## 6 Conclusions  
Analyzing cyber-attacks within the MSCN is critical due to the sector's unique operational dynamics and reliance on interconnected logistics. Unlike other industries, the MSCN operates in an environment where vulnerabilities can propagate rapidly among stakeholders such as shipping companies, port authorities, and logistics providers. This interdependence increases the risk of systemic failures, making the consequences of cyber-attacks particularly severe. The MSCN also faces unique challenges, including outdated legacy systems, varying levels of cybersecurity maturity among stakeholders, and complex regulatory frameworks. Understanding these factors is essential to developing tailored cybersecurity strategies that address specific maritime risks. By focusing on cyber threats within the MSCN, we can gain valuable insights into critical assets and unique threat vectors. This specialized analysis allows us to establish best practices that consider the sector's regulatory environment, enabling stakeholders to implement targeted defenses and response protocols. While our taxonomy provides a comprehensive framework for classifying cyber risks in the MSCN, we recognize that it is not the only available option. Other frameworks, such as MITRE ATT&CK and incident-based taxonomies, focus on attack techniques or historical data but do not fully capture the multi-dimensional risks specific to the maritime context. Moreover, existing cybersecurity standards, such as the NIST cybersecurity framework or IMO guidelines, provide valuable guidelines for cyber risk management, but our taxonomy adds further granularity by incorporating factors such as geopolitical impact and the motivations of hacker groups, which are critical for assessing cyber risks in a globalized maritime industry. The findings underscore the critical need for heightened cybersecurity awareness and collaborative efforts among MSCN stakeholders and the scientific community. Shared knowledge, innovative protocols, and novel solutions are pivotal strategies for reducing the frequency and impact of cyber-attacks. Notably, this study emphasizes the often-overlookedhuman factor in MSCN cybersecurity, elevating training programs for personnel to the forefront of the recommended practices. In general terms, MSCN agents should prioritize countering distributed denial of service (DoS/DDoS) and malware, supported by evidence from this literature review. Shipping lines are advised to focus on safeguarding themselves against hijacking, spoofing, and jamming. To support cyber risk identification, the proposed taxonomy categorizes each cyberattack under seven characteristics: hacker group, type of attack, compromised element of the AIC triad, affected MSCN agent, systems and technologies affected, geopolitical impact, and potential consequences. This multi-dimensional approach provides a structured means for understanding the complex risks faced by the maritime sector. The authors acknowledge the limitation of relying solely on journal-reported cyberattacks, recognizing the existence of unregistered events. Future research could benefit from inclusive surveys that capture the cyber risk perceptions of major industry players, offering a broader perspective. Finally, it is imperative to note that our methodology, reliant on past publications, introduces an inherent time lag due to the publication process. As the cybersecurity landscape evolves rapidly, readers are urged to consider this temporal aspect. To supplement insights from historical publications, we encourage future researchers to explore real-time data and industry reports and engage directly with stakeholders. This dynamic approach ensures up-to-date comprehension of the ever-evolving cyber-attack panorama within the MSCN, especially as generative AI and LLMs continue to reshape the threat landscape. Conceptualization, M.V.C.M. ; methodology, M.V.C.M., C.E.P.-R. and F.J.G.C. ; validation: M.V.C.M., C.E.P.-R. and F.J.G.C. ; writing-original draft preparation, M.V.C.M.