esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Technology Acceptance in Healthcare: A Systematic Review
## 4 Results
### Distribution of Studies across Regions and Countries  
This review also determined the origin country and the region for each analyzed study. As per Figure 7, the majority of publications were conducted in Asia (\(N=76\)), with 53.5% of the whole analyzed studies. Taiwan recorded 20.27% (\(N=30\)) of the entire analyzed studies, as seen in Table 7. Further, the USA as a first runner-up is doing well, with 22 empirical studies (14.86%) to assess technology acceptance in healthcare. As shown in Figure 8, the geographic heat map indicates that there are no publications conducted in the Central and South American regions. The rest of the statistics related to country and region are illustrated in Table 7 and Figures 7 and 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Telemedicine & 4 & 1 & 5 & & 1 & 4 & 1 & 4 & \\ Electronic Health Records & 7 & 5 & & 2 & 1 & 4 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ HIT Systems in General & 2 & 4 & & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ Mobile Applications & & & & 2 & & 4 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ Cloud Computing & & & 1 & 3 & & 1 & 1 & 3 & \\ Wearable Electronic Devices & & & 1 & & 3 & 1 & 2 & \\ Handheld Computers & 3 & & & 2 & & 1 & & 1 & 1 \\ Health Information Systems & & 3 & & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 & & \\ Web-Based Systems (Intervention) & & & 2 & & & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\ Computer-Assisted Instruction & 1 & 1 & & & & & & 3 \\ Medical Informatics Applications & & 1 & & 1 & 1 & & & & 3 \\ Electronic Data Processing (Barcode) & & 1 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \\ Consumer Health Informatics & & & & & & & 3 & \\ Mobile Applications/Electronic Records & 1 & 1 & & 1 & & & & 3 \\ Clinical Information Systems & 2 & & & & & & & 3 \\ Hospital Information systems & 1 & & & & & 1 & & 1 \\ Decision Support Systems & 2 & & & & & & & \\ Electronic Prescribing & 2 & & & & & & & \\ Health Records (Personal) & & & & & & 1 & 1 & \\ Management Information Systems & 2 & 1 & 1 & & & & & \\ Nursing Informatics & & 2 & & & & & & \\ Telemetry & 2 & & & & & & & \\ Robotics & & & & 2 & & & & 1 \\ Online Social Networking & & 1 & & 3 & 2 & & 1 & 1 & 2 \\ Other Technologies & 1 & 1 & 1 & 3 & 2 & & 1 & 1 & 2 \\ \hline
**Total** & **30** & **24** & **4** & **26** & **7** & **11** & **15** & **20** & **14** & **10** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Technology types and participants’ groups.  
Figure 8: Geographic chart for the studies included in this review.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Country** & **Frequency** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & China & 7 & 4.73 \\
2 & Germany & 7 & 4.73 \\
3 & Iran & 7 & 4.73 \\
4 & Malaysia & 9 & 6.08 \\
5 & South Korea & 6 & 4.05 \\
6 & Spain & 6 & 4.05 \\
7 & Taiwan & 30 & 20.27 \\
8 & United Kingdom & 6 & 4.05 \\
9 & USA & 22 & 14.86 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Top countries by publication frequency.  
Figure 7: Publications statistics per region. Mixed: conducted in two different regions.
In this paper, we propose a masked autoencoder (MAE)-based sparse coded mask modeling technique to increase the channel capacity of discrete multi-tone (DMT) signals transmitted and received in a Li-Fi link based on a white LED. Since DMT signals are modulated with user data across multiple orthogonal subcarriers and generated in parallel simultaneously, each time-series subcarrier signal can be recognized as a multivariate time-series data (MTSD) waveform that exists concurrently. Research on analyzing and predicting such diverse MTSD has been conducted [15; 16; 17; 18]. In Section 1.1, we provide a detailed explanation of motivation based on the masked autoencoder, which serves as the foundation for proposing and implementing our sparse coded mask modeling technique.
