## 1 Introduction and General Background  
The healthcare industry is constantly seeking new materials and techniques to provide better treatments for patients and improve their quality of life. In recent years, titanium alloys have replaced cobalt-chromium alloys and stainless steel in the manufacture of mechanical implant devices. This shift has generated greater interest in titanium and its alloys and expanded their range of applications. Hip prostheses are mechanical implants designed to replace damaged hip joints, playing a critical role in restoring joint function and improving the quality of life for patients. These implants must allow proper joint movement, stabilize the articulation, and support the body's weight. The primary goal of hip arthroplasty is to achieve a pain-free, highly mobile joint with sufficient surrounding muscle quality to facilitate natural movement. There are various types of hip prostheses available, including total, partial, and resurfacing implants, which can be fixed to the bone using cemented, cementless, or hybrid fixation methods. A proper surgical technique is crucial for ensuring successful long-term implant fixation and integration. Cemented hip prostheses involve injecting bone cement to create a durable interface [1], while uncomented implants rely on a porous or coated surface to promote stability and bone ingrowth, a process that takes longer to fully achieve [2]. Femoral implants in particular can utilize a range of surface coatings that are categorized by their roughness scale; this includes macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale treatments, which have been shown to significantly impact the bone-implant integration process [3,4]. Titanium and its alloys have emerged as the material of choice for biomedical applications, particularly in the design of orthopedic implants, due to their superior corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties [5]. Among the various titanium alloys, low-modulus \(\beta\)-type titanium alloys have gained significant attention in recent years as they address the critical issue of stress shielding, which is a common problem associated with traditional titanium alloy implants [6]. In particular, Ti-6 Al-4V, known as grade 5 titanium, has proven to be highly compatible with the human body for use in prostheses and orthopedic implants. This alloy has a low density, high hardness, and, most importantly for these applications, high biocompatibility. This material is known for its bioinert quality, which ensures a stable chemical response when in contact with tissues or living cells. This reduces the likelihood of the body rejecting it. Its combination of strength, light weight and corrosion resistance makes this an ideal material for use in a variety of applications, including the aerospace, automotive and medical industries. Furthermore, it is reported as a material that has adequate osseointegration, which is required not only for the correct regeneration of the bone around the prosthesis in the early phases, but also to ensure its stable long-term use. The design and simulation of hip joint prostheses using finite-element-based computational tools for analyzing the complex biomechanical interactions and performance of orthopedic implants has been applied to validate the feasibility of materials such as Ti-6 Al-4V and TiNbZrTaFe alloy [7], and even fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) [8]. This has been of continuous interest in biomedical engineering design because achieving maximum load during walking in simulated conditions and using reduced implant material with accurate performance requires the advanced modeling of the implant assembly and the realistic application of forces, moments, and stress projections of the femur model [9]. A low-stiffness porous Ti6 Al4V hip prosthesis has been developed by [PERSON] et al. [10] via selective laser melting (SLM) to minimize stress variations following hip replacement.