# 5G Network Deployment Planning Using Metaheuristic Approaches
## 5 Results and Analysis  
Table 5 presents results from a 5G link budget calculator, comparing the impact of different carrier frequencies (28 GHz and 3.6 GHz) on network parameters such as bandwidth, downlink and uplink distances, capacity, and coverage area. It illustrates how higher frequencies offer greater bandwidth and capacity but have a shorter range, aiding in strategic network planning and deployment.  
\begin{table}
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**Assumption** & **Description** \\ \hline Bandwidth Utilization rate & Each population within the study area is assumed to utilize an identical amount of bandwidth or data rate, ensuring a uniform baseline for network resource allocation. \\ \hline Device Capability & It is assumed that all individuals, regardless of age group, possess devices capable of running cellular services, standardizing the potential user base for the network. \\ \hline Signal Loss & Equal signal loss is assumed across the entire specified area, providing a simplified framework for evaluating network performance without the influence of varying geographical or environmental factors. \\ \hline Interference & Interference is not explicitly considered in the simulation, simplifying the modeling process by excluding the effects of interference on network performance. \\ \hline Other Factors & Other potential factors not explicitly modeled or anticipated in the simulation may also affect the results. These could include unforeseen technological changes, regulatory updates, or unexpected user behavior patterns. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Assumptions made in the simulation for network deployment Planning.  
\begin{table}
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**Using 5G Link Budget Calculator** \\ \hline Carrier freq & 28 GHz & 3.6 GHz \\ \hline Bandwidth & 100 MHz & 40 MHz \\ \hline DL(m) & 220 & 795 \\ \hline UL(m) & 75 & 170 \\ \hline Capacity & 416 & 166 \\ \hline Coverage Area (sq. km) & 0.0176 & 0.0907 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 5: Results from 5G link budget calculator using different carrier frequencies.  
\begin{table}
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**Algorithm** & **Configuration** \\ \hline PSO & Initial number of base stations is 115 and 147. Control parameters: Cognitive coefficients (0.5, 0.09), social coefficients (0.01, 0.0007), and inertial weight (0.9, 0.99). Fitness is evaluated by measuring the distance to the nearest neighbor (BS) and the capacity by the ratio of covered area to points within the radius. Termination at 1000 iterations. \\ \hline GA & Begins with mutation rate of 0.2, 3000 generations, and a selection size of 250. These parameters guide the behavior across iterations. \\ \hline GWO & Uses random values for alpha, beta, and delta components within a range [0, 1] corresponding to the number of particles and dimensions in the optimization space. \\ \hline SA & Starts with an initial temperature of 1000, a cooling rate of 0.95, and a scaling factor of 0.01. Maximum iterations set at 2000. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Configuration of different optimization algorithms.