# A Blockchain-Based Audit Trail Mechanism: Design and Implementation
## 5 Audit Trail Mechanism Operation  
As explained in Section 4, there are three types of actors interacting with the audit trail mechanism:  
* Administators: people, automated systems, etc. who manage the system and authorize users to use it.
* Authorized users: people, automated systems, etc. who provide data to be registered in the Blockchain-based auditing mechanism and consume it as required. Authorized users always need the Blockchain client to interact with the Blockchain.
* External data consumers: people who consume the data registered in the Blockchain-based audit trail mechanism. They do not need any Blockchain client as they do not access the Blockchain directly, but they access the Blockchain monitor, which has a copy of all-important events occurring on the Blockchain by means of the subscribed Blockchain-based events. They cannot register or modify audit trails on the Blockchain. They only need to access the Blockchain monitor client by means of a web browser.  
Figure 6 shows the sequence diagram of the audit trail mechanism operation in which the most important events are depicted. All events shown in Figure 6 are automatic except for the interactions with the three actors mentioned above.  
The operation process has the following steps:  
* An administrator must authorize a user to use the audit trail mechanism.
* The authorized user can register a new audit trail (new data will be registered in the Blockchain)
* The authorized user can update an existing audit trail (data recorded in the Blockchain will be updated).
* The authorized user can obtain the current version of an existing audit trail.
* An external data consumer can obtain the information recorded on the Blockchain (main dashboard or history report) by means of the web-based Blockchain monitor client (authentication is required).  
Figure 5: Example of a graphical monitor client (history report from KYKLOS 4.0 project).
# A Review of Prediction Methods for Ultra-Low Cycle Fatigue Damage of Steel Piers Under Earthquakes
## 2 Research Status and Development Trend at Home and Abroad
### Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) Model
#### 2.4.3 Simulation Method for Ultra-Low Cycle Fatigue Crack Propagation  
The propagation of ultra-low cycle fatigue cracks involves the evolution of the plastic zone at the crack tip. Currently, fatigue crack propagation methods primarily rely on empirical formulas, such as the Paris formula. In 1961, [PERSON] et al. [77] established a relationship between the stress intensity factor amplitude and the crack growth rate through experiments. They proposed the Paris formula, which can predict fatigue crack life and propagation length. However, this formula mainly focuses on the stress intensity factor amplitude as the control parameter. It is primarily effective for fatigue crack propagation in linear elastic stress conditions and not suitable for ultra-low cycle fatigue scenarios involving plastic deformation. To broaden the application of the traditional Paris formula, researchers worldwide have explored alternative elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameters that resemble the stress intensity factor for describing low-cycle fatigue crack propagation. Commonly used parameters include crack opening displacement (CTOD) [78], plastic strain range (\(\Delta\varepsilon\)) [79], and cyclic J integral range (\(\Delta J\)) [80]. These parameters have significantly advanced the study of low-cycle fatigue crack propagation, yet they possess certain limitations. Additionally, the existing methods for predicting low cycle fatigue crack propagation can be complex and inefficient. These methods often require fine element division at the crack tip to calculate stress intensity factors or plastic strain ranges, as well as adjustments to the finite element mesh according to the new crack's propagation direction and size.  
Before the crack initiation, the CDM model effectively predicts the ultra-low cycle fatigue damage evolution and crack initiation life of steel bridge pairs [37; 69]. Research on crack propagation primarily relies on fracture mechanics theory. When predicting the ultra-low cycle fatigue damage of steel bridge pairs, it is essential to consider the relationship between the mechanical parameters in the two prediction stages. This overall process can be relatively complex. Continuing to simulate the crack propagation process and predict the crack propagation life using results from the CDM model prior to crack initiation is quite convenient. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [37] simulated crack propagation in Q345 steel under ultra-low cycle fatigue load on the basis of the CDM model and birth-death element method. However, research on crack propagation paths and life based on the CDM model for steel structures remains limited.
