# An Image Hashing-Based Authentication and Secure Group Communication Scheme for IoT-Enabled MANETs
## 2 Related Work  
MANET has been widely explored over the last decade. In recent years, the explosion of the Internet has significantly increased the use and benefits of MANET. MANET-IoT is an important and emerging concept, as wireless devices are self-connected and self-organized. The safety and consistency necessities of this kind of network should, therefore, be re-examined. Regarding next-generation computing, in the IoT, MANET is expected to be a significant key player. A smart concept of MANET in 5G is presented by [PERSON] in Tanveer (2018). A robust image hashing scheme provides efficient authentication. The dominant coefficients are employed to minimize the computational cost. A novel approach is applied for image hashing-based authentication. Moreover, this scheme provides secure data transmission over the network. [10]. An image hashing-based scheme provides multiple attack detection and adaptive thresholding for image authentication. A hashing algorithm is applied to the image to extract hash values for authentication [11]. [PERSON] proposed a new predictive trust-based model for MANET in the IoT [12] that calculates the final node value based on direct and indirect opinions of trust. A secure routing protocol is also designed to transfer the data packets securely. Numerous protocols of routing based on trust were proposed and appraised in an ad hoc network development. Most trust management plans are created for joint routing to identify the wrong nodes that are self-destructive or harmful. When designing safer route protocols, researchers have adopted reputational associations concerning mobile nodes. In [13], [PERSON] et al. presented a predictive route model that numerically identifies different security attacks. In [14], [PERSON] et al. explained the key security problems for the IoT in MANET. They concentrated on security and vulnerability threats for ad hoc networks and the creation of a comprehensive flight network using the IoT. [PERSON] et al. proposed a scheme in MANET based on routing protocols [15]. In this approach, protocols of routing are employed to transfer the data packets to the concerned destination in MANET. An effective approach based on the triple factor is used to transmit the data into a secure path. [PERSON] et al. [16] presented a proposal based on secure autonomic MANET in a trusted routing path. This research work is based on trust using routing protocols in MANET. Moreover, several surveys and various approaches are presented from the perspective of MANET. [PERSON] [17] presented a scheme based on secure communication for IoT-based networks in MANET. In his research work, the quality of services (QoS) can be improved using existing resources that enhance the performance of a network. [PERSON] et al. [18] presented an energy consumption scheme based on an ant colony for MANET-IoT. A novel algorithm has been proposed for node computing and the joining and disjoining of nodes in the transmission route of energy consumption in IoT-MANET. Moreover, a novel ant colony architecture is presented in which nodes join a greedy approach that massively shortens the run-time. [PERSON] [19] proposed a routing scheme based on group routing for the framework of data clusters to obtain the optimal route. He also explored the conventional standards of MANET and VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) and their behaviors in smart cities. In [20], a novel approach using a fluctuating topology for securing the exchange key is presented. He used a MANET-based advanced model and designed a key exchange scheme. This scheme shortened the attacker's accessibility. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed an approach with trust matrices by using an adaptive approach. This method calculates the trust by using data packets. The proposed approach successfully protects the data from attackers. [PERSON] [22] designed an efficient model based on computation to enhance security.