## 4 Antimicrobial Activity of _C. japonica_ EO in Food Industry and Human Diseases
japonica_ EO had shown weak antibacterial activity against _Legionella pneumophila_, with a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value higher than 2 mg/mL [55]. Overall, components from _C. japonica_ EO have strong antimicrobial effects that can inhibit food decay-related microbial growth and can be promising antibiotic therapeutic agents. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Origin** & **Plant Organ** & **Target Species** & **Efficiency** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Portugal} & Leaves, heartwood, bark & _Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bottytis cinerea, Fusarium_ & \multirow{4}{*}{Effective against _M._} & \multirow{4}{*}{[32]} \\  & & _circinatum_, _Crynobacteria prassitia_, & & \\  & & _Apergillus niger_, _Trichoderma harzianum, Cladosporium_ & & _Tuberculosisosis_, \\  & & _cladosporoides_, _Cladosporium sp., & _T. harzianum, B. cinerea, C._ & \\  & & _Candida albicans_, _Candida tropicalis_, _Sacharomyces cerevisiae_, _Cryptococcus neoformans_, & & \\  & & _Apergillus fumigatus_, _Microsogram gypyeum_, & 0.025-0.25 mg/mL & \\  & & _Trichophyton rubrum_, _Trichophyton metagrophytes_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{South Korea} & Leaves plus twigs & _Candida albicans_, _Candida pseudotropicalis_, _Candida_ & \multirow{4}{*}{Effective, MICs 2.18 mg/mL} & \multirow{4}{*}{[50]} \\  & Leaves, twigs & _Candida Arabia tropicalis_, _Candida paragraphs_, _Cryptococcus neoformans_, & & \\  & & _neoformans_, _Apergillus fumigatus_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Taiwan} & Leaves, heartwood, sapwood, bark & _Trametes versicolor, Lenzites betulina, Leiterous_ & \multirow{4}{*}{[53]} \\  & Leaves, sulphureux, Gloophyllum trabeun, & & & \\  & heartwood, & _Fusarium oxysporum_, _Rhizcotonia solani_, _Ganoderma_ & 0.039 \textgreater{} 0.500 mg/mL, & \\  & sapwood, bark & _australe_, _Fusarium solani_, & & except bark EO \\  & & _Pestalotiopsis funreal_, _Collectroithm glowesporioides_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Japan} & Heartwood & _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Trichophyton rubrum_ & \multirow{2}{*}{[53]} \\  & South Korea & Leaves & _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Propionibacterium acte_ & \multirow{2}{*}{Effective, MICs range 0.156–10 \(\mu\)L/mL} & \multirow{2}{*}{[38]} \\  & & _Escherichia coli_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Staphylococcus_ & & \\  & & _epidermis_, _Streptococcus pyogenes_, & & \\  & & _Streptococcus mutans_, _Streptococcus sanguinis_, & & \\  & & _Streptococcus sorbitus_, _Streptococcus ratiti_, & & \\  & & _Streptococcus cricetti_, _Streptococcus anginosus_, & 0.025–12.8 mg/mL, except & \\  & & _Streptococcus goronii_, _Actinobacillus_ & _E. coli_ & \\  & & _actinomycectomians_, _Fusobacterium nucleatum_, & & \\  & & _Prevotella intermedia_, _Propylomonas gingicialis_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{South Korea} & Leaves plus twigs & _Escherichia coli_, _Enterobacter aerogenes_, _Enterobacter_ & \multirow{4}{*}{[50]} \\  & & _cloacae_, _Citrobacter freuduli_, & & \\  & & _Acinetobacter microcctivets_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, & & \\  & & _Bacillus subtilis_, _Klebsiella avdoca_, & & \\  & & _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Serratia_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Taiwan} & Leaves, heartwood, twigs, bark & _Legionella pneumophila_ & \multirow{4}{*}{[55]} \\  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* MIC—minimal inhibitory concentration; MBC—minimal bactericidal concentration; IC\({}_{50}\)—half maximal inhibitory concentration.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Antimicrobial activities of _Cryptomeria japonica_ essential oil by plant organ and country of origin. Antimicrobial compounds are usually highly correlated with antioxidant effects [56]. In fact, besides microbial contamination, lipid peroxidation is a real problem related to food deterioration and the addition of antioxidants is an attractive strategy to retard or even stop oxidation processes. _C. japonica_ extracts from different tissues are rich in phenolics, which are well-known natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents [43; 57]. Contrary to _C.