esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_Appl. Sci._**2015**, \(5\), 359-366; doi:10.3390/app5030359  
_Applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
_Article_  
Optical Fiber Pumped High Repetition Rate and High Power Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) Picosecond Regenerative Amplifier  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1**  
1 Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; E-Mails: [PERSON]SS] (Z.-W.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.-Q.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.-J.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.-R.L.)  
2 National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China  
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.-A.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.-X.B.); Tel.: +86-10-8217-8661 (Z.-A.B.).  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 7 July 2015 / Accepted: 4 August 2015 / Published: 13 August 2015_  
**Abstract:** We report a stable optical fiber pumped Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) all solid state regenerative amplifier with all fiber picosecond laser as seed source. 888 nm Yb optical fiber lasers was chosen as pump source to reduce quantum defect for improved thermal performance. At the repetition rate of 99.6 kHz, maximum power of 19.63 W with 36 ps pulse duration were achieved when seeded by a 150 mW picosecond oscillator. The wavelength delivered was 1064.07 nm with spectral width of 0.14 nm.  
**Keywords:** picosecond laser; all solid state; high repetition rate; regenerative amplifier
## 2 Methods
### MR Image Analysis  
First, the Cine images were analyzed with the CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Calgary) [17], to assess left ventricular function. The endocardial and epicardial contours were semi-automatically delineated, and then corrected by a clinical expert (cardiologist I.R.). Using these contours, we derived the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes (ESV and EDV, respectively). The ejection fraction (EF) functional parameter was then calculated with the well-known formula: EF(%) = (EDV \(-\) ESV)/EDV, for each dataset (i.e., each time-point), allowing us to observe the longitudinal changes over the weeks following the completion post-DOX delivery.  
Second, the LGE images were analyzed using in-house custom scripts written in Matlab (Mathworks, Torrance, CA, USA), according to the image analysis pipeline illustrated in Figure 3. Briefly, for each raw MR image, we first performed manual endocardial and epicardial contouring of the LV. A region of interest (ROI) was selected from the remote myocardium on the posterior side. Subsequently, pixel-wise maps of signal intensity within the segmented LV were used as input to an algorithm able to differentiate healthy myocardium vs. fibrotic pixels based on a simple signal intensity thresholding method.  
Specifically, in order to cluster the pixels into the two distinct regions (i.e., fibrosis and healthy tissue), we used a 5 standard deviation (SD) threshold for signal intensity, which is  
Figure 3: Diagrammatic illustration of the analysis pipeline used to generate pixel-wise fibrosis maps from high resolution LGE images (see text for more details). Note: fibrosis pixels are represented in green and healthy myocardium pixels in magenta.  
clinically accepted for fibrosis assessment [18]. Moreover, the LV binary masks were used to calculate the LV volume for each heart. At each time-point, for each heart, the density of fibrosis (%) was calculated as the ratio between the fibrosis volume (derived from the total number of segmented fibrosis voxels in each LV) and the LV volume.
## 1 Introduction
This method significantly improves the system control performance but requires the use of more complex algorithms and computational processes. The traditional ADRC makes it difficult to achieve the required control effect for small perturbations and can only accurately predict and compensate for external perturbations with large fluctuations. To enhance the disturbance compensation capability of the conventional ADRC and achieve accurate motor speed tracking, this paper presents a Fuzzy-ADRC-based speed controller tailored for small disturbances. This approach is derived from the mentioned literature review. The main advantages of the improved ADRC are (1) enhanced robustness to a variety of external disturbances and internal uncertainty and a faster dynamic response. (2) An FC is added to the rotational speed feedback loop to proportionally amplify the speed error by introducing proportional coefficients. The amplified speed error, after passing through the ESO transformation, obtains a larger speed compensation. This enhances the compensation capability of ADRC under small disturbances. This strategy achieves the adaptive adjustment of disturbance compensation to ensure high-precision motor speed tracking and effectively enhances the robustness of the system. In the second part of this paper, the SMO system is modeled, designed, and described. The third part discusses the design of a speed controller that incorporates ADRC and Feed-forward Control (FFC) to enhance disturbance compensation. The fourth part showcases the experimental outcomes of simulating the Fuzzy-ADRC-based speed controller. These outcomes provide evidence of the efficacy of the described control strategy. Finally, the fifth part summarizes the entire paper and presents the research outlook. Table 1 presents some of the terms covered in the article, including their corresponding abbreviations and full names.
