esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Supporting Immersive Video Streaming via V2X Communication
## 2 Bandwidth Allocation for Diverse Streaming Services in V2X Communication
### Bandwidth Calculation Module for Vehicle Video Applications
 \tag{18}\]  
where \(uvr_{t_{j}^{e,\
u}}^{B}\) and \(uvr_{t_{j}^{e,\
u}}^{E}\), represent the resolution of the base layer and enhancement layer uploaded for video by the vehicle passenger, respectively. Similarly, \(dvr_{t_{j}^{e,\
u}}^{B}\) and \(dvr_{t_{j}^{e,\
u}}^{E}\) denote the resolution of the base layer and enhancement layer downloaded for video by the vehicle passenger, respectively. \(\overline{vl}^{\
u}\) represents the system-set maximum resolution for video of vehicle passengers, while \(vl_{\kappa^{e,\
u}}^{E}\) is the bandwidth requirement for video resolution specified at level \(\kappa^{e,\
u}\)..
* If the bandwidth demand of the application is not yet satisfied and the video resolution has not reached the system-set minimum, decrease the video resolution and return to Step 2. Otherwise, proceed to the next step. * Notify the vehicle passenger of the returned result. If the result indicates that the bandwidth demand can be satisfied, continue execution. If not, notify the vehicle passenger and end this module. * If the video application type used is non-real-time, check the download status of video segments. If all video segments for that application have been preloaded, end this module. * This module enters background execution mode. When the vehicle updates the driving path or it arrives at the next road segment along its route, return to Step 2 to continue execution.
## 2 Use Cases and Requirements
### Broadcast Use Case  
Due to the increasing importance of the Web and Social Web, journalists will in the future no longer be able to rely only on trustworthy sources, like news agencies, PR-material or libraries. User-generated content will become another important information source. This shift in importance is also the case when broadcasters' own events should be documented and their impact should be analyzed. In both cases, it is important that the user-generated content stays accessible, even if the original source disappears. Therefore, the management of digital content from a Social Web archive perspective is a key concern for broadcasting companies.  
The main objective in the broadcaster scenario is to identify, preserve, interrelate and eventually use multimedia content from the Social Web that is relevant to a specified topic, event or entity. Two groups of users are involved: archivists and journalists. The archivists need support for selecting and archiving relevant content. Their job is to define and fine-tune the boundaries of the focused crawling until the results are satisfactory, at which point the results are stored in the archive. The journalists need to easily find relevant content for their stories/articles/shows and then be able to follow the discussions and opinions on them.  
As a concrete example, we consider an election, like the U.S. elections in 2012 or the German election in 2013. Journalists covering elections would like to have access to relevant content from official sources, journalistic sources, blogs, social networks, as well as photo and video networks. Information gathered from those sources is selected, processed and organized, so that questions, such as the following, can be answered:  
* How did people talk about the elections, parties or the people involved?
* How are opinions distributed in relation to demographic user data and is it changing over time?
* Who are the most active Twitter users?
* What did they talk about?
* What videos were most popular on Facebook?
## 4 Discussion
### Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD) Analysis  
MMP-2: The apo form's RMSD values increased sharply since the beginning of the simulation. This rise then reached a plateau level. A comparison of the apo-form MMP-2 graphics and the halo-form MMP-2 graphics is given in Figure 6. It is shown that the RMSD value of the complex formed by the a-tomatine compound with MMP-2 remained under the apo form graphic throughout all frames. This means that, when a-tomatine binds to the MMP-2 protein, it changes conformation, that is, prevents the enzyme from performing its normal function. This effect was also seen in the chlorhexidine compound, but the MMP-2 protein structure to which the chlorhexidine compound was attached overlapped with the apo form graph after the simulation, that is, when it came to the final frames. This situation shows that a-tomatine has more inhibitory potential when the capacity of the a-tomatine and chlorhexidine compounds to inhibit MMP-2 enzyme is compared.  
