esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fast Format-Aware Fuzzing for Structured Input Applications
## 5 Limitations  
According to the three experiments above, FFAFuzz can quickly recognize dependencies between input and comparison instructions, but limitations still remain as follows:  
1. While evaluating the effectiveness of FFAFuzz, comparing the result of the scenes of having prior format knowledge than not, the capability of dependency recognition relies on the execution path triggered by the test case closely. In other words, the effectiveness of dependency recognition is tied to how the test case fits the format requirements of the target. This suggests that FFAFuzz could be further enhanced with information such as key state changes [32]. In the next step, we plan to investigate and summarize the key states worthy of attention in the fuzzing test and design a purposeful instrument scheme to obtain and utilize more information about the key states, to enhance the efficiency in discovering software vulnerabilities.
2. While evaluating the time efficiency of FFAFuzz, FFAFuzz is significantly faster than WEIZZ and Redqueen in most cases. Using inputs without any _non-deps_ field, such as the situation where one data field is calculated for validating its checksum or decoded by a complex encoding algorithm such as the DCT and Huffman coding, FFAFuzz does not show much of an improvement. This suggests that FFAFuzz could be further enhanced by recognizing specific types of fields [14]. In the future, we plan to research current public file formats, protocols, and other structured input, select representative fields types, and design the corresponding recognition rules to recognize and classify dependencies more closely.
3. The configuration rules of \(minSpan\) are static and inflexible. It would probably be better if \(minSpan\) could be adaptively adjusted according to the actual execution of the target. As the next step, we start from the theoretical analysis in Appendix C, capture the information about the code coverage, executed \(cmp\) instructions, the execution time, etc., utilizing instruments or simulators (QEMU [33], unicorn [34], FRIDA [35], etc.), to automatically adjust \(minSpan\) during the fuzzing test process.
# A Roadside and Cloud-Based Vehicular Communications Framework for the Provision of C-ITS Services
###### Abstract  
Road infrastructure plays a critical role in the support and development of the Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) paradigm. Roadside Units (RSUs), equipped with vehicular communication capabilities, traffic radars, cameras, and other sensors, can provide a multitude of vehicular services and enhance the cooperative perception of vehicles on the road, leading to increased road safety and traffic efficiency. Moreover, the central C-ITS system responsible for overseeing the road traffic and infrastructure, such as the RSUs, needs an efficient way of collecting and disseminating important information to road users. Warnings of accidents or other dangers, and other types of vehicular services such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), are examples of the types of information that the central C-ITS system is responsible for disseminating. To remedy these issues, we present the design of an implemented roadside and cloud architecture for the support of C-ITS services. With the main objectives of managing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication units and network messages of a public authority or motorway operator acting as a central C-ITS system, the proposed architecture was developed for different mobility testbeds in Portugal, under the scope of the STEROD research project and the pan-European Connected Roads (C-Roads) initiative. RSUs, equipped with ETS ITS-G5 communications, are deployed with a cellular link or fiber optics connection for remote control and configuration. These are connected to a cloud Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker where communication is based on a geographical tiling scheme, which allows the selection of the appropriate coverage areas for the dissemination of C-ITS messages. The architecture is deployed in the field, on several Portuguese motorways, where road traffic and infrastructure are monitored through a C-ITS platform with visualization and event reporting capabilities. The provided architecture is independent of the underlying communication technology and can be easily adapted in the future to support Cellular-V2X (PC5 interface) or 5G RSUs. Performance results of the deployed architecture are provided.  
c 2023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).  
c 20231453. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030153](https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030153)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030153](https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030153))
###### Abstract  
The primary goal of this study is to develop and test a small-scale horizontal-axis underwater Ocean Current Turbine (OCT) by creating a mathematical model for coupled dynamics aided by a Blade Element Momentum (BEM) simulation-integrated experimental approach. This research is motivated by the urgent need for sustainable energy sources and the vast potential of ocean currents. By integrating mathematical modeling with the experimental testing of scaled model OCTs, this study aims to evaluate performance accurately. The experimental setup involves encapsulating a 3D-printed turbine model within a watertight nacelle which is equipped with sensors for comprehensive data recording during towing tank tests. Through these experiments, we seek to establish correlations between the generated power, force, and rotational speed of the turbine's Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor, which determines the turbine's capability to extract dynamic energy inflow. Moreover, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the accuracy and applicability of theoretical predictions in real-world scenarios by comparing the experimental results with BEM simulations. This combined approach not only advances our understanding of hydrokinetic energy conversion, but also contributes to the development of reliable and efficient renewable energy technologies that address global energy challenges while mitigating environmental impacts.  
hydrokinetic energy; marine renewable energy; energy conversion; ocean current turbines (OCT); blade element momentum (BEM) theory; towing tank testing; dynamometer testing; small-scale experimental OCT; design evolution; 3D-printed turbine model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 2 The Home Network as The Universal Center of Reference  
A secure scheme for access control needs a point of reference that the participants trust. We argue that a user's home network is a natural point of reference, with properties that are useful in the context of future networks.  
