esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Solution  
The main features of the proposed Gini index and blockchain based solution are listed as follows:  
1. Integration of the Gini index and blockchain for attack detection and mitigation: When applied to CPS security, combining the Gini index and blockchain is an attractive way to improve detection and mitigate attacks. The idea behind integrating these two technologies is that they can enhance CPS security due to overlapping functionalities and synergies [66; 67]. The Gini index is used to detect weak spots in a CPS [68] by keeping the focus on resource disproportions. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, has the advantages of being immutable, transparent, and decentralized, all of which strengthen CPS security [69]. Blockchain technology uses SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit) as the hashing algorithm. The hash function SHA-256 is well-known for its safety and collision resilience [70]. It generates an output with a fixed length of 256 bits. It is essential to maintaining the immutability and security of data in the blockchain since it creates a distinct hash for every block according to its contents. Blockchain technology combined with the Gini index offers a more reliable and efficient cybersecurity mechanism [67; 71].
2. Enhancing CPS security and benefits/synergies of integration: There are multiple methods in which the integration of blockchain with the Gini logic could enhance CPS security. Initially, although blockchain technology safeguards the Gini data's integrity and immutability, it can also be employed to identify resource disparities and possible attacks [68; 69]. Secondly, the openness and decentralized nature of blockchain allow all CPS network users to access and validate the Gini index data, encouraging cooperation and group security initiatives [69]. Additionally, the integration makes it possible for authorized users to safely share and disseminate the Gini index data, enabling real-time monitoring and defense against potential threats [71].
3. Resource consumption at fog layer: All calculations and associated computational load have been moved from the device layer to the fog layer. As a result, the computational load on resource-constrained device layer nodes is reduced, and it is instead distributed to a high-performance fog server, resulting in a decrease in energy usage, message overhead, and end-to-end delay.
# Creep Behavior of Rocks and Its Application to the Long-Term Stability of Deep Rock Tunnels
## 6 Mechanical Models and Creep Constitutive Models
### Creep Constitutive Models in Deep Mines and Carers  
It is also of great interest to ensure the long-term stability of mines and caverns. However, it remains a difficult task due to the continuous increase in the depth of such underground structures. Coal mines, for instance, are operated at depths that can surpass 1000 m [98; 154]. As caverns are usually used for long-term energy storage, their burial depth is usually very deep and can exceed 1500 m or even more. For example, a salt cavern in the Hebei province of China is expected to be located at an exceptional depth of 2700 m [155]. Nevertheless, at deeper and deeper depth, rock characteristics and conditions are increasingly complex [156]. At the same time, ensuring the long-term stability of deep mines and caverns is vital. To this purpose, creep constitutive models are widely employed as essential means [157]. In the case of hard rocks and harder rocks, the task is more challenging. For instance, despite their low creep deformation, hard rocks such as granite are often utilized to host geothermal systems and highly radioactive waste [158]. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the creep behavior of any rock type is of paramount importance. Indeed, the effects of potential factors (temperature and stress level for example) on rock creep cannot be neglected in deep mines and caverns [22; 157]. It is suggested to house these structures in rocky environments which have excellent creep properties. The notable creep properties of salt rocks allow them to be the best choice for positioning energy storage structures [22; 159; 160]. More appropriate mechanical creep models are therefore needed for the safety of structures located in the complex environments of salt rocks [160], whose creep properties are greatly impacted by the presence of water [161; 162]. In fact, mining extraction decisions can be made based on the creep properties of the rocky media concerned [163], which are ordinarily significantly affected by water [164]. Importantly, properly ensuring the long-term stability of deep mines and caverns relies on adequate and accurate constitutive creep models. This is of extreme consideration to prevent financial and human life losses that can be caused by any early brutal failure of deep mines and caverns. Rough failure can be encountered in deep coal mines owing to the creep behavior of coal which endures strong stress conditions at great depth [154]. Partial or complete destruction of deep salt rock caverns is usually caused by the deformation of rocks over time [159]. Table 6 shows some creep constitutive models established for deep mines and caverns. In all situations, it is crucial to select and design the most appropriate creep constitutive models to ensure the long-term safety and stability of deep mines and caverns.
