esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Program
### Description of the Test Specim
#### 3.1.3 Details of Shear Energy Dissipation Plates  
The PRW-TSD system is proposed and conceived for shear wall-frame structures, for which the lateral drift limit for the elastic state is stipulated as 0.125% according to the Chinese code for seismic design, i.e., GB50011 [33]. Therefore, the SEDPs for the test specimen were designed theoretically to yield when the rocking wall specimen reached the drift level of 0.125%. To simplify the design process, some assumptions were made, which are presented as follows: (1) The precast wall panels maintained elasticity during the loading progression; (2) After the SEDPs yielded, the two wall panels rotated around the corresponding toes of each panel; (3) The MBSFs were excluded from the load-bearing components. Based on the calculation method for coupled wall systems [35; 36] and the abovementioned assumptions, the total shear bearing demand for the SEDPs was obtained as 436.53 kN at the design-level drift of 0.125%. The shear yield strength of a steel panel was evaluated based on the following equation [37]:  
\[V_{p}=\frac{f_{y}}{\sqrt{3}}tb, \tag{1}\]  
where \(f_{y}\) is the yield strength of the obtained steel and \(t\) and \(b\) are the thickness and width of the critical shear-bearing region of the steel plate, respectively. In this paper, SEDPs were made from an 8 mm thick Q235 steel plate. The configuration of the SEDP is shown in Figure 4a. The critical shear-bearing region was expected to transmit the internal force of the dual rocking wall system and dissipate energy. Circular holes were preslotted at both sides of the connection regions and fixed to the wall panels using thru bolts, as shown in Figure 4b.
# Photovoltaics on Landmark Buildings with Distinctive Geometries
## 3 Presentation of the Samples
### La Seine Musicale  
Another building in Paris, signed by another Pritzker winner (2014), the Japanese architect [PERSON], in collaboration with local architect [PERSON], is the concert hall named \"La Seine musicale\" (Figure 10) built from 2015 to 2016, after an international competition in 2013.  
The building has an ellipsoidal shape on the Ile Seguin (Sequin Island) and comprises of a 6000-seat music hall and a smaller auditorium of 1150 people [44]. One of the main characteristics of the building is its egg shaped corpus and a moving PV wall, which is mounted on rails that follow the path of the sun, every 15 min, from east to west, in order to harvest as much sunlight as possible throughout the day, shading the building and creating a changing display of shadows. According to the PV installer, 454 PV modules with a total area of 1000 m\({}^{2}\) and an installed capacity of 115 kWp were used. It is expected to yield more than 125 MWh of electricity annually [43]. Dynamizing the sail-like PV wall, the architects expose the idea of exploiting the solar energy by emphasizing the buildings' sustainability.  
Figure 9: Paris Courthouse east facade (photography with permission of author [PERSON]) **(on the top)**; Integration and characteristic of PV systems **(on the bottom)**.  
The PV curved wall is a strong architectural accent and represents a specific case of BIPV, where the modules are integrated parts of the giant buildings' sunshade.
