esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
The incidence of intertrochanteric (IT) fracture has been issued continuously with an increase of the elderly population [1, 2, 3, 4], which tends to have a close relation to the mortality rate since it increases up to 30% within one year after IT fractures [5, 6, 7]. Extracellular-ull implant and cephalomedullary nail are commonly used for operative treatment against IT fracture [8]. Especially, cephalomedullary nail is a representative method that has been frequently utilized by surgeons in terms of biomechanical advantages [9, 10, 11].  
Although both clinical and biomechanical studies suggested that cephalomedullary nail has a mechanical advantage over extramedullary implants, a high rate of complications or implant failure remains in elderly patients with osteoporosis [12, 13, 14].  
There are two types of main implants, such as screw and helical blade [15, 16] for adopting the cephalomedullary nail system, designed to allow sliding of a proximal fragment so that contact surface and stability of fracture site can be increased after fixation. However, it is possible for instability to occur in the cephalomedullary nail system due to excessive sliding when the gap between several fragmentations along the fracture surface is relatively large after fixation [17, 18, 19]. To minimize the gap at the fracture surface during the operation, intraoperative compression is additionally applied to the cephalomedullary nail by utilizing devices in the designed nail set [20]. In some clinical cases, however, a proximal fixation implant escapes out from the proximal fragment during the intraoperative compression procedure before the proper compression is achieved due to the osteoporotic bone quality.  
Furthermore, even though the fixation is successfully conducted by utilizing the cephalomedullary nail system, there are several issues in nail migration with different types of loading conditions, such as walking and dynamic exercise, etc. [PERSON] et al. [21] reported traumatic complete back out of the helical blade of the PFNA-II in a healed IT fracture. [PERSON] et al. [22] examined the blade migration over time, which resulted in fracture site collapse. [PERSON] et al. [23] emphasized that sufficient screw fixation to resist migration under dynamic loading is substantially important since it can be considered to be an evolutionary complication. Under these circumstances, it is essential to examine the pull-out performances of cephalomedullary nails with screw and helical blade types in terms of bone density.  
To make a comparison of the pull-out performance of screw and helical blade in the cephalomedullary nail system, biomedical polyurethane (PUR) foam blocks to simulate the human bone with two grades of densities to represent the normal person (0.35 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) and elderly person who has osteoporosis (0.14 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) were prepared to carry out the tension, compression, and pull-out tests. Based on the biomechanical tests, material properties have been obtained to conduct FEM analysis, which demonstrates the failure mode as well as reaction force during the pull-out test, in detail.
# A Notched Long-Period Fiber Grating Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Nanoparticle Magnetic Fluid
## 2 Material and Method
### Process and Fabrication of the NLPFG  
First, in order to diminish thicknesses of single-mode optical fibers, a buffered oxide etch (BOE) solution was used to etch fibers, which were attached to a plastic board. The fibers were then affixed to a metal plate grating mask, which was designed with periods of 590 \(\upmu\)m, 600 \(\upmu\)m, 610 \(\upmu\)m, and 620 \(\upmu\)m, by using high-temperature resistant adhesive. Subsequently, the ICP dry etching method was employed to yield surface notched periodic grating patterns and change the cladding dimensions onto the wet etched fibers to achieve grating resonant wavelength spectrum close to the vicinity of 1550 nm [25]. The ICP etching procedure used CF\({}_{4}\) gas as the plasma ion reactive gas. The top substrate was set at 600 W, and the bottom substrate was set at 150 W. The surface notched period structure was etched on the etched fiber at an ICP etching rate of about 2.5 \(\upmu\)m/min. Finally, the etched devices were released with acid solution to remove the high-temperature resistant adhesive on the fibers. The NLPFG was obtained after it was released from the metal mask. The production process is illustrated in Figure 1.
