## 1 Introduction
These studies found that the incorporation of up to 3% animal bone ash significantly improved the resistance of asphalt binders to rutting, especially at high temperatures, by increasing the stiffness and shear modulus of the modified binder. This is attributed to the high calcium content in animal bone ash, which enhances the bonding within the binder, resulting in better mechanical properties. Moreover, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] explored the use of bone ash as an alternative to traditional filler materials in asphalt mixtures. Their findings indicate that a 5% addition of bone ash optimizes the stability and performance of asphalt, suggesting its potential for improving the mechanical and physical properties of bitumen. The chemical composition of bone ash, which consists predominantly of calcium and magnesium, may offer unique advantages when used in conjunction with other modifiers like Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and waste cooking oil (WCO), enhancing the overall performance of modified bitumen. Specifically, its high calcium phosphate content and porous structure act as a rigid mineral filler that improves binder stiffness, thermal stability, and resistance to deformation. Additionally, as a byproduct of animal waste, bone ash contributes to waste valorization, making it a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable additive [19]. Moreover, the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test has gained significant attention in recent research as an effective tool for evaluating the fatigue characteristics of modified asphalt binders. According to [PERSON] et al. [20], the conventional parameter G*sin$ alone may lack sensitivity in distinguishing the fatigue resistance of various binders, highlightingLAS testing as a superior alternative for such assessments. This testing approach proves especially valuable when examining the performance of binders modified with materials like styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), bone ash, and cooking oil, as it provides a more nuanced insight into their performance across diverse stress conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of three distinct additives--styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), animal bone ash (AB), and waste cooking oil (WCO)--in enhancing the rheological and mechanical performance of bitumen under various loading conditions. Each of these additives influences different aspects of bitumen behavior: SBS is known for improving elasticity and thermal resistance, AB enhances stiffness and structural strength, while WCO contributes to flexibility and workability. Although studies have explored the individual effects of these materials, a direct comparison under unified test conditions remains lacking. To our knowledge, no study has experimentally evaluated the simultaneous use of SBS, AB, and WCO together. However, several studies have investigated the interaction between two of these additives, particularly SBS and WCO, under various conditions. The combined use of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and waste cooking oil (WCO) has been widely investigated to enhance the performance of asphalt binders while improving sustainability. [PERSON] et al. [21] observed that incorporating WCO into SBS-modified bitumen increased workability and fatigue resistance but slightly decreased runtime resistance. Importantly, low WCO dosages allowed reductions in mixing and compaction temperatures without significant performance loss. [PERSON] et al. [22] reported that WCO lowers the upper and lower limits of the performance grade (PG) and alters its interaction with SBS, but SBS dosage remains the dominant factor in enhancing resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue. [PERSON] et al. [23] developed a reactive rejuvenation method combining WCO with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), finding that WCO restores low-temperature performance, while MDI strengthens high-temperature properties by chemically reconstructing the SBS network. [PERSON] et al.