esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Proposed Protocol
### Multi-Hop Routing Approaches  
#### 4.3.1 Simulated Annealing  
Inspired by the physical annealing process, [PERSON] et al. simulated the annealing process in metal smelting and proposed the simulated annealing algorithm, which is a Markov chain Monte Carlo method based on statistical mechanics, to find the optimal solution that minimizes the objective function among a set of candidate solutions. At the beginning of the annealing process, the SA algorithm avoids becoming stuck in local optima by occasionally moving uphill, which iteratively compares the value of the objective function corresponding to the current point and the adjacent points. In a later stage, it incorporates the Metropolis criterion to find the minimum value of the objective function. Although the SA algorithm is widely used in path planning, it still has many shortcomings. Parameters such as initial temperature and iteration times of the inner loop have a great influence on the results, and at the beginning of annealing, the probability of accepting the better solution and the worse solution is almost the same.
# Co-Efficient Vector Based Differential Distributed Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Frequency Coding
## 2 Distributed Space-Time-Frequency Coding
### Space Time Frequency Coding at the Relay Nodes
Here, it is assumed that the channel coefficient between the \(P\) relay nodes and the destination remain quasi-static, at least, across \(T_{b}\) adjacent OFDM time slots and \(N_{b}\) adjacent frequency sub-carriers. Therefore, this means that the channel is constant during the transmission of \(\Gamma\) symbols, that is, \(\mathbf{g}_{k,n}\) is constant for \(i=1,2,\ldots,\Gamma\). Thus, the requirement for constant channel gain during the transmission of \(\Gamma\) symbols is relaxed across \(\Gamma/2\) time slots and \(\Gamma/2\) sub-carriers. Further on, this paper will show the robustness of our scheme under certain fading conditions in comparison to STBC-OFDM and SFBC schemes where the channel coefficients are required to remain constant across \(\Gamma\) time slots and \(\Gamma\) sub-carriers, respectively, during the transmission of \(\Gamma\) symbols. The matrix \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\) that is generated at the destination by the \(P\) relay nodes is a \(\Gamma\times P\) quasi-orthogonal signal matrix containing either complex information symbols \(\{\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,p,t,n}(1),\ldots,\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,p,t,n}(\Gamma)\}\) or their conjugates \(\{\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,p,t,n}(1)\overset{\sim}{,}\ldots,\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_ {k,p,t,n}(\Gamma)\overset{\sim}{\}\}\). Thus, \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\) in (7) can be rewritten as \(\mathbf{X}_{k}=[\widetilde{\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,1}}^{T},\ldots,\widetilde{ \widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,P}}^{T}]\in\mathbb{C}^{\Gamma\times P}\), \(\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,p}=\left[\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,t,n}(1),\ldots,\widetilde {\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,t,n}(\Gamma)}\right]\), where \(\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{k,p}\) is the \(p\)th column of \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\). In other words, the \(p\)th relay node transmits the \(p\)th column vector of \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\). In order to recover information symbols at the destination without CSI, two consecutive quasi-orthogonal signal matrices \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\) and \(\mathbf{X}_{k+1}\) must be received at the destination in the \(k\)th block and \((k+1)\)th block, respectively. The first signal matrix \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\) is termed the'reference' quasi-orthogonal matrix because it is only required for differential decoding and, thus, contains no valid data while the subsequent quasi-orthogonal signal matrix \(\mathbf{X}_{k+1}\) conveys the valid data. From the structure of \(\mathbf{X}_{k}\), it is clear that the codeword guarantees one complex-valued symbol per time slot/per sub-carrier use when the relay nodes transmit to the destination, which is referred to here as a full code rate.
# Research on Slope Stability Prediction Based on MC-BKA-MLP Mixed Model
## 2 M-C Criterion and BKA-MLP Model Principle  
### M-C Principle  
The M-C criterion [20] is one of the strength criteria widely used in geotechnical engineering to describe the shear strength characteristics of materials under stress conditions. The M-C criterion assumes that a material's failure surface adheres to the maximum shear stress criterion--failure occurs when the shear stress at a point equals the material's shear strength [21]. The M-C criterion is applicable to most rock and soil materials. Because of its clear concept, easy parameter acquisition, and simple calculation, the M-C criterion has been widely used in slope stability analysis, foundation engineering design, and stability evaluation of rock and soil structures. The M-C criterion expression is as follows:  
\[\tau=c+\sigma^{\prime}\text{tan}\,\varphi \tag{1}\]  
where \(\tau\) represents the shear strength, \(c\) is the cohesion force, \(\sigma^{\prime}\) is the effective stress, and \(\varphi\) is the internal friction angle. The effective stress can be calculated as follows:  
\[\sigma^{\prime}=\gamma H-\omega z \tag{2}\]  
where \(\gamma  
by the empirical formula method [22] combined with engineering practice and existing research [23], which is expressed as follows:  
\[z=a\text{log}\,H+b \tag{3}\]  
Both \(a\) and \(b\) are empirical parameters, and their values range from 0 to 20. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation results, the values of \(a\) and \(b\) are processed in segments [24].  
