esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Localization Systems  
Especially in team sports, a precise athlete's localization on the sports ground, in terms of position, velocity, and traveled distance, represents a paramount requirement in the game's tactic evaluation by the coaches and the assessment of the team's performance. A good estimation of the athlete's position allows the development of more accurate game strategies about any athlete's displacements on the ground and the possibility of conducting more precise studies of the performance model in individual sports. The localization process can concern the players' actions and the tracking of the leading moving object of the game such as, for example, the ball position.  
For many years in track and field races, the photo finish, performed by manual visual analysis of a video stream, has represented the gold-standard method for analyzing the proper order of arrival of athletes, also providing the referee a time estimation to determine the athletes' position at the end of the race [179]. Currently, technology related to localization systems, exploiting different approaches, has obtained incredible progress in outdoor and indoor spaces. For example, in several sports, the acquisition and elaboration of video streams with computer vision methods help to detect and track the players' movements, as well as the ball trajectory, providing important information about the game dynamics and the relative tactical aspects [180; 181] and support the competition judges in their decisions. Among others, in football, the tracing analysis through recorded images allows one to automatically detect the offside position of a player [182] or in volleyball or tennis, such systems, tracking the ball's position and trajectories, effectively support the referee in the \"in/out\" decisions.  
The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Local Position Systems (LPS) [183; 184] can be identified for outdoor or indoor applications, respectively. The GNSS is widely known for its use in cars and smartphones for routing navigation systems. The same technology is commonly used today in professional athletic training and is often combined with the IMU-MEMS technology to improve the accuracy of the retrieved position. On the contrary, because of the satellite signal attenuation and multipath effect problems, GNSS cannot track indoor sports, and LPS is used for the athletes' localization operations. These latter systems employ short-range transmitters, each with a known precise location for estimating the target (ball or athlete) position through triangulation procedures.  
The exploiting technologies for LPS are Ultra-wideband Band (UWB), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Visible Light. These technologies are often used with IMU-MEMS sensors to improve the accuracy of the retrieved position.
# An Improved Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Simulation Results
### The Amount of Transmitted Data  
In this experiment, we employed the same data aggregation technique and the same number of information bytes. The amount of transmitted data is determined by the number of alive nodes in the entire network, i.e., it is related to the life cycle of nodes. In this section, several tests are performed to evaluate the proposed protocol under different conditions, as displayed in Table 2. Figure 8 depicts the throughput of protocols against the simulation rounds. Since the nodes closer to the BS do not participate in cluster formation and the energy adjustment parameter is used in setting the threshold, it is obvious that the proposed IEE-LEACH protocol is superior to other protocols. Considering that the nodes closer to the BS do not participate in cluster formation, the IEE-LEACH-A improves the throughput of the network; thus, the information transmission performance of the IEE-LEACH-A protocol is better than that of the LEACH protocol. Moreover, the network throughput of the IEE-LEACH-B is larger than that of the IEE-LEACH-A, which illustrates that, in terms of improving the network throughput, the improvement by considering the energy adjustment parameter when setting the threshold is more energy-efficient than when considering the nodes closer to BS which do not participate in cluster formation.  
Compared with the LEACH protocol, the IEE-LEACH increases throughput by nearly a factor of 7. Specifically, this method greatly improves the information transmission performance of the network. In addition, compared with the IEE-LEACH-B, the IEE-LEACH has an approximately 30% increase in network throughput. In terms of the amount of transmitted data, the proposed IEE-LEACH protocol sends much more data to the BS in the same round than other protocols.  
Figure 7: Comparison of residual energy of nodes.
control culture (\(\mu\) = 0.322 h\({}^{-1}\)) [3]. Cells growing under low-frequency (100 Hz, 92 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa) and high-frequency (10 kHz, 89 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa) treatments have been reported to grow faster compared to cells growing in silence [3]. In addition, exposing _S. cerevisiae_ C-2324 to low-power (0.3 W/L) ultrasound over 5 h increased their biomass concentration (from 0.12 to 0.4 g/L); however, increasing the power input to 12 W/L was not effective in enhancing either yeast growth or glucose utilization [4]. Subjecting _S. cerevisiae_-170 to the Hindustani classical music Ahir Bhairav raga (172-581 Hz, 70-90 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa) and Pilu raga (86-839 Hz, 85-110 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa) increased the yeast biomass concentration compared to a silence control [5]. A more recent study showed that audible sound stimulated the yeast growth rate by 23% compared to that of a silence control [6].  