## 3 Threat Model and Security Requirements
### Threat Model Definition
#### 3.1.2 Attack Surface Analysis  
The attack surface for UAV motor control encompasses multiple layers, from the motor core through the ESC firmware, the implementation of the protocol, the transmission of signals, and the environmental interface (Figure 4). Each layer presents distinct vulnerabilities including timing attacks at the protocol level, signal injection at the transmission layer, EMI attacks through environmental manipulation, replay attacks targeting signal integrity, and firmware compromise establishing persistent control channels.
## 2 Principles of the Compensation Methods
### Unit Power Factor Compensation Method
\begin{split} i_{c,a}(t)&=i_{L,a}(t)-G(A_{V}\cos \omega\,t+B_{V}\sin\omega\,t)\\ i_{c,b}(t)&=i_{L,b}(t)-G(A_{V}\cos(\omega\,t-2\pi/3) +B_{V}\sin(\omega\,t-2\pi/3))\\ i_{c,c}(t)&=i_{L,c}(t)-G(A_{V}\cos(\omega\,t+2\pi/3 )+B_{V}\sin(\omega\,t+2\pi/3))\end{split}  \tag{14}\]  
As a result of the injection of the currents in (14), the APF allows us to obtain a unit power factor from the source with balanced and sinusoidal currents, that is, free of distortion. Figure 3a shows the scheme of a generic nonlinear load in a three-phase system with the UpfC compensation. Figure 3b shows the calculation scheme of the reference compensation currents for the APF control. The voltage and current signals acting as inputs for the six ANNs are sampled. The neural networks' outputs will be the rectangular coefficients of the phase voltages and currents. From these coefficients, the equivalent conductance \(G\) is calculated, and the active phase currents are generated. The subtraction shown in (13) or (14) gives the compensation currents. From (12), it becomes clear that if the source voltages are balanced, and the scheme in Figure 3b is simplified. In the case of a balanced three-phase system, Figure 3b may be simplified even more, since only two ANNs will be necessary, and the compensation  
Figure 3: Unit power factor compensation method. (**a**) Full system diagram showing the ANN block estimating the rectangular coefficients. (**b**) Details of the control method, where the computation of the equivalent conductance \(G\) allows to generate the active phase currents and the reference waveforms for the compensation currents. currents are generated according to (14). Further details on the ANNs performance will be presented in Section 3.
# Computer Vision and Image Processing Approaches for Corrosion Detection
## 4 Corrosion Detection Approaches
### Color Space Detection  
Color space is the color representation described by mathematical models in an image. The image pixels are defined using the characteristics of color spaces. The color space segmentation is a technique wherein the meaningful object in an image corresponds with the clusters of color features in image pixels. These image clusters share similar properties with regard to color. However, there is no single-color space that fits with all kinds of images [58]. Consequently, many experiments have been conducted to select the best color space that suits specific conditions and environments. The well-known color spaces are RGB (red, green, and blue), YUV (luminance and chroma), CMY (cyan, magenta, and yellow), HSV (hue, saturation, and value), and XYZ (x, y, and z coordinates). An example of corrosion detection using a RGB color space is illustrated in Figure 3.  
The HSV color space [59] can be used to locate corroded and non-corroded regions based on the color and roughness of materials. In this work, HSV was used for the color analysis of a corrosion-representative histogram. Moreover, the grayscale level was used for roughness analysis. Then, the photographic images of components and structures were applied using this image processing technique. This color space was combined with artificial intelligence algorithms to improve the detection accuracy of the corrosion damage assessment. HSI (hue, saturation, and intensity) [60] can also be applied for corrosion detection. An image enhancement technique was used to improve the corrosion areas with histogram equalization to obtain better contrast and brightness. The HSI was converted using the RGB images. Nevertheless, robust corrosion detection can be developed by extracting CbCr (blue chroma and red chroma) elements from the corrosion images [61]. The textures of corrosion can be distinguished, which can improve the computation and measurement of ununiform corrosion. A novel color space based on the color shade index (CSI) and rusty area ratio (RAR) was introduced in [62] to ensure electric energy transmission by detecting the damper rust defect in a timely manner. The complex damper images were acquired in grayscale and enhanced with Gaussian kernel, edge strength mapping, and local difference processing. Then, the images were classified into severe rust, medium rust, slight rust, and rust-free categories. The results showed effective segmentation and rusted dampers were identified with 93% accuracy.  
