## 3 Results
### Electrical Energy Infrastructure Requirements  
The following analysis for detailed temporal and spatial aspects is made for the energy carrier electricity as further energy carriers such as biogenic fuels or combustible waste can be stored far easier than electricity. The total potential of electrical energy can cover an energy demand of up to 118.9 TWh. This is shown in Figure 5 on the left side. Next to it, the FEC is presented first for the _statusquo_ followed by the three developed scenarios. The respective energy demand and the resulting residual potential (grey) are shown. In addition, the surplus or deficit is shown to the right of each scenario. In this context, \"surplus\" corresponds to the summarized electric power of all timesteps t in the energy demand and supply profiles (timesteps duration equals one hour, thus summarized electric power equals electric energy) when more electric power is provided by the generation than required by the consumers for one year (=8760 h) and vice versa for \"deficit\". The resulting residual potential would be available for other sectors, for example. In all scenarios, the requirements can be covered on an annual balance and there is a residual potential between 54.2 and 90.0 TWh that can be used elsewhere. Nevertheless, the hourly evaluation shows that direct coverage is not always possible. There is a deficit of between 1.7 (_efficiency_) and 6.3 TWh (_transition_). Hence, this demand cannot be directly covered by the existing potentials of renewable energies with existing temporal generation profiles. Storages or imports would be necessary to overcome this temporal mismatch. Although the electricity demand in the _transition_ scenario is only 2.2 times higher than in the _efficiency_ scenario, the deficit increases more substantially by a factor of 3.7. The industrial power load profile results in a simulated minimum load of 1.2 GW and a peak load of 6.0 GW in the _status quo_. The _efficiency_ scenario shows similar magnitudes, as the electrical energy demand is similar. In the _base_ scenario, the peak load rises to 7.8 GW. In the _transition_ scenario, however, both the minimum and the peak load are more than twice as high as in the _status quo_. Here, the simulated peak load is 13.8 GW (see Figure 6). By comparison, the peak load in the Austrian public grid in 2019 was 10.7 GW in December and the minimum load was 4.1 GW in August [42]. Both values are for all sectors and not only industry. Hence, the simulated peak load for the industrial sector in the _transition_ scenario is 29% higher than the current peak load in the entire public grid (see Figure 7). Realizing the _transition_ scenario and its shifts in energy carriers, especially towards electricity, would require the expansion and optimization of the existing energy infrastructure. Especially for the _iron and steel_ production sites, an upgrade of the power grid infrastructure would be necessary. Therefore, one main finding is that it is essential to develop integrated energy infrastructures in coordination with the European network development plans to ensure the security of supply for future decarbonization pathways. Figure 5: Electrical energy—detailed analysis of potential as well as demand and coverage per scenario based on the comparison of load and generation profile in hourly resolution. On a spatial level, the biggest changes occur in the federal states Upper Austria and Styria, as the BF-BOF route in the _iron and steel_ sector is assumed to transform to hydrogen-based direct reduction. This change is particularly noticeable in Upper Austria, especially in the Linz area, where the biggest Austrian steel production capacities exist. The electrical energy demand rises significantly from 8.6 TWh (_status quo_) to 35.0 TWh (_transition_). The peak load is also four times higher and increases from 1.8 to 7.5 GW. The peak load of electrical energy in Upper Austria results in being slightly more than half of the calculated total industrial peak load in the _transition_ scenario.