# An Integrated Decision Support System for Low-Disturbance Surface Mining
## 1 Introduction  
Open pit mining is the main mining method in Australia, the United States, Germany, India, and other large mining countries. The development of the ecological concept of open pit mining abroad is mainly divided into three stages. The first stage originated in the 19 th century in the United States, Germany, and other developed countries. The stage of green mining is limited to the greening of the mining area, mainly reflected in the development of mineral resources in the process of protecting the local environment around the pit. The second stage is after the Second World War. The stage of green mining, from the greening of the mining area to expanding to the optimal consumption of non-renewable natural resources and minimizing the impact on the environment of resource development efficiency, the western open-pit mining process takes into account the environmental protection and resource efficiency and safe mining. The third stage is to enter the 21 st century. Open-pit development and pollution control, land greening, energy saving and emission reduction and other environmental protection concepts integration, dust management, energy saving and emission reduction, low-carbon mining and ecological restoration and other aspects of comprehensive research, a series of results, the formation of the relevant technical specifications and regulations. Mining has a variety of far-reaching social, environmental, and climate impacts [1; 2; 3]. China's accelerated industrialization has resulted in huge economic development and energy demand, with nearly 70% of the country's energy production based on coal [4; 5]. China's open-pit coal production exceeds 1 billion tons for the first time in 2022, while open-pit coal production accounts for 23% of the country's coal output [6]. The essenceof open-pit mining is the large-scale spatial transport of useful minerals with temporarily useless strippings. The mining process changes the topography and geomorphology of the mining area change and even affects the ecological environment around the mining area, such as the excavation and suppression of land, dust and noise, water pollutants, and air pollutant emissions [7; 8]. Although relevant scholars have given specific solutions to the key technical decision-making problems of open-pit mining, the current stage of open-pit mining design is only targeted to give a rough directional planning. The open-pit mining process is not rule-based, and technical decision-making involves frequent adjustment changes, so often production succession difficulties, soil space can not be fully released, and utilization of the passive situation. Moreover, the current stage of open-pit mines is mainly a \"passive mode of mining first and environmental management later\" [9], which may cause serious ecological and environmental problems. At this stage, there are not many studies on disturbed mining in open pit mines; most of them focus on the technical aspects and are mainly based on mine land reclamation. Researchers develop various physical [10], chemical, and biological means [11] to restore these mining-disturbed lands to near-pristine conditions [12; 13; 14; 15]. How to seek a balance between economic benefits and environmental protection in the process of resource extraction is an essential requirement for mines to realize green mining. To this end, relevant scholars have conducted a lot of cutting-edge basic theoretical research on the effect of open-pit mining on ecological environment disturbance, which is summarized as including the following two major theoretical systems: (i) The Ecological Footprint Theory System [16]. The theoretical system is represented by the theory of quantitative evaluation of ecological cost and environmental pressure and takes the ecologically productive land area as a unified standard, which serves as a measure of how much of various resources need to be consumed and how much waste needs to be discharged in the production process of mining enterprises.