# DIFFBAS: An Advanced Binaural Audio Synthesis Model Focusing on Binaural Differences Recovery
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Experiment Results  
#### 3.2.1 Loss Evaluation  
In order to verify the effectiveness of our added IPD loss in modeling binaural differences, we train WarpNet with \(\mathcal{L}_{2}+\mathcal{L}_{\text{{pls}}}\) losses and with the losses proposed in Equation (14). The results are shown in Figure 5, which illustrates the development of phase error and interaural phase difference (IPD) error as L2 decreases during training. The model trained with \(\mathcal{L}_{2}+\mathcal{L}_{\text{{pls}}}\) (see Figure 5a) shows this phase is actively optimized during training, but IPD is optimized slowly at first. In Figure 5b, it can be seen that adding in \(\mathcal{L}_{IPD}\) loss, the model of IPD error decreases more smoothly and reaches lower value under consistent changes of \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{{pls}}}\) and \(\mathcal{L}_{2}\) losses. This indicates that the supervision of \(\mathcal{L}_{IPD}\) does not conflict with other losses, and can effectively supplement the supervision of the binaural phase difference. Various audio losses have been proposed over time, ranging from optimizing the power spectrum only and copying the input's phase [25,26] over a multiscale STFT loss for high frequency and high time resolution [27] to optimization of the scale-invariant signal to distortion ratio (Si-SDR) [28, 29, 30]. In order to better illustrate the superiority of IPD loss in BAS tasks, we make a full comparison with different loss functions in Table 3. As can be seen from the results, all the loss functions mentioned above fail to predict an accurate phase. Although people later use \(\mathcal{L}_{2}+\mathcal{L}_{\text{{pls}}}\) losses to greatly reduce the phase error [15, 16, 17], these two losses are only used to supervise the training of propagation models for each ear. They cannot guarantee the correct relative differences between signals in two ears. Overall, our additionally introduced IPD loss preserves accurate phase estimation and far outperforms other methods in terms of error in interaural phase difference.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DIFFBAS + WarpNet**} & **DIFFBAS + NFS** \\ \hline loss function & \(\lambda_{1}\) & 1 & 1 \\ hyperparameters & \(\lambda_{2}\) & 0.01 & 0.001 \\ \hline  & activation & Tanh & Relu \\  & type & Adam & Adam \\ Optimizer & learning\_rate & \(1.0\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.0\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & learning\_rate\_decay & 0.5 & 0.1 \\  & weight\_decay & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Configuration of two binaural audio synthesis models.
# Exploring an Integrated Manure-Sewater System for Sustainable Cyanobacterial Biomass Production
###### Abstract  
Cyanobacterial biomass is important for biofuel and biofertilizer, however, biomass production requires expensive chemical growth nutrients. To address this issue, we explored the use of inexpensive growth nutrient media from an integrated manure-seawater system for cyanobacterial biomass production. Salt-tolerant cyanobacterial strain HSaC and salt-sensitive cyanobacterial strain LC were tested to evaluate the potential of integrated manure-seawater media for sustainable cyanobacterial biomass production. As a prerequisite for seawater experiments, strain HSaC was grown at different NaCl concentrations (0 mM, 60 mM, 120 mM, 180 mM, 240 mM and 300 mM) to identify the optimum salt concentration. The highest biomass yield and photosynthetic pigment contents were obtained at 120 mM NaCl concentration. The highest exo-polysaccharide (EPS) content was obtained at 180 mM NaCl concentration. The treatments for the manure-seawater media were cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure and BG11, each with distilled water, diluted seawater and non-diluted seawater. The highest biomass and photosynthetic pigment yield for cyanobacterial strains LC and HSaC were obtained from 0.5 dS/m and 10 dS/m diluted seawater integrated with cow manure, respectively, but pig and chicken manure performed poorly. Overall, the biomass production and photosynthetic pigment results from cow manure-seawater were relatively better than those from the reference media (BG11). Based on the current findings, it is concluded that the growth nutrients from integrated cow manure-seawater can wholly substitute for the BG11 without affecting cyanobacterial growth, thereby reducing the usage of expensive chemical growth media. Thus, the results of study help to enhance the biomass production of both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cyanobacteria for sustainable biofuel and biofertilizer production.  
cyanobacteria; biomass; seawater; manure; BG11
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limitations of the Study  
This study demonstrated that a vertical ultrasonic muffler is an effective method for reducing exhaust smoke from diesel engines. The developed regression model enabled the identification of the optimal ultrasonic emitter operating parameters. According to this model, at an engine speed of 1800 rpm, the best results were achieved with a power of 319.35 W and a distance of 1.361 m between the emitters. It was established that increasing the power of the ultrasonic emitters and optimizing their spatial arrangement significantly reduced the concentration of PM in the exhaust gases.  
