## 3 Results and Discussion
### Morphology of Studied Polymers
However, for samples with  
Figure 8: Breakthrough curves of methylene blue dynamic sorption experiments for series prepared with toluene (**a**) and with the mixture of alcohols (**b**). Figure 9: Chemical formula and chosen properties of methylene blue [38]. larger volumes, pDVB t turns out to be less effective than pDVB db. The latter material has a larger total pore volume and the pores in its structure have a wider size distribution (Figure 6b), which facilitates the transport of the large molecules of methylene blue. DVB-GMA 2:1 t (Figure 10(b)) has a ca. four-fold larger S\({}_{\text{BET}}\) and a ca. twice larger V\({}_{\text{tot}}\) compared to DVB-GMA 2:1 db; therefore, its breakthrough occurs gradually up to a volume of 2.5 L. The much smaller active surface of DVB-GMA 2:1 db becomes saturated even at a sample volume of 0.5 L.  
Although both copolymers have a low porosity, DVB-GMA 1:1 db (Figure 10(c)) has better sorption properties than DVB-GMA 1:1 t. The much smaller particles of the former material make the active sites (epoxy groups) on its outer surface easily accessible and, despite the inner surface not being as developed as DVB-GMA 1:1 t, MB removal is more effective. Both DVB-GMA 1:2 materials are nonporous (Figure 10(d)). For this reason, they have equally poor efficiency, and no significant impact of pore-forming solvents can be observed. A more quantitative approach to the effectiveness of the tested materials is presented in Table 6, where the quantity of methylene blue adsorbed on the polymers was designated as sorption capacity q\({}_{\text{a}}\) at the point of the column breakthrough. The polymers obtained in toluene show the highest sorption capacity for methylene blue compared to the polymers obtained in a mixture of decanol and benzyl alcohol, with the exception of the DVB-GMA 1:1 db copolymer. In the case of the materials synthesized with toluene, the highest q\({}_{\text{a}}\) value is demonstrated by the DVB-GMA 2:1 t copolymer; a slightly worse value is observed for the homopolymer. The DVB-GMA 1:2 t copolymer has the worst sorption activity. These results are consistent with the data of the total pore volumes, as polymers with the highest V\({}_{\text{tot}}\) values are better sorbents for methylene blue removal due to their greater porosity. Among materials prepared with the mixture of decanol and benzyl alcohol, the DVB-GMA 1:2 db copolymer, similar to its counterpart obtained in toluene, is the worst sorbent in terms of dye sorption, while the DVB-GMA 1:1 db copolymer has the highest ability to retain methylene blue. The desorption experiment shows that the majority of the methylene blue is adsorbed by the tested polymers irreversibly. In the case of the copolymers, a chemical reaction between methylene blue molecule and epoxy ring of GMA monomer is the main sorption mechanism. Therefore, for the DVB-GMA 1:2 copolymers, where the molar fraction of the GMA monomer was the highest, the mass of the methylene blue retained by creating an irreversible chemical bond was the highest, compared to the other tested copolymers, regardless of the type of pore-forming solution used. The chemical reaction between copolymeric adsorbents and MB elucidates the ineffectiveness of desorption processes and the high percentage of mass retained on the bed of sorbent. Both pDVB homopolymers, despite highly developed surfaces, showed an uptake efficiency of 60-70%. As was explained above, this is a consequence of weaker interactions between MB and pDVBs. However, the MB mass values retained on these materials deserve