## 2 Datasets
### AMP Databases
DBAASP contains approximately 23,600 AMPs and compiles detailed structural and functional data on AMPs, which are evolutionarily conserved defence molecules that are effective against diverse pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains. The database integrates chemical and three-dimensional structural information, post-translational modifications, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity profiles, and experimental conditions to facilitate structure-activity relationship studies. Covering both natural, which means ribosomal and nonribosomal, and synthetic peptides in monomeric, multimeric, and multipeptide forms. DBAASP also documents synergistic interactions between peptides or antimicrobial agents, quantified through fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values. This comprehensive platform serves as a critical tool for advancing research in antimicrobial drug discovery across medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. **DRAMP**  
The Data Repository of Antimicrobial Peptides (DRAMP) is an open access, manually maintained database offering extensive annotations of AMPs, encompassing sequences, structural details, activity profiles, physicochemical properties, patent information, and clinical data, including trial phases, therapeutic applications, and the related literature [71; 88; 89; 90]. Its latest version, DRAMP V4.0, emphasises clinical translation by introducing unique annotations such as serum and protease stability metrics--features absent in existing AMP databases--alongside updated entries on hemolysis, cytotoxicity, newly reported AMPs, and those in clinical research. Hosting over 30,000 entries, the database operates under a CC BY 4.0 licence, permitting data access, analysis, and bulk downloads for noncommercial research, with proper citations required for usage. Future plans include the integration of computational prediction tools and high-efficiency classifiers to leverage rich datasets for guiding AMP drug optimisation and development. **dbAMP**  
[PERSON] et al. developed a database of antimicrobial peptides (dbAMP) in 2019 and updated it to versions 2.0 and 3.0 in 2022 and 2025, respectively [72; 91; 92]. The latest version of dbAMP 3.0 is an enhanced resource offering comprehensive insights into the structural and functional characteristics of AMPs, updated to address emerging challenges in the post-pandemic era. dbAMP 3.0 contains 33,065 AMPs and 2453 antimicrobial proteins. This platform integrates large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to identify AMPs and classify their roles, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens exacerbated by widespread antibiotic use. This study highlights the critical function of AMPs in innate immunity. The database underscores their importance in neutralising microbial threats, exemplified by human elafin--an antiviral protein produced by \(\gamma\delta\) T cells in mucosal defences--and lactoferrin derivatives, which exhibit dual antibacterial and anticancer properties. By combining structural annotations with activity profiles, dbAMP 3.0 serves as a vital tool for advancing research into novel therapeutic strategies against resistant infections and complex pathogens. **ESKtides**  
[PERSON] et al. developed an AMP database called ESKtides that contains 12,067,248 peptides with high antibacterial activities in 2024 [73]. ESKtides is a comprehensive databaseoffering streamlined access to a vast peptide library sourced from ESKAPE phages and prophages, facilitating research into next-generation antimicrobial solutions against drug-resistant infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, particularly ESKAPE bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus), which were responsible for more than 1.27 million deaths in 2019, has driven the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents such as phage-derived peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH)-based peptides.