## 2 Results and Discussion
### Delivery System  
A focal point of treating biofilms lies in optimizing the AMP delivery system used, with 9 out of 25 publications in this section of the manuscript relating to delivery systems centred on carrier particles such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles. The use of nanoencapsulation is exemplified via the encapsulation of the AMP octomin with chitosan (CS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), with this encapsulation showing greater antimicrobial activity against _Acinetobacter baumannii_ and _Candida albicans_ compared to octomin alone [20]. Further advancements in this domain include sonochemically synthesized hybrid poly(sulfobetaine) methacrylate/polymyxin B nanoparticles (pSBMA@PM) coated on silicone catheters that synergistically inhibited nonspecific protein adsorption and reduced _P. aeruginosa_ biofilm by 97% [21], as well as co-assemblies between host (MSNLP@PEICD) and guest (MagNP@MSNA-CB[6]) mesoporous silica particles that together were able to release the AMP melittin (large molecular weight) and the antibiotic ofloxacin (low molecular weight) when subjected to a pathogen cell stimulus and alternating magnetic field heating. This combination generated'strong antibiofilm capacity' [22]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. suggested that Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 'drastically increased' theSAAP-148 selectivity index (cytotoxicity to antimicrobial activity ratio), by 20-fold against AMR _A. baumannii_ and 10-fold against AMR _S. aureus_[23]. The use of graphene-silver nanocomposites (rGOAg) enhanced the delivery of poly-l-lysine-functionalized rGOAg, which efficiently disrupted _S. aureus_ biofilm via a 'contact-kill-release' mechanism, facilitating bacterial cell membrane disruption and a sudden release of intracellular DNA and proteins [24]. In a separate study, also using silver, [PERSON] et al. reported the synthesis of a AMP/polydopamine/silver nanoparticle nanocomposite (AMP@PDA@AgNPs), which exhibited'superior' activity against both _S. aureus_, _E. coli_, and _P. aeruginosa_ compared to AgNPs or AMP alone [25]. Other types of carrier particles such as micelles and liposomes have also shown great potential, as micelles formed from pH-responsive polymer 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride-polyethyleneimine-polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (DPP) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 linked to the AMP sequence 'IRVKIRVKIRVKIRVK' demonstrated 90% biofilm inhibition in vitro and rapid wound healing in vivo within 15 days when used with laser irradiation (to accelerate wound healing) [26]. Alternatively, liposomes (~280 nm diameter) incorporating the synthetic AMP mimic 7e-SMAMP led to a 75% reduction in _P. aeruginosa_ and complete eradication of _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ biofilm in an in vitro model. A substantial (~30%) reduction in the inflammatory response of murine macrophages was also observed [27]. Further results in the same area include research using micelles containing a chimeric antimicrobial lipoprotein (DSPE-HnMc) with amphiphilic biodegradable polymers that could to kill a 'wide spectrum' of bacteria and their biofilms, including in mouse models [28]. New research into the stability/release of AMPs was available via the co-delivery of nitric oxide (NO) and AMPs crosslinked with hyaluronic acid and divinyl sulfone in an injectable, biocompatible nanogel with sustained 24-h NO release and enhanced antibacterial/antibiofilm activity compared to free NO [29]. Additionally, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) microneedle patches were loaded with IR780 iodide and AMP W379s and subsequently coated with 1-tetradcanol. The resultant near infrared (NIR) light-responsive microneedle patches were successfully tested in ex vivo (patient) and in vivo (methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ (MRSA)-diabetic mouse infection model) [30]. Working to improve protegrin-1 (PG-1) stability in physiological fluids, [PERSON] et al. [31] designed the hybrid peptide SynPG-1.