## 1 Introduction  
Cities are considered complex systems with massive numbers of interconnected citizens, transportation, communication network, varieties of services and businesses, and utilities for improving the lifestyle of urban people. Vast numbers of people are coming towards cities, and the city government is pressured to provide the minimum servicesrequired for daily life. The excess population and rapid urbanization bring many problems, such as socio-economic, technical, and organizational problems, and risks to urban cities' environmental or economic sustainability. Several modern cities faced rapid urbanization by meeting the standards and, in the process, generated pollution, traffic congestion, and socio-economic inequality [1]. Over the past few years, many individuals have migrated towards urban areas, and predictions indicate that by 2030, 60% of the global population is going to be living in urban settings [2]. Due to the increment of people, varieties of smart applications are introduced to make life easier, contributing to smart cities' development [3; 4; 5; 6]. The smart city concept entails intelligent management of valuable components such as transportation, medical services, utility services, residences, agriculture [7; 8], and environmental building [9]. Furthermore, in smart cities, different telecommunication or wireless infrastructures are required to provide the services effectively and connect millions of devices with numerous technologies, such as machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, network virtualization, wireless sensor networks, and gateways [10; 11]. Figure 1 illustrates the data rate, power consumption, establishment cost, and coverage range of available communication technologies [12]. IoT plays a dynamic role in the new communication paradigm in our everyday objects, which are equipped with microcontrollers, radio modules, and appropriate communication protocols [13; 14]. IoT enables IoT devices to communicate and become essential to smart cities. Many national governments and private organizations use the IoT concept in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) solutions to manage the idea of a smart city [15]. The IoT concept aims to use community resources better, improving the quality of services (QoS) with reduced operational and management costs in smart cities [16; 17]. IoT technologies are essential in developing the landscape of present smart cities and steering the smart city standard to the enormous data scale [18; 19]. According to Statista Research in 2022 [20], by 2030, the global count of IoT-enabled devices is projected to exceed 29 billion, nearly three times the figure of 9.7 billion in 2020. The figures mentioned earlier demonstrate that IoT is regarded as one of the most valuable emerging  
Figure 1: Comparison of date rate, power consumption, cost, and a coverage range of available communication technologies. technologies, bringing forth fresh avenues for services, opportunities, and challenges in implementing intelligent applications and offerings. IoT's significance is intrinsically linked to the advancement and progression of diverse smart city applications, where it serves crucial functions in driving sustainable development and fostering distinctive innovations. Numerous strategies, contexts, technological remedies, and application domains have been put forward to mitigate the complexity and administration of smart cities. Integrating AI with the IoT in smart cities is a growing trend changing how cities are managed and developed. This integration involves using AI algorithms to analyze the vast data IoT sensors generate in smart cities. This integration also facilitates the advancement of development processes, offering novel opportunities and features, all while significantly reducing human interaction [21]. IoT sensors are devices embedded in different parts of a city's infrastructure, such as buildings, bridges, roads, and public spaces.