# Whole-Heart Assessment of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in the Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
## 3 Results
### Patient Characteristics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Characteristic**} & **Patients (n = 17)** & **Controls (n = 18)** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \hline Age at scan (year) & 29 \(\pm\) 9 & 36 \(\pm\) 13 & 0.05 \\ Sex (f/m) & 5/12 & 7/11 & 0.56 \\ BSA (m\({}^{2}\)) & 1.80 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 1.91 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 0.18 \\ HR (ppm) & 73 \(\pm\) 13 & 65 \(\pm\) 12 & 0.08 \\ BP systolic (mmHg) & 107 \(\pm\) 8 & 113 \(\pm\) 17 & 0.15 \\ BP diastolic (mmHg) & 60 \(\pm\) 10 & 66 \(\pm\) 16 & 0.20 \\ LVEF (\%) & 58 \(\pm\) 9 & 64 \(\pm\) 7 & 0.04 \\ LVEDV (m mL) & 138 \(\pm\) 32 & 168 \(\pm\) 38 & 0.02 \\ LVEDVI (mL/m\({}^{2}\)) & 76 \(\pm\) 12 & 88 \(\pm\) 16 & 0.02 \\ LVESV (mL) & 59 \(\pm\) 22 & 62 \(\pm\) 19 & 0.60 \\ LVESVi (mL/m\({}^{2}\)) & 32 \(\pm\) 11 & 33 \(\pm\) 9 & 0.90 \\ LVMASS (g) & 93 \(\pm\) 24 & 104 \(\pm\) 31 & 0.23 \\ LVMASS (g/m\({}^{2}\)) & 51 \(\pm\) 11 & 53 \(\pm\) 10 & 0.52 \\ RVEF (\%) & 48 \(\pm\) 8 & 56 \(\pm\) 6 & 0.01 \\ RVEDV (mL) & 220 \(\pm\) 80 & 177 \(\pm\) 46 & 0.11 \\ RVEDV (mL/m\({}^{2}\)) & 121 \(\pm\) 39 & 91 \(\pm\) 19 & 0.02 \\ RVESV (mL) & 117 \(\pm\) 56 & 78 \(\pm\) 27 & 0.04 \\ RVESVI (mL/m\({}^{2}\)) & 65 \(\pm\) 30 & 40 \(\pm\) 12 & 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} BSA: Body surface area; HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; LVEDVi: Indexed Left Ventricular End Distasic Volume; LVEF: Left Ventricular Eid Distance; LVDASS: Indexed Left Ventricular Mass (LVEF); LVEDV: Left Ventricular End Distasic Volume; LVPassV: Left Ventricular End Distasic Volume; RVESVI: Indexed Right Ventricular End Distasic Volume; RVESVI: Indexed Right Ventricular End Systolic Volume; RVEF: Right Ventricular Eid Distance; RVEDV: Right Ventricular End Distasic Volume; RVESV: Right Ventricular Eid Distance; RVESV: Right Ventricular End Distasic Volume.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Subject baseline characteristics. Moreover, Figure 5 demonstrates the hemodynamic parameters observed in the LV and RV for both cohorts. TKEmean was observed to be higher in controls compared to patients in the LV throughout the cardiac cycle. Controls also demonstrated higher TKEmax in the LV compared to patients throughout the cardiac cycle. However, no statistical significance was observed in the LV. Similarly, patients also demonstrated a higher TKEmax and TKEmean at the RV throughout the cardiac cycle. Statistical significance between the two cohorts was observed for TKEmean at PS (0.015 \(\pm\) 0.009 J/m\({}^{3}\) vs. 0.009 \(\pm\) 0.005 J/m\({}^{3}\), \(p\) < 0.05), avg systole (0.015 \(\pm\) 0.007 J/m\({}^{3}\) vs. 0.009 \(\pm\) 0.005 J/m\({}^{3}\), \(p\) < 0.05), and avg diastole (0.014 \(\pm\) 0.007 J/m\({}^{3}\) vs. 0.009 \(\pm\) 0.005 J/m\({}^{3}\), \(p\) < 0.05). [PERSON]'s correlation was also observed in the LV. Figure 4: Turbulent kinetic energy in the left atria and right atria. Mean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and max TKE were calculated throughout the entire cardiac cycle, including peak systole (PS), average systole (avg systole), average diastole (avg diastole), and total cardiac cycle (TCC) in the Left Atria (LA) and Right Atria (RA) for both patients and controls. Panels (**A**,**B**) show the mean TKE and the max TKE in the LA for both controls and patients. Panels (**C**,**D**) show the mean TKE and max TKE in the RA. No statistical significance was observed between the two cohorts in the LA and RA. Figure 3: Turbulent kinetic energy in the aorta and pulmonary artery. Mean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and max TKE were calculated throughout the entire cardiac cycle, including peak systole (PS), average systole (avg systole), average diastole (avg diastole), and total cardiac cycle (TCC) in the Aorta (Ao) and Pulmonary Artery (PA) for both patients and controls. Panel (**A**) shows mean TKE in the Ao. Panel (**B**) shows max TKE in the Ao. Panel (**C**) shows mean TKE in the PA, and Panel (**D**) shows max TKE in the PA. No statistical significance was observed between the two cohorts in either the Ao or the PA.  
computed between standard clinical measurements and TKE.