esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Recent Development of Morphology Controlled Conducting Polymer Nanomaterial-Based Biosensor
## 3 Polyaniline-Based Electrodes
### 3D Nanostructures
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nanostructure** & **Receppler** & **Analyte** & **Mechanism** & **LOD 1** & **Response Time** & **Working Temperature** & **Linearity** & **Cycle Stability** & **Reference** \\ \hline HCS@PANI 2 & AChE 3 & & & & & & & & \\ \hline HCS@PANI 4 & Thiodate-probe & Hepatitists in Viruses & Electrochemical & 3.62 IM & - & 25 °C & 10 M-1 nM & - & [98] \\  & DNA & & & & & & & \\ \hline SO\({}_{2}\) (JAPAN) & COx & Glucose & Electrochemical & 0.1 mM & \textless{}2 s & 25 °C & 1–16 mM & 45 days & [99] \\ \hline Au/PANI NNV & COx & Glucose & ECL 6 & 0.05 nM & - & 25 °C & 0.1–100 nM & 40 cycles & [100] \\ \hline PFICdd PANI NNF & Apatmer & BRCA 7 & Electrochemical & 3.8 RM & - & 25 °C & 0.01 pM+1 mM & - & [101] \\ \hline Electrospain PANI & COX-2 polychymal & COX-2 enzyme 8 & Electrochemical & 0.01 pg mL-1 & - & 25 °C & 0.01 pg mL-1 1g mL-1 & - & [102] \\  & NHS & antibody & & & & & & & \\ \hline PANI NTs & HRP 9 & H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\) & Electrochemical & 8.1 RM & \textless{}200 s & 25 °C & 0.01-90 nM & - & [103] \\ \hline PANI NTs & Apatmer & CML 10 & Electrochemical & 0.1 RM & - & 25 °C & 0.1 RM-1 nM & 40 days & [104] \\ \hline
2D PANI & RSD 11 & Dopamine & Electrical & 2 mM & - & 25 °C & 2.2M-1 mM & 48 h & [105] \\ \hline PANI transbored & - & Glucose & Electrochemical & 0.043 nM & \textless{}1 s & 25°C & 1 mM-1 mM & - & [106] \\ \hline NO/PANI & - & Glucose & Electrochemical & 0.06 mM & \textless{}10 s & 25°C & 1 mM-1 mM & 60 days & [107] \\ \hline
2D PANI layer & Antibody & BNT 12 & FET 13 & 50 pg mL-1 & - & 25 °C & 50–1000 pg mL-1 & - & [108] \\ \hline
2D PANI & Antibody & BNT & FET 100 pg mL-1 & - & 25 °C & 100–1000 pg mL-1 & - & [109] \\ \hline
3D PANI & Xanthine oxidase & Xanthine & ECL & 9.6 mM & - & 25 °C & 0.01-200 nM & - & [110] \\ \hline
3D PANI & Xanthine oxidase & Guanine & PEC 14 & 0.02 nM & \textless{}2 s & 25 °C & 0.1–80 nM & 2 days & [111] \\ \hline
3D PANI & Uricase & Uric acid & Electrochemical & 1 mM & \textless{}3 s & 25 °C & 0.07-1 mM & - & [112] \\ \hline
3D PANI-NoG\({}_{2}\) & Apatmer & CML & Electrochemical & 3 AM & - & 25 °C & 0.01 M-1 mM & - & [113] \\ \hline PANI/graphene & - & Cholesterol & Electrochemical & 1.98 mg.dL-1 & - & 25 °C & 1.90–4604 ng mL-1 & - & [114] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* 1 Limit of detection, 2 hollow carbon spheres coated with needle-like polyantine, 3 acetylcholine esterase, 4 hollow carbon spheres decorated with polyaniline, 5 lutetium phthalocyanine incorporated silica-polyaniline conducting nanobeads, 6 electrochemical luminescence, 7 breast cancer susceptibility gene, 9 cyclooxygenase-2, 7 horseradish peroxidase, 10 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 11 arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide, 12 B-type natriuretic peptide, 13 field effect transistor, 14 photoelectrochemical.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparative sensing performance and limit of detection of polyaniline nanostructure-based biosensors.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Standard Orthogonal Experiment  
The L9 (34) experimental plan and the corresponding results are shown in Table 2.  
