esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Boat-to-Grid Electrical Energy Storage Potentials around the
## 3 Results
### The Number of Sailing Marinas and Berths around Lake Balaton
If 10% of all the berths of the sailing marinas at Lake Balaton were occupied by small electric boats by 2030, that would mean 689 small electric boats, based on the linearity of the changes over time. In the case of this quantity, the energy storage capacity of the small electric boats would change as it is displayed in Figure 10. It can be seen that, according to the predicted spread of electric boats for 2030, most of the energy storage  
Figure 9: The total power (**a**) and number (**b**) of HMKEs (grid-connected household-size small PV power plants) in the settlements of Hungary on 31 December 2019 [70]. capacity would be provided by small boats with powers of 21-40 kW, with approximately 6 MWh. In the case of the smaller boats of 11-20 kW, this figure would exceed 4.7 MWh, while the category of 6-10 kW would contribute 3.1 MWh to the overall energy storage capacity. The figure of the remaining small electric boats of \(<\)6 kW and \(>\)40 kW could reach more than 1.6 MWh. Based on the data, it can be said that if 10% of all the berths of the sailing marinas of Lake Balaton accommodated electric boats by 2030, the aggregate energy storage capacity represented by all those watercrafts would amount to 15.6 MWh, which could be used to regulate a PV system of up to 78.1 MWp, according to the data in Table 1. This energy storage size would exceed that of the largest battery energy storage system of Hungary of 2021 significantly, at 2.6 times. An energy storage capacity of 15.6 MWh would have several benefits at Lake Balaton:  
* It could facilitate the appearance of new types of flexibility services in the market. * It could contribute to the promotion of renewable energy generation around the lake on a larger scale. * It could assist with making the integration of PV projects into the grid more cost-effective. * It could support supply security and system control in a sustainable way. * It could assist the electric energy network around Lake Balaton with the integration of decentralized PV capacities in a cost-effective manner. It must be emphasized, of course, that the batteries of all the small electric boats at Lake Balaton could not be connected as one virtual storage system. This paper only wishes to present the storage potentials, i.e., to point out that it is worth dealing with the issue, and the electric boats could represent a considerable energy storage capacity at Lake Balaton.
# A New Passive Islanding Detection Solution Based on Accumulated Phase Angle Drift
## 4 Application of Composite PAD Solution
### Accumulated Phase Angle Drift  
The proposed composite PAD solution is immune to unbalanced system faults. However, mal-operation is still possible during the three phase faults. The proper accumulated phase angle drift setting \(\sum Ang\_set\) is applied to ensure the stability.  
The three-phase fault in the interconnection line of DG unit can break the electrical connection between the DG unit and the utility grid. It is possible that the frequency deviation causes the voltage phase angle drifts during the three-phase fault. The setting for \(\sum Ang\_set\) should ensure the stability during the close-up severe three-phase fault for at least 100 ms before the fault clearance. Considering Equation (4), if the rate of change of frequency during the three-phase fault is as high as 10 Hz/s and the fault duration is less than 100 ms, the phase angle drift is: \(\Delta\delta=180^{\circ}\cdot 10\cdot\left(0.1\right)^{2}=18^{\circ}\). The default setting for \(\sum Ang\_set\) is suggested as \(18^{\circ}\). It is possible that ROCOF value is higher than 10 Hz/s if the system inertia is small enough. However, to ensure the system frequency security, the system inertia shall not be too small. Generally, in the practical power system, ROCOF value is no less than 10 Hz/s. Even if ROCOF value is larger than 10 Hz/s, this proposed solution is still applicable with larger phase angle drift settings.  
Besides, if there are specific requirements on fault ride through capability of the DG units, the islanding detection solution shall also keep stable during the required duration. Based on the recommended ROCOF settings from G59 [23], 1 Hz/s and 0.5 s time delay which could ensure the stability, the corresponding phase angle drift is: \(\Delta\delta=180^{\circ}\cdot 1\cdot\left(0.5\right)^{2}=45^{\circ}\). The stable setting for \(\sum Ang\_set\) is suggested as \(45^{\circ}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Power Imbalance** & **Angle Change (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline
50\% & 6.6 \\
40\% & 5.28 \\
30\% & 3.96 \\
20\% & 2.63 \\
15\% & 1.98 \\
10\% & 1.32 \\
5\% & 0.66 \\
2.5\% & 0.33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Angle change vs. active power imbalance.