## 4 Dynamics
### Damped Monopole Oscillations
The insets in the top row show the total density of the binary mixture, \(n(r,t)=\sum_{i=1}^{2}N_{i}|\psi_{i}(r,t)|^{2}\), at different evolution times, corresponding to the red circles in (**a**). The horizontal line in (**b**) represent the _nominal_ equilibrium value \(N_{1}/N_{2}=\sqrt{g_{22}/\delta_{11}}\simeq 0.873\), and the dashed area the corresponding tolerance (see text). Here \(a_{12}=-82a_{0}\), \(N_{2}=4\times 10^{4}\) (left), \(N_{2}=1.5\times 10^{5}\) (right). the two components remains close to the equilibrium value, see panels (c), with deviations below the requcalibration threshold (shaded area in the figure). Indeed, we recall that a droplet can sustain an excess of particles in one of the two components \(\delta N_{i}^{d}/N_{i}^{d}\) up to a critical value \(\sim\delta g/\sqrt{g_{11}g_{22}}\)[1] (\(\approx 11\%\) in the present case), beyond which particles in excess are expelled. Let us now discus how the presence of three-body losses affects the above picture. From panels (b) it is evident that losses produce a continuous drain of particles from the droplet. Nevertheless, after 100 ms of evolution the value of \(\tilde{N}_{R}(t)\) is still well above the critical value \(\tilde{N}_{c}\) for the existence of a droplet. Indeed, after several tens of milliseconds the mixture still forms a self-bound droplet (see e.g., the density profile at 50 ms) which keeps undergoing damped monopole oscillations, as shown in panels (a). Notably, the initial stage of the evolution is still dominated by self-evaporation, see panel (d), and then both the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations become larger than in the clean case (without losses), because of the atoms that leave the bulk and populate the tails. Actually, there are two opposite effects taking place: on the one hand the droplet shrinks because of the loss of atoms due to three-body recombination, on the other hand there is an outward flow of K atoms that evaporate from the droplet, see panel (d). This species selective evaporation is due to the fact that the major loss of atoms affects the Rb component (see previous section), so that a progressively increasing fraction of K atoms cannot stay bound inside the droplet, and it is let free to expand. We remark that this is obviously a non-equilibrium process, as it is evident from the fact that \(\tilde{N}_{R}(t)\) does not relaxes to a stationary value and that the ratio \(N_{1}^{d}(t)/N_{2}^{d}(t)\) soon run over the requcalibration threshold, anyway. All this is responsible for the different 'asymptotic' behavior of \(\sigma(t)\) in the two cases shown in panels (a). For \(N_{2}=4\times 10^{4}\) (left), the two effects approximately compensate each other, and the width oscillates close to the nominal equilibrium value without losses. Instead, for \(N_{2}=1.5\times 10^{5}\) (right), which is characterized by a shorter lifetime, the droplet width decreases progressively (though keeping oscillating). It is worth to remark that the actual behavior is also sensitive to the choice of the droplet radius \(R_{d}\).