## 2 Functioning Principles and General Concepts for Transduction
### Transduction Principles
#### 2.2.1 Polarization of the Gate/Electrolyte or OSC/Electrolyte Interfaces  
Due to the functioning principles of OECTs, ions are part of the device itself: in the electrolyte where they participate to interfacial capacitances, and as doping ions within the OSC [22]. In the electrolyte, it has been shown that any change in concentration (ionic strength) affects the drain current [40; 41], as well as changes in the nature of the ions present into the electrolyte [34; 42], which leads to a shift of the effective gate voltage due to a change in the gate/electrolyte interfacial capacitance. An increase in the ion concentration at this interface leads to a decrease in the associated potential drop, which in turns participates to an increase of the effective gate voltage, and therefore an easier channel dedoping [30]; the symmetric phenomenon occurs if the ion concentration decreases, which leads to a decrease of the effective gate voltage and a more difficult channel dedoping. In a similar way to what occurs in ISFETs, such local potential changes due to the polarization of an interface by specific accumulation of ions could be performed using an ion-selective membrane that allows only specific cations to be accumulated, such as artificial polymer membranes [43], biological membranes [44], biomolecules such antibodies [45], DNA [46] or living cells [47], or even nanoparticles (the surface of which being charged depending on pH, for example). pH-sensitive membranes can also be used, for pH sensing or for transducing the activity of enzymes which locally modify the pH by production of H\({}^{+}\)[48].
# Merging Discrete Morse Vector Fields: A Case of Stubborn Geometric Parallelization
## 6 Remarks on Applications  
There is now a large library of applications of discrete gradient fields through its use to simplify computations in topological data analysis but also direct applications to concrete problems. Our treatment of its parallelization in this paper is very general. To our knowledge, all useful gradient fields that appear in the literature are uniformly local and so the methods of this paper can be applied to them.  
Just to give an example of gradient fields used for motion planning in robotics, we mention a couple of recent papers of the second author. The problem in motion planning is to create an algorithm for a path a robot would take through the so-called free space of all allowable configurations, the configurations of the robot that avoid all obstructions in the physical environment. The free space is really a parameter space of feasible robot positions. One approach to modeling it is to sample the free space and build the corresponding simplicial approximation to it through some Vietoris-Rips complex built on the sample as vertices [8]. There are several ways to produce a discrete Morse function on a simplicial complex, which restricts to given values on the vertices, or is essentially equivalent to a gradient field, some being very well known, such as [9]. All of them are uniformly local algorithms. One way this can be used for practical motion planning is as follows. Convex polyhedral obstructions usually produce convex polyhedral exclusion zones complementary to the free space. One may chose a density estimator for the sample in free space, with values at every sample point, which is then possible to extend to a Morse function. It is argued in [10] that critical marginal points can act as \"lighthouses\" in planning a small finite collection of paths that provably contains an optimal path of smallest length which can then be easily extracted.  
There are two kinds of applications of our formula in this setting. The construction of the vector field can be distributed by considering an arbitrary or antithetic covering of the free space. This allows one to construct the vector field that identifies the lighthouses in patches. There is also the option of processing the data \"as needed\", for example by exploring an adjacent patch and the next lighthouse only when the robot approaches its border.
## 3 Damper-Cable Interaction Model under Wind Action  
The damper-cable interaction model, considered herein to evaluate the dynamic response of a stay cable damped by different passive control systems under wind action, is described in detail in this section. First, the interaction model based on the FE method is introduced. Later, the method employed to simulate the wind action is presented.
## 2 Results
### Direct Functionalization of PLA Backbone: Towards PLA-Based Graft Copolymers
#### 2.2.6 Anionic Derivatization  
The anionic derivatization of PCL was described by [PERSON] et al. [19]. It is a remarkably powerful one-pot two-step method for grafting many types of substituents on the PCL backbone. This method is theoretically applicable to many polyesters, but it leads to varying degrees of chain cleavage depending on the nature of the polyester, due to  
Figure 19: Reaction scheme for the grafting of NTA on PLA (from [PERSON] et al. [96], copyright American Chemical Society, reproduced with permission).  