## 4 Solution Approach
\[v_{in}\leftarrow\omega v_{in}+c_{1}r_{1}(Pz_{in}-z_{in})+c_{2}r_{2}(Gz_{n}-z_{in}) \tag{23}\]  
For the CenPSO algorithm, the velocity was updated according to Equation (24):  
\[v_{in}\gets v_{in}+c_{1}r_{1}(Pz_{in}-z_{in})+c_{2}r_{2}(Gz_{n}-z_{in})+ c_{3}r_{3}(Cz_{n}-z_{in}) \tag{24}\]  
In Equation (24), \(Cz_{n}\) is defined by Equation (25) as follows:  
\[Cz_{n}=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{S}z_{i}}{S} \tag{25}\]  
For the CLPSO algorithm, the velocity was updated in a more complicated manner according to Equation (26) or (27), depending on the random value \(rp\) with uniform distribution \(U\)(0,1). The velocity was updated by applying Equation (26) if \(rp>p_{c}\). Otherwise, the better particle \(m\) of two randomly selected particles from the swarm was used to update the velocity according to Equation (27). \[v_{in}\gets v_{in}+c_{1}r_{1}(Pz_{in}-z_{in})+c_{2}r_{2}(Gz_{n}-z_{in}) \tag{26}\]  
\[v_{in}\gets v_{in}+c_{1}r_{1}(Pz_{mn}-z_{in}) \tag{27}\] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Variable** & **Meaning** \\ \hline \(N\) & The problem dimension, \(N=\sum\limits_{d=1}^{D}J_{d}+P\). \\ \(m\) & A mutation strategy. \\ \(NP\) & Population size. \\ \(S\) & The number of particles randomly selected from the population. \\ \(G\) & Number of generations. \\ \(t\) & The generation index. \\ \(z_{i}\) & The \(i\)-th candidate solution in the population. \\ \(Pz_{i}\) & The personal best of particle \(i\), where \(i\in\) \\ \(Pz_{i}\) & \(\{1,2,\ldots,NP\},\) and \(Pz_{in}\) is the \(n-\)th element of the vector \(Pz_{i}\), where \(n\in\{1,2,\ldots,N\}\). \\ \(G_{Z}\) & The global best, with \(Gz_{n}\) being the \(n-\)th element of the vector \(G_{Z}\), where \(n\in\{1,2,\ldots,N\}\). \\ \(v_{i}\) & The velocity of particle \(i\); \(v_{in}\) denotes the \(n\)-th element of the vector \(v_{i}\). \\ \(c_{1},c_{2},c_{3}\) & Non-negative real parameters less than 1. \\ \(r_{1},r_{2},r_{3}\) & Random variables with uniform distribution \(U\)(0,1). \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Notations of symbols, variables, and parameters used in the three PSO algorithms. Figure 2: A flow chart for the three variants of the PSO algorithm with velocity update strategy \(v\). Algorithm 2 shows the Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Velocity Updating Strategy.
# Study on the Interference Process of Liquid Radial Reflux on the Stability of a Shaped Charge Jet
## 4 Experiments and Calculation
### Comparison between Experimental and Theoretical Results  
The calculated results of the theoretical model in this study were compared with those of the X-ray and DOP experiments to verify the reliability of the theoretical model. Table 6 provides the velocity interval of the disturbed jet and the residual penetration depth calculated by the theoretical model established in this study and the results of the X-ray and DOP tests.  
The velocity interval of the disturbed jet and the residual penetration of the jet calculated by using the theoretical model established in this paper is in good agreement with the X-ray test value, and the error is within a reasonable range. Among the findings, the error between the calculated minimum interference velocity and the test value was 7.6%, that between the calculated maximum interference velocity and the test value was 2.5%, and that between the calculated residual penetration value and the test value was 4.0%. The results demonstrate the reliability of the theoretical calculation model established in this study.
# Adaptive Emergency Call Service for Disaster Management
## 4 Adaptive Multi-Hop Emergency Call Protocol: 5G-SOS
### 5G-SOS Adaptive Parameters  
The behavior of existing protocols such as M-HELP [9] depends on constant parameters mainly used by the UEs to decide either to relay or not, the received emergency calls. In contrast, 5G-SOS parameters are designed in the proceeding sections, which can vary adaptively according to the observed network measurements.
## 4 MAC Protocol Design
### Hybrid TDMA/CSMA
Since the available power of a satellite is limited, a fixed-length superframe with a variable-length CSMA period was adopted. Accordingly, a variable-length inactive period is applied to the back-up communication period. In the inactive period, all nodes turn off their radio to conserve energy. Two sub-beacons are broadcasted by the host node to mark the boundary between adjacent periods. The structure of the superframe is shown in Figure 4.  
According to the data requirements, nodes in type A and type B requires scheduled slots to achieve high data rate and/or low latency. Thus, their data transmission will be performed during the MCP. In this period, nodes obtain their slots by center controlled scheduling. To complete the slot allocation, a three-way handshake process is performed, and after the slots information will be stored both in the host node and the slave node. The slot allocation process for different nodes is staggered by their device id, the slot request frame, assign frame and confirm frame are transmitted at a particular slot sorted by their ID value. In addition, slots will be recovered when a node goes into the sleeping state. Once the node wakes up, the slot allocation process will be executed again. By doing so, dynamic slot allocation and plug-and-play can be achieved. The slot allocation process is shown in Figure 5.  
Meanwhile, during the Extended Communication period, a slotted CSMA/CA based mechanism is employed. Nodes in type C receive their slots with a contention access mechanism, and their data  
Figure 4: Structure of the packet superframe. Figure 5: Slot scheduling process in the TDMA period. transmission only performs in ECP. For a particular node, the packet transmission process is shown in Figure 6.
## 2 Study Site and Methodology
### Data Processing and Analyses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l r r r r r r r} \hline
**Variable** & \(\boldsymbol{n}\) & **mean** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **CV** & **min** & **median** & **max** \\ \hline \(F_{\text{c,wpl}}\) (mg CO\({}_{2}\) m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) & 1,884 & 0.06 & 0.30 & 498 & \(-\)1.50 & 0.06 & 1.53 \\ \(H_{\text{J}}\)(W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 38.40 & 58.44 & 152 & \(-\)78.86 & 3.01 & 238.80 \\ LE\({}_{\text{wpl}}\) (W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 102.69 & 130.79 & 127 & \(-\)92.89 & 41.40 & 517.29 \\ \(u^{\ast}\) (m s\({}^{-1}\)) & 1,884 & 0.18 & 0.12 & 68 & 0.01 & 0.14 & 0.57 \\ CO\({}_{2}\) density (mg m\({}^{-3}\)) & 1,884 & 633.34 & 118.19 & 19 & 243.45 & 598.57 & 1,577.23 \\ H\({}_{2}\)O density (g m\({}^{-3}\)) & 1,884 & 12.34 & 4.77 & 39 & \(-\)2.62 & 12.94 & 47.82 \\ \(T_{\text{a}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1,884 & 18.15 & 7.05 & 39 & \(-\)0.67 & 17.95 & 34.00 \\ RH (\%) & 1,884 & 71.54 & 22.30 & 31 & 16.09 & 76.13 & 107.80 \\ WD (degree) & 1,884 & 219.91 & 127.29 & 58 & 0.04 & 265.93 & 359.89 \\ WS (m s\({}^{-1}\)) & 1,884 & 1.73 & 1.40 & 81 & 0.04 & 1.19 & 6.14 \\ \(R_{\text{s,np}}\)(W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 263.80 & 309.91 & 117 & \(-\)4.91 & 104.18 & 981.88 \\ \(R_{\text{s,dn}}\)(W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 44.14 & 48.88 & 111 & \(-\)0.19 & 18.63 & 153.55 \\ \(R_{\text{l,dn}}\)(W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 386.85 & 34.95 & 9 & 294.45 & 386.94 & 474.95 \\ \(R_{\text{n}}\)(W m\({}^{-2}\)) & 1,884 & 413.84 & 47.55 & 11 & 307.63 & 405.96 & 531.50 \\ ET (mm h\({}^{-1}\)) & 1,680 & 0.14 & 0.21 & 124 & 0.0 & 0.02 & 0.75 \\ PPT (mm h\({}^{-1}\)) & 1,680 & 0.04 & 0.36 & 825 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 7.8 \\ ST\({}_{\text{min}}\)(\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1,680 & 19.66 & 3.92 & 20 & 8.11 & 20.03 & 26.18 \\ ST\({}_{\text{max}}\)(\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1,680 & 19.84 & 3.96 & 20 & 8.19 & 20.24 & 27.24 \\ SWC (\%) & 1,680 & 75.37 & 8.73 & 12 & 62.98 & 73.75 & 89.90 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of eddy covariance and meteorological data collected on an hourly basis in the Yenicaga peatland. Figure 2: Logistic cumulative distribution function (CDF) fitted to both daytime and nighttime CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes for the Yenicaga peatland: (Location (\(\mu\)) = 0.05197; scale (\(s\)) = 0.1596; \(r\) = 0.99; \(n\) = 1884; \(P<0.001\)). Figure 5: A quartic function fitted to \(F_{\rm c\_wpl}\) dataset for Yenicaga peatland in August of 2010: \(F_{\rm c\_wpl}\) (mg CO\({}_{2}\) m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) = 0.3242 h - 0.0696 h\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.0044 h\({}^{3}\) - 9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) h\({}^{4}\); (\(R^{2}_{\rm adj}\) = 0.5963; SE = 0.1957; \(n\) = 620; \(P<0.001\)).
