## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Solar and Wind Resources in the Earth's Regions  
As mentioned above, the first step is to characterize both the wind and solar resources in the different areas to be considered. Thus, in order to provide an idea of the behavior of each zone for both resources, Figures 4 and 5 display the histograms of the historical hourly data for more than 20 years of data used. To remind that from the actual historical data of each location, their PDFs have been estimated, and from them, a Monte Carlo methodology has been used based on the Wilks formula. The result has been a random sampling; in the case of the analysis as explained in Section 2.1, there are 93 random samples, so that from them the hourly behavior of solar and wind resources at 95% confidence and coverage levels has been estimated. Beginning with wind characterization, as shown in Figure 4-1, areas of high wind exhibit annual average speeds consistently in the range of 8-10 m/s. Notably, these regions experience sustained winds, with 50% of the time featuring wind speeds between 5-7 m/s and 11-12 m/s. Regarding the coastal Sahara region specifically, it has sustained wind speeds from approximately 5 to 14 m/s for around 50% of the time, with a very symmetrical probability density function (PDF). The other two high wind speed locations show more significant variability and exhibit slight positive skewness, with winds 50% of the time in the range of just over 5 m/s to 11-15 m/s. Additionally, both locations occasionally experience mean wind speeds exceeding 20 m/s, reaching 30 m/s. Figure 4: Histograms of the hourly wind and solar resources for the nine terrestrial locations considered, (**a–c**) solar irradiance: high, moderate and low; (**1–3**) wind speed: high, moderate, and low. Figure 5: Monthly average values of the hourly wind and solar resources for the nine terrestrial locations considered: (**a–c**) solar irradiance: high, moderate, and low; (**1–3**) wind speed: high, moderate, and low. Regions with moderate wind (Figure 4-2) exhibit annual average speeds around 6-7 m/s, with 50% of the time featuring wind speeds between 3-4 m/s and 8-10 m/s. All three regions display positively skewed distributions, particularly the last two. Especially the second one, which with a certain regularity passes the 15 m/s and occasionally the 20 m/s. Low wind regions (Figure 4c) demonstrate annual average speeds around 3-5 m/s, with wind speeds 50% of the time between 2-3 m/s and 5-7 m/s. Their distributions are positively skewed, with no significant occurrence of wind speeds above 5-10 m/s. Specifically, the Kindu area (in the center of Africa), which has almost no average hourly speeds over 5 m/s. However, the Antofagasta and Chengdu regions exhibit some hours with wind speeds between 10 and 15 m/s, though such instances are quite rare and do not lead to significant generation. These regions are generally dominated by extended periods with almost no wind activity. Regarding solar irradiance characterization, the data for the high irradiance regions (Figure 4a) show that values around 500-900 W/m\({}^{2}\) are the dominant intervals. Regions with moderate irradiance have significant contributions around 500-900 W/m\({}^{2}\), but also with important percentages in the lower irradiance ranges (Figure 4b). While low-resource areas (Figure 4c) make the most significant contributions in the lower range, close to zero and even reach lower maximum irradiance values. All this added to a lower number of total hours of sunshine per year. And that for the first group there are a total of approximately 4700 h per year, for the second group about 4500, and for the third group about 4300. If the focus is now on the monthly allocations (remember that in spite of showing these monthly mean values, the analyses are really hourly but are shown in this way to show only the general differences in their characteristics), certain patterns can be appreciated.