esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Clustering routing algorithms are better at cutting down on data transmission and managing traffic, according to a lot of research. They can also cut down on the number of packets lost, save energy, and keep the network running for a long time. The underwater sensors are restricted to energy and it is tedious to replace or recharge batteries, resulting in energy efficiency being a major challenge. Clustering and multi-hop routing protocols are considered energy-efficient solutions for UWSN. However, the cluster-based protocols for traditional wireless networks could not be feasible for UWSN owing to the underwater current, high water pressure, low bandwidth, propagation delay, and error rate. To resolve these issues and achieve energy efficiency in UWSN, this study focuses on designing the metaheuristics-based clustering with a routing protocol for UWSN, named MCR-UWSN. The goal of the MCR-UWSN technique is to select an optimal set of cluster heads (CHs) and route to destination. The main contributions and novelty of this research are as follows. (i) To solve the issue of clustering, multi-hop routing protocols are considered energy-efficient solutions for UWSN. However, the cluster-based routing protocols for traditional wireless networks could not be feasible for UWSN owing to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, propagation delay, and error probability. (ii) To resolve these issues and achieve energy efficiency in UWSN, this study focuses on designing metaheuristics-based clustering with a routing protocol for UWSN, named MCR-UWSN. (iii) The MCR-UWSN method picks the best CHs and the shortest routes to the BS. MCR-UWSN is a technique that uses the cultural emperor penguin optimizer-based clustering (CEPOC) method to choose the best CHs and build groups. (iv) The goal of the MCR-UWSN technique is to elect an efficient set of cluster heads (CHs) and route to destination. In addition, a multi-hop routing method that uses grasshop-per optimization (MHR-GOA) is proposed in this paper. (v) In order to show how the MCR-UWSN technique improves performance, a series of simulations are run and the results are looked at in different ways. The rest of the paper is arranged in the following way. Section 2 explores the literature. Section 3 provides a model of the proposed system. This is how we came up with the CEPOC technique and the MHR-GOA technique. Section 4 details the experiments and shows the results. The given framework is shown to work well in this section. Section 5 finally concludes the paper.
# Water Extraction in PolSAR Image Based on Superpixel and Graph Convolutional Network
## 3 Results
### Results of Study Area 1  
#### 3.2.1 Superpixel Segmentation  
For study area 1, the desired size of the superpixel was set to 225, which is the most commonly used value in previous studies. If the value is too small, the superpixel will lose statistical significance, introducing a large amount of noise and a great computational burden to the subsequent classification task. Likewise, a bigger value will affect the accuracy of land-water boundaries to some extent. It is important to note that the real superpixel sizes are changeable and adaptive to their locations. In this study, most sizes were between 200 and 300, with some smaller, reaching a given minimum value of 10. Figure 5 shows the superpixel-segmentation result, and even in the most complex regions,the superpixels adhere well to the boundaries of land and water. Thus, it can be concluded that superpixel-segmentation methods are suitable for pre- and over-segmentation in water extraction.
