## 1 Introduction  
Neoplastic diseases and the growing number of deaths caused by them is a challenging major global health issue [1]. Long-term cancer treatment negatively affects the psyche of patients, significantly decreases their social and economic wellbeing, and deteriorates their quality of life. Breast carcinoma has been recognized and diagnosed since ancient times [2]. However, modern medicine enables novel and innovative female breast-conserving therapies, including hyperthermia, to cure malignant tumors [3, 4]. Hyperthermia is a specialized oncological therapy aimed at the permanent destruction of cancer cells or a significant inhibition of their multiplication at high temperatures in the range of 40-46 \({}^{\circ}\)C [5] or higher through the use of thermal ablation treatment [6, 7]. In clinical practice, hyperthermia is an important adjunct treatment that is combined with other anti-cancer modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Many recent studies show that combination therapy significantly increases the effective treatment of densely vascularized and low-oxygenated carcinomas [8, 9]. In electromagnetic (EM) hyperthermia, the heating of pathological tissues is accomplished by depositing radiofrequency (RF) or microwave (MW) energy into a region of interest (ROI). The main disadvantages of different ablation techniques, including radiofrequency ablation [10], microwave ablation [11, 12], laser ablation [13], high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation [14], and cryoablation [15], are both the invasiveness of the treatments and their limited access to deep-seated tumors, e.g., in the case of lung, liver, brain, prostate, and cervical cancers [16]. To achieve a localized EM-energy that focuses on deep-rooted tumors without affecting neighboring normal tissues, other techniques are required. In the treatment of tumors that are localized a few or several centimeters below the surface of the skin, phased array antennas around the patient's body can be used [17]. Adjusting the EM energy of the antennas' matrix and achieving the most effective heat dose for tumor damage is an extremely challenging task. Phased arrays often utilize optimization procedures in line with the specific absorption rate (SAR) parameter, whereby the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the excitation signal produced by monopole antennas [18], dipole antennas [19, 20], patch antennas [21], or more complex applicators [22] can be adjusted. They operate in broadband (treatment of surface tumors) [16] or narrowband regimes (treatment of deep-seated tumors) [23] at one or more frequencies [18]. An example of the medical usage of phased array antennas would be the BSD-2000 hyperthermia system including Sigma-Eye applicators produced by the BSD Medical Corporation [24]. The matrices of various antennas and coils are commonly employed in treating other disorders [25, 26]. It is also possible to use interstitial applicators, inserted into the cancer tissue, but their percutaneous application is not always possible for medical reasons. Noninvasive techniques appear to be safer for patients but require the appropriate targeting of EM energy to limit harmful heating of normal tissues surrounding the tumor. In order to eliminate the \"hot spots\" and separate them from the treated tissue, boluses with cold water or hydrogels placed between the applicator and the tissue might be employed [27]. The concentration of EM energy in the cancerous area can also be obtained after placing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) within the tumor; however, in such cases, due to the safety procedures, much lower frequencies should be applied [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. Importantly, various minimally invasive techniques for hyperthermic or ablative heating of tumors require continuous intensive research, with a concentrated effort by scientists to improve their effectiveness in uniform heating of the ROI and reducing possible side effects [34].