esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Conclusions  
This research was aimed at assessing the use of hand-held MMS for environmental applications and, more in depth, for monitoring purposes. The case study investigated in Cortes de Pallas involved a very challenging area. The evidence that emerged from this study is that, as expected, CRP accuracy is strictly dependent on the supporting topographic network. Consequently, the MMS survey can only rely on it if combined in the same reference system. Once aligned, and in the case of the absence of UAV surveys, MMS was revealed to be an alternative to complete the 3D mapping of the area in a fast and agile way. As the management of occlusion is a well-known issue, often irresolvable even with a more sophisticated TLS system, the geomatic community should put more effort into improving the MMS accuracy and reliability.  
As the Kaarta Stencil 2 is still under development and a growing number of new tools will enter the surveying market, this research is the occasion to set a useful baseline for further implementations demanded by the market, not only in civil engineering but also in building construction.  
Conceptualization, S.B.; Data curation, F.D.S.; Formal analysis, M.C. and R.P.; Funding acquisition, E.S.M.; Methodology, R.P.; Project administration, J.L.L. and P.G.; Supervision, L.G.-A. and R.P.; Writing--original draft, F.D.S.; Writing--review & editing, J.L.L. and E.S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors are grateful to the Infrastructures Area of the Diputacio de Valencia for his support and interest to test new technologies in Cortes de Pallas. We also acknowledge UCM which granted the use of its ME5000 Mekometer through a co-operation agreement.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# 5G-Enabled E-Textiles Based on a Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Textile Antenna +
## 2 E-Textile mmWave Antenna Fabrication  
The key requirements for maintaining a low conductor loss in mmWave bands are high conductivity and low roughness [3; 5]. To explain, skin-depth-induced losses increase with frequency. Therefore, rough conductors are expected to introduce additional attenuation compared to those of smooth lines. This can be attributed to the low quality and homogeneity of the surface of the conductor, where most of the currents are confined in microwave and mmWave bands [5]. Therefore, to realize a high-efficiency antenna with minimal conductive losses, the photolithography of commercially available, flexible copper laminates is used to fabricate the antenna. The fabrication steps are summarized in Figure 1. The flexible copper laminates are based on a low-loss (mmWave dissipation factor < 0.01) polyimide film. The textile substrate used is woven polyester with a relative permittivity \(\varepsilon\)r = 1.95 and dissipation factor tan\(\delta\) = 0.026. Following the patterning of the copper sheets to create the antenna's radiating top layer, the flexible polyimide antenna can be laminated onto different textile substrates, including rough fabrics unsuitable for direct printing [5], as shown in Figure 1e.  
The antenna used in this work is based on a modified microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed, designed to maintain a matched input impedance over two resonant transverse magnetic (TM) second-order modes, to achieve a wider beamwidth than a conventional first-order mode microstrip antenna [6]. Figure 2a shows the layout and dimensions of the antenna, optimized for the woven polyester substrate. The bottom layer of the antenna is composed of a conductive ground plane, which can be realized using low-cost, breathable conductive fabrics [2] or a printed silver layer [3]. Figure 2b,c are photographs of the fabricated prototype, demonstrating its flexibility.
# Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation Improvement Using Source-Side Monolingual Data
## 3 Overview of the Wolaytta Language  
We added this section to show the difference between the Wolaytta language and English in terms of morphology, phonology, writing system, and word order. We hope this helps the reader to understand the languages we are using and how difficult it is to work on low-resource and morphologically complex languages in the area of NMT.  
Wolaytta refers to the people, language, and area located in the Wolaytta Zone of southern Ethiopia [29]. The Wolaytta language is one of the languages in the Ometo group, which belongs to the Omotic branch of the Afroasiatic family (or phylum). In addition to the Wolaytta Zone, it is spoken in Addis Ababa city and in other border areas, such as Gamo, Gofa, and Dawuro. The natives refer to their language as _Wolaytttauwa_, although it is also referred to as _Wolaytta doonna_ or _Wolaytta Kaalaa_.  
