# Analysing Near-Miss Incidents in Construction: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results
### A Statistical Analysis of Publications
#### 4.2.1 Traditional Methods  
The documentation of near-miss incidents is of paramount importance for the enhancement of safety within an organisational context [44]. The content of near-miss incidents is a topic of considerable debate among researchers and company representatives [45]. In particular, such reporting systems should be based on the principles of voluntariness and confidentiality, as this is the only way to collect valuable and reliable information on occupational safety [46]. [PERSON] et al. [18] identified a deficiency in the methodology employed for the technical investigation of the content of reported near-miss incidents. It is of great importance that accurate incident reports are compiled in order to draw valid conclusions regarding safety. Such reports should include comprehensive details pertaining to the incident in question, including, if feasible, an identification of the underlying causes [47]. As a consequence of technological advances, near-miss recording systems have evolved from paper forms to computerised records and various forms of real-time employee tracking. Such systems are designed to accommodate evolving organisational requirements and capabilities. * Traditional registration forms The utilisation of paper-based forms for the documentation of near misses represents a conventional approach to the reporting of such incidents. Upon completion, the forms are scanned and stored in directories [48]. However, this system presents several disadvantages, including the unavailability of real-time safety information. The forms are not automatically archived, and the process of recording the event and placing it in the appropriate directory is a laborious one. The level of safety within the organisation is subject to interpretation and therefore open to subjectivity when assessed on the basis of such reports. Furthermore, the interpretation of the supervisor may vary, thus affecting the overall assessment of the level of safety within the organisation [49]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cluster Number** & **Colour** & **Basic Keywords** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{blue} & construction, construction sites, decision making, machine learning, near misses, neural networks, project management, safety, workers \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{green} & building industry, construction industry, construction projects, construction work, human, near miss, near misses, occupational accident, occupational safety, safety, management, safety performance \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{red} & accident prevention, construction equipment, construction, safety, construction workers, hazards, human resource management, leading indicators, machinery, occupational risks, risk management, safety engineering \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{yellow} & accidents, risk assessment, civil engineering, near miss, surveys \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Keywords in the clusters. Figure 6: Methods used to obtain information about events. * Computerized systems for the recording of events  
The utilisation of contemporary information technologies facilitates the identification and documentation of near misses [14; 45]. A considerable number of companies have opted to utilise mobile applications for the purpose of event reporting. An exemplar of a near-miss form developed as iAuditor by SafetyCulture [50] includes the date of occurrence and report, location, description of the event, description of the property damage, a photograph confirming the occurrence of the event, observations and comments of the reporter, witness statements, and details of the person involved in the event, such as job type, years of experience, hours worked that day, shift pattern, and relevant training or qualifications. The Safety Reporting System [51] provides employees with the ability to report incidents, generate reports, and track corrective actions. The application enables the generation of reports based on all submitted incidents.