# Advancing BIM and Sustainability with Coopetition: Evidence from the Portuguese Stone Industry
## 10 Outcomes Evaluation  
### Meeting the 4D BIM Requirements through Coopetition Networks  
The 4D BIM integrates the crucial aspect of time, significantly advancing project management and coordination within the construction industry. By incorporating detailed \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Data ID** & **Description** & **Current Practices (CB.P)** & **Data (Average Daily)** \\ \hline Data 1 & Parts Delivered & parts\_delivered & 339 \\ Data 2 & Parts Delivered On Time & parts\_delivered\_on\_time & 240 \\ Data 3 & Parts Shipped & parts\_shipped & 338.5 \\ Data 4 & Labours Involved (h) & labour\_involved & 49.3 \\ Data 5 & Energy Consumed (kWh) & parts\_produced & 369.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of average data collected under CB.P. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Data ID** & **Description** & **Coopetition Practices** & **Data (Average Daily)** \\ \hline Data 7 & Parts Delivered & parts\_delivered & 454 \\ Data 8 & Parts Delivered On Time & parts\_delivered\_on\_time & 358 \\ Data 9 & Parts Shipped & parts\_shipped & 415.8 \\ Data 10 & Labours Involved (h) & labour\_involved & 49.3 \\ Data 11 & Energy Consumed (kWh) & energy consumed & 4071 \\ Data 14 & Parts Produced & parts\_produced & 416 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of average data collected under CN.P. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)** & **CB.P** & **CN.P** & **Quantitative Gain** \\ \hline KPI—On-Time Delivery (parts/parts) & 0.671 & 0.775 & 15.6\% \\ KPI—Labour Productivity (parts/worker) & 6.84 & 8.72 & 27.38\% \\ KPI—CO\_2-eq (KgCO2/part) & 3.41 & 2.68 & 21.8\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Assessment of KPIs for CB.P and CN.P. scheduling and time-related data into the BIM model, 4D BIM enables real-time visualization of construction sequences, improves planning accuracy, and enhances the ability to foresee and mitigate potential delays. This dynamic approach ensures that projects stay on schedule, fostering greater transparency, accountability, and communication among all stakeholders. To evaluate how coopetition networks help manufacturing companies meet the requirements of 4D BIM, the KPIOD was assessed to determine the manufacturers' gains when they evolve from CB.P to CN.P. From the data collected, under CB.P, the KPIOD was recorded at 67.1%, with 240 out of 339 stone parts delivered as scheduled. Conversely, CN.P significantly increased the KPIOD to 77.5%, with 358 out of 454 parts delivered on time. Examining the on-time delivery trend during the observation periods, Figure 2 depicts the percentage of deliveries made on time each day, offering insights into the consistency and reliability of delivery services over the observed period. The trend in KPIOD over 54 daily observations is described by the linear equation shown in Figure 2, representing the number of stone parts delivered on time, and x represents the day number. The positive slope of 1.8352 indicates a gradual increase in the number of parts delivered daily on time. From these results, the companies involved in the CEPN experienced substantial improvements in on-time delivery performance by transitioning to CN.P. The increase from 67.1% to 77.5% demonstrates the potential of coopetition networks in enhancing operational response in time, which is a critical component of the 4D BIM dimension. Despite these positive gains, the coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.2481) suggests that this linear model can explain approximately 24.81% of the variability in on-time delivery, suggesting a moderate but not linear solid relationship between the days and the on-time delivery of parts. Although these findings are promising, a statistical test is needed to evaluate whether CN.P makes a significant difference compared to CB.P. A \(t\)-test is an appropriate method for determining if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.