Other researchers have reported the effects of audible sound on bacteria. For example, subjecting _Brevibacterium_ sp. to Tollywood music (100-1000 Hz, 60-90 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa) enhanced biomass and pigment production compared to the silence control [7]. Similarly, _Escherichia coli_ K-12 grown under 8 KHz and 80 dB @ 20 \(\mu\)Pa had a higher biomass (1.7 times) and a faster specific growth rate (2.5 times) compared to the control group (silence) [8].  
From this prior research, it could be expected that applying sound to beer fermentation is likely to enhance yeast growth, thereby reducing fermentation and maturation time [3,6]. However, despite anecdotal accounts of the effect of sound on beer fermentation, research of this kind has not previously been reported. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the effects of sound frequency and intensity on yeast growth, fermentation, and the VOC composition of beer during fermentation using sound delivered via a water medium.
# Towards the Internet of Smart Trains:
## 4 Long Term Evolution (LTE): One Step Ahead of Broadband Communication Systems
### Migration Roadmap  
Recently, UIC has started the migration from GSM Phase 2+ to LTE ensuring that the life cycle of GSM-R will be extended. Some researchers point out that the coexistence between GSM-R and LTE-Railways (LTE-R) is expected to last years [42]. Furthermore, LTE migration is envisaged to move at different poses. Considering the lack of a global standard for Communications Based Train Control (CBTC), metro railway operations are likely to adopt LTE quickly, particularly in new lines. In main lines under international standards, the transition will occur probably in two phases. Initially, the non mission-critical services will be carried out by the LTE networks, while safety and mission-critical services and features will keep using legacy networks. Following the maturity of LTE, all services will be then gradually transferred [59]. At the moment that suppliers standardize ETCS on IP networks, LTE-R will replace GSM-R. A schedule of LTE-R deployment is shown in Table 9.  
Before considering different scenarios for future communications in railways, a number of hypotheses have been proposed to determine where the changes to the current environment are likely, and may influence options for the future. These hypotheses consider the period relevant to the study (i.e., the next 15+ years) and are listed in Table 10. As it can be observed, communications and applications are the ones that are expected to evolve at a higher pace.
# Design of a Compact Planar Magnetic Levitation System with Wrench-Current Decoupling Enhancement
## 4 Control System
### Multidimensional Linear Interpolation  
The closest pose search of the lookup table was utilized at runtime to find the current outputs. Therefore, inconsistent errors were expected when switching selected matrices, which degraded the overall controller performance. To improve the real-time control performance, a multidimensional linear interpolation method was introduced to smooth out the errors brought by data switching.  
