## 3 Pest Management. EFSA Regulations in the European Context and National Management Plans
Fertilization and irrigation can affect pest avoidance by influencing a crop's vigour, quality, and stress level. Excessive or deficient fertilization and irrigation can make the crop more susceptible to pest attack by reducing its resistance or inducing physiological disorders. Optimal fertilization and irrigation can enhance the crop's health and productivity by providing adequate resources for growth and defence [70; 71; 72; 73]. The use of certified plant material is relevant to avoid subsequent problems related to sucking and biting insects or pathogens producing systemic infections, which may stay asymptomatic on the plant for several months or years after planting until symptoms occur, as is the case with _X. fastidiosa_[51]  
It is important to emphasise that the combination of many of them often has a greater effect on the IPM than individual ones. Likewise, IPM can benefit the landscape by enhancing its aesthetic, functional, and ecological values. It can also improve plant health and vigour, increase biodiversity and ecosystem resilience, reduce pollution and the contamination of soil and water resources, and save money and time by avoiding unnecessary or ineffective treatments. The European Directive on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides established the framework for action to achieve the sustainable use of plant protection products [60] and promoted the creation of National Plans to develop strategies in IPM practices, according to Chapter III of the Royal Decree 1311/2012 of 14 September in Spain; for example, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA) has developed 38 crop-specific guidelines [74], including a specific one for olive groves, called the Integrated Guide to Olive Grove Pests [75]. Furthermore, in 2018, the European Commission launched the Focus Group (FG) on Olive Tree Pests and Diseases as part of the activities of the European Innovation Partnership on Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability (EIP-AGRI). The question was how to increase the sustainability of olive cultivation, taking into account the risks posed by pests and diseases for which they produced a detailed report after a year of work. The FG considered that for the main pests and diseases, an IPM approach should be practiced in order to obtain a reliable level of plant protection, considering that IPM relies on knowledge, prevention, and observation. They developed a series of recommendations. Among them were innovation projects at the local level though operational groups: the development and adoption of new technologies of pest/pathogen monitoring techniques, the optimisation of cover crops, the quantification of the effect of agroecological principles/green infrastructure on pest and disease control, increasing the knowledge of farmers on the use of agroecological principles oriented to pests and disease control, or the use of experimental and demonstration farms and field networks to test biocontrol agents for disease control. Likewise, they recommended further research on topics such as the effects of climate change on olive pests and pathogens to assess or predict the potential effects of climatic change on the distribution and incidence of olive pests and pathogens, the development of new systems for pest and disease monitoring, and the use of new biotechnological phytosanitary tools (semiochemicals, attractants, deterrents, repellents, etc.) to control olive pests [51]. A recent review of how IPM has evolved over time addressed some of the shortcomings of this approach [76]. It highlights some issues such as the modest reductions or increases in the quantities of pesticides used; the hodgepodge of definitions and interpretations of IPM; the gap between IPM concepts, practices, and policies; the insufficient involvement of farmers in the development of IPM technologies and the frequent lack of basic understanding of the ecological concepts underlying IPM; or pest control that is too often based on the systematic and widespread use of synthetic pesticides.