However, the study has several limitations. First, the experiments were conducted within a limited engine speed range (1000-2000 rpm), which necessitates further testing to evaluate the method's effectiveness at higher gas flow velocities. Second, the model considers linear relationships between parameters, but nonlinear effects, such as turbulence and the disintegration of particle clusters due to high gas speeds, require further investigation. Additionally, the experimental studies used fixed frequency and emitter power, while dynamic adjustment based on real-time engine operating conditions could enhance the efficiency of the cleaning process.  
In the future, it is planned to expand the range of studies, including various types of diesel engines, and to adapt the model to real operating conditions. Additionally, the development of an automatic control system for ultrasonic emitters is expected, enabling the real-time adjustment of the power and positioning based on the current engine operating mode.
## 3 Simulated and Measured Results  
As shown in Figure 5, the proposed BPF is designed on two RO4350B substrate with relative permittivity of 3.66 and thickness of 0.508 mm. A 0.1 mm RO4450B prepreg is used as paste layer and so the total height of the PCB is 1.116 mm (0.508 + 0.1 + 0.508). The final parameters are: \(W_{1}=0.3\), \(W_{2}=0.5\), \(W_{3}=0.6\), \(W_{4}=0.8\), \(W_{5}=0.4\), \(L_{1}=18.2\), \(L_{2}=13.8\), \(L_{3}=5.7\), \(L_{4}=12.7\), \(L_{5}=3\), \(L_{6}=1\), \(D=2\), \(S_{1}=S_{2}=0.2\), \(R=0.15\), \(W_{50}=1.1\) (unit: mm). To validate the design, a prototype is fabricated and measured using Keysigth ENA network analyser E5671C. The photograph of the proposed bandpass filter is shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 6 illustrates the simulated and measured responses. The measured 3 dB bandwidth is from 2.39 GHz to 2.59 GHz (8.1%) centered at 2.49 GHz with return loss better than \(-12\) dB within the passband. Due to mechanical fabrication error and permittivity difference between simulation and production, the center frequency is a little higher for the measurement results. Also the insertion loss is 3.1 dB, larger than simulated one due to 0.6 dB SMA connector loss. The positions of 5 TZs are in agreement with the simulated ones with a little shift. The depicted discrepancies could be from the fabrication tolerance in the etching process. Due to these 5 TZs, the lower sideband selectivity of the proposed BPF is calculated by 3 dB and 20 dB amplitude response with respect to its frequency point:  
\[Selectivity_{lower\;sideband}=|\frac{3-20}{f_{3}-f_{20}}|=\frac{17}{2.39-2.3}=188.8\;\mathrm{dB/GHz} \tag{10}\]  
and the upper sideband selectivity:  
\[Selectivity_{upper\;sideband}=|\frac{3-20}{f_{3}-f_{20}}|=\frac{17}{2.65-2.59}=2 88.3\;\mathrm{dB/GHz} \tag{11}\]  
so that the shape factor is \(\mathrm{BW}_{20}/\mathrm{BW}_{3}=1.75\) (BW represents bandwidth). And \(-15\) dB suppression is from 2.64 to 8.84 GHz. The overall size is \(0.2\lambda_{g}\times 0.22\lambda_{g}\) (\(\lambda_{g}\) is the wavelength at center frequency). Table 1 tabulates the performance comparisons with some previous works. Here CF represents the center frequency of the filter, and FBW is the fractional bandwidth which is calculated by passband (3 dB bandwidth) divide center frequency \(\mathrm{BW}_{3 dB}/f_{0}\), and N is the number of TZs, and metal layers are  
Figure 4: HFSS Simulated results of lower path (red line) and upper path (blue line). (**a**) Amplitude of S21 (dB). (**b**) Phase of S21 (deg)  
Figure 5: laminate layer definition of the fabricated PCB.  
the number of metal used to form the filter. TZ@sideband is the frequency of sideband transmission zeros divide center frequency \(\mathsf{f}_{sideband\;TZ}/f_{0}\).