The interpolation could be formulated as follows. The \(a_{x}\), \(a_{y}\), \(a_{z}\), \(a_{\psi}\), and \(a_{\theta}\) were used to represent the weighting parameters for the multidimensional linear interpolation of the \(x\), \(y\), \(z\), \(\psi\), and \(\theta\) states of the mover pose, respectively. Suppose that the random 5-DOF pose to be interpolated was at (\(x_{0}\), \(y_{0}\), \(z_{0}\), \(\psi_{0}\), \(\theta_{0}\)), which was between the state pairs, (\(x_{1}\), \(x_{2}\)), (\(y_{1}\), \(y_{2}\)), (\(z_{1}\), \(z_{2}\)), (\(\psi_{1}\), \(\psi_{2}\)), and (\(\theta_{1}\), \(\theta_{2}\)), respectively. The weighting parameters could be calculated by  
\[a_{p}=\frac{p_{0}-p_{2}}{p_{1}-p_{2}}\qquad\text{with }p_{1}\leq p_{0}\leq p_{2} \tag{10}\]  
where \(p\) can be the \(x\), \(y\), \(z\), \(\psi\), or \(\theta\) state. This formula could be generalized for extrapolation purposes. Once the weighting parameters were obtained, the general results of the interpolated wrench matrix could be found for any desired states as expressed in  
\[\mathcal{K}_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{2}\sum_{j=1}^{2}\sum_{k=1}^{2}\sum_{l=1}^{2}\sum_{ m=1}^{2}\bigg{\{}\Big{[}\prod_{s=x^{i}}^{\theta^{m}}a_{s}\Big{]}\cdot \mathcal{K}\big{(}x_{i,y},z_{k},\psi_{i},\theta_{m}\big{)}\bigg{\}}. \tag{11}\]  
For \(n\)-dimension or -state interpolation, a total of \(2^{n}\) number of wrench matrices were needed. Then, we applied Equation (11) as explained in Algorithm 1 to find \(\mathcal{K}_{0}\). In the 5-D case, there were 32 wrench matrices to extract. Due to controller constraints, only a 2-D linear interpolation was implemented with two combinations of \(x\)-\(y\) and \(\psi\)-\(\theta\) axes separately.  
```
0: A precomputed lookup table
0: The sensor mover pose readings \(x_{0}\), \(y_{0}\), \(z_{0}\), \(\psi_{0}\), and \(\theta_{0}\), only work with the states needed
0: The interpolated results \(\mathcal{K}_{0}\) Initialization\(\mathcal{K}_{0}=\) zeros(5, 10), \(n\) as the number of states selected Calculate the weights \(a_{p^{1}}=\frac{p_{0}-p_{2}}{p_{1}-p_{2}}\) and \(a_{p^{2}}=1-a_{p^{1}}\) while\(i\leq 2^{n}\)do {\(n\) while loops to be precise} lookup \(\mathcal{K}_{i}\)  find the \(\prod a_{s}\) product \(\mathcal{K}_{0}=\mathcal{K}_{0}+\prod a_{s}\cdot\mathcal{K}_{i}\) \(i=i+1\) endwhile
```  
**Algorithm 1** Multidimensional linear interpolation
# The Extraction of Maximal-Sum Principal Submatrix and Its Applications
## 4 The Proposed Algorithm
### Parameter k Is Fixed and Parameter n Is Variable  
To explore the effect of parameter \(n\) on the calculation time of the MSPS-RU algorithm, the following comparative experiments were conducted.  
The \(n\)-order real matrix is randomly generated using uniform distribution, and \(n\) varies from 20 to 60 with constant step size 10. Let \(k=5\) and 10, which means extracting the 5-order and 10-order MSPS of the \(n\)-order real matrix. The runtime (unit: second) of the Enum algorithm and the MSPS-RU algorithm are compared, and the average runtime of the two algorithms is recorded, as shown in Table 2. From the table, the average runtime of the MSPS-RU method is less than that of the Enum method, and the relative improvement degree \(\eta\) achieves over 20%.  
Figure 2 illustrates the comparison of runtime growth trends of extracting 5-order and 10-order MSPS using different algorithms. It also shows that with the increase in \(n\), the time growth rate of our algorithm is lower than that of the Enum algorithm according to the trend lines. Therefore, it indicates that MSPS-RU performs well in solving the MSPS issue of larger-order matrices.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(n\) & \(k\) & \(T_{Enum}\) & \(T_{ours}\) & \(\eta\) (\%) & \(k\) & \(T_{Enum}\) & \(T_{ours}\) & \(\eta\) (\%) \\ \hline
20 & 5 & 0.0020 & 0.0016 & 22.36 & 10 & 0.0746 & 0.0544 & 37.15 \\
30 & 5 & 0.0138 & 0.0094 & 47.04 & 10 & 10.5342 & 6.1387 & 71.60 \\
40 & 5 & 0.0610 & 0.0384 & 59.15 & 10 & 289.4542 & 153.5836 & 88.47 \\
50 & 5 & 0.1946 & 0.1170 & 66.29 & 10 & 3485.9831 & 1629.6164 & 113.91 \\
60 & 5 & 0.4980 & 0.3157 & 57.71 & 10 & 26,507.8060 & 11,480.9314 & 130.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The average runtime of extracting 5-order and 10-order MSPS.  
