## 1 Introduction  
Molecular imprinting is a technique for creating artificial recognition sites on polymer matrices that complement the template in terms of size, shape, and spatial arrangement of functional groups. This molecular imprinting technique uses target molecules in a synthetic polymer matrix by selectively binding [1, 2]. Recently, molecular imprinting technology has been used to create biometric surfaces in biosensors. There are many molecular imprinting technologies, including bulk printing, surface printing, and epitope printing. In the bulk printing method, the template molecules are printed on the entire polymer matrix, and at the end of the method, the template needs to be removed from the polymer. The polymer produced in this method is large or bulk, so grinding must be carried out on the polymer to obtain template-specific binding sites on the polymer [1]. Due to the thick morphology of the polymer in the bulk printing, it causes low access for the target molecule to bind to its specific site. Therefore, another method was developed to overcome this limitation, namely the surface printing method and the epitope printing method. In surface printing, the removal of template molecules will result in specific binding sites on the polymer surface [3]. The binding site on the polymer surface causes this type of polymer to provide greater access to the binding target molecule than bulk imprinting [1]. This technique has been widely used for various types of analytes such as proteins [4], cells [5], and micro-organisms [6]. While in epitope printing, the target molecule is a protein and uses only a small portion or fragment of the macromolecule is printed to represent the whole molecule (epitope) as a template [1]. In this method, the peptide epitope is covalently bonded to the silicon surface where the monomer is polymerized. In epitope printing, more specific and strong interactions can be obtained. The polymer has the ability to recognize templates as well as whole proteins very well [7]. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP), which contains specific bonds between template molecules and polymers [8], is an example of materials that use molecular imprinting techniques. MIP is a unique recognition system resulting from templates and functional monomers that are polymerized, enabling molecular recognition utilizing principles similar to those underlying the action of enzymes and their substrates [9; 10]. The main advantage of MIP is high selectivity and affinity for the target molecules used in the molding process. Compared to biological systems such as proteins and nucleic acids, imprinted polymers have higher physical strength, high temperature, pressure resistance, and inertia to acids, alkalis, metal ions, and organic solvents. In addition, the synthesis cost is low, the storage life of the polymer can be very high, and the recognition capability can be maintained for several years at room temperature. Templates, functional monomers, solvent, initiator, and cross-linker are MIP components [11]. MIP is based on the formation of complexes between analytes (templates) and monomers of functional compounds. In the presence of excess cross-linking agents, three-dimensional polymers are formed [12]. In the process of making MIP, the selection of the constituent components will affect the performance of the resulting imprinted polymer. A functional monomer is preferred over an ordinary monomer because a functional monomer contains a Y functional group that can interact with template molecule via hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and ionic interaction to produce a template-monomer complex. The complex is then fixed in the presence of a large excess of a cross-linking agent, and a three-dimensional polymer network is formed. After the polymerization process, template molecules are removed from the polymer using a solvent, resulting in selective complementary polymer-template bonds [11; 13].