# Phytomicrobiones: A Potential Approach for Sustainable Pesticide Biodegradation
## 2 Pesticides
### Pesticide Biodegradation Processes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name of Pesticide** & **Isolation Source** & **Microbe Used** & **Microbe Type** & **Reference** \\ \hline Acetamipid & Rhizosphere Zone & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Rhodotorula_} & & \\  & Rhizosphere Zone & _mucilaginous_ Strain & Yeast & [46] \\  & & IM-2 & & \\ Acetamipid & Pesticide factory & _Fusarium_ spp. strain & & \\  & Rhizosphere Zone & CS-3 & Fungus & [47] \\ Acetamipid & Rhizosphere Zone & _Streptomyces canvas_ & Actinomycete & [48] \\  & & CGMCC 13662 & & \\ Thaicloprid & Rhizosphere soil & _Enster meliloti_ & & \\  & & CGMCC7333 & & \\ Clothianidin & Rotted wood & _Pharendocite sorrida_ & Fungus & [50] \\ Nitenpyram & Rotted wood & _Pharendocite sorrida_ YK-624 & Fungus & [51] \\ Dinofifuran & Rotted wood & _Pharendocite sorrida_ YK-624 & Fungus & [51] \\ Chloropyrifos & Rhizosphere Zone & _Bacillus_ spp. & Bacterium & [52; 53] \\ Endosulfan & Rhizosphere Zone & _Pseudomonas_ spp. & Bacterium & [52] \\  & NITE Biological & & \\ Alachlor & 53 Resource Center & _Aspergillus fumigates_ & Fungus & [54] \\  & (NBRC), Japan & _Pseudomonas_ spp. & Bacterium & [52; 53] \\  & & Rhizosphere Zone & _Bacillus_ spp. & Bacterium & [52; 53] \\  & & Rhizosphere Zone & _Rhodococcus_ spp. & Bacterium & [55; 53] \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._keyseri_ (plasmid 12B), are instrumental in phthalate degradation [71]. _Splingobium indicium_ B90A chromosomes harbor genes, such as linA, linA2, linX1, linB, linC, linX2, and linX3, governing the degradation of a wide array of hydrocarbons [72]. Pesticide biodegradation entails the comprehensive transformation of organic compounds into an inorganic form, a feat achieved through the concerted efforts of microbes [73]. This process is contingent not only on the presence of microorganisms equipped with degradation enzymes but also on the surrounding environment [73]. Thanks to advanced analytical and molecular tools, we have gained unprecedented insights into the intricate pathways of pesticide degradation [74; 75]. Microbial transformation, driven by an energy source, unfolds as microbes harness pesticides as both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources through pesticide degradation [74]. The secretion of extracellular enzymes by numerous microbes facilitates the degradation of pesticides, with plants providing a hospitable environment for the production of pesticide-degrading enzymes. Hence, phytoremediation emerges as a favored technique to curtail pesticide pollution. Among the arsenal of enzymatic biodegraders, transferases, isomerases, hydrolases, and ligases are the most common. Pesticide metabolism typically unfolds in three phases, commencing with the conversion of the parent compound into a water-soluble, less toxic product via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. The second phase yields sugars or amino acids, which are more water-soluble than the products of the first phase. Finally, the third phase sees the conversion of second-phase metabolites into non-toxic secondary conjugates, with bacteria and fungi leveraging both intra- and extracellular enzymes in the pesticide degradation process [75].