esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhanced Effective Filtering Approach (eEFA) for Improving HSR Network Performance in Smart Grids
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we proposed an enhanced version of EFA called enhanced-EFA (eEFA). eEFA uses existing MAC tables called NodesTable to forward HSR unicast frames to DANH rings instead of using PL, as in the case of EFA. By looking up NodesTable, eEFA avoids forwarding any HSR unicast frames, including the first sent frame, to nondestination DANH rings. In addition, eEFA does not use any control message to discover and lock passive QuadBox rings for bidirectional communications. Therefore, eEFA reduces the number of network frames sent in both unidirectional and bidirectional communications compared to EFA. For the sample HSR network considered in this study, the traffic reduction of eEFA was 4-26% and 2-20% for unidirectional and bidirectional communication, respectively, compared to EFA. eEFA thus clearly improved the network traffic  
Figure 12: Traffic reduction (%) of eEFA compared to EFA for both bidirectional and unidirectional communications.  
performance of HSR networks. Our future work will develop and implement the proposed approach in hardware devices.  
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (grant number: 2017R1A2B4003964), and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (grant number: 2016R1D1A1B03933315).  
Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] conceived and developed the ideas behind the research. [PERSON] carried out the performance analysis and simulations, and wrote the paper under supervision of [PERSON]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] finalized the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Survey on Quality of Experience Evaluation for Cloud-Based Interactive Applications
###### Abstract  
A cloud-based interactive application (CIA) is an application running in the cloud with stringent interactivity requirements, such as remote desktop and cloud gaming. These services have experienced a surge in usage, primarily due to the adoption of new remote work practices during the pandemic and the emergence of entertainment schemes similar to cloud gaming platforms. Evaluating the quality of experience (QoE) in these applications requires specific metrics, including interactivity time, responsiveness, and the assessment of video- and audio-quality degradation. Despite existing studies that evaluate QoE and compare features of general cloud applications, systematic research into QoE for CIAs is lacking. Previous surveys often narrow their focus, overlooking a comprehensive assessment. They touch on QoE in broader contexts but fall short in detailed metric analysis. Some emphasise areas like mobile cloud computing, omitting CIA-specific nuances. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of QoE measurement techniques in CIAs, providing a taxonomy of input metrics, strategies, and evaluation architectures. State-of-the-art proposals are assessed, enabling a comparative analysis of their strengths and weaknesses and identifying future research directions.  
cloud-based interactive application; remote desktop; cloud gaming; QoE; interactivity time +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Spectrum Sharing Opportunities for 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks +
###### Abstract  
This work analyzes the spectrum sharing scenarios of the evolution of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks at a European and international level. The evolution and interoperability of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks are key elements in providing the new services expected by 6G. With the growing demand of the spectrum, inter-system sharing, which involves sharing between different radiocommunication applications, is becoming increasingly important. Technical conditions to share the spectrum between a terrestrial fixed service operating through Point-to-Multipoint links and a fixed satellite service at 28 GHz are assessed and presented in this paper. The methodology to evaluate the coexistence conditions can be easily extended to other spectrum sharing scenarios, both between terrestrial networks and between terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.  
IMT-2030; non-terrestrial networks; spectrum sharing; coexistence 2025
## 3 Experimental Section
### Targeted Tocopherols Analysis  
A Shimadzu LC System (Shimadzu, Milan, Italy) with a SCL-10A VP system control, a LC-10 AD VP binary pump, a SIL-10 AD VP autoinjector, connected to a Jasco 821-FP spectrofluorometer detector (Jasco Europe, Cremella, LC, Italy) was used. The detector operating conditions were \(\lambda_{\mathrm{ex}}=298\) nm and \(\lambda_{\mathrm{em}}=325\) nm. The injection volume was 20 \(\upmu\)L. Separation was obtained with a Gemini C18 column(150 \(\times\) 4.6 mm, 3 \(\upmu\)m; Phenomenex) using CH\({}_{3}\)CN-CH\({}_{3}\)OH (90:10, v/v) at 0.8 mL/min. The oil (10 mg) was placed in 1.8 mL vial and 200 \(\upmu\)L of CHCl\({}_{3}\) was added as well as 790 \(\upmu\)L of CH\({}_{3}\)CN-CH\({}_{3}\)OH mixture (50:50, v/v); the homogenization was performed with a vibration mixer. \(\upalpha\)- and \(\upgamma\)-tocopherol standard solutions were prepared in CH\({}_{3}\)COCH\({}_{3}\), while working solutions were prepared to appropriate dilution with the eluent mobile phase. Linearity in the range 0.1-6 mg/kg was 0.9998.
