# Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Performance Comparison Utilizing Telnet and Superframe
## 3 Background on Communication Protocols
### Source Tree Adaptive Routing--Least Overhead Routing Approach (STAR-LORA)  
The STAR protocol was created to be used by both mobile and stationary nodes in a network context, such as the Internet or ad hoc networks. As a result, the protocol can be employed in any situation. The surrounding routers of a STAR router will require access to the source routing tree's settings while configuring it. The source routing tree stores every possible connection that the router needs to communicate with any host or combination of hosts anywhere on the Internet or in the ad hoc network. A router will only change the source routing tree it uses to direct traffic after learning about new destinations, the risk of loops, node failure, or network breakup. This reduces the router's power consumption and increases its data transfer capability. The STAR routing protocol can be implemented in a variety of ways, including using an optimum routing algorithm (ORA) or a least-overhead routing strategy (LORA) [20]. Telnet (Telecommunication Network) is an abbreviation for a network protocol that can be utilized across both Internet and LAN connections. This network protocol enables bidirectional, interactive communication over wide-area networks, such as the Internet, as well as more intimate networks, such as local area networks (LANs), and interactive, two-way communications, such as instant messaging. In most cases, Telnet can be used to establish a virtual terminal connection to the command line interface of a remote computer. This link, which is a byte-oriented data connection with 8 bits, is supported by the transmission control protocol (TCP). In the same frequency channel, dispersed user data are provided with Telnet control information. Because the user's PC initiates contact, it is referred to as the \"local computer\" [21]. The term \"remote computer\" refers to the machine at the other end of a connection. The remote computer could be in the next room, in another city, or even in another country. Telnet is a protocol that allows a user to log in from any computer on the network. A remotesession can be started by simply selecting a host machine. Everything typed after that gets forwarded to the other computer and vice versa until the session terminates. Telnet is an application that, when run, connects the user's computer to a server located somewhere on the network. After that, we may use the Telnet application to input commands, which will be performed just as if they were entered on the server's console. This allows one to control the server and connect with other network server operators. Before beginning a Telnet session, you must first log in to the server using a valid username and password. Remote control of Web servers via the Telnet protocol is typical practice [22]. Figure 2 Depicts a Superframe design based on IEEE 802.15.4. The PAN coordinator can purposely limit the amount of time that can be spent on a channel by using a Superframe structure, as shown in Figure 1. The structure of the Superframe is created by the coordinator's beacon, and it is then divided into sixteen slots of the same size, as seen in Figure 1. The beacon interval can range from 15 milliseconds to 245 s, and the frame is broadcast in the very first slot of the Superframe. Beacons are used to identify a PAN, synchronize the devices associated with the PAN, and explain the Superframe's architecture. The time interval between beacon frames is divided into 16 equal parts, regardless of the time interval between Superframes. Any moment in time throughout the time slot may be used for data transmission; however, all data must be sent or received before the next Superframe period begins. The beacon frame contains, in addition to the Superframe specification and the current node notification, the pending node message and the current node notification. There is a distinction to be made between the Superframe's active period and its inactive phase. During moments of inactivity, the device will automatically transition to a lower-power mode.