## 2 Process Flow and Performance Indicators of Binder Jetting 3D Printing
### Key Parameters Affecting Formation Quality  
In the BJ 3D printing process, monitoring key quality parameters is essential to ensure that SiC printed parts meet expected standards in functionality, appearance, and durability, especially in industrial and high-precision manufacturing fields. By monitoring these parameters in real-time, deviations between the final parts and the design model can be visually presented, avoiding errors in shape or size and ensuring that the product meets the specified functional requirements. To meet the demands of the high-precision manufacturing market, qualified SiC BJ 3D printed parts must not only possess high printing quality, but also have sufficient mechanical strength to adapt to different application environments. However, insufficient precision during the printing process (including shape accuracy, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness) often leads to additional post-processing steps, such as machine grinding [64], polishing, surface melting [65], and robotic finishing [66]. These extend the manufacturing cycle and limit the advantages of BJ 3D printing technology and its widespread application in ceramic component production. As mentioned earlier, printing resolution directly affects the upper limit of printing accuracy, and higher resolution helps improve the dimensional and shape accuracy of the components. Upgrading the hardware of the printing equipment (such as the printhead or the number of printheads) can effectively enhance the overall resolution of the printing system, thereby improving printing accuracy. Additionally, the porosity of the powder bed is also a key factor affecting accuracy. Uniform porosity in the powder bed can prevent uneven penetration of the binder, leading to leakage of SiC powder outside the component profile and resulting in dimensional errors. By selecting the appropriate powder particle size and shape and optimizing the powder spreading process (such as the structure, rotation speed, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Company** & **Equipment** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Characteristics of SiC** \\ **Component Formation** \\ \end{tabular} & **Applicable Fields** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Desktop Metal (Burlington, VT, USA) & Desktop Metal System & Designed to print green bodies with a microporous structure, enabling a fast and efficient sintering process. The combination of multiple printheads and a highly automated system offers significant advantages in fast production and high efficiency. & Industry applications requiring efficient large-scale production (such as in the manufacturing of lightweight automotive parts). & [61] \\ ExOne (North Huntington, PA, USA) & ExOne S-Max & By printing green bodies with up to 50\% porosity, it facilitates infiltration with liquid silicon, resulting in SiC components with high density, high strength, and high heat resistance. & & \\ \hline ExOne (North Huntington, PA, USA) & ExOne S-Max & By printing green bodies with up to 50\% porosity, it facilitates infiltration with liquid silicon, resulting in SiC components with high density, high strength, and high heat resistance. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \
\begin{tabular}{c c} 3D Systems (Rock Hill, SC, USA) & Projet MJP 2500 & Projet MJP 2500 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Utilizes high-speed, high-resolution printheads to rapidly print SiC green bodies with high-precision microporous structures and, combined with LSI, enables rapid prototyping of high-quality components. \\ \end{tabular} & Manufacturing of components with high-quality requirements & [63] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._direction of the rotating roller), a smooth and uniform powder bed can be formed, thereby improving the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts. On the other hand, the strength of the components directly affects their durability and reliability during use. High-strength SiC components can withstand greater forces and stresses, preventing deformation, cracking, or failure, thus extending their service life.