MMP-8: In the MMP-8 protein structure RMSD plot, the apo form was above both the halo form lines. a-Tomatine mostly intersected with the apo form. a-Tomatine is, therefore,  
Figure 6: Alpha-carbon RMSD plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-2 protein.  
less restricted than the chlorhexidine compound. This means that the movement of the MMP-8 protein structure in the solvent medium was more inhibited by the chlorhexidine compound. The halo form formed by the chlorhexidine compound remained below all lines, meaning that the MMP-8 protein structure changed conformation less. The halo form formed by the a-tomatine compound was, on average, lower than the apo form. This is an indication that the MMP-8 protein is inhibited by a-tomatine. The conformational change caused by the a-tomatine and chlorhexidine compounds in the MMP-8 protein structure is shown as an RMSD graph in Figure 7.  
MMP-9: The conformation changes caused by a-tomatine and chlorhexidine compounds in the MMP-9 protein structure are shown in Figure 7 as both halo forms and apo form graphs. The graph gives us mixed signals. This is mainly due to the fact that the chlorhexidine compound could not remain embedded and bound to the MMP-9 protein structure in the molecular dynamics simulation. The chlorhexidine compound was not effective in the long-term activation of biological systems because the compound left the protein structure in a short time. The a-tomatine compound, unlike the chlorhexidine compound, remained bound throughout the molecular dynamics simulation by coordinating with the zinc atom with the MMP-9 protein structure. It was seen that the a-tomatine halo form graph, which was always above the apo form line in the RMSD graph, did not limit the conformation of the protein structure. Therefore, the potential for partial inhibition via a-tomatine may be in question when the simulation is combined with three-dimensional image analysis. However, the chlorhexidine compound had no effect on the MMP-9 protein (Figure 8).
# Immunological Aspects of EBV and Oral Mucosa Interactions in Oral Lichen Planus
## 7 Role of LCs in EBV Infection  
The currently existing publications demonstrate that dendritic cells, including LCs, are activators and regulators of the immune response and play a vital role in the progression of various oral pathologies. LCs, as APCs are one of the first cells to receive antigens, thus also a viruses. In the case of the herpes simplex virus, there is evidence of incomplete maturation in dendritic cells after infection. Further DC maturation, IL-12 secretion, and induction of primary and secondary T cell responses are faulty by hypo-polysaccharide (LPS). As a result, cell apoptosis is asynchronous and delayed. However, it turns out that cells adjacent to functionally altered DCs can take over their function by cross-presentation of HSV antigens [117]. Previous studies also revealed the so-called EBV transition model, where EBV are capable of latently infecting blood-borne mononuclear cells, precursors of LCs, during their migration from the blood to the epithelium, where they differentiate into oral Langerhans cells [118]. A broader study of HSV, varicella zoster virus (VZV),and HIV revealed that these viruses interact with LCs at the very early stages of infection. However, the effects of infection can be different, determined by the nature of the respective virus and the pathways of pathogenesis. For instance, in the situation of HIV, capture of HIV by LCs is followed by degradation of these cells. Another possibility is that under specific circumstances, de novo infection may be observed, as HIV has the ability to use LCs to transmit to CD4 lymphocytes located in the submuc, leading to subsequent dissemination. Another study previously confirmed that, for example, in cases of HIV-associated oral hairy leukoplakia, a reduction in the LC cell count occurs, resulting in the suppression of EBV-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte responses [119]. As mentioned above in connection with HSV, VZV also causes DC maturation disorders and possible apoptosis. However, it is recognized that once DCs are infected, they can present both HIV and VZV as antigens to CD4+ Tly and CD8+ Tly and induce an immunological response [69]. Based on the above opinion and knowing that EBV latently infects immediate precursors of LCs and then both productively and latently infects resident LCs in the oral epithelium, we could explain the mode of action of EBV as an endogenous antigen.  
One of the immunodominant epitopes of EBV nuclear antigen 1(EBNA1) is the peptide sequence GLCTLVAML, which can bind to MHC class I molecules and be presented on the cell surface to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
# Anchor-Based Method for Inter-Domain Mobility Management in Software-Defined Networking
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Data Transfer Delay  
The data transfer delay depends on the available bandwidth and the number of hops. Higher bandwidth and fewer hops reduce the data transfer delay between nodes.  