# Channel Modeling and Analysis for the Sensor Network Inside Tower Buildings
###### Abstract  
Symmetry-based channel digital twin is a great technology which can reproduce the communication channel of real scenes for performance evaluation of the wireless sensor network (WSN) inside tower buildings, based on the ray tracing (RT) method and machine learning (ML) theories, a cluster-based channel model is proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, an improved k-means method, which considers the weight of different dimensions in the multipath component distance (MCD) is presented for clustering, which has better clustering performance over the sparsity-based algorithm and traditional k-means algorithm. Moreover, the channel parameters such as cluster delay and cluster power are also investigated. On this basis, the communication performance of WSN, i.e., bit error rate (BER) and channel capacity are derived and analyzed. The simulation and analysis results show that the cluster model based on the RT method can get approximately equivalent channel impulse response (CIR), and the BER of proposed model is consistent with the simulated one. These results can provide reference for the node layout and optimization of WSN inside tower buildings.  
bit error rate (BER); capacity; channel model; clustering algorithm; ray tracing (RT); tower buildings +
Footnote †: journal: Computer Science and Technology  
11 October 2021  
1 The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.X.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.F)
# The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Wound Repair and Regeneration
## 7 Cell-Based Therapies in Wound Healing  
The clinical application of living cells in regenerative medicine should always be undertaken under good manufacturing practices (GMP) standards. This means that any skin substitute development involving living cells implies a quality control programme previously defined and validated [2; 44].  
The role of stem cells in wound healing is not fully understood until this day. However, it is known that they are responsible for the removal of necrotic and dead cells, wound vascularization, diminishing scar formation, wound contraction and inducing re-epithelial. All these factors mean that stem cells favour wound healing and help reduce local inflammation. In addition, MSCs probably use signaling as the most important mechanism to induce regeneration [3; 16; 17; 28].  
Under stimulation of various inflammatory cytokines, the transplanted MSCs release plenty of growth factors that coordinate various activities. Endothelial cells, fibroblasts and stem cells are triggered to promote tissue repair by stimulating proliferation, migration and differentiation of the most important cell types (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), increasing angiogenesis and restraining leukocyte transmission [45]. Moreover, MSCs have the capability to release immunosuppressive factors that suppress immune cells proliferation, and this anti-inflammatory effect helps to reduce the scar and optimize tissue repair [28; 46]. The skin regeneration varies upon the wound's microenvironment, which depends itself from systemic factors (like systemic diseases or inflammation) [7].  
Stem cell secretome, such as conditioned media or purified exosomes, is another viable therapeutic option. It helps to solve some problems related to living cells such as infection transmission, tumorigenicity and immune compatibility. In addition, MSCs-derived exosomes-extracellular nano-vesicles that transfer active cargoes between cells-are another promising therapy that can promote cell migration, proliferation, angiogenesis and re-epithelialization [23; 35].
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Error Detection and Correction  
We proposed a block coding mechanism for error control that detects the single bit error in each block of transmitted data. Our aim was to maximize error recovery by dividing the frame into blocks of specific length and adding redundancies, as shown in Figure 3. The _generating function_ in the encoder generates the codewords by adding parity bits to each macroblock of the video frame. The incoming bitstream is then compared to the list of valid codewords, which is already being sent to the decoder for detecting errors. The _checking function_ in the decoder performs this comparison. If the received codewords match the valid codewords, it means the data are error-free. Otherwise, an error has occurred that altered the bits during the transmission. Error detection simply indicates the presence of errors without revealing their quantity or location. Error correction is a bit complex, as it requires knowledge of both magnitude and location of errors. To correct any error, it is essential to know whether the data are transmitted error-free or are corrupted during transmission. Therefore, error detection precedes error correction, serving as a crucial step in ensuring data integrity.
