Predicting the Influence of Climate Change on the Deterioration of Heritage Building Materials Using Photogrammetric Observations  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.H.-G.); pazerol@ugres (P.F)  
1 Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.H.-G.); pazerol@ugres (P.F)  
1 Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 180  
It has been observed that the aging of heritage buildings is manifested, as well as in other parts, on the exterior facades, which means building deteriorate aesthetically and their structural capacity decreases [19; 20]. Evidence shows that, in most cases, the parts of the buildings closest to the ground are the most seriously affected by degradation, and a comprehensive and analytical approach is presented in [21]. Supported by empirical descriptions based on photogrammetry, recession patterns and their linear evolution over time have recently been proposed for the case of the San Jeronimo Monastery in Granada [22]. Despite the innovative nature of this study [22] and the interest it has generated, its utility could be enhanced, as it only considers the current state of the building. Consequently, deterioration is modeled solely as a linear function of the age of the building, without accounting for climate change. In order to overcome this drawback, a new methodology to measure the evolution of the deterioration as a function of both time and climate changes has been recently proposed [23]. In [23], laboratory-measured deterioration and photogrammetric observations were combined to model the deterioration evolution of the brick facades of Santa Maria dei Servi in Venice.  
In the present study, the authors propose a method in which, provided that sufficient observations of buildings across diverse climates are carried out, photogrammetry alone may be sufficient to model deterioration evolution. The research analyzes long-term material degradation under different climatic conditions, relying solely on photogrammetric data to derive deterioration trends.  
The deterioration of calcarenite stone is influenced by various biological, chemical, and physical processes, as well as different climatic factors. However, to formulate a mathematical model and present a robust solution, the number of unknown parameters must be compatible with the equations available. In this study, a simplified approach is adopted that considers only two climatic parameters: the mean relative humidity and the number of annual days with temperatures below zero.  
Section 2 presents the different climatic scenarios studied. Section 3 introduces the construction material analyzed, a calcarenite known as Santa Pudia (SP) stone. Section 3 also describes a set of freeze-thaw tests performed on SP calcarenite to assess whether these test data are dispensable when sufficient observational data are available. Section 4 outlines the deterioration patterns observed in the three heritage buildings selected for the study. Section 5 develops the methodology proposed in this paper, and Section 6 presents the conclusions of the study.