## 3 Results
### Circularity Assessment Frameworks
#### 3.2.2 Design-Support Tools for Whole Buildings  
The models presented under this category provide tools to assess whole building performance in terms of circular economy aspects. 1. The CE Meter, 2015 [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54] proposed a conceptual framework of circularity assessment in buildings; the tool is built upon a previous tool developed by the first author Flex 2.0 to measure the adaptive capacity of buildings. In the framework of the CE Meter, the authors identify the relationship between the level of circularity and the adaptive capacity of buildings. For this, the authors propose to use the shearing layers concept by [PERSON] [34] and [PERSON] [35] to identify resources and components that are most valuable for conservation. However, the conceptual framework does not present a well-defined tool that can be used to measure circularity aspects of buildings. 2. Building Circularity Indicator (BCI) frameworks, (2016, 2018, 2019, 2020).] [PERSON] [55] proposed the Building Circularity Indicators (BCI), an improved approach of the MCI by EMF and Granta Design to measure a whole building's circularity. However, in addition to materials specifications, the model considers design aspects (Design for Disassembly). The BCI is based on the MCI measures for each building product with consideration of design factors (disassembly determining factors) to calculate circularity indicators based on a hierarchal composition of a building: first, the Product Circularity Indicator (PCI) is calculated to be used in the System Circularity Indicator (SCI), which in turn is used to calculate the BCI for the whole building. By this meaning, each material has an impact on the whole building's environmental assessment since a 100% circular building is one that is fully made of non-virgin materials that should also have a second life. A second version of the first BCI was introduced by [PERSON] [56], who proposed improvements on the disassembly factors resulting in a more comprehensive weighting system. A third and a fourth version of the BCI were discussed by Alba Concepts [57]. Alba Concepts developed a new BCI based on three levels, a Product Circularity Index (PCI), an Element Circularity Index (ECI), and a Building Circularity Index (BCI), all relying on material use and material detachability considerations. Lastly, [PERSON] [58] proposed an improvement to the Alba Concept indicator in what concerns building foundations. 3. Circular Building Assessment Prototype (CBA)  
CBA is a building-level integrated decision-making model to evaluate resource productivity considering the material choice and design options [59]. The model aims at assessing the reuse potential and transformation capacity throughout the different lifecycle stages for both new and existing buildings. The model uses a BIM-compliant prototype online tool that uses an information exchange file generated from a BIM model allowing for data extraction for the assessment. The CBA method was also connected to the Reversible Building Design strategies--also developed within BAMB--to assess the applicability of major CE building-related techniques. However, CBA remained a prototype yet not an open-access tool to support the CE practitioners. 4. Disassembly and Deconstruction Analytics System (D-DAS), 2019 The disassembly and deconstruction analytics system [60] is a decision-support tool developed to provide buildings' end-of-life performance assessment from the design stage. An efficient end-of-life sustainability performance of buildings relies on efficient material selection during design to later facilitate effective material use and reduce the end-of-life waste in the built environment. The innovation of this tool is the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for assessing the impacts of end-of-life options through the development of a plug-in to Autodesk Revit. The plug-in has three functionalities; (i) Building Whole Life Performance Analytics (ii) Building Element Deconstruction Analytics; and (iii) Design for Deconstruction Advisor.