esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The elderly population in developed countries has increased rapidly in recent years; the elderly may be at greater risk of protein deficiency due to dietary, socio-economic, dental, and physical restrictions. Therefore, to address the issue of protein deficiency in elderly people, the present study aimed to enhance the protein content of high-glutent flour noodles, an Asian staple food, by supplementing them with soybean protein isolate (SPI) powder. The effect of SPI addition (5-20%, \(w/w\)) on composition, quality, texture, physical and sensory properties, and glycemic index (GI) of high-glutent flour noodles was investigated. The noodles made only from high-glutent flour served as control. In comparison to control noodles, 20% SPI noodles showed a rise in protein and moisture content from 16.17% to 30.64% and 36.06 to 44.84%, respectively. The cooking yield and cooking loss increased with an increase in SPI concentration compared to control noodles. Color characteristics analysis revealed the decreasing trend in brightness and yellowness of SPI noodles with minimal L* and b* values at a 20% SPI concentration. The addition of SPI also resulted in a decrease in the hardness and tensile strength of the noodles. The sensory analysis showed that 5% SPI noodles were more similar to control noodles in terms of flavor, taste, and overall acceptability. Moreover, the addition of SPI to the noodles significantly decreased the GI of the noodles reaching the standard of low-GI food. The findings of the current study indicate that soy protein noodles, besides supplementing the desired nutrients, may also prevent the risk of diabetes in elderly people.  
Asian noodles; wheat flour; soybean protein isolate; cooking properties; texture; nutrition
## 3 Experiments and Discussion
### Signal Transmission of BSN
#### 3.2.2 Influence of Carrier Frequency  
The experiments mainly focus on the influence of carrier frequency on the signal transmission based on the human body medium, in which 500 kHz was chosen as the baseband frequency (BF), while the carrier frequency (CF) was set as 1, 4, 8 and 16 MHz, respectively. As shown in Figure 7, the signal was transmitted from the left arm and received at the right arm.  
Figure 8(a) shows the modulated signal received by the Mach-Zehnder EO sensor under the condition that the CF = 1 MHz. We can find from Figure 8(a) that the modulated signal has distortion, especially at the junction between the signals representing \"0\" and \"1\". Meanwhile, error codes can be found in the corresponding demodulated signal shown in Figure 8(e), while the measurement result of bit error rate (BER) is 1.25%. Furthermore, when the CF = 4 and 8 MHz, the quality of the modulated  
Figure 7: Experiment device used for the signal transmission experiments of BSN based on human body medium.  
signal was increased, as shown in Figure 8(b,c). As a result, less error code has been found in the corresponding demodulated signal shown in Figure 8(f,g), while the measurement results of BER are 0.78% and 0.56%, respectively. On the other hand, the amplitudes of the demodulated signal shown in Figure 8(d) corresponding to CF = 16 MHz are decreased, and error codes can be found in the corresponding demodulated signal shown in Figure 8(h). Moreover, the BER measurement result is up to 1.62%. The phenomenon mentioned above can be explained as follows: (1) due to the fact that signal with the frequency less than 2 MHz generally results in comparatively high signal attenuation according to the results shown in Figure 6, thereby leading to the increasing of BER; (2) compared with the other three modulated signals shown in Figure 8, the modulated signal corresponding to CF = 16 MHz has more high frequency spectral. Due to the fact that signal attenuation also increases when signal frequency is higher than 20 MHz, thereby this results in the increase of the measured BER corresponding to CF = 16 MHz. Finally, as a conclusion, the carrier frequency used in BSN based on the human body medium should be higher than 1 MHz, while 8 MHz is a suitable frequency for CF.
