esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Lightweight and Partitioned CNN Algorithm for Multi-Landslide Detection in Remote Sensing Images
## 3 Method
### Lightweight LP-YOLO Model
#### 3.2.2 VH Block for Feature Enhancement  
In PartitionNet, the down-sampling layer is achieved by depthwise convolution. Depthwise convolution is a type of group convolution where the convolutional kernel is responsible for capturing information only from specific channels in the input feature map. This result in no information interaction between groups and a loss of feature information to some extent, especially at the edges. To address this limitation, we propose a VH block (shown in Figure 3), which was inspired by cross-convolution [39]. As shown in Figure 4, the VH block explores long-range information for feature enhancement in the horizontal and vertical axes, compensating for the lack of information exchange between groups and consuming few computational resources. By integrating the VH module into every down-sampling layer of the backbone, we can improve landslide detection performance, as landslide recognition heavily relies on texture and edge features.
# Identification of Factors Influencing Fluoride Content in Tea Infusions: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
Furthermore, one of the included studies--[PERSON] et al. [50]--examined different methods of tea preparation: plain tea, tea with milk, and tea with milk and sugar, and found that the addition of milk slightly decreased the concentration of fluoride in the infusion. This reduction is likely due to the binding of fluoride ions with calcium and other minerals present in milk. Despite the strengths of this systematic review, several limitations must be acknowledged. The included studies displayed considerable methodological heterogeneity regarding tea types, brewing protocols, measurement techniques, and reporting standards. Differences in the use of fluoride ion-selective electrodes versus more sophisticated methods such as ion chromatography or ICP-MS [28,47,59] likely contributed to variability between reported fluoride concentrations. Furthermore, many studies lacked detailed information about the specific origin, cultivar, or processing methods of the tea samples, limiting the possibility of fully disentangling botanical from environmental influences. The absence of standardized brewing protocols (e.g., differences in leaf-to-water ratios, brewing vessels, agitation methods) further complicates comparisons. Future research should prioritize standardized methodologies, particularly in experimental design and fluoride quantification, to allow more robust comparisons and meta-analyses. In addition, more studies should explore the effects of additives (e.g., milk, spices) and consider the impact of habitual versus occasional tea consumption patterns in different populations. In medicine, serum fluoride levels are often used as an indicator of exposure to skeletal fluorosis. Further studies by using this marker could therefore confirm whether consuming a certain amount of fluoride from tea poses an actual risk of fluorosis or chronic poisoning. Understanding cumulative fluoride exposure from multiple sources remains critical for refining public health recommendations, particularly in regions where tea consumption is culturally significant.
# A Review of the Scheduling Problem within Canadian Healthcare Centres
## 7 Commercial Software  
With scheduling being such a universal problem, the door has been opened for commercial software to address this issue. There are dozens, if not hundreds of competing software on the market, and here are a few to be highlighted.  
The first we will look at is Amion [53]. Amion is a physician scheduling program that boasts being used by over 250,000 providers. They offer the ability to schedule staff automatically, create staffing constraints and patterns, schedule both residents and attendings, and more. This offers the opportunity to standardize and sync schedules across an entire department. Over a hundred unique places have used Amion to improve their scheduling.  
MeshAI [54] is another program in the field that serves thousands of healthcare workers. It can schedule all staff automatically and optimally. This promises the ability to make schedules seamlessly and painlessly. They claim to be able to reduce scheduling time by as much as 80%. MeshAI has worked with entities such as Kingston Community Health Centres, EPIC Primary Health, and Louisiana Women's Healthcare.  
A third contender is PetalMD [55]. This program is used by 37,000 physicians and automatically constructs fair and balanced schedules. As with the others, constraints are programmable into the app, allowing for flexibility and accessibility. Likewise to MeshAI, they can reduce scheduling time by 80%. Additionally, PetalMD has done several case studies on the benefits of optimized scheduling and has worked closely with various hospitals including Jewish General Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health & Providence Health Care, and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario.  
