## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Hour**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Nominal (\(R_{ccN}\)=\(R_{cc,1}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Effective Short-Circuit**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Effective Short-Circuit**} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Resistances (\(R_{cc,z}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Resistances for Non-**} \\  & & & & & & **Fundamental Harmonics (\(R_{cc,Hz}\))** \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **A-Phase** & **B-Phase** & **C-Phase** & **A-Phase** & **B-Phase** & **C-Phase** \\ \hline  
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Phase short-circuit resistances of the transformer, in m\(\Omega\), on 10 November 2022. Likewise, Table 11 summarizes the values of the load losses of each phase of the transformer (\(P_{cc,z}\)), obtained according to Equation (16), using the values of \(R_{cc,z}\) indicated in Table 10 and the RMS values of the currents of each phase of the secondary resistance in Table 9. These losses coincide with those deduced from the application of the IEEE Standard C57.110-2018, as verified in Section 3. The relative differences between these losses (\(P_{cc,z}\)) and the traditional ones are indicated in Table 11 on 10 November 2022. Table 12 summarizes the values of the load losses of each phase of the transformer due to the exclusive effect of non-fundamental frequency harmonics using the traditional procedure (\(P_{cc,Hz}\)) and based on IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 (\(P_{cc,Hz}\)). The values of the non-fundamental frequency load losses with the traditional procedure are obtained as the following difference: \(P_{ccN,Hz}=P_{ccNz}-P_{cc,1z}\), in which the values of \(P_{ccNz}\) are stated in Table 11 and the load losses for the fundamental frequency (\(P_{cc,1z}\)) are obtained from Equation (23). The values of the load losses due to non-fundamental frequency harmonics based on IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 (\(P_{cc,Hz}\)) have been calculated with Equation (27), using the values of \(l_{sz}\) and \(R_{cc,Hz}\) shown in Tables 9 and 10, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Hour**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Traditional**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 \(P_{cc,z}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Relative Differences**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(P_{ccNz}\) **(W)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(W)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(\%)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(\%)**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **A-Phase** & **B-Phase** & **C-Phase** & **A-Phase** & **B-Phase** & **C-Phase** & **A-Phase** & **B-Phase** & **C-Phase** \\ \hline  
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Load losses according to traditional methods and based on IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 short-circuit resistances (\(R_{ccN}\) and \(R_{cc,z}\)), respectively, and relative differences on 10 November 2022. From Tables 11 and 12, the following statements are verified:  
1. The load losses calculated based on IEEE Standard C57.110-2018, using the effective short-circuit resistances of each phase (\(R_{cc,z}\)), always have higher values than those obtained with the traditional procedure in industrial practice, using the nominal short-circuit resistance (\(R_{ccN}\)). 2. The comparison of both procedures shows relative differences in the values of load losses in phase C of the transformer of up to 48.75%, obtained at 6:55 a.m. on 10 November 2022 (Table 11). 3. The combined effective short-circuit resistances of the harmonics (\(R_{cc,Hz}\)) faithfully characterize the load losses caused by all harmonics of non-fundamental frequency, since the product \(R_{cc,Hz}\cdot I_{\text{ss}}^{2}\) determines the same values (\(P_{cc,Hz}\), Table 12) as those obtained according to IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 by subtracting \(P_{cc,z}-P_{cc,12}\).