# Eigenmode Wavefront Decoupling Algorithm for LC-DM Adaptive Optics Systems
## 4 Results
### Results of Decoupling Correction  
After the elimination of the top 55 eigenmodes' aberrations with the DM, the 950-1700 nm waveband can achieve diffraction-limited imaging. The high-order aberrations are passed to the LC for secondary aberration correction in the 700-950 nm waveband, and the USAF target image is captured before and after correction. Because LC works in the open-loop working mode, the LC-corrected wavefronts cannot be detected with the WFS. Therefore, the wavefront before and after correction cannot be obtained; only the USAF target image can be obtained before and after correction from the visible camera.  
Figure 9a shows the USAF target image obtained with the visible camera before the LC-DM correction. Due to the turbulence, the details of the USAF target image cannot be distinguished. Figure 9b presents the USAF target image obtained after the correction of the top 55 eigenmodes through the DM. Although the image resolution is improved, it cannot reach diffraction-limited resolution in the visible waveband. Figure 9c shows the USAF target image obtained after LC-DM correction without decoupling. The fourth element of the sixth group of the USAF target can be distinguished. The corresponding spatial frequency is 90.51 line pairs/mm, that is, the resolution is 11.04 \(\upmu\)m. Figure 9d shows the image obtained after decoupling correction, with the corresponding spatial frequency of 101.6 line pairs/mm, that is, the resolution is 9.84 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 8: Infrared band resolution plate imaging: (**a**) 1.5–1.7 \(\upmu\)m; (**b**) 950–1500 nm. (The clearest line pair has been circled in red).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Geographic Location of Mengzhong Fort  
Mengzhong Fort, located in Mengzhong Village, Xieluo Tibetan Township, Sichuan Province, China, stands over 1700 m above sea level, covering an area of approximately 6000 m\({}^{2}\) (Figure 1). The village, 27 km from Shimian County and 8 km from the township government, is strategically positioned in the \"Ethnic Corridor\", a vital route to Yunnan and Tibet. It comprises 56 households and 215 Muya Tibetan ethnic group members, organized into three community groups. The local economy is primarily based on agriculture, animal husbandry, and seasonal labor. Despite considerations for relocation, the community has expressed a preference for enhancing their traditional dwellings with modern technologies.  
As a provincial-level cultural heritage site, Mengzhong Fort is distinguished by its Muya Tibetan architecture and cultural practices, including the \"Sun Buddha Festival\", underscoring the importance of its preservation.  
The region's mid-latitude subtropical monsoon climate, moderated by the Dadu River Valley, presents an ideal setting for the stone architecture of Mengzhong Fort. With an average annual temperature of 17.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and most of the yearly rainfall of 1663.7 mm falling between May and September, the climate contributes to the stability and habitability of the stone structures (Figure 2). The elevation significantly influences temperature and precipitation, further aligning with the fort's construction, which provides resilience against the elements and a comfortable habitat for its inhabitants [21].  
Figure 1: Geographical location of Mengzhong Fort.  
Figure 2: The overall style of Mengzhong Fort.  
Balancing Modernization and Tradition: A Case Study on Architectural Updates in Mengzhong Fort Village  
Field research indicates that the demand for indoor comfort is rising with improved living standards, particularly in traditional villages like Mengzhong Fort in Sichuan. This has led to self-initiated renovations that sometimes compromise the traditional appearance of these residences, especially following natural disasters like the earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 [22].  
While societal expectations do press for the preservation of cultural traditions [23], the renovation approach needs to be balanced. It should focus on creating an acceptable indoor atmosphere as illustrated in Figure 3. The changes should also adapt to local climatic conditions, and proactive measures should be taken to maintain elements of traditional architecture. Modern technologies can be introduced for challenges like decay and waterproofing, aiming to preserve both the traditional appearance and ecological footprint [24,25].  
The renovation should aim to improve comfort levels with low energy consumption, acting as filters rather than barriers to traditional appearance [26]. This aligns with the global trend of adaptively reusing historic buildings for environmental and cultural sustainability.
