esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Comparison and Discussion
### Convergence Analysis
When the MSE does not change any more, it represents the convergence of IDMVDR. The criteria for iteration stop are shown as follows:  
\[\mathrm{MSE}(t+1)-\mathrm{MSE}(t)=10\mathrm{E}-6, \tag{40}\]  
where \(\mathrm{MSE}(t)\) is the value of MSE at iteration \(t\). Convergence rate is generally measured by the number of iterations when converging is used [20]. To verify the faster convergence rate of IDMVDR, two other methods, DDSB and DMVDR [9; 14; 15; 20], were compared in four different WASNs. For each WASN, only the results of two nodes with maximum and minimum degrees were analyzed. The MSE variations in WASNs with \(N_{d}\) = 5, 10, 15, 20 are shown in Figures 5-8, respectively, the corresponding numbers of iterations when converging are shown in Tables 1-4. When \(N_{d}\) = 5, 10, and 15, as shown in Figures 5-7 and Tables 1-3, the convergence rate of IDMVDR was relatively faster than that of DMVDR and DDSB. Meanwhile, IDMVDR could converge to a lower MSE. Moreover, in some cases, the convergence rate of DDSB was faster than DMVDR, but IDMVDR was always the fastest one. Figure 5: The MSE variations in the WASN with \(N_{d}\) = 5: (**a**) MSE of node 4 in each iteration; (**b**) MSE of node 5 in each iteration. Figure 8: The MSE variations in the WASN with \(N_{d}\) = 20: (**a**) MSE of node 8 in each iteration; (**b**) MSE of node 2 in each iteration. Figure 6: The MSE variations in the WASN with \(N_{d}\) = 10: (**a**) MSE of node 1 in each iteration; (**b**) MSE of node 5 in each iteration. Figure 7: The MSE variations in the WASN with \(N_{d}\) = 15: (**a**) MSE of node 8 in each iteration; (**b**) MSE of node 5 in each iteration. When \(N_{d}\) = 20, as shown in Figure 8 and Table 4, the convergence rate of IDMVDR was also significantly faster than that of DDSB, and the MSE of IDMVDR when converging was far less than DDSB. The MSE variation curves of IDMVDR and DMVDR almost completely overlap, which means that the performances were nearly the same. This is different from the above results of \(N_{d}\) = 5, 10, and 15. This might be attributable to the higher node density, which means more nodes can get high SNR signals, and then the difference between IDMVDR and DMVDR is not obvious. As for convergence performance, compared with DMVDR and DDSB, IDMVDR was predominant in all the four WASNs, and the convergence rate of IDMVDR was always the fastest, which means that less data transmissions were required in IDMVDR, and less energy was consumed to communicate further with neighboring nodes. Thus, the IDMVDR method can save more energy than DDSB and DMVDR, which is more suitable for the WASNS with limited energy supply.
# Design Criteria for High-Gradient Radio-Frequency Linacs
## 3 RF Breakdown
### Material Studies
#### 3.6.3 Normal Conducting Structure at Cryogenic Temperatures  
The study of materials now extends down to cryogenic temperatures. Here, I will focus on normally conducting cryogenic cavities. The physics of gradient limitation in superconducting cavities has more to do with Q-value degradation due to field emission currents and the quenching of superconductivity due to strong rf magnetic fields than with rf breakdown. Gradients in superconducting cavities are usually much lower than those achieved with normal conducting cavities [93,94].  
My cryogenic experiments were inspired by hypotheses that explain the properties of the rf breakdown rates involving defects in metallic crystal lattices moving under forces induced by rf electric and magnetic fields. This movement of crystal dislocations decreases with the decreasing temperature of the cavity. To study this phenomenon, we invented and fabricated an experimental setup for testing cryogenically cooled short SW cavities at high rf power [95]. My first cryo experiment was not successful: the breakdown probability was higher than that in room temperature cavities. In this experiment, the rf vacuum and cryo-vacuum were connected, so the gasses from the cryosat contaminated the surfaces exposed to high rf fields. We have modified the cryostat in order to separate the cryo  
Figure 8: Clad cell of an SW accelerating cavity with molybdenum iris tips manufactured at KEK [79].  
vacuum and the cavity vacuum [96]. The second cavity, cooled to 45 K, showed a much lower breakdown rate than room-temperature cavities [58; 97; 98] (Figure 9). The cavity operated at a low breakdown rate with a record accelerating gradient of 250 MV/m.  
