## 3 IoT-Cloud Systems
### Cloud and Fog Systems  
Cloud computing is a model of delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage, databases, and software, over the internet on an on-demand basis [159]. It provides users with easy access to a wide range of computing resources that can be scaled up or down based on demand without requiring users to invest in and maintain their own physical infrastructure. Fog computing, on the other hand, is a distributed computing model that brings computing resources closer to the edge of the network, closer to where data is generated and consumed, and provides real-time processing and decision-making capabilities [160].  
The importance of cloud and fog computing in natural disaster detection and management cannot be overstated. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires can cause widespread devastation and loss of life. The use of cloud and fog computing in disaster management can help to mitigate the effects of these disasters by providing real-time data analysis, decision-making, and communication capabilities [161].  
Cloud computing can be used to store and process large amounts of data generated by sensors and other devices used in disaster management. This data can be analyzed in real-time, providing EWS to alert authorities and the public of impending disasters. Cloud computing can also be used to store and share critical data such as emergency response plans, evacuation routes, and contact information for emergency services.  
Fog computing can be used to process and analyze data at the edge of the network, near the source of the data. This can provide real-time information about the status of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings, allowing authorities to make informed decisions about evacuation and emergency response efforts. Fog computing can also be used to provide real-time communication capabilities, allowing emergency services to coordinate their efforts and communicate with each other and the public in real time.  
In summary, cloud and fog computing play a critical role in natural disaster detection and management. They provide real-time data analysis, decision-making, and commu  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Advantages** & **Limitations** \\ \hline Good performance in autonomous processes & Requirement of continuous connectivity with the controllers, network coordination \\ \hline Long-distance flights, despite the need for line-of-sight, thus large coverage area & Range limitation proportional to the physical capabilities such as radio controller’s range, line-of-sight, and positioning \\ \hline Transmission of big data to the cloud & Limited ability for intelligent data processing \\ \hline Fast-deployed, flexible, and on-demand operative structure & Modeling complexity \\ \hline Low-cost values & The necessity of Quality of Service optimization \\ \hline Usage in dangerous areas & Security challenges such as hijacking \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Main Advantages and Limitations of Drones.  
nication capabilities, allowing authorities to respond quickly and effectively to disasters, potentially saving countless lives and minimizing the damage caused by these events.