esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Wavefront Aberration Measurement Deflectometry for Imaging Lens Tests
## 1 Introduction
Compared with traditional methods [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10], WAMD is more flexible and can achieve sub-wavelength-level accuracy. Although its accuracy cannot achieve the same level as that of interferometry test, it can work in situations where the aberration is too large to be tested by an interferometer [6; 7; 8]. Moreover, the measurement facilities are simple and the measurement procedure is easy to operate. It can be applied to measure the aberrations of components in a laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility, such as a tilted lens with a large angle in the ICF's final optics assembly [19; 20]. For this kind of lens, WAMD is a useful in situ or online method for measuring aberration due to gravity. Compared with recent works [16; 17; 18], WAMD concentrates on measuring the wavefront aberrations of imaging lenses to estimate their working performances. WAMD does not require complicated algorithms or intricate experimental processes. It does not require any iteration or error-compensating processes, and the experimental facilities do not need to be moved during the measurement process, making WAMD time efficient and avoiding a large amount of computation. Moreover, it can measure lenses containing multiple pieces of elements. The structure of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the principle of WAMD is introduced. A numerical simulation of a plano-convex lens and a telephoto lens to verify the correctness and accuracy of this method is described in Section 3. The feasibility of WAMD was verified by an experiment and is described in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the main error sources, and Section 6 concludes the work.
# Comparative Study of Movie Shot Classification Based on Semantic Segmentation
## 3 Comparison of Shot Type Classification Methods Based on Semantic Segmentation
### Discussion  
The existing study of shot type classification performed classification with 94% accuracy using VGG-16 from among the structures of CNNs. The CNN does not classify shot types based on semantical analysis of frames in the way humans classify shot types because it classifies shot types only based on image characteristics and patterns. To improve this, the present study applied preprocessing with semantic segmentation on the frames extracted from the films. This was to approach the frame after distinguishing the boundaries of the objects in the images. By separating the boundaries of the objects, the frames could be accessed semantically. Mask R-CNN and Yolact were used. The results of the experiment illustrate that shot type classification using ResNet-50 and Yolact had the highest accuracy among the experiments, with 96% accuracy. The average accuracy of shot type classification after preprocessing with semantic segmentation increased by 1.9% (to 94.9%) compared to shot type classification of normal frames. The reason shot type classification using ResNet-50 and Yolact is superior to shot type classification using ResNet-50 and Mask R-CNN is assumed to result from better semantic segmentation performance than Yolact [25]. Additionally, the reason the performance of shot type classification after preprocessing with semantic segmentation is higher than the shot type classification that uses frames without preprocessing from semantic segmentation is that the frames were accessed through semantic segmentation. As a result of analyzing the error rate of 4% in shot type classification by ResNet-50 and Yolact, we confirmed that there are frames in the ground truth task where even humans find it difficult to classify the shot type because of mixed two shot type. This portion accounts for a fraction of the 4% error rate, an example of which is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11 was classified as a close-up in the ground truth work but was classified as a medium shot by ResNet-50 and Yolact.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Poly (MMA-BA-ST) on Drilling Fluids Properties
#### 3.4.3 Effect of Poly (MMA-BA-ST) on YP  
Figure 6 shows the YP change curve of oil-based drilling fluids with poly (MMA-BA-ST) added. As can be seen from Figure 6, the YP of the oil-based drilling fluids base slurry is 11.0 and 13.5 Pa when the poly (MMA-BA-ST) addition amount is 0.50%. The addition of poly (MMA-BA-ST) significantly increases the YP of the drilling fluids, which is beneficial for the ability of the drilling fluids to carry bottom-hole cuttings and clean the wellbore.
# From the Martian Surface to Its Low Orbit in a Reusable Single-Stage Vehicle--[PERSON]
###### Abstract  
With Mars colonisation becoming a reality for the near future, it is of importance to analyse how crew and cargo can be transported between Earth and a colony on Mars. This article is a feasibility and design study of a launch vehicle whose mission is to shuttle crew and cargo from Low Mars Orbit to a colony on the Martian surface. A single-stage reusable rocket has been selected to fulfil this mission, code-named Charon. The mission profile of such a vehicle was created, leading to a Maximum Growth Allowance (MGA) Delta-V budget of 6.2 km/s. With the mission profile in mind, each subsystem underwent a preliminary design. With reliability and maintainability in mind, subsystems were designed for redundancy and modularity, and an abort system was included for an added level of safety. The iterative design process resulted in a vehicle with a MGA mass of 198.7 tons, capable of transporting 1200 kg of cargo and a crew of 6 people to a 500 km orbit and back. The preliminary design of the vehicle is deemed safe. Following a fault tree analysis, the Single Launch Loss of Mission, Vehicle and Crew (SL-LOM, SL-LOV, SL-LOC) probabilities are computed to be of 0.975%, 0.12%, and 0.079%. Finally, from the vehicle's constraints on the base, the feasibility of the project has been reflected upon. It is deemed that such a concept is of high interest only when the base is already operational, due to the launch and maintenance infrastructure that it requires, as well as the power it requires from the Martian base.  
