# Best-Suited Communication Technology for Maritime Signaling Facilities: A Literature Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Standards and Regulatory Requirements  
Furthermore, discussing the standards and regulatory requirements related to maritime signaling facilities and communication in maritime areas is crucial. First and foremost, it is necessary to mention IALA. IALA (The International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation) is an intergovernmental organization aimed at improving the safety of maritime navigation by providing guidelines and standards for aids to navigation [83,84]. Another important organization in this context is the IMO (International Maritime Organization). The IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for developing and implementing international rules and standards in the maritime industry [85]. In the context of standards, attention must be paid to RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) [86]. RTCM is an organization that develops standards for maritime communication and navigation systems, and the standards prescribed by RTCM are used in various naval systems, including Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), navigation tools, ship tracking systems, and real-time data transmission. Table 7 provides a comparative overview of the analyzed technologies and regulatory requirements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **AIS** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LoRa WAN**} \\ \hline
**Cost (H/L)** & **Ref.** & **Cost (H/L)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline n/a & [36] & L & [40] \\ \hline L & [37] & L & [56] \\ \hline n/a & [38] & L & [41] \\ \hline - & - & n/a & [51] \\ \hline - & - & L & [53] \\ \hline - & - & L & [44] \\ \hline - & - & L & [45] \\ \hline - & - & n/a & [44] \\ \hline - & - & L & [47] \\ \hline - & - & L & [39] \\ \hline - & - & L & [48] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{LTE} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{3G} \\ \hline Cost (H/L) & Ref. & Cost (H/L) & Ref. \\ \hline L & [49] & L & [57] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{GPS} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NB-IoT} \\ \hline Cost (H/L) & Ref. & Cost (H/L) & Ref. \\ \hline L & [50] & n/a & [56] \\ \hline L & [57] & L & [55] \\ \hline L & [51] & L & [39] \\ \hline L & [52] & - & - \\ \hline L & [53] & - & - \\ \hline n/a & [54] & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{VHF} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{MaxStream} \\ \hline Cost (H/L) & Ref. & Cost (H/L) & Ref. \\ \hline L & [57] & n/a & [24] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{GSM} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{ZigBee} \\ \hline Cost (H/L) & Ref. & Cost (H/L) & Ref. \\ \hline H & [58] & L & [62] \\ \hline n/a & [59] & L & [55] \\ \hline H & [60] & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The results of the cost analysis for the application of each technology. Based on the analysis presented in Table 7, several key conclusions can be drawn regarding the compliance and suitability of various communication technologies with regulatory requirements. While AIS, VHF, VDES, and Iridium fully comply with IMO regulations, IALA guidelines, and RTCM standards, their practical implementation is hindered by significant technical limitations, including high operational costs, substantial energy consumption, and infrastructure requirements. As a result, despite their regulatory compliance, these technologies are less suitable for large-scale deployment in maritime signaling facilities [65; 66; 67]. On the other hand, LTE technology offers excellent technical characteristics and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, and the availability of the system, respectively.