esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Study on the Pressure Relief Characteristics of a Large-Diameter Borehole
## 4 Results  
### Effects of the Hole Diameter on the Pressure Relief Effect  
#### 4.1.1 Stress Evolution Law  
The experimental results are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from Figure 4a that, compared with the coal body on the side of the roadway without drilling, the coal body on the side of the drilling was basically not depressurized when the hole diameter was 0.05 m, and there was still a stress core in the coal body, and there was no pressure relief area around the drilling hole. When the hole diameter was 0.10 m to 0.40 m, the stress core in the coal body on the borehole side of the roadway disappeared, the range of the pressure relief area around the borehole gradually expanded, and the pressure relief effect gradually improved.  
In Figure 4b, LP indicates the original stress peak position, LP1 indicates the shift position of the stress peak after drilling, and P0 is the original rock stress. It can be seen from Figure 4b that, after drilling, the stress peak value decreased and moved to the deep area. When the hole diameter was 0.05 m, the stress reduction was not obvious, and the pressure relief effect was poor. When the hole diameter was 0.10 m to 0.40 m, the stress in the coal body decreased uniformly with the increase in the hole diameter, and the pressure relief effect gradually improved.  
The original rock stress in the deep part of the roadway was \(P_{0}=\) 15.62 MPa. The area where the internal stress in the borehole was less than the original rock stress was divided into the decompression area, and the ratio of the decompression area to hole length under different diameters was compared (\(A/L_{\rm h}\), where \(A\) is the decompression area and \(L_{\rm h}\) is the borehole length).  
As shown in Figure 5, this was 22.7% when the hole was not drilled and 18.2% when the hole diameter was 0.05 m, which is smaller than that when the hole diameter was 0.05 m, indicating that the range of the pressurized area was enlarged instead, and the pressure relief effect was poor. The hole diameter was 34.6% at 0.10 m, which is larger than that without drilling, and it was 81.8% at 0.15 m. The \(A/L_{\mathrm{h}}\) value increased with the increase in the hole diameter, indicating that the larger the hole diameter was, the smaller the high stress range in the coal roadway body was. When the hole diameter was larger than 0.20 m, it was 100%, and the whole length of the borehole was a decompression zone. Increasing the hole diameter only reduced the stress value in the borehole range. This indicates that the pressure relief of the borehole was significant on this occasion, and the pressure relief effect was further enhanced with the increase in the hole diameter.  
Figure 4: Pressure relief characteristics of the large\(-\)diameter borehole with different hole diameters. (**a**) Evolution characteristics of the stress contour plot with different hole diameters. (**b**) Evolution characteristics of the stress curves with different hole diameters.  
Figure 5: Proportion of the pressure relief area.
## 4 Influences of Slag on the Growth of Microalgae
### Influences of Mg in Slag on the Growth and Accumulation of Metabolites of Microalgae  
There was certain amount of MgO in slag. Mg was one of the necessary nutrients for microalgae's growth, whose main function was to be used as the chlorophyll's central atoms, participating in photosynthesis in the processes of light energy and enzymatic action. It also played an important role in protein metabolism [77].  