## Results and Discussion
### Bacterial Drug Resistance Test  
We also did experiments on the effects of different common antibacterial drugs (ampicillin and antimycin A) on bacterial respiration to test the drug screening ability of oxygen sensors. Ampicillin is a common antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting the electron transport chain (ETC) [49; 50]. Antimycin A is also a common bacteriostatic drug that inhibits the growth of various cells by stimulating oxidative stress-mediated death [49; 50]. We tested the effects of two drugs on the oxygen consumption ability during the respiratory process of _E. coli_ with constant cell densities of \(2\times 10^{6}\) cfu/mL, wherein the concentration of antimycin A was from 0.16 to 20 \(\upmu\)g/mL, and the concentration of ampicillin was from 20 to 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL. A total of 3 \(\upmu\)g/mL (2.6 \(\upmu\)M) PtTFPP in the LB medium was used for observing antibiotics' concentration-dependent oxygen consumption velocities (Figure 12). When there is no drug in medium, the bacteria breathe normally and consume oxygen completely within 60 min. As the drug concentration increases, oxygen consumption was inhibited significantly. When the activity of the two drugs was compared, it can be found that antimycin A can inhibit oxygen respiration more significantly than ampicillin. Thus, the oxygen sensors can be used to differentiate antibiotics' activity by using oxygen consumption as an indicator. It was noted here that after reaching the emission maximum when ampicillin was used as the antibiotics, the emission of PtTFPP decreased. Even the detailed reason for this is not fully understood; one possibility is that most likely, there are some interactions between the ampicillin with PtTFPP.  
Figure 11: Cell viability test of Ramos cells at various concentrations incubated with micellar oxygen sensor for 24 h evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.
## 3 Experimental Details
### Mixture Proportions and Sample Preparation  
Table 4 shows the proportions of BFRPC prepared in this study. The ratios of water/binder (W/B), silica fume/cement (SF/C), quartz sand/cement (QS/C) and the content of basalt fiber (BF) were set as variables with three levels each. All BFRPC mixtures were produced using a mortar mixer of ISO 679 (JJ-5). Initially, quartz sand and basalt fiber were mixed for about 2 min. The dry powders (cement and SF) were then added and mixed for 3 min. Subsequently, the water and superplasticizer were added in two batches, mixing for 3 min each time. The mixture was poured into metallic oiled molds, with volumes of 40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm \(\times\) 160 mm, immediately after mixing, three for each group, and compacted by vibrating on the vibrator table (ZT-96). After being cast, the specimens were kept in the molds for 24 h at 95% RH and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then demolded. They were subsequently heat treated in HH-6 thermostatic water tank at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The curing lasted for 48 h, with initial heating rate of 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C/h and final cooling rate of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C/h.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Items**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Chemical Compositions (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SiO\({}_{2}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{** CaO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MgO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SO\({}_{3}\)**} \\ \hline Cement & 22.6 & 5.6 & 4.3 & 62.7 & 1.7 & 2.5 \\ Silica fume (SF) & 93.3 & 0.73 & 0.49 & 0.85 & 1.21 & 1.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical compositions of cement and silica fume.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Fiber**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Length**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diameter**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Linear**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Tensile**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Elastic**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Breaking**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Clongation**} \\
**Type** & & & & & & & & \\
**(mm)** & **Diameter** & **Density** & **(tex)** & **(MPa)** & **(GPa)** & **(N/tex)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline Basalt fiber & 22 & 23 & 2392 & 2836 & 62 & 0.69 & 3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Properties of basalt fibers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Component**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SiO\({}_{2}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fe**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**K\({}_{2}\)O**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Na\({}_{2}\)O**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**H\({}_{2}\)O**} \\ \hline Content (\%) & 99.68 & 0.0062 & 0.0122 & 0.0011 & 0.002 & 0.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Chemical compositions of quartz sand.
