esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Principle of Separating Multiple Signal Sources Based on Selected Bispectra
Supposing that the prior probabilities of the various signals are equal, a Fisher-like class separability measure can be defined as [19]:  
\[m^{(i,j)}(\xi)=\frac{\sum\limits_{l=i,j}\left[E_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}( \xi)\right)-E_{l}\left[E_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}(\xi)\right)\right] \right]^{2}}{\sum\limits_{l=i,j}p^{(l)}var_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}( \xi)\right)}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(E_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}(\xi)\right)\) and \(\text{var}_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}(\xi)\right)\) are the mean and variance of a sample bispectrum of the \(l\)th type of signals at the bifrequency \(\xi\). \(E_{l}\left[E_{k}\left(\widetilde{B}_{k}^{(l)}(\xi)\right)\right]\) is the mean sample bispectrum of all types of signals at bifrequency \(\xi\). It is obtained that the \(i\)th and the \(j\)th type of signals has stronger separability at the bifrequency where \(m^{(i,j)}(\xi)\) is greater. Bifrequencies with \(Q\) greatest Fisher-like class separability measures are selected as characteristic parameters of signals, and bispectra at the selected bifrequencies are called selected bispectra. Then, the selected parameters are used to train the radial basis neural network to separate the received signals. The steps of the offline training algorithm can be found in [17; 20; 21].
## 2 Electrical Resistivity/Impedance Measurement: Is It Really that Simple?
### DC Measurement of Electrical Resistivity
#### 2.1.2 4-Electrode Configuration  
In the 4-electrode configuration, excitation and measurement electrodes are distinct. In particular, the two external electrodes (namely Working Electrode, WE, and Counter Electrode, CE) are used to inject the excitation electric signal (current or potential difference), whereas the two internal ones (namely Sensing Electrode, SE; and Reference Electrode, RE) are used to measure the electrical response (potential difference or current). Different types of electrodes and specimens are used in the literature (see Table 2). Mesh electrodes were often used in the literature, manufactured with different materials: stainless steel [48,49], titanium [22], and titanium platinum-coated [50]. Also, copper is widely used in different forms: wire mesh [33,51,52], tapes [53,54] and loops [55]; silver paint is employed to realize electrodes on specimens surface [56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64], e.g., in the form of silver paint stripes perpendicular to the length of the specimen or combined with copper wires. Other types of electrodes are brass wires (with carbon powder interposed between electrodes and paste, to ensure a good electric contact) [65,66] and small pieces of reinforcing rebars plus Ag/AgCl reference electrodes (with wet sponges guaranteeing a good electric contact) [27]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Specimens** & **Electrodes** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Type of** \\ **Material** \\ \end{tabular} & **Additions** \\ \hline D\({}^{\prime}\)[PERSON] et al. [38] & Cubes: 51 mm (side) & Stainless steel nets (1 mm diameter wires & Concrete & CNTs \\  & & at 0.6 mm from each other) & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [39] & Prisms: \(40\times 40\times 80\) mm & Stainless steel gauzes (20 mm spacing) & Concrete & CNTs, nanocarbon \\  & & & black filler \\ [PERSON] et al. [40] & Prisms: \(20\times 20\times 40\) mm & Stainless steel gauzes (0.5 mm wire & Paste & - \\  & [PERSON] et al. [41] & Beams: \(40\times 40\times 160\) mm & Stainless steel gauzes & Concrete & - \\ [PERSON] et al. [42] & Cubes: 50 mm (side) & Copper meshes & Paste & - \\ [PERSON] et al. [43] & Dog-bones & Copper tapes (4 mm width, & Paste & Fly ash, carbon black \\  & & 20 mm length) & & \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] & Prisms: \(150\times 12\times 11\) mm & Silver paint and copper electrodes & Paste & - \\  & Prisms: \(56\times 56\times 280\) mm & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [45] & Cubes: 100 mm (side) & Brass wires & Concrete & - \\ [PERSON] et al. [46] & Beams: \(100\times 100\times 40\) mm & Stainless steel plates (\(10\times 10\times 2\) mm) & Paste & - \\  & & Cylinders: \(750/100\)5 mm (diameter) \(\times\) & & \\  & & 150/200/300 mm (length) & & \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [47] & Prisms: \(750/100\times 750/100/150\times\) & Metal plates & Concrete & - \\  & & 150/200/300 mm & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: DC measurements with 2-point probe method.
