###### Abstract
To address this, a data security architecture is constructed that protects data from sensors, wireless networks, and data processing applications through encryption, digital envelopes, digital signatures, and critical public key infrastructures (PKI) [25]. Generally, once the sensors and the gateway nodes are placed, they are stationary. In wireless environment, the cost of sending and receiving messages increases when the distance between the participants and the whole network increases. It is better to allow only the gateway nodes to communicate with the relatively far away users. However, a data flow with high speed may collide, and the performance of the WSN will be slowed down where there is only one gateway. More gateway nodes are needed when the sensors are distributed on a large scale. Thus, the costs of transmitting and receiving messages are much higher than the local computations at an entity in the network [26]. There have been many proposed authentication and key agreement (also known as the key establishment) schemes for WSNs in the literature. For instance, in [27] a lightweight authentication scheme (LAS) for IoT WSN users in a multi-gateway conception is proposed. Similarly, in [28] a three-factor mutual authentication protocol for multi-gateway IoT environments to solve the existing security weaknesses in two-factor authentication protocols is proposed. In 2014, a WSN with a lightweight authentication protocol was integrated with a fingerprint-based biological factor [29]. In [30], a new mechanism for user authentication and key agreement in heterogeneous ad hoc WSNs is proposed. In 2015, an authentication approach based on pseudo-identity temporal credentials in WSNs was devised [31]. In [32], a biometric-based user authentication solution for WSNs is suggested. In 2015, a new secure and more efficient authentication and key agreement scheme for agriculture monitoring using WSNs is proposed [33]. The work of [34] applied dark web technology to ensure the privacy of blockchain and servers. In 2017, work of [35] presented a confidentiality-preserving remote user authentication system for IoT users using WSN, which was more efficient than earlier comparable methods and could withstand all forms of security outbreaks. In [36], an authentication-based, smart-card, and password-based strategy for intelligent agriculture based on the use of fuzzy biometric extraction before providing users with required fields is developed. In [37], an elliptic curve-based user authentication mechanism based on symmetric cryptography (ECC) is presented. In [38], biometric-based authentication and key management services are discussed. In 2020, an Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman authentication and key agreement approach for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications is suggested [39]. In [40], a new user authentication system based on signatures and the ECC in the IoT-enabled environment is presented. In [41], the WSN data protection, three-factor remote user authentication solution for increased security and efficient agricultural monitoring by ECC algorithm are also presented. Table 1, shows that [PERSON] et al. in [30] did not secure forward privacy [42]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [43] found that the scheme in [33] is required to concentrate on redundancy. [PERSON] et al. [31] highlighted specific security weaknesses such as sensor capture attacks, and impersonation attacks in [PERSON] et al. [32]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [33] revealed that [PERSON] et al. 's [35] system lacks appropriate online registration and password change phases for sensor nodes. [PERSON] et al. [36] and [PERSON] et al. [28] are found to be vulnerable to impersonations, robbed smart-cards, ephemeral secret leaking (ESL), privileged insider attacks, and a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. [PERSON] et al. [37] does not lacks anonymity, traceability, and dynamic node addition. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. 's [29] was found to be vulnerable to offline password guessing, privileged insider attacks, and gate  
way node impersonation attacks.