## 3 Results
### Effects of the Intervention on Older Adults' QOL  
We noted significant main effects of group on sensory abilities (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 6.29, \(p\) = 0.014, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.07) as well as those of time on sensory abilities (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 16.13, \(p\) < 0.001, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.16), death and dying (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 4.25, \(p\) = 0.042, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.05), intimacy (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 4.53, \(p\) = 0.036, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.05), and overall QOL (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 15.11, \(p\) < 0.001, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.15). Furthermore, we also observed significant group \(\times\) time interaction effects on sensory abilities (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 26.91, \(p\) < 0.001, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.23), autonomy (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 11.66, \(p\) = 0.001, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.12), social participation/isolation (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 7.08, \(p\) = 0.009, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.07), death and dying (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 7.56, \(p\) = 0.007, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.08), and overall QOL (F\({}_{1,88}\) = 32.92, \(p\) < 0.001, and \(\eta^{2}_{\rm P}\) = 0.27). Sensory abilities and overall QOL revealed a large effect size. Autonomy, social participation/isolation, and death and dying displayed a medium effect size. (See Table 3 for details).  
The post hoc analyses of the simple main effects indicated that the EG yielded better post-test results than the CG in sensory abilities (EG: 12.64 \(\pm\) 2.09 vs. CG: 10.04 \(\pm\) 2.76, \(p\) < 0.001), autonomy (EG: 15.62 \(\pm\) 2.53 vs. CG: 14.36 \(\pm\) 2.10, \(p\) = 0.011), death and dying (EG: 16.07 \(\pm\) 3.00 vs. CG: 14.22 \(\pm\) 4.11, \(p\) = 0.017), and overall QOL (EG: 89.84 \(\pm\) 10.43 vs. CG: 82.29 \(\pm\) 10.13, \(p\) = 0.001). In addition, the EG demonstrated significant improvements from pre-test to post-test in sensory abilities (change: 23.92%, \(p\) < 0.001), autonomy (change: 7.65%, \(p\) = 0.016), social participation/isolation (change: 4.80%, \(p\) = 0.024), death and dying (change: 7.28%, \(p\) = 0.002), and overall QOL (change: 7.61%, \(p\) < 0.001). Moreover, the CG exhibited significant decreases from pre-test to post-test in autonomy (change: -4.01%, \(p\) = 0.015) and overall QOL (change: -1.46%, \(p\) = 0.017) (Figure 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Young-Old Adults**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Middle-Old Adults**} \\  & **(Age: 65–73 Years)** & **(Age: 74–85 Years)** & \multirow{2}{*}{_P_} \\ \cline{2-4} \cline{5-5}  & **EG** & **CG** & **EG** & **CG** \\  & **(\(\mu\) = 26)** & **(\(\mu\) = 24)** & **(\(\mu\) = 19)** & **(\(\mu\) = 21)** & \\ \hline Sex, male/female, \(n\) (\%) & 7 (26.9)/ & 5 (20.8)/ & 4 (21.1)/ & 4 (19.0)/ & \\  & 19 (73.1) & 19 (79.2) & 15 (78.9) & 17/(81.0) & \\ Age (years), Mean (SD) & 69.23 & 68.50 & 76.05 & 75.38 & \\  & (1.70) & (2.70) & (2.17) & (1.88) & \\ Total leisure-time physical activity, Mean (SD) (min/wk) \({}^{\rm b}\) & 428.65 & 419.17 & 295.00 & 343.10 & \\  & (296.50) & (238.91) & (168.51) & (187.03) & \\ Vigorous physical activity, Mean (SD) (min/wk) \({}^{\rm b}\) & 47.89 & 48.75 & 31.58 & 40.24 & \\  & (50.16) & (49.90) & (46.34) & (36.83) & \\ Moderate physical activity, Mean (SD) (min/wk) \({}^{\rm b}\) & 54.23 & 78.75 & 56.05 & 79.52 & \\  & (56.79) & (51.27) & (68.53) & (66.59) & 0.855 \\  & (526.54) & 291.67 & 207.37 & 223.33 & \\ (min/wk) \({}^{\rm b}\) & (255.22) & (225.88) & (152.93) & (161.99) & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: \({}^{\rm a}\) chi-square test; \({}^{\rm b}\) independent sample \(t\)-test.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of the two participant age groups.