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: Many human diseases are associated with oxidative stress, which is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals generated in living cells. Some biomass extracts derived from various types of plants can act as efficient drugs against pathological disorders related to oxidative stress. Numerous herbal blends have thus been shown to improve health. _Cleistocalyx_ _operculatus_ (Roxb.) Merr. and L.M.Perry teas have been considered in that way. Problem: Because of amerntome, the taste of _C. operculatus_ avoids or limits a large use of such alleged healthy leaf infusions. (2) Methods: The phytochemistry, oxygen, free radical scavenging activity, and antilipid peroxidation of _C. operculatus_ teas were here studied in vitro. Then different mixes of _C. operculatus_ and _Mentha arrensis_ were infused together and tasted in a hedonic test. The chemical and biological properties of the best mix were then analyzed. (3) Results: The herbal blend of _C. operculatus_ revealed significant scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 35.6 ug/mL. Induced by hydroxyl radicals, this beverage could significantly inhibit the lipid peroxidation of mouse brain homogenates. Our results demonstrate that the lipid peroxidation inhibition of dried leaves of _C. operculatus_ might be related to its scavenging effects on oxygen free radicals. This _C. operculatus_ bitter blend was then combined with various amounts of _M. arrensis_ Lim. The taste was evaluated, and further biochemical analyses were conducted on the best 7/3 ratio. They showed that the healthy properties were maintained. (4) Conclusion: The optimized 7/3 ratio of the _Cleistocalyx/Mentha_ mix led to the best results in terms of taste (sensory tests). It is demonstrated that the potential health benefits against oxidative stress remained high as compared with pure _C. operculatus_ infusion.  
Cleistocalyx operculatus; Mentha arrensis; antioxidant activity; phytochemicals; reactive oxygen species; free radicals; lipid peroxidation
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Additional Insights from the Path Model Analysis  
#### 4.4.1 Model Unexplained Variance  
Figure 7 exposes the sample's (\(\circ\)) large variability in terms of classroom air change rate and indoor air temperature. The path model estimates (+) and estimates moving average (*) depicted in Figure 7 visually represent the amount of unexplained variability in the air change rate and indoor air temperature. The standardized variances of the path model residuals \(\zeta_{1}\) and \(\zeta_{2}\) show that 42.5% and 25.1%, respectively, of the variance in total variability of these two model output variables remains unexplained, which translates into moderate and good prediction of the variability in ventilation and indoor air temperature  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mean or** \\ **Variance** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Data** \\ **Used** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Class Intervals of Outdoor Temperature**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **T\({}_{\text{out}}<\) 13 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **13 \(\leq\) T\({}_{\text{out}}<\) 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **15 \(\leq\) T\({}_{\text{out}}<\) 17 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **17 \(\leq\) T\({}_{\text{out}}<\) 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **T\({}_{\text{out}}\geq\) 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\overline{\text{acc}}^{*}\) [h\({}^{-1}\)] \({}^{a}\)} & Sample & 1.88 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.27 2.34 (\(-\)3.15)} & \multirow{3}{*}{3.67 3.75 (\(-\)2.22)} & \multirow{3}{*}{4.91 4.69 (\(\text{4.53}\))} & 6.18 \\  & & [\%] & & & 6.51 (\(-\)5.45) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\overline{T}_{\text{in}}\) [\({}^{\circ}\)C]} & Sample & 18.0 & \multirow{3}{*}{19.4 19.5 (\(-\)0.562)} & \multirow{3}{*}{21.3 21.1 (0.655)} & \multirow{3}{*}{22.9 22.7 (0.989)} & 24.7 \\  & Estimate (Error [\%]) & & & & 24.7 (\(\text{0.225}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (a) \(\overline{\text{acc}}=\exp(\overline{\text{acc}}^{*})\).  
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison of sample and estimated mean structure of the output variables for different class intervals of outdoor temperature.  
variance (\(R^{2}\) equal to 0.575 and 0.749, respectively). This difference in the quality of the results for ventilation and indoor air temperature is highlighted by the path model, and deserves more detailed analysis. Despite the two-year experimental dataset ensuring high data variability, thereby reducing the relevance of individual students'/teachers' psychological or physiological traits, conditions specific to certain seasons, and classroom orientations, it is possible that personal and contextual factors not included in the model may have influenced occupants' behavior [25; 43; 78; 88]. Because occupant behavior related to window opening/closing has a far more meaningful effect on classroom ventilation than any other effects on indoor air temperature due to occupant behavior, a reasonable explanation for the difference in unexplained variance between ventilation and indoor air temperature would be the model's lack of important personal and contextual determinants surrounding occupant behavior.