# Quasi-Passive Resistive Exosuit for Space Activities: Proof of Concept
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Wearable Device Requirements and Technology Overview
#### 2.1.2 Sensing Strategy  
As with actuators, the sensing technology developed for exosuits needs to be soft and compliant, while still retaining the accuracy, reliability and robustness of conventional approaches. Many different types of sensors and technologies have been used in wearable systems and robotic exoskeletons [22; 23; 55]. Typically, mechanical sensors are used to monitor the position, velocity, and the torque of the human joints (i.e., elbow, knee, ankle, etc.) in addition to ground reaction forces, but in soft exoskeletons the sensing elements cannot be made of rigid materials. Thus, alternative sensing mechanisms should be considered. In particular, for the detection of joint movements, a possible solution is the measurement of the strain in the garment worn by the user. The strain variations can be correlated with the joint angles by means of specific algorithms. Soft strain sensors can respond to the externally applied stimulus (e.g., from joint movement) by exploiting different mechanisms, depending on the materials, micro/nanostructures, and fabrication process [56]. Traditional strain sensors are based on electrical resistance variation, arising from geometrical effects and the piezoresistivity of the materials themselves. Many of the approaches used in these strain sensors come from the area of skin-like artificial tactile sensing where, in addition to pressure, various mechanical parameters are retrieved e.g., tangential forces, texture, and vibrations [57; 58; 59], to mimic human tactile capabilities. These approaches are very influenced by the development of novel materials [58], device layouts [60], the study of different physical principles [61; 62], and their application in various promising scenarios including the field of soft robotics [63]. From a transduction point of view, in addition to (piezo)resistive-based sensors [64; 65; 66], capacitive [67; 68; 69], optical [70; 71], and inductive/magnetic [72; 73; 74; 75] sensors have been demonstrated for wearable applications.
# A Hierarchical Blockchain-Based Trust Measurement Method for Drone Cluster Nodes
## 4 Discussion and Future Work  
On the basis of the research in this paper, the contents that we can improve and continue to study are summarized as follows.  
1. For the layered blockchain-based UAV reputation management mechanism proposed in this paper, the PoW consensus mechanism is used. Since the PoW consensus mechanism depends on computing power, there may be a certain burden on UAV energy management. In the subsequent research, we will conduct in-depth research on blockchain technology and select the consensus mechanism more suitable for the UAV scenario, reducing the burden on UAV endurance.
2. For the DEMDT-TPT proposed in this paper, there may be improper trust management of UAVs under certain circumstances. Considering the resource scheduling problem of trust management in the UAV scenario, we will optimize the processing flow of UAV trust data and improve the algorithm to achieve better performance.  
In short, the two mechanisms proposed in this paper can improve the detection of malicious nodes in the trust management of drone clusters and increase the security of drone clusters. With the continuous innovation of relevant technologies, we will follow up more in-depth research to improve the security of drone clusters based on blockchain.
## 3 Results
### Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)  
SEM images of the samples after the electrochemical attack are shown in Figure 2.  
When analyzing the etched microstructures of the composites, the grain size was measured: B4C.05 (2.53 \(\pm\) 0.32 \(\upmu\)m), B4C.1 (2.51 \(\pm\) 0.35 \(\upmu\)m), B4C.2 (2.16 \(\pm\) 0.20 \(\upmu\)m) and B4C.3 (2.52 \(\pm\) 0.27 \(\upmu\)m). All samples presented smaller average grain sizes compared to monolithic B4C (2.57 \(\pm\) 0.11 \(\upmu\)m). It can be observed that the sample with 2% HEA content exhibits the smallest average grain size. It can be observed how the CoCrFeNiMo addition phase is clearly localized at the triple junctions and along the grain boundaries, contributing to understanding the high-entropy behavior within the B4C matrix. HEA is observed as mainly filling pores or smaller grains, due to natural liquid-phase behavior, that tend to occupy configurations with the lowest energy [43]. The theoretical density of all samples increases with the HEA content: monolithic B4C (2.52 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.05 (2.55 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.1 (2.58 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.2 (2.64 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) and B4C.3 (2.71 g/cm\({}^{3}\)). The measured density also increases as the HEA content of the samples increases: monolithic B4C (2.43 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.05 (2.49 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.1 (2.54 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), B4C.2 (2.61 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) and B4C.3 (2.66 g/cm\({}^{3}\)). Finally, the porosity was measured: monolithic B4C (3.57%), B4C.05 (2.42%), B4C.1 (1.42%), B4C.2 (0.78%) and B4C.3 (1.95%).
