# Development and Validation of a Tool for VBOI (Virtual Body Ownership Illusion) Level Assessment
## 4 Results
### Anova  
#### 4.2.1 Virtual BOI Scores  
To verify whether the evaluation tool presented in this study indicates different levels of Virtual Body Ownership Illusion (Virtual BOI) according to conditions, ANOVA was conducted. The results of ANOVA revealed significant differences in Virtual BOI scores across conditions, thus supporting H1 (F = 59, \(p\) = \(<\)0.001). Table 4 summarizes the results of ANOVA.  
Table 5 displays the mean values of Virtual BOI scores for each condition. Condition 1 (M = 5.6, SD = 0.66), with haptic feedback provided by the controller and a first-person perspective, and Condition 2 (M = 5.2, SD = 0.72), with hand tracking and a first-person perspective, exhibited higher scores compared to other conditions. Conversely, Condition 3 (M = 3.3, SD = 1.04), with haptic feedback provided by the controller and a third-person perspective, showed lower scores.  
To investigate the statistical differences in Virtual BOI scores between conditions, [PERSON]'s test was conducted, and Table 6 represents the results of [PERSON]'s test.  
The results of [PERSON]'s test showed a statistically significant difference between Condition 1 and Condition 4, where the only difference was the presence of haptic feedback. H2 was supported. Thus, it was observed that the level of BOI varies depending on the presence of haptic feedback. Condition 3, which is in a third-person perspective, differs significantly from Condition 1, Condition 2, and Condition 4, which are all in a first-person perspective. This difference is statistically significant, supporting H3. Thus, in a third-person perspective, participants' BOI was not well induced. This indicates that BOI scores  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sum of Squares** & **Df** & **Mean Square** & **F** & \(p\) \\ \hline Between Groups & 22,678 & 3 & 7559 & & \\ Within Groups & 19,474 & 152 & 128 & & \\ Total & 42,152 & 155 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: ANOVA for BOI scores.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Subscales**} & **Questions** & **Factor Loading** & **Cronbach’s Alpha** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Visuo-motor} & Q14. Did it feel like your actual body was being affected by something? & 0.467 & & \\  & Q15. How actively could you move or manipulate the virtual environment using the & & 0.904 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & controller (or hand tracking)? & & 0.847 & 0.829 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Q16. Could you control the virtual body as if it were your own body? & & 0.663 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Q17. Did it feel like the movements of the virtual body were influenced by the & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & movements of your own body? & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dependent Variables** & **Experiment Conditions** & **Means** & **SD** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Virtual Body Ownership Illusion Scores} & Condition 1 & 5.6 & 0.66 \\  & Condition 2 & 5.2 & 0.72 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Condition 3 & 3.3 & 1.04 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Condition 4 & 5.0 & 0.90 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Mean values for experiment conditions on VBOI score.  
are lower when experiencing the body from a third-person perspective compared to a first-person perspective.