We can rank the importance of influencing factors by comparing the calculated ranges of all the factors. From Table 2, the range of factor B, the rotational speed of the gear disc, was much larger than that of A and C, which indicates that the rotational speed of the gear disc was the most important factor. Factor D was a blank factor and was treated as random errors. Since we have D \(>\) C \(>\) A and B \(>\) (C + A + D), we can treat the influences of seed layer thickness and fan air pressure also as errors. It should be noted that the three level values we set for each factor in the orthogonal experiment were within the normal operational limits. Only when the parameter values are within the limits can the influences of factors A and C be treated as errors. From Table 2, the combination of factor levels that output the best seeding performance was B\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)A\({}_{3}\) (i.e., the seed layer thickness was 45 mm, the rotational speed of the gear disc was 45 r/min, and the fan air pressure was 2450 Pa).
## 6 Conclusions  
The present study develops theoretical calibration framework for a novel tuned lever inerter-like mass damper (TLIMD) optimization. The host structure inherent damping is explicitly included in the calibration process, thus leading to generalized formulae for the TLIMD's optimal parameters. Owing to the inertial amplification property (of the lever) and the geometric configuration advantage, the optimized TLIMD exhibits better performance than the classic inerter-based dampers (e.g., the TMDI and TID). The main conclusions are as follows.  
In terms of the vibration control performance, three main advantages are summarized for the optimized TLIMD (by the proposed formulae). Firstly, comparing to the traditional inerter-based damper (e.g., the TID and TMDI), the TLIMD can significantly attenuate the variance of structure displacement, especially under the large mass ratio and lever length ratio (known as the inertia amplification ratio) condition. Secondly, with the introduction of the host structure damping (even at a high damping ratio value such as \(\zeta_{1}=10\%\)), the TLIMD still exhibits significant advantages over the TMDI and TID. Finally, under the same frequency and damping ratio detuning condition (the robustness analysis), the TLIMD not only yields smaller root mean square error (RMSE) values but also results in a relatively smaller displacement RMS value of the main structure compared to the TID and TMDI. Even though the control performance of the TLIMD is not remarkable compared with the TMDI under some special cases, it is still considered a cost-effective solution in real application.  
K.X.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Software, Writing--original draft, Writing--review and editing. W.W.: Methodology, Software, Writing--review and editing. H.L.: Conceptualization, Investigation, Software. A.L.: Software, Investigation. J.G.: Investigation, Software. J.Y.: Conceptualization, Supervision. B.C.: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing--review and editing, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52378507), the Hunan Provincial Ten Key Technological Projects (No. 2023 GK1030), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2023 JJ30129), Young Talent Fund of Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi, China (No. 20240432; No. 20240419) and Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Activities for Overseas Students Selected Funding Project (No. 2023-007).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Effect of Heat-Treatment Remediation on the Mechanical Behavior of Oil-Contaminated Soil
###### Abstract  
The heat treatment of oil-contaminated sites is widely carried out for the purposes of remediation. However, heat treatment changes the physical and chemical properties of soil. Before the soil can be reused as a construction material in civil engineering, such as in backfill or road base materials, the changes to its physical properties must be understood. Therefore, this study investigates the changes in the physical and chemical properties of oil-contaminated soil after heat treatment. In this investigation, experimental samples of soil with added oil from a refinery plant are used to investigate the removal rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) by thermal desorption and incineration. The physical properties of the soil, including water permeability and mechanical properties, are compared before and after heat treatment. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Particle size analysis reveals that heat treatment makes soil particles finer. (2) In the burning reduction test, heat treatment at 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C removes more than 90% of THP. (3) In the direct shear test, the friction angle (\(\phi\)) increases with the removal rate. (4) In the hydraulic test, as the removal rate increases, the permeability coefficient increases after heat treatment.  
heat treatment; oil-contaminated soil; permeability; soil pollution; remediation Article
## 4 Case Study
### Data Preparation
#### 4.2.5 Repair Time Data  
The repair time parameters in this study are based on geological disaster recovery records from 2021 to 2023, provided by the Tibet Autonomous Region Department of Natural Resources for the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (G109). The average clearance time for different types of disasters is statistically analyzed and presented in Table 3. Furthermore, the repair time for each component is calculated using Equation (15).  