The extreme results of this experiment inspired novel approaches in fields of rf guns and linear colliders and continue to be an active research area [60; 98; 99; 100; 101].
# Free and Forced Vibration Modes of the Human Fingertip
## 2 Discretized 3D Fingertip Model: DigiTip  
We built a 3D finite element model consisting of six layers: stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, nail bed, and nail plate. We named this comprehensive model DigiTip since it is a computational model of the tip of a human digit, which is the anatomical designation for a finger or toe. Figure 1 illustrates the model variables that govern the exterior fingertip dimensions, the thicknesses of the tissue layers, and the dimensions of the distal phalanx. We modeled the surfaces of the finger exterior and bone separately. The upper and lower parts of the front exterior surface were modeled as quarter ellipsoids, which are slightly deflated inward and inflated outward, respectively. This approach resulted in a more realistic fingertip shape. The rear exterior surface was modeled by extruding the front outer surface profile at the fingernail root. The necking of the distal phalanx in the middle section of the bone was included in the modeling. After obtaining the surface profiles for the exterior boundary and bone, we filled the space between the interior soft-tissue layers by preserving their specified thicknesses. The hypodermis has a varying thickness throughout the domain since it is the last soft layer lying over the bone with a variable cross-section. Table 1 shows the value selected for each DigiTip dimension depicted in Figure 1; the referenced sources are given in parentheses. When possible, the dimensions were taken for the average adult male index finger, as this case is prevalently reported in the literature. The material properties (elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density) of the fingertip tissue layers are given in Table 2. Since we investigate the bulk dynamic behavior of the finger, we did not model the fingerprint ridges, as capturing their surface details would require a vastly increased number of finite elements but would not significantly affect the results of the modal analysis. We performed the FE analyses using our in-house software developed in MATLAB. The integrated parametric model generator allows the geometric dimensions and mesh density of DigiTip to be easily modified. The generated models consist of solid finite elements whose nodes each have three degrees of freedom, which are the displacements in the \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) directions. Specifically, we employed eight-node hexahedral elements
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Variation in NPP
#### 4.2.3 Spatial Variation Characteristics  
The proportion of areas with increasing and decreasing NPP trends was 72.96% and 27.04%, respectively (Figure 11). This study presents the spatial distribution of NPP for the two subregions for 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, as well as the overall trend distribution for these twenty years (Figure 11). It is obvious that the NPP in subregion A gradually increases and the NPP in subregion B progressively decreases as time passes. The significance tests of the NPP trend results indicated that the percentage of significant and very significant changes in regional NPP were 17.10% and 30.10%, respectively (Figure 12a). The results of the overlay analysis of the NPP trend and significance show a significant increase and a very significant increase of 12.07% and 28.86% in these areas, respectively (Figure 12b), while the regions with significant and very significant decreases are 3.46% and 3.31%, respectively.  
Figure 9: Average value of NPP in China, 2001–2020. (**a**) Spatial distribution of NPP averages in China; (**b**) spatial distribution of NPP averages by province; and (**c**) histogram of NPP averages by province.  
Figure 11: Theil–Sen medium trend distribution.  
Figure 10: NPP of vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems in China, 2001–2020.  
There were significant and very significant increases in NPP concentrated in the Northeast Plain, Loess Plateau, and Sichuan Basin in a band-like distribution, which is related to the national policy guidance. For example, major items such as the return of cultivated land to forest and grass, the \"Three-North\" Shelterbelt Program, and the amelioration of saline-alkaline soil all achieved certain results [41]. Regions with significant and very significant decreases in NPP were primarily in the eastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, western Inner Mongolia, northwestern Qinghai and Gansu Provinces, and most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, which is climate-related. These areas are located in the interior of China, with low precipitation, low vegetation cover, and vast desert areas (Taklamakan Desert, 357,300 km\({}^{2}\); Gurbanunggut Desert, 56,800 km\({}^{2}\); Badain Jaran Desert, 55,000 km\({}^{2}\); and Tengger Desert, 41,900 km\({}^{2}\)), thus, the vegetation productivity level is considered low.  
