###### Abstract
Root mean square error (RMSE) is unable to reflect the cooperative interactions among ecosystem services, and pixel-wise correlation analysis does not consider spatial dependencies among variables, among other issues. Additionally, most studies have concentrated on the spatial variability of trade-offs and synergies either broadly across ecosystem services or more narrowly between specific service pairs [36; 37; 38]. Despite this, there is a scarcity of holistic research that contemplates the spatial variances in trade-offs and synergies encompassing all ecosystem services at both the global and local levels. To overcome these shortcomings, this research incorporates the local bivariate Moran's I index with spatial overlay analysis [39; 40]. This method emphasizes spatial relationships among ecosystem services, enhancing both the breadth and depth of the analysis by not only focusing on the global impacts of all ecosystem services but also exploring the trade-offs and synergies between pairs of local ecosystem services. Liaoning Province features diverse topography and climate, with a rich variety of ecosystem types. It is strategically located, with Hebei to the west, Inner Mongolia to the north, and Jilin to the east, making its geographical position extremely important in the northeastern region of China. In line with the implementation principles of the \"Liaoning Provincial Land Spatial Planning (2021-2035)\", and considering documents such as the \"Liaoning Provincial Main Functional Zone Planning\", the \"Liaoning Provincial Land Spatial Ecological Restoration Planning (2021-2035)\", and the \"14 th Five-Year Plan for Ecological and Environmental Protection of Liaoning Province\", the province has been divided into five ecological restoration zones based on the land-sea ecological security pattern [41]. Soil and Water Conservation Restoration Area in the Hills of Western Liaoning (SWCR): Located in the low hills and mountains region of western Liaoning, we are focusing on advancing soil and water conservation and urban-rural collaborative governance in the western part of the Yiwu Mountains, as well as vegetation restoration and soil erosion prevention in the Songling-Heishan area. This area focusses on soil and water conservation in the hilly regions of western Liaoning. Windbreak and Sand Fixation Restoration Area in Northwest Liaoning (WSFR): In the western part of Liaoning Province, we are carrying out vegetation restoration and desertification control in the southern part of the Horqin Sandy Land, as well as vegetation restoration and desertification prevention in the Nuluherhulu Mountains. This zone aims to address wind erosion and sand fixation in northwest Liaoning. Comprehensive Restoration Area of the Central Plain of Liaoning (CR): The region includes the Shenyang metropolitan area and Anshan, Benxi, Liaoyang, and other areas, which conduct comprehensive management of mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, and sands. This area is designated for a broad range of ecological restoration activities in the central plains of Liaoning. Water Conservation Restoration Area of the Mountainous Areas of Eastern Liaodong (WCR): Strengthen the conservation and protection of the forest ecological barrier in the eastern mountainous areas of Liaoning Province, the southern part of the Changbai Mountains, and the eastern forest regions of the Qianshan Mountain range. This zone emphasizes water conservation in the mountainous regions of eastern Liaoning. Integrated Restoration Areas in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (IR): Promote the ecological restoration of the coastal areas and adjacent sea regions around the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in Liaoning Province, including the coastal areas of Suizhong-Xingcheng, the mouth of the Liao River, and its adjacent sea areas, as well as the coastal areas of Dandong-Zhuanghe and the mouth of the Yalu River and its adjacent sea areas. This area focusses on the integrated restoration of land and sea ecosystems in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea regions.