It is important to note that, according to the Geological Hazard Risk Assessment Specification (GB/T 40112-2021) [50], geological disasters are classified into four categories: small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale, and extra-large-scale disasters. Examples of these four types of disaster events in Tibet are shown in Figure 13.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Disaster Type 1** & **Road Segment** & **Bridge** & **Tunnel** \\ \hline small-scale & 1 & 1.5 & 2 \\ medium-scale & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ large-scale & 5 & 7.5 & 10 \\ extra-large-scale & 15 & 22.5 & 30 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Average repair time for different disaster types (days).
# MR Images, Brain Lesions, and Deep Learning
## 2 The Literature Review: Selection Criteria
The methods and techniques used were support vector machine (SVM) [72], random forest (RF) [38], classical algorithms of segmentation like the watershed (WS) algorithm [73], and techniques of deep learning such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [42; 74], as well as their combinations: SVM-RF [28] and CNN-RF [26; 75]. Figure 7: Citation map between documents generated in VOSviewer [57]. The scale of the colors (purple to yellow) indicates the number of citations per document, and the diameter of the points shows the normalization of the citations according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [71]. The purple points are the documents that had less than 10 citations, and the yellow points represent documents with more than 60 citations. _Appl. Sci._**2021**, _11_, 1675 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Article Title** & **Author/Year** & **Journal** & **Total Citations** & **Norm. Citations** & **Disease** & **Type of Images/ Images/ Dataset** & **Methodology** & **Metrics/ Observation** \\ \hline Efficient & & & & & & & & BRATS 2015 \\ Multi-scale 3D & & & & & & & & DSC: 84.9 \\ CNN with Fully & & & & & & & & Precision: 85.3 \\ Connected CRF & & Kamnitsas, & Medical & & & & & BRATS 11-layer- & Sensitivity: 87.7 \\ for Accurate & & [PERSON] et al. & Image & 1062 & 7.54 & brain & 2015 & deep 3D & DSC: 66 \\ Brain Lesion & (2017) & Analysis & & & & & ISLES & CNN & Precision: 77 \\ Segmentation & & & & & & & 2015 & Sensitivity: 63 \\ \([\)76\(]\) & & & & & & & & ASSD: 5.00 \\ \hline ISLES 2015—A & & & & & & & & & \\ Public & & & & & & & & \\ Evaluation & & & & & & & & & \\ Benchmark & & & & & & & & \\ for Ischemic & & [PERSON]. & & & & & & & \\ Stroke Lesion & et al. (2017) & & Image & 171 & 1.21 & Ischemic stroke & MR-DWI- PWI & RF-CNN & comparison of tools developed in Challenge ISLES 2015. \\ Segmentation & & & & & & & & & \\  from & & & & & & & & \\ Multispectral & & & & & & & & \\ MRI [26] & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Classifiers for & & & & & & & & & \\ Ischemic Stroke & & & & & & & & \\ Lesion & [PERSON]. & PLoS & & & & & & \\ Segmentation: & et al. (2015) & & & & & & & \\ A Comparison & & & & & & & & \\ Study [38] & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Fully Automatic & & & NeuroImage: & & & & & & DSC [0, 1]: 0.80 \\ acute Ischemic & & Clinical & & & & & & & HD (mm): 15.79 \\ Lesion & & & Smart Innovation, & & & & & private37 & \\ Segmentation in & & & & & & & & \\ DWI Using & et al. (2017) & & & & & & & \\ Convolutional & & & & & & & & \\ Neural & & & & & & & & \\ Networks [42] & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Segmentation of & & & & & & & & \\ Ischemic Stroke & & & & & & & & \\ Lesion in Brain & & & & & & & & \\ MRI Based on & & & & & & & \\ Social Group & & & & & & & \\ Optimization & & & & & & & \\ and & & & & & & & \\ Fuzzy-Tsallis & & & & & & & & \\ Entropy [77] & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: List of the 10 most cited articles according to the normalization of the citations [58]. This table also shows the central theme of research, the type of image, and the methodology used in the processing.
