# Coordination of Macro Base Stations for 5G Network with User Clustering
## 4 Case Study
### Simulation on 3 \(\times\) 3 5G Macro BSs Network
#### 4.1.2 Effectiveness of the Two-Step Energy Management Model for 5G Macro BS Network  
First, the performance of the proposed two-step energy management model for the 5G macro BS network for the improvement of the dispatching scheme of both communication and standard equipment is evaluated. The dispatching scheme of the communication equipment and users with the use of the proposed model is analyzed first. The on/off state and cluster association strategy during the period of peak/valley traffic load (t\({}_{\text{peak}}\) = 73, t\({}_{\text{valley}}\) = 18) are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively. Figure 6: Diagram of a 3 \(\times\) 3 distributed 5G macro BS network. Figure 7: On/off states of BSs and cluster association strategy: (**a**) peak period of traffic load and (**b**) valley period of traffic load. It can be observed from Figure 7a that during the period of peak traffic load, all of the BSs are heavily occupied; hence, the users are unable to transfer to adjacent cells. All BSs in the 5G network are in active mode, and the users in each cell are served by the local BSs. According to Figure 7b, during the period of valley traffic load, some BSs in the network are lightly loaded so that the redundant BSs (BS 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9) are switched to the sleep mode and the users in the corresponding cells are transferred to adjacent BSs to receive communication services. With the use of the BS sleeping strategy and user transferring strategy, the 5G macro BSs in the network coordinate with each other to reduce electricity costs and energy consumption. It can be observed that with the proposed dispatching scheme, the energy consumption of the communication equipment is reduced by making full use of the spatial and temporal fluctuations of the traffic load. The average indoor temperatures are shown in Figure 8. To ensure the normal working status of the BSs, the AC needs to maintain the temperature inside the cabinets below the upper bound of the indoor temperature. The thermal inertia of the cabinet can be used to shift the power consumption of the air conditioner. When the electricity price is relatively low, such as in periods 9-24, the AC is turned on to reduce the indoor temperature to a low level, while in instances in which the electricity price is high, such as in periods 25-31, the AC can be turned off. The indoor temperature would not reach the upper bound of the indoor temperature owing to the thermal inertia of the cabinets. In addition, during periods in which the electricity prices and outdoor temperature are both high (i.e., periods 45-96), the high-cooling demand and electricity prices will lead to high-electricity costs produced by the AC. In this regard, with the proposed dispatching scheme, the AC is first turned on in advance (during periods 32-44, when the electricity price and outdoor temperature are relatively low) to reduce the indoor temperature to a low level so that the working time of the AC can be shortened during the following periods. The power consumption of AC is as conservative as possible during periods with a high electricity price and outdoor temperature. In detail, the overall trend of indoor temperature is rising, and the AC is turned on for a short time during periods 52-56 and 70-72 to keep the indoor temperature below the upper bound. After period 85, the indoor temperature reached its upper limit. In these periods, the AC only turned on when the indoor temperature almost exceeded the upper bound instead of lowering the indoor temperature so that the power consumption and electricity costs could be reduced. The variation in the total energy storage of backup batteries in the 5G network with the electricity price is shown in Figure 9. As shown, the charging action mainly occurs during  
Figure 8: Average indoor temperature. the low electricity price periods (i.e., periods 10-25), and the discharging action mainly occurs during the high electricity price periods (i.e., periods 75-85).