## 5 Performance Testing
### Venue Test  
Due to the potential influences of environmental factors (e.g., electronic equipment, furniture and glass walls) on the quality and availability of the iBeacon signal, testing in various learning space venues was conducted to ensure ample coverage and performance. The purposes of the test was to assess the accuracy differences between different classrooms and to acquire useful data on implementing indoor location-based systems for different venues. Classrooms with characteristics (i.e., Rooms ZS1010, V721, Z205 and Z414) were used for the venue test. Room ZS1010 is a computer laboratory with 60 desktop computers, which was used to investigate the effects of electronic interference on the iBeacon signals. Room V721 is a laboratory with a full-height glass panel which is known to induce multipath effects. In addition, two types of common lecture theatres were also tested (Rooms Z205 and Z414) for better evaluation of positioning accuracy in learning spaces. The data collected from each classroom were compared with the results from a typical classroom in Room ZB214 to investigate the detrimental effect on positioning accuracy.  
A typical classroom (Room ZB214), a computer laboratory with 60 desktop computers (Room ZS1010), a laboratory with a full-height glass panel (Room V721), a typical lecture theatre (Room Z205) and a small lecture theatre with one window on the wall (Room Z414) were chosen to assess the differences in positioning accuracy caused by indoor environmental factors. Since the rooms are in different dimensions, the percentage errors are compared in Table 3 rather than comparing the CDF of the RMSE.  
Figure 13: CDF comparison of the three different transmission intervals.  
Table 3 shows that Rooms Z205, ZB214 and Z414, a typical lecture theatre, a typical classroom, and a small lecture theatre, respectively, which did not contain an abundance of computers, windows, and electronic equipment, had the lowest error rates of 7.81%, 8.26% and 9.93%, respectively. The computer laboratory (Room ZS1010) had a higher percentage error than the three rooms mentioned above. The difference between the computer laboratory and the others was the existence of 60 desktop computers. Computers and other electronic equipment generate an electromagnetic field which can affect the BLE signals. In the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2014), iBeacons were affected by the computer, and the estimated distance from the mobile device to the iBeacons became more accurate if the computers were removed. Our results also support the finding that the presence of computer equipment lowers iBeacon positioning accuracy.  
The laboratory with the full-height glass panel (Room V721) provided the worst positioning error, 12.41%. The reflective materials, e.g., the coatings on a glass panel, can cause a multipath effect where the iBeacons could be easily reflected by the glass coatings. As stated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015), Bluetooth Beacon signals have a multipath problem, as the signals are reflected several times before reaching the receiver, causing uncertainty in distance estimation and positioning. Our results demonstrated that the wall materials of the room could contribute to the error on measurement, and the existence of reflective materials adversely affected the positioning when compared with other indoor environment settings. The findings from this test support that positioning accuracy varies greatly according to the equipment, obstructions, and amount of reflective materials present in the indoor environment. The installation location of iBeacons should be tested to reduce the effects of interference from electromagnetic signals and the multipath effects.