## 6 Sixth-Generation (6G) Testbeds and Platforms
### Testbeds for 6G Technologies
#### 6.2.4 Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) Testbeds  
HUAWEI conducted the world's first verification of 5G-advanced ISAC technology at the Huairou Outfield in Beijing. This verified ISAC's capability to perceive vehicles and people in scenarios like smart transportation and campus intrusion detection. The integrated 5G ISAC sensor, utilizing the 3 GPP 5G signal in the millimeter-wave band, demonstrated a detection distance of over 500 m with 100% accuracy for vehicles and people. Additionally, HUAWEI proposed ISAC-OW technology for high-speed communication andprecise sensing in medical and industrial settings. The prototype showcased precise sensing and location of mobile robots through visible and infrared optical wireless links, achieving centimeter-level indoor positioning and high-speed wireless optical communication.  
To address the need for high-precision sensing, HUAWEI introduced a THz-ISAC prototype operating in the 100-300 GHz frequency band [249]. This prototype demonstrated millimeter-level resolution imaging of occluded objects and achieved high-speed over-the-air transmission. University College London developed an OFDM-based MIMO software-defined radio (SDR) testbed to show that dual-function radiation waveform can simultaneously perform radar sensing and communication functions [250].
# Approaching the Attosecond Frontier of Dynamics in Matter with the Concept of X-ray Chronoscopy
## 3 X-ray Pulse Transmission in Saturable Absorption Conditions
The transmission change calculated with the XATOM code considering such effects as photoionization, X-ray fluorescence decays, Auger and Coster-Kronig decays, elastic and Compton X-ray scattering as well as electron shake-off are also shown [50]. In the calculation, an isolated Fe atom was studied, which covered intra-atomic electronic transitions only. Thus, the electron recombination processes from the continuum were not accounted for, which is likely the primary cause of the transparency increase at an intensity lower than it was actually measured. In the X-ray flux range 10\({}^{17}\)-10\({}^{19}\) W/cm\({}^{2}\), our two-level model underestimates the saturable absorption rates as compared to the XATOM results. It can be explained by the effect of competing photoionization and decay processes other than the K-shell photoionization, which are covered by the XATOM calculation, while in our model, only the K-shell photoionization is considered, as it is highly dominating over others (e.g., the ratio of partial photoionization cross sections \(\sigma_{\text{K}}/(\sigma_{\text{L1}}+\sigma_{\text{L2}}+\sigma_{\text{L3}}) \approx 9\)[44]). For X-ray fluxes above 10\({}^{19}\) W/cm\({}^{2}\), the two models show a similar increase in the sample transparency as well as the photoabsorption saturation. Nevertheless, our model still well explains the experimental data.
## 5 Experimental Results and Analyses
### Discussion  
The performance of the Generator and Discriminator is the key issue for ordinary GAN during the training process. However, it is difficult to balance the performance without knowing the metrics of the model training. In addition, in order to evaluate the difference between the real image and the generated image, the KL divergence and the JS divergence [6; 7] for the Discriminator are used, but there is a problem of gradient vanishing during the initial training. The experiment results shown in Figures 9 and 10 intuitively confirm the effectiveness of incorporating the strategies of EM Distance and Gradient Penalty. Meanwhile, SSIM and PSNR metrics are employed in our experiments to imply lower numerical differences compared with the baseline. Generally, the Zi2 Zi model can achieve the function of one-to-many. However, since the performance of the classification function proposed previously only focuses on the individual information, some generated fonts are somewhat blurred. Therefore, we incorporate conditional information to make sure that each single font has a consistent style. In order to verify the effectiveness of the classification strategy, the comparison results are shown in Figure 11. Meanwhile, these generated fonts shown in Figure 12 are used as questions for the questionnaire, and results with high reliability are shown in Figure 13. These comparison experiments mentioned above verify the effectiveness of our proposed font generation system.  
Figure 12: Fonts generated by our proposed model for reliability analysis.  
Figure 13: Evaluation results of fonts generated by our proposed model.