Figure 11 presents a comparison of the average data transfer delay for RI-SDN (i.e., our method) and HATA across five different grid sizes (\(2\times 3\), \(3\times 3\), \(3\times 4\), \(4\times 4\), \(4\times 5\)). The average delays shown were obtained from 1000 runs of our simulation setup for each grid configuration. Note that HATA denotes the method proposed by [PERSON] et al. in [19].  
As shown in this figure, RI-SDN consistently maintains lower data delay transfer across all grid sizes compared to HATA.  
For smaller grids (\(2\times 3\), \(3\times 3\)), the performance difference between RI-SDN and [PERSON] et al. [19] is minimal, with RI-SDN having a slight advantage. This is because both methods have a relatively small number of possible routes, and the overhead of route selection is low.  
Figure 11: Data transfer delay.  
Figure 12: Handover latency.  
However, as the grid size increases (\(3\times 4\), \(4\times 4\), \(4\times 5\)), RI-SDN begins to outperform [19] more significantly. By filtering out routes with lower bandwidth capacities, RI-SDN avoids congestion and inefficient paths, leading to lower average delays. In contrast, HATA does not apply such strict filtering, resulting in higher delays as more suboptimal routes are considered.  
The largest grid size (\(4\times 5\)) shows the most considerable difference in delay performance. RI-SDN's average delay increases to 66 ms, while [19]'s delay reaches 80 ms, demonstrating RI-SDN's superior scalability and efficiency in larger, more complex networks.  
RI-SDN outperforms the method proposed by [PERSON] et al. in [19] (which is denoted by HATA) in terms of data transfer delay for several reasons. RI-SDN selects routes that simultaneously optimize bandwidth and reduce the number of domains traversed, which effectively reduces transfer delay. Furthermore, unlike [19], which uses a less restrictive route selection algorithm, RI-SDN applies rigorous filtering to avoid suboptimal paths with bandwidth below the required threshold.
# Recent Progress on Irradiation-Induced Defect Engineering of Two-Dimensional 2H-MoS2 Few Layers
## 2 Charged Particle Irradiation
### Electron Irradiation
Figure 21 shows the defect-induced stoichiometry as a function of electron dose. The elemental composition within the illuminated region was measured by electron X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The EDS measurements indicated that the S/Mo atomic ratio was very close to the stoichiometric 2:1 ratio before electron irradiation. The M/Mo ratio decreased with the irradiation dose because of the sulfur removal under electron irradiation. It should be noted that the EDS intensity of the molybdenum signal remains constant during the irradiation, supporting the fact that the main effect of irradiation was to create sulfur vacancies while molybdenum atoms were much more difficult to be sputtered. Electron-irradiation-induced phase transformation of MoS\({}_{2}\) layers was also reported at high temperatures, such as 400-700 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a vacuum [76]. Electron irradiation initiated the phase transition of 2H-MoS\({}_{2}\) at high temperatures, and the transformation ratio increased with increasing electron doses above \(40\times 10^{6}\)-\(100\times 10^{6}\) electrons /nm\({}^{2}\), depending on the temperature. It was also found that MoS\({}_{2}\) layers were damaged when the total electron dose exceeded \(5.0\times 10^{8}\)-\(1.1\times 10^{9}\) electrons/nm\({}^{2}\) with the accelerating voltage of 60 kV. Figure 20: HRTEM images of a MoS\({}_{2}\) mono-layer under electron irradiation [81]. **(a)** MoS\({}_{2}\) mono-layer without irradiation. Inset: fast Fourier transformation (FFT) image. **(b)** The initial MoS\({}_{2}\) sheet with small irradiation-induced vacancies as highlighted by the arrows. **(c)** Large holes extended from the small vacancies upon electron irradiation of 108 s. **(d)** Larger holes extended from the small vacancies upon electron irradiation of 261 s. Reprinted with permission under a Creative Commons license.
