## 3 Results
### Analysis of VOCs, HMF, and Diastasic Activity
In particular, at ST35, the aldehyde and the terpene contents are higher, while the alcohol content is lower than at ST25 and at ST15. Finally, the content of HMF significantly differs at the three temperatures, with an increasing trend of LSMeans from ST15 to ST35. When considering the amount of each chemical class at different storage temperatures, there is an increasing trend from ST25 to ST35 for furans, ketones, and hydrocarbons, a decrease in alcohols and sulfur compounds and a fluctuating trend for the remaining classes (Figure 1A). The furans level is significantly higher at 35\({}^{\circ}\)C throughout the storage period compared to the other storage temperatures, and significant differences were also found for the samples stored at ST15 and ST25 after 190 days. It is possible to see a similar trend for ketones, still with significantly higher levels at ST35, while the level of ketones at ST15 undergoes a significant increase compared to the other storage temperatures after 380 days. Regarding the increase in hydrocarbons over time, there is no difference among the storage temperatures, except for the period between 310 and 440 days when the level of ketones at ST35 is significantly lower. The alcohol content at ST15 and ST25 shows a moderate increase up to 180 days, a plateau and a decrease after 310 days, but no significant differences at the individual controls; on the contrary, the performance of this class at ST35 C is significantly different, and there is a constant decrease throughout the storage period. The trend of acids descends to ST15, ascends to ST35, and remains almost constant at ST25, with significant differences between the storage temperatures up to the fifth control (310 days). The quantity of sulfur compounds clearly falls at ST35 during storage and presents peaks and depressions at ST15 and ST25 with significant differences in the controls between the three temperatures up to the sixth control, after which there is a decrease with values almost similar. The class of nitrogen compounds shows similar trends for each storage temperature with a peak at 180 days and a sudden decrease up to 310 days; subsequently, for the samples stored at ST15, a very high and significantly different content was detected at the end of storage in comparison to those stored at higher temperatures. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Chemical Class** & **ST15** & **ST25** & **ST35** & **SE** \\ \hline Aldehydes (\%) & 2.18 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 3.46 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.16 \\ Alcohols (\%) & 44.71 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 45.80 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 26.86 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.49 \\ Hydrocarbones (\%) & 5.56 & 5.64 & 5.34 & 0.38 \\ Ketones (\%) & 6.06 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.92 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 9.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.27 \\ Free Fatty Acids (\%) & 30.44 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 26.63 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 24.22 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.59 \\ Terpenes (\%) & 3.75 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.36 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 4.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.18 \\ Furans (\%) & 2.22 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.89 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 20.31 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.16 \\ Nitrogen Compounds (\%) & 2.34 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.64 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.24 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.14 \\ Sulfur Compounds (\%) & 1.85 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.53 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 4.14 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.14 \\ HMF (mg/kg) & 5.77 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 22.42 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 240.24 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.67 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: LSMeans of VOCs classes and HMF, and related standard error (SE) at each storage temperature. Means with different superscripts significantly differ (\(p<0.05\)). Figure 1: VOCs (panel **(A)**) and HMF (panel **(B)**) trend during the storage period for each storage temperature group. Least square means are reported from T1 to T8; raw mean of five aliquots is reported for T0. During the storage period, an increase in terpenes is noted at the second and sixth controls for all three temperatures.