## 1 Introduction  
In response to the requirements for building an army and preparing for war, the storage magazines used for ammunition mostly store ammunition at the maximum storage capacity, which is highly risky. Unsound storage facilities or mismanagement could induce an accidental explosion in the storage magazine, causing grave safety events, such as casualties and building failures. There are four types of effects of ammunition storage magazine explosions: blasts, fragments, thermal hazards, and ground shock. Of these, blasts have a more significant influence on structural and personal safety and must be carefully evaluated. However, an explosion field test is difficult and dangerous. Building a near-fieldexplosion prediction model is an important research subject since it helps assess the blast pressure inside ammunition storage magazines and consider its range effect on blast propagation. The earliest field test of ammunition storage magazine explosions began during the Second World War at the U.S. Naval Proving Ground. Since 1960, the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station has performed explosion experiments related to earth-covered ammunition storage magazines [1]. From 1971 to 1979, the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) implemented tests on the range of safety measurements for ammunition storage magazines, which were known as ESKIMO (Explosive Safety Knowledge Improvement Operation) [2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. In 1982, [PERSON] et al. [7] used a 1/30 reduced scale ammunition storage magazine to implement an explosion experiment. They simulated the detonation wave transfer on the front, lateral, and back sides of an ammunition storage magazine. The results showed that the overpressure and impulse attenuation on the ammunition storage magazine's lateral and back sides were apparent. In 1989, [PERSON] [8] compiled data from the literature about explosion experiments inside ammunition storage magazines from 1965 to 1985. They provided a ratio of the blast outside the magazine to the blast at the portal of the magazine, as well as a ratio of the distance from outside the portal of the magazine to the portal diameter. In 2005, [PERSON] et al. [9] studied explosions outside an ammunition storage magazine, at the portal of the magazine, and inside the magazine, and provided an empirical equation for the blast inside the magazine. In 2006, [PERSON] et al. [10] used a small-sized ammunition storage magazine to implement explosion experiments and study the effects of back-to-front, side-to-side, and front-to-back explosion loads near the magazine. The experimental results showed that the back-to-front load had a larger overpressure than the other two directions. In terms of numerical simulations, in 1992, [PERSON] et al. [11] used Autodyn 2D software to simulate a high-performance ammunition storage magazine bearing an implosion reaction. In 2008, [PERSON] et al. [12] built a model for an explosion inside an ammunition storage magazine and found that the relatively low indoor explosion blast and impulse simulation values at normal temperatures could be improved by increasing the internal energy of the air. In 2009, [PERSON] et al. [13; 14] used the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) model to increase the fireball radius range temperature and discuss the explosion characterisitcs and safe distance of a retaining wall for an explosion inside an ammunition storage magazine; they found that the overpressure tended to be higher than that at a normal temperature. In 2010, [PERSON] et al. [15] compared the structure of a retaining wall under the effect of detonation waves with the results of [PERSON] et al. [16] and [PERSON] et al. [17] and discussed the blast attenuation. The findings showed that the retaining wall had a noticeable effect on the blast attenuation within a limited range. Explosion experiments are hampered by their high cost, difficult procurement of explosives, experimental site limitations, and large blast measurement variations.