# Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Mahajanaka Mango Pulp Extract in Murine Models
## 4 Discussion  
Previous studies have investigated the chemical and biological properties of different parts of the mango, including the pulp, peel, leaves, bark, and stem [4,31,32]. Mangoes are known to contain various bioactive compounds such as mangiferin, gallotannins, gallic acid, quercetin, and catechins, which are present in different amounts depending upon the cultivar, the part of the mango, its ripeness, and the extraction method employed [3,4,33]. The present study focused on extracting ripe Mahajanaka mango pulp using distilled water, and it was found that the MPE contained a richness of mangiferin, \(\beta\)-carotene, and vitamin C, along with phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin, kaempfer, and their derivatives. These findings correspond with the compounds that have been previously reported to be present in other mango varieties [32]. Pain serves as an essential protective mechanism in the human body. Pain signals are generated in response to noxious stimuli such as physical injuries, inflammation, or tissue damage [34]. The transmission of these signals to the central nervous system involves the activation of nociceptors, which are specialized sensory neurons that are capable of detecting and responding to harmful stimuli [35]. Upon activation, nociceptors release a range of chemical mediators, including prostaglandandins, bradykinin, and histamine, which contribute to the perception of pain [36]. In this research study, the analgesic properties of MPE were evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. The results showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number of writhes, suggesting that MPE has the potential to alleviate pain. This effect may be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in MPE that can inhibit nociception and consequently reduce acute pain. Previous studies have reported the peripheral antinociceptive activity of isolated mangiferin derived from mango bark, or the ethanolic extract of mango leaves, against acetic acid-induced nociception in mice [37,38]. Another study revealed that mangiferin exhibited a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Induction** & **Code** & **Treatment** & **Wet Weight (g/100 g BW)** & **H\&E Staining** \\ \hline H & DI water (5 mL/kg BW) & 4.20 \(\pm\) 0.13 & \\ \hline I & Silymarin (100 mg/kg BW) & 3.89 \(\pm\) 0.14 & \\ \hline Paracetamol (2.5 g/kg BW) & J & MPE (250 mg/kg/kg BW) & 4.05 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ \hline K & MPE (500 mg/kg BW) & 4.05 \(\pm\) 0.09 & \\ \hline L & MPE (1000 mg/kg BW) & 4.11 \(\pm\) 0.13 & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: BW = body weight, CCl\({}_{4}\) = carbon tetrachloride, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract, ND = not determined.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._robust ability to suppress the activation of microglia induced by LPS, which was mediated through the downregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the subsequent synthesis of prostaglandin E2 [39]. Indeed, \(\beta\)-carotene has been shown to possess analgesic activity by reducing the number of acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice [40]. These findings suggest that the phytochemicals in MPE, including mangiferin and \(\beta\)-carotene, may contribute to its analgesic effects. In addition to its potential analgesic properties, it is important to note that the mango extracts may also have anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation can lead to the development of edema, which is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of injured tissues [41]. This process is mediated by the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and prostaglandandins, which cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability [42; 43]. This allows fluid and immune cells to escape from blood vessels and accumulate at the site of the injury. Furthermore, inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, can amplify the development of edema through the release of cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1\(\beta\), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\(\alpha\)) [10; 41].