# Creation of One- and Two-Dimensional Copper and Zinc Oxides Semiconductor Structures
## 4 Laser Thermochemical Oxidation for the Formation of ZnO and CuO-Based Nanostructures
In the central part of the samples, where at the end of the heating stage the temperature reached 780 \({}^{\circ}\)C, after exfoliation from both the front and back sides of the samples of the initially formed layers containing mainly zinc oxide, an array of two-dimensional nano-objects, as shown in Figure 13c, formed from the zinc-depleted near-surface layer. These  
Figure 12: Temperature distribution graph along the sample’s central region [154]. Figure 13: SEM images of (**a**) ZnO nanowires and (**b**) ZnO structure consisting of nanowires and nanosheets; (**c**) two-dimensional nano-objects with characteristic thickness from 70 to 100 nm [154]. objects had a nanometer size (thickness of 70-100 nm) only in one dimension, while in the other two dimensions, this size was macroscopic [154]. In [155], the potential for creating a ZnO/CuO nanocomposite material by laser irradiation of a copper-zinc substrate that had previously undergone surface etching was demonstrated. This process resulted in the formation of monoclinic CuO and wurtzite ZnO on a porous Cu-Zn alloy substrate. It is worth noting that the structure of the surface layers differed between the non-etched and dezincified materials after undergoing oxidation by laser exposure. The specific oxide type formed during laser treatment was determined by the initial surface composition. When laser irradiation was applied to the non-etched material, it led to the creation of ZnO nanowires on the metallic surface. Conversely, laser irradiation of the unzincified surface resulted in the development of a network composed of ZnO nanowires and a thin CuO film on the metallic surface. This study [155] provided valuable insights into the synthesis of ZnO/CuO nanocomposites through the combined use of surface etching and laser treatment techniques. When pulsed-periodic laser treatment is applied, the material surface undergoes a transformation leading to the formation of anisotropic quasi-one-dimensional and two-dimensional semiconductor structures based on zinc (ZnO) and copper (CuO) oxides. In this case, the microporous brass substrate can function as a conductive interface for the created nanostructures. Morphological attributes hold primary importance across various applications, resulting in the need to control these parameters by modifying the synthesis conditions. The mechanism of laser irradiation's influence on the growth, morphology, and properties of oxide nanomaterials has been examined, along with the degree of impact of various laser parameters on nanomaterial formation. It has been determined that a controlled temperature during synthesis plays a crucial role in determining the type and size of the resulting nanostructures, and this control can be achieved by adjusting the irradiation time and laser power density. The outlined approach opens up new possibilities for creating oxide nanostructures that have applications in various fields such as optoelectronics, sensorics, the manufacturing of electronic devices and portable energy sources, and many others. The use of free-form diffractive optics [153] within the optical system for precisely focusing the laser beam into a predefined area of the material's surface enables the effective control of heating and oxidation processes [26; 34]. Innovative structures are programmable metasurfaces, surfaces with microscopic elements that allow fine-tuning of the laser radiation characteristics [156]. They act as optical controllers, changing the phase, amplitude, and direction of light waves. Programmable metasurfaces enable the creation of complex optical elements that can form light beams with specified characteristics, providing opportunities for more flexible and precise control of laser beams. This includes the creation of optical lenses, phase gratings, and other optical elements [157]. In diffractive computer optics, they are used to create complex optical systems in order to control light waves with a high resolution.