## 5 Discussion
### Implications for Indoor-Outdoor Campus Navigation App Design
#### 5.4.6. Assistance or Help: Voice, Text, Symbolic Notations  
It is important to design adequate help and assistance in campus navigation applications to support users in wayfinding. However, not much navigation assistance is currently available for indoor navigation [92]. In the present study, many participants faced challenges related to help and support for navigation and suggested that campus wayfinding apps can be improved by providing path directions with arrows, symbolic notations, text for description of route, turn-by-turn instructions and voice or audio instructions to make the navigation easier. Some of the participants' comments include: \"Show path directions maybe with arrows\", \"Symbolic notations to make the navigation easier for all in any condition\", \"Some text may help the navigation. For example, buildings like Realfagbygget, some suggestions about which entrance to take which block, etc. can be helpful\", \"Offer caption to get description of route (similar to Google Maps) so that one knows i.e., to which floor to navigate. Especially helpful if connection is lost\", \"Turn by turn written instructions (e.g., turn left, go 100 m, turn right)\", \"Audio of the written instructions\", \"Voice commentary should be there\", \"Would be cool to have a tool that guide in a smart way with voice hints\", \"Voice instruction\".  
Previous research has also explored different ways to provide assistance and help in navigation applications to aid users in wayfinding and should be used in designing better campus navigation applications. [PERSON] et al. [54] found that voice-assisted digital maps can increase participants' comfort levels and help them reach their destination more quickly compared to the other types of maps. [PERSON] [59] demonstrated the potential of multidisciplinary approaches and multimodal navigation aids to support the navigation and wayfinding of mobile users [59]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [93] suggested, based on their study focusing on augmented reality-based indoor navigation applications, that adding more semantic icons with text to an AR real-time scene interface can serve as virtual landmarks and enhance users' spatial learning [48]. [PERSON] et al. [73] suggested using relatable and simple instructions for users; for example, instead of telling how many steps or feet to walk, using time such as 15 min walk is more beneficial as it is not easy for users to estimate distance by steps. [PERSON] et al. [76] suggested augmenting navigation aids and providing more instructions when the user is standing and only offering little and essential guidance when walking so as not to hinder awareness of their surroundings.  
[PERSON] et al. [73] recommended that a wayfinding system should provide users an option to request assistance through human-human contact if they are unable to find the location. This is because sometimes users just want to speak to a person instead of interacting with a system. [PERSON] et al. [94] suggested improving indoor campus navigation applications by adding features such as arrow-based direction for giving indoor direction pathways or adding a Live chat page so users can contact the admin if needed.