[PERSON] et al. [78] found that a higher than 10 mg/L Mg\({}^{2+}\) condition was not helpful for the accumulation of _Chlorococctium__ifidonium_'s biomass. Through research on _Chlorella__protothecodes_ UTEX 250, [PERSON] et al. [76] found that, compared with the original medium with added Mg, the culture that removed Mg could increase the lipid content of _Chlorella__protothecodes_ UTEX 250 from 4.4% to 9.5%. The research showed that a heavy metal ion was helpful for the increase of some of the microalgae's lipid content. Under photosynthetic autotrophy conditions, the radish fat content reached the highest value. Under heterotrophic conditions, Mg\({}^{2+}\) could induce lipid content and lipid production of _Monorapidium_. FXY-10. When 100 \(\upmu\)M Mg\({}^{2+}\) was added, the lipid content of _Monorapidium_ sp. FXY-10 reached 59.8% [79]. [PERSON] et al. optimized the culture conditions of _Auxenchorella__protothecodes_ by means of the surface response method. Under the 18.5 mg/L Mg\({}^{2+}\) and 5.0 g/L NaCl condition, the lipid content reached the highest value [80]. [PERSON] et al. [60] studied effects of Mg on the growth and lipid accumulation of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08. The biomass concentration, chlorophyll content, lipid content and lipid production rate of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 were tested when the Mg concentration was 0 mmol/L, 0.03 mmol/L, 0.09 mmol/L, 0.15 mmol/L and 0.30 mmol/L. Research findings showed that the effects of Mg concentration on biomass concentration of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 were small. When the Mg concentration was 0.09 mmol/L, the biomass concentration of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 reached the highest value (2.44 \(\pm\) 0.32 g/L), which was 1.21 times as much as that of blank group. When the Mg concentration was 0.30 mmol/L, the chlorophyll content of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 reached the highest value (55 mg/L). Under other Mg concentrations, the chlorophyll contents showed little difference, which meant that photosynthesis of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 was strong when the Mg concentration was relatively high. When the Mg concentration was 0.30 mmol/L, the lipid content of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 reached the highest value (29.40%). When the Mg concentration was 0.09 mmol/L, the lipid production rate of _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08 reached the highest value (29.40%), 1.2 times as much as that of the blank group, the lipid production rate of which was the lowest. As a consequence, when the Mg concentration was 0.09 mmol/L, it was the most helpful for _Desmodesmus_ sp. WC08's accumulations of biomass and lipid.
# Denial-of-Service Attacks on Permissioned Blockchains: A Practical Study
## 3 Related Work
### Gaps in Literature  
The literature provides a fragmented but rich foundation for understanding DoS threats in HLF. However, existing studies primarily focus on theoretical analyses and isolated attack scenarios. Most studies lack empirical validation through controlled experimental simulations within realistic HLF deployments. This indicates a gap in comprehensive, data-driven assessments of DoS vulnerabilities across multiple HLF components. In addition, most experimental studies only simulate a single DoS attack technique, such as SYN flooding. This narrow focus fails to explore a diverse range of attack vectors targeting different components and limits the understanding of the interplay between these components under adversarial conditions. Furthermore, existing mitigation strategies have not been systematically evaluated for their effectiveness in mitigating different types of DoS threats in HLF. They are also limited to detection-based mechanisms, rather than proactive or adaptive defense mechanisms that can make real-time responses. Our work addresses these gaps by systematically investigating the feasibility of network-level DoS attacks using multiple attack vectors. Through a comprehensive evaluation, we demonstrated how both external attackers and malicious insiders can exploit HLF's modular architecture, consensus protocol, and identity management mechanisms to compromise the system performance and availability.  
Previous research exposed security weaknesses in HLF, but there is still a critical gap: the real-world testing of DoS attacks in permissioned blockchains. While many studies focus on theory or individual attack methods without practical validation, our work tackles this problem. We systematically tested how realistic network-level DoS attacksimpacted HLF. We showed how both outside attackers and malicious insiders could exploit HLF's design, including its modular structure, consensus rules, and identity management, to disrupt the network. By measuring the real performance impact of these attacks, our study provides concrete, practical insights to help businesses build stronger, more resilient blockchain systems.
# An Overview of Indoor Positioning and Mapping Technology Standards
## 4 Our Research on IPMN Standards
### Standards for Indoor Map Data  
#### 4.2.1 Content Model for Indoor Mapping  
High-accuracy indoor map data plays an important role in the indoor navigation applications, for example, some positioning technologies can use the semantic information from indoor maps to correct the accumulated location bias, so many standards have been developed to specify the map data collection procedures and methods, data formats, data models, representations and symbology, web map services, etc. Indoor map data can be collected using SLAM, Lidar, traditional total station survey, or automatically produced from CAD building drawings and floor plan images. However, we first need to determine the elements that should be contained in the indoor map for a specific application. This led to a standard entitled the \"content model for indoor mapping,\" which specifies the basic conceptual, content, and topological models for indoor mapping. The purpose of this standard is to provide common understanding and sharing of indoor map data  
Figure 3: A GIS integrated hybrid indoor positioning system architecture.  
content for indoor map elements when collecting data, creating database, and modeling spatial relationships.  
