# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 3 Results
### Influence of Mobility Choices  
Commuting routines and planned trips have a significant impact on EV-charging choices. According to some studies, charging habits tend to follow traffic patterns, indicating a lack of a well-defined charging strategy. As a result, EVs are often charged immediately upon arrival, leading to spikes in demand [30; 79]. A distinction concerns the decision of whether to charge during the journey or at the destination. Charging on the go can influence route choice, as it can involve detours taken to reach a CP, and mainly concerns occasions when EVs cannot complete a journey with their available battery energy. The increase in battery autonomy has made this occurrence uncommon in urban areas [62].  
The charging decisions of electric vehicle (EV) owners are influenced by their travel choices, which, in turn, are affected by various factors, such as personal preferences, income, age, gender, and education level [29; 130]. The duration of scheduled stops is a significant factor that impacts charging decisions. Longer stops increase the likelihood of EV drivers charging their vehicles [53]. Parking time also impacts charging choices: private chargers are usually used at night, and public charging is generally carried out during the day. Additionally, the selection of a charging station depends on various factors, such as charging duration, proximity to the origin, and consistency with the direction of travel [37].  
Regarding driving habits and distances traveled, EVs are often used for urban journeys with limited mileage [58; 80; 105]. A European study found that 75% of observed cars travelled less than 47 km daily, while rental EVs travelled a daily average of 66.5 km [78]. In urban settings, the authors of [101] found that over 71% of distances traveled were less than 15 km, and about 76% of parking events lasted less than 1 h. An early English trial [131] revealed that the length and average duration of the journey are 9 km and 15 min, respectively. A UK survey showed that only 10% of the respondents drove more than 40 miles a day, and around 30% used EVs for their daily commutes, while around the same percentage used them between 4 and 6 days a week [58]. In the EU, 97% of EV drivers use their vehicles daily or several times a week. Their EVs are mostly new (67%) and privately owned (70%) [12].  
Studies also show a difference between the charging habits of owners of PHEVs and BEVs [57; 61; 118; 64]. Both types of EVs rely on home charging as the main source of energy [64; 87; 116]. The analysis reported in [129] on the recharging behavior of PHEVs in North America highlights the habit of night recharging and the non-intensive use of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Charging Data** & **Mobility Data** & **Other Data** & **Period 1** & **Country** & **Resource** \\ \hline [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. [127] & \(\surd\) & & 2016–2018 & California & [[https://ev.caltech.edu/dataset](https://ev.caltech.edu/dataset)]([https://ev.caltech.edu/dataset](https://ev.caltech.edu/dataset)) (accessed on 30 July 2023) \\ \hline  & & & & http://www. \\ [PERSON] et al. [128] & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & 2012–2013 & UK & pluggedinmidlands.co.uk Web  site access returned an error (accessed on 30 July 2023) \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [129] & & \(\surd\) & 2011–2020 &
\begin{tabular}{c} [[https://www.volistats.net/](https://www.volistats.net/)]([https://www.volistats.net/](https://www.volistats.net/)) (accessed on 30 July 2023) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* If the survey period was not explicitly reported, we used the year of publication. 2 The URL is no more accessible.  
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._additional recharging. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported that PHEVs are recharged less often than BEVs at public stations or along long-distance corridors. Overall, long-range BEVs are connected more frequently than short-range ones, while the opposite is true for PHEVs [61]. PHEVs are generally recharged at lower SOCs than those for BEVs [116].