## 4 Risk Analysis for Current Protocols
### TCP/IPv6
#### 4.1.1 Denial of Service  
TCP/IPv6, by default, does not have any mechanism to protect against DoS attacks [22]. It is only as vulnerable to DoS attacks as the physical layer that it operates on. Typically, the most vulnerable point on a TCP/IPv6 network to DoS attack is servers and the network infrastructure (e.g., routers, switches).
## 4 Experiment and Result
### Results and Discussion
#### 4.3.3 Sensitivity of the Result with the Signature Length  
Reducing the invasiveness of the algorithm is one of the most important issues in NILM. [PERSON]'s work [9], known as supervised algorithm, requires large appliance-level data for the training step. Although in order to ensure the accuracy of algorithm in disaggregation, a certain degree of invasiveness is inevitable, the purpose is to keep it at the minimum level. In this step, we conduct a test and compare the performance of our approach in two different length signatures.  
The signatures for each appliance are shortened to an operating duration series in Section 3.1 to keep the intrusiveness lowest. Figure 7 is the disaggregation performance comparisons of ILDACP and revised method. We can find that the accuracy of states identification is not significantly reduced when short signature is adopted. However, the performance of estimating the power contribution and  
Figure 6: This is analysis of algorithm time complexity. There are two panels, they are listed as: (**a**) where M = 2, T = 200; and, (**b**) N = 4, T = 200.  
retrieving the consumption trace is worse than the long one especially on PCE and R2 metrics. The R2 for fridge shows inaccuracy in consumption pattern trace estimation caused by error determination the turned-on time of fridge. The result provides us the sensitivity of three metrics with the signature length of our algorithm. The result shows the impact of signature length on performance.  
Figure 7: This is disaggregation accuracy metrics for ILDACP with a long signature (a week data) and a short signature (an operating duration data). From top: (**a**) F-score; (**b**) PCE; and, (**c**) R2.
## 2 Background  
### Isac  
The ISAC system mainly integrates sensing and communication [11], and is considered to be one of the most promising technologies to realize the two key requirements in 6G. With the development of networks and the evolution of wireless systems, ISAC has gradually become a hot research topic.  
ISAC has recently been proposed for numerous emerging applications, including but not limited to in-vehicle networking, environmental monitoring, remote sensing, IoT, smart cities, and indoor services such as human activity and gesture recognition. More importantly, ISAC was recently identified as an enabling technology for 5G/6G and next-generation Wi-Fi systems.  
An important focus in the future of ISAC development is to improve the accuracy, so as to facilitate the communication between UAVs for more complex tasks, and enable simultaneous imaging, mapping, and localization to achieve mutual performance improvements for these functions.  
