## 3 Results and Analysis
### Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Desertification Land  
The Urat front flag is a significant environmentally sensitive and ecologically fragile area in Inner Mongolia due to its dense population distribution and the high level of disturbance caused by human activities. To thoroughly investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of desertification in the Urat front flag, it is necessary to examine the area's desertification process.  
Desertification information was retrieved using the aforementioned methodologies and indicators in ArcGIS 10.5 software, and finally, the desertification land grade map of the study area was generated for two time periods of 2010 and 2020, as shown in Figure 4.  
As seen in Figure 4, the spatial distribution of desertification in the Urat front flag 10 years from 2010 to 2020 demonstrates a downward trend from south to north. In 2010, extremely serious desertification land was primarily distributed in the central and northern parts (e.g., Erdenbrag Sumu and Bayannur City Dashetai Ranch), serious desertification land was mainly distributed on the northeast (e.g., Xiaoshetai Town and Mingan Town), moderate desertification land gradually expanded from the south to the west, weak desertification land was mainly distributed on the western and southern areas (e.g., Bayannur City Xin'an Farm, Bayannur City Zhongtan Farm, and surrounding areas), and non-desertification land was mainly concentrated in the central and western areas (e.g.,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Extremely Serious** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Serious** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Moderate** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Weak** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Non-**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Exppa** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **OA** \\ **Coeffi-** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline  & **PA** & **UA** & **PA** & **UA** & **PA** & **UA** & **PA** & **UA** & **UA** & \\ \hline
2010 & 97.14 & 97.29 & 91.59 & 97.67 & 98.08 & 92.67 & 98.32 & 85.18 & 97.63 & 99.69 & 0.96 & 96.27 \\ \hline
2020 & 99.98 & 100.00 & 98.45 & 98.62 & 95.57 & 87.83 & 82.10 & 65.73 & 81.38 & 99.77 & 0.93 & 95.06 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Error analysis of land desertification information extraction based on Albedo-NDVI feature space.  
Figure 4: Spatio-temporal distribution of desertification grade in the Urat front banner based on DDI.  
Bayannur City Uliang Suhai Fishing Ground, Sudulun Town, and Bayannur City Sudulun Farm). Comparing 2020 to 2010 reveals that the desertification degree is obviously reduced, primarily as a result of the implementation of the policy of \"returning farmland to forest and grass and replacing it with food\", which has increased the vegetation cover in the region and significantly enhanced the quality of the ecological environment. However, after 10 years of development, the moderate desertification and non-desertification lands in the Urat front flag are expanding, mainly to the southwest and northeast, while a part of the non-desertification land in the central area has shifted to very serious desertification. Additionally, the development of weak desertification land is mainly concentrated in the center and south, and the changes of extremely serious desertification and serious land have declined sharply.