Analysis of the Mechanisms Driving the Spatiotemporal Evolution of NPP in China in the Studied Period
# Distributed Joint Source-Channel Coding Using Quasi-Uniform Systematic Polar Codes
## 4 Proposed DJSCC Scheme and Performance Limit
### Performance Limit  
Based on the analysis in Section 3, both QSPC and punctured QSPC can achieve the information-theoretical limit \(H/C\) in channel-use per source-symbol. Therefore, the proposed scheme is asymptotically optimal, as long as the rates can be arbitrarily approached. The following lemma shows that the QSPC and punctured QSPC can approach the rate limits.  
**Lemma 1**.: _The \((MN,MK)\) QSPC asymptotically approaches the rate \(\tilde{R}_{i_{\max}}\) and the \((MN,MK,MP_{i})\) punctured QSPC asymptotically approaches arbitrary rate \(\tilde{R}_{i}\leq\tilde{R}_{i_{\max}}\)._  
Proof of Lemma 1.: Let \(K\) be the integer part of \(N/(\tilde{R}_{i}+1)\), then we have  
\[N=K(\tilde{R}_{i}+1)+\epsilon,\quad 0\leq\epsilon<\tilde{R}_{i}+1 \tag{17}\]  
Figure 5: Joint decoder.  
and  
\[\tilde{R}_{\text{peak}}=\frac{N-K}{K}=\frac{K(\tilde{R}_{i}+1)+ \epsilon-K}{K}=\tilde{R}_{i}+\frac{\epsilon}{K}. \tag{18}\]  
\[\text{Since}\lim_{K(N)\rightarrow\infty}\tilde{R}_{\text{peak}}= \tilde{R}_{i}+\lim_{K(N)\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\epsilon}{K}=\tilde{R}_{i},\] the gap between \(\tilde{R}_{\text{peak}}\) and \(\tilde{R}_{i}\) can be arbitrarily small when \(N\) is sufficiently large. Besides, the minimum step of adjustable rate by puncturing \(\Delta=\frac{1}{K}\) is getting smaller with increasing \(N\). This indicates that the punctured QSPC can also arbitrarily approach a rate less than \(\tilde{R}_{\text{peak}}\) when \(N\) is large enough.
## 1 Introduction  
High strength aluminium alloys of the 7 XX series (Al-Zn-Mg system) are widely used in aerospace, aircraft and automotive industries as structural materials [1; 2; 3]. The maximum strength of these alloys is achieved after quenching and ageing with a Zn/Mg concentration content of more than 1.0, but the corrosion resistance of this group of alloys is low [4; 5]. A Zn/Mg ratio of ~1.0 or less [6] and a (Zn+Cu)/Mg ratio below 1.5 [7] provides a better combination of mechanical, corrosion and technological properties. Moreover, it is well known that minor additions of transition metals, such as Sc and Zr, to Al-Zn-Mg system-based alloys can improve mechanical and corrosion resistance properties [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Coherent Al\({}_{3}\)(Sc,Zr) dispersoids formed during ageing from an aluminium solid solution (after rapid solidification) with an L1\({}_{2}\)-structure refine the microstructure and increase the recrystallisation temperature; therefore, the microstructure remains nonrecrystallised and mechanical properties remain strong up to elevated temperatures [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Due to the above, study of the hot deformation behaviour of aluminium alloys containing Al\({}_{3}\)(Sc,Zr) dispersoids is an urgent task.  
