## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] et al. [11], for instance, investigated the performance of sensible-type thermocine TES for civil and industrial scenarios using a two-dimensional flow and heat transfer model of a single-tank TES system providing useful findings for the design of heat storage for solar integration in industry. In Ref. [12], the authors reviewed the integration strategies of solar heat in industrial processes by studying heating systems, solar collectors and thermal storage. It was found that for the food, beverage, and agriculture sectors, 51% of solar process heat integration occurs at the supply level and 27.3% at the process level. [PERSON] et al. [13] proposed an innovative thermal storage system to support the contribution of the solar field to the industrial heat demand. They simulated a TES based on the latent heat of the solid-solid transition of pentaglycerine by means of TRNSYS 17 software. Annual simulations were performed using meteorological data from Graz (Austria) and Plataforma Solar de Almeria (Spain). The results showed that annual heat demand covered with solar energy could be increased by 7% in Graz and by 12% in Almeria by using 3 h of latent heat storage. Thermal energy storage offers a promising solution also for improving energy efficiency in mobility applications by capturing and storing waste heat. Sorption technology provides higher energy density and long-term storage capabilities. Its integration into vehicle thermal management can enhance battery performance, cabin climate control, and range extension [14]. In the present study, one of the most promising innovative heat storage technologies, the sorption-based TES, for application in different fields, is introduced and deeply investigated by means of a thermodynamic model based on the experimental thermo-physical parameters measured for different adsorbent materials. However, a few studies available in the literature investigated the potential of such a class of systems. Years ago, [PERSON] et al. [15] presented a mobile TES system working with zeolite in an open cycle that can utilize industrial waste heat to easily transfer large amounts of thermal energy where a stable connection through a pipe is not possible. The storage \"cartridge\" contains 14 tons of zeolite with a storage capacity of 2.3 MWh (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C): the authors demonstrated that is possible to reduce energy cost down to 73 EUW/MWh considering a small-scale mass production. Such technology can effectively increase the exploitation of renewables (i.e., solar thermal energy to cover heat demand) with the scope to set or increase renewable energy integration and flexibility in selected and suitable industrial processes. Moreover, the long-term heat storage as well as the combined cold and heat storage can be realized by sorption-based TES. Recently, some zeolite composite materials have been applied to the long sorption heat storage, demonstrating a heat storage density of up to 0.3 kWh/kg [16; 17]. However, such materials are still under development, not commercially available and expensive. The present study aims to evaluate the potential of advanced energy storage systems (based on cheap and widely available sorption materials) for renewables and waste heat integration. The analysis is based on the calculation of the storage efficiency of the sorption-based TES through a thermodynamic model based on experimental measurements (for the definition of thermo-physical parameters). In particular, the thermodynamic model allows the identification of the best working pairs through a comparative analysis between different options. The analysis includes experimentally determined equilibrium coefficients, previously unpublished, providing a more accurate characterization of adsorption behaviour. This enhances the reliability of performance evaluation across various applications. The three fields of application that contribute most to global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions were taken into consideration: industry, transport and buildings [18].