# Beam Dynamics Design of a Multi-Ion RFQ for Medical Application
## 3 Beam Dynamics Design
### Design Strategy
#### 3.2.1 General Design
high sensitivity to beam current fluctuations and has limited capability in suppressing space charge effects. This limitation becomes especially critical when accelerating different ion species, particularly those that are highly sensitive to space charge effects. In light of the issues identified in the general design, it is necessary to propose a new RFQ design strategy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **General Design** & **New Design** \\ \hline Particle & & C\({}^{4+}\)/He\({}^{2+}\) \\ Beam current [mA] & 0.3 (C\({}^{4+}\))/1 (He\({}^{2+}\)) \\ Frequency [MHz] & & 200 \\ Input emittance [\(\pi\) mm\(\cdot\)mrad] & & 0.2 \\ Input energy [keV/u] & & 8 \\ Output energy [keV/u] & & 750 \\ Voltage [kV] & 70 & 65 \\ Modulation parameter & 1–2.07 & 1–2.11 \\ Focusing strength factor & 4.2 & 3.5–4.62 \\ Synchronous phase [degree] & –90—30 & –90—25 \\ Length [m] & 2.3 & 2.5 \\ Cell numbers & 310 & 320 \\ Kilpatrick factor & 1.70 & 1.72 \\ Transmission efficiency [\%] & 95.2/89.1 & 98.1/97 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of parameters between the general design and the new design. Figure 4: Beam in shaper section, the area surrounded by the green line represents the area of separatrix. (**a**) General design. (**b**) New design. Figure 5: Transmission efficiency of the RFQ versus beam current (General design).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Contact Angle Measurements
#### 3.4.2 Oil  
Tables 4 and 5 show oil contact angle values of, respectively, first and second set and commercial reference samples. Oil contact angle values in both sets showed an elevated wettability (oleophilicity) of the coatings, expressed by low contact angle values (in the range from 11.3 to 37.3\({}^{\circ}\)), and therefore difficult to determine. As expected, given the low surface energy, fluorinated paper showed high contact angle values (average value of 101.9\({}^{\circ}\)) and particularly reduced wettability (high oleophobicity) (Figure 10).  
Polyethylene-coated paper showed a low oil contact angle value (average value of 16.9\({}^{\circ}\)). Several coatings of the second set showed a higher oleophobicity than this commercial reference, with special regards for PCLpeg20, showing an average measured value of 37.3\({}^{\circ}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Sample Code** & **Mean Contact Angle Value** \\ \hline UCP & \(15.1\pm 3.8\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ Fluo & \(101.9\pm 1.5\,\mathrm{a}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ Poli & \(16.9\pm 0.2\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\
80s80 & \(14.0\pm 1.6\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\
80s50 & \(11.3\pm 0.7\,\mathrm{c}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\
80d & \(12.6\pm 1.8\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\
100s & \(15.5\pm 3.2\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\
100d & \(12.4\pm 1.5\,\mathrm{b}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Different superscript letters indicate statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Oil contact angle values of first set samples.  
Figure 9: Water contact angles of (**a**) fluorinated paper (Fluo); (**b**) paper coated with PHBV with PEG 20% (PHBVpeg20); (**c**) polyethylene-coated paper (Poli); (**d**) paper coated with PCL with PEG 20% (PCLpeg20).
# I/Q Imbalance and Imperfect SIC on Two-Way Relay NOMA Systems
## 3 Performance Analysis  
In this section, we derive analytical expressions for the outage probability of the system under consideration. The asymptotic outage behaviour and diversity orders are also discussed. Then, the system throughput is obtained.
# A Miniaturized RHCP Slot Antenna for Wideband Applications Including Sub-6 GHz 5G
## 6 Measured Results
It can be observed that although some referenced designs, such [33, 51], achieve higher peak gains, they require significantly larger antenna dimensions. This reflects a common trade-off in antenna design, where achieving higher gain often comes at the cost of increased size. Moreover, both [33] and [51] exhibit a significantly narrower \(-10\) dB impedance bandwidth and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth compared to the proposed design. In contrast, the proposed antenna offers a compact structure along with much wider impedance and axial ratio bandwidth, which are crucial for stable circular polarization and broadband performance. It is worth mentioning that the proposed antenna is compared with other important wide-slot antennas. Some designs, such as in [16, 17, 18, 19, 58], have better ARBWs than our design, but they are monopole antennas (not wide-slot antennas). Unlike wide-slot antennas, monopole antennas have a strong undesired coupling with the nearby electrical components because the dominant near field component is the electric field [25]. In addition, the monopole antennas have an irregular radiation pattern along the wide frequency range [25].