Optimal technological parameters of hot deformation are important for the successful manufacture of the materials and the formation of a fine microstructure containing a minimum number of defects. Flow stress modelling and processing maps for different materials are widely used for selecting optimal parameters [18; 19; 20; 21]. This approach was demonstrated for aluminium alloys over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: 7075 [22], 6063 [23], 2014 [24], 5182 [25], 7085 [26], 5052 [27], and others. The models' parameters are strictly dependent on the chemical composition of the different types of materials, such as steel [21; 28], titanium [29] and aluminium alloys [30], which is why it is necessary to determine the parameters for each composition.  
In this work, the influence of Sc content of an Al4.5 Zn4.5 Mg1 Cu0.12 Zr alloy on hot deformation behaviour in the range of 300-450 \({}^{\circ}\)C deformation temperatures and strain rates of 0.1-15 s\({}^{-1}\) was studied and the optimal parameters of deformation were determined using 3D processing maps and microstructure analysis.
# A Power Based Analysis for a Transonic Transport Aircraft Configuration through 3D RANS Simulations
## 1 Introduction
Based on the aforementioned framework, this research makes efforts to examine the power conversion process in the flow field over a transonic transport aircraft through 3D compressible RANS simulations as an extension of the previous work of studying power conversion in 2D incompressible flow fields [23]. The well-known DLR-F6 model was selected as the baseline configuration to study the power conversion process in the flow field over a typical aircraft airframe [24; 25; 26; 27]. The BLI configuration was established by combining the F6 model with a tail-mounted wake-filling actuator disc model. This wake-filling actuator disc model mimics an ideal BLI propulsor to re-energize the ingested boundary layer flow into the state of free stream so that the mechanical energy of the downstream wake and jet is kept to a minimum. To evaluate how well mechanical conservation is satisfied in simulations, this study introduced a power imbalance error study. Possible impact factors influencing the power imbalance error were examined. The power conversion process of the baseline wing body configuration and BLI configuration were analyzed and are discussed. This study is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the method of power-based analysis used in the 3D simulations and the segregated computational domain of aircraft. Figure 1: Boundary layer ingestion benefits of reducing the mechanical energy of the downstream wake and jet (adapted from reference [3]). Section 3 presents the simulation results, and the power imbalance error of 3D RANS simulations is analyzed. The power conversion process of the aircraft is presented and discussed. Conclusions are provided in Section 4.
## Materials and Methods
### Numerical Modelling
#### 2.3.2 Setup of the Model  
Figure 3a shows the setup of the model and the boundary conditions. Symmetry of the burst test set up along the \(z\)-axis (along pipe length) was used to model half of the pipe and reduce computational cost. The model comprised of a deformable solid strip of length 250 mm, width 20 mm, and thickness 8.5 mm, a deformable shell of OD 762 mm and length 1250 mm, with part of it cut out and replaced with the solid strip in which the crack was embedded. Shell geometry was defined by the top surface such that the pipe was assembled by joining the top edge of the shell to the top edge of the solid strip. Previous studies [19] show that shell elements work best when the section is offset at mid surface. The predictions are closer to predictions made using a fully solid model. But the analysis time is significantly longer than the time taken when shell geometry was offset at the top surface. Predictions with shell section offset at the top surface were within 10% of the solid model predictions and yet the analysis time was at least 4 times faster. Shell-solid coupling constraint was used for the transition between solid and shell elements in the pipe body. The crack was modelled as a rectangular planar shell embedded in the solid strip, while the indenter was modelled as a discrete rigid solid block placed at the 12 O'clock position of the pipe and over the crack. Surface-to-surface standard contact was prescribed between the pipe and the indenter. Z-symmetry boundary condition was applied along the circumferential edge of the pipe for symmetry along the \(z\)-axis. Vertical support was provided at the bottom of the pipe by restraining degree of freedom U2 against vertical displacement at locations on the pipe surface that were placed on steel blocks during the burst test. Kinematic constraint was used at the ends of the pipe with the geometric centers as reference points, fixed against displacement and rotation but allowing the pipe to freely expand.  
Figure 2: Stress-strain curve of the pipe material.
