# A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures
## 5 Management and Countermeasures
### Fireighting  
As displayed in Table 5, fires are generally classified into five different kinds (classes A, B, C, D and K) [276]. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of battery components and the diversity of usage conditions, the classification of LIB fire is controversial and it may vary among classes A, B, and C. In view of the uncertainty, there are currently no unified and specific requirements for the suppression of LIB fires, and effective fighting technology for LIB fire is still a challenge. Suppressing LIB fire involves extinguishing the open flame and decreasing the battery temperature. If the battery temperature is sufficiently high after the open flame is extinguished, there is still a possibility that the battery will reignite. To investigate how LIB fire can be suppressed effectively, researchers and institutions have conducted extensive studies to date. The National Technical Information Service (NTIS) assessed the fire hazards of LIBs and tested the extinguishing effect of different Halon products on battery fire [277; 278]. Their results showed that the Halon extinguishing agents could suppress the open fire, while the battery temperature would still increase after the flame was extinguished. Later, [PERSON] et al. studied the fighting effect of water combined with a surfactant and a gelling agent on battery fire [279]. They measured the battery temperature and the water consumption and found that water was capable of extinguishing the battery fire and additives helped to apparently reduce the amount of water required to fight the fire. Additionally, the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) performed a full-scale suppression test for the fire involving EV battery [280]. They proposed that although the water jet could quickly extinguish the battery fire, the toxic or flammable smoke and gas would still release after suppression. The FAA conducted experiments to screen the effective fire extinguishing agent for battery fire [281]. Experimental results indicated that water-based extinguishing agents (water, AF-31, AF-21, A-B-D, and Novce 1230 (C\({}_{6}\)F\({}_{12}\)O)) were the most effective, especially the evident cooling effect, while nonaqueous extinguishing agents (gas, dry powder, etc.) were the least effective. The Det Norske Veritas and Germanischer Lloyd (DNVGL) carried out a series experiments to evaluate the extinguishing effect of the F500, Fireice, PyroCool, aerosol and water on battery fire respectively [282]. Their results showed that all extinguishers used in this work could put down battery fire if they were sprayed immediately upon the detection of a thermal spike. Among, water exhibited the best cooling effect for a battery with thermal runaway. [PERSON] et al. selected carbon dioxide, superfine powder and heptafluoropropane to conduct the battery fire suppression test series [283] in which heptafluoropropane was verified to be the most effective in controlling battery fires and suppressing the thermal runaway reactions. Further, [PERSON] et al. investigated the efficiency of heptafluoropropane fire extinguishing agent (HFC-227 ea), and they found that heptafluoropropane could suppress individual battery and even small-format battery pack fire [284]. However, the battery might be reignited due to the fiercely exothermic reactions inside battery after the fire was extinguished. [PERSON] et al. investigated the suppression efficiency of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one (C\({}_{6}\)F\({}_{12}\)O) in large-capacity battery fires [39]. They proposed that C\({}_{6}\)F\({}_{12}\)O first showed a negative inhibitory effect, which was then transformed into an inhibitory effect as the dose increased, and they also calculated the proper dose of C\({}_{6}\)F\({}_{12}\)O under their conditions. Besides, [PERSON] et al. studied the fire extinguishing effect of a water mist containing additives system on a power battery [285]. Their results indicated that 5% F-500 solution and 5% self-made solution yielded a more significant extinguishing effect than pure water on battery fire.