Mars colonisation; SSTO; reusable; reliable; feasibility; ISRU; sustainable +
Footnote †: journal: Aerospace
# Magic of 5G Technology and Optimization Methods Applied to Biomedical Devices: A Survey
## 4 Optimizations for Healthcare and Biomedical Devices
### Practical Gait Feedback Method  
[PERSON] et al. proposed a practical gait feedback method that requires suitable feedback [82]. This method does not need an alignment of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and consists of a hierarchical model (i.e., two-layer model). In the gait measurement system, the high-level layer is a Bayesian recognition algorithm employed for observing the gait phases and in the low-level layer, the calculation of the measured ankle plantar/dorsiflexion angle from acceleration and angular rate data is completed. This construction leads to enhance the efficiency of gait interventions.
## 5 Achieved Results and Performance Comparison
### Performance Comparison  
We used Xilinx FPGA chips to build our suggested architecture in order to offer a robust performance comparison with cutting-edge methodology and procedures. Table 4 comprehensively describes the synthesis outcomes of our innovative approach, enabling a thorough analysis of its effectiveness. In Table 4, the first column serves as a reference point for identifying specific solutions. The second column precisely specifies the FPGA platform employed during the synthesis process. Column 3 provides critical insight into the operational clock frequency, quantified in MHz. Resource utilization, a key metric, is thoroughly presented in Columns 4 and 5, offering comprehensive information on the hardware requirements of our design. Column 6, essential for assessing real-time performance, offers the precise time in microseconds (us) required to execute a single PM operation. This metric is fundamental in understanding the latency characteristics of our design. Finally, the last column encapsulates the throughput/area ratio, offering a quantifiable measure of the number of computations executed per unit of time, a significant performance indicator. We can thoroughly evaluate the performance characteristics of our design for publication and wider dissemination by carefully examining the findings shown in Table 4. Then, we can conduct a thorough and impartial comparison of our design to currently feasible alternatives.
# Temperature-Dependent Dynamic on Resistance in Gamma-Irradiated AlGaN/GaN Power HEMTs
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dynamic R\({}_{\text{ON}}\)
Figure 10: The R\({}_{\text{ON}}\) double pulse measurements: (a) devices G1–G4, which were irradiated at 133 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (b) devices G5–G10, which were irradiated at 53 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 11 confirms the irreversible increase in R\({}_{\rm ON}\) when the temperature during irradiation was 133 \({}^{\circ}\)C, regardless of the stress that was applied to the drain and/or gate. Similarly, Figure 12 shows the influence of the negative voltage stress that was applied to the gate during irradiation. Despite being irradiated at a lower temperature (53 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the devices with stress at the drain and gate (V\({}_{\rm DS}\) = 500 V and V\({}_{\rm GS}\) = \(-\)5 V) demonstrated degradations in dynamic R\({}_{\rm ON}\) once the radiation accumulated. The R\({}_{\rm ON}\) value was five times higher, regardless of the applied stress voltage. It could be seen that, for V\({}_{\rm DS}\) = 500 V in the off state, the R\({}_{\rm ON}\) reached its maximum value and did not change when a higher stress voltage was applied. Figure 11: The results of the multi-pulse test for the R\({}_{\rm ON}\) values of devices G2–G4, which were irradiated at 133 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 12: The results of the multi-pulse test for the R\({}_{\rm ON}\) values of devices G5–G10, which were irradiated at 53 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
In the devices to which voltage stress was applied to the drain and in which the gate was short-circuited with the source, the R\({}_{\text{ON}}\) remained practically constant between 50 and 400 V of applied stress, and it started to increase almost exponentially from 500 V.
