## 5 Health and Immunological Impacts of GBH  
Microorganisms break down glyphosate into its most active metabolite, AMPA, and methyl phosphonic acid, once it reaches the environment [149]. They are found in water, soil, plants, and food, among other places [197; 198; 11]. Human urine, blood, and breast milk have all been shown to contain glyphosate. The urine levels in exposed workers ranged from 0.26 to 73.5 g/L, whereas those in the general population ranged from 0.16 to 7.6 g/L [199]. Most likely, the skin, mouth, and through the lungs are where glyphosate is absorbed [149; 200]. Although skin absorption is the most widely mentioned route of ingestion in affected farmers, it only accounts for about 2% of total absorption [201]. According to [PERSON] et al. [149], glyphosate appears to build up in the small intestine, liver, kidneys, and colon before excreting in the urine and faeces within two days. Nonetheless, an increasing body of knowledge exists about the human health impacts of GBHs and glyphosate [202]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Living Organisms** & **GLY Concentration** & **Toxic Effects** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Human} & 0.5–10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Endocrine disruption & [151] \\  & \textgreater{}20 mg/L to \textgreater{}80 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & DNA damage & [154] \\  & \textless{}1000 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Effects on oxidative balance & [168] \\  & 4000 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Neurological disorder & [169; 170] \\  & 85–1690 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Blood disorder & [171] \\  & 1–3 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Human cell toxicity & [147] \\  & 36–178 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Effects on cell physiology & [172] \\ \hline Earthworm & 1–10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Growth and reproductive defects & [106; 173] \\ \hline Snails & 0.1–10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Body growth & [174; 175; 176] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Wasps} & \multirow{2}{*}{960 g ha\({}^{-1}\)} & Parasite eggs are harmed when exposed to this substance & [177] \\ \hline Honeybee & 2.5–10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Adaptation in agricultural environments & [177; 178; 179; 180; 181; 182; 183; 184] \\ \hline Amphibians & 1.5–684 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Chronic toxicity & [185; 186; 187; 188; 189; 180; 183; 184] \\ \hline Daphnia & 1.4–250 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Chronic toxicity & [39; 185] \\ \hline Zebrafish & 10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & Toxicity in the reproductive system & [186] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Birds} & Wetland with glyphosate aerial spray coverage of 50–90 percent & Reduced natural habitats and bird populations, as well as affected male genital organs & [187; 188; 189; 189; 187; 188; 189] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Goldfish} & \multirow{2}{*}{32 ug L\({}^{-1}\)} & Effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehydedehyde (MDA), and OH in the liver & [183] \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Reptiles} & \multirow{3}{*}{144 mg L\({}^{-1}\)} & Increase in heterophils and total protein content DNA damaged, physiological stress, decrease in WBC & [145; 190; 191] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2} \cline{2-2}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2} \cline{2-2}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2} \cline{2-2}  
Glyphosate has been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as \"probably carcinogenic\" in humans after more than 40 years of widespread usage [165]. Other bodies, such as Health Canada [203] and the European Commission [204] have renewed their authorizations for glyphosate use based on scientific findings as of 2017. However, with the \"Monsanto Papers\" revelation in 2017, the validity of several studies was called into question [205]. Monsanto is accused of interfering with the disclosure of important glyphosate toxicity data and ghostwriting studies confirming the safety of the herbicide [205]. Consequently, according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [206], it seems appropriate to provide a summary of the observed impacts of glyphosate and GBHs on humans' immune systems and cellular to systemic animal health consequences.