# A Novel Intelligent Condition Monitoring Framework of Essential Service Water Pumps
## 3 Methodology
### Information Integration Algorithm  
For the UAD model, the anomaly detection rate (\(ADR\)) indicates the proportion of samples detected as abnormal by UAD in the batch of test samples. If the \(ADR\) is greater than 10% [23], the output of UAD is regarded as abnormal. Otherwise, the output is regarded as normal status. The output of FD is the most probable status (\(MPS\)) and its probability (\(P\_MPS\)). Due to the different output formats and contents of UAD and FD, they cannot be directly fused. However, as mentioned above, practical applications must combine these results to provide more comprehensive decision support. Therefore, the information integration algorithm is proposed to fuse the results of UAD and FD, as shown in Algorithm 1. The key idea is to use the consistent information of AD and FD, and experts would deeply analyze the inconsistent results. Notably, 80% of \(P\_MPS\) used is based on the GB/T 43555-2023 [36] standard.  
```
Input: a batch of detection samples \(X_{test}\) Output: status and decision
1. get \(ADR\) of UAD based on \(X_{test}\)
2. get \(MPS\) and \(P\_MPS\) of FD based on \(X_{test}\)
3. if\(ADR<10\%\) & \(MPS\) is normal status then
4. go on condition monitoring
5. if\(ADR\geq 10\%\) & \(MPS\) is a specific fault & \(P\_MPS\geq 80\%\) then
6. control based on \(MPS\)
7. otherwise
8. expert analysis, go on monitoring, control the pump, or supplement data according to analysis results
9. End
```  
**Algorithm 1** Information integration algorithm.
# Wheeler Method for Evaluation of Antennas Submerged in Lossy Media
## 3 Analysis of the Wheeler Cap Method of Antenna Surrounded by the Lossy Media
### Measurement
#### 3.2.2 Measurement Result  
The reflection characteristics measurement of the antenna was carried out with a vector network analyzer (VNA). The antenna radiation efficiency measurement was conducted using three different radiation shields to measure the resistance of the antenna in each case. The radiation efficiency \(\eta_{WR}\) measured at 400 MHz is compared with the two simulation results in Figure 9. As the cavity radius becomes larger than the radian length, the error due to the cavity mode of the shield itself [30] is similarly confirmed in the measurement and simulation. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation results using the Wheeler method.  
The efficiency values measured with a radiation shield having a radius (20 mm) close to the radian length \(r_{l}\) (14.4 mm) is compared with the simulated values in Figure 10. The calculated error from 300 to 600 MHz is less than 3%.  
This study is the first to experimentally validate the Wheeler method for the condition of lossy media. In previous studies of modified radiation efficiency, an ideal dipole or source was used or limited only to numerical analysis. In comparison, we designed and measured a practical UHF band NMHA that is applicable for submerged scenarios using  
Figure 10: The measured and simulated radiation efficiency (\(d_{r}=r_{w}=20\) mm).  
Figure 9: The measured and simulation radiation efficiency \(\eta_{MR}\) versus cavity radius \(r_{w}\) and simulation \(\eta_{MR}\) versus radial distance \(d_{r}\). The radian length \(r_{l}\) is marked with black lines.  
an artificial lossy material. The radiation efficiency measured at the theoretical radian length is in good agreement with that proposed in a previous study [16].  
Table 2 summarizes the performance comparisons between the proposed method and the state-of-the-art method. The proposed method uses the change in the resistance characteristic inside the cavity, whereas the principle of the other methods is based on the power of the electromagnetic field. It is noted that the proposed method measured the radiation efficiency only via the Wheeler cap, whereas [32] requires a lot of space and chambers for the measurement, including a shielded room. Therefore, the proposed method measures radiation efficiency in a fast and inexpensive way.