The process is carried out in industrial mixers, either at the place of contamination or elsewhere, usually dry, under atmospheric pressure, at an ambient temperature (20 \({}^{\circ}\)C), or an elevated temperature (max. up to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The method can be modified by applying stabilizing chemicals in a suspension or solution directly to the soil. The costs are estimated at USD 40 to USD 2000 per ton, and the capacity of an industrial installation may be up to 40 tons/day. The method of mercury stabilization in soil was also studied in Poland within the framework of the aforementioned project financed by the US DOP. In the treated industrial area, mercury concentrations in the upper soil layer ranged from over 100 to over 3500 mg/kg. In deeper layers, these concentrations were significantly smaller, and to the depth of 110 cm, they exceeded, at most, 1.5 times the permissible concentration, and in even deeper layers, they were much lower than that. Stabilization by adding 0.5% granulated sulfur after six weeks caused the immobilization of 78% of the leached mercury fraction. The addition of 0.5% zeolite resulted in the binding of 49% of mercury at the same time. The process of stabilizing mercury in the soil can be supported by the cultivation of plants that take the mercury from the soil through the root system and retain it in the roots--this process is called phytostabilization. Willow (_Salix urininalis_ L.) has the best properties in this respect, and grasses, which, although retaining less mercury, can also be used with advantage because they form a root mat that stabilizes soil well (preventing erosion and reducing the penetration of rainwater). Another stabilization process consisted of the use of sewage sludge, which is characterized by a large sorption capacity. Laboratory experiments have shown that sewage sludge (although it sometimes causes a decrease in soil pH) reduces the solubility of the metals contained in soil, thus preventing their migration to soil and water [2; 17; 28; 29]. Selecting an appropriate, effective, and economically justified remediation method for a given contaminated area (including the oil and gas industry) is crucial. Since mercury-contaminated soil areas are relatively small but located in regions with extensive underground and above-ground infrastructure, and contamination influx is periodic/continuous, choosing the right method, along with monitoring and an effective approach for cleaning mercury-emitting soil, presents a challenge. This article reviews various methods for remediating mercury-contaminated soils and presents laboratory and field test results evaluating the efficiency of a pilot soil remediation method at an industrial facility.
## 5 Simulation Results  
In this section, we simulate the proposed group-oriented clustering algorithm and evaluate the clustering performance. There are few related studies on structured clustering. We compare our algorithm with the COG (clustering with operational groups) algorithm [12] with no mobility prediction and its predictive version in [21]. In the following comparison, we call the clustering algorithm proposed in [21] CMPOG (i.e., clustering with mobility prediction and operational groups). The COG algorithm only considers the number of UAVs in each group and cluster without the mobility prediction. The CMPOG algorithm considers the prediction of node mobility besides the cluster size and group size.  
Figure 3: State transition model for UAVs in the parallel clustering algorithm.  
However, these two algorithms focus on group attributes rather than jointly considering the communication attributes and group attributes.
# A Micro-Segmentation Method Based on VLAN-VxLAN Mapping Technology
## 3 Proposed Method  
This work comprises two primary components. The first component focuses on the implementation of micro-segmentation by employing VLAN and VxLAN mapping techniques. The objective is to assess the advantages obtained from this implementation. The second component introduces an enhanced asset behavioural profiling algorithm that leverages the micro-segmentation implementation. The algorithm evaluates the effectiveness of micro-segmentation by performing behavioural profiling of cyberspace assets through traffic analysis.
## 3 Proposed Ground Subsidence Prediction Method  
In this Section, the details of the proposed subsidence prediction method are presented. The Delaunay triangulation method (DTM) is used to divide the irregularly shaped mining area into a series of triangular extraction elements at first. Then, the extraction elements within the calculation area are selected by comparing the deviation of the inflection point and the distance from the incenter of the element to the mining boundaries. Finally, the Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the extraction element-induced subsidence.
