esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 The Trust Evaluation Process  
In this section, we introduce our proposed trust model in detail, including the overall architecture of the trust model, the process of trust calculation, trust combination and trust propagation. The structure of the trust model consists of four parts: (1) trust evidence generation; (2) trust calculation for one-hop neighbor nodes; (3) trust calculation for two-hop neighbor nodes; and (4) trust update.  
In UWSNs, sensor nodes always freely move with ocean current. It is generally known that the movement of current in seashore environments changes continuously and demonstrates certain semi-periodical properties. That is, the movement of sensor nodes in the ocean current also obeys certain semi-periodical properties. It is hard to describe the semi-periodical properties since they change with different underwater environment. For simplicity's sake, we adopt a sliding time window concept [31] to periodically predict positions and calculate trust values for sensor nodes. Due to dynamic underwater environment, historical trust values should be taken into account to dynamically update trust relationship in time. In this paper, based on the sliding time window, we update sensor nodes' trust values as follows. As shown in Figure 3, each time window \(T\) consists of several units \(t\). During each time slot \(t\), packets redare exchanged between two neighbor nodes, trust evidences can be collected to evaluate trust of sensor nodes. After a unit of time elapses, the window slides one time unit forward. Then, in the next time window \(t+1\), the historical trust values can be used to update new trust values, thereby dropping the recorded information during the last time window \(t\).
## 1 Introduction
A data synthesis further revealed that PFs exhibited both a higher proportion of belowground biomass and a greater sensitivity of belowground biomass responses to climatic factors compared to natural forests [18]. Moreover, the \"yield decline\" phenomenon in successive rotations of fast-growing species of PFs was widely observed. For example, a study on Chinese fir PFs indicated that tree growth dropped in second and third rotations, primarily due to the cumulative depletion of soil nutrients (exacerbated by practices like the post-harvest burning of residues) under short rotation cycles [19]. As soil fertility wanes and each replanting faces more competition from understory regrowth, plantations can shift toward lower productivity states over time [20; 21]. In addition, PFs also tend to be more uniform in age and species, which can make them susceptible to pests and diseases and can limit their overall ecosystem functions compared to the complexity of old-growth forests [22; 23]. Therefore, understanding the response of plantation forests to main environmental factors will facilitate the future implementation and management of plantations for more effective C uptake. In this study, we investigated the long-term variations in the C sequestration of PFs in Jiangsu Province, China, which is a typical agricultural region but with intensive PF development during the past decades [24]. We first assessed changes in PF areas during 1990-2020 across the study region. Then, we quantified both seasonal and interannual variations in the GPP, NPP, and NEP of PFs using a dataset based on the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS), a remote sensing-based terrestrial biogeochemical model during 1981-2019. Here, we assumed that PFs' spatial extension in the study region remained stable during the 1980s for the analysis, based on the official reports on forestry resources and developments [25; 26]. Finally, we explored the main drivers of the variations in those indices by investigating their relationship with temperature and precipitation. We aimed to evaluate the contributions and the long-term trend of PFs and understand the potential environmental drivers for the future planning and management of PFs.
## 3 Monitoring of C and Water Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
### Other Airborne Measurements  
Besides satellite monitoring, other airborne observation techniques (e.g., aircraft, airplane and land surface remote sensing) have been developed rapidly since the latest decade. For instance, a new approach is LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), which is a remote sensing technology that determines distances to an object or surface using laser pulses. LiDAR data have proved to be highly effective for the determination of three dimensional forest attributes. The suitability of airborne LiDAR for the determination of forest stand attributes including leaf area index (LAI) and the probability of canopy gaps within different layers of canopy has been widely acknowledged by various studies [127,128]. The interpreted LiDAR data have been further used for landscape C modeling and scaling [129,130].
