# On the Optimisation of Practical Wireless Indoor and Outdoor Microcells Subject to QoS Constraints
## 5 Simulation Results and Evaluation
### Wireless Indoor Microcells  
Let us first consider cell planning for wireless indoor microcells. Table 1 shows the simulation parameters for wireless indoor environment using EDX SignalPro software. Specifically, the type of antenna used at both cell site and receiver unit is omnidirectional isotropic. Antenna height is 3 m for cell site and 2 m for receiver unit. The antenna polarization is set to horizontal for transmitter and vertical for receivers having cross polarization attenuation of 0 dB and 15 dB, respectively. The equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) at the transmitter of the cell site is set as \(-12\) dBm. Both the transmitter and receiver operate at Wi-Fi 802.11a/g. Figure 3 illustrates an indoor area that needs to be covered by wireless indoor microcells. It is assumed that there are six candidate antenna positions, i.e., \(N=6\), and 23 required coverage areas, i.e., \(M=23\), which are marked by blue circles and yellow stars, respectively. The maximum number of cell sites that can be deployed is set as \(K_{\max}=6\). Here, the colour range of received power at remote indoor units is defined in Figure 4 and the power received at the remote unit in the marked coverage areas is required to be at least \(-65\) dBm, i.e., \(P(x_{e_{m}},y_{e_{m}})\geq-65\) dBm, \(\forall m=1,2,\ldots,23\) (see Equation (2)). It can be observed in Figure 3 that if all six available antennas are used at all candidate positions, then all the required coverage areas are shown to ascertain the QoS requirement. However, a considerable overlapping area can be noticed with the usage of all the available resources. In this work, we therefore aim at saving the resources by finding the minimum number of microcells that can still cover the same area. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**RF Parameters at Transmitter of a Cell Site** & **Values/Description** \\ \hline Antenna pattern & omnidirectional isotropic \\ Antenna height & 3 m \\ Antenna polarization & horizontal \\ Cross polarization attenuation & 0 dB \\ Transmitter type & Wi-Fi 802-11a/g \\ Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) & \(-12\) dBm \\ \hline
**RF Parameters at a Typical Receiver** & **Values/Description** \\ \hline Antenna pattern & omnidirectional isotropic \\ Antenna height & 2 m \\ Antenna polarization & vertical \\ Cross polarization attenuation & 15 dB \\ Receiver type & WiFi 802-11a/g \\ Receiver noise system noise figure & 4.0 dB \\ Receiver noise level & \(-97\) dBm \\ Equivalent receiver noise bandwidth & 20 MHz \\ Adjacent channel rejection & 40 dB \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters for wireless indoor microcells. Considering SISO antennas, Figure 5 illustrates the optimal site locations for indoor using the BSCP algorithm. It can be observed that, with four SISO sites, all the marked areas in Figure 3 are covered satisfying \(P(x_{e_{n}},y_{e_{m}})\geq-65\) dBm, \(\forall m=1,2,\ldots,23\). This accordingly reflects the effectiveness of the cell planning with the BSCP algorithm in saving two cell sites for both cost and energy consumption reduction when compared to the case when all six antennas are deployed. Employing multiple antennas at the sites and/or remote units, Figures 6 and 7 sequentially elucidate the optimal site locations with MISO and MIMO antennas to cover the same area as in Figure 3. It can be seen in both Figures 6 and 7 that the BSCP algorithm results in the same number of sites, i.e., four MISO sites or four MIMO sites, to cover all the marked areas due to their strict  
Figure 4: Colour range of received power at remote indoor. Figure 5: Heuristic site locations for indoor with single-input single-output (SISO) antennas. Figure 3: Wireless indoor microcells with six candidate antenna positions and required coverage areas. QoS requirements, although a higher coverage area is literally achieved with the multiple antenna deployment.