## 4 Therapeutic Effects of Honey
### Other Honeys Properties Valuable for Apitherary  
In addition to the aforementioned biological activities, honey has some other important therapeutic effects proven by different in-vivo and in-vitro studies. For instance, honey exhibits anticancer effects against different carcinoma cells by means of different pathway mechanisms, such as inhibition of cell migration, cell arrest action and apoptotic induction [195,196]. The most representatives studies in this regard were focused on breast [197,198,199] and colon [40,200,201] cancer activity that different honey varieties exert, namely Acacia, Manuka, Tulang and Gelam honey types.  
Moreover, honey has proven its ability to reduce the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in patients with cancer that introduced into their diet 80 g of honey daily [202]. Additionally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) [170], showed that Saudi honeys, including Sidr and Sumra varieties, exert immunomododulatory properties by measuring the interleukin 6 and nitric oxide levels in the PC-3 cells.  
Promising results regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of honey were reported by [PERSON] et al. (2021) [46] who reviewed that Tualang and Gelam honeys can reduce the inflammatory cells in various related disorders.  
The anti-diabetic activity of honey was demonstrated by its potential to reduce the concentration of sugars in blood that are caused by the lack or low amount of insulin production in the body [10]. Several studies in this direction [203,204,205] suggested the protective effects on diabetes by producing insulin signalling pathway mechanisms and thus assuring a better glycaemic control. Moreover, the consumption of honey was described to be beneficial for obesity-related derangements in both animal and human studies [206,207,208].  
Research has revealed that honey has a protective effect for the cardiovascular system by preventing the oxidative stress process of blood vessels, improving the plasma lipid constituents and attenuating elevation of heart function marker [209,210,211].  
In addition, the neuro-protective activity of honey and its constituents against neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, dementia, among others) was proven by numerous works [212,213]. Studies have shown that these disorders are correlated with the inflammation of nerve cells, and thus honey is well placed to prevent it through the protection from oxidative stress, as well as the improvement and regeneration of neurons [87]. Additionally, the consumption of honey can reduce the anxiety and enhance the memory performance [214].  
Some specific research considers that honey may be an ideal remedy against gastrointestinal disorders, especially ulcers [131], as well as in respiratory [215] and allergic [216] dysfunctionalities.  
Finally, the positive effects on reproductive system were outlined for different honey varieties, Tualang and Kelluut honey in particular [217,218]. Overall, the results from animal studies suggest that honey can be included in future analyses in order to see its potential as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women [46,219].