# Emerging Technologies for Degradation of Dichlorvos: A Review
## 2 Toxicological Effects of DDVP
As a result, DDVP-induced micronucleeli decreased the mitotic and replication indices. This kind of genotoxic product causes chromosomal damage and cell death (decreased mitotic and replication indices). It has been classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a toxic chemical in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) [30]. Some studies have illuminated the molecular mechanism of DDVP neurotoxicity. The dominating mechanism of action of DDVP is the inhibition of AChE, which causes an increase in the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and produces nicotine and muscarinic signs, which are also accompanied by symptoms of poisoning in the central nervous system [31]. However, a certain amount of acetylcholinesteraseine inhibition can be tolerant to nervous system without any toxic effects. In all kinds of mammals, toxic signs were discovered until acetylcholinesteraseineterase was inhibited by at least 20% [1]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & **Study Sample/** & **Concentration/** & **Specific Statement** & **Reference** \\  & **Sample Sources** & **Volume of Dichlorovos** & & **\\ \hline
1 & Zebrafish & 6, 19, 32 mg/L & Neuromuscular impairment arise from dichlorvos & [23] \\ \hline
2 & Tilapia & 0.5 mg/L & Significant inhibition of brain and liver acetylcholinesteraseinextase (AChE) activity & [24] \\ \hline
3 & _Drosophila_ & 775 mg/kg & Mortality increased with increased dichlorvos dose & [32] \\ \hline
4 & Larval butterflies & 5–994 mg/L & Dichlorvos did not appear to affect life cycle of surviving caterpillars & [33] \\ \hline
5 & _Tor putitora_ & 12.964 mg/L & Exposure to dichlorvos induced significant drop in oxygen consumption & [34] \\ \hline
6 & Loach & 4.56, 5.76, 7.12, 8.96, & Decreased glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of liver & [35] \\ \hline
7 & Chicks & 6.51 mg/kg & Dichlorvos significantly reduced plasma and brain cholinesterase activity & [36] \\ \hline
8 & Cyanobacteria & 261.16 \(\mu\)mol/L & Significantlydecreased chlorophyll content & [37] \\ \hline
9 & Wistar rats & 0, 1, 2, 4 mg/kg & Decreased sperm motility & [25] \\ \hline
10 & Rats & 6 mg/kg & Severe toxic manifestations in motor and memory functions & [26] \\ \hline
11 & Primary rats & 10 \(\mu\)mol/L & Microglial activation and ultimately apoptotic cell death & [27] \\ \hline
12 & Rats & 8 mg/kg & Decreased butyrylcholinesteraseerase (BuChE) activity & [28] \\ \hline
13 & Rats & 1.8, 9 mg/kg & Acute exposure to dichlorvos led to nitro-oxidative stress in the brain & [38] \\ \hline
14 & Wister rats & 1.8, 100 mg/kg & Decreased respiratory rate & [39] \\ \hline
15 & Mice & 40 mg/kg & Exposure to dichlorvos led to neuronal damage & [40] \\ \hline
16 & Albino rats & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 50 mL \\ dichlorvos/50 mL \\ distilled water \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lungs and liver revealed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocyte steatosis after gradually exposed to dichlorvos \\ \end{tabular} & [41] \\ \hline
17 & Human & Unknown & A woman died a day after ingesting dichlorvos & [29] \\ \hline
18 & Human & Unknown & Dichlorvos known to inhibit plasma, erythrocyte, and brain AChE activity & [42] \\ \hline
19 & Human & Unknown & An infant died after ingesting cake-like bait containing dichlorvos & [29] \\ \hline
20 & Cells & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100 \\ mg/L \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Toxic nuclear effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes \\ \end{tabular} & [2] \\ \hline
21 & Cells & 50–500 \(\mu\)mol/L &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cell death increasing accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential decrease \\ \end{tabular} & [21] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Toxicological effects of dichlorvos in humans and animals.