## 2 Materials and Methods
### Kinematics Definition  
The kinematics foundation for the CBA and HBB tests is based on the study by [PERSON] et al. [17]. This study provides the foundation of joint angles required to achieve the final resting posture for the CBA and HBB test. Because of this particular reason of predefined joint angles and the static nature of the simulation, motion capture validation of the joint angles was not performed. Instead, it builds upon previously validated models and establishes a foundation for future experimental validation. However, kinematics on prior study were defined for models created in MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation (MSC) automated dynamic analysis of mechanical systems (ADAMS) (MSC Software Corporation, Newport Beach, CA, USA). The provided joint angles did not align with the more anatomically realistic models available in OpenSim and AnyBody Modeling SystemTM. More specifically, the sternoclavicular joint was fixed, limiting the relative motion between the humerus and bones of the shoulder complex. The wrist and elbow were modeled as spherical joints, while anatomically, they are synovial ellipsoid joints [17]. This work started with similar joint angles as per the MSC ADAMS model by [PERSON] et al. [17] and then gradually adjusted the kinematics by trial and error in OpenSim and AnyBody Modeling SystemTM models, respectively, to obtain the identical final resting posture for the CBA and HBB tests as obtained by [PERSON] et al. [17]. [PERSON] et al. [17] mentioned an eighteen-degree elbow superior rotation at the elbow joint for the CBA test. However, this was found to be anatomically incorrect for both platforms, as the elbow primarily allows flexion and extension, not superior. We adjusted the elbow kinematics to reflect better realistic motion, which is essential for preventing unnatural upper-arm movements and ensuring proper elbow mechanics. Similarly, the model by [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed a fifteen-degree radial deviation of the wrist for the final posture of the CBA test. However, during our simulation, we found this wrist deviation unnecessary. The desired resting posture could be achieved through adjustments to the shoulder and elbow joints, resulting in a more anatomically accurate model without relying on wrist deviation.  
For the HBB test, [PERSON] et al. [17] described a ninety-degree wrist and a forty-degree elbow pronation, which seemed inconsistent with typical joint function since pronation occurs at the forearm (between the radius and ulna). We corrected this error through successive adjustments by applying elbow pronation, which arises at the forearm, resulting in a more realistic simulation of the HBB posture. After these adjustments, the GH joint angle was adjusted to obtain the identical resting postures for the CBA and HBB tests using the OpenSim and AnyBody Modeling SystemTM Adjusting all these joint angles, more anatomically correct joint angles required to achieve the final resting posture for the CBA and HBB tests were obtained in successive iterations. It was found that the CBA and HBBwere completed in five steps, as discussed below, using the available degrees of freedom in respective models from OpenSim and AnyBody Modeling SystemTM.