In addition, it is hoped that human senses can be enhanced, such as adding some features to detect things that humans cannot see with their eyes, such as information on blood vessels, organ status, or information on vital signs such as breathing, heartbeat, etc.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of the Polymeric Systems
#### 2.3.4 Swelling Degree  
Swelling degree (SD%) was evaluated for CS, CS-Gly, CS-LA, and CS-Gly-LA polymeric systems using distilled water and simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH = 1.6. The experiments were performed according to literature data with slight modifications [38; 39]. Briefly, an exactly amount of microparticles was introduced in distilled water and in SGF. At different timelines, the microparticles were removed from the media, dried quickly with filter paper, and weighted in wet state (w\({}_{1}\)). Then microparticles were reintroduced in the media and the operation was repeated up to constant weight. At the end of the experiment, the microparticles (CS, CS-Gly, CS-LA, CS-Gly-LA) were removed, dried at room temperature, and weighted in dried state (w\({}_{2}\)). For distilled water, the determinations were realized during 24 h and for SGF during 2 h, considering the physiological passage time in the gastrointestinal tract. The tests were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. SD% was calculated gravimetrically using the formula:  
\[\text{SD\%}=[(w_{1}-w_{2})/w_{2}]\times 100 \tag{4}\]where:  
\(\mathrm{w_{1}}\) = the weight of the swollen microparticles at different timelines (mg)  
\(\mathrm{w_{2}}\) = the weight of the dried microparticles (mg)
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces a new hybrid DC-DC converter with enhanced voltage gain and synchronized multiple output capabilities, specifically tailored for smart grid applications. The proposed converter is based on the integration of non-isolated Zeta and Mahafzah converters, comprising a single controlled switch, two diodes, three inductors, and two coupling capacitors. The primary objective of this novel hybrid converter is to improve voltage gain as compared to conventional Zeta and Mahafzah topologies. By achieving higher voltage gain at lower duty cycles, the converter effectively reduces voltage stress on semiconductor switches and output diodes, thereby enhancing overall performance and reliability. A comprehensive examination of the hybrid converter's operating principle is presented, along with detailed calculations of duty cycle and switching losses. The paper also explores the converter's application in smart grids, specifically in the context of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. Two distinct scenarios are analyzed to evaluate the converter's efficacy. Firstly, the converter is assessed as a DC-DC converter for renewable energy systems, highlighting its relevance in sustainable energy applications. Secondly, the converter is evaluated as an electric vehicle adapter, showcasing its potential in the transportation sector. To validate the converter's performance, extensive simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK with parameters set at 25 kW, 200 V, and 130 A. The simulation results demonstrate the converter's ability to efficiently supply multiple loads with opposing energy flows, making it a promising technology for optimized grid management and energy distribution. Moreover, the paper investigates the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current, focusing on its impact in smart grid environments. Notably, the new hybrid converter topology achieves a THD of 21.11% for the grid current, indicating its ability to effectively mitigate harmonics and improve power quality. Overall, this research introduces a cutting-edge hybrid DC-DC converter that enhances voltage gain and synchronizes multiple outputs, specifically catering to the requirements of smart grid applications. The findings underscore the converter's potential to significantly contribute to the advancement of efficient and resilient power conversion technologies for smart grids, enabling seamless integration of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles into the grid.  
hybrid converter; HVDC grid; Zeta converter; Mahafzah converter; THD; EV charger +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Low Phase Noise Frequency Synthesizer with a Fourth-Order RLC Loop Filter
## 4 Simulation Analysis  
This section simulates and analyzes the passive fourth-order RC filter and the passive fourth-order RLC filter. The filtering performance of the two filters is discussed, including the roll-off characteristic and zero-pole distribution. Phase noise and capture time are simulated for the phase-locked loop based on the two filters. The simulation results are analyzed.
# New Approach of Blind Adaptive Equalizer Based on Genetic Algorithms
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces a novel approach to blind adaptive equalization for digital communication systems using genetic algorithms (GAs). Unlike traditional methods that rely on linear programming and suffer from local minima issues, this technique utilizes a stochastic linear programming cost function with GAs for robust optimization. The proposed method termed Blind Linear Equalizer based on genetic algorithm (BLE-GA) enhances performance by leveraging a GA's ability to handle stochastic variables, offering rapid convergence and resilience against signal noise and inter-symbol interference. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of BLE-GA across different QAM systems, outperforming conventional techniques like the Constant Modulus Algorithm in scenarios with high modulation levels. This study validates the potential of using GAs in adaptive blind equalization to achieve reliable and efficient communication, even in complex and noisy channel conditions.  
blind equalization; genetic algorithms; linear programming; stochastic linear programming 2020 ac academic Editor: [PERSON]