## 4 Content and Results of Research
### Content of Research
#### 4.1.2 Development of a Digital Twin Garden-Learning System  
Garden plant cultivation and maintenance (GPCM) is an important core course for landscape architecture majors. The course focuses on plants in cultivation and maintenance, on the one hand, by simulating real-world landscape design and maintenance projects in the digital twin environment, helping students to understand in depth how complex ecosystems affect the growth and health of landscape plants through the real-time monitoring and adjusting of ecological factors in the virtual model; this enables students to try out various landscape solutions under risk-free conditions, thus improving their practical skills. On the other hand, using the high flexibility and interactivity of the digital twin platform, students are taught how to analyze the data collected from the digital twin model in order to optimize the garden design and maintenance strategies, enhancing their ability to solve real-world problems and stimulating their design creativity and innovative thinking so that they can design both aesthetic and functional garden spaces. By means of VR immersive experience equipment, VR-supporting workstations, landscape-design virtual simulation systems, garden virtual simulation systems, landscape-design image-processing software, etc., we can realize the real, real-time, and virtual mapping of the garden landscape design and construction, and we can experience the virtual landscape construction, decision making, floriculture, maintenance, etc., so as to achieve virtual landscape scenario-based experiential teaching. In this paper, with reference to the five-dimensional model architecture of the digital twin [87], we propose the project-based learning platform as the system service platform and the six-dimensional model of the garden-learning system based on the digital twin, including the physical learning space PLS), virtual learning space (VLS), cloud  
Figure 7: Framework of project-based teaching model based on digital twin technology. services (CSs), digital data (DD), front-end display (FD), and connection (CN) (Equation (1)). The relationship between the dimensions is shown in Figure 8.  
\[Mgpcm=(PLS,VLS,CD,DD,FD,CN) \tag{1}\]  
The physical learning space (PLS) is the database for the implementation of project-based teaching, mainly integrating the functions of spatial and temporal basic data collection for plant cultivation and conservation design, multisource and multidimensional data fusion, and IoT sensing data reception, which are obtained through on-site surveys, base analysis, and IoT sensing. The physical teaching space also includes specialized cultivation areas and laboratories that are equipped with soil-testing equipment, water-quality-analysis instruments, greenhouse facilities, and various cultivation tools. Students can grow, observe, and manage different types of plants directly in these facilities. Through the use of sensors in these physical environments (e.g., soil moisture sensors, light intensity meters, temperature and humidity meters, etc. ), students can collect data in real time about the growing conditions of their plants and synchronize these data to the digital twin platform for analysis and comparison. Virtual learning spaces (VLS) serve as the foundational model for project-based learning, utilizing digital twinning technology to spatially model elements such as space, equipment, processes, and environments. Furthermore, three-dimensional modeling techniques enable the real-time monitoring and analysis of the spatial modeling information, complemented by 3D graphical visualization techniques for presentation and statistical analysis. The visualization interface offers real-time 3D visualization of environmental monitoring data in a novel manner, allowing users to immerse themselves in various states of copyright environments. It enables users to dynamically grasp the operational status and environmental parameter indicators of crop-growth-environment monitoring systems.