It is used as a primary school medium of instruction and as a secondary and high school subject. Currently, the Wolaytta language is offered as a subject in the Bachelor's program at Wolaytta Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia ([[http://www.wsu.edu.et/](http://www.wsu.edu.et/)]([http://www.wsu.edu.et/](http://www.wsu.edu.et/))). In the Wolaytta Zone, this language is used in government offices as the language of work and communication.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Publication** \\ **Year** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Language Pairs Used**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Parallel** \\ **Dataset Size** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Monolingual Dataset**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Monolingual Dataset** \\ **Size** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Approach**} \\  & & & & & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Source-** \\ **Side** \\ \end{tabular} & & \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [20] & Tamil(ta)-Telugu(te) & 43K & Ta (315 M), & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [22] & English(en)-German(de), & & & & & & \\  & & English(en)-French(fr), & & & & & & \\  & & English(en)-Japan(ja) & & & & & & \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [23] & English(en)-German(de), & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & English(en)-French(fr), & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [24] & English(en)-German(de), & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [25] & English(en)-German(de), & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [26] & French(fr)-Wolof(wo) & 78 k & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] [27] & English(en)-Vietnamese(vi) & 133 k & 300 K Vi & ✘ & ✘ & & Transformer \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [28] & Chinese(zh)-Vietnamese(vi) & & & & & & \\  & & Japanese(ja)-Vietnamese(vi) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Review of different machine translation systems that used monolingual datasets.
## 3 Network Failure Mechanism in Signaling System Failure Scenario  
### Urban Rail Transit Network Model  
Based on the complex network theory [42], the Space L method, which can better reproduce the actual topology of the network, is used to construct the urban rail transit network model. With the Space L method, the rail transit stations are abstracted as nodes, and the lines between adjacent stations are abstracted as connecting edges for modeling [43]. However, in actual operation, different rail transit lines are relatively independent, so this paper assumed that the failure of one line in the same interchange station does not affect the operation of another line and proposed the virtual interchange edge method [44] to construct the rail transit network model, which splits the interchange stations into multiple virtual nodes connected with each other by virtual edges. The specific network model construction method is shown in Figure 1.
# Smart Platform for Monitoring and Control of Discrete Event System in Industry 4.0 Concept
## 2 Preliminaries and Problem Formulation
### Local Server Development  
In our case, the local server needs to process data from all PLC devices in the system, store them in the database, and provide data to portable devices. Therefore, we placed great emphasis on the possibility of communication using several protocols and on the necessary performance for data processing.  
For our communication requirements (Figure 3), it was ideal to use the Node-RED tool for creating a local system. Node-RED [32] is based on a combination of Javascript and modular programming (connecting logical cells). Node-RED itself does not contain all the necessary tools, be it for communication, creating graphics, or various logical functions. Therefore, the implementation of third-party libraries was necessary. Below, we list the libraries we used:  
* node-red-contrib-opcua--a library for creating an OPC UA server and enabling simple communication on this protocol;  
Figure 6: Sorting line model with color detection (model 2).  
plcindustry--a library for enabling communication with Siemens devices based on the S7 protocol;
* node-red-contrib-mssql--a library for communication with MS SQL databases;
* node-red-contrib-aedes--a library for creating an MQTT broker and communication based on the MQTT protocol.  
From the libraries used, it follows that the local server performed four functions, specifically, four different communications based on different protocols. It could be said that in our case the local server is the heart of the project, which connects all units together (Figure 2).
## 2 Literature Review
### Multi-Trip Vehicle Routing Problem (MTVRP)  
The MTVRP is a new variant of VRP that is attracting increasing attention, in which vehicles can be used more than once during the planning period. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] first proposed the multi-trip vehicle routing problem and designed a tabu search algorithm addressing this issue. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [23] focused on the time-dependent multi-zone multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows (MZMT-VRPTW) in which customers are clustered in zones, each of which has a supply point; vehicles can serve different zones, but must visit the supply point before visiting the corresponding zone. Other variants of the MTVRP include: MTVRP with pickup and delivery of customers to the airport [24], MTVRP with limited duration [25], MTVRP with multi-commodity [26], MTVRP with time windows and release dates [27], MTVRP with separate pickup and delivery and time windows for customers and facilities [28], and two-echelon MTVRP with dynamic satellites [29].  
The differences between the MTHVRP-PCIC and the MTVRP can be described as follows: (1) some of the cargoes in the MTHVRP-PCIC are incompatible and cannot be transported in the same vehicle while cargoes in the MTVRP can and (2) customers have different delivery priorities in the MTHVRP-PCIC while customers are equal in the MTVRP.  
In conclusion, as a result of the above literature review, there are no existing methods or models addressing the MTHVRP-PCIC. In addition, as an extension of basic VRP which is a well-known NP-hard problem, the MTHVRP-PCIC is also a NP-hard problem which means that a small instance of the MTHVRP-PCIC could create great complexity to solve. Therefore, we designed a two-stage hybrid metaheuristic approach (TSHM) to solve this problem. Experiments were made to validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. The main contribution of this study is as follows:  
* Low-carbon economy advances the transportation of hazardous chemicals in the road transportation industry.