Figure 3: Corrosion detection using a RGB color space.
# Specific Resonant Properties of Non-Symmetrical Microwave Antennas
###### Abstract  
The aircraft avionics modernization process often requires optimization of the aircraft itself. Scale models of aircraft and their antennas are frequently used to solve this problem. Here we present interesting properties of the resonant antennas, which were discovered serendipitously during the measurement process of some microwave antennas' models as part of an aircraft modernization project. Aircraft microwave antennas are often designed as non-symmetric flat microwave antennas. Due to their thin, low and longitudinally elongated outer profile, they are also called tail antennas. An analysis of the resonant properties of non-symmetric antennas was performed in the band from 1 GHz to 4 GHz. The length of the antenna models ranged from 2 cm to 7 cm. The width of the antennas, together with the thickness of the strip, was always a constant parameter for one measured set of six antennas. In the measurement and subsequent analysis, attention was focused on the first-series resonant frequency (\(\lambda/4\)) of each antenna. During the evaluation of the resonance parameters, the flat microwave antenna models showed specific resonant properties different from those of conventional cylindrical microwave antennas. This article aims to inform professionals about these unknown specific properties of non-symmetrical antennas. The results of experimental measurements are analyzed theoretically and then visually compared using graphs so that the reader can more easily understand the properties observed. These surprising observations open up some new possibilities for the design, implementation, and use of flat microwave antennas, as found in modern aircraft, automobiles, etc.  
microwave antenna; antenna impedance; antenna resonance +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
# Enhancing Traceability of Italian Almonds through IR Spectroscopy and Chemometric Classifiers
## 5 Conclusions  
The use of PLS-DA and SIMCA classifiers highlights a notable disparity in accuracy between shell and kernel spectra. All models built on the spectra collected on the almonds' shells provide extremely satisfying classification rates for all the considered classes. Notably, models based on shell spectra consistently outperform those utilizing kernel spectra. This superior accuracy indicates that the chemical composition and spectral characteristics of almond shells offer more distinct and informative features for traceability purposes, likely attributed to the shell's greater stability and reduced susceptibility to variations compared to the kernel.  
The heightened accuracy of shell-based models holds significant promise for enhancing quality control and authentication in the almond supply chain. These models can precisely identify the origin of almonds, contributing to improved product quality control.  
Furthermore, it is important to underscore that the utilization of shell spectra enables the non-destructive analysis of almonds. This non-invasive approach is particularly advantageous, as it permits the evaluation of almond samples without compromising their physical integrity. As a result, it preserves the quality and market value of the almonds while delivering reliable traceability information.  
Conceptualization, A.A.D.; methodology, A.A.D., M.F. and A.B.; software, A.B. and M.F.; validation, A.A.D. and A.B.; formal analysis, A.P. and C.S.; investigation, A.P. and C.S.; resources, A.A.D.; data curation, A.P. and C.S.; writing--original draft preparation, C.S. and A.B.; writing--review and editing, A.B. and A.A.D.; visualization, A.B.; supervision, A.A.D.; project administration, A.A.D.; funding acquisition, A.A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Simulation Parameters
#### 6.1.4 PDR  
PDR of the proposed and benchmark protocols is pectorally described in Figure 19. It is obvious from the figure that Hydrocast and Improved Hydrocast routing protocols have low PDR as compared to both benchmark and proposed protocols (during sparse IoT-UWSN). PDR of the protocols increases by increasing nodes density. The reason to enhance PDR in proactive protocols is that they minimize the void hole problem using shortest recovery path and opportunistic cooperation techniques (using fixed relay nodes).  