Figure 2: The comparison of runtime growth trends of extracting 5-order and 10-order MSPS using different algorithms.
# Discrete Element Analysis of Grouting Reinforcement and Slurry Diffusion in Overburden Strata
## 3 Model Establishment and Parameter Calibration
### Overburden Strength Parameter Calibration (Direct Shear Test)  
Since macroscopic mechanical parameters of soil--such as cohesion and internal friction angle--cannot be directly input into discrete element software, it is necessary to define mesoscopic parameters, including friction coefficient, stiffness, and stiffness ratio, to construct representative soil specimens. Therefore, in this section, numerical simulation results are compared with laboratory direct shear test data. The mesoscopic parameters required for the grouting discrete element model are determined using a parameter inversion method to ensure that the simulation curves align with the experimental results.  
As an effective and straightforward method for analyzing the strength of overburden, the direct shear test offers a clear mechanical basis and high testing efficiency. The ZJ1 strain-controlled direct shear apparatus is used in this laboratory test. Vertical pressures of 100, 200, and 300 kPa are applied, and the shear rate is set to 0.8 mm/min [22]. The test apparatus is shown in Figure 4a. In the numerical direct shear test, a shear box model was constructed at a 1:1 scale based on the actual apparatus dimensions. To reduce computational cost and reference existing research, the particle sizes were scaled up by a factor of five to 0.005, 0.0025, and 0.001 m, respectively. A total of 1207 particles were generated in each shear box, and the overburden particles followed the contact bond model. The shear stress-displacement curve used for calibration is shown in Figure 4b.
# Novel Technologies Used in the Assessment of Patellofemoral Pain: A Scoping Review
## 4 Discussion
### Recommendations for Future Studies
#### 4.4.6 Accelerometers  
With the increased use of microsensor technology, relevant devices have become available to quantify kinetic and kinematic outcomes. Tibial accelerometers have been used in the past also in vivo, being mounted directly on the bone using transcortical pins to infer tibial axial acceleration from ground reaction forces [94]. More recently, skin-mounted accelerometers have been utilized to determine physical activity loading, running kinematics, and even ground reaction forces [95]. Being less expensive, user-friendly, and accessible than force plates, skin-mounted tibial accelerometers could be another novel option in research or clinical settings in PFP patients. However, it should be kept in mind that they do not measure vertical ground reaction forces as standard force plates; they are considered accurate and reliable tools to measure lower extremity load in constant-velocity running [95].
# Chitosan Nanocomposite Coatings for Food, Paints, and Water Treatment Applications
## 3 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites  
Previously, many studies have reported chemical modification of chitosan either by coupling with small molecules or grafting with polymers, for changing/improvement or better use of the intrinsic properties of chitosan. Chitosan has been grafted with different polymers, such as poly-lactide to form polymeric amphiphilic micelles [75] or polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form a branched PEI-\(g\)-chitosan with lowered cytotoxicity but higher gene transfection efficiency compared to PEI [76]. More recently, chitosan-based nanocomposites have emerged, where both polymer and nanoparticles contribute to the improvement or enhancement of specific properties. The dispersed nanomaterials contained in chitosan polymer matrix not only improve the physical, mechanical, and thermal stability of chitosan, but also endows the composite with its intrinsic properties, such as high surface area or extraordinary physicochemical properties. Chitosan nanocomposites formed between chitosan and metal/metal oxide, carbon, polymer, or clay materials via physical or chemical interaction and their applications in food, paints, and environmental fields are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2.