###### Abstract  
The preservation of kidneys using normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) prior to transplantation has the potential for predictive evaluation of organ quality. Investigations concerning the quantitative assessment of physiological tissue parameters and their dependence on organ function lack in this context. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the wavelength range of 500-995 nm was conducted for the determination of tissue water content (TWC) in kidneys. The quantitative relationship between spectral data and the reference TWC values was established by partial least squares regression (PLSR). Different preprocessing methods were applied to investigate their influence on predicting the TWC of kidneys. In the full wavelength range, the best models for absorbance and reflectance spectra provided \(\text{R}_{\text{p}}\)2 values of 0.968 and 0.963, as well as root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 2.016 and 2.155, respectively. Considering an optimal wavelength range (800-980 nm), the best model based on reflectance spectra (\(\text{R}_{\text{p}}\)2 value of 0.941, RMSEP value of 3.202). Finally, the visualization of TWC distribution in all pixels of kidneys' HSI image was implemented. The results show the feasibility of HSI for a non-invasively and accurate TWC prediction in kidneys, which could be used in the future to assess the quality of kidneys during the preservation period.  
Keywords:hyperspectral imaging; data preprocessing; multivariate data analysis; partial least squares regression; kidney tissue; water content; normothermic machine perfusion +
Footnote †: journal:
# Research on Communication Stability of Inter-Cannonball Network Based on OPNET
## 2 Theoretical Modelling  
### Network Topology Modelling  
In order to obtain the impact on the routing and stability of the communication system in the event of multiple node movements and failures, 36 ad hoc nodes are set up in the network topology with a spacing of 10 km between surrounding nodes. It is observed whether the communication network could maintain basic communication capability in the event of 20% of the nodes being disturbed.  
It is essential to maintain smooth network communication within an effective communication range. The output power of the transmitting node and the sensitivity of the receiving node are the main influencing parameters. Under ideal conditions where radio waves are not reflected, scattered, or absorbed, the formula for calculating the wireless communication distance is [22]:  
\[\mathrm{Loss(dB)}=32.44+20 LgD(\mathrm{km})+20 LgF(\mathrm{MHz}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(Loss(\mathrm{dB})\) is the transmission loss, \(D(\mathrm{km})\) is the transmission distance, and \(F(\mathrm{MHz})\) refers to the carrier frequency.  
Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of the coordinate system. The geodetic coordinate system of point P is represented by \((B,\ L,\ H)\), while the spatial rectangular coordinates are represented by \((X,\ Y,\ Z)\), where \(B\) is the geodetic latitude, \(L\) is the geodetic longitude, and \(H\) is the geodetic height [23; 24].  
The geocentric coordinate system is adopted to describe the ad hoc network node location, and the coordinates \((B,\ L,\ H)\) of any one node location can be expressed as:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}B=\mathrm{arctan}\bigg{[}\frac{Z}{\sqrt{(X^{2}+Y^{2} )}}\Big{(}1-\frac{\sigma^{2}N}{N+H}\Big{)}^{-1}\bigg{]}\\ L=\mathrm{arctan}\Big{(}\frac{Y}{\sqrt{2}}\Big{)}\\ H=\frac{\sqrt{(X^{2}+Y^{2})}}{\cos B}-N\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
Figure 2: Flowchart of the research procedure.  
\[N=\frac{a}{\sqrt{1-e^{2}\sin^{2}B}} \tag{3}\]  
\[e=\sqrt{\frac{a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}} \tag{4}\]  
In Equation (2), \(N\) is the radius of curvature in prime vertical, and \(e\) is the first eccentricity. In Equation (3), \(a\) is the equatorial radius, and in Equation (4), \(b\) is the polar radius. For ease of representation, this is usually converted to a spatially right-angled coordinate system by the following conversion equation:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}X=(N+H)\cos B\cos\mathrm{L}\\ Y=(N+H)\cos B\sin\mathrm{L}\\ Z=[N(1-e^{2})+H]\sin B\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]
# Urban Traffic State Sensing and Analysis Based on ETC Data: A Survey
## 3 ETC Data-Based Traffic Sensing and Feature Extraction
### ETC Data Structure and Characteristic Analysis
#### 3.1.3 Contradictory Findings and Boundary Conditions  
A critical examination of the reviewed ETC literature reveals several contradictory findings regarding system performance that warrant a careful analysis to understand their underlying causes and boundary conditions. These apparent contradictions often reflect differences in operational contexts, methodological approaches, and application scenarios rather than fundamental technological inconsistencies.  