# Numerical Integration Schemes Based on Composition of Adjoint Multistep Methods
## 4 The Proposed Composition Schemes
### Composition Scheme Based on Two-Step Adams-Bashforth Method  
Let us consider the two-step Adams-Bashforth numerical integration method:  
\[y_{n+1}=y_{n}+h(\frac{3}{2}f_{n}-\frac{1}{2}f_{n-1}). \tag{11}\]  
The adjoint for (11) is:  
\[y_{n+1}=y_{n}+h(\frac{3}{2}f_{n+1}-\frac{1}{2}f_{n+2}). \tag{12}\]  
One can see that (12) have two implicit dependencies, which cannot be resolved by common techniques. However, we can construct the following composition scheme to obtain a single-step integration method:  
\[y_{n+0.5}=y_{n}+\frac{h}{2}(\frac{3}{2}f_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{2}f_{n +1}) \tag{13}\] \[y_{n+1}=y_{n+0.5}+\frac{h}{2}(\frac{3}{2}f_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{2}f_ {n}).\]  
Let us consider a linear ODE problem:  
\[\dot{y}=Ay. \tag{14}\]  
For linear ODE problem 13 can be easily reduced to single-step formulation:  
\[y_{n+0.5}=y_{n}+\frac{h}{2}(\frac{3}{2}Ay_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{2}Ay_{n +1}), \tag{15}\] \[y_{n+1}=y_{n+0.5}+\frac{h}{2}(\frac{3}{2}Ay_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{2}Ay _{n}). \tag{16}\]First, (16) is substituted to (15):  
\[y_{n+0.5}=y_{n}+\frac{3h}{4}Ay_{n+0.5}-\frac{h}{4}A(y_{n+0.5}+\frac {h}{2}(\frac{3}{2}Ay_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{2}Ay_{n})) \tag{17}\] \[=(I+\frac{1}{16}h^{2}A^{2})y_{n}+(\frac{1}{2}hA-\frac{3}{16}h^{2} A^{2})y_{n+0.5}=\frac{I+\frac{h^{2}}{16}}{I-\frac{1}{2}hA+\frac{3}{16}h^{2}A^{2}}y_{n}\]  
Next, (17) is substituted to (16)  
\[y_{n+1}=(I+\frac{3}{4}hA)y_{n+0.5}-\frac{1}{4}hAy_{n}= \tag{18}\] \[\frac{(I+\frac{h^{2}}{16})(I+\frac{3}{4}hA)y_{n}-\frac{1}{4}hA(I- \frac{1}{2}hA+\frac{3}{16}h^{2}A^{2})y_{n}}{I-\frac{1}{2}hA+\frac{3}{16}h^{2}A ^{2}}.\] \[=\frac{I+\frac{1}{2}hA+\frac{3}{2}h^{2}A^{2}}{I-\frac{1}{2}hA+ \frac{3}{16}h^{2}A^{2}}y_{n}\]  
From (18) we can perform stability analysis the same way as for classical single-step methods. The stability function of the method (13) is:  
\[R(z)=\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}z+\frac{3}{16}z^{2}}{1-\frac{1}{2}z+\frac{3}{16}z^{2}}. \tag{19}\]  
In Figure 3 the stability domain corresponding to (19) is presented. One can see that the stability function is a rational function similar to the implicit midpoint rule and the obtained integration method is A-stable.
## 5 Grasp
### Lifetime GRASP
#### 5.2.2 Search Phase  
Search phase for the lifetime model follows the same pattern as the latency one, but with completely different swapping criteria. Algorithm 4 shows the method responsible for improving the input solution. As it can be seen, the parameters are exactly the same as before, being \(G_{current}\) a valid constructed solution and \(maxNoImprovIter\) the maximum number of iterations without improvement until the search finishes.  
