esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Calibrating Microscopic Traffic Simulation Model Using Connected Vehicle Data and Genetic Algorithm
## 4 Results  
This section provides a summary of the study's findings. Although the general procedure and idea can be applied to any traffic network with any features, the study was carried out on a highway segment as a case study. This 2.75 km part of the NJ-3 and NJ-495 eastbound highways has three lanes in the first half, two lanes in the third quarter, and four lanes in the last quarter. It also has two exits to local roads and other highways as well as a section that merges from NJ-495. High traffic volumes and the significance of connecting urban regions to district areas led to the selection of this route. The selected segment, with moderate to high traffic, typical merging areas, and standard geometric features, represents a typical roadway environment, supporting the method's generalizability. However, unique geometric attributes or traffic characteristics in other sites may require minor adjustments to the calibration process.
## 3 Numerical Methods
### Numerical Validation  
In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical method, the single-stage compressor model of SNL was adopted. The key geometric parameters of the model are summarized in Table 4. The case of the total pressure of 7.69 MPa, total temperature of 305.95 K and rotation speed of 50,000 rpm was analyzed. The verification results were compared with the numerical results from [PERSON] et al. [22] and the experimental results from [PERSON] et al. [5], as shown in Figure 9. The calculated efficiency curve was quite close to that from [PERSON] et al., and shows the same trend. However, there was a certain error between the setting of boundary conditions in the numerical calculation and the actual conditions in the experiment. Therefore, the difference between the numerical calculation and experiment was also acceptable. In general, the numerical method in this study was accurate.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Inlet hub radius/mm & 2.5375 \\ Inlet blade height/mm & 6.8345 \\ Outlet blade height/mm & 1.7120 \\ Impeller diameter/mm & 18.6817 \\ Blade thickness/mm & 0.762 \\ Number of main blades/pc. & 6 \\ Number of splitter blades/pc. & 6 \\ Number of diffuser blades/pc. & 17 \\ Tip clearance/mm & 0.254 \\ Radial gap between impeller and diffuser/mm & 0.3 \\ Inlet blade angle at tip/\({}^{\circ}\) & 50 \\ Outlet blade back sweep angle/\({}^{\circ}\) & \(-\)50 \\ Outlet vaned diffuser angle/\({}^{\circ}\) & 71.5 \\ Diffuser blade divergence angle/\({}^{\circ}\) & 13.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The geometric parameters of the SNL S-CO\({}_{2}\) centrifugal compressor [5].  
Figure 9: The numerical validation.
## 3 Regression Analysis of Price (USD/MWh) Data for West, North, and Houston Regions in ERCOT
### Analysis of Hourly Models for West Region Price Data
* WSapp18: The WSapp18 variable's regression coefficient equals \(-0.066\). When the number of active wind and solar applications is at least 18, the wholesale price per MWh declines by about 6.6%. This further confirms the importance of tax policies on the pricing of electricity in the ERCOT market--the larger the number of active wind and solar applications, the greater the reduction in the wholesale price, since electricity from these resources will be dispatched first. * MOE: The marginal effects of nuclear, wind, and solar generation are \(-0.1118\%\), \(-0.1032\%\), and \(-0.107\%\), respectively. Nuclear generation is more expensive than wind and solar generation. That means, from an MOE perspective, that the latter resources will be dispatched first. Hence, if more electricity is generated from these renewable resources, vis-a-vis a larger number of wind and solar applications, eventually, the overall contribution from renewables to the ERCOT's grid might exceed that of nuclear power. * Normal Regression Comparison: Finally, in the normal regression model, once again, the parameter estimates are different than the ones from the skew-t model, as shown in Table 4. A most noteworthy conclusion is that the solar generation variable (Sgen) is not significant, unlike in the skew-t model. Now, consider Table 3 and focus on the Hour 4 PM estimates. All of the regressor variables are statistically significant (\(p<0.0001\)), and the coefficient signs are as expected, except for that of solar generation (Sgen). This is not surprising, since, as discussed in Section 2, solar power is still a very small component of overall renewable energy resources in Texas. The time series data for solar energy are non-stationary; hence, the signs of the estimates can vary from their expectations. Inferences from the WSapp18 and MOE variables are similar to the ones detailed under hours 3 AM and 11 AM, above.
