# Advanced Control Strategies for Securing UAV Systems: A Cyber-Physical Approach
###### Abstract  
This paper explores the application of sliding mode control (SMC) as a robust security enhancement strategy for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. The study proposes integrating advanced SMC techniques with security protocols to develop a dual-purpose system that improves UAV control and fortifies against adversarial actions. The strategy includes dynamic reconfiguration capabilities within the SMC framework, allowing adaptive responses to threats by adjusting control laws and operational parameters. This is complemented by anomaly detection algorithms that monitor deviations in control signals and system states, providing early warnings of potential cyber-intrusions or physical tampering. Additionally, fault-tolerant SMC mechanisms are designed to maintain control and system stability even when parts of the UAV are compromised. The methodology involves simulation and real-world testing to validate the effectiveness of the SMC-based security enhancements. Simulations assess how the UAV handles attack scenarios, such as GPS spoofing and control signal jamming, with SMC adapting in real-time to mitigate these threats. Field tests further confirm the system's capability to operate under varied conditions, proving the feasibility of SMC for enhancing UAV security. This integration of sliding mode control into UAV security protocols leverages control theory for security purposes, offering a significant advancement in the robust, adaptive control of UAVs in hostile environments. U 2024 783 1224 122  
As UAV technology advances, their integration into ad-hoc networks like the flying ad-hoc network (FANET) is becoming increasingly viable, significantly enhancing their operational capabilities in both commercial and military domains such as logistics and surveillance [3]. However, the openness and reliance on unsecured communication protocols in FANETs increase their vulnerability to cyber-threats, including data interception, unauthorized control, and denial of service attacks. These growing threats underscore the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures within UAV communication frameworks. Additionally, as UAVs become more prevalent across various sectors, including both legal and illicit activities, the need for advanced forensic capabilities to investigate incidents effectively becomes critical [4]. The rapid pace of technological advancement and the complexity of UAV operational environments necessitate updated protocols and regulatory frameworks to ensure security and reliability. The integration of civilian drones into everyday activities further amplifies these risks, particularly given their dependence on wireless communication and remote control systems [5]. This evolving threat landscape highlights the need for comprehensive security protocols to protect UAVs from cyberattacks and ensure their safe operation in increasingly complex environments. Additionally, the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of UAV systems have become increasingly critical. UAVs are particularly susceptible to cyberattacks because they rely on wireless communications and remote operations, exposing them to risks such as interception, spoofing, and hijacking [6]. These vulnerabilities can lead to severe consequences, including data theft, operational disruptions, and physical damages [7]. To mitigate these risks, organizations need to implement robust security measures. These measures should include the establishment of drone detection and response procedures, the utilization of counter-UAS technologies, and the adoption of comprehensive cybersecurity solutions [8]. Meanwhile, Refs. [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15], and other related survey works, provide a thorough overview of UAV technologies, architectures, and the security threats they face, significant strides have been made in identifying and categorizing the multifaceted security challenges across hardware, software, communication, and sensor domains. Ref.