## 3 Speech Recognition Results
### The Number of Sub-Word Units  
We investigated the number of sub-word units suitable for Korean. The sub-word unit is the result of concatenating several letters to form a new sub-word unit [24]. Here, we connected letters using the unigram algorithm [30] used by default in the ESPnet toolkit. Table 4 describes the performance according to the number of sub-word units. In the table, the experiment with 2306 sub-word units is  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Models** & **SpecAugment** & **Metric (\%)** & **Dev** & **Eval-Clean** & **Eval-Other** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{RNN} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & CER & 7.7 & 9.2 & 10.6 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & WER & 19.7 & 24.5 & 30.0 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & sWER & 15.3 & 16.9 & 20.2 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & CER & 7.5 & 8.6 & 9.8 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & WER & 19.1 & 23.2 & 28.3 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & sWER & 14.7 & 15.6 & 18.5 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Transformer} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & CER & 7.2 & 8.7 & 9.7 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & WER & 18.5 & 23.5 & 28.3 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & sWER & 14.1 & 15.9 & 18.3 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & CER & **6.5** & **8.0** & **9.0** \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & WER & **17.1** & **21.9** & **26.6** \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & sWER & **12.7** & **14.2** & **16.5** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The bold number is the best performance.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Performance of recurrent neural network (RNN) and Transformer models.  
the same model that uses 2306 Korean syllables, which performed best in the previous experiments. Additionally, the CER was measured by converting sub-word units predicted from the end-to-end model into character units with whitespace, as shown in Figure 2b.  
We observed that performance declined as the 2306 syllable units were increased. We observed that LibriSpeech [33], an English speech data corpus of similar size to KsponSpeech, showed improved performance when using sub-word units with the same algorithm in our preliminary experiments. The reason for showing different results despite using a similarly sized dataset is probably that the basic units between Korean and English are different. Note that Korean uses syllables and English uses characters as the basic unit. These results are also observed in Mandarin, which uses syllable units as the basic unit, as does Korean. Some researchers [38] reported that character units produce better performance than the sub-word units in Mandarin. In our experiment, syllable units may have already been sufficiently concatenated, unlike English character units. Conversely, syllable units may also be unsuitable for expansion into sub-word units as they are already concatenated units of two or more Korean alphabets [39]. We will conduct an experiment starting with the Korean alphabet in the future work.
# A Review on Reconfigurable Liquid Dielectric Antennas
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper summarized state-of-the-art techniques and methods used to design, optimize, and apply liquid dielectric reconfigurable antennas. Communication systems that rely solely on stationary antennas or a combination of those are no longer suitable for the evolving needs of the modern communication technology where the physical size of the hardware becomes increasingly small. Liquid dielectric materials offer a novel mechanism for radiation control and reconfigurability, worthily complementing the existing reconfiguration methods. Two main approaches were identified for the antenna reconfiguration using liquid dielectrics, namely liquid-based and liquid-assistive techniques. In the liquid-based technique, a liquid dielectric material in itself is used as the main radiating structure. In the liquid-assisted technique, a liquid dielectric material is used to modify local currents of an existing metal-based antenna to reconfigure its radiation parameters. This paper discussed the main design principals, advantages and limitation of this type of reconfigurable antennas. Even though there are a few technological and practical challenges that have to be solved,liquid dielectric reconfigurable antennas offer higher efficiency and wider operational bandwidth compared to traditional reconfiguration mechanisms based on electrical switches.  
S.Y.H. provided the initial review direction, discussions on the development of the review, and comments on the manuscript drafts. E.M. conducted the literature review and prepared the manuscript drafts. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) Digital Manufacturing and Design Center (fund number RGDM1830102).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
Given the dramatic expansion of NGS technology in biomedical research and the consequent production of huge amount of data, data compression has become of great importance. Many algorithms have been published in order to shrink NGS data sizes, trying to compress raw image data (_i.e._, fluorescence measurements during the sequencing cycles) or DNA sequence data, at level of the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{r r r r r} \hline
**Mapped** & **BOC** & **Mean DOC** & **Mean DOC** & **DOC deflation** \\
**reads** & **(\%)** & **(Original)** & **(ReduceReads)** & **rate (\%)** \\ \hline
36,371,970 & 93.14 & 32.28 & 5.56 & 83 \\
52,081,471 & 94.37 & 46.36 & 5.08 & 89 \\
50,599,995 & 93.7 & 45.02 & 6.67 & 85 \\
40,586,880 & 93.34 & 35.88 & 4.22 & 88 \\
35,004,528 & 93.58 & 30.96 & 4.29 & 86 \\
49,141,745 & 93.37 & 61.41 & 7.18 & 88 \\
49,142,549 & 93.09 & 61.3 & 7.13 & 88 \\
42,024,818 & 92.97 & 52.32 & 6.55 & 87 \\
23,754,890 & 92.04 & 29.56 & 7.2 & 76 \\
29,203,073 & 92.5 & 36.37 & 5.66 & 84 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: DOC and BOC of original and compressed BAMs by ReduceReads.  