In slope stability analysis, in recent years, the Hoek-Brown criterion is applied to slope types with obvious nonlinear characteristics, the Drucker-Prager criterion is applied to plastic slope, and the modified Cam-clay model has been more applicable to saturated soft clay slopes. However, when the traditional rock and soil mechanics theory and machine learning model are coupled to predict slope stability, the above strength theories have a certain one-sidedness, but the M-C strength criterion can capture the basic characteristics of materials well, and the use of the M-C strength criterion can often make the prediction model have a broader application space.
# Tensile Test Analysis of Tire Tread Rubber's Tendency to Resist Cracks
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experimental Method of Opening the Crack Tip  
The stress and strain required for crack progression were measured using INSTRON's low-capacity load cell shortening tensile material tester. The tester comprises a load cell of 10 kN and can adjust the speed in the speed band of 0.001-1500 mm/min. The results obtained by this experiment were photographed using a wide-angle camera to capture the changes in the speckle pattern on the specimen surface. The data were collected while measuring the length of the crack using images classified at regular intervals of 1 cut per 100 ms of the video captured by the camera. In addition, the following experimental conditions were established.  
1. The temperature was set at room temperature (25 \(\pm\) 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C). In addition, since tire tread rubber has weaker strength than ordinary metals and is soft (unlike metals), direct engagement of the grip with the tester would have resulted in a major deformation in the area. Therefore, compression deformation was prevented in advance by fastening the specimen with the tester through epoxy and sandpaper to maintain the gripping force even under weak loads and to ensure more accurate tensile test results by preventing slipping. The overall test control and test results were secured through the INSTRON program.
2. The speed conditions were selected in two ways. The experiment was conducted by setting two types of test speeds to simulate the growth of chemical cracks: 5 mm/min, the speed condition that showed rapid crack growth due to strong external impact; and 50 mm/min to consider the growth rate of mechanical cracks due to repeated fatigue and aging.
# Tertiary Waves Measured during 2017 Pohang Earthquake Using an Underwater Glider
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the acoustic sounds of earthquake occurred on 15 November 2017 in the Pohang area of South Korea observed by underwater glider were analyzed. By analysis of time correlation with seismic waves detected by five seismic land stations and the earthquake acoustic signal, it is clearly shown that the seismic waves converted to Tertiary waves (i.e., earthquake acoustic signal) and then it detected by the underwater glider. In order to distinguish the earthquake sound from the glider's operation noise, Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of the noise sources associated with the driving and sensor parts of the underwater glider were analyzed and measured at laboratory tank and sea. The earthquake acoustic signal in the range of 10-50 Hz was distinguished from glider's self-noises which are exist over 100 Hz. The results allow constraining the acoustic sound level of the earthquake and suggest that the glider provides an effective platform for enhancing the earth seismic observation systems and monitoring natural and anthropogenic ocean sounds.  
Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing, J.-H.L., S.-H.K. and J.-W.H.; project administration, S.-K.J.  
This research was funded by Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, grant number PE99741.  
This research was part of the project titled \"Development of maritime defense and security technology [PE99741]\" funded by Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology in 2019.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Evaluation Experiments
### Hyperparameters and Training Conditions  
#### 3.2.1 Sftft-Based Method  
When extracting STFT features, the Fourier transform length was set to 1024, and the frame shift length was set to 256. Considering the symmetry of the discrete Fourier transform, the input and output dimensions of the DNN for amplitude-spectrum reconstruction were set to 513 for each frame. The number of units in the LSTM layer and intermediate fully-connected layer was set to 1024, and the learning rate was set to 0.001. In the phase-recovery DNN, considering the continuity of the spectrum in the frame direction, a total of five frames were input, including two frames adjacent before and after the current  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**Environment** & **Sound-Proof Room** \\ \hline Ambient noise level & 20.8 dB \\ \hline Sampling frequency & 16 kHz \\ \hline Sound pressure of sound source & 85 dB(A) \\ \hline Quantization bit rate & 16 bits \\ \hline Data & TIMIT Acoustic Phonetic \\  & Continuous Speech Corpus \\  & 9000 files (8 h) for training \\  & 240 files (12 min) for validation \\ \hline Audio interface & Roland OCTA-CAPTURE UA-1010 \\ \hline LDV Equipment type & Polytec VibroFlex Xtra VFX-I-120 \\ \hline Software \& libraries & Matlab R2022a, Deep learning HDL tool box v1.3 \\ \hline Vibrating object & PET-bottle \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Experimental conditions.  