## 1 Introduction
### Related Work  
The past ten years have witnessed the standardization and development of PON architectures by IEEE and ITU-T. In [5], a graded-index few-mode fiber (GI-FMF) encourages twenty eigen modes with higher intermodal separation between vector modes. It encourages 12 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in GI-FMF. It is realized that the shape parameter is a suitable candidate for short-haul communication [5]. In [10], 20 OAM modes at a 10 Gbps per channel data rate are realized over a free space optics (FSO) link range of 0.4 m at a \(10^{-3}\) bit error rate (BER) using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) [10]. In [11], PONs and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for facilitating the dense deployment of 5G networks are realized. It shows that the reliable FSO range of 3 km is obtained at a 10 Gbps transmission rate for 512 subcarriers. In [12], an MDM system using a four-quadrature amplitude modulation is realized over a 10 m fiber at a 10 Gbps data rate. Six linearly polarized (LP) modes, viz., LP01, LP11a, LP11b, LP21a, LP21b, and LP02, are generated in the system along with EDFA. In [13], WDM and OAM modes are presented over a 1 km MMF at a 10 Gbps transmission rate. In [9], a time division multiplexing (TDM) PON using an MDM scheme is demonstrated over a 10 km few-mode fiber (FMF) and a 10 km SMF at a 10 Gbps data rate. In [14], an MDM-PON system incorporating a 10 km two-mode fiber at 10 Gbps is realized successfully.  
For these types of optical networks, there is an encouragement to further enhance the system capacity of existing PON communication links by utilizing multiplexing and FSO links. In a modal transmission scenario, multiple transmission beams carrying an individual data channel are coincidentally transmitted in the same wavelength spectrum.
# Route Optimization for UGVs: A Systematic Analysis of Applications, Algorithms and Challenges
## 2 Research Methodology  
With an emphasis on the current status of path planning in agriculture, a systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out to thoroughly arrange the body of knowledge and find studies pertinent to the subject of interest [14]. Articles with the terms \"path planning optimization\" and \"agriculture\" in the title, abstract or keywords were explicitly targeted by the search strategy. To guarantee transparency, rigor and thoroughness throughout the study process, a comprehensive review protocol was created before the SLR [15]. Developing study questions, establishing the search technique and establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria were the three primary components of this process. The PRISMA standards, the recommended guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, were followed for conducting the SLR.
## 3 Mathematical Formulation
### Digital Twins
#### 3.1.2 DT-PV  
The DT-PV serves as a virtual model of the photovoltaic installation, enabling precise monitoring and optimization of energy production. As detailed in [38], the DT-PV integrates mathematical representations of the PV modules, the power electronics, and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, facilitating predictive analytics and improved decision-making in industrial energy management sectors.  
The PV system comprises an array of photovoltaic modules connected to a PV inverter, which regulates the DC output voltage to optimize energy conversion. The electrical behavior and generation of the PV modules are represented by a single-diode equivalent circuit model, where the current-voltage (I-V) relationship is as in (2):  
\[I=I_{pv}-I_{0}\bigg{[}\exp\bigg{(}\frac{q(V+IR_{p})}{KTa}\bigg{)}-1\bigg{]}- \frac{V+IR_{s}}{R_{p}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(I_{pv}\) represents the light-generated current or photocurrent; \(I_{0}\) is the cell saturation of dark current, in A; \(q\) is the electron charge, \(1.602176634\cdot 10^{-19}\) C; \(K\) is the Boltzmann'sconstant, \(1.38\cdot 10^{-23}\) J/K; \(T\) is the cell's working temperature in K; \(a\) is an ideal factor, which represents the deviation of the actual cell behavior from the ideal behavior of a theoretical PV cell (\(a=1\) means ideal behavior); \(R_{p}\) is the shunt resistance of the cell, in Ohm; and \(R_{s}\) is the series resistance of the cell, \(\Omega\).  
The real-time implementation of this model within the digital twin allows dynamic adaptation to environmental conditions by continuously updating irradiance, temperature, and voltage measurements.  
The PV inverter includes an embedded MPPT algorithm to maximize the power extracted from the PV array. The perturb and observe (P&O) method is implemented in the DT-PV, adjusting the operating voltage based on instantaneous power variations. The DT-PV ensures that power extraction remains near the optimal point despite fluctuations in solar radiation.
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we have investigated the crystal structure, magnetic properties, and magnetocaloric effects of the monoclinic-lattice-structured Gd\({}_{7}\)(BO\({}_{3}\))(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\) compound. This compound is characterized by a high density of Gd\({}^{3+}\) ions arranged in a unique frustrated magnetic structure within the \(bc\)-plane and stacked along the \(a\)-axis direction, exhibiting promising magnetocaloric properties. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition occurring below 2 K. Based on the shift of the temperature corresponding to the magnetic entropy change peak towards higher temperatures with an increasing magnetic field, it can be inferred that the compound undergoes a field-driven metamagnetic transition from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic state. Most notably, the compound exhibits a significant magnetic entropy change of 35.2 J kg\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) under a magnetic field variation of 0-7 T. The results of this study emphasize the substantial potential of utilizing frustrated magnetic interactions in monoclinic lattices with a high concentration of Gd\({}^{3+}\) ions. However, due to the strong magnetic frustration, the magnetization remains unsaturated even under a magnetic field as high as 7 T. In future work, the focus should be on tuning the magnetic frustration to enhance the magnetocaloric effect.  
