## 3 Results  
We performed characterization of all three types of air-puff stimuli. We observed that Type 2 and Type 3 air pulses reached 63% and 37.9% of the peak pressure of the Type 1 pulse, respectively. The reduction in peak pressure in our custom air-puff system was associated with an elongation of pulse duration: from 17.31 ms for Type 1 to 19.57 ms for Type 2, and 21.99 ms for Type 3 (Table 2). We investigated spatial distributions of three types of air puffs. The results, shown in Figure 4A, indicate that peak pressure remained constant (variations \(<\) 1.3%) within the distance of 10 mm from the nozzle but declined more significantly beyond this point, drop \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Air-Puff Type** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Capacitor Charging** \\ **Voltage (V)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Peak Force (mN)** & **Time Duration (ms)** \\ \hline Type 1 & 70 & 127.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 17.31 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Type 2 & 55 & 79.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 19.57 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Type 3 & 45 & 47.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 21.99 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The maximum force and time duration of the selected air puff types. ping to 30% of the initial value at 18 mm. It is therefore crucial to ensure the measurements are taken at a distance not exceeding 10 mm from the nozzle end. Moreover, the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) pressure profiles taken in a plane 10 mm away from the nozzle end revealed differences in peak pressure but generally followed a Gaussian-like distribution (Figure 4B,C). Figure 2C shows the cornea and sclera before, during, and after mechanical stimulation. Because dehydration reduces corneal thickness, we monitored CCT prior to each stimulation to identify any changes over time. Finally, we used these data to assess the repeatability of the air-puff-induced displacement amplitude at the corneal apex and in the sclera. Analysis of the maximum amplitude of corneal displacement (MAD) indicated that the corneal response stabilized after about 12 air-puff stimulations (Figure 5A). Additionally, eye retraction during the experiment suggests that air-puff stimulation induces slight ocular movements (MER in Figure 5B). These findings underscore the importance of monitoring scleral behavior in the posterior eye pole to account for whole-eye movement when measuring corneal displacements. Figure 5C shows a slight decrease in CCT during repeated mechanical stimulation. For all three tested eyes, CCT remained relatively stable for the first 10-20 min (around measurements 9-17), exhibiting a maximum reduction of about 2%. After approximately 40 min (around measurement 30), CCT decreased by around 5%, which is consistent with the maximum duration of examinations in the main study. The differences in baseline CCT values observed for all three air-puff types are not related to air-puff type, but to the population CCT variation in porcine eyes. Following the final study protocol, we measured nine porcine eyes ex vivo and analyzed each measurement to quantify the displacement. Figure 6A-E presents the results for key parameters (MAD, MER, CRT, HA, and S) as boxplots, grouped by different IOP levels and air-puff types (colors). MAD, MER, and HA showed negative correlations with IOP. Figure 4: Spatial characterization of the generated air-pulses: (**A**) Axial peak pressure profile measured at central lateral position of the sensor with respect to the nozzle. (**B,C**) Peak pressure values extracted from measured temporal profiles and presented for various lateral positions (X—horizontal, and Y—vertical). Marker color and style corresponds to air-puff stimuli type: red circles for Type 1 air-puff, green squares for Type 2, and blue diamonds for Type 3. Figure 5: Pilot testing results for protocol refinement performed as series of 40 consecutive measurements for each air-puff type: (**A**) Maximum apex displacement (MAD), (**B**) maximum eye retraction (MER), and (**C**) central corneal thickness (CCT).