Solving the Two Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm Considering Drop Box Facilities and Emission Cost: A Case Study of Reverse Logistics Application in Indonesia  
[PERSON]  
1 Industrial Engineering Department, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.W.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.W.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitats Pendidikan Nusional, Kota Dempasar 80225, Indonesia;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 Department of Logistics Engineering, Universitats Petramina, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
4 Department of Information System, Institut Teknologi Sepuluhlh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo,  
Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;  
smuk.n.smuk. average daily removal of microplastics from the leachate channel at 80,640 \(\pm\) 604.80 particles. The daily release of mesoplastic from leachate channels into the aquatic environment was estimated at 618,240 \(\pm\) 1905.45 particles [4]. With regard to the increasing level of waste, awareness of the importance of waste management to create a sustainable environment is increasing as well, particularly in the context of recycling process or waste disposal for products that cannot be recycled [5]. Reverse Logistics (RL) plays an essential role in the success of waste management [6]. Reverse logistics is a part of the supply chain, where the activities are reversed from common logistics. RL consists of reverse product flow activities, starting with the final customer until the goods are returned to the manufacturer. RL goals can vary from proper dumping at the end of a product's life cycle, renewals, product recollections, to being part of any eco-friendly business program. Besides maintaining good environmental sustainability, RL is also beneficial for the company's image. It is the trade-off between the costs incurred to support the process and the benefit generated by the actions. For RL in urban areas, end customers usually returns goods to sellers or retailers directly. This common practice often encounters problems that are not profitable for customers, such as traffic congestion and environmental issues such as air pollution. In addition, if the distance between the customer and the seller is far, then the shipping cost of the goods to be returned is charged to the customer who returns the goods. An alternative to the common practice for RL activities for customer goods is the pick-up method. This can save time and is more cost-effective than the common practice given correct planning. In the pick-up method, the customer can pick up or send the package through an intermediary facility near the customer's residence or office. The customer's pick-up location is usually in a communal area that is easily accessible. A more conventional form of parcel locker as the intermediary facility is seen in the application of the receiving box, which is a fixed locker for receiving packages. It is commonly installed outside the consumer's house. In a study conducted by [PERSON] [7], almost 15% of customers tend to be more likely to use lockers if the locker location is close to their home. Many recent studies on logistics activity in general are concerned not only with the economic perspective but also with the sustainable and green aspects of the operations [8; 9]. Thus, consideration of emission costs is often included when discussing sustainable and green logistics activity. Furthermore, studies regarding the utilization of parcel lockers to enhance reverse logistics are also gaining increasing interest from researchers [10; 11; 12]. However, among the research available on parcel lockers applied in reverse logistics, to the best of our knowledge no available study proposes the analysis of using parcel lockers or drop box facilities for reverse logistics considering emission cost. This study discusses reverse logistics activities such as product returns or refurbishment by utilizing a network of drop box facilities.