# Biological and Technical Challenges Related to Cultured Meat Production
## 1 Introduction
### Cellular Agriculture and Cultured Meat  
Industrial biotechnology holds a possible key to providing humanity with nutritious, safe, and healthy food while minimizing the use of resources such as energy, water, and land [3]. This solution is called \"cellular agriculture\" and involves producing food products such as meat or fish from single cells rather than whole organisms such as animals, whose priority is to manufacture products that are similar at the molecular level to those made by traditional techniques [11]. With cellular agriculture methods it is possible to produce artificial meat, also called cultured or clean meat, through the differentiation of muscle satellite cells in vitro [12].  
Cultured meat represents the in vitro production of meat without the sacrifice of animals. More specifically, it is produced from cells using tissue engineering techniques. Production primarily involves the generation of skeletal muscle tissue. However, it often includes adipocytes for fat production, fibroblasts, and/or chondrocytes for connective tissue generation and endothelial cells to provide vascularization [13].  
To date, cultured meat production is a hotly debated topic (also the use of world \"meat\"), with conflicting opinions on its actual feasibility and sustainability. For this reason, the following review aims to discuss the in vitro meat production process by highlighting its main advantages and challenges from both a biotechnological and technical perspective.
## 3 Research Framework and Hypothesis  
This paper conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to obtain a synthetic result of the determinants of Industry 4.0 technologies (i.e., PU, PEOU, and SI)and behavior intention to adopt Industry 4.0 technologies (BI). Figure 1 illustrates the research framework of this paper.  
PU can be used to evaluate if the performance can be improved by adopting these technologies [71]; such adaptability is an indispensable factor in technology adoption [41; 71]. Nevertheless, heterogeneity has been detected in various contexts [89]. Reexamining the effects of PU on the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is essential.  
**H1.**: _PU significantly and positively affects the BI adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in various sectors._  
PEOU can reflect the degree of ease in accessing and utilizing technology [71]. Meanwhile, effort expectancy (in UTAUT) can be defined as the degree of ease related to adopting a technology [75]. However, mastering an emerging technology will inevitably cost much time and effort because it can inhibit adoption. Some scholars found that the role of PEOU in Industry 4.0 technology acceptance varies significantly [89; 90]. In this case, investigating the moderating effects of PEOU on Industry 4.0 technology adoption is essential.  
**H2.**: _PEOU has a significant and positive effect on the BI adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in various sectors._  
SI is a primary component that directly influences BI in the UTAUT framework [75] and has been investigated in numerous studies. Accordingly, SI is an essential factor to consider in exploring the determinants of Industry 4.0 technology adoption. However, their correlation coefficients vary significantly in different studies [91; 92; 93]. Thus, systematically investigating the effects of SI and BI on the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is needed.  
**H3.**: _S1 significantly and positively affects the BI adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in various sectors._
# Sustainable Data-Driven Secured Optimization Using Dynamic Programming for Green Internet of Things
## 3 Sustainable Data-Driven Secured Decision Protocol with Dynamic Programming
### System Model  
The proposed network model consists of sensors interacting with each other using wireless communication standards. The sensors denote by \(X_{i}\), where \(i=0,\,1,\,2,\,\ldots,\,n\). The nodes are arranged in the form of directed and weighted multistage Graph \(G(N,\,E)\), so adjacent nodes are directly connected using edge \(E\). Each stage is comprised of various sensor nodes. Additionally, edges have a weight known as cost and are updated on certain conditions. All the devices have some kind of restrictions regarding resources, especially energy, transmission power, and memory. Edge computing performs the offloading services in terms of security analysis and ultimately decreases the additional overhead of the nodes. The edge devices are more powerful than ordinary nodes. Following are some network assumptions for the SDS-GIoT model.  
