## 1 Introduction
IoT can be described as a framework that facilitates inter-device communication via the Internet [9]. The promise of technology to facilitate complex decision support systems is evident through its ability to deliver services in a more accurate, organized, and intelligent manner [13]. IoT has significantly enhanced the capacity for analyzing catastrophe risks, namely in the areas of floods and earthquakes. This advancement has facilitated the development of more effective disaster response plans and risk management policies [11]. Numerous instances exist wherein the IoT is employed for the purpose of regular surveillance of natural occurrences, transmission of alert alerts, and provision of timely information to disaster management authorities [11]. In 2020, 23 out of 195 UN countries had effective disaster early warning systems, which successfully protected 93.63% of the population at risk from natural disasters in those countries ([[https://sendaimonitor.undrr.org/analytics/global-target/16/8](https://sendaimonitor.undrr.org/analytics/global-target/16/8)]([https://sendaimonitor.undrr.org/analytics/global-target/16/8](https://sendaimonitor.undrr.org/analytics/global-target/16/8)) (accessed on 19 May 2023)). Flood warning systems can reduce flood losses by 35% annually ([[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/609951468330279598/pdf/693580](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/609951468330279598/pdf/693580)]([https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/609951468330279598/pdf/693580](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/609951468330279598/pdf/693580)) ESW0P1230 aster0 Risk0 Reduction.pdf (accessed on 19 May 2023)). Early warning systems on the West Coast of the United States enhance population preparedness for the disaster, reducing the risk of injuries by 50% [14]. The utilization of IoT technologies facilitates the acquisition of data, enabling communities to receive periodic updates and implement proactive steps in response to imminent disasters [11]. The IoT technology plays an important role in rescue actions since it can provide instantaneous updates of information [13]. The ability to make effective and precise decisions in a timely manner is crucial during relief operations due to the needs and dynamic nature of the environment [13]. The first 72 h after a disaster (i.e., the golden rescue time) are crucial for search and rescue, as the probability of finding survivors sharply decreases after this period [15]. The implementation of IoT technology has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of search and rescue operations within a designated time frame of 72 h [15]. Hence, IoT has the capability to offer real-time monitoring, timely alerts, post-disaster response, and assistance in rescue operations, thereby assuming a significant role in urban catastrophe management. Furthermore, the utilization of IoT devices has become increasingly prevalent as a cost-effective and straightforward approach to monitoring various systems [16]. Our review aims to offer managers a comprehensive set of recommendations for the effective implementation of IoT technologies in the context of urban catastrophe management. The architecture of IoT primarily has three layers, namely the perception layer (sometimes referred to as the sensor layer), the network layer, and the application layer [17]. Our review commences by focusing on sensors, which serve as the foundational component of the IoT framework. In the realm of IoT devices, sensors play a pivotal role in the collection and aggregation of data [18]. Sensors have the capability to be deployed in diverse environments, including riverbeds and soil. The sensors have the capability to gather and transmit data in real-time on a continuous and automated basis. Sensors are vital link between the physical and digital realms, assuming a pivotal function within the IoT framework. Subsequently, the data would be conveyed to the application layers for the purpose of data analysis and support applications, utilizing diverse communication technologies and protocols.