The conceptual model for indoor mapping can be described by the terms Building-Complex, Building, Floor, Door, UnitSpace, and Pathway, as shown in Figure 4. BuildingComplex usually corresponds to a large area of interest, consisting of heterogeneous buildings. The concept of building is straightforward and comprehensive.  
Based on the conceptual model for indoor maps, the content model is given in the form of UML, as in Figure 5, which specifies the content and mandatory attributes required to describe an element in a building. However, the basic information may be inadequate for some navigation or tracking applications. Under these circumstances, users can extend the content model, for example, a navigation information model can be derived from navigation application scenarios, as shown in Figure 6.  
Some specifications matching the content model were also developed in our project, including (1) specification for data collection of indoor maps--Part1: floor plan, (2) specification for GIS model of indoor spatial data, (3) indoor map symbols for general geospatial elements, and (4) technical specifications for digital indoor map production.
# Study on Microwave Deicing of Carbon-Fiber-Modified Concrete under Multi-Factor Coupling Effect
## 4 Simulation Experiment
It can be seen from the figure that: (1) There is an obvious elliptical heating area on the surface of the concrete, and the size of the heating area is similar to that of the bell mouth. This is similar to the result without ice, indicating that microwaves can penetrate ice and heat concrete and that the heating mechanism is similar to that without ice. (2) With the increase in microwave source trumpet height, the temperature increase range of T\({}_{0}\) at the center of the concrete surface first increases and then decreases. When the heating height is 40 mm, the temperature increase range is the largest, and the heating area reaches 253.7 cm\({}^{2}\). When the ice layer is 10 mm thick, the optimal heating height for deicing is 40 mm. (3) With the same heating height, compared with the ice and ice-free temperature ranges, the concrete surface temperature is not affected because the ice absorbs a lot of heat, reducing the temperature increase of the concrete surface.
# Time to First Fix Robustness of Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Comparison Study
## 4 Discussion
### BeiDou  
* The number of tracked satellites provided by BeiDou under optimal conditions, which is similar to that of GLONASS, decreases rapidly with attenuation. In this sense, a relevant factor is the reduced visibility, in terms of both time and elevation angle, of the IGSO satellites from the test location.
* BeiDou is the GNSS that provides the highest signal power in optimal conditions, although it is overcome by GPS and equalized by Galileo when attenuation reaches 8 dB. The same reason commented in the previous point could also be the origin of this behaviour.
* The TTFF results of BeiDou are acceptable with no attenuation, but they deteriorate when any attenuation is applied, especially for values above 8 dB. Therefore, there seems to be some correlation between this degradation of the TTFF and the already shown decrease in the SNR with attenuation. On the other hand, its horizontal error is not significantly affected by attenuation until about 14 dB.  
Figure 8: Horizontal error versus attenuation for the different GNSSs.
