## 5 Future Perspectives
### TBM Metaverse Architecture  
The TBM metaverse represents the ultimate goal and focal point of integrating TBM and metaverse theory. Its essence lies in achieving the perception, mapping, simulation, decision-making, and control of TBM through pervasive three-dimensional perception of the TBM's physical world. This includes accurate mapping of its state, digital identification of the entire domain, real-time information analysis, collaborative data calculation, service simulation, precise decision implementation, and the cultivation of self-wisdom. These functionalities address a range of dynamic, complex, multifaceted, and uncertain problems in organization, management, and services. Building upon this foundation, the collaborative configuration and information interaction between TBM data, information, knowledge, resources, and all related physical entities (such as tunnels, rock formations, network equipment, office facilities, etc.) will be comprehensively enhanced [78]. This aims to improve the closed-loop empowerment system of TBM's physical entity resources and data resources, gradually establishing a TBM metaverse network ecosystem characterized by virtual-real integration, real-time mapping, and collaborative interaction. While the application of the metaverse primarily remains within the domain of games and entertainment, it has rapidly extended its reach into various fields such as smart education, smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, culture and art, finance and trade, content production, advertising and media, military simulation, and interactive social networking. This expansion is driven by demand upgrades and technological evolution [79]. The integration of TBM and metaverse theory benefits from this development and serves as an important reference for research. Accordingly, the architecture of the TBM metaverse is designed and constructed based on the following four aspects of integration: integration  
Figure 7: Concept map of immersive training and learning based on the metaverse. structure, integration elements, integration technology, and integration capabilities (refer to Figure 8). In terms of integration structure, the TBM metaverse, as a vital component of the metaverse, inherits a corresponding technical structure comprising the following seven layers: the infrastructure layer, human-computer interaction layer, decentralized layer, \"human-computer-object environment\" spatial computing layer, content production layer, knowledge management and service discovery layer, and immersive experience layer [80]. Regarding integration elements, all elements involved in the operation of the TBM and its metaverse need to be modeled. This encompasses different models, elements, rules, logic, attributes, and knowledge of the cloud universe space, among others. These models simulate the TBM management and service processes within the metaverse. The integration technology of the TBM metaverse primarily encompasses the following four aspects: multi-dimensional interaction technology, high-speed communication technology, efficient computing power, and intelligent core algorithms. These technological innovations converge to simulate, monitor, diagnose, predict, and control TBM organization, management, and service processes and behaviors. They also establish the data foundation for quality tracing and service model innovation throughout the knowledge production process, fundamentally driving efficient synergy across all aspects of the project production cycle and fostering organizational, management, and service innovation.