direct radio (RSRP and RSRQ) reports [29]. Here, radio-based indicators are essential in order to provide a fast response to failures in UDN, as they do not require a high number of users or long measurement periods [2]. The statistics that are calculated for both variables are the mean of the gathered UE measurements during each simulation loop of 60 s, where the UE reporting period is 100 ms. The UEs pedestrian movement is implemented by a random waypoint-based model, also incorporating the possibility to define user distribution hotspots in key areas. These are simulated following the approach presented in [28], allowing for a pre-defined and heterogeneous distribution of the destination points and the probability density function of the pause time for each individual node. In this way, the mobility model generates variable user distributions, which are key in properly evaluating the proposed system in an environment with dynamic user densities. This is reflected in Figure 5, where the dynamic nature of the users' distribution is represented based on the total amount of UE reports gathered during one minute at different stages of the simulation (starting at \(t=0,240,600\) s, respectively). The scenario also shows an important level of heterogeneity in the distribution of the BSs and the distances and number of neighbor cells for each one. The network status and key failures being considered are _normal_ situation (no failure), _macrocell interference_, _picocell interference_, and _picocell power degradation_[19]. The proposed system assessment is based on the analysis of 4004 loops of one minute of network simulation, corresponding to an equivalent of a little less than three days of data. 25% of the loops are under normal network conditions and another 25% is under macrocell interference.