## 4 A Look Toward Privacy in 6G Core Networks  
The next generation of 6G cellular networks will inherit technologies from 5G technology, as well as multiple new additions to create even more services for users, including ultra-low-latency communications and extreme throughput in mobile applications. Advances across the protocol stack, and through further proliferation and integration with cloud infrastructure for 6G operations, will yet again revolutionize the experience for consumers and will allow for more widespread coverage and connection. A comprehensive survey covering expected 6G technologies is shown in [51]. The authors of this research condense their findings and juxtapose current 5G technologies with emerging 6G advancements. An illustration of the authors' proposed application sectors from their findings in 6G research is presented beside the three current 5G application sectors, URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications), eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), and mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications), in Figure 4. Further comprehensive studies of the proposed Key Performance Indicators (KPI), such as the massive increase in connected devices with network heterogeneity, and open research questions for 6G technology are outlined in [52, 53]. Furthermore, notable open research areas in terms of identity protection and privacy are listed below:  
* Network Anomaly Detection: With the anticipated massive number of connected devices in 6G networks, there will a significant rise in the need for sophisticated network monitoring. A big contender for addressing this challenge is the use of FL for real-time, automated anomaly detection. However, evaluating and ensuring the accuracy, precision, and recall of these automated threat detection systems are important research questions. * Regulatory Compliance: Sixth-Generation networks will be connected across geographical borders. This brings with it the need to address differing approaches, laws, and viewpoints regarding privacy and data handling between different countries. * Security and Privacy in Edge Computing: With the diversity of 6G technology's targeted use cases, there will be an inherent risk from edge computing to privacy and security. Since edge nodes may serve numerous devices at once, using shared resources, isolation of tasks will be vital for user privacy. * Risk Assessment Frameworks for 6G Technology: A formal risk assessment framework must be created for 6G technology, as previous models may not fully capture the expansiveness and novel network capabilities of 6G technology. This model must also serve to explain privacy threats and their impact, as well as potential mitigation strategies. * Privacy Concerns in Smart City and Health Services: Sixth-Generation networks will be handling a variety of potentially sensitive data, across domains such as healthcare, public services, self-driving cars, distributed energy resources, etc. Thus, in order to maintain privacy, there is a critical need for standards on data de-identification. * Secure IoT Protocols and Energy Efficiency: Sixth-Generation technology aims to become even more efficient in terms of energy use compared to 5G technology and also improve cryptographic security. IoT devices are considered to be resource constrained, however, which means these devices need the ability to be energy efficient without jeopardizing their security by using less secure cryptographic schemes to save power. Regarding data collection and analytics, a comprehensive survey on utilizing the data analytics functionality within 5G technology, and expanding on this service with ML in 6G technology, is discussed in [54]. In their study, the authors reveal some open research questions around privacy and how this specific core service gathers user data. One concern raised is that O-RAN (Open-RAN) specifications currently do not outline privacy-by-design architectures, which can cause significant issues regarding untrusted cloud operators.