## 3 The Concept of Area-Based Vehicle Speed Control  
The concept of area-based vehicle speed control, presented in earlier publications, is a modern and proprietary concept for speed limit compliance surveillance [24]. It departs from the traditional point or section approach in favor of continuous, distributed traffic monitoring over the entire defined area. In contrast to classic solutions, the area-based system covers a much wider range and allows the recording of actual driver behavior on different types of roads. It is possible to do this over the entire area under control, such as an administrative area, including a municipality, county, or province. This approach enhances the effectiveness of the control, as drivers are unable to predict where the measurement will take place, prompting them to adjust their speed constantly. The basic premise of an area-based speed control system is the distributed deployment of measuring devices (speed sensors), which transmit data in real-time to central servers using LoRaWAN wireless technology. This enables not only continuous speed monitoring across the area but also real-time data analysis and the initiation of operational responses, such as dispatching a police patrol to locations with ongoing serious speeding violations. Such system architecture also makes it possible to archive the data, analyze it in the long term, and use machine learning for hazard prediction and determining points with a currently higher risk of accidents.  
The primary objective of implementing an area speed control system is to enhance traffic safety through continuous monitoring of compliance with the rules and a dynamic response to situations that pose a danger. The system provides an opportunity for both prevention and rapid response, thus supporting the activities of law enforcement agencies and local governments. Importantly, it enables local authorities to re-engage in the process of ensuring traffic safety, this time through intelligent information surveillance. The concept was developed based on LoRaWAN technology, a low-energy, long-range wireless data transmission network. LoRaWAN is designed to transmit small portions of data but over very long distances, with minimal energy consumption, making it ideal for smart cities and transportation systems. Using this technology, it is possible to deploy sensors along roads throughout the controlled area without the need to provide them with access to mains power or fiber optic networks. The system employs an architecture comprising terminal devices (sensors), communication gateways (base stations), a network server, and an application server. Data collected by the sensors is sent to the server, where it is analyzed, aggregated, and made available to end users such as law enforcement or traffic management centers. Area-based vehicle speed control using LoRaWAN technology is an entirely flexible and scalable approach. The system can be deployed locally, at the level of a single municipality, and gradually expanded to a regional, provincial, or national level. The advantage of such a solution is its modularity, ease of expansion, and adaptability to local conditions. Ultimately, the goal of this concept is not only control but, more importantly,the prediction of risks and an effective, long-term increase in the level of safety for all traffic participants.