## 4 Methods  
### Value Sensitive Design in the Industry 5.0 Era  
Currently used by the European Union's Framework Programmes, Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is founded on an interactionist principle that technology and humans co-construct and co-vary one another [7]. Several design approaches to technology engineering have been proposed that account for the social embeddedness of technologies and their impacts. Particular emphasis is given to the involvement and elicitation of stakeholders, either those directly or indirectly implicated by technology design. Approaches such as universal design [39], inclusive design [40], sustainable design [41], participatory design [42], and values sensitive design [43; 44; 45], among others have been theorized; Value Sensitive Design (VSD) becoming one of the most popular approaches over the last 20 years [46]. Emerging from the field of human-computer interaction, VSD is precisely predicated on the same premise that technology is not value-neutral, rather it is sensitive to stakeholder values, whether they are direct stakeholders such as users and designers or indirect such as industry CEO's, governments, and the biosphere at large [35; 47]. VSD is chosen as the theoretical and methodological framework to guide the design of the Factory of the Future in the perspective of Industry 5.0 for two main reasons: (1) because of its inherent self-reflexivity and emphasis on enrolling both direct and indirect stakeholders into the design process and the philosophical investigation of implicated values, a coupling that is not explicitly called for as a fundamental process in other design approaches [48]; and (2) for its robustness, meaning the scope and applicability of VSD across different design spaces. VSD aims to account for multiple dynamic variables ranging from a wide array of values, technologies, social contexts, and stakeholder groups among others. In doing so, VSD promotes working at the meta-level rather than focusing on an exhaustive set of values such as safety or usability, or a particular set of stakeholders such as the differently-abled. This meta-level approach divorces VSD from any specific moral or theoretical vows and permits it to be widely applicable across sociodemographic contexts and design spaces. To this end, the VSD methodology aims to be fundamentally proactive and anticipatory, engaging with stakeholders to guide technological development in Industry 5.0 from an early stage and recursively self-improve throughout the design process as new values or tensions emerge. This reflexivity towards beneficial development is on account of the approach's tripartite structure illustrated in Figure 7. Three types of investigations--namely conceptual, empirical and technical investigations--are necessarily iterative and in a continual feedback cycle [49]. Figure 6: Treemap chart of the perception of the most ethically problematic technologies in industry. Not only this, but VSD encourages designers to consider always building malleable and flexible architectures into technologies to permit post-deployment augmentations to be possible as new values and issues emerge [12]. Previous studies have looked at how VSD can be applied to discrete technologies while generally referring to their interactions with other technologies in only a cursory way. To illustrate, VSD has been applied to energy systems [50; 51], mobile phone usage [52], architecture projects [53], and augmented reality systems just to name a few [54]. However, it works speculatively too for future technologies, both near and long term. Examples include its exploratory application to nanopharmaceuals [55], molecular manufacturing [45], intelligent agent systems [56], and, less futuristic, autonomous vehicles [57].