## Materials and Methods
### Remotely Sensed Data
#### 2.2.3 LiDAR derived Digital Elevation Models  
LiDAR-derived 1-m digital elevation models (DEMs) were acquired from NOAA ([PERSON], 2015). The DEMs were derived using topobathymetric LiDAR flown November 2013 to June 2014, without interpolating across areas missing bathymetric data. DEM elevations were in the ellipsoidal North American Datum 1983, (2011 realization) epoch: 2010 (NAD83). The DEMs had a root mean square error of <1.0 m horizontal accuracy. Vertical accuracy at the 95% confidence interval was 0.112 m in open terrain and 0.215 m consolidated across four land cover types (e.g., open terrain, crops/weeds, forest, and brush/small trees), while not including submerged topography. LiDAR data has proven highly effective in separating estuarine habitat types as an integrated layer in a classification composite ([PERSON], 2013). However, we use it here only to delineate the upland and wetland classification types by elevation. This allows areas without recent LiDAR to effectively use our classification approach, without the final elevation class split.
## 2 Related Work  
### Localization in RIS-Enhanced Environments  
Most research on localization in RIS-enhanced environments is model-driven. Model-driven localization methods usually have specific optimization goals to directly or indirectly facilitate localization. [PERSON] et al. [39] utilized Fisher information analysis [40; 41] to select the best RIS codewords for localization. [PERSON] et al. [21] designed an RIS codeword optimization scheme to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at the DOI to facilitate localization, and provided analysis on the Cramer-Rao lower bound [42] of the localization error. These works, however, are only feasible when the channel gains/matrices among BSs, DOIs, and the RIS are known, which requires accurate field measurements (e.g., ray tracing [8]), thereby greatly restricting their applicability. Meanwhile, modern communication networks usually adopt MIMO antennas using OFDM. Consequently, as the numbers of BSs and DOIs increase, the complexity of these methods increases fast. Hence, many studies explicitly restrict the number of devices in the environment. For instance, in the analysis of [PERSON] et al. [39], the number of BSs was set to one for simplicity. The fast-growing complexity of location calculation induces unacceptable time delay during location inference when there is a vast number of requests for localization services.  
Only a few works noticed the mentioned drawbacks, utilized fingerprints, and proposed data-driven methods. [PERSON] et al. [35] designed a codeword selection method that aims to enlarge the differences in fingerprints in adjacent positions for high-accuracy localization. They further refined this work and proposed an integrated localization system in [31], realizing centimeter-level accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [33] also picked the best available RIS codeword, but simply for signal strength improvement, which indirectly enhances localization performance. However, the prerequisite for these methods is the RIS is deployed solely for localization, rather than more important tasks such as enlarging the signal coverage and increasing the network throughput [32]. Such assumptions are very unlikely to be met in real-world deployments. Even if realized, these methods all require RIS codewords for location inference, which results in inescapable additional communication burdens on the networks to continuously transmit large CV vectors, as requested by the DOIs. As the number of DOIs grows, the whole localization system would eventually collapse and affect the normal operations of RIS-enhanced communication systems.