Figure 10: Experimental recording landscape.  
Figure 9: Experimental setup.  
one-output frame. In the convolutional layers, the convolution kernel size of the first layer was set to \(5\times 9\), and the others were set to \(1\times 9\). The number of kernels in the convolutional layer was 1 in the output layer and 128 in other layers. The learning rate was set to 0.00001.
# Impact of CoAP and MQTT on NB-IoT System Performance +
## 1 Introduction
### IoT Stack for Massive MTC
There are three deployment options for NB-IoT, inside (_in-band_) or in the guard band (_guard-band_) of an LTE carrier, or _stand-alone_ mode in its own spectrum. The coverage enhancements are mainly achieved with transmission repetitions together with power boosting. LTE design has been reused for NB-IoT to a large extent, including numerologies, channel coding and modulation schemes, and higher layer protocols, which allows quick and easy deployment and further development of NB-IoT products within existing LTE networks. In uplink, a new subcarrier spacing of 3.75 kHz is introduced in addition to the 15 kHz used also in the legacy LTE. Resource allocation of using less than twelve 15 kHz subcarriers in the uplink is also possible for NB-IoT. Narrowband physical random-access channel (NPRACH) supports only 3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing, while for narrowband physical uplink shared channel (NPUSCH) 3.75 kHz (in single tone-transmission) and 15 kHz (in both, single-tone and multi-tone transmission) subcarrier spacing are supported. To reduce device complexity, several simplifications to legacy LTE mechanisms have been made, including supporting only half-duplex frequency division duplex (HD-FDD), and only one receiving antenna, only quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and convolutional code is used in the downlink, in the uplink single-tone transmission with \(\pi/2\)-binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and \(\pi/4\)-QPSK are supported. To further reduce complexity, several other relaxations and optimizations e.g. in requirements of acquiring and decoding downlink channels as well as performing uplink transmissions have been introduced. To improve battery life, there have been enhancements to legacy LTE mechanisms and introduction of new mechanisms e.g. extended discontinuous reception (eDRX), power saving mode (PSM, multi-carrier operations have been introduced especially for NB-IoT. In addition to the brief overview above focusing mainly on Release 13 NB-IoT, NB-IoT has been developed and is being developed further, as 3 GPP Release 14 and Release 15 introduced further enhancements for NB-IoT. Currently 3 GPP are working on Release 16, which will also introduce further enhancements for NB-IoT.
# Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles for Wireless Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Computational Study
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Electromagnetic Simulation
#### 2.1.2 Nerve Model  
The model of the peripheral nerve was represented as a simplified cylindrical model in a saline solution, as in [26], where it was validated. The model, visible in Figure 2a, allowed us to distinguish the nerve, the interstitial layer, the connective tissues, the blood vessels, the fascicles of fibers, and the surrounding material of saline solution, all with dielectric properties assigned according to research data [27] at 100 Hz, i.e., MENP stimulating frequency. In the simulations, the nerve material was hypothesized to be isotropic. The diameters of the nerve and the saline solution were of 1.3 mm and 3.9 mm, respectively, while the total length of the model was of 18.7 mm. The neural fibers were modeled in all the fascicles as linear splines of 17.5 mm length, as shown in Figure 2b.
# Protein Dynamics in F-like Bacterial Conjugation
## 2 Dynamics of Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Bacterial Conjugation  
The transcription of genes coding for conjugative T4 SSs is strictly regulated as its production and subsequent operations are metabolically costly processes for bacterial cells [21, 22]. The expression of conjugative systems is controlled by either the basal level of constitutive gene expression, or signaling molecules (such as autoinducers or sex pheromones used in quorum sensing), or both [23]. The regulation of conjugation in plasmids from the IncF family of gram-negative bacteria occurs solely by the former process and has been termed fertility inhibition (fin) [24]. In the canonical F-plasmid, the gene coding for the activator of the transfer (_tra_) operon expression, _tra_, is controlled by _finOP_ regulatory genes. Tra] expression is downregulated by the binding of _tra_] transcripts with antisense RNA FinP. The protein FinO binds and protects FinP RNA from RNase E degradation, and promotes duplex formation between FinP and _tra_] RNA in a predicted kissing motif [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. This antisense RNA control mechanism reduces F transfer 10-2000 fold [31]. Many plasmids from the F-like family have an insertion sequence 3 (IS3) element in the FinO gene and low constitutive expression of FinP; therefore, expression of Traj is not inhibited, resulting in high constitutive expression of the _tra_ operon [24].  
While these proteins are not components of the T4 SS, their function is intimately linked to the regulated production of their respective conjugative system [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Therefore, novel antibiotics could be developed to interact with these proteins, transcripts, or genes to prevent or overexpress the production of the T4 SS. Such interactions could result in the reduction of the spread of virulence genes by decreasing the expression of conjugative T4 SS proteins or cause cell death through overproduction of the large macromolecular complex [21, 22].