1. The sensor nodes can only communicate with edge devices and are not mobile.
2. There are no resource restrictions on the network edges or sink nodes.
3. At the edge of a sensor's vicinity, edge devices are randomly positioned.
4. No more nodes or devices can be included after deployment.
5. Malicious nodes can generate false information and compromise the sending data and wireless channels.
# The Equivalence between Successive Approximations and
## 4 Demonstration of the Equivalence  
To demonstrate that the SA and MBF methods with the recursive formulas (7) and (17) are equivalent (i.e., equal) formulations for the load flow problem, we present the general structure of the nodal admittance matrix using the incidence matrix. To make this comparison, let us again take Expression (1) where the matricial relation between currents and voltages are defined with the admittance matrix, i.e., \(\mathbb{Y}\). In addition, from Equation (10), we know the following:  
\[\mathbf{J}=\mathbb{Y}_{p}\mathbf{E}, \tag{18}\]  
where \(\mathbb{Y}_{p}\) is known as the primitive admittance matrix. Now, if we compact the relation between the voltage drops in branches with nodal voltages in Equation (9), we have the following:  
\[\mathbf{E}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g}\ \mathcal{A}_{d} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{V}_{g}\\ \mathbf{V}_{d}\end{bmatrix}. \tag{19}\]  
In addition, if we also compact Expressions (11) and (12), we achieve the following result:  
\[\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{I}_{g}\\ \mathbf{I}_{d}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g}^{T}\\ \mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\end{bmatrix}\mathbf{J}. \tag{20}\]  
Now, observe that Expressions (19) and (20) can be substituted in (18), which produces the following result:  
\[\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{I}_{g}\\ \mathbf{I}_{d}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g}^{T}\\ \mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\end{bmatrix}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g} \ \mathcal{A}_{d}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{V}_{g}\\ \mathbf{V}_{d}\end{bmatrix}, \tag{21}\]  
where we know that the admittance matrix can be defined as follows:  
\[\mathbb{Y}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g}^{T}\\ \mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\end{bmatrix}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g} \ \mathcal{A}_{d}\end{bmatrix}. \tag{22}\]  
Note that Expression (22) can be split as follows by formulating its matricial operations:  
\[\mathbb{Y}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathcal{A}_{g}^{T}\mathbb{Y}_{p} \mathcal{A}_{g}&\mathcal{A}_{g}^{T}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\mathcal{A}_{d}\\ \mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\mathcal{A}_{g}&\mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\mathbb{Y }_{p}\mathcal{A}_{d}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathbb{Y}_{gg}&\mathbb{Y}_{ gd}^{d}\\ \mathbb{Y}_{dg}&\mathbb{Y}_{dd}\end{bmatrix}. \tag{23}\]  
**Remark 5**.: _From the results of (23), it is possible to observe that \(\mathbb{Y}_{dg}=\mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\mathcal{A}_{g}\) and \(\mathbb{Y}_{dd}=\mathcal{A}_{d}^{T}\mathbb{Y}_{p}\mathcal{A}_{d}\), which confirms that when recursive load flow formulas (7) and (17) are compared with \(\mathbb{Z}_{dd}=\mathbb{Y}_{dd}^{-1}\), these turn out to be the equal, i.e., the SA and the MBF load flows are completely equivalent._  
It is worth highlighting that the SA and MBF approaches are exactly equivalent in the context of DC distribution networks, as to transform the AC load flow problem into a DC one, it is necessary to take zero as the values of the reactive power consumption in all the nodes and the reactances of all the branches, which have previously been demonstrated in [18; 19], respectively.
# Bio-Based Polymers with Potential for Biodegradability
## 4 Other Bio-Based Polymers with Potential for Biodegradability
### Plastics  
Plastics play an important role in our society. They are used in food packaging, clothing, construction, communication, transportation, and health care equipment and supplies [185]. Among the currently available bioplastics, PLA, starch, and PHAs are the most attractive to study because they can be processed with conventional methods, have comparable physical properties, and can be produced in an economically efficient fashion, in large scale quantities [187]. In the realm of plastics, PLA, a derivative of starch, is very popular due to its virtually neutral carbon footprint. Indeed, atmospheric carbon dioxide is consumed by plants during photosynthesis, compensating for CO\({}_{2}\) discharge during combustion or biodegradation [188].  