# Strength Characteristics and Slope Stability Analysis of Expansive Soil with Filled Fissures
## 3 Experimental Study on Strength Characteristics of Expansive Soil with Filled Fissures
### Test Method  
In this test, the mechanical properties of expansive soil with filled fissures of different inclination angles under a certain thickness were studied. Samples were manually prepared with filled fissures with inclination angles of 15\({}^{\circ}\), 30\({}^{\circ}\), and 45\({}^{\circ}\), and with a thickness of 7 mm, and the sample without filled fissures was prepared with the same medium expansive soil for comparison.  
After sampling on site, the soil was dried, ground, and passed through a 0.05 mm sieve, prepared according to the measured moisture content, placed in a closed container and left to stand for 24 h to ensure that the soil moisture was evenly distributed. The filling soil had a moisture content of 32% and a wet density of 1.93 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and the soil matrix had a moisture content of 28% and a wet density of 1.92 g/cm\({}^{3}\).  
Four samples were taken from each group and tested at confining pressures of 100, 150, 200, and 250 kPa. The samples were saturated during the test, and the shear rate was 0.015 mm/min. The consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test was conducted to study the effect of filled fissures with different inclination angles on the strength characteristics of the expansive soil.
# Generic Language for Partial Model Extraction from an IFC Model Based on Selection Set
## 2 Related Work
### Summary on Related Research Works  
The partial model extraction methods in the first subsection are mainly used in domain-specific tasks. The second subsection presents two types of generic partial model extraction methods related to user-defined requirements. One method is to extract partial models through definitions at the schema level. Even though it is general enough to meet various requirements of business tasks, users are required to be familiar with definitions within these methods. The other provides the selection function to extract partial models at the instance level. Nevertheless, the current tools mainly extract some common physical elements, but not fully support the extraction under some restrictions.  
To support the extraction with user-defined requirements, the Selection Set was proposed to integrate user-defined requirements, and the XML format was used to design a generic language to automatically extract partial models. By using the proposed method, the required objects and their attributes can be extracted from the original model according to the user-defined requirements, and other objects that are not required can be filtered out. The key characteristics of the proposed method compared to related studies are summarized as follows:  
1. The mathematical logic and set theory were used to define Selection Set and extraction rules for partial model extraction. The mappings between IFC data and user-defined requirements were developed by using the mathematical method, ensuring the stability of the proposed algorithm. When the version of IFC schema is updated, only some definitions in the Selection Set or extraction rules need to be updated or revised, rather than the entire extraction algorithm. The structure of the proposed language is stable and independent of IFC versions.
2. A generic language for partial model extraction was designed based on Selection Set (PMESS). In order to extract different model data, data extraction requirements were analyzed and classified according to IFC schema. Subsequently, the technical structure of the partial model extraction language was developed by using the software-independent XML schema. The purpose of Selection Set is to standardize and integrate the users' extraction requirements, and its elements can be used to map into different user-defined requirements. By using the proposed language, the partial model can be extracted according to the user-defined extraction requirements, including objects, properties, and relations.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Shear Strain and Liquefaction Potential  
The shear strain variation map for the three cities (right column in Figure 6) gives valuable information about the dynamic properties of the soils and the possible behavior during earthquakes. In El-Abadia and Ain-Defla cities, the shear strain values reflect an elasto-plastic soil behavior, where cracks and settlements may occur during strong ground shaking. However, in the central part of Ain-Defla city, the lower strain values indicate that the soil column tends towards a more elastic appearance, which is probably due to the thickening of the ancient Quaternary deposits in this zone, with the presence of very dense clays and gravels [13]. In both cities, the results show that the soils do not show any predisposition to liquefaction and landslide phenomena during earthquakes.  
On the other hand, in the El-Attaf city, strain rate shows different dynamic properties of the soil, an elasto-plastic behavior in the east, and a collapse behavior in the west, more precisely in the \"Cite Bouzar\" neighborhood, with a soil subject to liquefaction. Piezometric measurements in \"Cite Bouzar\" have shown that the water table is around 7 m deep [15]. The presence of sandbanks and water table at very shallow depths increase the risk of liquefaction in the area, which was the case during the 1980 El-Asnam earthquake. Indeed, liquefaction phenomena were reported west of El-Attaf, where large sand boil formations (>6 m) were observed [9].