###### Abstract  
Piezoelectric actuators and sensors can be incorporated into aerospace structures to suppress unwanted flexible oscillations. These devices need to interact with various passive structures, including innovative materials such as thermoplastic composites, which offer several advantages over traditional options. This study explores the application of a piezoelectric-based vibration control system on a lightweight carbon-reinforced thermoplastic material. Numerical and experimental investigations are conducted to assess the mechanical properties and damping behavior of the composite. As a case study, an equivalent orthotropic shell laminate is developed to facilitate finite element modeling of two composite solar panel structures equipped to a spacecraft. Moreover, an electro-mechanical formulation is implemented to integrate smart actuators and sensors onto the composite hosting structure. Finally, the efficiency of the active vibration control system is assessed when significant vibration perturbations are caused on the panels by rigid-flexible dynamics coupling during agile attitude maneuvers. The results demonstrate the damping factor of the material can be noticeably improved, making the proposed system a promising technological solution for further aerospace applications.  
vibration control; composite material; piezoelectric devices; thermoplastic composite
# An Improved Approach to Detection of Rice Leaf Disease with GAN-Based Data Augmentation Pipeline
## 3 Methodology and Tools
### Research Scheme  
The approach proposes a semi-supervised data augmentation pipeline that leverages generative adversarial networks' ability to generate high-quality synthetic images by utilizing the SG2-ADA model to generate synthetic images. Sequentially, the best-quality synthetic images are filtered using some image processing techniques and combined with the original raw data. This in turn amplifies the dataset and is used to solve the issue with the class imbalance and limited dataset. Subsequently, the combined annotated dataset is fed into a CNN network for training an object detection model and the results are evaluated using mean average precision metrics. Lastly, we compared the resulting analysis of the GAN-based augmentation with the standard augmentation technique.
# Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
###### Abstract  
Freedom of design and the cost-effective production of structural parts have led to much research interest in _Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing_ (WAAM). Nevertheless, WAAM is subject to design constraints and fundamentally differs from other additive manufacturing processes. Consequently, design guidelines and supporting design evaluation tools adapted to WAAM are needed. One geometric approach to design evaluation is the use of a three-dimensional medial axis transformation (3D-MAT) to derive local geometry indicators. Previous works define the thickness and radius indicators. In this work, the angle between opposing faces and a mass gradient indicator are added. To apply the literature design rules regarding wall thickness, clearance, bead angle, and edge radius to specific geometry regions, features are classified by the indicators. Following a literature suggestion, wall and corner regions are differentiated by the angle indicator. An angle of 65\({}^{\circ}\) is identified as an effective separation limit. Additionally, the analogy of Heuvers' spheres to the MAT helps estimate a limit of \(\frac{k_{H}-1}{k_{H}+1}\) for the mass gradient (\(k_{H}\): Heuvers' factor). Finally, tests on example parts demonstrate the method's effectiveness in verifying compliance to the specified rules. With a numerical complexity of \(\mathcal{O}(n^{2})\), this method is more efficient than finite element analyses, providing early feedback in the design process.  
WAAM; design guidelines; Heuvers' circles; manufacturability; automated evaluation; medial axis transformation Article
###### Abstract  
The European Union policy of encouraging renewable energy sources and a sustainable and safe low-carbon economy requires flexible energy storage systems (FESSs), such as pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) systems. Energy storage systems are the key to facilitate a high penetration of the renewable energy sources in the electrical grids. Disused mining structures in closed underground coal mines in NW Spain have been selected as a case study to analyze the construction of underground pumped-storage hydropower (UPSH) plants. Mine water, depth and subsurface space in closured coal mines may be used for the construction of FESSs with reduced environmental impacts. This paper analyzes the stability of a network of tunnels used as a lower water reservoir at 450 m depth in sandstone and shale formations. Empirical methods based on rock mass classification systems are employed to preliminarily design the support systems and to determinate the rock mass properties. In addition, 3D numerical modelling has been conducted in order to verify the stability of the underground excavations. The deformations and thickness of the excavation damage zones (EDZs) around the excavations have been evaluated in the simulations without considering a support system and considering systematic grouted rock bolts and a layer of reinforced shotcrete as support system. The results obtained show that the excavation of the network of tunnels is technically feasible with the support system that has been designed.  
mining structures; underground reservoir; empirical analysis; numerical modelling; energy storage; hydropower plants +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters