## 2 Materials and Methods
### Establishment of Cell Mechatronic Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **Parameter** & **Simulation Calculation Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Geometrical parameter/\(\upmu\)m} & Cell radius & 10 \\  & Cell membrane thickness & 0.004 \\  & Nuclear radius & 2.8 \\  & Nuclear membrane thickness & 0.004 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Conductivity/(S-m\({}^{-1}\))} & Extracellular fluid & 0.3 \\  & Cell membrane & 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) \\  & Cytoplasm & 1.3 \\  & Nuclear membrane & 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) \\  & Nucleoplasm & 1.3 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Relative dielectric constant} & Extracellular fluid & 72 \\  & Cell membrane & 5 \\  & Cytoplasm & 72 \\  & Nuclear membrane & 5 \\  & Nucleoplasm & 72 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Dispersion parameter} & First-order relaxation time \(\tau_{1}\)/s & 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) \\  & Second-order relaxation time \(\tau_{2}\)/s & 4.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) \\  & First-order relaxation amplitude \(\Delta\varepsilon_{1}\)/(F-m\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-11}\) \\  & Second-order relaxation amplitude \(\Delta\varepsilon_{2}\)/(F-m\({}^{-1}\)) & 7.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-12}\) \\  & High-frequency dielectric constant \(\varepsilon_{\infty}\) /(F-m\({}^{-1}\)) & 13.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-12}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electroporation parameters} & Electroporation parameters & \(\alpha\)/(m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\)) & 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) \\  & Initial pore density N\({}_{0}\)/m\({}^{-2}\) & 1.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Characteristic voltage U\({}_{\text{ep}}\)/V & 0.258 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Electroporation constant q & 2.46 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Aperture r\({}_{\text{p}}\)/nm & 0.8 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Microporous energy barrier w\({}_{0}\) & 2.65 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cell parameters used in calculation. \[J(t)=\frac{V_{m}}{d}\sigma(t)+\frac{\varepsilon(t)}{d}\frac{\partial V_{m}}{ \partial t} \tag{2}\]  
In the equation, \(d\) is the thickness of the cell membrane, \(\varepsilon(t)\) is the dielectric constant of the membrane. \(\sigma(t)\) represents the electrical conductivity of the cell membrane, which can be composed of static conductivity and dynamic conductivity. \[\sigma(t)=\sigma_{0}+N(t)\sigma_{p}\pi r_{p}^{2}K \tag{3}\]  
In the equation, \(\sigma_{0}\) is the initial electrical conductivity of the cell membrane, \(\sigma_{p}\) is the conductivity of the pore, \(r_{p}\) is the pore radius, and \(K\) is the voltage-dependent variable across the membrane [16]. When high-frequency electrical pulses are applied, due to the dielectric relaxation effect of the biomembrane, its dielectric constant significantly decreases [35], and the second-order Debye dispersion model describes the complex dielectric constant of the dielectric in the frequency domain. \[\widetilde{\varepsilon}=\varepsilon_{\infty}+\sum_{i=1}^{2}\frac{\Delta \varepsilon_{i}}{1+j\omega\tau_{i}} \tag{4}\]  
In the equation, \(\varepsilon_{\infty}\) is the dielectric constant when the frequency tends towards infinity, \(\Delta\varepsilon_{i}\) and \(\tau_{i}\) are the amplitude and relaxation time constants of the \(i\)-th order relaxation, respectively. The polarization vector \(\mathbf{P}\) of the biomembrane is defined as follows:  
\[\mathbf{P}=(\widetilde{\varepsilon}-\varepsilon_{0})\mathbf{E} \tag{5}\]  
In the equation, \(\varepsilon_{0}\) is the permittivity of the vacuum, and \(\mathbf{E}\) is the local electric field. The electric displacement vector \(\mathbf{D}\) on the membrane is given by  
\[\mathbf{D}=\varepsilon_{0}\mathbf{E}+\mathbf{P} \tag{6}\]  
The electric field forces acting on each component of the cell can be described by the Maxwell stress tensor, and can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor over the surface of each membrane. The equation is:  
\[\overset{\leftrightarrow}{\mathbf{T}}= \begin{bmatrix}T_{xx}&T_{xy}&T_{xz}\\ T_{yx}&T_{yy}&T_{yz}\\ T_{zx}&T_{zy}&T_{zz}\end{bmatrix}