# Comparative Analysis of LiDAR and Photogrammetry for 3D Crime Scene Reconstruction
## 2 Related Work
### Applications of Photogrammetry and Other 3D Tools in Crime Scene Reconstruction
By selecting the most suitable technology based on the specific environment requirements of the crime scene, the accuracy of forensic investigations and the effectiveness of evidence presentation in legal scenarios can be significantly enhanced. [PERSON] et al. [28] introduced a practical application of perspective grid photogrammetry for crime scene reconstruction in their study. This method utilizes a simple grid system to quickly derive spatial measurements from crime scene photographs, significantly reducing the time required on site. The approach is particularly beneficial in environments where rapid scene processing is crucial due to adverse conditions. They provide a valuable tool for forensic professionals by simplifying measurement techniques without significantly compromising the accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [29] investigated the use of iPhone cameras to create 3D urban models, comparing these with high-accuracy terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data. Their study highlights a promising mean error of 0.11 m between the models, suggesting the potential for using consumer-grade technology in professional geoscience applications. Nonetheless, they emphasize further refinement to improve data accuracy and reliability. The study by [PERSON] et al. [30] presents an innovative approach for reconstructing 3D models of accident scenes using UAVs, which is pivotal in reducing the time taken for accident investigations, thus alleviating traffic congestion. Their research evaluates the efficiency of various UAV flight patterns, circular, double grid, and single grid, in creating 3D models. The study tests these methodologies across different settings and altitudes, finding that the circular method at 5 m altitude with ground control points (GCPs) yielded the highest accuracy, with the lowest RMSE value of 0.047 m. This work could have profound implications for rapid and precise accident scene analysis, offering a significant advancement over traditional methods, which often involve more time-consuming and less accurate processes. The study by [PERSON] et al. [31] discussed the integration of camera and LiDAR sensors in forensic pathology for 3D autopsy documentation, highlighting the limitations of traditional two-dimensional imaging. This new method enhances detail capture, necessary for medico-legal accuracy, by preserving spatial integrity through three-dimensional models. Their study validates the superiority of 3D models over conventional methods, offering more straightforward and precise visual evidence for forensic investigations. This advancement can potentially improve documentation practices and educational applications within forensic pathology. As highlighted in the study of [PERSON] et al. [32], the integration of 3D imaging and printing technologies is revolutionizing the field of forensic science, particularly in the reconstruction of crime scenes. This emerging domain, 3D forensic science (3 DFS), combines various established techniques, such as forensic radiography, medicine, and anthropology, with the advanced capabilities of 3D modeling to enhance the precision of forensic evidence. The authors argue that 3 DFS significantly contributes to the criminal justice system by improving the robustness and accuracy of crime reconstructions, which are increasingly utilized in courtrooms to support the presentation of evidence and expert testimony. They emphasize the necessity of defining this distinct field, developing best practices, and setting standards to maximize its efficacy and reliability in legal contexts. As outlined in [33] by [PERSON], digital reconstruction of crime scenes using advanced computer vision techniques with 3D modeling tools allows for a more nuanced exploration of the crime environment. This approach not only enhances the visual representation of spatial relationships and evidence placement but also aids in preserving the integrity of the crime scene, thereby augmenting the traditional methodologies of crime scene investigation.