Figure 4: Compression performance.  
genomic sequence or of the reference-aligned fragments. In this work we have tested some of the most recent and used compression tools for SAM/BAM files.  
The original contribution of this work is the test of such tools on data coming from SOLiD sequencing platforms and their official analysis toolkit: Lifescope. This aim was not ever pursued since SOLiD sequencers were not so popular. Contrarily, today this trend is going inversely. As described in Section 1, SOLiD differs from other similar tools, not only for its original function, but for the data format of its output files. Thus, we tried to assess whether and how original information were preserved from these files, by measuring the starting and residual called variants and target coverage, before and after compression.  
The CRAMtools, Quip and NGC Package basically showed to preserve almost all original information, meaning that quite any changes made during compression could be undone after decompression. Contrastingly, ReduceReads proved to irreversibly lose more than \(30\%\) of original variants after compression. Generally, CRAMtools and ReduceReads achieved very high compression performance, with as high storage saving.  
Our results provide useful indications about compression performance of SOLiD data. We were unable to retrieve all the original variants from the compressed datasets with any of these tools. However, CRAMtools exhibited the best performance among all tested softwares. NGC resulted to be the easiest to use, even though the compression rates were not so impressive. Quip performed quite well, even though it bumped against the fragment-based BAM files generated by Lifescope. On the other hand, the ReduceReads module of GATK exhibited extraordinary compression rates at the expense of a significant number of lost variants.
## 4 Discussion  
The HO-ADRC absorbs the advantages of PID and fully integrates the advantages of modern control theory. It can uniformly treat the nonlinear uncertainty factors of the system as interference for observation, estimation, and compensation, and then use the nonlinear error feedback to transform the nonlinear problem into a linear problem. The role of the tracking differentiator is to arrange the transition process and obtain the differential signal while filtering. The expansion state observer borrows the idea of the state observer, defines the disturbance that can affect the object output as a new state variable and then uses a special feedback mechanism to establish the expansion state observer. The expansion state observer does not depend on the specific model of the generation disturbance, so the expansion state observer is a general and practical disturbance observer. The expanding state variable can observe the unknown disturbance of the system, and the observation results can be used to adopt the corresponding compensation strategy to achieve the purpose of high-precision control.  
In the traditional PID control, the error feedback control law is the linear weighted sum of the integral, differential, and proportion of the error, and the differential signal of the error is difficult to obtain, so HO-ADRC proposes two optimization methods for this. The first is to use the tracking differentiator to obtain the differential signal, which solves the problem of acquiring the error differential signal in the linear PID. The second is to change the error feedback control law form and change the linear combination to the nonlinear combination.  
Therefore, according to the identified model, the designed HO-ADRC can effectively reduce the tracking error (from 0.146 rad/s to 0.077 rad/s, 89.61% increase). At the same time, the stability error can be effectively reduced (from 0.002562 rad/s to 0.001045 rad/s, 145.17% increase). For the square wave for input signal, the system with the HO-ADRC responds faster and does not overshoot.  
Conceptualization, Z.Y. and S.S.; Methodology, Z.Y. and S.S.; Software, M.Z.; Formal analysis, S.S. and H.D.; Investigation, M.Z.; Resources, H.D.; Data curation, M.Z. and H.D.; Writing--review & editing, Z.Y.; Visualization, H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is restricted due to the relevant policy requirements of the authors' institutional units.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.