## 2 The Application of Metamaterials  
The term sustainability has become popular in policy-oriented research as an expression of what public policies ought to achieve [5; 6]. The original meaning is where sustainability is concerned with the wellbeing of future generations and, in particular, with irreplaceable natural resources--as opposed to the gratification of present needs, which we call wellbeing [6]. Discussing how we can explore the concept of sustaining a process or activity over a prolonged period without causing harm to the environment is important. This involves utilizing resources in a responsible manner that avoids depletion and safeguards future generations. When applied to the realm of technology, this term encompasses the development and the implementation of devices that minimize their environmental impact throughout their entire life cycles. This includes their usage in renewable energy sectors or reducing their negative influence on the environment. These devices are primarily designed to be energy-efficient, to employ renewable or recyclable materials, and to have an extended lifespan. Achieving a sustainable future entails not only harnessing sustainable energy sources, but also coupling them with environmentally friendly technologies for their ultimate application [7]. The use of unique structures of metamaterials has attracted researchers from many different fields, so there is a wide range of terminology associated with them [8; 9]. With reference to their wide application for sustainable use, several main categories can be distinguished: electromagnetic MM, chiral MM, mechanical MM, or acoustic MM. It is important to note that there are unusual effects that are achieved in three-dimensional metamaterials, and they are recognized in this article, and they can be also found in two-dimensional structures, known as metasurfaces or flat optics. Electromagnetic materials, alternatively called negative-index metamaterials, comprising purposefully crafted inclusions, offer a realm of engineered substances that manifest extraordinary electromagnetic properties, surpassing those found in their individual constituent elements. These exceptional material characteristics, absent in naturally occurring substances, have captivated the scientific community, propelling groundbreaking advancements in the realm of electromagnetism [6]. In conventional materials, the index of refraction is always positive. However, in MM, the refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range. Such materials have potential applications in a wide range of areas, such as electromagnetic cloaking [10], superlensing [11], and antenna design [12; 13; 14]. What is brought to chiral metamaterials are the control of the optical activity and the ellipticity of a medium. These lead to deeper understanding of the light matter interaction in composite metallic structures. Combining chiral metamaterials with nonlinear materials has opened new possibilities in nonlinear chirality, as well as providing the foundation for switchable chiral devices [15]. Unique properties of chiral MM arise from their chiral structure and the interaction with electromagnetic waves. They exhibit circular dichroism, which actually means that they absorb left and right circularly polarized light differently. Potential applications can be related to sensing [16; 17; 18; 19], communication [18], and optics [15; 19; 20]. For example, in sensing, they can detect chiral molecules, which are difficult to detect using conventional methods. More recent advancements in chiral metamaterials cover full Stokes polarization perfect absorption, femtomolar bio-detection or optical control of nanomechanical Brownian motion eigenfrequencies [21; 22; 23]. Within the realm of three-dimensional periodic metamaterials, an expansive array of possibilities unfolds, encompassing electromagnetic, optical, acoustic, mechanical, as well as transport and stimuli-responsive properties [24].