# Antihyperglycemic Potential of Mace Water Extract from _Myristica_ fragments [PERSON]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Correlation Between Clinical Parameters
Several studies have shown that glucose uptake, as well as the expression and activity of the glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in enterocytes, are increased in diabetes [62] and suggest that this may contribute to hyperglycemia [63]. The use of SGLT1 inhibitors has recently been shown to reduce blood glucose levels and improve metabolic parameters in DM patients [63; 64]. Altogether, the above-described hypotheses on the mechanisms behind the antihyperscemic effects of mace extract observed in this study, linked to the potential inhibitory effects on glucose absorption or on glucose transporters, should be further confirmed. ME intervention with a dose of 1.84 mg total phenolics ME/kg BW for 28 days was able to reduce fasting blood glucose in hyperglycemic rats by up to 14.29%. This result is still better compared to the water extract of _Myristica fragrans_ seed (100 mg/kg BW) administered to Wistar rats for 30 days, which only reduced fasting blood glucose levels by up to 3.9% and 8.8% when combined with isoproterenol (85 mg/kg BW) [65]. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported that intervention of ethyl alcohol extract of _Myristica fragrans_ seed (400 mg/kg BW) for 10 weeks was able to reduce fasting blood glucose in obese Wistar Albino rats by up to 60.76%. The condition of diabetes causes significant weight loss. Diabetes is accompanied by increased glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis; this biochemical activity causes \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experimental Parameters** & **Hyperglycemic Rats + ME** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Hyperglycemic Rats** \\ **(Negative Control)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Effects** \\ \hline _Glycemic parameters_ & & & \\ AUC-OSTT & 330.83 & 378.33 & \(\downarrow\)12.56\% \\ AUC-OGTT & 330.50 & 361.21 & \(\downarrow\)8.50\% \\ FBG (mg/dL) & 446.00 & 520.33 & \(\downarrow\)14.29\% \\ HbA1c (\%) & 10.77 & 12.17 & \(\downarrow\)11.50\% \\ Body weight loss (g) & 44.33 & 45.00 & \(\downarrow\)0.26\% \\ Daily water intake (mL) & 116.73 & 129.88 & \(\downarrow\)10.13\% \\ _Relative weight of organs_ & & & \\ Pancreas (\%) & 0.35 & 0.29 & \(\uparrow\)20.69\% \\ Right kidney (\%) & 0.46 & 0.50 & \(\downarrow\)8.00\% \\ Left kidney (\%) & 0.46 & 0.49 & \(\downarrow\)6.12\% \\ Liver (\%) & 4.49 & 4.67 & \(\downarrow\)3.85\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} AUC-OGTT, area under the curve in the oral glucose tolerance test; AUC-OSTT, area under the curve in the oral starch tolerance test; FBG, fasting blood glucose; ME, mace water extract from _Myristica fragrans_ [PERSON]; \(\downarrow\)—drop, and \(\uparrow\)—increase in the parameter following the ME intervention as compared to the negative control.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of the effects of mace water extract on glycemic parameters, body weight, water consumption, and relative organ weight of hyperglyc rats. muscle wasting and loss of tissue protein [66]. Compared to normal rats, diabetic rats have a significantly lower body weight. ME in this study was able to reduce weight loss in hyperglycnic rats by 0.26% compared to negative controls. Giving plant extracts containing bioactive compounds can indeed maintain the body weight of diabetic rats. Oral administration of _Tinospora cordifolia_ root aqueous extract (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction in blood glucose and an increase in body weight in alloxanized diabetic rats [67]. Eugenol intervention (10 mg/kg BW) in diabetic rats for 30 days, in addition to significantly reducing food intake, water intake, and urine glucose, also increased body weight compared to diabetic control rats [68]. Severe weight loss in DM may be caused by the unavailability of carbohydrates for energy metabolism and excessive degradation of structural proteins. Additionally, excessive protein catabolism in gluconeogenesis during insulin deficiency results in muscle wasting and weight loss in untreated diabetic rats [1,68]. One of the characteristics of DM, besides polyuria and polyphagia, is polydipsia [63].