esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Data Sources
### Data Quality Control and Data Source  
Tropical cyclones are characterized by strong winds accompanied by torrential rain, ocean waves, and storm surge. The representative wind records are usually located in the eyewall regions of tropical cyclones. In the field measurements of tropical cyclones, however, the anemometers in heavy rain bands usually present some spikes and errors. Therefore, the data quality-control procedure is a necessary step before the analysis of the wind characteristics. In this study, the data quality-control schemes and the criteria for the selection of samples were referred to [PERSON] et al. [13]. Specifically, the spikes and errors in the data were first identified and replaced by the five-point weighted averages. Then, the reverse arrangement test [45] and run test [46] with a 95% significance level were employed to test the stationarity of the recorded winds. The datasets that failed to pass both two types of stationary tests were removed from the analysis. The stationarity test ensured that the analyzed data could satisfy the local equilibrium boundary-layer assumption, where the friction velocity is independent of the location in the along-wind direction and the Reynolds number [37].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Anemometers**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Specifications**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**05103L**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind speed**} & Range & 0–100 m/s \\  & & Threshold Sensitivity & 1 m/s \\  & & Distance constant & 2.7 m for 63\% recovery \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind direction**} & Ranges & 0–360\({}^{\circ}\) \\  & & Threshold Sensitivity & 1.1 m/s at 10\({}^{\circ}\) displacement \\  & & Delay Distance & 1.3 m for 50\% recovery \\  & & Damped Natural Wavelength & 7.4 m \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**27106R**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind speed**} & Range & 0–25 m/s \\  & & Threshold Sensitivity & 0.3 m/s \\  & & Distance constant & 2.7 m for 63\% recovery \\  & & Damped Natural Wavelength & 7.4 m \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**WindMasterTM Pro**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind speed**} & Range & 0–65 m/s \\  & & Resolution & 0.01 m/s \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind direction**} & Ranges & 0–359\({}^{\circ}\) \\  & & Resolution & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**HD2003**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind speed**} & Range & 0–60 m/s \\  & & Resolution & 0.01 m/s \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wind direction**} & Ranges & 0–359\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Resolution & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Specifications of anemometers.  
Table 3 briefly summarized the datasets utilized in this study, together with the observation heights, types of the anemometers used, number of the runs in each group (sample size) and average of the 10 min mean wind speeds. The detailed analysis of the turbulent wind characteristics of the original datasets both in typhoons and hurricanes were presented in [PERSON] et al. (2016).
# A Design of a Time Synchronization Protocol Based on Dynamic Route and Forwarding Certification
###### Abstract  
Time synchronization is a key technique in large-scale wireless sensor network applications. In order to tackle the problems of multi-hop synchronization error accumulation, clock frequency skew swinging, and network topology changes, a time synchronization protocol based on dynamic routing and forwarding certification (DRFC-TSP) is proposed in this paper. During the time synchronization process, a reference node with fewer synchronization hops and a more stable clock frequency is selected for every single hop, in order to obtain the best synchronization route. In this way, synchronization error accumulation can be restrained and the impact of clock frequency skew swinging on the time synchronization precision can be reduced. Furthermore, changes of the network topology can be well adapted by dynamic routing, in which the reference node is updated in every synchronization round. In the forwarding certification process, the status of nodes forwarding synchronous information outwards is authored by information exchange between neighboring nodes. Only synchronous information of the certificated nodes with a better performance can be forwarded. The network traffic can be decreased and the time synchronization precision can also be ensured, even with less energy consumption. Feasibility testing in large-scale wireless sensor networks is verified on NS2 simulation and more performances are evaluated on an embedded Linux platform.  
Keywords:wireless sensor networks; time synchronization protocol; dynamic routing; forwarding certification +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### ONE Simulator Modifications  
The ONE simulator was designed and built specifically to assess protocols for message dissemination in DTN Networks, namely: Epidemic, Spray and Wait, Prophet, First Contact, Direct Delivery, and Maxprop. ONE can use real traces or synthetic mobility models like Random Walk, Random Way Point, Grid and Linear. These mobility models can be combined to model complex behaviours with different patterns as the day progresses (like office and work days).  
