# Monitoring Acute Heart Failure Patients Using Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Monitoring System
## 2 Related Work  
In this modern age, multiple technologies have been developed to monitor medical data. With the invention of sensors, the development has been taking place at a rapid pace. Sensors are used for real-time monitoring and data collection. Smart devices are full of sensors and are used for data collection. In [15], a technique based on a ring sensor is used to monitor the patient. A wearable ring containing the sensor is used for real-time monitoring of cardiac patients. In [16], a technique based on an ear sensor is used for continuous monitoring of heart patients. These sensors are small in size and wearable among persons of different ages alike which makes the monitoring process easy. Heart patients need an instant response in case of an emergency. Most fatalities happen due to delays in early diagnosis and inefficient methods. In [17], the authors designed a technique to take advantage of IoT technology using cloud sources for early diagnosis. One of the biggest challenges in medical fields is maintaining data. Clouds have huge volumes of storage capacity, so combining IoT technology with the cloud can have a huge impact. The study [18] designed an energy-efficient protocol for healthcare applications using dynamic channel coding by combining physical and multiple access layers. The aim is to optimize energy usage and maintain a lifetime of nodes in a network. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the health of front-end medical staff became vulnerable to this disease, and extra care was required to deal with patients. Consequently, remote health monitoring applications helped medical staff to diagnose patients effectively. Such systems are realized using IoT devices [19; 20]. In addition, image processing applications are installed at different public points for real-time surveillance of the public. The data from such installments can be obtained via IoMT by medical staff for further analysis [21]. Due to the advantages offered by IoMT technology, several approaches and systems have been presented recently using IoT connectors (Table 1). [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a health-monitoring system based on near-infrared spectroscopy and ML to analyze the glucose level. Today, IoMT edge devices are frequently used to monitor human health. It is a positive trend to help humans achieve fast-tracking and accurate results. The error ratio of the proposed glucose level detector is minimized as compared to methods available in the literature. [PERSON] et al. [23] proposed a method to classify diseases such as COVID-19, pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. The suggested method helps medical staff to diagnose diseases more accurately. This method shows better results in detecting various diseases. The authors designed an approach for remote-controlled ambulance service to improve healthcare in [24]. AI approaches are used to obtain real-time results. AI approaches are helpful in real-time applications, especially in medical applications where a fast and accurate response is needed. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [25] used an approach to monitor heart patients by managing a smart health band. The band is used to measure the heart rate data, which are used in analyzing the patient's health. Smart devices are used today to gather health-related data to analyze human health. The study [34] designed an approach to monitor human health using a mobile application. Mobile applications can be merged with IoT and cloud computing to boost the limits of the health monitoring system. Cloud technology has enough storage to store large volumes of IoT data and provide processing services. This approach also covers the brain signal to measure the stress of the human body. [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed a technique for non-professionals to know about various diseases. Instructions are given to the bot, which help to diagnose the patient. The integration of the bot with smart devices helps in providing better services.