## Appendix  
### Photosynthesis in the Dynamic Land Model  
The Dynamic Land Model adopts a two-leaf Farquhar model to simulate carbon assimilation. The total canopy photosynthesis (\(A\)) in the model is calculated for sunlit and shaded parts by adopting sunlit and shaded leaf area indices (\(LAI_{sun}\) and \(LAI_{sha}\)) separately, following [73]:  
\[A=A_{sun}\times LAI_{sun}+A_{sha}\times LAI_{sha} \tag{1}\]  
The net CO\({}_{2}\) assimilation rate at leaf level is expressed as follows [37, 73]:  
\[A_{\hat{i}}=\min\bigl{(}w_{\hat{c}\hat{i}},w_{\hat{j}\hat{i}},w_{\hat{e}\hat{i}} \bigr{)}-R_{d\hat{i}} \tag{2}\]where \(w_{ci}\), \(w_{j\bar{i}}\), \(w_{e\bar{i}}\) and \(R_{d\bar{i}}\) are the Rubisco-limited rate, light-limited rate, export-limited rate and leaf dark respiration of sunlit or shaded leaf (\(i=1\) or \(2\)), respectively, which are calculated following [PERSON] _et al_. [73] and [PERSON] _et al_. [37]. \(w_{c\bar{i}}\) is expressed as:  
\[w_{c\bar{i}}=\frac{Ve_{max\bar{i}}\times(c_{\bar{i}}-\Gamma_{*})}{c_{\bar{i}}+ K_{c}} \tag{11}\]  
where \(c_{\bar{i}}\) is the internal leaf CO\({}_{2}\) partial pressure, which is determined by the leaf stomatal resistance according to the Ball-Woodrow-Berry conductance model [37, 1]. \(\Gamma_{*}\) and \(K_{c}\) are the CO\({}_{2}\) compensation point and the function of enzyme kinetics, respectively, both of which are temperature-dependent parameters. \(Ve_{max\bar{i}}\) is the maximum carboxylation rate, and the value is calculated from the maximum rate at \(25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C (\(Ve_{max25,j}\)) after adjustment for soil water (Equations (5), (A14) and (A15)), leaf temperature, leaf nitrogen and day length [37]. The sunlit and shaded \(Ve_{max25}\) are obtained through vertical integration with respect to the leaf area index (LAI) as [4, 37]:  
\[Ve_{max25,sun}=Ve_{max25}^{opt}F_{\it{VN}}N_{a}\frac{\left[1-e^{-(K_{n}+K_{b}) \cdot LAI}\right]\cdot K_{b}}{\left[1-e^{-\left(K_{n}+K_{b}\right)\cdot LAI} \right]\cdot\left(K_{n}+K_{b}\right)} \tag{12}\]  
\[Ve_{max25,sha}=Ve_{max25}^{opt}F_{\it{VN}}N_{a}\frac{\left[1-e^{-K_{n}\cdot LAI }\right]/K_{n}-\left[1-e^{-(K_{n}+K_{b})\cdot LAI}\right]/(K_{n}+K_{b})}{LAI- \left(1-e^{-K_{b}\cdot LAI}\right)/K_{b}} \tag{13}\]  
where \(F_{\it{VN}}\) is the relative change of \(Ve_{max25,j}\) with leaf nitrogen, \(N_{a}\) is the leaf nitrogen of the canopy, \(K_{n}\) is the foliage nitrogen decay coefficient, and \(K_{b}\) is the direct beam extinction coefficient, which is determined by division of the foliage projection coefficient (\(G(\theta)\)) by the cosine of the solar zenith angle (\(\mu\)), _i.e._, \(K_{b}=G(\theta)/\mu\)[4, 37]. We assume that the value of \(G(\theta)\) is \(0.5\) for a spherical leaf angle distribution. The light-limited rate \(w_{j}\) for the sunlit and shaded leaves is as follows [73]:  
\[w_{j\bar{i}}=\frac{J_{max\bar{i}}\times PPFD_{\bar{i}}}{PPFD_{\bar{i}}+2.1 \times J_{max\bar{i}}}\times\frac{c_{\bar{i}}-\Gamma_{*}}{c_{\bar{i}}+2\times \Gamma_{*}} \tag{14}\]  
where \(J_{max\bar{i}}\) is the light-saturated rate of electron transport in the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in leaf cells, which was simulated by a linear equation related to the \(Ve_{max\bar{i}}\). \(PPFD_{\bar{i}}\) is the photosynthetic photon flux density, which is expressed as:  
\[PPFD_{\bar{i}}=4.55\times q_{25}\times APAR_{\bar{i}} \tag{15}\]  
where \(q_{25}\) is the PFTs-dependent quantum efficiency at \(25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. \(APAR_{\bar{i}}\) is the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, and the values for the sunlit and shaded leaves are calculated as follows [4, 73]:  
\[APAR_{sun}=(1-\alpha)\times(PAR_{sun}+PAR_{sha}) \tag{16}\]  
\[APAR_{sha}=(1-\alpha)\times PAR_{sha} \tag{17}\]  
where \(\alpha\) is the canopy albedo.