# Review and New Aspects in Combining Multipoint Moulding and Additive Manufacturing
## 3 Possible Additive Manufacturing Methods
### Process Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Process Name** & **Material** & **Form of Base Material** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Field of Process** \\ **Temperatures** \\ \end{tabular} & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) & metals, alloys & powder bed & \begin{tabular}{c} material dependent \\ (melting spot: \\ 600-3500 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} & temperature stability of parts, & powder bed, high fusing temperatures, \\ \hline Directed Energy Deposition & metals, alloys & powder jet & \begin{tabular}{c} material dependent \\ (melting spot: \\ 600-3500 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} & temperature stability of parts, & powder, high fusing temperatures, \\ \hline Laminated Object Modelling (LOM) & metals, alloys, plastics, paper & solid plates, film reels & \begin{tabular}{c} depending on material (room \\ temperature—1500 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} & temperature stability, process at room temperature possible & \begin{tabular}{c} parameter stability of parts, \\ room temperature possible \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} powder bed, high fusing temperatures, \\ residual material \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Binder Jetting (3 DP) & metals, alloys, ceramics, sand & powder bed & room temperature & \begin{tabular}{c} many materials available, \\ part strength, process time, \\ shape options \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} possibly portprocessing \\ necessary, powder bed, \\ residual material \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) & plastics & powder bed & \begin{tabular}{c} material dependent (building \\ chamber: 100-150 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ sintering spot: \\ 100-350 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} & precision, shape options & \begin{tabular}{c} powder bed, high fusing temperatures, residual \\ material, heated chamber \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Fused Layer Modelling (FLM) 1 & plastics, concrete, bio materials & filament, pellets, gel-like liquids & \begin{tabular}{c} material dependent (room \\ temperature—250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} no residual material, \\ comparatively simple, only \\ nozzle heated, \\ many materials \\ \end{tabular} & temperature stability of parts, part strength, shape options \\ \hline Stereolithography (SLA) & liquid, light-sensitive resins & resin bath & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 25-30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, possibly \\ cooling necessary \\ \end{tabular} & precision, process time &
\begin{tabular}{c} resin bath, temperature \\ stability of parts, part \\ strength, shape options, \\ postprocessing needed \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\) Move commonly known is Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), as a special case of the process group for the use of filaments as raw material.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Main characteristics of additive manufacturing processes in respect of the combination with vacuum assisted multipoint moulding. Accordingly, to the metal processes, powder bed processes are only insufficiently suitable for enhanced vacuum-assisted multipoint moulding with additive attachments integrated in one plant, even when using plastics. As the process temperatures are reduced and may be suitable with the interpolation layer the big advance of the high temperature stability is also no longer existent. The situation is similar with stereolithographic processes that rely on a resin bath, which can only be realised directly on the interpolation layer with great effort. In contrast, the fused filament fabrication has great potential for enhanced vacuum assisted multipoint moulding with additive attachments, since the material is only placed at the required points during production. The solid raw material can be fed from a coil, so that no special precautions are necessary on the vacuum assisted multipoint mould. Summarising in the case of plastic processes the powder bed processes and the stereolithographic processes only have little advances in regard to the integrated enhanced vacuum assisted multipoint moulding with additive attachments process.