## 9 Conclusions  
This paper reviewed the enabling technologies underpinning the seamless deployment of 5G networks. The article systematically evaluated more than twenty 5G major enabling technologies identified in previous review studies which were conducted between 2010 and 2022. The evolution of mobile networks tracing from 1G to 6G, different 5G use cases, and significant future research objectives are all presented. Findings from this review work revealed that, while there are numerous enabling technologies for 5G, the mmWave and massive MIMO technologies are the most prominent that have undergone in-depth and critical study by researchers. This study similarly found that the global 5G deployment trials are predominantly in Asia, America, and Europe; only a few trials were found in African nations. Furthermore, the favored Non-Standalone approach for the early commercial roll-out of the 5G networks has focused on the 5G FR1 bands, whereas the FR2 bands have been given little attention despite their superior bandwidth. It is worth noting that the QoS requirements of applications must be carefully defined in order to choose the best band for deployment. This work identified a number of important explorable research directions to improve the 5G communication networks further, particularly as they will aid the transition to the envisioned 6G technology. Certainly, this review will allow 5G researchers to quickly gain a general understanding of the various 5G technologies and other key topics without wading through a large pool of existing literature. Last, this survey reveals the benefits of these diverse technologies in developing a robust, flexible, dependable, and scalable 5G network. Future work would review system modeling and propagation measurements in 5G and beyond 5G wireless communication systems.  
The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. Conceptualization, Y.O.I.-F., N.F., O.A.S., A.A., E.A. and A.D.U.; methodology, Y.O.I.-F., K.S.A., A.A.O. and H.C.; software, B.A.B., A.A., K.S.A., A.A.O. and A.L.I; validation, A.M., Y.A.A. and L.S.T; formal analysis, E.A., B.A.B., A.A., K.S.A., A.A.O. and H.C.; investigation, Y.O.I.-F., K.S.A., A.A.O., S.G. and A.L.I.; resources, A.M., Y.A.A. and L.S.T.; data curation, N.F., O.A.S., A.A., S.G. and A.L.I.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.O.I.-F., N.F., O.A.S., A.A., E.A. and N.F.; writing--review and editing, Y.O.I.-F., K.S.A., A.A.O., S.G. and A.L.I.; visualization, A.M., Y.A.A. and L.S.T.; supervision, N.F.; project administration, L.S.T.; funding acquisition, N.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is funded by the Federal Republic of Nigeria under the National Research Fund (NRF) of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) Grant No. TETF/ES/DR&D-CE/NRF2020/SETI/64/VOL1 and by the Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) under Grant No. NCC/R&D/RG/SLU/001.  
Not applicable.  
The work of [PERSON] is supported in part by the Nigerian Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) and in part by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through the Nigerian-German Postgraduate Program under Grant 57473408.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this work.