## 5 Power Generation Performance Loss Factor of the BIPV System
### DC-AC Conversion Loss  
The PV arrays under each installation condition in the BIPV system used in this study were configured to have a design capacity of 0.528 kWp, and each PV array was connected to the PCS with a rated capacity of 3 kW. Therefore, this study analyzed how the configuration of the PV array, which has significantly smaller capacity than the rated capacity of the PCS, affects the PCS DC-AC power conversion performance. Table 9 lists the ratio of time for each PCS input power range, which was calculated by dividing the magnitude of the PCS input power into nine PCS input power ranges for each installation condition of PV arrays. The annual ratio of time for the PCS input power below 200 W was 61.5% for HR 0\({}^{\circ}\), 54.1% for SI 30\({}^{\circ}\), 77.0% for SV 90\({}^{\circ}\), and 83.8% in WV 90\({}^{\circ}\). In other words, the PCS input power of all the PV arrays was less than 6.7% of the rated output of the PCS for more than half of the PCS operating times over a year. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mon.**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**HR 0\({}^{\circ}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SI 30\({}^{\circ}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SV 90\({}^{\circ}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**WV 90\({}^{\circ}\)**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **IGM** & **ISM** & **Ratio of ISM** & **IGM** & **ISM** & **Ratio of ISM** & **IGM** & **ISM** & **Ratio of ISM** & **IGM** & **ISM** & **Ratio of ISM** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**kWh**} & **kWh** & **(**c3**) & **kWh** & **kWh** & **(**c3**) & **kWh** & **(**c3**) & **kWh** & **(**c3**) & **kWh** & **(**c3**) \\ \hline Jan. & 66.8 & 5.5 & 8.3 & 100.9 & 4.2 & 4.2 & 93.7 & 4.4 & 4.7 & 38.7 & 7.7 & 20.0 \\ Feb. & 38.9 & 2.4 & 6.1 & 57.0 & 2.0 & 3.5 & 49.1 & 1.6 & 3.4 & 24.6 & 2.9 & 11.9 \\ Mar. & 101.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 116.2 & 3.8 & 3.3 & 70.7 & 4.5 & 6.4 & 49.4 & 7.8 & 15.7 \\ Apr. & 107.2 & 4.5 & 4.2 & 109.2 & 4.6 & 4.2 & 52.3 & 5.9 & 11.3 & 52.6 & 8.5 & 16.2 \\ May & 120.6 & 4.3 & 3.5 & 112.7 & 4.1 & 3.6 & 47.7 & 6.0 & 12.5 & 58.8 & 7.0 & 12.0 \\ Jun. & 140.2 & 6.4 & 4.5 & 126.8 & 5.8 & 4.6 & 52.9 & 6.9 & 13.0 & 63.9 & 8.4 & 13.2 \\ Jul. & 109.2 & 4.3 & 4.0 & 99.9 & 5.1 & 5.1 & 42.0 & 7.6 & 18.2 & 56.2 & 7.5 & 13.3 \\ Aug. & 120.7 & 6.4 & 5.3 & 116.1 & 7.2 & 6.2 & 52.7 & 9.4 & 17.8 & 56.3 & 10.9 & 19.3 \\ Sep. & 114.8 & 5.4 & 4.7 & 125.3 & 5.4 & 4.3 & 72.6 & 6.4 & 8.9 & 54.2 & 9.9 & 18.2 \\ Oct. & 114.2 & 4.3 & 3.7 & 150.1 & 8.0 & 5.3 & 109.8 & 7.0 & 6.3 & 67.2 & 8.6 & 12.8 \\ Nov. & 704. & 5.3 & 7.6 & 102.8 & 5.1 & 5.0 & 85.7 & 5.4 & 6.3 & 41.4 & 9.5 & 22.9 \\ Dec. & 62.9 & 26.2 & 41.7 & 106.5 & 9.8 & 9.2 & 101.3 & 4.1 & 4.0 & 44.2 & 6.3 & 14.2 \\ Total & 1163.4 & 78.9 & 6.8 & 1319.0 & 65.0 & 4.9 & 827.1 & 69.2 & 8.4 & 605.9 & 95.1 & 15.7 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Analysis results of irradiation during generation mode (IGM) and irradiation during standby mode (ISM). Figure 12: Analysis result of irradiation during standby mode and generation mode of each array. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**PCS Input Power Range** & **HR 0\({}^{\circ}\)** & **SI 30\({}^{\circ}\)** & **SV 90\({}^{\circ}\)** & **WV 90\({}^{\circ}\)** \\ \hline
100 W \(>\) Input power & 22.6\% & 23.1\% & 31.5\% & 44.5\% \\
150 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 100 W & 18.9\% & 14.4\% & 28.2\% & 22.8\% \\
200 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 150 W & 22.0\% & 16.6\% & 17.3\% & 16.5\% \\
250 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 200 W & 10.2\% & 9.4\% & 7.6\% & 7.6 \\
300 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 250 W & 9.3\% & 11.6\% & 5.4\% & 4.5\% \\
350 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 300 W & 7.2\% & 12.2\% & 6.4\% & 2.3\% \\
400 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 350 W & 6.2\% & 8.3\% & 3.3\% & 1.4\% \\
450 W \(>\) Input power \(\geq\) 400 W & 2.7\% & 4.2\% & 0.2\% & 0.4\% \\ Input power \(\geq\) 450 W & 0.8\% & 0.2\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Ratio of the time to the PCS input power range.