Given the current development towards more networked devices, it is plausible to assume that home networks will gain in importance dramatically. A future home network will be much more than the mere collection of Internet-capable devices that can be found in today's homes. In future, the home network will offer its users advanced services like control over a number of home appliances, act as a universal storage, backup and maybe even streaming solution [2] and provide services to share and work on documents with others. In short, a future home network will be at the center of a user's digital life. Such networks are, e.g., investigated in the project _AutHoNe_[3, 4] (Autonomous Home Networking).  
Because of the multitude of devices, services and users (all of which are later referred to as _entities_), these home networks will require secure and flexible mechanisms for authentication and access control. The first step in achieving this quest is to find suitable identifiers for entities and to design schemes for authentication and access control based on these identifiers. The second step is to harden the home networks against identity theft as it may be caused by, e.g., malware running in a home network.
###### Abstract  
Investigating the spatiotemporal variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin and its coal mining areas holds significant importance for dynamic vegetation monitoring and mining area management. This study employs MODIS NDVI data and combines various analytical methods, including trend analysis and coefficient of variation analysis, to reveal the characteristics of NDVI spatiotemporal variations and their response to climatic factors in the study area. The results indicate the following: (1) The overall NDVI in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin exhibits a growth trend with an annual growth rate of 1.82% and a 36% increase. Among the mining areas, the NDVI increase is most prominent in the Hebaopian mining area with a 100% growth, while the QinYuan mining area shows the lowest increase at 21%; (2) The NDVI in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin displays high fluctuations, with areas of moderate and high fluctuations accounting for 54.39% of the total. The Hebaopian mining area has a substantial portion of high-fluctuation areas at 38.85%; (3) According to the Hurst index analysis, future vegetation changes in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin are uncertain, with approximately 9.77% of areas expected to continue improving: (4) The variations in the NDVI and climatic factors across the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin display spatial heterogeneity. The NDVI exhibits a positive correlation with both temperature and precipitation, with the correlation with precipitation being more pronounced than that with temperature. Precipitation exerts a more significant influence on the NDVI than temperature. These findings not only provide scientific guidance for vegetation restoration and area management in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin and its mining areas but also serve as a scientific basis for decision making regarding vegetation management under the influence of climate change and human activities.  
Keywords: vegetation cover; mining area; spatial-temporal; trend analysis; climatic response +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Effect on Attacks
#### 4.2.2 Results Analysis  
First, we measure the UDP transfer delay with TCP SYN flooding attack traffic in 1000-microsecond (\(\upmu\)s) intervals. UDP traffic sends information from H1 to H5 at a 5-Mbps rate. As shown in Figure 9, the system with RAD has less delay than does the system without RAD over time. Average delay values of the system with RAD at different degrees of attack strength (i.e., 1000-\(\upmu\)s \(<\) 500-\(\upmu\)s \(<\) 100-\(\upmu\)s intervals) are also less than those of the system without RAD, as shown in Figure 10. Even though the system with RAD is more affected by severe attacks during 100-\(\upmu\)s intervals, it suffers from fewer attacks than does the system without RAD. The reason the effect is greater with severe attacks is that many ACK packets return from a target server even as SYN packets are dropped in the system with RAD.  
Next, we measure the TCP connection establishment time from H1 to H5 as we mount TCP SYN flooding attacks from H2 to H5 using three levels of strength (e.g., 2000-\(\upmu\)s \(<\) 1000-\(\upmu\)s \(<\) 500-\(\upmu\)s intervals). The system with RAD has very small connection times even during attacks. However, the system without RAD suffers an attack and the effect is greater with severe attacks, as shown in Figure 11.  
Figure 11: Average TCP connection establishment time vs. attack strength.  
Figure 9: UDP transfer delay in simulation time (With attack in 1000 \(\upmu\)s intervals).
## 4 System Design
### Client-Server Communication  
The inner communication between the microservices is not the only important communication channel. Having a client-server application, it is important to choose the appropriate communication methodologies for client interaction. In a client-server architecture, it is quite common to use a synchronous protocol for data transfer such as HTTP, and the REST architecture. REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for network applications [41]. It uses the HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE) for communication, emphasizing simplicity, scalability, and statelessness.  