# Calibration of Magnetometers with GNSS Receivers and Magnetometer-Aided GNSS Ambiguity Fixing
## 3 Calibration of Magnetic Flux Sensors
### Attitude Determination with Three GNSS Receivers
#### 3.2.1 Modeling of Differential GNSS Measurements  
We use both types of measurements and perform differential measurements between the reference receiver (being indexed by 1) and any other receiver (being indexed by \(r\)) to eliminate atmospheric delays, orbital errors, satellite clock offsets and biases. Additionally, a reference satellite \(l\) is selected and the differential measurements of the reference satellite are subtracted from the differential measurements of any other satellite \(k\in\{1,\ldots,K\}\) to eliminate receiver clock errors and biases. The obtained double difference carrier phase increment is modeled as  
\[\lambda\varphi_{1r}^{kl} := (\lambda\varphi_{1}^{k}-\lambda\varphi_{r}^{k})-(\lambda\varphi_{1 }^{l}-\lambda\varphi_{r}^{l}) \tag{8}\] \[= (\vec{x}^{kl})^{\mathrm{T}}R_{n}^{n}(\lambda_{1},\varphi_{1}) \vec{b}_{1r}^{\mathrm{T}}+\lambda N_{1r}^{kl}+\varepsilon_{1r}^{kl}\quad \forall\,r,k,l,\]with the wavelength \(\lambda\), the carrier phase measurement \(\varphi_{r}^{k}\) in unit of cycles, the normalized line of sight vector \(\vec{e}^{k}\) from satellite \(k\) to the receiver platform, the rotation matrix \(R_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{e}}\) from the navigation frame into the Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) (e-) coordinate frame depending on the absolute position of the platform (given by longitude \(\lambda_{1}\) and latitude \(\varphi_{1}\)), the integer ambiguity \(N_{r}^{k}\), the phase noise \(\varepsilon_{r}^{k}\) and the double difference operator \((\cdot)_{1r}^{kl}=\left((\cdot)_{1}^{k}-(\cdot)_{r}^{k}\right)-\left((\cdot)_ {1}^{l}-(\cdot_{r})^{l}\right)\).  
Similarly, the double difference pseudorange measurement is modeled as  
\[\rho_{1r}^{kl} := (\rho_{1}^{k}-\rho_{r}^{k})-(\rho_{1}^{l}-\rho_{r}^{l}) \tag{9}\] \[= (\vec{e}^{kl})^{\mathrm{T}}R_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{e}}(\lambda_{ 1},\varphi_{1})\vec{b}_{1r}^{l}+\Delta\rho_{\mathrm{MP},1r}^{kl}+\eta_{1r}^{kl }\quad\forall\,r,k,l,\]  
with the pseudorange multipath error \(\Delta\rho_{\mathrm{MP},r}^{k}\), and pseudorange noise \(\eta_{r}^{k}\).
# Efficient Multipath Clutter Cancellation for UAV Monitoring Using DAB Satellite-Based PBR
## 7 Discussion  
UAV monitoring with PBR based on a DAB satellite is studied in this work, for which an advanced version of ECA is designed to suppress the multipath clutters with high efficiency in the focused close-range scene. Compared with the existing ECA versions, precompression is the key to efficiency gain, as the time cost is reduced via fewer Flops rather than improved parallelism. In practical systems, especially those using a multi-channel antenna for surveillance, the sampled data could be compressed in a batch after the acquisition and then transmitted to the host for subsequent cancellation and detection. The decreased demand for bus bandwidth further reduces the system cost.  
Although the feasibility of target detection is demonstrated in Section 6, there are still some limitations in the experiments. First, the fixed antenna with narrow beamwidth leads to unavoidable echo-free data. Limited by calibration and measurement tools, it is difficult to obtain the accurate beam coverage of the experiments, and there might be some error in the proportion of detectable CPIs. Second, the UAV's position was not estimated because of the limited bandwidth and the lack of angle measuring. As an alternative, the detectable range was obtained by the aligned UAV's GNSS trajectory according to bistatic Doppler and timestamps during the data processing. Last but not least, although echos from the forward scattering region have much more vital energy, the capability of using it to expand the system's detectable range is impractical because of the restricted observation geometry. Since the efficiency of coherent accumulation decreases with the increase in CPI, in order to further extend the detection range, an antenna with a higher gain is needed.  
Possible future works include enlarging the observation azimuth of the system through multi-channel antennas, with which targets could be localized with the additional direction of arrival information. Other than that, the data fusion of multiple surveillance channels could be utilized to improve the position estimation accuracy.
# Fronthaul Design for Wireless Networks
## 4 Fronthaul Design Study Results  
In order to study the influence of different environments and weather conditions on the fronthaul design, a set of illustrative equipment was considered: it comprised MRT, FSO, and FO technologies under different functioning conditions, such as maximum supported bit rate, price, and others factors that affected the maximum distance of a viable link (e.g., operating frequency, sensitivity, etc.). The respective test equipment characteristics, which were obtained by combining information from multiple sources [15; 32; 33; 34; 35], are presented in Table 6.  