###### Abstract  
Due to the integration of new renewable energies, the electrical grid undergoes instabilities. Hydroelectric power plants are key players for grid control thanks to pumped storage power plants. However, this objective requires extending the operating range of the machines and increasing the number of start-up, stand-by, and shut-down procedures, which reduces the lifespan of the machines. CFD based on standard URANS turbulence modeling is currently able to predict accurately the performances of the hydraulic turbines for operating points close to the Best Efficiency Point (BEP). However, far from the BEP, the standard URANS approach is less efficient to capture the dynamics of 3D flows. The current study focuses on a hydraulic turbine, which has been investigated at the BEP and at the Speed-No-Load (SNL) operating conditions. Several \"advanced\" URANS models such as the Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) SST \(k-\omega\) and the BSL- EARSM have been considered and compared with the SST \(k-\omega\) model. The main conclusion of this study is that, at the SNL operating condition, the prediction of the topology and the dynamics of the flow on the suction side of the runner blade channels close to the trailing edge are influenced by the turbulence model.  
CFD; URANS; Francis turbine; speed-no-load; scale-adaptive simulation; EARSM 1
## 4 Results Analysis
### Prediction Performance
The experiments demonstrate that the STAN model achieves low errors in predictions, meeting the accuracy requirements for monitoring and early warning of assembly steel strut axial forces. For medium- to long-term predictions, while the error increases, the model retains a certain degree of predictive capability, providing valuable references for trend analysis. The decline in prediction accuracy over time can be attributed to two main factors. First, the fluctuation in assembly steel strut axial forces is influenced by various complex factors, such as temperature changes, excavation progress, and stratigraphic conditions. These factors tend to exhibit greater complexity and uncertainty over longer prediction time steps, reducing the relevance of historical data for future predictions and increasing the difficulty and error in forecasting. However, the proposed STAN method leverages the joint modeling of temporal and spatial features to effectively extract dynamic patterns under multi-factor influences, enabling it to capture overall trend changes even over extended time steps. Second, short-term predictions typically rely on the local trends and overall fluctuation characteristics of historical data, which exhibit strong continuity and predictability within shorter periods, leading to higher accuracy. In contrast, long-term predictions require the model to possess stronger nonlinear fitting and generalization capabilities to address more unknown factors and complex dependencies in dynamic changes. Although errors increase gradually in long-term predictions, the STAN method significantly enhances the ability to model complex nonlinear relationships by extracting global features through the self-attention mechanism and integrating local features via multi-layer convolutional networks.
# Evaluation of the GPS Precise Orbit and Clock Corrections from MADOCA Real-Time Products
###### Abstract  
The Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a regional navigation satellite system covering the entire Asia-Oceania region. Except for the standard satellite navigation signals, QZSS satellites also broadcast L6E augmentation signals with real time GNSS precise orbit every 30 s and clock messages every 1 s, which is very important and necessary for Real-Time precise point positioning (RTPPP) applications. In this paper, the MADOCA real-time services derived from L6E augmentation signals were evaluated for both accuracy and availability compared with IGS final products. To avoid the datum difference of GPS orbit between MADOCA real-time and IGS final products, the 7-parameters Helmert transformation was firstly used in this paper, and then the orbit was evaluated on radial, along, and cross-track directions. On the clock evaluation, the mean satellites clock errors were taken as reference clock error, and then the standard deviation (STD) was calculated for each satellite. Furthermore, the signal in space range errors (SISRE) were also summarized to evaluate the ranging-measurement accuracy. Seven-day evaluation results show that satellite orbit, clock errors, and the final SISRE errors range as being 1.8-3.9 cm, 0.04-0.15 ns (1.2-4.5 cm), and 5-10 cm, respectively. For the one-year long-term evaluation, daily SISRE errors in 2018 show consistent performance with that of seven days. Furthermore, the open source software RTKLIB was used to evaluate the kinematic PPP performance based on the MADOCA real-time products, and it shows that the daily positioning accuracy of the 20 globally distributed IGS stations can reach 4.9, 4.2, 11.7, and 12.1 cm in the east, north, up, and 3D directions, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the current MADOCA real-time ephemeris products can provide orbit and clock products with SISRE on centimeters level with high interval, which could meet the demands of the RTPPP solution and serve real-time users who can access the MADOCA real-time products via L6E signal or internet.  
QZSS satellite; MADOCA; orbit and clock errors; precise point positioning +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors