## 3 Results
### Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in SF and SSF Extracts in Different Solvents  
Considering its antimicrobial activity as well as high stability and solubility in water, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is mainly used in drugs, such as antihyroid agents, [78] and cosmetic products [79]. Naringin and naringenin, the aglycon form of naringin, are abundantly found flavones in citrus fruits [80] and reportedly have antioxidative, anti-inflammation, and antiobesity effects in mouse models [81]. Naringenin is converted into various flavonoids, such as catechins,flavonols, and anthocyanin, through enzymatic mechanisms [82]. The measurement of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin, and naringin in SF and SSF was deemed valuable in this study because the identification of these functional components enhances the applicability of SF in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. To determine the phenolic content changes in SF and SSF extracts in different solvents, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin, and naringin were measured, and the results are presented in Table 4. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content in SF was the highest in its methanol extract (10.46 \(\upmu\)g/g), which was approximately 10-fold higher than that of the water extract (1.05 \(\upmu\)g/g). The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content in the SSF ethanol extract was negligible, whereas that of the SSF methanol extract was 1.62 \(\upmu\)g/g, which was approximately 6.5-fold lower than that of the SF methanol extract. In a study examining the 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content in hot water and ethanol extracts of _Codonopsis lancelata_, the content decreased by 2.3-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively after steaming, which was reportedly due to the loss of stabi \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Solvent**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**4-hydroxy Benzoic Acid (\(\upmu\)g/g)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Naringenin (\(\upmu\)g/g)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Naringin (\(\upmu\)g/g)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **SF** & **SSF** & **SF** & **SSF** & **SF** & **SSF** \\ \hline Ethanol & 4.60 \(\pm\) 0.08 b & ND & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 298.08 \(\pm\) 10.54 & 517.98 \(\pm\) 9.64 \\ Methanol & 10.46 \(\pm\) 0.11 a & 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.03 & ND & ND & ND & ND \\ Water & 1.05 \(\pm\) 0.04 c & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.08 & ND & ND & ND & ND \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* SF: _S. fussiform_ extract, SSF: Steamed _S. fussiform_ extract, ND: Not detected. The different lowercase letters represent significant differences in the same column (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Phenolic compound contents in fresh and steamed _Sargassum fusiform_ extracts. ment [83]. Similarly, in the present study, the lower 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content in the SSF methanol extract compared to that of the SF methanol extract is presumed to be due to the steaming treatment. In addition, the total polyphenol content in the SSF methanol extract was approximately 1.3-fold higher than that of the SF methanol extract; based on this, the lower 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content in the SSF methanol extract was attributed to antioxidants other than those extracted from SSE. Next, naringenin was detected only in the ethanol extracts for both SF and SSF, with an approximately 2-fold higher level in the SSF ethanol extract (0.41 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g) than the SF ethanol extract (0.21 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g). [PERSON] et al. [41] found that the naringenin content in the methanol extract of the brown algae _Stoechospermum polyploidoides_ was 3 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g, which was considerably higher than the content in the SSF ethanol extract in the present study. However, naringenin was not detected in the methanol extracts of the brown algae _Sargassum linearifolium, lyengaria stellata_, and _Spatoglossum asperum_, indicating that the naringenin content may vary across different species of marine algae.