The study performed herein is divided into two parts: first, the link design algorithm is used to evaluate which technologies are the preferable cost-effective choices for individual fronthaul segments under different weather conditions, lengths of the links, and bit rate requirements; secondly, by using the network planning algorithm, an assessment is performed regarding the impact of the RRH density on the selection of cost-effective communication technologies for C-RANs.
# Design of a Dual-Path Speech Enhancement Model
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a dual-path causal SE model that extends the multi-branch architecture by incorporating an auxiliary refinement path. This structure allows for improved noise suppression while preserving critical speech components, addressing the common trade-offs observed in existing SE models. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model consistently outperforms conventional single-path SE models, including both one-branch and multi-branch SE models, across all evaluation metrics. By achieving superior scores across various objective measures, including speech quality, intelligibility, and noise suppression, our model shows potential for practical SE applications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Params.** & **WB-PESQ** & **CSIG** & **CBAK** & **COVL** & **STOI** & **SNRseg** \\ \hline Noisy & - & 1.97 & 3.35 & 2.44 & 2.63 & 91 & 1.69 \\ \hline DEMUCS [32] & 33.5 M & 2.93 & 4.22 & 3.25 & 3.52 & 95 & - \\ CTS-Net [33] & 4.35 M & 2.92 & 4.25 & 3.46 & 3.59 & - & - \\ GaGNet [17] & 5.94 M & 2.94 & 4.26 & 3.45 & 3.59 & - & - \\ FullSubNet+ [34] & 8.67 M & 2.88 & 3.86 & 3.42 & 3.57 & - & - \\ NUNet-TLS [22] & 2.83 M & 3.04 & 4.38 & 3.47 & 3.74 & 95 & 8.27 \\ FRCRN [35] & 6.9 M & 3.21 & 4.23 & 3.64 & 3.73 & - & - \\ CompNet [36] & 4.26 M & 2.90 & 4.16 & 3.37 & 3.53 & - & - \\ FDFNet [37] & 4.43 M & 3.05 & 4.23 & 3.55 & 3.65 & - & - \\ CNUNet-TB [19] & 2.98 M & 3.18 & 4.37 & 3.62 & 3.81 & 95 & 9.41 \\ \hline DPCNU & 18.69 M & **3.33** & **4.48** & **3.75** & **3.95** & **96** & **10.44** \\ DPCNU(S) & 4.78 M & 3.25 & 4.47 & 3.69 & 3.89 & 95 & 10.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance comparison with recent SE models on VoiceBank + DEMAND. All systems in this Table satisfy causality. The best score is in bold, and the second-best score is underlined.  
**Author Contributions:** Software, S.H.; Validation, S.W.P. and Y.P.; Writing--original draft, S.H., S.W.P. and Y.P.; Writing--review and editing, S.H., S.W.P. and Y.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original data presented in the study are openly available in GitHub at [[https://github.com/jim-schwoebel/voice_datasets](https://github.com/jim-schwoebel/voice_datasets)]([https://github.com/jim-schwoebel/voice_datasets](https://github.com/jim-schwoebel/voice_datasets)) (accessed on 7 May 2025).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
## 3 Results
### Numerical Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Band** & **Description of Frequency Bands** & **Frequency (MHz)** & **E (V/m)** \\ \hline FM & Radio broadcast transmitter & 88–108 & 0.157 \\ \hline TV3 & Television broadcast transmitter & 174–223 & 0.020 \\ \hline TETRA & Mobile communication for closed groups & 380–390 & 0.023 \\ \hline TV4\&5 & Television broadcast transmitter & 470–830 & 0.036 \\ \hline GSM + UMTS 900 (UL) & Transmission from handset to base station & 880–915 & 0.009 \\ \hline GSM + UMTS 900 (DL) & Transmission from base station to handset & 925–960 & 0.163 \\ \hline GSM 1800 (UL) & Transmission from handset to base station & 1710–1785 & 0.010 \\ \hline GSM 1800 (DL) & Transmission from base station to handset & 1805–1880 & 0.036 \\ \hline DECT & Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications & 1880–1900 & 0.050 \\ \hline UMTS 2100 (UL) & Transmission from handset to base station & 1920–1980 & 0.005 \\ \hline UMTS 2100 (DL) & Transmission from base station to handset & 2110–2170 & 0.079 \\ \hline Wi-Fi 2G & Wireless local area network & 2400–2500 & 0.021 \\ \hline WiMAX & Worldwide interoperability for microwave access & 3400–3800 & 0.020 \\ \hline Wi-Fi 5G & Wireless local area network & 5150–5850 & 0.049 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: PEM Satimo EME 140 frequency bands and mean measured values. When comparing the four measurement sets (Figure 2), it is observed that measurements taken with the PEM (blue line) tend to underestimate, especially the higher values (generally, those measured in LOS conditions). The ideal slope of the straight line for the corrected measurements should be 1, and this value is practically reached with the proposed double correction (PEM-2, grey line) instead of the single correction (PEM-1, blue line) with similar values of the R\({}^{2}\) coefficient.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Estimation of Vs30  
The Vs30 value was determined using the harmonic mean of the shear-wave velocities (Vs) in the upper 30 m of the profile. This approach accounts for the travel-time weighted average, ensuring that layers with lower Vs exert a greater influence on the final Vs30 value.  