* Multi-trip, heterogeneous vehicles, prioritized customers, and incompatible cargoes are considered.
* An innovative two-phase heuristics algorithm is devised which balances the load rate and minimizes the transportation cost.
* The proposed solution approach is applied to a large-scale real case study.
# Conservative Interference Injection to Minimize Wi-Fi Sensing Privacy Risks and Bandwidth Loss
###### Abstract  
With the impending integration of sensing capabilities into new wireless standards such as 6G and 802.11 bf, there is a growing threat to public privacy. Recent studies have revealed that even small-scale activities, like keyboard typing, can be sensed by attackers using Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) as these devices become more common in commercial spaces. This paper aims to model the minimum CSI data rate required to sense activities in the channel and quantifies the detection accuracy of WiFi-based keystroke recognition in relation to the CSI sensing data rate. Our experimental findings using commercial-off-the-shelf hardware suggest that interference can be used as a defence strategy to degrade the CSI data rate and prevent undesirable Wi-Fi sensing attacks. To achieve a reduced data rate, we propose an extension to [PERSON]'s model of CSMA/CA systems and establish a new mathematical relationship between channel contention and the available CSI. This proposed relationship was empirically verified, and our contention-based defence strategy was experimentally validated. Experiments show that our contention-based defence strategy increases the chances of evading undesired WiFi-based keystroke recognition by around 70%. By leveraging prior work that shows a degradation in CSI quality with lower transmission rates, we show that conservative interference injection can sufficiently reduce sensing accuracy whilst maintaining channel bandwidth.  
W -Fi sensing; privacy; machine learning; IoT +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
## 2 Experimental Details  
### System Concept  
Figure 1 illustrates the concept of the proposed FSO communication system. It is composed of a common path-based FSO terminal, which performs Gbps FSO communication between the GCS-UAV and the PTU/gimbal that controls horizontal (i.e., pan) and vertical (i.e., tilt) axes. This is essential for a PAT system to implement a robust FSO link. Here, the FSO terminal fitted to the GCS is referred to as an optical ground terminal (OGT), whereas that mounted on the UAV as an optical aerial terminal (OAT). The latter requires more detailed consideration due to its sensitivity to problems such as batteries, weight, center of gravity, vibration, and wind, etc. To reduce the detrimental effects of these issues, the OAT must be small and light-weight. The FSO terminal for Gbps full-duplex communication is more complicated compared to that for simplex communication because both terminals in OAT and OGT have TRx. Nevertheless, an FSO terminal supporting full-duplex communication is preferred over simplex communication due to the ease of configuring the FSO network between multiple UAVs and GCSs [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. In addition, a PAT system for maintaining a robust LOS between the FSO terminals was also considered. It was made adaptable to changes in the datalink distance and reception beam size caused by thee dynamic environment of the UAV.
# Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality on Painting Appreciation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Three Favorite Paintings  
To further understand whether the participants' preferences for paintings differed depending on the presentation method, they were asked to select their three favorite paintings in each experimental condition. The results show that among the original paintings, Paintings 5, 11, and 6 were the most popular as they were selected by 69, 46, and 37% of the participants, respectively. For the album condition, Paintings 11 (58%), 5 (54%), 6 (29%), and 3 (29%) were the most liked, whereas for the desktop VR condition, Paintings 11 (46%), 5 (42%), and 12 (38%) were the most liked. Finally, when viewing through an HTC Vive, Paintings 5 (60%), 6 (56%), and 12 (50%) were the most liked. These results indicate that nearly the same paintings were liked across all presentation methods. Therefore, the physical paintings liked by viewers were also liked when presented virtually.  
As shown in Table 3, the 12 paintings were categorized as landscape (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 12) or abstract (Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11). The landscape and abstract paintings presented in the physical environments (originals and albums) were liked by 22% (8-37%) and 28% (6-69%) of the participants on average, respectively. However, when presented virtually (desktop VR and HTC Vive), 29% (19-56%) and 21% (8-60%) of the participants liked the landscape and abstract paintings, respectively. Thus, the landscape paintings were more popular than the abstract paintings in VR, whereas the abstract paintings were more popular in the physical environments. This finding is similar to those of [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2018), who also found that people like landscape paintings more than abstract ones in mobile VR environments. The reason for the lower popularity of abstract paintings in VR is related to the image quality. An abstract painting is composed of dots and lines, its composition has no context, and the resolution of its image impacts its viewing effect. Although this study used a screen and VR glasses with resolutions exceeding two million pixels, they could not sufficiently present the details of the abstract paintings. Therefore, using higher-resolution VR glasses may mitigate this issue.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Physical Painting**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Virtual Painting**} \\  & **Original** & **Album** & **Desktop VR** & **HTC Vive** \\ \hline Landscape paintings & & & & \\ (No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 12) & 23\% & 21\% & 27\% & 31\% \\ \hline Abstract paintings & & & & \\ (No. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11) & 27\% & 29\% & 23\% & 19\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Among the four painting presentation methods, the proportions of the three paintings selected as favorites that belong to landscape paintings or abstract paintings.
