## 4 Results  
### RQ1: What Was the Significance of People Factors in the Digital Twin Projects? The main people-related factors that emerge from the three projects are as follows: the value of a committed senior level sponsor; the benefit of cross-departmental involvement; and the need for multi-skilled implementation teams. Project 0 was run by a steering committee comprising \"corporate R & D together with all divisions\", reporting directly to the CEO, reflecting the cross-departmental significance of getting the digital thread infrastructure in place. In Project 1, the project was managed by the head of Data Analytics, who played a key role in instigating and driving through the project. In 2018, a new Data Analytics group was created, and this was seen as their flagship project. [PERSON] noted that the support from his line manager, the chief financial officer (CFO), was also critical to the success of the project \"it was easier with a convinced CFO...who provided the budget\". [PERSON] noted that \"people [are] more important--not new technology, [we] used existing technology which the company can offer--it is more difficult to win people\". [PERSON] noted that there was a \"lot of interaction between Research & Development and corporate Information Systems (IT)\". In Project 2, \"project initiation was within the division--the VP operations was the sponsor\"; however, \"it is part of the overall corporate digital initiative\". \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**CODE** & **Job/Role** & **Experience/Background** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{P0} & Global IT Verification \& & 25 years IT, software and configuration \\  & Validation Manager & management experience; responsible for Digital \\  & & Thread project implementation \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{P1} & Chief Engineering & 30 years of experience in global advanced \\  & Manager/Manufacturing & manufacturing engineering, vehicle design \\  & Digital Twin Champion & engineering, and value management. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{P2} & Data Analytics Director & 30 years of management experience in the \\  & & marine division; holds a PhD in engineering. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Interviewee job roles and experience. P2 indicated the significance of people-related factors, underscoring the importance of a network of actors and a strong and committed project sponsor. All three projects used third-party expertise. In Project 0, \"several third party and externals\" were required \"to cope with the required know how\". The project was \"a pilot for one division\", and a \"top down approach\" was pursued. In Project 1, \"the development of a quality analysis platform\" was undertaken \"together with external consultants\". P1 highlighted the required skillsets for the project: data scientist/analyst, machine learning engineer, solution architect, data engineer, engineer and software developer. In project 2 \"the vendor DELMIA provided their experts who teamed up with the process experts of the company\". P2 added that \"at the beginning several contractors were engaged until the team acquired the required know how. The project started as a use case or proof of concept\". RQ2: What Technologies Were Deployed in Digital Twin Projects and Have There Been Technology Integration Issues? The technologies used in the three digital twin projects were built around existing systems and applications (Table 2). Project 0 linked various data sources together, but central to this was a configuration management tool (PDTec) which combines a simulation capability with data management and workflow. This allowed the development of the data thread for configuration management. PDTec had previously been used in production as a computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool and is now being evaluated for wider deployment in other subsidiaries.