Figure 19: PDR.  
Figure 18: DA.  
While in the proposed protocols (EP-VIR-Three and BF-SPR-Three) the 3-hop neighbor's information for the forwarder node selection helps the protocols in avoiding the void holes, this forwarder potential node selection helps the routing protocols to enhance their PDR. It can be clearly seen from the figure that Proposed protocols outperformed in PDR compared to benchmark protocols.
# Efficient Multipath Clutter Cancellation for UAV Monitoring Using DAB Satellite-Based PBR
## 6 Experimental Results
The corresponding results of the three data set are shown in Figure 9, in which the correctness can be verified by excellent alignment with the velocity reference calculated from a UAV's GNSS data. The target in the first beam can be well detected outside the Doppler notch, and the interruptions of 37 s to 40 s and 78 s to 84 s could be attributed to the fixed surveillance beam. In contrast, the number of detectable CPI in the non-forward geometry is significantly reduced, leading to more apparent interruption. When located in the third beam, the UAV can hardly be detected when it moves toward the antenna, which indicates the influence of scattering fluctuation caused by the target attitude change. Figure 8: SNR distributions of data from different orientations: (**a**) beam a, (**b**) beam b, and (**c**) beam c.  
In order to analyze the monitoring range of the PBR system, the detected points associated with the UAV's GNSS trajectory according to the timestamps are shown in Figure 10. The radial distances of the farthest detection are calculated in Table 5, where the maximum SNR and the proportion of detectable CPIs are also listed. The extra loss caused by long-time accumulation is found to be reduced by more than 1 dB in the forward scattering beam compared with the others, reflecting the influence of bistatic geometry on target scattering fluctuation to some extent. The different detectable proportions can be explained by the combination of such phenomena and the weaker scattering intensity. Although there is a massive gap in the other three indicators, the detectable distances of all the three data sets exceed 400 m, verifying the feasibility of the DAB satellite signal for UAV monitoring. Figure 10: Diagram of the system’s detectable range. Figure 9: Bistatic velocity of detection and the GNSS reference: (**a**) beam a, (**b**) beam b, and (**c**) beam c.
# Performance Prediction of Composite Marine Propeller in Non-Cavitating and Cavitating Flow
## 1 Introduction
First, the strength of composite propeller can be enough even with a thin thickness compared to the existing metallic propeller. Then propeller design with higher efficiency is possible, such as, by reducing the thickness or expanded area of propeller. Second, since deformation occurs in the case of a composite propeller, the hydrodynamic performance can be improved by performing reverse design process so that deformation occurs in the direction of increasing the propeller efficiency. In this study, deviating from both perspectives, the hydrodynamic performance of the propeller remains almost same even if deformation occurs. The purpose of our study is to examine the difference in the amount of cavitation occurring at the tip of the blade according to the deformation of the blade, especially the pitch change, and to investigate the noise reduction effect. It is expected that this advantage is useful especially for naval vessels that are more sensitive in terms of noise than general vessels and is expected to that performance improvement in terms of noise is possible through CIS delay. Here, a CFD-FEM-based two-way iterative-coupling FSI method is used, and the effects of the stacking method on the performance of composite propellers are discussed from a CIS perspective. The development of vortical flow near the tip region has a strong effect on the CIS, and the propeller noise increases due to the occurrence of cavitation. In addition, it is important to consider the performance change of a composite propeller in a cavitating flow because the deformation leads to volume changes of sheet cavitation with pressure variation. Here, a hydroacoustic analysis of the noise generated and propagated by a composite propeller was conducted, and the predicted underwater radiated noise expressed as sound pressure level (SPL) was compared between rigid and composite propellers in non-cavitating and cavitating flows.