```
1:\(G_{current}\): current solution
2:\(maxNoImprovIter\): maximum number of consecutive iterations to perform without improvement
3:\(G_{improved}\): improved solution
4:\(stop=0\)
5:while\(stop<maxNoImprovIter\)do
6:\(c\) = getCongestedNode(\(G_{current}\))
7:\(n\) = getRandomLeaf(\(G_{current},c\))
8:\(lifetime\) = calculateMaxLifetime(\(G_{current}\))
9:for\(m\in\)Neighbours(\(n\)) do
10:if\(\text{changelsPossible}(G_{current},n,m,lifetime)\)then
11:\(G_{improved}=\text{makeChange}(G_{current},n,m)\)
12:\(newLifetime\) = calculateMaxLifetime(\(G_{improved}\))
13:if\(newLifetime>lifetime\)then
14:\(G_{current}=G_{improved}\)
15:endif
16:endif
17:endfor
18:\(stop=stop+1\)
19:endwhile
20:return\(G_{current}\)
```  
**Algorithm 4**\(\text{localSearch}(G_{current},maxNoImprovIter)\)Due to the heterogeneity on the energy needed to transmit depending on the range and the different relay that each network node holds, it is safe to say that there will be a node or a group of nodes restricting the lifetime. Then, the local search is responsible for finding the congested nodes and balancing their load in order to increase the overall network lifetime. To do so, we firstly identify the more congested node \(c\). In order to reduce its load, we randomly select one node \(n\) sending data to such congested node \(c\). Then, we try to redirect the connectivity of \(n\) to another of its neighbors different from \(c\) so that the network load is more distributed and the lifetime can be increased. To avoid making changes with which the lifetime is not increased, we only mark the current change as possible if the lifetime \(l\) can be increased at least to \(l+1\). If the conditions are met, the network is updated for the following iteration.
# Field Measurements of Free Ascending Behavior of Occupants along Medium-Long Stairway
## 1 Introduction
### Research Works on Ascending Speed on Stairways  
Ascending speeds are affected by various factors such as age, gender, personal motility, LEP (Leg Extensor Power), and staircase characteristics. [PERSON] [14; 17] conducted an observation on two sets of staircases, and the results showed that average walking speeds (horizontal speed) on indoor stairs with a gradient of 32\({}^{\circ}\) were 0.51 m/s and those on outdoor stairs with 27\({}^{\circ}\) were 0.57 m/s. He categorized pedestrians into three age groups for both sexes, and showed that walking speed declined according to age and that women showed a lower speed than men. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7; 18; 19] studied the effects of age, height, sex, LEP, and stair gradient on walking speed along the stairs. They found that LEP showed a strong correlation with walking speeds of elderly people on stairs, while for younger people, LEP had little effect on walking speed. A female's walking speed is slightly lower than that of a male. The stair-gradient has a linear relationship with horizontal walking speeds on stairs. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] collected stair walk speed data in Mass Rapid Transport stations in Singapore at peak travel times using video analysis. A total of six different stairways were observed, each involving between 12 and 17 steps. They collected several hundred data points of unimpeded vertical travel speed and found that  
Figure 1: Depth of the subway stations in Beijing.  
males outpaced females in both the adult and elderly age groups. The vertical travel speeds for adult males in the up direction was 0.32 m/s, while that of females was 0.30 m/s. As the stairs are not long, these studies have not researched in detail the issues associated with physical work and physical exertion and the subsequent changes in behavioral activities that might be generated by their effects in long ascending evacuation.
## 3 Results  
The SMAP data quality will affect the retrieval and the result of downscaling. It is necessary to examine the quality by using the data flags. Bit flags record the ambient surface conditions within each grid cell. These flags provide information as to whether the ground is frozen, open water, dense vegetation, or whether it is permanently covered by snow or ice. The study area mainly includes four types of land cover: wetland, forest, build-up, and cropland; therefore, corresponding surface conditions need to be examined. Whether the surface feature is significant is judged according to the area fraction. For example, the frozen soil flag affects soil moisture retrieval processing in the following ways: (1) if the frozen ground areal fraction is 0.00-0.10, then do not flag, but retrieve soil moisture, (2) if the frozen ground areal fraction is 0.10-0.90, then flag and retrieve soil moisture, (3) if the frozen ground areal fraction is above 0.90, then flag, but do not retrieve soil moisture. In other words, the soil moisture retrieval of no or insignificant feature presence has high quality. This study examined the data quality of May 2016-May 2017, and found that the proportion of total non-significant pixels was 83.43%, among which the proportion of permanent snow was 92.41%, the proportion of frozen land was 86.61%, the proportion of water surface was 78.76%, the proportion of buildings was 81.21%, and the proportion of dense vegetation was 78.15% (Table 4). It can be found  
Figure 2: Characteristic space of vegetation coverage and LST (land surface temperature). from the analysis of SMAP quality flags that the data retrieval is of good quality and the use of data is recommended. According to Formula (9), the soil moisture at 0.3 km (\(SM_{high}\)) was obtained based on the _TVDI_. The soil moisture map (Figure 3) displays the spatial distribution of the downscaling soil moisture using the _TVDI_ as the soil moisture index. In the southwest area of the study site, a region with high soil moisture was observed due to the relatively low _TVDI_ of the forest with homogeneous cover, resulting in soil moisture values greater than 0.3. The proposed method improved the spatial resolution of the SMAP product from 9 km to 0.3 km. From the experimental results, the image showed a clearer effect after the downscaling process (Figure 3b). Compared with the original method, the proposed method offered a visual effect and greater detail (Figure 3b,c), making it more suitable for a microscale watershed study. This study selected four sampling areas as the basis for accuracy verification, wherein A1, A2, B1, and B2 correspond respectively to four land types: wetlands, built-up, forest, and cropland. Each sampling area was 9 km \(\times\) 9 km with 10 ground control points selected as the basis for ground verification. The results of the proposed method and original method are shown in Figures 4 and 5. As can be seen from the display effect, both methods enhanced the spatial resolution of the SMAP product and reflected soil moisture details.