A final look will be given to Lightning Bolt [56]. Lightning Bolt uses AI to create optimized schedules, with specializations in several areas such as anesthesiology, cardiology, etc. This specialization allows more control over how the schedule is made and what rules can be put in place. Anesthesiology may care more about rotations, while cardiology may require a focus on specialty scheduling. Lightning Bolt has helped customers like John Hopkins and Providence.  
This is just a sample of the options that are available to the healthcare workers for scheduling. All offer the ability to create optimized and automatic schedules for your department, freeing up time, money and labour.
## 2 System Model of GCI-DCSK SWIPT
### Transmitter  
As shown in Figure 1, there are total \(n+1\) carriers with indexes from 0 to \(n\), where \(n\) could be any integer greater than 2. The reference chaotic signal is transmitted through the 0 th carrier; the other \(n\) carriers transmit noise-like signals or modulated bits. The carrier statuses are determined by the index bits through the combination method [6].  
A normally distributed signal with zero mean and variance of \(N_{s}\) is sent if the carrier is inactive. Otherwise, the modulated bits are sent on the active carriers. During each frame, \(p\) bits will be transmitted, containing \(p_{1}\) index bits and \(p_{2}\) modulated bits. \(p_{1}\) is usually set to \(\left\lfloor\log_{2}C_{n}^{p_{2}}\right\rfloor\), where \(C_{n}^{p_{2}}\) denotes the number of \(p_{2}\) combinations from \(n\) elements, \(\left\lfloor\cdot\right\rfloor\) denotes the floor function, and \(p_{2}\) is an integer between 1 and \(n-1\). First, modulated bits are changed into polarity bits through a polarity converter and the \(x\)th (\(0\leq x\leq p_{2}\)) polarity bit is labeled as \(m_{x}\), where \(m_{x}\in\{-1,+1\}\). Based on index bits and polarity bits, the index selector will generate a control sequence \(\mathbf{V}\) for the \(n\) branches by employing the combinatorial method. \(v_{i}\) corresponding to the \(x\)th active carrier is \(m_{x}\), and \(v_{i}\) corresponds to each inactive carrier is 0. Then, the branch will be connected to the chaotic generator while \(v_{i}\) being \(-1\) or \(1\); otherwise, it will be connected to the normal signal generator. Therefore, the transmitted signal is expressed as  
\[s(t)= \left[\cos(2\pi f_{0}t+\phi_{0})+\sum_{i=1}^{n}v_{i}\cos(2\pi f_{i}t+\phi_{i })\right]\sqrt{P_{s}}c(t)+\sum_{i=1}^{n}\overline{v}_{i}\cos(2\pi f_{i}t+\phi_ {i})\sqrt{\mu P_{s}}a(t), \tag{1}\]  
where \(f_{i}\) is the frequency of the \(i\)th subcarrier, \(\phi_{i}\) represents the phase angle on the carrier modulation, and \(P_{s}\) denotes the transmitted power of the active carrier. The chaotic signal is \(c(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{\beta}c_{k}h(t-kT_{c})\), where \(h(t)\) is the square-root-raised-cosine filter, \(\beta\) is the spread spectrum factor, and \(T_{c}\) is the chip interval. \(\overline{v}_{i}\) is the reverse of \(v_{i}\), \(\mu\) is the ratio of the energy carried on the inactive carrier to that carried on the reference chaotic carrier, and \(\mu E_{c}^{v}=\beta N_{s}\), where \(E_{c}^{v}\) is the energy of the reference signal with \(E_{c}^{v}=\sum_{k=1}^{\beta}c_{k}^{2}=1\). The normal distributed signal is \(a(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{\beta}a_{k}h(t-kT_{c})\), where \(a_{k}\) is a sampled normal noise with zero mean and \(N_{s}\) variance.
