# Nature-Based Management of Laws--Enhancing Biodiversity in Urban Green Infrastructure
## 1 Introduction  
Cities are responsible for significant negative environmental, economic, and health issues, but they also hold the key to a greener economy and sustainable future. According to [1], protecting and restoring urban ecosystems is important for sustainable urbanization. Cities are key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and there is a specific goal (SDG 11) for cities [2,3]. Urban green areas have multifunctional benefits that may mitigate unfavorable health and ecological effects [4, 5, 6]. They have several ecosystem functions, such as rainwater retention, urban heat-island effect mitigation, food supply, and air purification [5,7,8], particularly when they are located in the neighborhood of communication infrastructure [9]. Green areas are also important biodiversity hideouts in urban [10, 11, 12] and anthropogenic areas [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. At present, lawns are the most common element of urban greenery, covering a considerable portion of all open green areas incities (up to 70-75%) [18; 19; 20]. They have a positive impact on human life in cities [21; 22; 23; 24]. However, it is crucial to emphasize that a lawn is a deliberately created plant community consisting of a variety of grass species, including numerous nonnative species [25; 26]. These lawns are meticulously cultivated to attain the visually appealing aesthetic of a lush green carpet [27]. Lawns are often created in habitats that are strongly affected by humans; therefore, appropriate species compositions should be selected. Due to their unique microclimate and urban environment, the conditions in cities often deviate from natural ecosystems. As a result, it becomes necessary to explore plant species that may not be typical for the local area but have the ability to thrive and perform the expected functions within lawns. Moreover, lawn management depends entirely on humans. The presence of lawns is currently a topic of controversy due to the potential negative environmental impact caused by the extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, as well as resource-intensive maintenance practices like frequent moving, watering, aeration, and reseeding [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. These anthropogenic factors alter habitat conditions, subsequently influencing the species composition of lawns. Additionally, lawns have the capacity to modify urban microclimates, facilitate rainfall infiltration, and contribute to increased biodiversity [10; 34; 35; 36]. Predominantly, lawns play an aesthetic role [37]. Evergreen, dense, and compact lawns are highly appreciated, particularly in decorative parks, gardens, and flowerbeds [25; 38]. Grass lawns are showcases in most Western European cities and are appreciated by most people in terms of culture and aesthetics [18]. However, these lawns require intense and expensive management [39]. The high costs of lawn management have raised questions related to their impact on the environment, particularly the carbon footprint associated with moving and water usage [35; 40; 41; 42]. Therefore, lawns with functions other than aesthetics represent an alternative. The shift in city lawn management practices, aimed at reducing their detrimental environmental impact, has given rise to the concept of permaculture [43]. Permaculture lawns or urban meadows are designed to require minimal human intervention while fulfilling various ecosystem functions. Urban meadows, characterized by natural, non-mowed green areas with or without flowering plants, serve as an alternative land cover to conventional moved green areas. Although their establishment in urban areas is on the rise, they still constitute a small fraction of urban greenery [44]. Exploring polycultures of diverse plant species, including both grasses and dicotyledons, that can thrive and reproduce under traditional lawn management practices, presents an avenue for grass-lawn alternatives.