## 4 Data Collection, Aggregation and Dissemination Challenges in WSNs
### AI Based Solutions to Data Collection, Aggregation and Dissemination Challenges in WSNs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**AI Paradigms** & **Algorithm** & **Ref.** & **Optimization Criteria** & **Simulation/ Real-Deployment** & **Centralized/ Distributed** & **Mobility** & **Performance Parameters** \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & PSO & [52] & Parameter optimization & Matlab simulation & Distributed & Static & Total error probability and Time consumed for convergence. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & Firefly Optimization & [57] & Maximize the network lifetime & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static (MS) & Network lifetime, Average energy consumption, and First and last dead nodes. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & Shuffled Frog & [49] & Reducing energy consumption & MATLAB simulation & Centralized & Static & Average end to end delay, Lifetime, Average packet loss rate, Count of clusters, and Residual Energy. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & CoDA & [50] & Minimum power consumption & NS2 simulation & Centralized & Static & Synchronization overhead, Energy consumption, and Average path length. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & PSO & [53] & Optimal service compositions & Java simulation & Centralized & Static & Energy consumption. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & DR-ACO & [73] & Full connectivity and minimize the data transmission delay & Matlab simulation & Distributed & Static with mobile edge nodes & Path length, Distance Limit, and Connectivity Degree. \\ \hline Evaluation Computation & MTS-LASC & [76] & Low delivery latency Reasonable and balanced Energy usage & Matlab simulation & Distributed & Static & Delay, Routing overhead, Packet delivery ratio. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & CSO & [60] & Optimize CS matrix & Matlab simulation & Centralized & Static & Average energy consumption, Network lifetime, Number of data transmissions, and Average Normalized MSE \\ \hline Trajectory based & SATC & [61] & Minimizing Aggregation Time & Simulation & Centralized & Static & Average Latency and Average Normalized Latency. \\ \hline Evolutionary Computation & ETDMA-GA & [62] & Minimizing the data delivery time & Simulation & Centralized & Static & Schedule Length, Duty Cycle, Average Latency, and Average Normalized Latency. \\ \hline Physical Computation & IWDs & [45] & Energy conservation & Simulation & Distributed & Static & Total energy consumption, Network lifetime, and Time Complexity. \\ \hline FL & DFHFE & [63] & Energy consumption & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static & Overall network energy consumption, WSN lifetime, Allow nodes. \\ \hline FL & TIDFP & [58] & Efficiency of data aggregation operations & MATLAB simulation & Centralized & Static & First Node Die, Half Nodes Die, and Total Remaining Energy. \\ \hline FL & FGAF-CDG & [70] & Improve energy consumption and load balancing & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static & Energy consumption and Network lifetime. \\ \hline FL & CTEEDG & [72] & Increase the lifetime and throughput & NS2 simulation & Distributed & Static & Average end-to-end delay, Control overhead, Throughput, Allow nodes. \\ \hline A Hybrid of FL and StI & MDF-FBCHS & [59] & Maximizing network lifetime & SimpleIoTSimulator & Distributed & Static & Live nodes, WSN lifetime, end-to-end delay, Energy consumption, and Energy usage, Average delay, Throughput, and Packet delivery ratio. \\ \hline A Hybrid of FL and StI & FCOABC & [64] & Increasing network lifespan and energy efficiency & \(NS2\) and MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static & Data latency, Delivery consumption, Network lifetime, and Complexity analysis. \\ \hline DL & DNN & [48] & Data mining & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static & Fault detection rate, Energy usage rate. \\ \hline A Hybrid of ACO and Game theory & GTAC-DG & [65] & Increasing network efficiency & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static with MS & Energy consumption, Network lifetime, Total travel time and Overlapping area. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._