# ScienceIoT: Evolution of the Wireless Infrastructure of KREONET
## 4 Current Services of ScienceLoRa
### Environmental Radiation Monitoring Service  
The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) has been operated and managed the Integrated Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network (IERNet), which is an automated surveillance network for efficiently monitoring environmental radiation in Korea. Figure 10 shows that IERNet consists of 171 surveillance sites and environmental radiation detectors located at each site. The data collected from the radiation detectors are transmitted to the central server at KINS and provided to the public in real-time.  
Figure 9: ScienceLoRa Service and system deployment.  
As shown in Figure 11a, IERNet transmits the collected data using a commercial 2G mobile network. The data collected from the radiation detectors are transmitted through the 2G cellular network to a base station. Finally, these data arrive at the application server of the central system at KINS. The transmission architecture based on the mobile network offers an advantage in terms of management and operation overheads. However, two significant problems arise when conducting environmental radiation monitoring through 2G mobile networks. First, important environmental radiation data need to be transmitted through the networks of commercial mobile service providers. The security and integrity of these environmental radiation data should be guaranteed given that they are scientific data; however, one cannot guarantee the safe and reliable data transmission of these environmental radiation data. Second, IERNet is facing stability problems such as in the quality of service due to aging 2G network infrastructures. In addition, the mobile network operators plan to shut down 2G cellular network services due to the reduced 2G users and the increased operational costs for managing superannuated 2G network equipment. Because of these issues, the safe and reliable data transmission of environmental radiation data cannot be guaranteed.  
To overcome the above-mentioned problems, we utilized secure data transmission and independent establishment of the network through ScienceLoRa. Figure 11b shows the transmission architecture of the IERNet using ScienceLoRa. The collected data are transmitted by the ScienceLoRa-Devices connected with the detector to ScienceLoRa-Gateways. The data finally reach the application server of the central system at KINS via the ScienceLoRa-Gateways and ScienceLoRa-Network servers. Thus, ScienceLoRa enables the reliable and safe transmission of environmental radiation data, because the data are transmitted through KREONET. Furthermore, the IERNet can provide stable service without depending on the mobile network providers. In the ScienceLoRa-Gateways for IERNet, SX1280 transceivers using the 2.4 GHz band were employed, and a speed of approximately 15 kbps was achieved while transmitting from the ScienceLoRa-Device to the IERNet-Service Server. Furthermore, for reliable and secure packet transmission, the ARIA (block cipher algorithm for Academy, Research Institute, Agency) algorithm is used to encrypt packets between the ScienceLoRa-Device and the IERNet-Service Server.  
ScienceLoRa-Gateways have been installed on 19 selected environmental radiation monitoring sites. The left side of Figure 9 shows the deployment sites for the ScienceLoRa-Gateways. As a demonstration project, six monitoring sites were installed at Daejeon in 2018, which include Daedong, Yuseong, OEMC, Dong-gu, Gwangyeong, and Daedeok. The first phase of the expansion project was launched in 2019, and 13 additional monitoring sites were installed nationwide, including Sanyang, Deokpung, Sejong, Habuk, Geumgansong, Gwanghoe, Haeri, Sindongho, Buan, Gangnam, Mara, Y  
Figure 10: IERNet for environmental radiation monitoring.