## 5 Implementation of LDPs with the WFE Nexus in the Mid-Latitude Region
With these further adjustment and analysis, we can integrate land management issues with the WFE nexus and ecosystem services enhancement in the Mid-Latitude region. LDPs can aid in analyzing the WFE nexus. Overall relations between each LDP and the nexus indices suggest casual mechanisms, but some limitations still exist. Selecting and improving indices more appropriately should provide enhanced relationships, albeit potentially more complicated. In addition, land phases were represented at a broad spatial and geographic scale, so more detailed data are required to overcome the generalized approaches used in this study [62]. Specifically, key features and challenges highlighted in previous studies were found in the LDPs analysis [12]. Connecting SDGs goals and indicators would be possible and could improve the LDPs approach [63]. However, the concept of LDPs with WFE indices applied to the Mid-Latitude region and globally provides some insight into land status and future management. Based on this work, we can categorize similar problems and circumstances and suggest regional decision-making solutions. Ecosystem services based on the LDPs can be implemented for sustainable management. The benefit of ecosystem services using the LDPs approach is that they can suggest management solutions that achieve environmental sustainability. In reviewing some past and current major environmental challenges worldwide and in the Mid-Latitude region, grouping land covers based on LDPs provides an environmental rationale for research. Focusing on the problem area will provide better understanding of the function and interaction of ecosystems from various perspectives. This type of approach can be used to address global climate change and move towards sustainable management of natural resources. Therefore, it is critical that ecosystem services be managed by the classified LDPs [64; 65; 66] (Figure 7). The Mid-Latitude region exemplifies a close relationship between ecosystem services and the LDPs. This region is important in terms of the global carbon budget, climate change mitigation and adaptation and understanding the food-water-energy nexus for achieving SDGs [22; 27; 28; 29]. Many challenges regarding ongoing degradation exist, and some successful rest  
Figure 7: Ecosystem services by each land development phase. incorporate ecosystem services management [38; 39; 67]. The Mid-Latitude region is a large region with various climates and diverse land cover types with expanding megacities and urban areas. Thus, the region might face water and food shortages with massive land degradation [26]. These effects imply that countries in degradation phases are misappropriating their primary production from ecosystem services [64; 68], and countries in the restoration phase are taking more active measures to protect the regulating and provisioning services of ecosystems [69; 70]. In practice, regions in the degradation phase in Central Asia should consider adopting practical knowledge from successful restoration cases observed in Europe and East Asia. The experiences from these latter countries in recovery processes and enhancement of ecosystem service should be shared to facilitate restoration activities.