## 2 Modeling of a Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Indicator System  
### Basis and Selection of Evaluation Indicators  
The authors of [8; 9; 10; 11; 12] demonstrated that terrain morphology, meteorological conditions, the ecological environment, and slope deformation indicators are key factors that must be considered in landslide risk assessment. Terrain morphology is the basic condition for landslides and determines the stability and bearing capacity of slopes [13]. It mainly includes the aspect, slope, curvature, and elevation, which are interrelated and interact with each other. Together, they determine the stability of slopes and the potential risk of landslides. At the same time, terrain morphology also affects the distribution of rainfall and the formation of surface runoff, which, in turn, has an impact on the stability of the slope. Meteorological conditions are one of the key factors that induce landslides; according to statistics, up to 90% of landslide events are triggered by climatic factors, mainly through rainfall infiltration changing the physical and mechanical properties of the soil body and thus affecting the stability of the slope [14]. Precipitation that accumulates from 00:00 to 24:00 on the day of a landslide is considered daily precipitation. We selected precipitation statistics recorded on the dates of seven landslides (Figure 1a) and precipitation statistics recorded nine days before these events (Figure 1b) published by the China Meteorological Administration Library in 2021. Figure 1a shows that half of the landslide disasters occurred when the daily precipitation was greater than 150 mm, demonstrating the significant effect of precipitation on landslide induction. When daily precipitation is in the range of 0-100 mm, the number of landslide disasters is positively correlated with daily precipitation. Figure 1b indicates continuous rainfall in the days preceding these landslides. For instance, in the case of the Cheongchi Dam landslide, the rainfall on the day of the occurrence was lower than that three days before the landslide event. This phenomenon can be attributed to the lag effect of rainfall on soil moisture content. Over time, continuous rainfall gradually softens the slope soil, reducing both soil shear strength and the angle of internal soil friction until they reach the landslide threshold. This process takes a certain amount of time, leading to landslides occurring because of the cumulative effect of rainfall over several preceding days. Therefore, landslides often occur as a result of cumulative precipitation over the previous few days. According to the cumulative precipitation model proposed by [PERSON], the correlation between three consecutive days of cumulative precipitation and landslide risk increases most rapidly, while the correlation between five consecutive days of cumulative precipitation and landslide risk peaks. The meteorological condition of the slope is also an important aspect of stability. The root system of plants can reinforce the soil, and plants consume a lot of water through transpiration, reducing the scouring effect of groundwater on the soil. Therefore, the better the plant growth condition of the slope and the higher the vegetation coverage, the better the stability of the slope. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) reflects the growth density and health of plants, with higher NDVI values indicating lusher plant growth and more developed root systems, which provide better soil anchoring. The  
Figure 1: Landslides and precipitation. (**a**) Precipitation statistics on the day of a landslide; (**b**) nine days of precipitation before seven landslides. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) reflects the presence of a surface water body, with higher NDWI values implying a greater landslide risk on the slope. The authors of [15; 16] demonstrated that continuously monitoring soil moisture can significantly improve the accuracy of landslide risk assessment and the lead time for early warnings.