## 2 Methods
### DEA Model Selection  
The commercialization of research results in the incubation process in universities has a variable return to scale. This means that the addition of inputs in commercialization activities will cause a disproportionate increase in output. For example, if the performance at the incubation stage is carried out well until the incubation period is complete, it will not necessarily produce more tenant graduates. Thus, in this study, the relationship between input and output variables is still unknown or is in what is called a black box state. Therefore, the DEA model chosen in this study is the BCC model, where this model holds the assumption of a return to scale (VRS) variable [30,31]. The DEA model's orientation was chosen with the DMU's ability to regulate the input and output variables of research commercialization operations in mind. DMU has greater control over the output of research outcomes when they are commercialized. As a result, this study employs an output orientation (maximize input), in which efficiency is defined as increasing the number of outputs while maintaining the same number of inputs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Incubation Period** & **Success Indicator** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{0 th year (Pre-Incubation)} & Recorded data on prospective tenants, business proposals, and potential technology \\ \cline{2-3}  & Obtained tenants and technology by TTO criteria \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{1 st year (Incubation)} & The tenants can identify markets, partners, and competitors \\ \cline{2-3}  & The product TRL value reaches 8 \\ \cline{2-3}  & TTO can determine the sustainability of tenant incubation activities \\ \cline{2-3}  & Funds for incubation activities for tenants are fully absorbed and according to plan \\ \cline{2-3}  & IPR, certification, and product licenses are ready to apply \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{2 nd year (Incubation)} & The required product certifications, licenses, and IPRs have been submitted to the \\ \cline{2-3}  & Director-General of Intellectual Property Rights \\ \cline{2-3}  & The product TRL value reaches 9 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Identification of consumer needs; large-scale production needs have been carried out by tenants \\ \cline{2-3}  & TTO can determine the sustainability of tenant incubation activities \\ \cline{2-3}  & Funds for incubation activities for tenants are fully absorbed and according to plan \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{3 rd year (Incubation)} & PPBT successfully formed \\ \cline{2-3}  & The product TRL value is at least 8, and 75\% of the TRL 9 indicators are met \\ \cline{2-3}  & Formally formed tenant partners \\ \cline{2-3}  & TTO can determine the sustainability of tenant incubation activities \\ \cline{2-3}  & Funds for incubation activities for tenants are fully absorbed and according to plan \\ \hline Post-Incubation & The partnership between PPBT tenant and TTO is formally formed \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Table of indicators of the success of the incubation process. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Decision-Making Unit (DMU)** & **Code DMU** \\ \hline
1 & Pre-Incubation Organization at LPIK ITB & X \\
2 & Incubation Organization at LPIK ITB & Y \\
3 & Post-Incubation Organization at LPIK ITB & Z \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Decision-making units (DMUs) in this study. These three stages use the same DEA model, namely, the output-oriented BCC model. The equation in the dual form of the primal equation for maximizing the output is shown by Equation (1) [30; 31; 32; 33].