Asynchronous communication can be further detailed based on the direction of communication.  
Full-duplex communication is used for bidirectional client-server communication. This type of communication channel is more expensive in comparison with the HTTP protocol but also provides more flexibility for live data streaming. The protocol of choice for this communication type is WebSocket [42]. The protocol provides a persistent, bidirectional communication channel over a single, long-lived connection between a client and server. This enables real-time, low-latency data exchange, making it suitable for interactive applications. Unlike traditional HTTP, WebSocket facilitates full-duplex communication, allowing both sides to send messages independently. The WebSocket protocol operates over the standard ports 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS) and is supported by most modern web browsers, servers, and frameworks, fostering efficient, real-time communication in web applications.  
Half-duplex communication is used for unidirectional data streaming. This type of communication can be achieved using SSE (Server Sent Events). It is a web technology that enables servers to push real-time updates to web clients over a single HTTP connection [43].  
Unlike traditional request-response models, SSE establishes a long-lived connection, allowing servers to send periodic updates to clients (Figure 4). This type of communication is particularly useful for applications requiring real-time data, such as live feeds, notifications, or financial market updates, without the need for constant client polling.  
Figure 3: Example of an event-driven messaging system.  
With the external and internal communication layers described the application diagram is updated with the new communication means (Figure 5).  
Any software product generates some sort of data as a result of its functionality. The system requires a storage layer for persisting data entities the application is handling: user accounts, document metadata, document content, and notifications. In the microservices pattern, a microservice is tied to its own data source to maintain the integrity and the self-contained attribute of the architecture. The architecture diagram of the system can be extended with the representation of the storage levels (Figure 6).  
Figure 4: SSE interaction between the client and server.  
Figure 5: Application diagram with a messaging layer.
## 4 The Architecture of IoT-Enabled Smart City
### Networking and Communication  
In the context of smart cities, various communication protocols are available to connect different devices and components of the infrastructure. These protocols have additional features and specifications that make them suitable for specific applications. For example, some protocols such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and \(Z\)-Wave are ideal for short distances where devices and their coverage areas are limited, while other protocols such as LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Sigfox, and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) are more suitable for long-range applications. Each of these protocols has unique features that enable them to support various smart city applications. For instance, ZigBee is commonly used for low-power applications with a low data rate, offering a secure network and longer battery life. It also provides network topologies suitable for various applications, such as mesh, star, and tree. On the other hand, LoRaWAN, Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Sigfox, and LTE require devices to be connected through a central gateway to collect information and sink the data, and they operate on licensed and unlicensed spectrums, depending on the applications. Therefore, it is essential to choose the appropriate communication protocol based on the specific requirements of each application and the range of coverage needed. Understanding the features and capabilities of different protocols can help smart city planners and developers choose the most suitable protocol for their specific use case and integrate various IoT-enabled devices and artificial intelligence algorithms to create a more efficient, sustainable, and livable city. The subsequent sections are going to discuss some of the significant protocols.
## 3 Moments and Related Measures
### Moments and Incomplete Moments  
If \(T\) has PDF (3), then the \(k\)th moment of the UEHLD is derived as:  
\[\mu^{\prime}_{k}=\int\limits_{0}^{1}2\varphi\delta t^{k+\delta-1}\left(1-t^{ \delta}\right)^{\varphi-1}\left(1+t^{\delta}\right)^{-\varphi-1}dt. \tag{5}\]  
Using the binomial expansion in (5), then we have  
\[\mu^{\prime}_{k}=\sum\limits_{q=0}^{\infty}\ (-1)^{q}2\varphi\delta\left( \begin{matrix}\varphi+q\\ q\end{matrix}\right)\int\limits_{0}^{1}t^{k+\delta+\delta q-1}\left(1-t^{ \delta}\right)^{\varphi-1}dt. \tag{6}\]  
After some simplification, then (6) obtains the form  
\[\mu^{\prime}_{k}=\sum\limits_{q=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{q}2\varphi\left(\begin{matrix} \varphi+q\\ q\end{matrix}\right)\text{B}\left(\frac{k}{\delta}+q+1,\varphi\right),\]  
where B(,.) is the beta function. Furthermore, the \(k\)th central moment of a given random variable \(T\) is defined by  
\[\mu_{k}=E(T-\mu^{\prime}_{1})^{k}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{k}\ (-1)^{i}\binom{k}{i} \left(\mu^{\prime}_{1}\right)^{i}\mu^{\prime}_{k-i}.\]  
Figure 2: Different shapes of the HRF and reverse HRF for the UEHLD.  