## 4 Case Study Results
### The Application of [PERSON]'s Five Forces Model to the AeroLogic Joint Venture
#### 4.5.5 Threat of Substitute Products  
According to [PERSON] [175] (p. 320), substitution in the air cargo industry depends upon the specific market segment. Substitution is typically higher if the air cargo services being provided can be relatively easily switched from the original product/service to a substitute (low product loyalty). The possibility of buyers making a substitution are made greater if the incurred buyer switching costs are relatively low and if the air cargo rates are relatively high compared to the performance of the substitute product, for example, the slower speeds of trucks, which is considered acceptable to the buyer at the lower price [175]. The supply of air cargo capacity is influenced by the airline's available capacity, and competition from the surface-based transport modes, particularly maritime container transport [86]. Furthermore, improved trucking reliability and service quality, for instance, the ability of customers to track their assignments, lower theft/damage/pilfrage rates, coupled with rates lower than airlines can offer, has put trucking in a position where it both competes with, and complements, air services [187] (p. 143). The rail mode is also emerging as a potential source of competition to air cargo, particularly between China and Europe [189], Thus, the surface transport modes can pose a competitive threat to air cargo-carrying airlines. The threat of the substitution of ground-based surface transport modes applies to both the combination airlines and the dedicated all-cargo carriers. In contrast, the threat of modal shift does not actually apply to Aerologic but does apply to both of its joint venture partners.  
The air cargo industry has also been impacted by the use of electronic mail (e-mail) which has significantly reduced the market for the movement of urgent documents by the air cargo mode [120]. This trend influences the combination airlines, dedicated all-cargo carriers, and the integrated carriers or express carriers. Small packages of urgent documents were quite lucrative. AeroLogic is once again in a unique position in that it does not physically source air cargo consignments directly and, thus, it is not directly impacted by this trend. However, the two joint venture partners--DHL Express and Lufthansa Cargo AG--could potentially be impacted.
# Inhomogeneous Illumination Image Enhancement Under Extremely Low Visibility Condition
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Experimental Setup  
To thoroughly verify the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper, experiments were conducted in both indoor and outdoor settings. Thus, our data encompass scenarios involving indoor lighting and artificial fog, as well as natural sunlight and natural fog. To rigorously assess the robustness of the algorithm, experiments were carried out using cameras and lenses of various models. The cameras used in the experiments include the DAHENG MER-232-48 GM-P-NIR (DAHENG, Beijing, China), PCO EDGE 4.2 (Excelitas Technologies Corp., Cabuyao, Philippines), and Hamamatsu C11440-22 CU (Hamamatsu Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ, USA), with resolutions of 1920 \(\times\) 1200 pixels, 8-bit depth; 2048 \(\times\) 2048 pixels, 16-bit depth; and 2048 \(\times\) 2048 pixels, 16-bit depth, respectively. The lenses employed were Computar M7528-MP (CAB America LLC, Mebane, NC, USA) and Zeiss Milvus 2/100M (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).  
The indoor experiments were conducted at the Visibility Calibration Laboratory of the China Meteorological Administration in Shanghai, China. We used targets of varying spatial frequencies, shapes, and distances to mimic real-world natural scenes. Due to the controllable fog density in the indoor fog chamber, we were able to obtain clear images without fog, which offers a significant advantage for evaluating the algorithm. The data from outdoor experiments were used to further validate the reliability of the algorithm.
# Resilience Quantification of Smart Distribution Networks--A Bird's Eye View Perspective
## 5 Literature Review
### Results and Insights
#### 5.4.1 Moving from Qualitative to Quantitative Resilience Assessments of the ICT Domain  
From a qualitative perspective, resilience studies are very well established and succeed to demonstrate the shift of paradigm they incarnate in terms of preventing a given infrastructure from catastrophic failures and orchestrating restoration of nominal services. However, when it comes to quantitative assessments, general tendency heads toward restraining resilience capacity to one of its components such us robustness, survivability, adaptability, restoration, and recovery [153].  
