## 3 Results
### Data Synthesis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Theme** & **Technique** & **Details** \\ \hline Laser Scanning & & Non-invasive—laser scanning is a painless, low-risk method that does not involve any touch with the residual limb \\  & Laser Scanning & Expert operators—accurate measurements from laser scanning require professional and trained operators \\ \hline Bioimpedance & & Non-invasive—biompedance measurement is a non-invasive technique for calculating the volume of the residual limb; it is less uncomfortable and hazardous than other conventional procedures because it does not involve the use of needles or incisions \\  & Bioimpedance & Technical restrictions—in some patients, especially those with oedema or big limbs, bioimpedance measurements may be difficult to achieve; temperature fluctuations and the degree of skin hydration may also have an impact on measurement accuracy; and the measuring protocols need to be standardised to make sure that measurements are comparable and consistent across various medical professionals and devices \\ \hline Application & Water Displacement & Water displacement is an objective way to measure the volume of the residual limb; this indicates that the measurements are reliable and unaffected by the operator’s biases or prior knowledge \\  & & Widely accepted—for measuring the volume of residual limbs, the water displacement technique has been in use for many years; safety and hygiene issues could arise because of this technique’s use of water, so reduce the chance of infection, the water must be clean, and falls must be avoided by using a non-slip surface \\  & & Patient discomfort—patients who have open wounds or ulcers on their residual limbs may find the water displacement treatment to be uncomfortable or bothersome \\  & & Application restricted—soft tissue on the residual limb is only used for water displacement measurements; it does not evaluate the volume of the bone or muscle \\ \hline Anthropometric Measurement & & The anthropometric approach has been used for many years and is generally accepted as a standard way to calculate residual limb volume Limited use—the volume of bone and muscle tissue in the residual limb cannot be accurately measured via anthropometric measurements Unreliable measurements—anthropometric measurements can differ greatly across different operators, and the application of various procedures might lead to unreliable outcomes Measurement accuracy is affected by external factors—anthropometric measurements might be inaccurate due to external factors like the patient’s position or how tightly the measuring tape is wound \\ \hline Contact Probes & & Ability to evaluate bone and muscle volume—patients who need a more thorough evaluation of residual limb volume may find it important that contact probes be utilised to evaluate bone and muscle volume \\ \hline Optical Scanning & & Imaging—optical scanning can produce a 3D model or image of the amputated limb that can be used to help with the design and fitting of prosthetics The internal volume of the residual limb is not directly measured via optical scanning, which may result in inaccurate measurements if the scanning is not performed correctly \\ \hline SXCT & & High-quality 3D models and photos of the residual limb are provided using SXCT’s 3D imaging technology, which can be helpful for designing and fitting prosthetic limbs \\ SXCT & SXCT’s ability to penetrate deeply into tissues allows it to measure volumes that are not achievable using other techniques like optical or laser scanning High radiation exposure—ionizing radiation is used in SXCT, which puts patients at risk for a high radiation dose \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._Table 6 indicates the selected articles' evaluation based on the reliability and validity of the residual limb volume measuring techniques.