## 3 Sample Collection and Analysis Method  
The samples in this study were collected from a depth of 540 m in the Jiaojia gold deposit, specifically from the hanging wall system of Ore Body I, including disseminated, quartz-pyrite, and pyrite-quartz veined ores, for a total of 26 samples. Among these, 8 samples were from Stage I, 11 from Stage II, and 7 from Stage III. The analysis of the major element composition of the pyrites from the Jiaojia area was carried out at the MNR Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization, Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, China. For this analysis, a JXA-8230 electron microprobe (EMPA) was employed. The operational parameters of the EMPA were set as follows: the accelerating voltage was 15 kV, the beam current was 20 nA, the spot size was 1 \(\upmu\)m, and the detection limit was 0.01 wt.%. Canadian ASTIMEX samples served as the standard references during the analysis. Typically, it takes approximately 3 min to measure the elements at a single point according to the established analytical procedure [34]. Trace element concentration analysis of the Jiaojia pyrites was conducted in situ at the Mineral Geochemistry Lab, Ore Deposit and Exploration Centre, Hefei University of Technology, China. An Agilent 7900 Quadrupole ICP-MS (Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled to a Photon Machines Analyte HE 193-nm ArF Excimer Laser Ablation system was used for this experiment. Argon, serving as an auxiliary gas, was blended with the carrier gas via a T-joint and subsequently introduced into the ICP system [35]. Owing to the relatively high flow rates of He (0.9 L/min) and Ar (-0.9 L/min), the purging efficiency was significantly enhanced. Specifically, the signal attained its peak value within less than 1 s, and the flushing duration was shorter than 1.5 s. During the ablation process, the component signals did not smooth well. For each analysis, a consistent circular spot with a diameter of 30 \(\upmu\)m was employed. The laser operated at a frequency of 7 Hz, with an energy density of approximately 2 J/cm\({}^{2}\). The measurement process was carried out for an initial 20-s period and then extended for an additional 40 s. In terms of calibration, standard reference materials including NIST 610, NIST 612, and BCR-2G were utilized as external standards. These external standards were used to construct the calibration curves required for accurate data analysis. The sulfide standard MASS-1 was used to evaluate the accuracy of the elements during the analysis. The trace element compositions of the samples were calibrated with respect to several reference materials. In this calibration process, iron was employed as an internal normalization element. The results for the standard samples are listed in Supplementary Table S1. The in situ sulfur isotope analyses of the pyrites were carried out at the MNR Key Laboratory focusing on Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization, Shandong, China. A Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific in Bremen, Germany), integrated with a Geolas Pro laser ablation system (produced by Coherent in Gottingen, Germany), was utilized for these analyses. In the analytical process, helium was employed as the carrier gas. The Neptune Plus instrument was outfitted with a jet sample cone and an X-ray skimmer cone. To mitigate polyatomic interference, nitrogen was introduced into the central stream at a flow rate of 6 mL/min. All the measurements were conducted at medium resolution. The rotational power consistently exceeded 500, as previously reported in the literature [36]. A signal-smoothing device was installed downstream of the sampling unit. This device was highly effective in eradicating short-term signal fluctuations, particularly under conditions of low pulse frequency, as noted in reference [37]. The laser flux was maintained at a constant level ranging from 3 to 5 J/cm\({}^{2}\). A single-point ablation mode was chosen, featuring a spot size of 44 \(\upmu\)m and a pulse frequency of 2-4 Hz.