## 1 Introduction  
The main objective of endodontic treatment is to perform maximum decontamination of the root canal system and prevent any future propensity for reinfection. In order to achieve these aims, proper three-dimensional sealing of the endodontic procedure is essential to reduce the probability of microbial proliferation and the future occurrence of pathological processes. The obturation process is the third main stage of endodontic treatment, following the procedures of cleaning and shaping the root canal system [1]. A variety of essential factors, including maximal instrumentation, biomechanical preparation, obturation, and ultimately post-endodontic restoration, impact the success of root canal therapy. To achieve fluid-tight sealing of the apical foramina and portals, if present, one of the criteria for successful endodontic treatment is to obturate the root canal system in three dimensions. The antimicrobial properties of sealing and obturating materials can combat microorganisms in the dentin's tubules [1]. After that, filling the root canal system is the most critical step in successful root canal treatment. It is described as \"the three-dimensional\" filling of the root canal system with a biocompatible and inert material as close to the cemento-dental junction as possible [1]. For that reason, successful root canal therapy depends on the critical related root canal treatment phases: cleaning, shaping, microbial control, and obturation. Therefore, the goal of root canal filling techniques should be to obtain a three-dimensional seal of the entire complex canal system with an inert material that prohibits connection between the root canal and periapical tissues. Thus, root canal obturation aims to fill the canal in all dimensions to form a fluid-tight seal that blocks microorganisms and their toxins from invading and migrating into the periapical tissues [2; 3]. In addition, it should provide the ideal conditions for repair, stimulating the process of bio-mineralization. A lot of complex factors may render endodontic treatment unsuccessful. The presence of remaining contaminated pulpal tissue, chronic caries, dental fractures, or abortive coronal restoration may facilitate the re-establishment of pathogenic bacteria biofilms and obstruct the survival of the tooth [3]. Hermetic obturation of the endodontic space is one of the goals of root canal treatment. The lack of a satisfied apical barrier, which results in apical discharge, is one of the most prevalent causes of endodontic treatment failure [4]. Sealer in combination with optimal gutta conicity had the greatest sealing performance, particularly in the apical area [5]. Therefore, failure to eliminate microleakage and prevent further irritation due to continued contamination is the prime reason for the failure of nonsurgical and surgical root canal endodontic therapy [6]. In multiplication, obturation has been considered one of the critical steps in the three principles of root canal treatment (enlargement, cleaning, and filling). These principles were understood more than a century ago and represent the basis of modern endodontics. However, most root canal fillings do not adequately seal the canal system [7]. Before definitive coronal restoration, teeth with inadequate obturation, unfilled root canals, or under-extended root fillings may need retreatment [8]. Possessing a preoperative periapical bone lesion was substantially related to a 49% reduced likelihood of success compared to not having a lesion [9]. These voids may be problematic because they may contain bacteria that can proliferate when exposed to nutrients through the periapical region or lateral canals [8; 9]. Some experts say that inadequate sealing of the radicular system causes 60% of endodontic failures. Root canal obturation improves apical healing. This step's mechanical techniques, notably the sealing material, should be biocompatible with periapical tissues. Endodontic fillings shield root canals against infiltration.