# Setting Up and Operating Electric City Buses in Harsh Winter Conditions
## 3 Case Study  
This paper adopts a case study methodology to describe the procurement and operational models used for setting up the needed technical infrastructure for electric city buses and operating those buses in a cold climatic zone to understand the effect of this climate on the energy use of buses. A single case study approach [42] was adopted because it well suits the study of a topic that is not yet well explored. The city of Tampere in Finland aims to be carbon-neutral in 2030. Currently, the traffic is accountable for about a quarter of the city's carbon dioxide emissions. In 2019, an amendment to the Clean Vehicles Directive came into force. The amendment obliges the public sector to procure zero-emission vehicles. The city of Tampere is one of the lighthouse cities of the EU-funded STARDUST project where new solutions for reducing emissions are piloted. In Tampere, the focus is on reducing emissions from public transport and supporting light transport. Furthermore, the 2017 climate strategy of the Finnish Government necessitates a 50% reduction, compared to the year 2005, in transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 [43]. Thus, the cities in Finland are encouraged to electrify public transportation. Nysse is the Tampere regional public transport organisation in Finland. It had around 41,300,000 passengers in 2019. In 2020, the number of passengers was lower due to COVID-19, which made people remote work. Nysse serves an area that includes eight municipalities where approximately 390,000 inhabitants live. About 60% of bus services are outsourced to three major private operators, and in-house operator drives around 40% of bus services. Nysse has 280 buses in operation. The climate in Tampere is cold and temperate can vary between +32 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-\)32 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The lowest average temperature is \(-\)8.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C in February, and the average temperature is 16.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C in July. The average annual temperature is 3.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
In Tampere, electric city buses were introduced at the end of 2016. A test system was created to collect data on electric buses. Initially, a meter was placed in one bus for sensing energy efficiency. Later on, measuring equipment was installed on three other electric buses. When problems in setting up the data collection were tackled, the data has been collected for more than two years, including a couple of winter seasons. Since 2017, electric buses have been operating in the city of Tampere's bus route 2, which starts from Pyynikintori market and ends at Rauhaniemi. The round-trip length is around 8.8 km. The buses are fast-charged at the market and slow-charged at the depot. The buses spend the night inside a warm depot; thus, the buses' interiors are warm when they leave. Data were collected from four battery-electric buses and one hybrid bus as a reference. The electric buses were model Solaris Urbino 12 low entry, with an autonomy of approximately 60 km. The electric buses used lithium-titanate (LTO) batteries of 3 \(\times\) 25 kWh that last at least 10 years and demand 0.5 h for a total fast charge. The maximum speed of the buses is over 70 km/h, and the average consumption is 100-150 kWh each 100 km (without heating). Buses have 32 fixed seats, four-fold seats, and 46 standing spaces. The dimensions of the buses are the following:  
* Wheelbase: 5900 mm
* Length: 12,000 mm
* Width: 2550 mm
* Height: 3300-3480 mm
* Curb weight: 14 t
* Max torque: 973 Nm
* Max power: 250 kW  
Data was collected with WRM-247 of Wapice Ltd. for three years, between January 2017 and August 2021. The following data was collected by the meter in real-time: latitude, longitude, speed, energy consumption, charging time, temperature, battery's state of charge, battery power and distance travelled. The typical sampling frequency was 1 Hz. WRM-247 devices allow remote management, measurement and control. They were purchased and installed by the STARDUST lighthouse project.