# Driven Pile Effects on Nearby Cylindrical and Semi-Tapered Pile in Sandy Clay
###### Abstract  
A pile foundation is commonly adopted for transferring superstructure loads into the ground in weaker soil. They diminish the settlement of the infrastructure and augment the soil-bearing capacity. This paper emphases the pile-driving effect on an existing adjacent cylindrical and semi-tapered pile. Driving a three-dimensional pile into the ground is fruitfully accomplished by combining the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) adaptive mesh and element deletion methods without adopting any assumptions that would simplify the simulation. Axial forces, bending moment, and lateral displacement were studied in the neighboring already-installed pile. An investigation was made into some factors affecting the forces and bending moment, such as pile spacing and the shape of the already-installed pile (cylindrical, tapered, or semi-tapered). An important response was observed in the impact of the driven pile on the nearby existing one, the bending moment and axial forces were not negligible, and when the pile was loaded, it was recommended to consider the coupling effect. Moreover, the adjacent semi-tapered pile was subjected to less axial and lateral movement than the cylindrical one with the same length and volume for taper angles smaller than \(1.0^{\circ}\), and vice versa for taper angles greater than \(1.4^{\circ}\). pile driving; semi-tapered pile; cylindrical pile; axial response; bending moment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
lateral loading, and earthquake loading, the use of cylindrical piles displayed a worse performance than the tapered piles with the same length and volume [9; 10; 11; 12]. None of these previous researchers have studied the performance of tapered piles during the driving of nearby pile foundations. Driven piles have been studied by adopting laboratory tests [13; 14] and numerical simulations [15; 16; 17]. A laboratory test does not give the deformations and stresses in the whole model. It can just be a tool to reasonably predict ground movement. The numerical simulation could be applied to get a large view of the ground, structure deformations, and movement. Nevertheless, its application during nonlinear plasticity soil behavior (for example, driven piles inside the ground) is complicated. In light of this, some simplified assumptions are generally adopted in regard to pile driving. In [18; 19; 20], the pile was simulated as a rigid body to ease the driving process. According to this hypothesis, the Young's modulus value of the pile is large compared to the soil one. This large stiffness of the pile allows its easy penetration inside the soil. To limit the soil distortion during the pile penetration, [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed an approach to make the soil flow around the pile while the pile is being fixed. Unrealistic boundary conditions were assumed by this technic. Another approach is to model a small radius tube in the pile centerline [22]. A pre-bored hole with varying depth could be adopted to complete the driving process [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. Hence, discontinuous pile driving was realized instead of a continuous one. All these simplified assumptions assumed a nonrealistic model of the pile-soil interaction and might deviate the results from the field monitoring values. Their elimination could lead to better results compared to the field test. Braced excavation, deep excavation, and tunneling effects on adjacent pile foundations were studied by [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37]. These constructions may adversely affect nearby piles. The lateral loads, resulting in soil movement, induce axial forces, deflection, bending moment, settlement, and lift-off of the surrounding pile foundation, which may lead to structural failure, crack, and distress. Axial forces and lateral effects could be adopted to observe the corresponding pile deformation [30]. [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29; 32] studied the pile damage induce by deep excavation adopting the bending moment and the pile deflection. [PERSON] et al.