# Underlying Security Transmission Design for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) Modulation
## 6 Simulation Results Discussion
### Independence Performance  
The independence is the bit difference between the encrypted and original OTFS symbols. In order to ensure a secure OTFS encryption technique, it should be close to 50% [4]. It is assumed that QPSK modulation and 256 QAM modulation are adopted, respectively. The vertical axis of the graph represents the percentage of the bit change between the encrypted and original OTFS symbols. It can be seen from Figure 8 that when QPSK modulation is used, the ordinate is close to 50%. When 256 QAM modulation is used, the percentage of the bit change decreases slightly but remains around 40%. These results demonstrate that our scheme ensures a good cryptographic performance in terms of the difference properties. Therefore, our scheme can ensure the underlying security of the OTFS transmission.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Analysis of BP Neural Network Model Results  
The backpropagation (BP) neural network is a multi-layer feedforward neural network that utilizes magnetic leakage signals collected by sensors to create feature vectors based on manually extracted features such as the peak, width, and peak-to-peak values of the magnetic leakage signal. These features are then input into the BP neural network for training, allowing for the classification and recognition of broken wires. The BP neural network is trained with an iteration number (epoch) of 300, a learning rate of 0.1, and a target goal of 0.001. The output layer is responsible for classifying 18 types of broken wire faults. Figure 11 shows the confusion matrix of the classification results, where the rows represent the real class, the columns represent the predicted class, and the diagonal represents correct classifications. The classification accuracy and error rate of the actual class are achieved on the right side of the confusion matrix, while the classification accuracy and error rate of the predicted class are achieved on the lower side. From Figure 11, it can be observed that the 18 th category achieves the highest accuracy in classifying broken wire faults, with a 100% accuracy rate. Categories 5 and 6 have the lowest accuracy in wire breakage fault classification, with an overall accuracy of only 35.66% and an error rate of 64.34% for the BP neural network.
## 5 A Case Study on Utilizing Drones for Advanced Aerial Monitoring and Tracking
Safety and Security Enhancement:  
Identifying safe areas and potential risks such as obstacles has contributed to enhancing operational safety and mitigating risks. Emergency Response Planning Improvement:  
This approach has assisted in identifying strategic areas for emergency response, facilitating evacuation and rescue operations and efficiently guiding humanitarian efforts. By employing this approach, it becomes possible to achieve improved operational efficiency and more accurate distribution of spaces on site, contributing to sustainability goals and overall performance enhancement. Data Dynamics within Construction Project Digital Twins  
Figure 6 illustrates the process of collecting effective data from both physical and virtual environments in the context of industrial operations. Data from the real environment are acquired through sensors and actuators, while data from the virtual environment are obtained via simulations or Building Information Modeling (BIM). These data sources serve as inputs for different levels of intervention, which can be automated, human based, or a combination of both. Throughout this process, the digital twin maintains synchronization between the physical construction site and its digital representation. By leveraging machine learning models, statistical methods, probability analysis of large data sets, and emerging patterns, the digital twin serves as a pivotal element within the digital ecosystem of a construction project. Various big data processing tools allow for parallel processing in multiple computational models. Instead, some studies call for the use of cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) to offload much of the data processing, thus relieving the AI system of this computational burden. As shown in Figure 6, data flow facilitates the creation of an enabled digital twin, which undergoes continuous development and improvement processes. The virtual model acts as an aspect of the artificial intelligence that analyzes the data generated by the physical twin. Data from both virtual and physical twins are fed into the AI system to achieve the goals of the industrial facility, including tasks such as design, planning, and organization. Furthermore, insights derived from this process aid in decision making, while iterative improvement and development occur in both physical and virtual systems. Figure 6: Data flow and functions of a digital twin for construction projects.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Permanent Deformation Analysis  
Cooper wheel tracker test result for the rut depth of different dosages of CNTs is shown in Figure 18. It is clear from the results that, with the addition of CNTs, resistance against rutting increased. Rut depth value decreased with respect to base binder by up to 25% and 37% with the addition of 1% and 3% of CNTs, respectively, at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Rut depth decreased because the introduction of CNTs in binder increased its stiffness. Addition of CNTs improved the high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures by improving the elastic response of the bitumen. Moreover, addition of the CNTs to the binder due to the high specific surface can reinforce the bitumen particles and enhance the strength of bitumen particles. The above factor can increase the viscosity and adhesion of asphalt binder and decrease its sensitivity to the permanent deformation [37].
## 1 Introduction  
The network environment is accessible to the public. Communications between a pair of parties may be wiretapped or forged. Before a communication, parties must go through a key-negotiation phase to generate a session key that will protect transmitted information. Therefore, user-authentication and key-agreement schemes are necessary. The user-authentication and key-agreement scheme is used to verify the identities of both parties and prevent an attacker from fooling a user and the server by forging identities during the key-negotiation phase. It resists potential attacks and raises its own security issues. User authentication and key agreements can also guarantee the fairness of establishment of the session key. Neither of a pair of communicating parties can decide the session key in advance of their communication. The session key must be composed of information that is provided by both parties to ensure that neither party can precalculate it, resulting in an information leak.
