## 4 Results and Discussion
Raft foundation settlement is calculated by the application of the adjusted elasticity theory in EC 7, whereas SP RK applies the linearly deformable layer method. However, both of the methods consider a settlement coefficient, which depends on the foundation dimensions. Comparing the methods for the determination of the elastic settlement of a pile foundation, the Kazakhstan approach involves the shear modulus, as in Equation (3), whereas the European approach applies the elasticity modulus, as in Equation (9). Comparisons of the calculated results of the bearing resistance and elastic settlement of raft and pile foundations adhering to the Kazakhstan approach and European approach are provided in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The obtained results show that the EC 7 results exceeded the values from the Kazakhstan approach for both raft and pile foundations. The European approach resulted in 1.2 to 2.2 times and 1.15 to 1.5 times higher values of bearing resistance for raft and pile foundations, respectively. Moreover, the performed comparative analysis revealed that EC 7 values exceeded SP RK values of elastic settlement by 2.0 to 3.8 times and 1.7 to 2.3 times for raft and pile foundations, respectively. Figure 4: Over-design factors of the (**a**) raft foundation and (**b**) pile foundation. The higher values of vertical load applied on the raft and pile foundations in the European approach contributed to the higher results for both bearing resistance and elastic settlement. The applied values of partial safety factors differ for the European and Kazakhstan codes, mainly because of the differences in climatic and geological features. EC 7 applies higher values of partial factors of safety in the design of buildings and structures that allow higher results to be obtained than by adhering to the Kazakhstan regulation. The values of bearing resistance of the piled raft foundation were obtained as the combination of the resistances of the raft and pile foundations and resulted in 93,000 kN for both the Kazakhstan and European approaches. The raft element of the piled raft foundation ensures additional bearing resistance at the ultimate limit state. The obtained value of bearing resistance allowed for calculating the values of elastic settlement for the piled raft foundation. The calculation of the elastic settlement of a piled raft foundation is performed by the application of the stiffness method for both the Kazakhstan and European approaches. The stiffness method considers the stiffness of the piled raft foundation in SP RK (i.e., K\({}_{\text{f}}\)) and EC 7 (i.e., K\({}_{\text{PR}}\)), as indicated in Equations (15) and (16), respectively. The Kazakhstan and European approaches provided 15 cm and 26 cm of elastic settlement, respectively, for the piled raft foundation. The pile group element of the piled raft foundation contributes to the reduction in the elastic settlement. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that EC 7 provides a more conservative design for piled raft foundations than SP RK. In order to investigate the effect of different widths of raft foundations and different lengths of pile foundations, the results of sensitivity analysis are provided. Figures 7 and 8 show the bearing resistance for the Kazakhstan and European approaches with respect  
Figure 5: Bearing resistance values of the (**a**) raft foundation and (**b**) pile foundation. Figure 6: Elastic settlement values of the (**a**) raft foundation and (**b**) pile foundation. to different widths (2-20 m) of the raft foundation and different lengths (3-15 m) of the pile foundation, respectively. They show that DA1-2 and DA3 produce the same results of bearing resistance for raft and pile foundations due to the application of the same values of partial factors. In Figure 7, the results of raft foundation bearing resistance when adhering to DA1-1, DA1-2 and DA3, and DA2 of EC 7 with respect to SP RK values were 1.7 to 2.9, 1.0 to 1.5, and 1.2 to 2.1 times higher, respectively, for different widths of the designed raft foundation.