Figure 20: Synthesis scheme of PLA-g-VTMS, hydrolysis of methoxysilane, and crosslinking of PLA chains (adapted from [PERSON] et al. [97], copyright Elsevier, reproduced with permission).  
the anionic medium caused by the presence of lithium diisopropylamide. Even though PCL is relatively resistant to this basic medium, which is not the case with PLA, There are still many chain breakings. Nevertheless, [PERSON] et al. applied the method to the surface of the PLA film and nanofibers in a non-solvent medium that causes only moderate-chain scissions and allows for the preparation of functional PLA surfaces [100]. In particular, this approach was exploited with propargylated PLA allowing the grafting of bioactive polymers through CuAAC or thiol-yne click reactions. Therefore, anti-biofilm and bactericidal PLA surfaces were obtained by the reaction of \(\alpha\)-azido QPDMAEMA (quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)) or thiol-functional polyaspartate derivatives (Figure 21) [101; 102].  
The main copolymers grafted onto the PLA chain, precursors, copolymers and literature references are summarized in Table 3.  
Figure 21: General synthesis scheme of PLA-\(g\)-antibacterial polymers from propargylated PLA surface (adapted from [PERSON] et al. [102] and [PERSON] et al. [101]).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Precursor: Functionalized PLA** & **PLA-\(g\)-Copolymer** & **Refs.** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLA-\(g\)-AA} & cellulosic derivatives & [24; 40; 41] \\  & lufa & [26] \\  & flax & [27] \\  & coffee grounds & [103] \\  & wood flour & [29; 30] \\  & rice husk & [29; 30] \\  & sisal & [31] \\  & straw & [32] \\  & bamboo & [33] \\  & cassava & [34; 35] \\  & starch & [36; 39; 42] \\  & lemongrass & [37] \\  & natural rubber & [44; 45] \\  & polyesters \\  & PBAT & [48; 49; 50] \\  & PBAT/TiO\({}_{2}\) & [51] \\  & PBAT/CaCO\({}_{3}\) & [52] \\  & PBAT/starch & [54] \\  & PBS & [53] \\  & PCL & [55] \\  & PGSMA
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preparation of SAMs on the Nanostructured TiO layer  
The radio-frequency plasma (13.56 MHz generator) combined with a magnetron sputtering (Ti target, 99.99% purity) system was employed to deposit the TiO film on the microscope slides at 1 kW for 30 min under a chamber running pressure of \(5.0\times 10^{-3}\) Torr, oxygen flow rate of 30 sccm, and temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (TiO is an inorganic chemical compound of Ti and O, which can be formed on a Ti metal surface through the plasma ion bombardment method [27]; the plasma exothermic reaction provides a vital driving force for the transport of O species at lattice or interstitial sites to form the TiO/Ti). After the deposition process, the TiO-coated samples were ultrasonically cleaned according to the sequence of ethanol (10 min) and distilled water (10 min). Subsequently, the TiO-coatedsamples were immediately immersed in four kinds of self-assembled phosphonic acid solutions (hexadecylphosphonic acid (HDPA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taipei, Taiwan), decylphosphonic acid (NDPA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taipei, Taiwan), 11-phosphonoundecanoic acid (PUA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taipei, Taiwan), or 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (PHA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taipei, Taiwan)) with a concentration of 1 mM at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. Hereafter, the investigated samples were rinsed twice with distilled water for 10 min and finally annealed at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h in an oven. For easy classification, the TiO surface immersed with HDPA, NDPA, PUA, or PHA is denoted as HDPA-SAM/TiO, NDPA-SAM/TiO, PUA-SAM/TiO, and PHA-SAM/TiO, respectively. Moreover, the TiO surface without treatment is denoted as the control group. The chemical structure of the four kinds of self-assembled phosphonic acid solutions are shown in Figure 1.
## 4 Limitations and Prospects  
This study has limitations related to its focus on only three specific concentrations of Pb contamination. Although these levels provide useful insights into their effects on ARGs during remediation, they may not encompass the full range of Pb concentrations encountered in real-world environments. Variability in Pb levels can lead to distinct microbial community responses and alterations in ARG dynamics, potentially masking non-linear relationships between Pb concentration and ARG behavior. Therefore, exploring a broader range of concentrations or incorporating intermediate levels could yield a more nuanced understanding of how Pb contamination affects ARGs across diverse ecological contexts.