# Simulation of a Narrowband Power Line Communications System over Medium Voltage
## 6 Conclusions  
A parameter drastically affecting the design of PLC systems, as it is directly related to the cost of SG installations, is the distance between repeaters on the same power line. Here, the transmission of NB-PLC signals via non-branched MV power lines is investigated, examining two variants of OFDM, namely filtered-OFDM and wavelet-OFDM. The maximum distance between repeaters is determined, taking into account critical characteristics such as the transfer function of the MTL, the additive noise existing in MV lines in the NB-PLC frequency range and the specific features of the two modulation schemes considered.  
The simulation results have shown that when employing either F-OFDM or W-OFDM, the NB-PLC transmission option outperforms BB-PLC, being capable of supporting low rate SG data transmission via MV power lines to distances exceeding 2 km, and that F-OFDM is superior to W-OFDM by 150-500 m, depending on the modulation order.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge [PERSON] for the helpful discussions.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] performed the simulations presented in the main body of this work and prepared the manuscript. [PERSON] provided guidance with the simulations and edited the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Acquisition Methodology
#### 2.2.2 Data Input via M5 Stack  
Obtaining quality data in real-time is the main pillar on which a tool such as the one developed in this study is based, which is guaranteed by the use of an M5 Stack device.  
In this case, an \"M5 Core2\" device has been used, which, in addition to the Wi-Fi connection, has a touch screen and a \"FACES\" keyboard, thus increasing the possibilities for data entry.  
With this device, it is possible to record in real-time six basic variables for calculating the indicators: \"Target Route Packages\", \"Packages Delivered\", \"Packages Delivered Failed\", \"Shift Duration\", \"Planned Stops Duration\" and \"Unplanned Stops Duration\".
# The Influence of Sensor Size on Acoustic Emission Waveforms--A Numerical Study
## 3 Results
### Diagonal Excitation  
Diagonal wave propagation provides an intermediate response between the vertical and the surface cases, but strong differences can still be observed. Figure 6a shows the waveforms received by each sensor in the case of 1 MHz excitation frequency. The early strong burst originates from the longitudinal wave impinging on the sensors at an angle of 45\({}^{\circ}\). This angle is also the reason of the lower amplitude (up to 0.2 peak to peak for the point sensor) compared to longitudinal waves of vertical source excitation (amplitude higher than 0.5, Figure 2). Once again, the waveform of the long sensor (20 mm) significantly differs from the excited signal (sinusoid of two cycles) due to the aforementioned cancellation effect. As shown in Figure 6a, at approximately 20 \(\upmu\)s, a second wave packet arrives attributed to the slower shear wave front which is detected due to the angle of incidence.  
Respectively, in Figure 7a,b the FFTs of waveforms received by different size sensors in the extreme cases of 1 MHz and 50 kHz are shown. Strong differences from the original FFT envelope are observed in the case of 1 MHz excitation, especially by long and medium sensors attributed to the cancellation effect (Figure 7a). On the contrary, in the case of 50 kHz excitation frequency (Figure 7b), the FFT functions of three size sensors are almost identical converging to the same curve.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Waveforms received by different size sensors for the case of vertical source and excitation frequency of 1 MHz; (**b**) Waveforms received by different size sensors for the case of vertical source and excitation frequency of 50 kHz.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Waveforms received by different size sensors for the case of diagonal source and frequency excitation of 1 MHz; (**b**) Snapshot of displacement field corresponding to 10 \(\upmu\)s after excitation (exc. frequency at 1 MHz).