# Assessment of a Substandard Reinforced Concrete Frame's Beam-Column Joint Using Shake Table Testing
## 3 Experimental Study
### Instrumentation and Loading System  
The reactions of the test specimens to seismic activity were meticulously recorded through the implementation of multiple measurement instruments, focusing on parameters such as acceleration, displacement, and strain. The experimental configuration incorporated accelerometers alongside Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers (LVDTs), as depicted in Figure 7. Each LVDT was engineered to provide precise displacement measurements at frequencies of up to 200 Hz. These transducers were securely attached to immovable frames anchored to the solid ground, which facilitated the assessment of displacements in relation to the ground, rather than being installed on the shaking table itself.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Mixture Component** & **Weight (kg)** & **Proportions by Weight (\%)** \\ \hline Cement & 185 & 8.25 \\
0–5 mm Aggregate & 945 & 42.11 \\
5–12 mm Aggregate & 391 & 17.42 \\
12–22 mm Aggregate & 523 & 23.31 \\ Water & 200 & 8.91 \\ Total & 2244 & 100 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Mix design of the frames (weight for 1 m\({}^{3}\) of concrete).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Area (mm\({}^{2}\))_} & \(F_{y,measured}\) (MPa) & \(\epsilon_{y,measured}\) (mm) & \(F_{u,measured}\) (MPa) & \(\epsilon_{u,measured}\) (mm) & \(F_{u}/F_{y}\) \\ \hline
50.26 & 473 & 0.117 & 643 & 8.4 & 1.32 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Material properties of the reinforcement.  
LVDT#1 was strategically placed at the slab level for the purpose of measuring axial displacement demands. In parallel, the accelerations that occurred in the foundation and slab of the test frame, as well as at the surface of the shake table, were meticulously monitored using four separate accelerometers affixed to the side of the foundation and directly to the shake table. It is crucial to emphasize that both acceleration and displacement responses were recorded in real time by a computer-aided data acquisition system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Salmonella Behavior in DCH during Storage after HPP
In DCH with an \(a_{w}\) \(\leq\) 0.92 (trials 4-8, 10-14; Table 1), due to the protective effect of a low \(a_{w}\) in front of HPP or piezo-protection [12], _Salmonella_ could be enumerated. However, after HPP the remaining levels were low and decreased below the detection limit just after 1 day of storage, thus not allowing for the estimation of inactivation kinetic parameters (trials 4-8, 10-14; Table 1). In this framework, [PERSON] et al. [24] observed that the levels of _Salmonella_ after the application of HPP at 600 MPa for 5 min in smoked DCH (pH of 5.87 and \(a_{w}\) of 0.93) were low and progressively decreased below the detection limit after the storage of DCH at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 38 days and afterwards at 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 18 days. The longer survival of _Salmonella_ in DCH observed by [PERSON] et al. [24] compared to the results obtained in the present study could be partially attributed to the lower storage temperature. In this respect, [PERSON] et al. [6] quantified that the storage of DCH at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C favors the survival of _Salmonella_ in non-pressurized DCH compared to the storage of the product at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. On the other hand, the application of pressure levels \(<\) 600 MPa led to _Salmonella_ concentrations above the detection limit, allowing inactivation kinetics to be characterized along the storage of the DCH with different intrinsic characteristics (\(a_{w}\) and fat) (trials 1-3, 9, 16-17, 20-21, 24-25, 29-30; Table 1; Figure 2). The increase in the pressure level applied from 300 to 450 MPa resulted in enhanced _Salmonella_ inactivation (shorter \(\delta\) parameter) during the refrigerated storage of DCH (trials 16-17, 24-25 and 29-30; Table 1; Figure 2), though its impact on the _Salmonella_ inactivation kinetics curve was only statistically significant (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05) in DCH with an \(a_{w}\)\(\geq\) 0.96 (trials 24-25, 29-30; Figure 2). A higher content of fat (42%) in DCH seemed to enhance the inactivation of the pathogen during the refrigerated storage after HPP in DCH with an \(a_{w}\) of 0.89 and especially with an \(a_{w}\) of 0.95 (trials 2-3, 20-21; Table 1), though it was not statistically significant.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Statistical Analysis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test  
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test is a statistical test used to compare the distributions of two datasets and determine if they are significantly different. In the context of analysis for the month of July and for different bias correction methods, the K-S test is being used to assess the effectiveness of bias correction on the simulated climate data, compared to the observed data, for precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature. The results of the K-S test (cumulative distribution plots and K-S test statistics D) for all the CMIP5 models mentioned in Table 1 are given in the Supplementary Data while, for instance, the results of the ACCESS 1.3 model are detailed and explained in this section.