###### Abstract  
Background: Cueing interventions, which utilize external auditory, visual, or somatosensory stimuli, are increasingly used to improve motor performance in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This review explores the effectiveness of cueing on gait, balance, and quality of life outcomes in PD. Methods: A scoping review of six studies was conducted, focusing on the impact of cueing interventions on gait parameters, balance stability, and functional outcomes in PD patients. Studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the PEDro scale, and risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2. Results: Cueing interventions consistently improved gait parameters, with five studies showing significant increases in step length. The results for walking speed were more varied, with some studies reporting statistically significant gains while others found non-significant or mixed outcomes. Balance improvements were noted in dynamic balance measures, though static balance effects were less consistent. Two studies observed long-term benefits at follow-up, particularly when interventions were structured and supervised. The quality of life improvements were limited, with only one study measuring this outcome and showing no significant changes. Conclusions: Cueing interventions demonstrate potential for enhancing gait and dynamic balance in PD, though effects on quality of life remain uncertain. Early and structured implementation of cueing, especially with auditory stimuli, may support functional gains in PD management. Further research is required to establish optimal cueing protocols and long-term benefits.  
Parkinson's disease; cueing intervention; gait; balance; quality of life +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in impaired motor control. Current pharmacological treatments, primarily dopamine precursors and agonists, provide symptomatic relief but often lose efficacy as the disease advances, leaving residual symptoms that are challenging to manage [16; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. Given these limitations, non-pharmacological interventions, particularly physiotherapy, are increasingly recognized as essential components of PD management [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. Cueing strategies have emerged as a promising approach within physiotherapy for enhancing motor control in PD. Cueing involves external temporal or spatial stimuli--visual, auditory, or somatosensory--designed to aid movement initiation and continuity, bypassing dysfunctional basal ganglia circuits [30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. For example, visual cues, such as laser markings, can reduce freezing episodes during gait, while auditory rhythms or tactile vibrations provide structured guidance for movement regularity and coordination. Despite evidence supporting cueing as a therapeutic tool, optimal cue types and their long-term benefits remain unclear, with patient responses varying widely. Cueing offers a low-cost, accessible, and non-invasive intervention that contrasts favorably with pharmacological treatments, making it an attractive addition to PD management [30; 37; 38]. This review aims to critically assess the existing literature on cueing strategies in PD, focusing on outcomes related to gait, balance, and quality of life. By consolidating current evidence, we seek to clarify the therapeutic value of cueing and identify directions for future research to enhance clinical application.