# Effect of Biochar Application Depth on Crop Productivity Under Tropical Rainfed Conditions
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biochar-Soil Mixture and Depth Application  
In a previous experiment involving biochar treatment of the same soil, the 1:20 (5%) biochar-soil ratio had the best effect on rice yield [32]. Thus in this study, the 5% biochar-soil ratio (by volume) was used for three different application depths: 0-10 cm (TA), 0-20 cm (TB), and 0-30 cm (TC). These depths were used because rice root hardly penetrates beyond 30 cm in the soil. Also the plow depth and depth of application of fertilizers or organic manure are mostly within this depth range.  
For TA, the soil in the 1.0 m \(\times\) 1.0 m plot was dug out to the depth of 0.1 m; i.e., a soil volume of 0.1 m\({}^{3}\). The dug-out 0.1 m\({}^{3}\) of soil was mixed with 0.005 m\({}^{3}\) of biochar dust to have the 5% (1:20) biochar-soil mixture. The process was repeated for TB, where 0.2 m\({}^{3}\) of soil dug out from the pit was mixed with 0.010 m\({}^{3}\) biochar dust to have 5% (1:20) biochar-soil ratio. It was again repeated for TC, where 0.3 m\({}^{3}\) of soil dug out from the pit was mixed with 0.015 m\({}^{3}\) of biochar dust to get 1:20 (5%) biochar-soil ratio. No biochar was used in the control treatment (CK). Each treatment was replicated 6 times to get a total of 24 treatment plots and each plot planted in 9 hills of rice (a total of 216 hills). This meant that the study was a 1 \(\times\) 3 factorial treatment (with one biochar-soil mixture applied in three depth variations) for a total of 3 treatments and then the control (Figure 2a).
## 1 Introduction
A stepper motor provides torque to drive a hydraulic steering valve and control the articulated angle or angular speed [21];
2. A proportional directional control valve (DCV) controls flow into the steering cylinder so that controls the articulated angular speed [22]. However, the proportional DCV usually has a dead zone [20], resulting in small articulated angular speeds not being achieved. Furthermore, when the oil pump is powered by the engine, the engine speed and the opening of the valve port will jointly affect the articulated angular speed, increasing the control difficulty;
3. A motor controls the variable displacement pump (VDP) to manage the flow into the steering cylinder, so that controls the articulated angular speed. Compared to the DCV-controlled system, the response time of the pump-controlled actuation system is slower [23];
4. Based on solution 3, a variable frequency drive (VFD) is applied to control the speed of an electric motor. Therefore, the flow entering into cylinders can be directly controlled either by the pump's displacement or by the motor's variable speed [24]. For the driving-by-wire system, there are different driving methods for different articulated vehicles, for instance, engine drive, motor drive, and hybrid drive. Different drive methods have different driving control methods. Therefore, the discussion will not be expanded here. This paper presents an integrated path tracking controller for underground articulated mining vehicles. The controller includes an upper-level controller and a lower-level controller. The upper-level controller is an NMPC state tracker responsible for reducing errors between the vehicle and the reference path. The lower-level controller is a chassis controller accountable for meeting the control demands from the upper-level control. The lower-level controller includes a steering controller and a driving controller. A step motor is used to control the steering rate for the steering controller. It enables minor steering speeds, unlike other steering control methods with dead zones. A neural network control method is introduced for the driving controller to solve the complex driving relationships in articulated vehicles and to ensure the vehicle can cope with different load conditions. Toimplement the controller, a proposed solution is developed for the wire control modification of the articulated vehicle's steering and driving systems. Based on this, this paper conducts an experimental study on the integrated path tracking controller. It verifies the controller's accuracy, stability, and time performance during the experiment. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 elaborates on the design of an NMPC state tracker controller with terminal cost. Section 3 describes the design of a lower-level controller. Section 4 presents an overview of the articulated vehicle used for the experiments and the wire control adaptions. Section 5 presents the lower-level experimental verification and shows the integrated path tracking controller's experimental results at different reference velocities. Finally, Section 6 concludes this paper.
