## 3 Results
### Mainine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Urea, and Creatinine Level  
ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels were measured after 5 weeks (Table 4). The amount of ALT was increased in the EPE2 and EPE5 groups. The HFD group had a low level of ALT together with the EPE1 group. The amount of ALT of the control group was lies in between the EPE1 and EPE5 groups. AST was higher in both the HFD and EPE2 groups followed by the EPE1 group. The level was almost similar in the EPE5 and control groups. It was observed that the urea level and creatinine levels were higher in the HFD group. The levels of urea in EPE groups decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The control and EPE5 groups have a smaller amount of urea. Akin to urea, creatinine levels were also decreased in the EPE groups, especially in the EPE5 group and the control group. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**(mg/dl)** & **Control** & **HFD** & **EPE1** & **EPE2** & **EPE5** \\ \hline ALT & 31.43 \(\pm\) 2.14 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 27.59 \(\pm\) 3.96 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 27.94 \(\pm\) 2.14 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 35.97 \(\pm\) 3.77 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 34.22 \(\pm\) 7.08 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ AST & 33.52 \(\pm\) 0.86 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 41.03 \(\pm\) 2.42 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 37.71 \(\pm\) 2.11 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 44.23 \(\pm\) 2.25 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 33.87 \(\pm\) 8.80 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ Urea & 14.89 \(\pm\) 3.78 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 38.37 \(\pm\) 16.60 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 26.06 \(\pm\) 19.61 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 18.64 \(\pm\) 6.25 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 12.43 \(\pm\) 5.39 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ Creatinine & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Data are shown as the mean \(\pm\) S.E.M. (\(n=5\)). The values with different superscript letters (a,b) are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)), as determined by one-way ANOVA, and were analyzed by [PERSON]’s multiple range test.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effects of _Echinacea purpurea_ ethanol extract in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, and creatinine in HFD-induced obese rats after 5 weeks. Figure 6: Effects of _Echinacea purpurea_ ethanol extract on (**a**) nitric oxide production and (**b**) and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in sperm of HFD-induced obese rats after 5 weeks. Data are shown as the mean \(\pm\) S.E.M. (\(n=5\)). The values with different superscript letters (**a,b**) are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)), as determined via one-way ANOVA, and were analyzed by [PERSON]’s multiple range test. Liver Protein Expression of Phospho-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha 1/2 (p-AMPKa1/2), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR-\(\alpha\)), and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-\(\gamma\))  
The protein expressions of p-AMPKa1/2, PPAR-\(\alpha\), and PPAR-\(\gamma\) in the liver are given in Figure 7. It was found that relative p-AMPKa1/2 protein expression was increased in EPE groups in a concentration-dependent manner (Figure 7a). The expression was significantly lower in the HFD group. Higher expression of p-AMPKa1/2 was seen in both the control and EPE5 groups. Relative PPAR-\(\alpha\) expression is elucidated in Figure 7b. The expression of PPAR-\(\alpha\) was higher in both the control and EPE groups when compared to the HFD group. EPE5 showed higher PPAR-\(\alpha\) protein expression than EPE1 and EPE2. As shown in Figure 7c, the PPAR-\(\gamma\) expression was higher in the HFD group and lower in the control group when compared to others. PPAR-\(\gamma\) expression slightly decreased from the EPE1 group to the EPE5 group. The expression was not statistically different between the EPE2 and EPE5 groups.