Power network resilience analyses in general, and PDN in particular, are managed in recent years to develop quantitative frameworks that describe and harness all capabilities of resilience. This is not limited to proposing metrics for all temporal phases, but includes also using developed indicators to optimize enhancement strategies like done in [133; 134; 135; 136; 137; 133; 135]. Certainly, more works should be carried out in this sense and even more to mutualize visions through standardization to yield consensus in evaluation methodologies and metrics; but the right research direction is indeed being explored in electric distribution networks. Parallel to this, the same dynamic should be adopted also for telecommunication services involved in smart grids which so far, as shown through this review, stick to partial definitions of resilience adopted even in studies targeting communication networks outside the scope of smart grids. Differently said, ICT resilience studies are a step behind compared to what is done in power networks in terms of adopted definitions and proposed frameworks. Awareness then increases that smart grid comprehensive resilience analysis goes hand in hand with both electric and telecommunication services evaluation at comparable levels of advancement, meaning that ICT layer in distribution grid has a considerable margin for improvement that can mimic electric service analyzes and be guided by recent works in general purpose resilient communication networks [75; 78].  
One can argue that tracking electric service performance subsumes the telecommunication aspect, because the latter contributes to the degradation of power supply to customers which is after all the main concern. This is a client-centric approach that resilience contains, but also complements with operator (or network) centric view, where a fine-grained analysis of all system mechanisms is needed, involving among others a separate and deep look at ICT functions.
## 3 Results
### The FWHM Resolution
This angular aperture was increased from 2 \(\times\)\(\beta\) = 16\({}^{\circ}\) in the translation-only mode to almost 90\({}^{\circ}\) (with a Hamming apodization) in the rotate-translate mode. Both FWHMy and FWHMx were limited by diffraction. However, Figure 5b demonstrates that FWHMx was noticeably more homogeneous, even for z \(>\) 30 mm, as opposed to FWHMy. Thus, our scanning scheme provided a homogeneous synthetic aperture in the DSCA. Figure 5e shows that the amplitude from scattering structures in the image decreased with depth for z \(>\) 20 mm. This result can be attributed to the attenuation of ultrasound waves in the medium. For z \(<\) 20 mm, the increase in the amplitude with z may be attributed to the spatial response of the array before the focal distance that was not modeled in the reconstruction algorithm. The FWHM values were assessed for the four rotate-translate scans presented in Table 1. Figure 6 shows that the FWHMy and the FWHMz were stable for all the angular sampling periods \(\Delta\alpha\). The FWHMx was significantly larger for \(\Delta\alpha_{1}\) and was on the order of 360 \(\upmu\)m (median) for the other angular samplings, with a similar IQR. This result indicates that the angular sampling period \(\Delta\alpha_{1}\) may be too loose to avoid strong side lobes in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**FWHM** & **Axis of Interest** & **Rotate-Translate Scan** & **Translate-Only Scan** \\ \hline FWHMx & x-axis & 371 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 36 \(\upmu\)m & 1140 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 222 \(\upmu\)m \\ FWHMy & y-axis & 756 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 40 \(\upmu\)m & 709 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 45 \(\upmu\)m \\ FWHMz & z-axis & 401 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 23 \(\upmu\)m & 373 \(\upmu\)m \(\pm\) 26 \(\upmu\)m \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Full width at half maximum (FWHM) along the three directions of the coordinate system for microspheres of Ph1. Values are median \(\pm\) interquartile range (IQR). Two acquisition modes are compared: a rotate-translate scan at \(\Delta\alpha_{2}\) (data set of 52 microspheres) and a translation-only scan (data set of 16 microspheres). The translation range was L = 30 mm for both acquisition modes. Figure 5: (**a**) MAP image along the y-axis of Ph1 for \(\Delta\alpha_{2}\) in straight transmit. A linear gray scale was used. The 52 microspheres selected for the analysis are emphasized with yellow circular markers and the 16 microspheres kept for resolution estimations in translation-only mode are additionally emphasized with square cyan markers. (**b–e**): Resolution and amplitude of the 52 microspheres in the image are shown as a function of the z-coordinate. The red-dotted lines indicate the median values. For each FWHM graph, the range of abscissa is equal to 300 \(\upmu\)m.  
vicinity of the main lobe. The steered transmit induced fewer outliers (red crosses), but did not have a significant influence on the median value of the FWHM.
