###### Abstract
Researchers have noted variations in the number of scientific studies on the monitoring of training loads across different sports disciplines [16], and the use of different tools depending on the type of sport highlights the need for further exploration to determine practical methods for evaluating training effects [17]. Rhythmic gymnastics is an Olympic discipline featuring individual or group exercises that last between 1.15 to 1.30 min and 2.15 to 2.30 min, respectively. Elite gymnastics' routines are a masterful blend of asymmetrical movements involving body difficulties like jumps/leaps, balances, rotations/turns/pivots, dance steps, dynamic elements with rotation, pre-acrobatic elements, body waves, and apparatus technical difficulties [18]. Success in rhythmic gymnastics is attributed to various factors: selected anthropometric features (45%), flexibility (12.1%), explosive strength (9.2%), aerobic capacity (7.4%), body dimensions (6.8%), and anaerobic abilities (4.6%) in elite and non-elite gymnasts. Notably, aerobic capacity components are identified as the most important predictor of an elite rhythmic gymnast's performance score [19]. Furthermore, Olympic-level rhythmic gymnasts exhibit higher training volumes at all stages of sports development compared to those at the international level [20]. The above-mentioned components are included in the training sessions, which during the basic preparatory period comprise 65% light intensity and 35% moderate to very vigorous intensity exercises, corresponding to routine parts performed during this period [21]. As competitions approach, the number of repetitions per part of the routines and entire training routines increases [22]. Additionally, training loads during competitive periods should be individualized based on the varying psychophysiological tolerance of the loads and age of the athletes [23]. Regarding methods of measuring training loads, [PERSON] et al. [24] found that an autechronic workload ratio (ACWR) of 1.2-1.4 is a safe approach to periodized training loads in youth rhythmic gymnasts. [PERSON] et al. [25] suggested using the RPE to measure exercise intensity in highly trained rhythmic gymnasts. Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations are used to determine training adaptation in juniors [26; 27; 28]. During long-term performance development, rhythmic gymnasts aged 16-17 enter the high-performance training stage, characterized by a systematic increase in all load factors to meet the demands of the World Championships program or Olympic cycle [29]. Thus, the training of rhythmic gymnasts aged 16 and older is of particular interest in this review. A comparative analysis of the Continental Championship results during the 2017-2020 Olympic cycle revealed significant differences in performance scores across five continents, highlighting the need to clarify the determinants of success in this sports discipline [30]. From the perspective of rhythmic gymnastics coaches, \"planning the training process\" and \"control over the training process and the state of gymnast's body\" are among the most important professional activities for achieving success in this complex discipline [31]. However, [PERSON] et al. [32] found that perception was the most commonly used strategy to monitor load among rhythmic gymnastics coaches, and valid tools for monitoring training loads were rare, which could limit the effective management of training loads in this discipline. Thus, the purpose of this systematic literature review was to (1) provide an overview of methods used to capture external and internal training/competition loads in elite rhythmic gymnasts, and (2) identify measurements of external and internal training/competition loads and their responses during monitored periods.