## 4 Discussion
### Innovations for Urban Wastewater Management: Advancing Sewage Transformation Strategies  
The measurement strap's successful development marks a major advancement in monitoring wet circuits in closed channels. With precise and reliable measurements, our strap empowers wastewater management professionals to make informed decisions on maintenance, resource allocation, and system optimization. This proactive approach mitigates risks like flooding and environmental pollution caused by rainwater infiltration. The device accurately detects and quantifies rainwater ingress in sewer channels, enabling real-time monitoring, data analysis, and effective strategies to minimize its impact [41]. The precision, reliability, and practicality of our measurement strap offer tangible solutions for accurate measurements in closed channels [42; 43]. By embracing these innovations, municipalities and wastewater management authorities can enhance their understanding of wet circuits, make data-driven decisions, and safeguard the environment against the perils of rainwater infiltration. Efficient rainwater management is vital for urban wastewater systems facing flood and contamination risks. Our innovative armlet with a wet circuit measurement system is tailored for enclosed conduits like sewage and stormwater channels. Precision engineering replicates closed channel conditions, aided by advanced materialsand sensors for real-time rainwater detection. This data-driven approach, rooted in rigorous lab experiments, explores various armlet shapes and sizes to minimize interference with wastewater flow. Accurate detection and quantification of rainwater enable proactive maintenance, averting floods and environmental harm. This innovative solution extends beyond monitoring, addressing rainwater-related challenges, enhancing urban wastewater management efficiency and sustainability.  
While this research represents a significant advancement in rainwater ingress detection, further studies are needed to address certain challenges [34; 37; 44]. Long-term durability and reliability of the device, seamless integration with existing management systems, and scalability for large-scale implementation are areas that require continued investigation [45]. Future research may explore the device with predictive analytics and machine learning for accurate forecasting and intelligent decision-making. The soft sensor accurately estimated wastewater flowrates, closely matching manual measurements (207 and 205 m\({}^{3}\)/h vs. 212 and 207 m\({}^{3}\)/h) and comparing well to reference flowrates (approximately 188 and 180 m\({}^{3}\)/h). This demonstrates its precision, particularly in large sewer lines (diameter 1 m) when the distance sensor operated flawlessly, enabling precise flowrate estimation [46]. Moreover, the device's compatibility with existing sewer infrastructure and easy installation were confirmed during field tests. It seamlessly integrated into the sewer system without requiring extensive modifications or disruptions to normal operations [47]. The non-intrusive measurement techniques employed by the device also ensured minimal impact on the system's hydraulic performance and overall functionality [48]. The newly developed device brings forth numerous benefits for urban wastewater management systems [49]. Its ability to promptly identify rainwater infiltration events enables targeted cleaning, optimized pump operations, and diversion of excess flows, thereby reducing the risk of system overload, backups, and environmental contamination.