## 4 Discussion  
Employing DSP, we demonstrated that the presence of an open growth plate influences the signal changes during transducer movements over the distal end of the forearm. However, we found that classification could not be achieved using naive threshold DSP algorithms or linear classifiers. We, therefore, developed robust ML classifiers using data from 120 girls and women considered eligible for inclusion out of a cohort of 148 potential subjects. Notably, GBMs outperformed ANNs in terms of accuracy and speed in almost all age segments. These results are in line with our expectations because MLPs do not exhibit any spatial invariance, and temporal information is lost. FCNs can learn filters that are invariant across the time dimension but are comparatively shallow. A deeper convolutional architecture is ResNet, which has been shown to be superior to shallow architectures [32]. ResNet performs comparatively well for the bone age segment > 18 years, while RBF neural networks are very shallow [33] and achieved the lowest performance. The fastest models, SVM, logistic regression, LightGBM, and XGBoost, yielded results within minutes, while the slowest model, ResNet, needed more than 11 days to complete. The best total average F\({}_{1}\) score of approximately 87%, obtained using a CatBoost model, showed that robust classifications are possible with our system. The XGBoost classifier yielded an F\({}_{1}\) score of approximately 85% within less than 5 min for training and evaluation. In the bone age segment > 18 years, all models performed better compared to younger bone age segments. We suspect that premature closing of the growth plate or artifacts from stiffer soft tissue regions might be responsible for misclassification in some younger subjects. We consider F\({}_{1}\) scores of around 80% for bone age segments with younger subjects and F\({}_{1}\) scores of more than 90% for bone age segments with older subjects provide a reasonable indicator, although further refinements are needed if the device is to be used for medical purposes. Our study presents an alternative approach to existing solutions based on X-ray imaging or B-mode ultrasound [24; 25; 26; 27]. A potential limitation of our study is its dependence on data from girls and women of a single, comparatively homogeneous population and the partial determination of bone age from X-ray images using the GP atlas. Therefore, the results may not be representative of other populations, and the models we present may not be applicable to all ethnicities and to all sexes [9; 10]. This limitation warrants further research, for example, multi-center studies that also include male and ethnically diverse subjects.
# Dose Estimation by Geant4-Based Simulations for Cone-Beam CT Applications: A Systematic Review
## 2 Methodology  
### Literature Search  
A SR of electronic data bases was conducted retrospectively between January 1975 and January 2021. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement based on key words and MeSH terms specific to publications indexed in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases.  
The search strategy was restricted to English-language papers via WOS, Scopus, and Pubmed. To construct a suitable query and increase the sensitivity of the search strategy, the research question included the following combined terms and their synonyms and related topics: \"Geant4\", \"GATE\", \"GAMOS\", \"radiation dosage\", \"radiation protection\", \"dose\", and \"cone-beam computed tomography\".  
For the purpose of this search, these terms were defined as:  
* Geant4 OR GATE OR GAMOS to include all the toolkit based on these codes.
* Cone beam computed tomography according to medical subject headings (MeSH).
* Cone beam computed tomography as a generic term that refers to the medical imaging technique with a conic/pyramidal X-ray beam of radiation.
* Radiation dosage and radiation protection according to medical subject headings (MeSH).
* Dose OR Dosimetry as a generic term including all types of doses described by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [38].  
The final analysis contained primary research articles estimating physician knowledge of radiation dosage of cone-beam computed tomographies based on Geant4. These results were supplemented by a literature hand search. The full query is displayed in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Indexing Terms** & **Items (n)** \\ \hline Web of Science & 235.997 \\ \hline \#1 & Geant4 OR GATE OR GAMOS & 15.035 \\ \#2 & Cone Beam Computed Tomography OR CBCT & 1.32 \\ \#3 & Radiation Dosage OR Dose* OR Dosimetry OR Radiation protection & 4.814 \\ \#4 & \#1 AND \#2 AND \#3 & 87 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Search strings, keywords, and items per database.