# The Leaky-Wave Perspective for Array-Fed Fabry-Perot Cavity and Bull's-Eye Antennas
## 3 Bull's-Eye Antennas
which determine a backward-wave regime for the \(n=-1\) space harmonic of the perturbed TM\({}_{0}\) mode in a frequency range between 13.5 and 23 GHz. Consequently, by varying the frequency in such a range, a diffraction-robust beam is produced, whose nondiffractive limit is given by \(z_{\text{NDR}}=\rho_{\text{{}_{\text{BEA}}}}\text{cot}\ \theta_{0}\), with \(\rho_{\text{{}_{\text{BEA}}}}\) being the radius of aperture and \(\theta_{0}\) corresponding to the so-called axion angle, approximately determined by the radial leaky phase constant through \(\theta_{0}=\arcsin(\beta/k_{0})\). A systematic issue in problems requiring multiple feeders consists in avoiding cross-coupling among different ports, which is certainly reduced with array thinning. Feeding network design was tackled in [60] and consisted in the single uniform circular array (SUCA) tailoring process, which successfully converged to satisfactory port excitation and OAM purity. Since the BEA does not benefit from translational symmetry, relevant design rules cannot be directly inherited from the case of FPCAs, and a different array radius brings different interactions with metallic rings, thus affecting antenna performance. The optimization process determines a circular array with radius \(\rho_{\text{{}_{\text{BEA}}}}=6\) mm and a number of \(N=8\) VEDs. As displayed in Figure 19, considering the \(E_{\theta}\) component, for \(|\ell|\leq\pm 3\), the phase constant maintains a linear dependence with respect to \(\phi\), whereas the amplitude slope remains almost flat, with the only exception being for \(\ell=3\), where some oscillations appear within the \(\pm 3\) dB region with respect to the maximum. Finally, magnitude and phase distributions are presented for multiple values of the index \(\ell\) in Figure 20.  
The chosen array parameters have proven capable of ensuring a satisfactory feeding, with an average level of \(-15\) dB for the generic scattering parameter \(S_{ij}\) and \(-10\) dB for active scattering parameters. This overall design allows us to create a compact device with a satisfactory OAM purity up to \(z_{\text{NDR}}\), with OAM order selection possible among \(\ell=0\), \(\pm 1\), \(\pm 2\), \(\pm 3\), with little or no impact on the nondiffractive range for a selected frequency. Figure 18: A schematic representation of an array-fed BEA. Coaxial cables in a SUCA configuration provide the excitation to the structure, giving the possibility of OAM reconfiguration. Reproduced from [60].
# Research on Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing for the Spaceborne Sliding Spotlight Mode
## 4 Convolution Backprojection Algorithm for Sliding Spotlight SAR
### Further Improvement with Recursive Segmentation  
The improvement of computation reduction is limited by only one level image segmentation so it is necessary to recursively segment the image further to reduce the sample rate and computation. As discussed below, it mainly includes the following two parts of recursive decomposition. Part one is to segment the image recursively. First the full image is decomposed into four sub-images by level-1 segmentation, and then each sub-image is decomposed into four smaller sub-images by level-2 segmentation again.  
Part two is to segment the echo data recursively, including filtering and down-sampling. The original data is filtered according to the input sub-image parameters to ensure that the filtered data only contains the information of each sub-image. The flow diagram of fast CBP implementation is shown in Figure 8.