Table 1 shows numerical values for the first four moments, variance (\(\sigma^{2}\)), skewness (\(\alpha_{3}\)), and kurtosis (\(\alpha_{4}\)) of the UEHILD.  
Table 1 demonstrates that, when the value of \(\delta\) increases for a fixed value of \(\varphi\), we observe that the first four moments and the \(\sigma^{2}\) and \(\alpha_{3}\) measures decrease, while the \(\alpha_{4}\) measure increases. When the value of \(\varphi\) increases for a fixed value of \(\delta\), we  
The \(k\)th incomplete moment, say \(\xi_{k}(x)\), of the UEHLD is given by:  
\[\xi_{k}(x)=\int\limits_{0}^{x}2\varphi\delta t^{k+\delta-1}\Big{(}1-t^{\delta} \Big{)}^{\varphi-1}\Big{(}1+t^{\delta}\Big{)}^{-\varphi-1}dt.\]  
Using binomial expansion and letting \(y=t^{\delta}\Rightarrow dy=\delta t^{\delta-1}dt\), then \(\xi_{k}(x)\) can be written as:  
\[\xi_{k}(x)=\sum\limits_{q=0}^{\infty}{(-1)^{q}2\varphi\bigg{(}\begin{matrix} \varphi+q\\ q\end{matrix}\bigg{)}\mathbb{B}\bigg{(}\frac{k}{\delta}+q+1,\varphi,x^{\delta }\bigg{)}}, \tag{7}\]  
where B(..,\(x\)) stands for the incomplete beta function. The first incomplete moment, for \(k=1\), in (7), is used in a variety of ways, including the Bonferroni and Lorenz curves. These curves are commonly utilized in a variety of disciplines.
# Porous Electrodeposited Cu as a Potential Electrode for Electrochemical Reduction Reactions of CO2
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Electrodeposition of Porous Copper

Table 2: Characteristics and properties of the porous Cu electrodes from groups A, B, and C, electrodeposited with 3 A/cm\({}^{2}\) for 40 s.  
Figure 3: Apparent pore size and apparent porosity of the Cu electrodeposits in groups (**a**) A, (**b**) B, and (**c**) C.  
The representative samples from the three groups, namely A, B, and C, that were electrodeposited with 3 A/cm\({}^{2}\) for 40 s, were characterized in more details, and their respective characteristics and properties are summarized in Figure 4 and Table 2. It is clear that bath compositions (A, B, and C) largely influence the developed porous structure of the Cu deposits. Not only are the samples from the three groups distinct in terms of apparent pore size and apparent porosity, but their detailed features of deposit nodules along the struts of the porous structure also appear to vary largely. Table 2 presents BET surface area, apparent pore size, apparent porosity, apparent density (determined from the coating mass and layer thickness), and true porosity. Overall, the true porosity obtained in this work falls in the range of the copper deposits' porosity obtained by the research of [PERSON] et al. (93.30-97.77%) [4]. The group A sample is characterized by a structure with relatively high surface area, whereas the group B sample contains denser struts. The group C sample is unique with its relatively large pore size and strut size. It is also interesting to note that, based on a preliminary analysis of the coating surfaces using EDX, the oxygen content in the coatings are varied from one another, and significantly higher than that measured from the surface of the Cu foil counterpart (96.7 at.% Cu and 3.3 at.% O). While the presenting data of oxygen cannot be taken as absolute values, as oxygen is considered a light element for EDX analysis, and more advanced chemical analysis techniques would be required to determine the exact oxygen contents, it can be observed and qualitatively analyzed that the measured oxygen contents of the porous Cu samples deviate (increase) rather significantly compared to the Cu foil (Table 2). This suggests the role of porosity in promoting the absorption of chemical species and transformation of surface chemistry of the Cu deposits. Figure 5 shows XPS profiles of the porous Cu electrodes obtained after the CO\({}_{2}\)RR test sessions. The results indicate that the ratio of Cu and O contents of the group A, B, and C samples are 0.35, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. The ratio of Cu\({}^{+}\)/Cu\({}^{2+}\) of these three sets of samples are 0.88, 0.24, and 0.84, respectively. Figure 4: Microstructure of Cu foil (**a–d**), and porous Cu deposits from groups A (**e–h**), B (**i–l**), and C (**m–p**), electrodeposited with 3 A/cm\({}^{2}\) for 40 s, presented at different magnifications.