## 5 Results
### Correlation Analysis between Springs and Explanatory Factors Using FR  
The correlation between groundwater springs and explanatory factors using the FR values is illustrated in Table 3. Based on the results, springs are found more frequently in southeast-facing (1.989) and south-facing (1.338) slopes. Flat slopes, with no springs occurrence, have the lowest FR value (0.000). For slope angle, FR values increase with the increasing slope angles and then decrease when slope angles are larger than 25\({}^{\circ}\) in the study area, and the class of 20-25 has the highest FR value (1.956), followed by the classes of 15-20 (1.955), 10-15 (1.296), 5-10 (1.248), and \(<\)5 (0.483). In the case of plan curvature, the FR value is the highest for the class of \(-\)0.77 to \(-\)0.28 (2.084), followed by the classes of 0.60-3.09 (1.200), 0.11-0.60 (0.989), \(-\)3.15 to \(-\)0.77 (0.856), and \(-\)0.28-0.11 (0.419). The FR values concerning the profile curvature indicate a decrease with the increasing profile curvature values. However, when the profile curvature values are higher than -0.22, the FR values show an increase. The class of 0.72-4.07 has the highest FR value (2.778). For elevation, the FR values decrease with increasing elevation. The class that is characterized by elevation greater than 1150 m has the highest FR value (6.914), followed by the class of 1150-1200 (2.592). Concerning SPI, the FR values show an increasing trend with the increasing SPI values. The class of 30-40 shows the highest FR value (4.524), whereas the class of 10-20 shows the lowest FR value (0.531). For STI, the class of \(>\)8 exhibits the highest FR value (2.246). In the case of TWI, the FR values decrease and then increase with the increasing TWI values. The class of \(<\)2 shows the highest FR value (2.429), followed by the class of \(>\)3.5 (1.539). For the factor distance to rivers, the class 150-200 m was found to have the highest FR value (1.759). For the factor distance to roads, the FR values indicate that the class of 150-200 m (2.226) has the strong influence of road proximity to spring occurrence. For NDVI, FR values are relatively equal for different NDVI classes except for the class of 0.19-0.26. The highest FR values are estimated for the classes of \(-\)0.16-0.04 (1.296) and 0.26-0.54 (1.263). Concerning lithology, the FR values are estimated to be the highest for the lithology groups of F (10.155), B (7.227), C (6.656), and A (5.793). In the case of soil, the ARh soil exhibits the highest FR value (1.902), followed by KSk soil (1.473). Finally, for the land use factor, the highest FR value (0.330) is estimated for the land use type of others (1.373), grassland (1.104), and farmland (0.984). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Explanatory Factors** & **Classes** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **No. of** \\ **in Domain** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **No. of** \\ **Springs** \\ \end{tabular} & **FR** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Slope aspect} & Flat & 160 & 0 & 0.000 \\  & North & 20,781 & 7 & 1.110 \\  & Northeast & 23,407 & 3 & 0.422 \\  & East & 18,904 & 5 & 0.871 \\  & Southeast & 16,567 & 10 & 1.989 \\  & South & 19,695 & 8 & 1.338 \\  & Southwest & 19,789 & 6 & 0.999 \\  & West & 15,924 & 3 & 0.621 \\  & Northwest & 16,327 & 4 & 0.807 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Slope angle (\({}^{\circ}\))} & \(<\)5 & 61,434 & 9 & 0.483 \\  & 5-10 & 52,808 & 20 & 1.248 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10–15 & 22,886 & 9 & 1.296 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 15–20 & 10,114 & 6 & 1.955 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20–25 & 3368 & 2 & 1.956 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 25–30 & 797 & 0 & 0.000 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(>\)30 & 147 & 0 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Plan curvature} & \(-\)3.15 to \(-\)0.77 & 7701 & 2 & 0.856 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(-\)0.77 to \(-\)0.28 & 28,451 & 18 & 2.084 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(-\)0.28–0.11 & 55,026 & 7 & 0.419 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.11–0.60 & 46,644 & 14 & 0.989 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.60–3.09 & 13,732 & 5 & 1.200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Spatial relationship between springs and factors by FR model.