# Ultra-Small Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer
###### Abstract  
Reducing the size of an accelerometer overcomes the tradeoff between its sensitivity and resonant frequency, and the theoretical relationships are analyzed. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometer with the shortest vibration arm, 7 mm, among FBG accelerometers using the optical fiber to hold its inertial object is demonstrated here. The inertial object was 4.41 g. The experimental crest-to-trough sensitivity and resonant frequency, 244 pm/g and 90 Hz, disagree with the theoretical values, 633 pm/g and 67 Hz, perhaps due to the friction between the inertial object and shell. In order to find the theoretical values, a method to find the pre-stretch of the FBG is also presented here, based on the stretch of the FBG at equilibrium and the mass of the inertial object. The FFT program, experimental data and theoretical calculations are presented in detail in the Supplementary Material.  
fiber Bragg grating; accelerometer; resonant frequency; high sensitivity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Case Study: SFRC Beam  
The RB-SF specimen tested by [2] is used as a case study to illustrate how the proposed numerical model and sensitivity analysis method can be used to identify material properties that are the main sources of uncertainty in the beam's flexural behavior. To illustrate the probabilistic numerical model, 50 realizations of the proposed probabilistic numerical model are performed and the consequent load-deflection relations are presented in Figure 12. The probabilistic model of considered material properties is defined in UQLab software and linked with the numerical model defined in OpenSEESPy using UQLink [26; 40; 41]. The first-crack, yield, and collapse points are marked with green, orange, and red color, respectively. Higher variance of forces than displacements, related to the three characteristic points, can be observed from the presented results of the probabilistic numerical model, implying that the displacements are less sensitive to the variance of the considered material properties than forces.  
Figure 11: Comparison between numerical and experimental results regarding the beam’s ductility factor. Red dots mark load-controlled experiments. Blue dots mark displacement-controlled experiments.
# Multi-Topology Routing Algorithms in SDN-Based Space Information Networks
## 2 Related Work
The network nodes only need to execute the instructions of the controller to verify the performance of the algorithm or protocol. This makes the research and verification of communication network technology more convenient and fast [18; 19]. 5. Data plane network equipment in SDN only realizes forwarding function, which can simplify the design of network equipment, facilitate the startup and maintenance of equipment, reduce the cost of equipment, and bring great convenience to on-board equipment. 6. The global network view of the controller and the open northbound interface in SDN can realize automatic and rapid configuration and response for different dynamic requirements of tasks, and meet the dynamic and fast networking requirements of the SIN.
###### Abstract  
The intrinsic noise of different transformers in the same substation belongs to the same type of noise, which is strongly coherent and difficult to separate, greatly increasing the cost of substation noise assessment and treatment. To solve the problem, the present paper proposes a noise separation technique using the phase conjugation method to separate the intrinsic noise signals of different transformers: firstly, the reconstruction of sound source information is realized by the phase conjugation method based on the measurement and emission of a line array; secondly, the intrinsic noise signals of the sound source are obtained by the equivalent point source method. The error of the separation technique is analyzed by point source simulation, and the optimal arrangement form of the microphone line array is studied. A validation experiment in a semi-anechoic chamber is also carried out, and the results prove that the error of separation technique is less than 2 dBA, which is the error tolerance of engineering applications. Finally, a noise separation test of three transformers is performed in a substation using the proposed technique. The results show that the proposed technique is able to realize the intrinsic noise separation of each transformer in the substation, which is of positive significance for substation noise assessment and management.  
Keywords:transformer; intrinsic noise; phase conjugation; microphone array; equivalent point source method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 System Model
### Energy Consumption Estimation of Mobile Nodes
Therefore, the total energy consumption of node \(i\) at the time period \(\tau\) in all transmission, reception and operation states can be calculated as follows:  
\[E_{Consumption}^{i}(t+\tau)=E_{Transmission}^{i}(t+\tau)+E_{Recieve}^{i}(t+ \tau)+E_{operation}^{i}(t+\tau) \tag{4}\]  
Finally, the residual energy of node \(i\) updated at time \(\tau\) is denoted as follows:  
\[E_{Residual}^{i}(t+\tau)=E_{Initial}^{i}(t)-\left\{E_{Transmission}^{i}(t+\tau )+E_{Recieve}^{i}(t+\tau)+E_{operation}^{i}(t+\tau)\right\} \tag{5}\]  
The above expression provides information on the amount of remaining energy and the amount of energy that will be consumed by node \(i\) at time \(t+\tau\). Based on this, MRLAM routing scheme gives higher priority to nodes which have higher available residual energy and less energy consumption rate while establishing a connection between end users. Overall, this approach maximizes the network lifetime with decreased chance of link failure in the network.