## 1 Introduction
As mentioned earlier, such a significant development in simulators, their diversity, and increasing availability result from the fact that international institutions, in particular the IMO, have noticed the huge role of training in simulators in improving safety. This is expressed in the regulations of the STCW Convention with the 2010 amendments, which discuss simulators in three thematic groups:  
* Training and assessment (Regulation I/6, A-I/6, B-I/6). The STCW Convention emphasizes that simulator trainers must also have appropriate qualifications and experience;
* Use of the simulator (Regulation I/12, A-I/12, B-I/12), including the standards and guidelines contained, e.g., in the Resolution for ARPA or ECDIS;
* Minimum standards of competence, i.e., model courses developed for each qualification level or courses for simulator instructors. But unfortunately, the STCW Convention does not specify competency assessment methods to be used during examinations. This leaves considerable scope for the interpretation of these methods and the possibility of using different evaluation methods [13]. A simulation should be understood as the approximate reproduction of an object's phenomena or behavior using its model. Simulation can be used to indicate the possible real effects of adequate conditions or actions. It can also help when the real system is unavailable, unsafe, or simply does not exist [14]. In the beginning, a model must be developed. A special type of model is a mathematical model, often written in the form of a computer program. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to use a smaller-scale physical model. The model is a well-defined description of the simulated subject and presents its most important characteristics, such as its behavior, functions, and abstract or physical properties. The model is a system in itself, and simulation is its action over time. In the case of marine simulators, a more adequate definition is the one adopted by the Intersessional Simulator Working Group (ISWG). According to it, the simulation is a realistic real-time imitation of any ship operation, radar, navigation, propulsion, loading, unloading, and ballasting or any other on-board system with an interface suitable for interactive use by a trainee or a candidate in or outside of an operational environment, and it is in accordance with the performance standards set out in the relevant parts of the STCW Convention [15]. It should also pay attention to the definition of assessment/evaluation and grade. What do these terms mean? Assessment is the process of gathering information, making judgments about the information, and making decisions [16]. In the context of this study, assessment is the process of gathering information about exercise execution, its conditions, and the process of comparing it with a model, pattern, regulations, and guidelines. Its purpose is to value the training level and the validity of the decisions made while the activities are assessed and to motivate and identify areas for improvement. A grade is the result of the above process, a conventional way of qualifying the work and progress of a student/traine, or an opinion about something or someone made because of the analysis. In navigation simulator exercises, the assessment process is very complex. The assessment is made by the instructor after a careful observation of the simulation. They rely on their knowledge, gained during onboard practice, on pedagogical and didactic training, and a very good knowledge of the simulator. Such an assessment, despite even the highest competence of the instructor, can be classified as intuitive, subjective, and seen as incomplete and unfair. To avoid these claims of an unreliable assessment, the instructor may use the analytical assessment. Such an assessment will be based on the criteria assumed earlier. This will make the analysis process and the final result of the performed simulation more structured and therefore more accurate. The limits (criteria) applied will delineate the area of acceptable norms and standards.