## 3 Experiments
### Sensitivity Analysis  
In this experiment, Transformer-CSP modules with different positions and numbers are selected to replace C3 modules. The Transformer-CSP module placed at the front mainly affects small objects, while the Transformer-CSP module placed at the end of the trunk will mainly affect large objects, so many smaller objects may not be significantly affected by changes. The results of training 200 epochs by replacing different numbers of Transformer-CSP modules are shown in Table 3:  
Table 3 elucidates that with the progressive addition of Transformer-CSP modules, mAP displays an initial increment from 0.802 to 0.842 (i.e., a relative enhancement of 5%). However, when more than one Transformer-CSP module is added, the mAP exhibits an  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Network Model Structure** & **mAP** & **R** \\ \hline YOLOv5 & 0.802 & 0.786 \\ YOLOv5 + 1 Transformer-CSP & 0.842 & 0.818 \\ YOLOv5+ 2 Transformer-CSP & 0.757 & 0.746 \\ YOLOv5+ 3 Transformer-CSP & 0.575 & 0.627 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Results of Different Modules.  
inconsistent trend and even slightly declines, implying that further augmentation with additional Transformer-CSP modules does not necessarily translate into improved mAP. With the initial augmentation of one Transformer-CSP module, the R value notably escalates from 0.786 to 0.818. But, akin to the mAP behavior, R fails to consistently improve with further module addition, instead displaying a mild depreciation. This evidence again underscores the pivotal role of a singular Transformer-CSP module, suggesting that it serves as the primary force driving the performance elevation of the network.  
Considering that there are three corresponding C3 modules for detection in the backbone network, in order to maximize the performance of the Transformer-CSP module, the next set of experiments replaces each of the three C3 modules with a Transformer-CSP module at different locations. The model is then trained for 200 epochs, and the results are displayed in Figure 9.  
It can be seen from Figure 9 that the optimal performance boost is achieved when the Transformer-CSP module is integrated into the 9 th layer of the YOLOv5 network. Through this configuration, an enhancement of 0.04 is observed in the mAP metric, achieving a precision score of 0.84. However, when the Transformer-CSP module is introduced at the 5 th and 7 th layers, the model's performance remains constant or decrease slightly. This implies that the inclusion of the Transformer-CSP module at deeper levels offers significant improvements for the task of detecting minor insulator defects, impacting the entirety of the head network. Hence, we conclude that the optimal choice for improving mean precision in minor insulator defect detection is to substitute the C3 module with the Transformer-CSP module at the 9 th layer of the network. This research outcome provides direction and reference for the design of less resource-intensive and trainable models.
## 2 Related Work
[PERSON] et al. [14] employed various deep learning frameworks such as Theano, TensorFlow, and fast.ai in detecting attacks based on CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset. They showed that fast.ai running on GPU outperformed the other two frameworks with about 99% accuracy and low false positive and negative rates in both detecting and classifying different intrusion types. [PERSON] et al. [15] focused on the anomaly detection upon employing a deep Autoencoder on CIC-IDS2017 and CSE-CIC-IDS2018. They aimed to reduce the IDS false alarm and proposed an anomaly detector without the use of GPU accelerators. [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted research to distinguish multiple attack classes using CIC-IDS2017 and CSE-CIC-IDS2018. They utilized a pipeline, including twelve supervised algorithms, and reported that DoS/SSL and botnet classes could be well classified using multiple approaches. They concluded the performance of tree-based classifiers as the best, such that single decision trees recognized DoS, DDoS, and botnet traffic. Decision tree-based methods and, in particular, XGBoost are applicable to six of the seven attack classes. [PERSON] et al. [17] detect the DOS/DDOS attack and its variations, including TCP flood, UDP flood, HTTP flood, and HTTP slow on CIC-IDS2017 and CSE-CIC-IDS2018 datasets by employing Random Forest. [PERSON] et al. [18] worked on the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset and focused on the reduction in the imbalance nature of the attack classes. They implemented a synthetic data generation model that generates data for minor classes. Their modelling approach includes KNN, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Decision Tree, and Linear Discriminant Analysis algorithms. [PERSON] et al. [19] worked on DOS category attacks on both datasets of KDD99 and CSE-CIC-IDS2018 and developed an optimized CNN to detect the DOS attacks. They comparedthe performance of these classifiers with RNN and reported a better performance for CNN over RNN. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] surveyed intrusion detection models based on CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset until 2020. They studied different approaches such as CNN, deep autoencoders, LSTM, AdaBoost, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and XGBoost. They reported high accuracy in some experiments but mostly suffered from overfitting. They also mentioned the lack of attention in addressing the class imbalance problem.