# Progress in the Development of Electrodeposited Catalysts for Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Applications  
[PERSON]  
1 Materials Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7 RU, UK; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Materials Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK 1  
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Despite the fact that the high costs and scarcity of noble metal reserves have predominantly limited their use, Pt-based catalysts continue to dominate in improving the performance of fuel cell reactions involving organic molecules used as direct fuels. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has supported the fuel cell research and technology development through hydrogen and fuel cell programme, to address major technical barriers and enable widespread industrialization of the technology for a variety of applications. The DOE price target for a fuel cell system for automotive vehicles is $40 per kW by 2025, with an ultimate cost of $30 per kW beyond 2030. Most standard membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) have an average platinum catalyst loading of 0.2-0.25 mg Pt cm\({}^{-2}\)[4]. The durability target for a fuel cell system for automotive vehicles is 5000 h for 2025, with an ultimate goal of 8000 h. Under the support of the DOE and other country trade associations such as Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), the DOE's national laboratories and others have been carrying out cutting-edge research in collaboration with industry and academia [5]. Consequently, reducing the use of noble metals, particularly Pt, and improving their utilisation efficiencies by rationally designing electrocatalysts with superior catalytic properties is a critical strategy for the large-scale commercial application of DLFCs. It has been deduced and identified that the cost of catalyst contributes around 41% of the total cost of the fuel cell when compared to its other components, such as the bipolar plate, polymer membrane, gaskets, gas diffusion layer, electrodes, and the balance of plant [6]. The preparation method of catalysts (metals, metal-alloys) influences the structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics and performance of fuel cell reactions [7]. The utilisation of current Pt, Pd catalyst synthesis methods such as modified polyol, chemical reduction, colloidal approach, and so on necessitates repeated filtering and washing. These methods are time-consuming and frequently result in metal particle loss. The chemical approach used to synthesize these catalysts increases particle size and metal aggregation. Catalyst supported on carbon with narrow particle distribution is expected to improve the fuel cell reaction performance with minimum catalyst loading.