## 4 Network Planning and Optimization
According to the presented results, the installation of new 5G sites can be quite challenging, especially in urban zones, due to the presence of the EMF saturation effect. In addition, it is shown that a sub-optimal planning, driven by strict regulations limiting the installation of new BS sites, has a not-negligible impact on the type of service that is provided by operators, as well as on the user QoS. In [77], the problem of designing emerging cellular networks like massive MIMO and LTE Narrow Band (NB)-IoT for the best possible coverage and optimal power consumption has been studied. The results indicate that massive MIMO access networks will be denser than current 4G technology and will offer a greater capacity. In addition, the authors have applied and introduced a novel and simple algorithm to address this issue, the Jaya-jDE algorithm. Jaya-jDE is a hybrid Jaya and differential evolution algorithm that combines concepts from both algorithms and includes a probabilistic selection mechanism and a stagnation avoidance mechanism. The proposed algorithm was compared with others in different cellular network design cases. The results indicate that in the majority of the cases it obtained a better performance than other emerging algorithms and achieved the best result in the Friedman test. In [78], the potential of full-duplex (FD) technology in enhancing the throughput and delay of 5G ultra-dense small cell networks has been investigated. The results show that the theoretical double throughput  
Figure 6: Radio network planning outline [74]. gain that FD promises can only be achieved under specific assumptions, namely ideal self-interference cancellation, isolated cells, and full buffer traffic model. However, the expected gain is reduced when realistic assumptions are considered, such as traffic constraints and the inter-cell interference. In [79], a 5G architectural framework in order to address some of the 5G challenges is described (i.e., higher capacity, higher data rate, lower end to end latency, massive device connectivity, reduced capital and operation cost, and consistent quality of experience provisioning) and a two-layer architecture is proposed, consisting of a radio network and a network cloud. The proposed architecture integrates various enablers, such as small cells, massive MIMO, C/U-plane split, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking(SDN). In [80], the developed RNP algorithm was oriented in order to optimize the number and locations of BSs in a given area. Finally, many industries have also developed RNP software tools, to facilitate wireless network operators as well as academic research. In this framework, Atoll(c)[81], for example, is a multi-technology wireless network design and optimization platform that supports wireless operators throughout the network lifecycle, from initial design to densification and optimization. Atoll supports mmWave propagation, massive MIMO, and 3D beamforming. In the same context, Ranplan(c)[82], supports massive MIMO mmWave communications, ultra-dense and small cell heterogeneous network deployments, as well as new 5G services such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Realty (AR). Huawei has also launched appropriate simulation tools for the 5G network planning and optimization [83]. Simulation software includes network coverage for typical 5G services and scenarios, coverage in frequency bands including 3.5/4.5/28/39 GHz, the Huawei ray-tracing propagation model, as well as static beamforming and dynamic beamforming of massive MIMO.