### The Antenna's Frequency  
The antenna's broad frequency coverage, spanning 2.5-4.4 GHz and 5.7-7 GHz, holds significant practical implications for diverse communication systems. It finds application in 4G LTE and Wi-Fi (2.5-4.4 GHz) for improved data rates, and in 5G networks (5.7-7 GHz) for robust connectivity. Its versatility extends to IoT and various devices, offering a compact, high-performance solution for the evolving landscape of wireless technology.
# Computationally Efficient Robust Color Image Watermarking Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Simulation Results
### Effect of Number of Watermark Bits on Robustness  
As the number of embedded watermark bits increases the robustness of the algorithm against attacks also increases as shown in Figure 7. On the other hand, there occurs degradations in the perceptual quality of the watermarked image. Different watermarks used for simulations are shown in Figure 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Attacks (Level)** & **Length—512** & **Length—256** & **Length—128** \\ \hline Original & & \\ Scaling (6) & & \\ Gaussian noise (\(\mu=0\), \(\sigma^{2}=0.05\)) & & \\ Gaussian noise (\(\mu=0\), \(\sigma^{2}=0.05\)) & & \\ Gaussian noise (\(\mu=0\), \(\sigma^{2}=0.05\)) & & \\ Gaussian noise (\(\mu=0.01\), \(\sigma^{2}=0.005\)) & & \\ Salt and Pepper noise (Density = 0.001) & & \\ Salt and Pepper noise (Density = 0.1) & & \\ Sharpen (5 \(\times\) 5) & & \\ Blur (3 \(\times\) 3) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Extracted watermark after different attacks in the case of different spread code length.  
Figure 6: Compression Quality Vs BER in the case of different spreading code length.
## 2 Overview of the Road-Rail Vehicle  
The overall compact design of the novel road-rail vehicle can be seen in Figure 1a. As shown in Figure 1a, this proposed vehicle consists of one tracked chassis, one bogie and a transfer module set. Figure 1b,c illustrate that the bogie and the tracked chassis are applied as the chassis for rail driving and road driving, respectively. The transfer module is responsible for the switching between two operation modes, which comprises one composite oil cylinder, one rotatable claw and four lift cylinders. The composite oil cylinder connected with claw is mounted on the bogie, which can hold up and rotate the whole vehicle. The lower ends of the lift cylinders are mounted on the tracked chassis, and the upper ends are connected to the bogie so that the lifting cylinders can change the distance between the bogie and the tracked chassis.  
For the rail operation mode, the wheelsets on the bogie ride on the rails and high-pressure oil will be pumped into the lower chambers of the four lift cylinders to lift the tracked chassis (with load wheels and pedrails) to leave the ground.  
For the road operation mode, the left and right sprockets are driven by two motors, respectively. High-pressure oil will be pumped into the upper chambers of the four lift cylinders to raise the bogie and ensure the tracked chassis has sufficient ground clearance.  
The switching from road operation mode to rail operation mode will be explained in the following. Figure 1(a) illustrates the body attitude change during the climbing process. The vehicle approaches the rails perpendicularly in road operation mode and moves slowly to reduce the impact. When approaching the railway, the vehicle adjusts its orientation to ensure that both pedrails can touch the rail almost simultaneously. The vehicle continues to move forward after both pedrails contact with the second rail and finally stops when it arrives at the middle of two rails.  
Figure 1(b),c show the process of operation mode switching. (1) The composite cylinder will lower the claw first. After the claw tightens to the rails, the composite cylinder will raise the whole vehicle. (2) Then four lift cylinders will lift the tracked chassis. The load wheels can be further lifted by the suspension system. (3) After that, the composite cylinder will turn the vehicle by 90 degree to align the vehicle along the rail direction. (4) The claw will be retrieved, and the wheelsets will ride on the rails. The operation mode switching is then completed, as shown in Figure 1(d). Next, the vehicle will be driven by the bogie.  
Figure 1: Proposed road-rail vehicle (**a**) general view (**b**) rail operation mode (**c**) road operation mode.