L.T.: writing--original draft preparation and conceptualization, X.H. and Z.S.: methodology and validation, X.G.: formal analysis and investigation, Z.M.: writing--review and editing, project administration, visualization, and supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Self-deployed Project of Ganjiang Innovation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, grant number E355F001, the Light of the Soviet AreaInnovation Leading Talent Program, grant number E23 HB00101, and the High-Level and High-Skilled Leading Talent Training Program of Jiangxi Province, grant number E239F001.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data in the manuscript can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results
### Contracts  
The nature of urban waste heat recovery means that there are typically multiple parties involved. Whilst the DH company and the owner of the waste heat are the key parties, there are usually additional parties. For example, the Brunswick demonstrator in the ReUseHeat project has three parties (the DH company, the data centre and a parent company of the DH company), the Madrid demonstrator has three (the DH company, the hospital and the constructor of the technology) whilst the Nice demonstrator has five (the DH company, the owners of the online dashboard, the owner of the waste heat, a public research institution developing the software for the dashboard and the local authority).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Barrier** & **Description** \\ \hline
1 & Low technical maturity of the existing system solutions \\
2 & Long payback periods \\
3 & Existing incentives for RES and CHP \\
4 & Absence of a legal framework for urban waste heat recovery \\
5 & Absence of standardized contracts \\
6 & Diverging views of the value of heat \\
7 & The low temperature of urban waste heat \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Barriers to urban waste heat recovery investments.  
Typically, the larger the number of parties involved, the more contractual arrangements that are required and therefore the more complex the project. This can be both costly and time-consuming and has been identified as a barrier to urban waste heat recovery.  
It is probable that the low maturity and penetration of urban waste heat recovery investments is one reason for the many contractual arrangements. As the technology matures, it is likely that the need for the involvement of the public sector, research institutions, etc., will be reduced. As knowledge of urban waste heat recovery investments improves over time, it is likely that the number of stakeholders will reduce, reducing the number of contractual arrangements, and therefore, the cost of the project.  
The most important contractual arrangement in urban waste heat recovery is undoubtedly that between the owner of the waste heat and the DH company. The immature nature of urban waste heat recovery as a technology means that standardised contracts are not typically available, and thus such arrangements must be drawn up from scratch. Through the stakeholder interviews and discussions with the demonstrators, the following issues were identified as key in the design of heat supply contracts.
## 2 Experimental Section
### General \(\beta\)-Nitrostyrene Synthesis Method
The organic phase was concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was recrystallized three times from 95% ethanol to furnish orange flakes, MP 61-62 \({}^{\circ}\)C, in a 20% yield. 1-Fluoro-4\(\beta\)-[(1\(E\))-2-nitroprop-1-en-1-yl] benzene **(I)** was prepared as previously described [13]. Compound **I** was prepared in a 30% yield, yellow crystals, MP 65-66 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \({}^{1}\)H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl\({}_{3}\)): \(\delta_{\rm H}\) (ppm): 8.06 (s, 1H, _H_-C=C), 7.46 (dd, \(J\) = 3.30, 5.37 Hz, 2H, Ar-_H_), 7.17 (t, \(J\) = 8.66 Hz, 2H, Ar-_H_), 2.46 (s, 3H, C-_H_, _E_), 1.59 (s, 3H, C-_H_, _Z_). \({}^{13}\)C NMR (300 MHz, CDCl\({}_{3}\)) \(\delta_{\rm C}\) (ppm): 165.2 (d, \(J\) = 252.21 Hz, 1C, C-F), 147.5 (C=C, \(\beta\) carbon), 132.5 (\(C\)=C, \(\alpha\) carbon), 132.2 (Ar), 128.5 (Ar), 128.5 (Ar), 116.3 (Ar), 116.0 (Ar), 14.0 (CH\({}_{3}\)). GC/MS _m_/_z_ (M\({}^{+}\)) 181.