# A Framework for the Evaluation of the Cultural Heritage Information Ontology
## 2 Related Work
### Ontologies for Built Cultural Heritage  
The ISO 21127:2014--reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information [48] is currently the furthest developed ontology for the integration of cultural heritage information and is intended to promote a shared understanding of cultural heritage information by providing a common and extensible semantic framework to which any cultural heritage information can be mapped. The standard was reviewed in 2020 and confirmed as current. Originally, it was developed for the international museum community (UNESCO's ICOM) by a team of multidisciplinary experts intended for the exchange of information managed by museums, libraries, and archives. Implicit and explicit concepts in cultural heritage documentation are detailed. The standard was development in cooperation with the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM). The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), which provided a common and extensible semantic framework for the integration of cultural heritage information, was recognized as an ISO standard in 2006.  
Being a reference ontology, the CIDOC CRM is often a base of specific ontologies, such as the one developed for the Cantabria's Cultural Heritage Ontology project [49]. In this case, for the Cantabria region and its cultural heritage. Other resources populated the ontology, namely official sources from the Cantabria government. Standardized and proprietary formats, such as the Encoded Archival Description and Guide files (for encoding archival finding aids or guides to primary source material), MARC 21 (set of codes for encoding machine-readable records), Excel spreadsheets, and relational databases, were used.  
In [50], heritage domain ontology engineering is applied to build the Yoruba Cultural Heritage Ontology, devoted, in general, to African heritage museums, monuments, memorabilia, libraries, icons, and archival resources. More than 900 cultural heritage objects were associated with 237 concepts/classes, including sculptures, dialects, ceremonies, and more relevant to the heritage building domain, monuments (ancient, historical, and intentional). The ontology represents, and can be used as, a knowledge resource for digital documentation.  
The Built Cultural Heritage (BCH) ontology for preventive conservation [51] merged and expanded the Geneva City Geographic Markup Language (Geneva CityGML), Monument Damage ontology (Mondis), and the CIDOC-CRM, applying it to a case related to the New Cathedral of Cuenca in Ecuador.  
The Cultural Heritage Abstract Reference Model [52] is based on some concepts for the ontology of cultural heritage, with an emphasis on archaeology and anthropology. In the literature, authors neglect the latest CIDOC CRM with the argument that it imposes an over-prescriptive ISO standard while proposing their own proprietary conceptual modelling language, ConML. However, it is questionable whether such approach can guarantee the necessary conceptual stability for the HB domain.  
In [53], [PERSON] et al., propose an Ontology-Based Method for the Generation of Parametric Structured Models for Historical Built Heritage, supported by CityGML-Geography Markup Language, the CIDOC-CRM, the IFC, and the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT). A partial example of this conceptual formalization is presented, with reference to the Castellina of Norcia, enhancing the comprehension of fortified structures.  
Other ontological resources worthy of mention and analysis are the databases and catalogues of cultural heritage, such as Europeana.eu [54]. Divulging information on tangible, intangible, and natural heritage in a digital, organized, user-friendly, and accessible manner, in collaboration with European archives, libraries, and museums, the Europeana Data Model (EDM) is a core ontology (OWL) of this resource.