## 2 Results and Discussion  
### Microcapsule Formation Behavior  
To produce O/W/O-type microcapsules, aqueous, inner oil, and outer oil phases were introduced into the glass microchannel (Figure 1). To produce O/W/O within a single microchannel, it is necessary to create upstream hydrophilic and downstream hydrophobic regions. For this reason, a microchannel with a partially modified wettability was used. The aqueous phase was a 0.5 wt% agarose/2.0 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution, the inner oil phase was a 1 vol% benzyl alcohol/mineral oil solution, and the outer oil phase was a 1 wt% SY-Glyster/mineral oil solution. Agarose (gelation point: 8-17 \({}^{\circ}\)C), which solidifies at a certain temperature or lower, was added to the aqueous phase; however, at this concentration and composition, it remained in the liquid state without gelation at room temperature (approximately 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This was confirmed experimentally, as the agarose solution could flow through the microchannel without causing any blockage or solidification, allowing stable droplet generation (Figure 2). The formation behavior of the microcapsules was investigated under different flow conditions (Figure 2). To simplify the control parameters, the inner oil phase flow rate was fixed at a constant value (2.0 mL/h), and the flow rates of the aqueous and outer oil phases were varied. Under the flow conditions indicated by \(\Circle\), microcapsules containing a single oil droplet (single core) were formed. More specifically, at the cross-section upstream of the microchannel, oil droplets (formed from the inner oil phase) were generated alternately while facing each other. Under these conditions, where the flow rate of the outer oil phase was relatively high, single-core microcapsules were generated because the shear stress exerted by the outer oil phase on the aqueous phase increased with the flow rate of the outer oil phase. Under the flow rate conditions indicated by \(\Delta\), the shear interval of the aqueous phase was shortened and microcapsules containing two oil droplets were produced. Under the flow rate conditions indicated by X, microcapsules containing three or more oil droplets were produced, or microcapsules were not produced because the aqueous phase was not sheared.
# A Sibelobe Suppressing Beamformer for Coherent Plane Wave Compounding
## 3 Results
### Phantom Experiment
#### 3.2.2. Cyst Phantom  
Figure 10 shows the beamformed images of a 4 mm radius cyst located at the depth of 15 mm using three methods over a 60 dB display dynamic range. In Figure 10, it can be seen that the proposed method has better performance than the simple compounding method. This is due to the successful suppression of the sidelobe from the surrounding speckle. Table 5 gives the quantitative data to better illustrate the performances. To compute the mean values in the cyst region and in the background, we considered two circles with diameters of 3 and 5 mm, located at 0 and 4 mm in the lateral direction, respectively. As seen in Table 5, our coherence-based filter beamformer achieves an improvement of 5.7 dB over the simple CPWC in terms of CR. The corresponding enhancement reflected in CNR is above 20%. Two improved CPWC beamformers have obtained close results for contrast under
## 3 Case Study: Purse Seiner in the Adriatic Sea
### LCA Models for Different Power Systems
#### 3.2.6 The LCA of a Biodiesel-Powered Ship  
Biodiesel is compatible with the existing distribution infrastructure and with diesel engines. Although its use is limited to a blend with diesel, with minor modifications, pure biodiesel can be used [34]. In this paper, pure biodiesel, i.e., B100 (100% biodiesel), and biodiesel-diesel blend B20 (20% biodiesel; 80% diesel) are investigated. It is assumed that the fuel consumption of a diesel-powered ship is the same as the fuel consumption of a biodiesel-powered ship. The processes included in the LCA of a B20-powered ship and the LCA of a B100-powered ship are presented in Figures 11 and 12, respectively.  
Figure 11: Processes included in the LCA of a B20-powered ship.  
Figure 12: Processes included in the LCA of a B100-powered ship.  
Figure 10: Processes included in the LCA of a DME-powered ship.  
The environmental impact of the engine is the same as that of the diesel engine in Section 3.2.1, while TTW emissions are calculated based on Equation (1), with emission factors for biodiesel and diesel presented in Table 3. The WTT phase of biodiesel includes soy oil extraction from soybeans, the process of transesterification by which biodiesel is produced, and the transportation of biodiesel to the refuelling station in the port via tank truck for 1000 km.