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the effect of the lockdown on the air quality was assessed in Krakow. The PM10 concentrations at the Krakow traffic monitoring station decreased by 61%, 54%, 34%, and 42% in February, March, April, and May 2020 compared to the same months in 2018. The following elements and ions: Ca, Ti, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr, PO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\), K\({}^{+}\), and Ca\({}^{2+}\), had similar concentrations in both years (2018 and 2020). The PMF modelling showed that the contributions of solid fuel combustion and SIA decreased by 77-84% and 98-72% in two months (February and March), respectively. The changes in the contribution of the sources in February 2020 could be caused by the introduction of a ban of the use of solid fuel combustion for residential heating in Krakow in September 2019. The high contribution of traffic/industry/construction work to the PM\({}_{10}\) mass was equal to 24.6 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}/\mathrm{m}^{3}\) (33.1%) and 23.4 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}/\mathrm{m}^{3}\) (63.7%) in 2018 and 2020, respectively. In March and May 2020, it was reduced by 6% and 36%, respectively, compared to 2018. This may be related to the limited activity of people during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the restriction of traffic in the city. In March 2020, the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic began.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132011492/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132011492/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132011492/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132011492/s1)).  
Conceptualization, L.S.; formal analysis, XRF L.S., J.D. and A.R.; IC analysis, K.S.; PMF modelling, Z.S.; funding acquisition, L.S., V.M. and S.M.A.; investigation, L.S.; methodology, L.S., K.S., A.R, J.D., V.M. and S.M.A.; project administration, L.S.; software, Z.S.; supervision, L.S.; validation, L.S., A.R., K.S. and Z.S.; roles/writing--original draft, L.S.; writing--review and editing, all. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The bilateral cooperation project (no BPN/BPT/2021/1/00001 in Poland and no 2021.09406. CBM in Portugal) between Poland and Portugal partially financed this work.  
Not applicable.  
The data are available on request from the authors.  
This research project was supported/partially supported by the program 'Excellence initiative, research university' for the University of Science and Technology (Project no 1644). The bilateral cooperation project (no BPN/BPT/2021/1/00001 in Poland and no 2021.09406.CBM in Portugal) between Poland and Portugal partially financed this work together with the subsidy of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, grants numbers 16.16.220.842 and 16.16.210.476. The authors thank the Voivodeship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection for supplying the PM\({}_{10}\) samples.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Implementation  
### Noise Modeling and Computation of Pixel per Bit to Spectral Noise Density  
In CCD/CMOS cameras, the pixel noise can be roughly characterized using Equation (1), as outlined in [29]:  
\[n\approx N\Big{(}0,\delta(s)^{2}\Big{)} \tag{1}\]  
where s denotes the value of a pixel, \(\delta(s)^{2}\)= s \(\times\) a \(\times\)\(\alpha\) + \(\beta\), where a denotes the mark and space amplitude, and \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are the fitting factors derived from experimental data. Our system implementation incorporated model-fitting coefficients obtained from experiments to enhance predictive accuracy. Further, Equation (2) was used to calculate the (energy-per-bit-to-noise-power-spectral-density ratio) E\({}_{b}\)/N\({}_{0}\) on the receiving side under the assumption that one symbol equals one bit:  
\[Pixel\frac{E_{b}}{N_{0}}=\frac{E\left[s^{2}\right]}{\mathrm{E}[n^{2}]}\approx \frac{\mathrm{a}^{2}\times\Delta}{\mathrm{a}\times\alpha\times\Delta+\beta} \tag{2}\]  
where E\({}_{b}\) denotes the bit energy, \(N_{0}\) represents the noise density, s signifies a pixel value, \(\Delta\) is the ratio of the camera exposure time to the bit interval \(\Delta\) = (T\({}_{\mathrm{exposure}}\)/T\({}_{\mathrm{bit}}\)), and \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are the parameters obtained through the fitting.
