## 2 Background  
Since the EVCS system is still developing, it presents a sizable target for malicious actors. This makes it an easy target for adversaries, whether state-sponsored or not. Public and private EVCSs are both at risk since more of these systems are connected to the Internet and hence more vulnerable to attack. Exploitation may occur remotely over the Internet or locally on a Local Area Network (LAN) if the EVCS network's access is through LAN. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) are linked using communication protocols and technologies that allow for remote monitoring, management, and control of the charging process. IoT technologies such as sensors, wireless communication, and cloud computing are used in EVCS to provide real-time data on charging status, energy consumption, and other relevant information. These data can be used to optimize the charging process and improve the overall efficiency of the EVCS. Additionally, IoT technologies can be used to connect EVCS to other systems, such as smart grid infrastructure and payment systems, allowing for seamless integration and automation of charging and payment transactions. The use of IoT technologies in EVCS also enables remote monitoring and management of the charging process, allowing for the detection and resolution of issues, as well as the collection of usage data for analysis and decision making. Overall, the integration of IoT technologies in EVCS improves the user experience and increases the efficiency of the charging infrastructure  
Sensing, networking, and communication are the three pillars upon which the EVCS rests. The parts dealing with the interaction with people and making connections are the easiest to break into. The networking layer is responsible for coordinating communication with the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). The communication layer is responsible for facilitating effective Internet-based communication between the EVCS and the user. This may be performed using a variety of technologies, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular, and even regular Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) or fiber optics. \"Internal systems\" relate to the rest of the EVCS, which includes things such as sensors and processors. The sensing layer is just as susceptible to attacks but under certain conditions. The sensing layer attacks need direct physical contact with the EVCS or may be abused in future stages once the EVCS's communication and networking component has already been breached. The introuders may use the compromised EVCS as part of a covert botnet to launch coordinated attacks on other networks. Cyber insurance cost against attacks on EVCS was calculated in recent research, and it was found that cyberattacks on EVCS systems result in significant financial losses. There are different potential types of attacks on Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) that could compromise the security and integrity of the charging process, as well as the safety and privacy of users. One type of attack is a physical attack, where an attacker could tamper with or damage the charging station hardware, potentially causing a fire or other safety hazard. Another type of attack is a network-based attack, where an attacker could gain unauthorized access to the EVCS network and manipulate or disrupt the charging process. This could include attacks such as denial of service (DoS) attacks, where the attacker floods the network with traffic to prevent legitimate users from accessing the charging station, or man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks, where the attacker intercepts and alters the communication between the charging station and the electric vehicle. Additionally, attackers could target the payment systems used in EVCS to steal user information and financial data or manipulate the billing system to charge users for more than they consumed.