# The Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy on Periodontal Status in Patients with Asthma
## 3 Results  
Group I \"PERIO-ASTHMA\"--Subjects diagnosed with asthma treated with ICS and periodontal disease. Eight patients (20%) had a duration of asthma of less than one year, thirteen patients (33%) had been ill for 1-3 years, and nineteen patients (48%) had asthma for more than three years. Among the subjects there were 16 patients (40%) with Gin level \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tested** & **Group I PERIO-** & **Group II** & **Group III** & **\(p\)-Value** & **\(p\)-Value I/II** & **\(p\)-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** \\
**Parameter** & **ASTHMA** & **ASTHMA** & **CONTROL** & **\(\alpha\) = 40** & **\(\alpha\) = 0.05** & & **\(\alpha\) = 0.016** & \\ \hline Age—years (mean) & 54 & 33 & 37 & 0.0001 * & 0.000001 * & 0.000003 * & 0.566 * \\ \hline Sex: M–W & 32–8 & 24–16 & 25–15 & 0.115 *** & & & \\ \hline Page–Eke & & & & & & & \\ classification & Baseline & & & & & & \\
20 & 0 & 40 (100\%) & 40 (100\%) & & & & \\
1 & 32 (80\%) & 0 & 0 (0\%) & 0.00001 *** & & \(p\) = 0.4739 ** \\
0 & 0 & 40 (100\%) & 38 (95\%) & & & & \\
1 & 32 (80\%) & 0 & 2 (5\%) & & & & \\
2 & 8 (20\%) & 0 & 0 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA *
* Pearson’s Chi\({}^{2}\) with Yates’ correction **
* Pearson’s Chi\({}^{2}\) for multivariate tables
* Mann-Whitney U test.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Baseline characteristics. 2 of anti-asthma treatment intensity, 18 patients (45%) with level 3, 4 patients (10%) with level 4, and 2 patients (5%) with level 5. Twenty-seven patients reported the existence of comorbidities: 2 patients (5%) had diabetes mellitus, 17 patients (43%) were treated for hypertension, two patients had benign thyroid tumors and one was a mastectomy patient (8%), four patients (10%) had a history of hypothyroidism, and four patients (10%) had a diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Group II \"ASTHMA\"--Asthma patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids without periodontitis. The duration of asthma was less than one year in 14 patients (35%), eight patients (20%) had been ill for 1-3 years, and 18 patients (45%) for more than three years. Among the subjects, there were 17 patients (43%) with the second degree of intensity of anti-asthmatic treatment, according to [PERSON], 17 patients (43%) with the third, five patients with the fourth (13%), and one patient (3%) with fifth. The existence of a history of comorbidities was reported by 14 patients (35%). Two patients (5%) were treated for hypertension, four patients (10%) had hypothyroidism, three patients (8%) were diagnosed with autoimmune diseases, and two patients (5%) had cancer. Group III \"CONTROL\"--Subjects without asthma and periodontal disease. Five patients (12%) had a history of comorbidities: two patients (5%) were treated for hypertension and three patients (7.5%) had hypothyroidism. There were no statistically significant differences in asthma duration between group I (PERIO-ASTHMA) with a median of 36 months (IQR 24-96) and group II (ASTHMA) with a median of 33.5 months (IQR 7.5-120). Table 1 presents the detailed data. Measurements of periodontal indices in central and lateral sextants were compared in each group. Detailed data are shown in Tables 2-4. Table 5 shows the intergroup comparison of periodontal indices.