## 1 Introduction
The authors concluded that the oscillation and amplitude can be reduced through adjusting the parameters of the system. Therefore, it can be used to improve the design of a non-linear absorber. The vibrating motion of an auto-parametric absorber (APA) connected with a Duffing oscillator was investigated numerically and experimentally in [23]. The impacts of a magneto-rheological (MR) damper and a shape storage alloy (SMA) spring on the absorption effect and regular solution stability were investigated in [24], while the author presented in [25] an analysis of the oscillation and energy harvesting of APA vibration. The analytical, computational, and experimental studies of a dynamical system containing an electromagnetic device are presented in [26], in which the analytic solutions were achieved using the HBM. Therefore, the author constructed another dynamic model in [27] to reduce the vibration and harvesting energy simultaneously, in which it is concluded that the initial resonance's area is the ideal area for suppression. The presence of solutions for a class of multi-point boundary value problems presented on the positive half-line for a fractional differential equation at resonance is explored in [28]. The asymptotic behavior of dynamical system trajectories caused by the algorithm and generalized known results when the metric space is bounded are examined in [29]. This study addresses the behavior of a 3 DOF vibrating system consisting of a non-linear damped spring pendulum linked to an absorber with linear damper, which is exposed to the impact of a force in the spring's transverse direction. It is assumed that the whole motion is in a plane in which the spring's hanging point rotates in an elliptic path with steady angular velocity. The second kind of Lagrange's equations have been used to construct the equations of motion (EOM), which are then solved using the AMS up to the third approximations. The requirements of solvability were satisfied through the elimination of secular terms, and thereby, the ME were gained. The RHC was used to examine the fixed points of the stability analysis of solutions at the steady state. As a result, the non-linear stability was examined to determine the zones of stability and instability. The system's behavior is depicted through the examination of several plots relating to various curves of the solutions' time histories, resonance, and stability zones. This model is significant since it is used in a variety of engineering applications such as construction, bridges, and spinning machines.
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Transmission Performance
Therefore, the symmetric configuration of the transceivers at the UAV and ground terminals can minimize the effect of increased pointing error and achieve improved diversity gain. Figure 4: Outage performance of \(M\times N\) systems for data reception at the ground terminal. Figure 5: Outage performance of \(M\times N\) systems for data reception at the UAV terminal.
## 3 Antenna Design and Analysis  
This section consists of the steps for the design of the wideband CP DRA. The design is finalized in five steps and each step is discussed in detail. The proposed antenna design is simulated by using CST Microwave Studio 2019 version, which is using Finite Element Method (FEM) numerical technique. Figure 2 shows all the steps which help to get the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Size (mm)** & **Parameters** & **Size (mm)** \\ \hline \(W_{\text{sub}}\) & 14 & \(W_{\text{grd}}\) & 14 \\ \hline \(L_{\text{sub}}\) & 21 & \(L_{\text{grd}}\) & 21 \\ \hline \(W_{\text{DRA}}\) & 9.2 & \(W_{\text{slot}}\) & 7.5 \\ \hline \(L_{\text{DRA}}\) & 4.9 & \(L_{\text{slot}}\) & 3.7 \\ \hline Top Patch Length & 1.5 & \(h_{\text{DRA}}\) & 5.12 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Dimension table of the proposed design.  
Figure 1: (**a**) Shows the top view of the proposed design, (**b**) shows the bottom view of the design while, (**c**) shows the side view of the design.  
final design and results. Figures 3 and 4 depict the corresponding simulated results which are achieved because of the different design steps. Initially the DR is excited by stationing the coaxial probe at the midpoint of the XZ side of the DR. The simulated results from Figures 3 and 4 show that the design resonates at 14 GHz with no CP performance. In the next step, the feeding position of the DR is changed. The DR is excited with corner feeding. This arrangement generates two wide operating bands with relatively good impedance matching. With this step, the design is also circularly polarized; however, CP performance needs more improvement. In the next step, a cylindrical air gap is introduced at the center of the DR. This improves the impedance matching of both the resonance frequencies. However, introduction of the air gap does not largely affect the axial ratio. To cover the operating band from 8.5 GHz to 14.5 GHz a rectangular slot is carved on the ground. This highly improves the impedance matching of the whole operating band. At this stage, the design has a wideband response from 8.5 GHz to 14.5 GHz. However, this step does not change the axial ratio bandwidth. In the final step, a copper strip is stacked on the top of the DR. This improves the axial ratio and enhances the axial ratio bandwidth to 1 GHz.