As described by [PERSON] et al. (2012) [35], Vs30 is calculated by summing the travel times of shear waves through each layer (i.e., layer thickness divided by velocity), which is mathematically equivalent to the harmonic mean. Unlike the arithmetic mean, which assigns equal weight to each velocity measurement, the harmonic mean properly reflects the influence of slower layers on wave propagation. This characteristic is crucial for seismic site classification because lower-velocity layers play a significant role in ground shaking behavior.
# Mathematical Modeling of Capillary Drawing Stability for Hollow Optical Fibers
## 1 Introduction
In [14; 15], the regimes of drawing of hollow fibers in the non -thermal case are examined in detail and calculated, convective heat transfer with the environment is taken into account, but the radiant exchange has not been taken into account strictly. [PERSON] and [PERSON] played an important role in the study of the stability problems of single continuous fiber and capillaries. In their works [16; 17], for the isothermal and non -thermal quasi -dimensional model of hoods of hollow fibers, resonance phenomena are studied. The influence of some parameters of the process on stability is also evaluated, but this applies only to isothermal case. In [18; 19], the stability of the drawing process was studied from the point of view of maintaining the proportions of internal holes during the transition  
Figure 1: Scheme of the drawing tower. from the workpiece to the fiber. The process of influence of surface tension forces in the transition zone has been studied in detail. The general goal of this work is to systematize and solve the problem of the capillary drawing process stability, and, ultimately, to give recommendations on the choice of technological modes leading to a stable drawing process. In this paper, the formulating of the drawing mathematical model are based on the well-known [20] model, but the radiant heat transfer exchange in the energy equation is taken into account more accurately, and it is presented in an extended integral form. The particular attention is paid to the analysis of sensitivity to disturbances in the boundary conditions and secondary flows in the instability region. The influence of the parameters of the heating element on the stability is shown for the first time for a non-isothermal setting. New results have been obtained that make it possible to significantly increase the stability of capillary drawing under nonisothermal conditions. These results are important in the design of heating furnaces and in the selection of appropriate characteristics of the capillary drawing process.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization Analysis of PAP\({}_{\text{UAE}}\) and PAP\({}_{\text{HWE}}\)
#### 3.3.4 TGA Analysis  
Thermal stability is a crucial property for bioactive macromolecules. The measured thermostability data of PAP\({}_{\text{HWE}}\) and PAP\({}_{\text{UAE}}\) are shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the PAPs extracted using different methods had similar TGA curves. PAP\({}_{\text{HWE}}\) exhibited mass losses of 9.87 and 54.37% at 174 and 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Similarly, PAP\({}_{\text{UAE}}\) showed mass losses of 11.75 and 55.79% at 203 and 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The first stage of mass loss was primarily associated with the pyrolysis of non-covalent bonds occurring below 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C [27]. The second stage was attributed to chemical reactions  
Figure 5: The GC-MS analysis of standard monosaccharides (**a**), PAP\({}_{\text{HWE}}\) (**b**), and PAP\({}_{\text{UAE}}\) (**c**).  
and the thermal decomposition of functional groups [28; 29]. These small differences in mass losses related to temperature may have been caused by the different structures resulting from the different extraction methods.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Molecular Packing  
The different Hirshfeld surfaces of the three complexes are collected in Figure 6. In the studied Ag(I) complexes, the molecules are packed differently in the crystal structure and the possible contacts are presented in Figure 7.  
