## 4 Results and Discussions
### Emerging Digital Technologies
#### 4.1.6 Cyber-Physical Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Aspect** & **AI** & **Big Data Analytics** \\ \hline Primary Role & Enables intelligent automation, learning, and human-machine collaboration & Provides the foundation for informed, real-time decision-making and predictive analytics \\ \hline Impact & Transforms manufacturing (Industry 5.0), optimizes operations, and enhances worker support and safety & Improves manufacturing performance, prevents failures, and provides competitive advantage through data-driven insights \\ \hline Data Interaction & Leverages data for analysis, decision-making, and system optimization (e.g., DTs) & Collects, aggregates, and processes vast datasets for insights and operational linking (physical-cyber) \\ \hline Key Benefits & Adaptability, enhanced safety, personalized support, and automation & Superior decision-making, predictive maintenance, improved health and safety, and operational efficiency \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Key aspects of AI and big data analytics in the modern industry. such as AR, VR, and MR, and the utilization of these technologies can enhance worker safety and operational efficiency [4; 15]. For example, VR enables virtual pre-assembly and training, AR provides real-time guidance and maintenance information, and MR offers versatile support across all manufacturing stages. Similarly, Cyber-Physical IM Systems (CPIMS), built upon CPS and immersive technologies, offer a virtual interface that enables collaboration between humans and CPS, creating an immersive experience [64]. Hence, as supported by multiple references, CPS enables real-time decision-making, predictive maintenance, and intelligent feedback loops, and is increasingly applied to integrate physiological feedback and AR/VR interfaces for safety optimization. Figure 12 presents an overview of CPS, highlighting its key applications, functions, and benefits in manufacturing. These applications highlight the diverse contexts in which CPS is deployed, including smart factories, Industry 4.0/5.0 environments, HRC, predictive maintenance, health and safety monitoring, immersive training through AR, VR, and MR, and CPIMS. The functions section outlines the core operational capabilities of CPS, such as real-time monitoring and control, decentralized decision-making, integration of sensors, actuators, and intelligent units, adaptive learning and responsiveness, and modeling and simulation of human-machine interactions. Finally, the benefits emphasize the value of CPS in industrial systems, including enhanced safety and worker well-being, increased automation and efficiency, personalized and human-centric production, improved cyber resilience, operational optimization, and seamless integration between the physical and digital domains. In summary, CPS are technologies that connect physical machines, such as robots or factory equipment, to digital systems that can monitor and control them. These systems collect data from the physical world in real time, process it quickly, and send back instructions to adjust how the machines operate. This constant exchange of information allows factories to respond quickly to changes, helping prevent accidents and improve safety. CPS forms the backbone of Industry 5.0 by linking virtual models with physical operations. Its ability to act and react in real time is vital for safe human-machine collaboration and decentralized decision-making. In smart manufacturing, CPS makes it possible to create flexible and responsive environments in which safety measures can adapt insta  
Figure 12: CPS applications, functions, and benefits in industrial and manufacturing contexts. CPS provides a responsive layer to the digital ecosystem, translating data into real-world actions and enabling closed-loop safety control. The integration of digital technologies with physical systems is vital for CPS, cyber resilience, predictive analysis, and worker safety in industrial environments.