# Symmetric-Key-Based Security for Multicast Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks +
## 4 Security Scheme  
We distinguish five different phases in our security scheme. First, there is the key distribution phase, in which the TTP distributes the secret key material to the different participants. Second, in the registration phase, the nodes share their capabilities and interests with the NMM. Third, when the multicast groups are defined by the NMM, during the group key construction phase, the NMM shares the required information with the publisher P, allowing the construction of the group key. Fourth, in the multicast communication phase, the publisher securely communicates data to the subscribed members. Finally, there is the group key update phase, in which the process is discussed when a node leaves or joins a multicast group.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.4.6 Repeatability  
The method's repeatability was expressed as SD and %RSD. The findings demonstrate that with 1.58-2.76%, the %RSD was within the acceptable limits of the ICH guidelines (Table 8), which confirmed the high confidence level in the methods' repeatability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Theoretical Amount (ng/band)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Precision of the Method (Intra-Day)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Run 1** & **Run 2** & **Run 3** & & & \\
**Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Mean (ng/band)** & **SD** & **\%RSD** \\  & **(ng/band)** & **(ng/band)** & **(ng/band)** & **(ng/band)** & **Mean (ng/band)** & **SD** & **\%RSD** \\ \hline Vitamin D\({}_{3}\) & & & & & & \\ \hline
150 & 156.57 & 150.90 & 160.35 & 155.94 & 4.76 & 3.05 \\ \hline
200 & 204.90 & 197.40 & 209.00 & 203.77 & 5.88 & 2.89 \\ \hline
250 & 253.30 & 255.05 & 258.95 & 255.77 & 2.89 & 1.13 \\ \hline Vitamin E & & & & & & \\ \hline
150 & 154.10 & 148.40 & 147.33 & 149.94 & 3.64 & 2.43 \\ \hline
200 & 193.40 & 196.00 & 204.10 & 197.83 & 5.58 & 2.82 \\ \hline
250 & 248.00 & 250.20 & 255.80 & 251.33 & 4.02 & 1.60 \\ \hline Vitamin K\({}_{1}\) & & & & & & \\ \hline
30 & 30.78 & 30.12 & 29.45 & 30.12 & 0.66 & 2.20 \\ \hline
40 & 41.00 & 39.85 & 41.17 & 40.67 & 0.72 & 1.77 \\ \hline
50 & 52.70 & 49.78 & 49.47 & 50.65 & 1.78 & 3.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Theoretical Amount (ng/band)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Precision of the Method (Inter-Day)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Run 1** & **Run 2** & **Run 3** & & & \\
**Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Measured Amount** & **Mean (ng/band)** & **SD** & **\%RSD** \\  & **(ng/band)** & **(ng/band)** & **(ng/band)** & **Mean (ng/band)** & **Mean (ng/band)** & **SD** & **\%RSD** \\ \hline Vitamin D\({}_{2}\) & & & & & & \\ \hline
150 & 154.30 & 152.30 & 144.30 & 150.30 & 5.29 & 3.52 \\ \hline
200 &
# Predictive Path Following and Collision Avoidance of Autonomous Connected Vehicles
## 2 Problem Formulation
### The Path-Following Problem  
In the domain of vehicle steering control, there are two common techniques: Trajectory tracking and path following. In trajectory tracking problems, time and space reference are provided to the controller and the vehicle may accelerate/decelerate in order to compensate for the tracking error. Considering our vehicle model (5), the objective of the trajectory tracking is to design a controller that steers the system states \(\mathbf{x}(t)\) to follow a time-dependent reference trajectory \(\mathbf{x}^{ref}(t)\) and therefore the tracking error is \(\mathbf{e}(t):=\mathbf{x}(t)-\mathbf{x}(t)^{ref}(t)\)[17].  
The path following problem is handled differently as the controller objective is to steer the vehicle to be geometrically on a certain path while maintaining a reference speed, and without adding strict requirements when to be where on this path [18]. Consider a path curve \(\mathcal{P}\)  
\[\mathcal{P}=\{\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{n_{p}}|\theta\in[\theta_{0},\theta_{1}] \mapsto\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{p}(\theta)\}, \tag{6}\]  
Figure 1: Kinematic bicycle model of the vehicle.  
which is parameterized by the function \(\mathbf{p}(\theta)\), where \(\theta\) is the time-dependent path parameter whose time evolution is not specified. The objective of the controller is to choose the system input \(\mathbf{u}\) and the timing \(\theta(t)\) such that the path is followed as exactly as possible.  
Given the vehicle state space Model (5), which is assumed to have an output function \(\mathbf{h}(\mathbf{x}(t))\in\mathbb{R}^{n_{p}},n_{p}\leq n\), and the Path (6), the path following objective could be represented as:  
* Path Convergence: The system output \(\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{h}(\mathbf{x})\) converges to the set \(\mathcal{P}\), i.e.: \(\lim\limits_{t\to\infty}\|\mathbf{h}(\mathbf{x})-\mathbf{p}(\theta)\|\ =\ 0\)
* Monotonous Forward Motion: The system moves along \(\mathcal{P}\) in the direction of increasing values of \(\theta\), i.e., \(\theta\geq 0\) and \(\theta_{0}\leq\theta\leq\theta_{1}\).