The ONE buffer management only includes FIFO and random policies, so we extended it with the other two criteria considered in this paper: TTL and message size. The Friendly-Sharing approach was implemented by stopping the nodes that start a transmission. This movement pause lasts for a maximum time specified in the simulation parameters. After this pause, both nodes continue their original trajectories following the trace movement. The original ONE message generation interval  
Figure 3: The ONE simulator (Helsinki University of Technology) running with the NCCU (National Chengchi University) traces.  
follows a uniform random distribution. In order to obtain a more realistic model, we implemented an independent Poisson process for each user and message type.  
The required modifications are summarised in Figure 4. In order to implement the Forced Stop approach and the buffer management policies, we modified the ActiveRouter, DTNHost, MessageRouter and Connection Java classes. We added the ExponentialMessageGenerator to inject messages using an exponential distributed random interval. We also implemented the function drop-to-insert in order to implement the dropping police when the buffer is full. Finally, we added two subclasses of Report to obtain the buffer occupancy and transmission time information.
# SRv6-Based Edge Service Continuity in 5G Mobile Networks +
## 5 SRv6-Based Lossless Migration
### Supporting Buffering and SRv6 Behavior
#### 5.2.2 End.M.GTP6.D.Buffer  
The End.M.GTP6.D.Buffer behavior is an extension of the End.M.GTP6.D behavior described in [13]. When a packet arrives to a node with a destination address matching one of the node's End.M.GTP6.D SIDs, firstly, the outer IPv6 headers are inspected to determine whether the subsequent headers correspond to UDP and GTP-U. After the verification, GTP-U, UDP, and the outer IPv6 headers are extracted. Next, the packet is encapsulated into a new outer IPv6 header with the SR as the extension header. The list of segments put in the SRH depends on the End.M.GTP6.D SID received, which identifies the policy. The SIDs' list included in the SRH is missing the first segment because H.Encaps.Red is used. Subsequently, the source address field of the outer IPv6 header is set to the current node's locator. The destination address field instead is the first SID of the segment list that was not included in the SRH. Finally, the other IPv6 header fields are properly set. At this point, the packet is placed in the buffer, ready to be forwarded without further modifications. Figure 13 reports an example of the End.M.GTP6.D.Buffer behavior in the mode described in Section 5.1.2. The incoming packet (on the left) is addressed to an End.M.GTP6.D.Buffer SID of the router SR Endpoint2. SR Endpoint2 applies the End.M.GTP6.D.Buffer, which embeds the following operations. Firstly, it removes the outer IPv6 header and the subsequent UDP and GTP-U headers. Then, it encapsulates the packet into another IPv6 outer header (H.Encaps.Red). The segment list would be composed of just one segment, so the addition of the SRH can be avoided; it is enough to set the End SID of the SR Endpoint4 node (B:0:0:4:E::) as the destination address of the outer IPv6. At this point, the packet can be placed in the buffer, ready to be forwarded when the buffer flush is triggered.
# Chaotic Time Series Forecasting Approaches Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Review
## 1 Introduction
### Previous and Current Literature Survey  
Few reviews have focused on applying chaos theory in multiple applications. For instance, in [14; 22; 23], a study on the application of the chaos concept in hydrology was reported. The study also reveals some critical issues raised while applying the chaos concept in hydrology. Similarly, a review of the application of chaos theory in traffic flow patterns was reported in [24]. In both works, some of the reviewed methods reported for the short-term forecasting are correlation dimension, Lyapunov exponent, Kolmogorov entropy, SVM, ANN, nonlinear prediction, and dynamic neural network. These reviews overlapped with elements of this field, though none have brought together all material related to chaotic time series forecasting approaches using machine learning techniques for various applications.  