# Internet of Things and Blockchain Integration: Security, Privacy, Technical, and Design Challenges
## 3 RQ 1 and RQ 2--Current Challenges and Recommendations to Enhance BIoT Integration
### BIoT Design
#### 3.7.2 Blockchain Platform  
As discussed in Section 2.2 and Table 2, many features of BC platforms differ, such as the level of security, privacy, and scalability. For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are not designed to achieve the demands of a high user number, since they can only guarantee a low maximum number of transactions [125; 134]. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are connected to a 51% attack level, whereas HLF and Multichain are tied to a 33% attack level. The first stage in recommending a BC-based solution for a project is to assess if a BC-based solution is feasible given the project's needs. Several elements are used to assess if a BC use case is valid [57] including the necessity for data to be exchanged among several parties without the need of a centralized middleman, the immutability of information, access permissions, the visibility and availability of shared history ledger-data to the participants, good transparency or audit trail for each participant, if the project involves a long-running, repetitive process that may be mechanized and coordinated using BC, and if the project's requirements are not met by the centralized ledger.  
Moreover, the IoT's heterogeneity and limits should also be considered in smart contracts. Smart contracts should be used in conjunction with filtering and grouping techniques to enable apps to handle the IoT. A discovery technique might allow for device addition on the fly, enhancing the power of these apps. Lastly, smart contract-based actuation methods would allow for speedier IoT responses [46]. Accordingly, different varieties of BCs will need to be adjusted for different purposes. Furthermore, when customers wish to combine IoT devices and BC, the first step is to determine which BC best meets their needs. As a result, a technique for testing different BCs is required.
## 8 Outlook to Related Fields  
The emergence of V2X technology and the widespread availability of IoT-based information have the potential to revolutionize not only the automotive industry but also various non-automotive technical fields. Two prominent areas where these technologies can have a significant impact are the robotic surgery and the electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft [43].  
In the field of robotic surgery, V2X-equivalent, IoT-based information can enhance the capabilities of surgical robots and improve patient outcomes [56; 57]. By leveraging real-time data from various sources, such as imaging devices, patient monitors and electronic health records, surgeons can access a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the patient's condition during the procedure. This information can enable more precise and informed decision-making, enhance surgical navigation, and improve the overall safety and efficiency of robotic surgeries both in local and long-distance (even transatlantic) use cases [14]. Studies in the field contribute to the understanding of communication protocols' performance and assist in selecting the most suitable protocol for resource-constrained robotic systems, such as minimally invasive surgical robotics [58].  
Similarly, in the field of eVTOL aircraft development, V2X and IoT technologies can play crucial role in enabling safe and efficient operations [59]. These technologies can facilitate seamless communication between eVTOL vehicles, the air traffic management systems and the other stakeholders, ensuring coordinated and collision-free airspace usage. Real-time data exchange can enable dynamic route planning, weather monitoring and airspace congestion management, enhancing the safety and reliability of eVTOL transportation. Furthermore, V2X-equivalent, IoT-based information can support predictive maintenance and performance monitoring of eVTOL aircraft, optimizing their operational efficiency and reducing downtime.  
While the integration of V2X and IoT technologies in these non-automotive fields holds great promise, several challenges need to be addressed. These include ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive medical data in robotic surgery, as well as establishing robust communication protocols and standards for eVTOL aircraft operations. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the potential of V2X-equivalent, IoT-based information, the fields of robotic surgery and eVTOL transportation can witness transformative advancements, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and revolutionizing the urban air mobility.