## 2 AR/VR Applications
### Entertainment  
AR and VR provide maximum benefit in the entertainment industry with their applications based on improving the gaming experience and enhancing cinema, events, shows, and museums, hence attracting more customers. The gaming industry is investing a massive amount to deploy virtual environments in entertainment as the gaming market size is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 30.2% from 2020 to 2027, as provided by Grand View Research [30]. The use of VR and AR creates an immersive environment for the gaming audience. We can consider the example of VR gaming in Ace Combat 7, where the game utilizes detailed aircraft and photorealistic scenery to provide a realistic simulation experience to the players as if they were really flying in a fighter jet [31]. AR/VR provides the realistic experience of attending live concerts while saving time by building an audience with the help of the Metaverse [32]. Artists can develop a three-dimensional virtual environment to showcase their work or ideas to the audience. The audience canexperience nostalgic and insightful histories and culture without visiting a museum with the 3D interactive modules and the VR space provided by the AR/VR technologies [33].  
The authors in [34] provided an explanation of a novel framework known as Harmonize to show the applications based on shared environments (SEs) for AR and VR users. Harmonize was an innovative app built with the intention of utilizing the advantages of a free and powerful engine used for animation and scene creation. In order to test and evaluate the validity of Harmonize, an immersive game was developed to offer a similar gameplay experience to both AR and VR users. The headset HTC Vive, which was made in collaboration with PC games giant Valve, was packed with 70 sensors to offer 360-degree head-tracking, as well as a 90 Hz refresh rate to the reduce latency that is responsible for causing motion sickness. Due to this issue, VR headsets with higher refresh rates are required. There is a high possibility that VR headsets with high data rates could result in a low screen resolution and low headset refresh rates. Therefore, the need for intensive computational capability and a massive communication bandwidth with ultra-low latency to transmit high-resolution/high-frame-rate videos to VR headsets arises. These demands for a massive communication bandwidth with ultra-low latency can be fulfilled with the usage of edge caching and mobile edge computing [35], which provide content and computing resources to the users with reduced latency, which are not supported by current wireless mobile networks.
## 6 Experimental Evaluation and Discussion
### Closed World Evaluation
#### 6.1.1 For Different Numbers of s and m  
First, we analyze the effect of various numbers of slices on the defense. We separate the number of slices **s** and the number of splits **m** from each other. In Table 3, **s** denotes the quantity of each data processed by the slices in the Tor client, and **m** denotes the number of entry ORs, i.e., it represents how many multi-paths there are. It can be observed that with a fixed amount of entry ORs **m**, the attack effect of WFP becomes progressively worse as the number of slices **s, m** grows, and we believe that this situation is due to the fact that after the traffic is sliced and split, the disordered traffic changes the previous traffic pattern. Because we designed a redundant slicing strategy to use here, the number of redundant slices is **r**. The data need not arrive in sequence, and the middle OR need not wait to collect all the fixed sequence data, but needs only to receive a specified number **k**(**k** \(\leq\) s + **r**) of slices to reconstruct the complete content. The traffic sequences as one of the features of WFP analysis of traffic patterns are no longer informative here.
# Clustered and Distributed Caching Methods for F-RAN-Based mmWave Communications
###### Abstract  
Fog-radio access networks (F-RANs) alleviate fronthaul delays for cellular networks as compared to their cloud counterparts. This allows them to be suitable solutions for networks that demand low propagation delays. Namely, they are suitable for _millimeter wave_ (mmWave) operations that suffer from short propagation distances and possess a poor scattering environment (low channel ranks). The F-RAN here is comprised of fog nodes that are collocated with _radio remote heads_ (RRHs) to provide local processing capabilities for _mobile station_ (MS) terminals. These terminals demand various _network functions_ (NFs) that correspond to different service requests. Now, provisioning these NFs on the fog nodes also yields service delays due to the requirement for service migration from the cloud, i.e., offloading to the fog nodes. One solution to reduce this service delay is to provide cached copies of popular NFs in advance. Hence, it is critical to study function popularity and allow for content caching at the F-RAN. This is further a necessity given the limited resources at the fog nodes, thus requiring efficient resource management to enhance network capacity at reduced power and cost penalty. This paper proposes novel solutions that allocate popular NFs on the fog nodes to accelerate services for the terminals, namely, the clustered and distributed caching methods. The two methods are analyzed and compared against the baseline uncached provisioning schemes in terms of service delay, energy consumption, and cost.  
clustered caching; distributed caching; fog computing; millimeter wave; network function +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Strength Characteristics  
Table 4 shows the measurement results of the compressive and flexural strengths of the four concrete mixes used in this study at different days of age. Clearly, the OPC concrete mix exhibited a relatively higher compressive strength at an early age (7 days), but the compressive strength of concrete containing WS and AS became relatively higher as the age increased. In particular, after 91 days, concrete containing AS (WS35 AS05 and WS30 AS10) exhibited slightly higher compressive strength than OPC concrete and a similar strength as WS40 concrete. This appears to be because of the influence of large quantities of larnite (\(\beta\)-Ca\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)Si) present in AS [10].  
In addition, the concrete containing WS and AS exhibited higher flexural strengths than OPC concrete after 28 days. At 91 days, the flexural strength of OPC concrete was -7.2 MPa, whereas that of WS40, WS35 AS05, and WS30 AS10 concrete was approximately 8.0, 8.3, and 7.9 MPa, respectively. This indicates that an excellent long-term flexural strength development was achieved owing to the latent hydraulic property of WS in blended cement concrete and the generation of \(\beta\)-C\({}_{2}\)S hydrates by AS [8; 11].  
Figures 4 and 5 show the ratio (%) of the compressive and flexural strengths of each concrete mix to those of OPC concrete, for examining the effect of substituting WS and AS on the strength characteristics of concrete. It is seen that the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete where OPC was substituted by WS and AS were higher than those of OPC concrete after 28 days.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix. Code**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Compressive Strength (MPa)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Flexural Strength (MPa)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **7 d.** & **28 d.** & **91 d.** & **7 d.** & **28 d.** & **91 d.** \\ \hline OPC & 25.0 & 33.1 & 36.1 & 4.7 & 6.1 & 7.2 \\ WS40 & 21.5 & 35.0 & 40.1 & 4.3 & 7.0 & 8.0 \\ WS35 AS05 & 20.4 & 34.8 & 38.5 & 4.1 & 7.2 & 8.3 \\ WS30 AS10 & 18.5 & 33.8 & 38.1 & 3.8 & 7.1 & 7.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Compressive and flexural strengths of concrete.  
Figure 3: Surface electrical resistivity measurement by Wenner method.
# A Pilot-Based Integration Method of Ranging and LS Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems
## 3 Ranging
### Coarse Acquisition of Ranging Pilot
A peak of \(R\) is obtained by adjusting \(i_{k}\) cyclically, at which point \(i_{k}\) is the approximate phase after the offset of the corresponding ranging code. In Section 2, we discussed the modulation and demodulation of OFDM, and the above sampling and demodulation processes can be obtained by fast Fourier transform. Assuming that the maximum period of each ranging subcode inserted as the pilot is \(T_{m}\), the receiver will extract \(T_{m}\) seconds of data from the parallel sub-signal with the ranging pilot after stripping the subcarrier. After synchronization, the receiver generates a local corresponding pseudorandom code, which is autocorrelated with the received ranging signal to acquire the phase shift of each ranging pilot. Based on the relatively small \(T_{m}\), the receiver can perform fast acquisition of each ranging code. To conserve resources, the receiver only acquires the individual ranging signals serially, i.e., it acquires each sub-signal in turn.