Considering the above research scope, the authors in this paper reviewed chaotic time series forecasting approaches using machine learning techniques in various applications. At first, the importance of chaotic time series forecasting is identified in multiple applications, including all the recently published methods, and addresses issues of individual techniques. The review of these chaotic time series forecasting approaches in the past three decades is summarized in Section 2. Section 3 gives a comprehensive review of machine-learning-based chaotic time series forecasting approaches developed using ANN, FNN,WNN, and optimization algorithms. The study on forecasting various chaotic parameters in multiple applications is detailed in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the various performance measures used for chaotic time series forecasting approaches. Finally, Section 6 concludes the current works, highlighting the shortcomings and suggesting possible future research perspectives.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### [PERSON]'s FOS/TAC Titration
#### 2.1.3 Experimental Realization  
The HACH AT1102 potentiometric titrator with 1 syringe (HACH, Loveland, CO, USA) was used to perform the titration of the above 72 solutions. The pH electrode was calibrated at pH = 4, 7 and 10. The titrator application kit \"FOS/TAC (BIOGAS)\" (AP0006.AT1102) was used to obtain the FOS and TAC values using [PERSON]'s method.  
It should be noted that according to the HACH protocol, the titrator determines the FOS/TAC for a 5 mL sample instead of 20 mL. Thus, 5 mL of sample is diluted in 15 mL of deionized water in a specific beaker. A stirring rod and the pH electrode were introduced into the beaker. The 0.1 N standard sulfuric acid (0.05 mol H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), Ref. 20253, HACH) was used as the titrant. At the end of the titration, the [PERSON]'s FOS, TAC and equivalent volumes were displayed on the titrator screen. The formulas to calculate FOS and TAC were adapted to the 5 mL titration as shown in Equations (3) and (4).  
\[\text{TAC}_{\text{emp}}=\frac{\text{A}\times\text{C}_{\text{tit}}\times 50045}{ \text{V}_{\text{sample}}} \tag{3}\]  
\[\text{FOS}_{\text{emp}}=(\text{B}\times 1.66-0.15)\times 500 \tag{4}\]  
where TAC\({}_{\text{emp}}\) (mg CaCO\({}_{3}\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) is the total empirical alkalinity content using [PERSON]'s method; A (mL) is the equivalent volume of 0.1 N H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) to obtain pH = 5; C\({}_{\text{tit}}\) (mol\({}_{\text{eq}}\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) or N) is the concentration of sulfuric acid as titrant (C\({}_{\text{tit}}\) = 0.1 N); V\({}_{\text{sample}}\) (mL) is the volume of titrated sample (V\({}_{\text{sample}}\) = 5 mL); FOS\({}_{\text{emp}}\) (mg HAc\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) is the empirical VFA content using [PERSON]'s method and B (mL) is the difference of two equivalent volumes at pH = 5 and pH = 4.4.  
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO\({}_{3}\)) was used to simulate different alkalinity in the solutions. Its titrated concentration [NaHCO\({}_{3}\)] (mg NaHCO\({}_{3}\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) could, therefore, be recalculated from the TAC value given by the titrator:  
\[[\text{NaHCO}_{3}]=\frac{\text{TAC}\times 84\times 2}{100}=\frac{\text{TAC}}{0. 595} \tag{5}\]  
The titration results were recorded and then further treated using Scilab software (ESI Group, Rungis, France).
# Evaluation of IEEE802.15.4g for Environmental Observations
## 4 Analysis
### Line of Sight Scenario
#### 4.1.1 RX at 420 m
It consumes 178.6 \(\upmu\)C to get a 127 B packet across while 2 FSK-50 consumes 1807 \(\upmu\)C.  
For long packets, average electric charge consumption is depicted in Figure 7f. The tendency is maintained, high data rates consumed less electric charge than the rest. 2 FSK-50 consumes on average 27.5 mC while OFDM1-800 only 1.637 mC.
