# Resilience of LTE-A/5G-NR Links Against Transient Electromagnetic Interference
## 2 Literature Survey  
Studies on transient EMI primarily concentrate on assessing the performance of communication links by evaluating KPIs. The authors in [3] have provided a comprehensive overview of the impact of intentional and unintentional sources of EMI on the global system for mobile communication (GSM), Long-Term Evolution-Railway (LTE-R), and 5G-Railway (5G-R). They have detailed the sources of EMI not only from pantograph arcing but also from various other sources of intentional and unintentional EMIs. They have explained the impact of interference from onboard power electronics and narrowband jammers. Their measurement results suggest a degrading impact on system performance, particularly concerning BERs as the interference power increases.  
The work in [4] presents a real-time classification method for EMI and intentional EMI. The authors have provided a brief overview of transient and sweep interference. They have used machine learning to check the classification accuracy of different sources of interference at a centre frequency of 1.9 GHz and different channel parameters. The works in [5; 6] focus on the evaluation of intentional and unintentional interferences found in the transportation sector, particularly used in high-speed train scenarios. They have particularly focused on the interference effect on the IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi hotspot onboard trains. The IEEE 802.11n standard operates in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands with different modulation and bandwidth requirements.  
The authors in paper [7] have also evaluated the influence of pantograph arcing on the LTE-R. With the help of a simulation, they showed the impact of arcing on the block error rate and LTE throughput. The study concluded with evidence of system performance degradation. Similarly, the authors in [8] have shown a transient impact of EMI on LTE communication. They have considered the EVM and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) as the main KPIs for performance evaluation. They have provided a detailed account of the LTE PHY layer and have shown the impact of EMI on the EVM and PAPR as the interference-to-signal power ratio increases.  
Ref. [9] has evaluated the impact of pantograph-catenary transient emission on the performance of the IEEE 802.11n standard in the entire 2.4-2.5-GHz band. They have performed detailed bit error measurements with different time interval durations. They have found that the bit error becomes worse as the duration of the transient interference increases.  
The work presented by [10] includes a detailed study of the impact of pantograph-catenary emissions on railway communications. They have focused on the evaluation of antenna systems' deployment for GSM-R and LTE-R at frequencies of 380, 900, 2600, and 5900 MHz, respectively.  
The research presented by [11] examines electromagnetic disturbances caused by loose catenary-pantograph contact. The experiment demonstrated that when the pantograph-catenary spacing remains constant, increasing the voltage level leads to a higher current in the discharge circuit, which intensifies impulse radiation during contact loss events. Long-Term Evolution-Metro (LTE-M) is a dedicated communication system for train control, with stringent requirements regarding adjacent channel interference (ACI). The research in [12] proposes a solution using the Monte Carlo method to analyse the convergence of different scenarios where LTE-M and ACI coexist. A summary of the literature related to the concept is shown in Table 1.