## 3 Effect of Surfactants on Mechanico-Thermal Properties
### Effect of Anionic Surfactants
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Anionic** \\ **Surfactant** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nanofiler** \\ **Matrix** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Polymer** \\ **Matrix** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mechanico-Thermal Properties * \\ **TS** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{3-11}  & & & **TS** & **TM** & **EB** & **IS** & **SM** & **LM** & \(\mathbf{T_{d}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{g}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{m}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{c}}\) \\ \hline SA & MMT & PP & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) \\ OA & TiO\({}_{2}\) NRs & PS & - & - & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & [3] \\ PA & LDHs & PCL & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) \\ SDS & HNTs & PS & - & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & [4] \\ Beycostat A B09 & CNCs & PLA & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & [18] \\ SDS & G NPs & PVA & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & - & \(\bigtriangledown\) & [21] \\ \hline \multicolumn{11}{c}{**TS** = tensile strength, **TM** = tensile modulus, **EB** = elongation at break, **IS** = impact strength, **SM** = storage modulus, **LM** = loss modulus, \(\mathbf{T_{d}}\) = degradation temperature, \(\mathbf{T_{g}}\) = glass transition temperature, \(\mathbf{T_{m}}\) = melting temperature, and \(\mathbf{T_{c}}\) = crystallization temperature. * The symbol \(\bigtriangledown\) corresponds to an increase in the properties and \(\bigtriangleown\) a decrease in the properties while “-” and \(\bigtriangleown\) mean “not available” and “unchanged”, respectively. [ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Mechanico-thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites modified by anionic surfactants. Figure 3: Chemical structures of **(a)** SA, **(b)** OA, and **(c)** PA.  
modulus of the nanocomposites increased by up to 9.1%, which was because of a favorable dispersion and interaction between the PA-LDH nanofiller and the PCL matrix [22]. The loss modulus of the nanocomposites also increased by up to 10% due to the plasticizing effect of the PA-LDHs. Additionally, the crystallization temperature of the nanocomposites increased by up to 3.0%, which could possibly be attributed to the PA-LDHs, which acted as heterogeneous nucleation sites in the PCL matrix. However, the tensile strength of the nanocomposites decreased because of the presence of tactoids at a high content of PA-LDHs, which may act as stress concentrations [22]. In addition, the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites also decreased due to improved PCL chain mobility, and it is probable that it would enhance in free volume. SDS could modify inorganic nanof fillers such as HNTs and modified HNTs have been used for the preparation of HNT/PS nanocomposites [4]. The modification of HNTs improved the mechanico-thermal properties of the nanocomposites. The mechanical properties, for example, impact strength and storage modulus, increased by up to 203% and 39%, respectively, with the addition of HNTs compared to neat PS. This is because the HNTs could improve of the stiffness of the nanocomposites [4]. Furthermore, the degradation temperature of the nanocomposites also increased by up to 14% due to the entrapment of decomposition products by the HNT lumen. Nonetheless, the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites decreased because of the presence of interactions between the HNTs and PS [4].