# Provisioning of Fog Computing over Named-Data Networking in Dynamic Wireless Mesh Systems
## 2 Background and Related Work
### NDN in a Multi-Hop Wireless Environment
#### 2.1.2 Related Work  
Initial implementations of multi-connectivity scenarios, such as wireless mesh networks, rely upon the broadcast communication mode [28]. The broadcast-based networking causes a broadcast storm in multi-hop networks [29]. Although the broadcast storm in NDN is less severe than in TCP/IP networks, due to the default loop detection mechanism implemented in NFD, the negative effect on network performance is still significant. As detailed in [30], the high collision rate at the MAC layer is further amplified with an increased  
Figure 1: Utilization of Faces in wired scenarios. number of consumers and their transmission rates. These collisions lead to higher packet loss and latency, see Figure 2.  
Several solutions have been proposed to handle the broadcast storm problem in wireless networks at higher layers. In [31], an NDN-based vehicular network is introduced. Although this solution still employs broadcast mode, the authors devise a mechanism to limit Interest propagation in the network. This is achieved using the GPS coordinates of the nodes and a specially designed namespace. Furthermore, Ref. [30] presents a solution that restricts the forwarding of Interest packets to a limited number of hops. Although these solutions mitigate network overheads and collisions to some extent, their implementation is confined to particular scenarios. For example, solutions based on external geographical information (such as GPS coordinates) are not suitable for scenarios where such information is unavailable, like indoor environments. Moreover, due to the use of low-order modulation and coding schemes in the broadcast regime by some wireless technologies, the provided channel capacity is lower than the one provided in a unicast communication mode. Paper [32] explores the integration of integrating Software-Defined Networking (SDN) with Named-Data Networking (NDN) in wireless mesh networks. The study explores the potential of SDN in enhancing the efficiency and scalability of NDN deployments. It provides experimental evidence demonstrating how SDN can dynamically manage network resources, optimize data flow, and improve overall network performance in wireless mesh environments. This research is pivotal as it addresses the challenges of deploying NDN in wireless contexts, offering solutions that could be crucial for the future of wireless network architectures. Work [33] investigates how different forwarding strategies impact the traffic load in Named-Data Networks. Utilizing Mini NDN for simulation purposes, the authors offer a comprehensive analysis of various forwarding mechanisms. Their findings are significant for understanding and optimizing traffic management in NDN environments. The study's insights into the efficacy of forwarding strategies provide a foundation for developing more efficient and reliable NDN systems, especially crucial as the network traffic continues to grow exponentially. In [34], the authors proposed a timer-based solution to mitigate broadcast flooding in ICN-based multi-hop wireless networks. Upon the reception of the Interest or Data packet, the node randomly sets a timer for the received packet. The node rebroadcasts the  
Figure 2: Utilization of Faces in wireless scenarios. packet when the timer expires. If this node hears the packet rebroadcasted by its neighbor node before the timer expires, it shall discard the packet immediately. In [35], the authors use a similar concept to reduce the Interest flooding in NDN-based vehicular networks. The timer calculation relies on both content connectivity score (Interest satisfaction ratio) and location score (if the current node is closer to the destination than the previous node). The node with a higher score can obtain a shorter timer to rebroadcast the Interest packet. Although the timer-based solutions can help to reduce the Interest/Data packet flooding, they still have the problem of uncertainty on the success of packet forwarding as there is no feedback.