Figure 5: Analysis of the 2-pyridone/2-hydroxy-pyridine tautomerism in purely organic compounds in the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD). Using the atom numbering in Figure 1, we have plotted the distances of C1-O1 versus C1-C2 and the colors represent number of hits in the database.  
Figure 6: Hirshfeld analyses of [Ag(pyridine-3-carboxaldhyde)\({}_{2}\)NO\({}_{3}\)]; **(1)**, [Ag\({}_{3}\)(2-pyridone)\({}_{3}\)(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\)]; **(2)**, and [Ag(3-hydroxypyridine)\({}_{2}\)]NO\({}_{3}\); **(3)** complexes.  
It is clear from Figure 7 that the O \(\dots\) H interactions contributed heavily in the molecular packing of the three complexes. The parentheses of the O \(\dots\) H interactions are 43.7, 43.8, and 35.6% for complexes **1-3**, respectively. The decomposed d\({}_{\rm norm}\) maps and fingerprint plots shown in Figure 8 revealed the importance of these interactions in the molecular packing.  
The \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) stacking interactions are another interesting feature of molecular packing that was observed using Hirshfeld surface analysis. It is clear from Figure 9 that all evidences for the \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) contacts such as red spots in d\({}_{\rm norm}\) and blue/red triangles in the shape index map were achieved. In addition, there is appropriate amount of C \(\dots\) C contacts in the three complexes as indicated from the fingerprint plot. The C \(\dots\) C contact percentages are 6.4, 2.8, and 2.6% for complexes **1-3**, respectively.  
Figure 8: The fingerprint (upper) and d\({}_{\rm norm}\) maps (lower) of the O \(\dots\) H contacts. Sharp spikes in the fingerprint plot and red spots in d\({}_{\rm norm}\) maps are strong pieces of evidence on the importance of O \(\dots\) H contacts in the molecular packing.  
In addition to these intermolecular interactions, the Hirshfeld surfaces detected very well the polymeric nature of complex **2** via Ag-O bonding with the neighboring complex units (Figure 10B). Also, complex **1** showed significant amount of short Ag... N interactions (3.9%) with the neighboring complex units (Figure 10A), while in complex **3** some significant Ag... C (1.7%) and Ag... O (5.7%) interactions were detected (Figure 10C,D). It is worth to note that the Ag... C interactions have less significance in complexes **1** and **2** compared to **3**.  
Figure 10: The rest of the most important contacts in complexes **1–3**.  
Figure 9: The fingerprint (upper), d\({}_{\rm norm}\) maps (middle), and shape index (lower) of the C... C contacts.
# Photosensitivity of Infrared Glasses under Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing for mid-IR Applications
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have studied the photosensitivity of one chalcogenide and two commercial heavy oxide glasses to a femtosecond laser direct writing. We have shown the importance of this technique for writing strong refractive index or phase variations at high speed (up to 25 mm/s): up to \(6.8\times 10^{-3}\) in the SF10, \(2.16\times 10^{-2}\) in the 9754 and \(5.52\times 10^{-2}\) in the GeS\({}_{2}\) based chalcogenide. GeS\({}_{2}\) and Corning 9754 are particularly interesting, since they have a good potential to create optical components operating in the mid-infrared. We have obtained a good agreement between the profile of a gradient index lens written by the fs-laser in GeS\({}_{2}\) and the expected one. The femtosecond laser direct writing technique is flexible, so we can plan to create aspherical or even freeform gradient index or complex 3D geometric phase optics, which will improve conventional optical systems. This opens the door to developing a range of efficient and compact components for infrared imaging systems and more generally 3D optics and micro-optics for IR applications.  
Conceptualization, M.L.; Investigation, P.D.; Methodology, M.L.; Project administration, G.D., M.L. and B.P.; Resources, L.C. and C.H.; Supervision, G.D., F.D.L.B. and M.L.; Validation, G.D. and M.L.; Writing--original draft, P.D.; Writing--review & editing, P.D., L.C., G.D., F.D.L.B., C.H. and M.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE08-0004-01); FLAG-IR Project; Research supported by the Ministere des armees--Agence de l'innovation de defense (AID).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.