## 4 Conclusions  
Three-dimensional finite element models of cubic porous cellular structures were built with porosity values of 30-70% representing fifteen different designs using different arrangements of volumetric porosities within the stems' layers. The stems were subjected to physiological loads corresponding to three walking speeds (1 km/h, 3 km/h, and 5 km/h). The von Mises stresses at femur Gruen zones and stem layers and the stems' micromotions were calculated. The conclusions obtained from this study can be summarized as follows:  
* Stems with 70% average porosity were found to have the best match with the intact bone mechanical properties for the stem inside the epoxy model.
* Functionally graded porous stems tend to transfer higher stress values to the bone compared to the bulk stem for all physiological loads associated with the three studied walking speeds.
* Micromotion values increased as the porosity and physiological loads/walking speed increases. Hence, the patient is to be advised to walk at a low speed to prevent the stem's micromotion, which affects bone tissue ingrowth leads to failure of the implant.
* Designs associated with stems with an average porosity of 70% at all walking speeds and 50% at 5 km/h walking speed are considered to have failed in terms of micromotion.
* FG stems of Designs 1 and 3, with 30% average porosity, and Design 8, with 50% average porosity, create moderate interfacial micromotions and enough stress transfer to the bone without yielding. Hence, these designs are recommended as the most suitable candidates to be considered for further studies (fatigue analysis).  
Figure 13: **(a)** Maximum micromotion and **(b)** average micromotion of the designed FG stems vs. the bulk stem at 1, 3, and 5 km/hr walking speeds. **(c)** Graphical representation of micromotion in the bone (typical example).  
**Author Contributions:** N.F.A.Z.--conceptual idea, analysis, writing of initial draft; F.T.--writing of final draft, supervision, funding; H.M.--writing of final draft; F.J.--writing of final draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper's APC was made possible with funding from an NPRP grant, no. NPRP 8-876-2-375.  
This paper was made possible by an NPRP grant, no. NPRP 8-876-2-375, the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
This study is only focused on immediate post-operative conditions of the implanted stems; long-term osseointegration and bone remodeling was not taken into consideration.
# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Reviewing Relevant Technologies and DT Components
### Technologies Involved in DTs
#### 3.1.7 Internet of Things  
Internet of Things (IoT) with 5G and the Tactile Internet (TI) entity meanings have emerged as groundbreaking technologies, ushering in a new era of communication with their focus on ultra-high reliability and ultra-low latency. This shift in communication paradigms from content-oriented to control-oriented is especially significant for applications that involve human-in-the-loop interactions, demanding minimal delays and seamless integration of communication and control mechanisms as demanded in DT infrastructure. Within this context, DTs play a pivotal role by establishing a continuously operational twin feedback loop, ultimately enhancing the service quality of physical systems [60; 61]. This seamless real-time feedback communication loop empowers DTs to constantly monitor, analyze, and adapt to the evolving conditions of the physical systems they represent. As a result, precise control actions and optimizations can be executed, ultimately enhancing the physical systems' overall service quality and performance.  
Through the IoT, users can seamlessly provide contextual data to their DT while receiving feedback that can be used to enhance their interaction with the environment, both locally and remotely. Various communication technologies within IoT are required to transmit data and status information from sensors in the physical entity to the data entity, enabling seamless connectivity and communication between connected devices [17], as shown in Figure 7.  
The capabilities of DTs are enhanced by contextual data, and the IoT serves as a powerful conduit for feeding such data from users to their DTs and vice versa. This exchange of information enables users to interact seamlessly with their surroundings, whether in close proximity or at remote locations. Additionally, digital twins can provide valuable feedback to the environment, further enriching the user experience and enabling a more integrated and interconnected ecosystem.  
Figure 7: Connection entities over an IoT platform overview.
