# Opportunities and Challenges for Error Control Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
## 5 Review on ECS Methods on WSN
### Adaptive Technique
#### 5.2.1 Single-Hop Network  
In [88], [PERSON] et al. perform mathematical analysis of energy efficiency of RS code, ARQ and HARQ (RS code and ARQ) considering a Mica 2 series WSN platform. The energy efficiency analysis based on Equation (11) where decoding energy cost for RS code is evaluated using the number of operations involved during the decoding. The paper claims that ARQ is optimal when the distance between \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref (Yr)** & **FEC(s)** & **Network and Parameters** & **Results** \\ \hline
[77] (03) & SECDED and DECTED & Implementation of single hop network in indoor and outdoor environment & Measured results of packet drop rate, distribution of burst bit errors and distribution of burst packet errors \\ \hline
[78] (06) & BCH codes & A linear packet forwarding model considering single hop and multi-hops. Rayleigh flat fading channel with Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation & Energy efficiency comparison considering packet length and number of hops. \\ \hline
[79] (06) & RS, BCH and convolutional code & A linear packet forwarding model considering single hop and multi-hops. Rayleigh flat fading channel with ASK modulation & Energy efficiency comparison and RS code is the most efficient among them. \\ \hline
[69] (07) & RS, BCH and convolutional code & AWGN channel & BER performance and power consumption per bit and BER constraints \\ \hline
[80] (010) & RS code & Experimental setup & RS code suitable on both power and BER constraints \\ \hline
[81] (012) & Quasi cyclic code & Only implementation aspect of coding & Energy analysis in a limited case \\ \hline
[71] (013) & BCH code & A linear multi-hop model with equal hop distance packet with Rayleigh slow fading channel and OQPSK modulation & Energy efficiency analysis \\ \hline
[84] (014) & SCCC & Multi-hop network & BER versus SNR for different scenarios \\ \hline
[82] (014) & LT and BCH codes & Standalone results considering RF (AWGN and LOS) and FSO (Gamma-Gamming distributions for turbulence) channels & Energy per bit against distance and overhead versus probability of error. \\ \hline
[83] (014) & BCH and cyclic codes & Rayleigh fading channel & BER and energy spent per bit versus SNR for the codes. \\ \hline
[85] (014) & RS code & Experimental setup & Error pattern analysis \\ \hline
[86] (017) & BCH and RS code & A linear multi-hop model with equal hop distance packet with Rayleigh slow fading channel and FSK modulation & Analysis of characteristic distance \\ \hline
[87] & LT and RS code & Two-tier wireless multimedia sensor network and binary erasure channel & Evaluation of peak SNR and Structural index metrics \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: A review of FEC based ECS for WSN. nodes is less than 40 m, whereas HARQ performs better than ARQ and RS code when the distance between nodes is more than 40 m. Then, [PERSON] et al. introduce an adaptive error control mechanism called the Adaptive Error Control RSSI (AEC-RSSI) method, which is based on energy efficiency and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). RSSI is used to estimate the distance between nodes assuming log-normal shadowing model. Then, the distance between nodes is used to select the error correction technique. In AEC-RSSI, ARQ is used when the distance between nodes is less than 40 m; otherwise, HARQ is used. The energy efficiency result indicates that AEC-RSSI performs better than different ECS (including ARQ, RS code and HARQ) over all ranges from 0 to 60 m.  
[PERSON] et al. introduce adaptive BCH code with different error correction capability called BCH versions [89]. The paper outlines an adaptive algorithm to choose a BCH version for communication and also outlines how the initialization of BCH version is conducted. The use of BCH version is determined by percentage of packets in which bit errors are less than, equal to and more than error correction capability of BCH i.e., \(t\).