## 2 Seismic Analysis of Liquid Storage Tanks
### Failure Modes  
#### 2.3.1 Elastic Buckling  
Elastic buckling is a critical failure mode, typically occurring in regions subjected to significant axial compression. This failure mode manifests as circumferential wrinkles or inward bending of the tank wall, either near the tank base or at intermediate heights, depending on the loading conditions and tank geometry. The primary drivers of elastic buckling include the axial compression forces induced by overturning moments during seismic excitation and the self-weight of the tank wall and roof.  
The critical axial stress \(\sigma_{e}\) at which elastic buckling occurs in cylindrical shells is given by the following equation [22; 40]:  
\[\sigma_{e}=\frac{E_{s}\;t}{R\cdot\sqrt{3(1-\
u\;^{2})}} \tag{10}\]  
where \(E_{s}\) is the modulus of elasticity of the shell material, \(t\) is the thickness of the tank wall, \(R\) is the radius of the tank, and \(\
u\) is the Poisson's ratio of the shell material.  
For tanks with pre-existing deformations, the critical buckling stress (\(\sigma_{e}\)) is likely reduced due to local thinning, dents, or residual stresses in the shell. This highlights the importance of accounting for such imperfections when evaluating the seismic vulnerability of existing tanks, as the equations derived for idealized geometries may not fully capture the behavior of deformed structures.  
The elastic buckling of the tank wall can be associated with critical values of the overturning moment \((OM_{cr})\) and the structural base shear \((FS_{cr})\), expressed as follows [40]:  
\[OM_{cr} =\sigma_{e}\;\pi\;R^{2}\;t \tag{11}\] \[FS_{cr} =\tau_{e}\;\pi\;R\;t \tag{12}\]  
where \(\tau_{e}\) is the critical shear buckling stress, which can be obtained using the following equation [40]:  
\[\tau_{e}=0.07708\frac{\pi^{2}E_{s}}{(1-\
u^{2})^{\frac{5}{3}}\cdot\sqrt{\gamma }}\bigg{(}\frac{R}{t}\bigg{)}^{-5/4} \tag{13}\]  
This relation incorporates the height-to-radius ratio \(\gamma=H/R\) and the radius-to-thickness ratio \(R/t\), which are critical geometric parameters influencing the tank's susceptibility to buckling.
# A Deep Learning Approach to Estimate Soil Organic Carbon from Remote Sensing
## 3 Materials and Methods
### The Land Use/Cover Area Frame Statistical Survey  
Since 2006, LUCAS has been carried out every 3 years in order to collect data on land use and land cover across the European Union. The survey is unique in that it provides in situ information, which means that the data are collected directly from the land itself. The LUCAS surveys generate three types of information: (i) micro-data containing the statistical information collected at every sample point, (ii) point and landscape photos, and (iii) statistical tables with results aggregated by land cover and land use at a geographical level. The micro-data collected, among other things, serve to produce, verify, and validate the CORINE Land Cover data.  
The survey consists of a two-phase area sample. In the first phase, a frame of around 1,100,000 georeferenced points (the so-called Master sample or first phase sample) is systematically selected from a 2 km\({}^{2}\) grid covering the EU-28 territory. This frame is then stratified according to land cover classes. The land cover for these points is classified by photo interpretation of aerial photos or satellite images taken in 2004 and 2005. From the Master sample, a second phase sample is then selected aiming to provide statistically meaningful coverage for each region, but taking into account the accessibility of points for sampling [46], e.g., LUCAS does not provide any data for points above 1500 m. Figure 1A,B show the spatial distribution of the LUCAS 2015 and 2018 data. In the figures different colors were used to mark sampled points for each dataset. Green for LUCAS 2015 dataset, blue for LUCAS 2018 dataset and orange for CHLSOC dataset.
# A Novel Effective Multipath Routing Technique Providing High Availability in Wireless Networks
## 3 The NDMR Approach  
NDMR is an on-demand multipath routing technique that can provide fault-tolerant capability for wireless networks, such as MANETs and WSNs. NDMR provides multipath routing in a wireless network by establishing two node-disjoint paths between a source node and a destination in the network.