# Poly(\(\alpha\)-hydroxy Acids)-Based Cell Microcarriers
## 4 The Use of Poly(\(\alpha\)-hydroxyacids) as Cell Microcarriers
The microparticles were first functionalized with polydopamine, which has been employed satisfactorily to coat several nano- and micro-devices [81; 82],  
Figure 7: Schematic representation of the chemical reactions performed for the incorporation of REDV onto the surface of poly(\(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone) (PCL) microparticles (**I**). Microparticles are first aminalyzed and then the atom-transfer radical-polymerization (ATRP) initiator (\(\alpha\)-bromoisobutyl bromide: BIBB) is incorporated (**a**); then, azido-terminated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) polymer brushes are grown via surface-initiated ATRP (**b**); the brushes are further carboxylated via the azide-alkyne click reaction (**c**); and, finally, REDV is incorporated via carbodiimide chemistry (**d**). The number of cells clearly increased after the incorporation of REDV in comparison to pristine PCL microparticles (**II**). **+** indicates significant differences (p<0.01). Reproduced from Ref [79] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015.  
and further incubated in IGF-1 solutions of different concentrations (1, 10 or 100 ng\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\)) for 20 min at room temperature. Cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, determined by the alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of osteogenic markers (RUNX2 and OPN), were promoted by the aforementioned surface modification. Another strategy to induce the differentiation of cells seeded on the surface of biodegradable microcarriers includes the encapsulation of biological factors, which, once released, induce the differentiation of the surrounding cells [83]. For example, retinoic acid was encapsulated in PLGA microparticles that were used as microcarriers for P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. After seven days in culture, P19 cells show positive staining for a neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), demonstrating successful differentiation of P19 cells toward neurons. In view of the promising in vitro results mentioned above, it is not surprising that scientists have gone a step further and tried to prove the feasibility of biodegradable microcarriers for in vivo applications [84,85]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [85] seeded rabbit chondrocytes on PLGA microcarriers that were subsequently injected into a mouse. After nine weeks of implantation, a cartilaginous tissue was formed at the site of implantation. The tissue was characterized by histological and immunohistochemical analysis, confirming the presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II, both of which are major components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Answers to the Question in the Introduction Section  
Now we can answer several questions raised in the Introduction section of this article.  
1. What are the primary concerns of the public regarding common prosperity? The primary concern centers on achieving common prosperity through high-quality development. To this end, the Chinese public holds high expectations for the leadership of the government and the party. In a society characterized by a distinct urban-rural divide, there is a strong expectation to foster common prosperity via rural revitalization. On the one hand, the Chinese public hopes to improve their own lives, particularly by addressing the existing wealth gap. On the other hand, they perceive common prosperity not only as a symbol of national rejuvenation but also as China's contribution to the global stage.
2. How do public attitudes align or diverge on this topic, and is there a clear dichotomy between positive and negative sentiments? It is important to note that there is a palpable sense of dissatisfaction among the Chinese public regarding their current standard of living, further exacerbated by wealth inequality. Despite a considerable volume of Weibo posts on common prosperity authored by officials, which tend to exhibit positive sentiments, there is a risk that the proportion of negative sentiment in Weibo posts is being underestimated. However, the ongoing decrease in the proportion of neutral sentiment posts and the rise in those expressing negative sentiments in 2023 suggests a growing trend of discontent. While the persistence of this trend will require confirmation with new data in 2024, the underlying dissatisfaction within the Chinese public, indicated by even a relatively small proportion of negative sentiments, should not be overlooked.
3. Among those expressing negative sentiments, what specific issues are they focused on? Traditional Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on equality, with the Chinese people often willing to sacrifice a degree of efficiency to maintain it. Analysis of Weibo text mining reveals that the public's dissatisfaction is not directed towards the goal of common prosperity itself, but rather at the failure of existing policies to achieve this goal. This dissatisfaction arises not only from the Matthew effect, which is an inevitable outcome of the market economy, but also from the capital monopoly and market manipulation behaviors that have surfaced due to China's still-evolvingmarket economy. The disordered financial and real estate markets, indicative of abnormal developments in Chinese capital, also contribute significantly to public disscontent. Furthermore, the persistent urban-rural and regional disparities, which have not been fundamentally addressed, are key factors behind differences in public opinion. Thus, it is evident that the dissatisfaction among the Chinese public is not so much about the lack of development as it is about the imbalance of development.