The literature presents mixed findings regarding ETC data reliability across different traffic conditions. [PERSON] et al. successfully demonstrated systematic information extraction technologies based on ETC electronic toll data for road segment travel speed calculation and traffic flow distribution analysis under highway conditions [16]. However, practical implementations have revealed varying performance levels depending on traffic density, road types, and environmental conditions. The studies by [PERSON] et al. on highway traffic flow data repair and real-time prediction based on ETC toll data showed that data quality control becomes more challenging under certain traffic scenarios, requiring sophisticated preprocessing techniques [17].  
Multi-source data fusion approaches also show performance variations that initially appear contradictory. While some studies report significant improvements through ETC data integration with other sensing technologies, others show more modest gains. These differences typically reflect the quality and complementarity of the additional data sources, the sophistication of the fusion algorithms employed, and the specific application require ments. The effectiveness of fusion approaches varies substantially based on the specific combination of technologies and operational contexts examined.
# Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Sustainable and Efficient Public Transportation
## 3 Challenges and Limitations of Digital Twins
### High Costs and Infrastructural Requirements
Issues such as data privacy, security, high costs, and complex infrastructural requirements can demotivate and slow widespread adoption. Scalability, interoperability, and technical complexities associated with the implementation of digital twins in bus transportation systems include challenges like data integration, management, IT infrastructural requirements, and the need for standardized methodologies. To fully leverage the benefits of DTs to better transportation efficiency, organizations must implement robust security measures, ensure interoperability, adhere to regulatory requirements, and address the financial and operational barriers associated with their deployment.
# Modelling and Measuring Trust in Human-Robot Collaboration
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Conceptual Design of the Experiment  
Considering the objectives to be satisfied and to expose participants to different trust stimuli towards machines, this experimental stage has been designed as a game following a variant of the Prisoner's Dilemma, known as the Inspection Game. These types of games are mathematical models that represent a non-cooperative situation where an inspector must identify whether his counterpart adheres to the established guidelines or, on the contrary, shrinks work duties. In this case, the participants take the role of the inspector, and their mission is to detect if their robotic counterpart is carrying out their job adequately.  
Simplicity has been kept to a maximum during the design of this experiment; thus, participants interact with a single screen that provides them with the sensor feedback. The trust decision process is implemented via a single command button. Participants are exposed to 120 iterations during an approximate time of 30 min. However, the first 20 iterations are part of the learning and familiarization process and, thus, only 100 iterations per participant are considered in the experimental analysis.  
Unknown to the participants, two experimental models were performed. Both had the same trustworthiness (the virtual sensor provided a correct answer 75 out of the 100 iterations), but in one of the cases the machine worked perfectly during the first 20 iterations, whereas the second model presented 50% success rate during the same first 20 iterations.
# Effective Seed Scheduling for Directed Fuzzing with Function Call Sequence Complexity Estimation
## 5 Evaluation
### Runtime Overhead (RQ3)  
In this experiment, we measure the overhead that SEZZ adds to the fuzzer. The runtime overhead primarily consists of two components: the instrumentation overhead for recording execution paths and the runtime seed complexity computation during scheduling. From Table 4, we can observe that our approach incurs an average overhead of 16.3% in terms of the overall execution efficiency. This includes an average instrumentation overhead of 18.9% and an average seed-scheduling overhead of 2.75 times. Regarding the instrumentation overhead, our approach writes the ID of each basic block to a shared memory region upon its execution. This process is the main factor contributing to the instrumentation overhead. Additionally, the result of the overhead shows a specific positive correlation with the length of the paths. For example, when comparing _Salite3_ and _Libsndfile_ regarding