Starch is one of the most abundant natural polymers extracted from agricultural sources, such as corn, wheat, potato, and cassava. It is composed of repeating glucose monomers, and is found in its linear form as amylose, and in a branched form as amylopectin (Figure 4) [189; 187]. The main applications of starch include use as a thickener-stabilizer and gelling agent in foods. Gelatinized starch and processed starch are utilized in the textile industry and papermaking industry. Starch can only be used as a plastic, without the need of a second film-forming substance, upon addition of plasticizers. Starch can only be dissolved in ionic liquids and some organic solvents, and undergoes gelatinization when mixed with hot water. The human body naturally contains enzymes that break it down. Starch is capable of melt-forming when mixed with glycerol. It is therefore used as a capsule material in applications such as food trays. Despite the low compatibility of starch with some biodegradable polymers [190], blends of starch and biodegradable plastics have been developed and are marketed as film, foamed plastic, and coatings [188].  
Figure 3: Chemical structures of (**a**) poly(lactic acid) (PLA); (**b**) poly(lactic-\(\alpha\)-glycolic acid) (PLGA); (**c**) poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (or poly-hydroxybutyric acid, PHB); (**d**) poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-\(\alpha\)-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV).  
Similar to PLA, PHA is associated to a carbon-neutral footprint, meaning that degradation of the polymer does not correspond to an overall increase of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) levels. PHA is produced by microorganisms, and is therefore bio-based. PHA is also biodegradable through enzymatic activity and is known for its ultraviolet radiation protection capabilities in the organisms that produce it [191]. PHA can be extracted from its producing bacteria and processed through extrusion for production of rigid and flexible plastics for various biomedical applications. PHA can also be considered for applications including packaging, paper coatings, non-woven fabrics, adhesives, films, and performance additives. PHAs are gaining attention due to their promising biodegradable properties in different environments other than composting plants [192].
# Handover Management in 5G Vehicular Networks
## 2 Related Work
The direction to which each vehicle moves is considered for the most appropriate PoA to be selected. Specifically, the vehicle's mobility is analyzed in order for a set of network alternatives to be created. Regarding the target network to perform the HO, three options were assessed including the network cell, the next cell in the same or opposite direction of the vehicle, and the cell with the lowest load. In [34], the Context-Aware Load Balancing (HO-CALB) mobility management scheme was proposed. HO-CALB is applied to a network architecture where both WiFi and WiMAX networks coexist. When the QoS that each user perceives drops below a predefined threshold, an HO will be initiated. Thereafter, during the network selection, the data traffic load is distributed to WiMAX and WiFi PoAs by taking into consideration the available bandwidth of each one. In [35], the Velocity-Aware Handover (VAH) technique was described. Two networktiers are defined. The first tier consists of Macrocells, while the second tier contains Femtocells. Furthermore, four HO mechanisms are employed. The first one is called the Best Connected (BC)mechanism, and it is applied to users with Low mobility or static users. In this case, all the network cells available in the area of each user, including both Macrocells and Femtocells, are considered as candidate networks. The user selects the nearest Macrocell if \(P_{1}\cdot B_{1}\cdot R_{1}^{-\eta}>P_{2}\cdot B_{2}\cdot R_{2}^{-\eta}\), otherwise the nearest Femtocell is selected as the target network for the HO. The parameter \(P\) represents the transmission power. Furthermore, the parameter \(B\) represents the bias factor. R represents the user distance, and \(\eta\) is the path loss exponent for each tier. The second tier is called the Femto Skipping (FS) mechanism, and it is used by vehicles with Medium mobility. In this case, some Femtocells are skipped to reduce the HO rate, when \(P_{1}\cdot B_{1}\cdot R_{1}^{-\eta}<P_{2}\cdot B_{2}\cdot R_{2}^{-\eta}\). Furthermore, the third tier is called the Femto Disregard (FD) mechanism, and it is applied to vehicular users with High mobility. In this case, all the Femtocells are skipped. Finally, the fourth tier is called the Macro Skipping (MS) mechanism and is applied to users with Extremely High mobility, while in this case, all the Femtocell,s as well as some of the Macrocells are not considered as alternative networks.