Due to their nanoscale dimensions, AuNPs can breach the bacterial cell membrane, potentially causing membrane destabilization and the release of cellular components. Furthermore, when exposed to light or other stimuli, AuNPs can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including free radicals, which can inflict damage upon proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids within the bacterial cell. AuNPs also damage proteins by interfering with existing disulfide bridges or thiol groups in various molecular systems within the cells. Some AuNPs possess the capability to impede bacterial growth by interfering with DNA replication or crucial metabolic processes. Additionally, they disrupt bacterial cellular respiration by impacting the electron transport chain and reducing the production of ATP, the cell's primary energy source. These nanoparticles also have the capacity to induce DNA damage, resulting in genetic mutations and possible cell demise, as well as perturb gene expression, leading to disruptions in normal cellular processes. Depending on their surface coating, AuNPs may accumulate in specific bacterial cellular components, such as the cell wall, plasma membrane, or cytoplasm, causing localized harm. Furthermore, they can induce oxidative stress in bacterial cells, triggering the oxidation of vital biomolecules, and interact with bacterial proteins, leading to alterations in their structure and function. While the exact mechanisms of AuNPs' antibacterial activity are not fully understood, there is evidence to suggest that they disrupt DNA and proteins through the uptake of free gold ions, increase oxidative stress by generating ROS, and directly interact with cellular membranes, as illustrated in Figure 1[12; 13; 14]. Another approach to combat high-spectrum antibiotic-resistant bacteria involves augmenting the antibacterial action of antibiotics through the use of other agents. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), known for their inherent non-cytotoxic nature [15; 16], have shown promise in enhancing the bactericidal activity of antibiotics such as carbapenems [17], line-z solid [18], and streptomycin [19]. Various synthesis methods can be employed to produce AuNPs [20]. The most commonly used conventional method is the Turkevitch method, which involves the reduction of chloroquine acid HAuCl\({}_{4}\) using citrate-containing water [20]. Physical methods, including radiation (microwave, gamma irradiation, or ultraviolet), can also generate AuNPs by creating heat and a reducing environment. Laser ablation, another physical method utilizing lasers emitting specific wavelengths, is frequently employed for AuNP synthesis [21]. However, the use of hazardous chemicals, high temperatures, and expensive equipment associated with these methods has raised concerns regarding their ecological impact and sustainability. As a result, biosynthesized nanoparticles (bAuNPs) have emerged as a disruptive alternative to conventional synthesis methods, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach. In addition to their sustainability, bAuNPspossess avant-garde properties such as biocompatibility, bioavailability, bioactivity, and bioabsorption, making them attractive substitutes for conventionally synthesized NPs in various applications [22]. Biosynthesized nanoparticles can be produced from different organisms, including plant tissues, actinomycetes, fungi, bacteria, algae, and others. Although some studies have described intracellular synthesis of bAuNPs using fungi, this approach is more complex and time-consuming compared to extracellular synthesis, which eliminates several recovery steps required for AuNP isolation [23]. Bacteria have become a widely studied microorganism for NP synthesis due to their simple culture conditions, ease of purification, and high synthesis yields [24]. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles involves the oxidation/reduction of metallic ions by biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and sugars, secreted by microorganisms [25].