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: Lining voids and macroscopic water freezing are both prominent issues that threaten driving safety in high-speed railway tunnels. With the continuous expansion of the scale of high-speed rail tunnels in extremely cold areas in China, the issues of lining voids, water accumulation, and frost heaving have triggered heated discussions. The need to reveal the frost-heave mechanism is urgent. (2) Methods: Firstly, a simulation experiment of the frost heaving of accumulated water was carried out based on the discharge conditions of accumulated water. Secondly, a numerical model was used to study the evolution process of frost heaves caused by accumulated water in voids. Finally, a drainage coefficient was introduced to propose a method for calculating the frost-heave force of accumulated water in voids. (3) Results: The blockage of the drainage channel leads to the generation of frost-heave force; the freezing/thawing process of the void water develops from the thinnest part to the thickest part of the void edge, and the freeze/thaw cycle of the water body causes the frost-heave force to become greater and greater in the evacuated cavity. The higher the height and the closer the drainage channel is to the hollow bottom, the greater the frost-heave force when the accumulated water freezes. (4) Conclusions: When the evacuated water freezes, it develops from the thinner edge to the thicker center. The magnitude of the frost-heave force is affected by the freeze/thaw cycle, the height of the evacuated cavity, and the position of the drainage channel.  
high-speed railway tunnels in cold regions; lining void; stagnant water; excretion coefficient; frost-heave force 2023  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], K. Research on the Mechanism of Frost Heaves Caused by Void Water Accumulation behind the Lining of High-Speed Railway Tunnels in Cold Regions. _Appl. Sci._**2024**, _14_, 750.
# 2 CA-R2: A Hybrid MAC Protocol for Machine-Type Communications
## 4 The 2 CA-R\({}^{2}\) Hybrid MAC Protocol
### Example  
An example of the operation of 2 CA-R\({}^{2}\) is shown in Figure 5. The network consists of seven stations A-G and the central station (see Figure 5c). For the sake of simplicity, let us consider a CRI that evolves in the same way as the example explained in the previous section. That is, initially only four stations A-D have packets to transmit and send an RREQ message in the first minislot of the CRI. The resulting collision will be solved by the rules of the Adaptive-2C conflict resolution algorithm, leading to the sequence of events depicted in Figure 5a. Note that the stations C, D, B, and A achieved a successful transmission in slots 2, 4, 8, and 9, respectively. Therefore, the former sequence also becomes the order in which they transmit their data packets during the DTI (see Figure 5b).  
Figure 5: Example of the operation of 2 CA-R\({}^{2}\). (**a**) Evolution of the CRI (transmission cell); (**b**) evolution of the DTI; (**c**) network.
## 3 Proposed Architecture
### Core Libraries  
This research uses the Robot Operative System (ROS) [26], which is the most popular distributed framework for developing robotic solutions and has become the de facto standard for robotic software development. ROS includes a large set of libraries for controlling robot sensors and actuators. These libraries provide the abstractions, control engines, and inter-process communications for generating all kind of robot behaviors. This approach defines the ROS \"Graph\" layer that defines seven core elements: Nodes; Master; Parameters and Parameter Server; Topics; Services; Messages; and Bags. These elements are defined and explained in depth in ROS _ros_comm_[27]. Here, we would like to highlight the two main elements presented in this paper:  
* Nodes: ROS computation takes place in processes called Nodes that interchange information through the ROS communication system.
* Communications: formally, it includes the topics, the services and the messages, however, we include the _actionlib Actions_ concept in this list. Each time that a ROS node establishes a stream of messages using named buses based on publish/subscribe paradigm, we have topics. When a node needs to establish a remote procedure call that terminates quickly, it used a service. Finally, it is recommended to apply an action for those applications that move the robot for a known or unknown length of time and it is necessary to wait a period to terminate. All these communications run using different data structures called ROS messages.  
Notwithstanding, when facing complex tasks that require the management of multiple sensors and actuators in order to generate robot behavior, it is necessary to somehow compose each robot's functionality in order to solve a task. Thus, for including the capability of long-term planning, we have designed an approach based on ROSPlan and for adding reactive behaviors based on FSMs, we have selected SMACH.
# A Parameter Self-Tuning Decoupling Controller Based on an Improved ADRC for Tension Systems
## 4 Simulation and Analysis of Decoupled Controller for Global Tension System
### Simulation and Analysis of Decoupled Controller for Global Tension System
#### 4.2.1 Decoupling Performance Analysis  
The system is in a steady state, and at the 2 s moment, \(T_{02}\) is made to produce a tension step of duration 2 s and size 5 N; at the 6 s moment, \(T_{04}\) is made to produce a tension step of duration 2 s and size \(-\)5 N. The results of the two experiments simulated using the parameter self-tuning decoupling controller based on improved ADRC for tension system and PID controller are shown in Figure 7.  