## 3 Results  
### Forces and Moments  
The comparisons of initial forces and moments exerted on each tooth by material type are given in Tables 2-4. All the mean forces and moments were significantly different between the three material types at every activation amount (\(p<0.05\)). The comparisons of initial forces and moments exerted on the tooth 21, 11, and 22 by activation amount are given in Tables 5-7, respectively. All the mean forces and moments were significantly different between the activation amounts for each material type (\(p<0.05\)). For the faciolingual force (Fx) at 0.25 mm activation on tooth 21, a large effect size was observed for the ANOVA ([PERSON]'s f = 0.67). With a sample size of ten aligners per group and a significance level (\(\alpha\)) of 0.05, the achieved post hoc power (1\(-\)\(\beta\)) was 88%, indicating that the sample size was sufficient to detect the observed differences between the groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**0.25 mm Activation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)-Value}} \\ \cline{2-13} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**ATMOS**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Zendura FLX**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**TC-85**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**_p_-Value**} \\ \cline{2-13} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**a**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**b**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**c**} \\ \hline Fx (N) & 3.82 & L & \(\pm\) & 2.33 & 3.00 & L & \(\pm\) & 2.22 & 0.99 & L & \(\pm\) & 0.33 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Fy (N) & 0.65 & M & \(\pm\) & 8.06 & 5.97 & M & \(\pm\) & 6.98 & 0.64 & M & \(\pm\) & 0.39 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Fz (N) & 4.09 & O & \(\pm\) & 2.30 & 3.32 & O & \(\pm\) & 2.88 & 0.10 & G & \(\pm\) & 0.18 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Mx (Nmm) & 75.95 & M & \(\pm\) & 36.86 & 61.45 & M & \(\pm\) & 39.98 & 2.53 & M & \(\pm\) & 2.72 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline My (Nmm) & 45.53 & L & \(\pm\) & 27.35 & 33.74 & L & \(\pm\) & 27.66 & 4.27 & L & \(\pm\) & 1.75 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Mz (Nmm) & 82.20 & D & \(\pm\) & 91.89 & 27.41 & D & \(\pm\) & 81.65 & 14.29 & D & \(\pm\) & 3.31 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparisons of initial forces and moments exerted on the maxillary left central incisor (21) by material type for 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm activations.
## 3 Analysis of Test Data
### XRD Pattern and SEM Photo Analysis  
After the impact test, an X-ray diffractometer and an electron microscope were used to conduct XRD and SEM tests on sandstone specimens, respectively, so as to measure their XRD patterns and SEM images. The measured data are shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively.  
After the analysis of the XRD patterns, no new substances were found in the sandstone after the temperature-water coupling effect. The composition of sandstone is mainly SiO\({}_{2}\), with a small amount of K\({}_{2}\)(PtCl)\({}_{4}\) and CaCuV\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{7}\). SEM images show the morphological characteristics of the sandstone fracture surface. As the temperature of the temperature-water coupling increased gradually, the fracture surface became coarser, and angular grains appeared at the fracture surface (the coarsest at 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The XRD patterns and SEM image analysis show that the dynamic properties of sandstone are mainly determined by the internal structural changes after the temperature-water coupling effect.  
Figure 12: Fracture morphology of sandstone specimens.  
Figure 14: SEM photos of sandstone specimens treated by water bath at different temperatures.  
Figure 13: XRD patterns of sandstone specimens treated with different water bath temperatures.
## 4 Propagation Characteristics and Phenomena of LMS Communication
### Faraday Rotation  
The telecommunications satellites are placed in orbits above the ionosphere; therefore, the frequencies that can be used for connections with satellites must be sufficiently high to prevent them from being reflected by the ionosphere. That is, they must be higher than a few tens of MHz. When crossing the ionosphere, phenomena such as [PERSON]'s rotation and ionospheric scintillation must also be considered [24].  
[PERSON]'s rotation is the rotation of the polarization axis of a wave caused by some characteristics of the atmosphere. Its formula in radians can be expressed as follows:  
\[\Lambda=\frac{2.36}{f^{2}}\int_{d}B_{L}Ndl, \tag{8}\]  
where \(B_{L}\) is the component of the Earth's magnetic field along the direct path \(d\), \(N\) is the electron density (electrons per \(m^{3}\)), and \(f\) is the frequency in Hz. It has been verified that, in the worst conditions for the worst 1% of the year, the loss introduced is 3 dB. Loss can be eliminated by using circular polarizations.