The graphs in Group (a) of Figure 7 show that when \(T_{02}\) generates a tension step, \(T_{1}\) produces a 0.01% tension disturbance at around 2 s and 4 s. Similarly, when \(T_{04}\) generates a tension step, \(T_{5}\) produces a 0.012% tension disturbance near the moments of 6 s and 8 s. On the other hand, the graphs in Group (b) indicate that when \(T_{02}\) produces a tension step, \(T_{3}\), \(T_{4}\), and \(T_{5}\) produce tension perturbations of 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.1% at the 2 s moment, and 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.1% at the 4 s moment; when \(T_{04}\) produces a tension step, \(T_{5}\) produces tension perturbations of 1.4% and 1.5% at the 6 s and 8 s moments.  
The above results show that the maximum relative error of the tension unit is 0.012% when using the parameter self-tuning decoupling controller based on improved ADRC for the tension system, while the maximum relative error of the tension unit is 1.5% when using the traditional PID controller for tension control. Compared with the traditional PID control, the parameter self-tuning decoupling controller based on improved ADRC for tension system has a better decoupling effect.
###### Abstract  
The multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technology is a promising area of research to cope up with the demands of higher data rates and capacity. In the optical communication domain, the combination of space-division multiplexing (SDM) with higher-order modulation (HOM) formats over an optical MIMO system actively addresses these challenges. By allowing multi-level signaling with limited increment in the transmitter's complexity, a jointly designed pre- and post-equalization (PPE) for an optical MIMO system with a multi-mode fiber (MMF) link is proposed. Cost-effectiveness of the system is incorporated by utilizing intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) with HOM formats such as pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) schemes. With the aid of a numerical optimization algorithm, the proposed joint-PPE filter coefficients are optimized with respect to the MMF channel and the transmit power constraint. In contrast to existing research on the single-mode fiber (SMF) based optical systems, the effectiveness of the proposed joint-PPE filter is analyzed on an MMF link, which is considerably degraded by the modal dispersion. In the analyzed experimental scenario, the proposed joint-PPE scheme confirms to be beneficial as compared to the post-equalization only (PE-only) in terms of bit-error rate (BER) performance. Furthermore, the required average received optical power to reach a BER \(10^{-4}\) by the joint-PPE scheme is improved by 2 dB with comparison to the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) PE-only.  
multi-mode fiber; optical MIMO; optical fiber transmission 2022  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] Joint Pre- and Post-Equalization with Higher-Order Modulation Formats in SDM-Based Optical MIMO Systems
# An Energy-Efficient and Obstacle-Avoiding Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
In UASNs, avoiding obstacle interference and high energy consumption is a hot research topic for designing effective routing protocols. In this paper, we have designed an energy-efficient and obstacle-avoiding routing (EOAR) protocol. When current node wants to send a packet to the destination node, the current node first perceives the interference information of the marine animal, and then determines the interference area of the animal-nodes using the underwater acoustic channel model. The neighbor nodes of current node, which meet the three constraints label themselves as the candidate forwarding relays of the current node. According to the fuzzy logic-based forwarding relay selection scheme, which considers propagation delay, included angle and residual energy, each candidate forwarding relay calculates its forwarding probability. In addition, EOAR uses a priority-based forwarding method to prevent packet collisions in order to reduce energy consumption. Experiments show that compared with the HHVBF and VHGOR protocols, the proposed EOAR protocol in this paper has greatly improved the performance of data packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and network lifetime. In future, the channel capacity, communication reliability and other performance indicators can be integrated into the candidate forwarding relays selection of the EOAR protocol for different research targets.  
Methodology, Z.J.; Writing--original draft, M.D.; Writing--review & editing, S.L.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571318).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.