esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Toward Vulnerability Detection for Ethereum Smart Contracts Using Graph-Matching Network
## 4 Methodology
### Abstract Semantic Graph Generation  
Graph representation has more capabilities to preserve the semantic features of a program [34]. There already exists plenty of sets of graph representations, including AST, CFG, and DFG, which are derived from different aspects, such as syntax, control flow, and data flow, separately. AST provides the abstract syntactic structure of the source code, where leaf nodes represent operands and non-leaf nodes represent operators. This is quite useful to figure out key syntactic features. For example, if a smart contract contains _call.value_, it can  
Figure 3: The general framework of our proposed approaches. (**a**) Model training (**b**) Vulnerability prediction.  
be regarded as a candidate of reentrancy vulnerability. However, in most cases, control flow and data flow, which represent the order of statements and the processing flow of variables, respectively, are more likely to reveal program behaviors at runtime. The underlying idea of ASG is to combine the above multi-views together into one single view such that more syntactic and semantic information can be preserved in this novel kind of intermediate representation for smart contracts. In this way, it is more feasible and efficient to use one single graph instead of multiple graphs to train the neural network model.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the artificial slopes along Longqing Highway were selected as study object. The SBAS-InSAR technique was applied to obtain the ground deformation of 1 km buffer area along the highway. Potential hazards were detected based on deformation abnormal area preliminarily and then filtered by terrain, geological, and historical hazards data. Field verification study was then conducted for the identification results, and the feasibility of SBAS-InSAR technique in highway slope inspection was analyzed.  
The results show that the identified potential slope hazards are mainly distributed to the south of Chatian Town, where the granite residual layer and the Quaternary soil layer are widely distributed. It is in good consistence with the areas of historical hazards. Six slope potential hazards were identified based on slope terrain, geological data, and historical hazard record. The interpretation of InSAR basically accord with the on-site verification. It is proved that SBAS-InSAR technique can well catch the deformation of slope and reflect the safe status of the slopes. Finally, the SBAS-InSAR technique can be suitable for assistance in slope routine inspection.  
Conceptualization, W.Z. and Z.H.; methodology, Z.H. and D.X.; software, Z.H. and Y.Y. ([PERSON]); validation, Y.Y. ([PERSON]), Y.Y. ([PERSON]), and C.P.; formal analysis, X.Y. and Z.H.; investigation, Z.H.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.H.; writing--review and editing, W.Z.; funding acquisition, W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China, grant number 2020 YFC1512005 and Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Transport, grant number 2020051.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The workflow between SNAP and StaMPS was performed with significant support from open-access code _snap2 stamp_sbas_ by [PERSON] from China University of Geosciences. The authors are grateful to [PERSON] and his PhD candidates [PERSON] and [PERSON] from Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, for the consultant during the implementation of InSAR method.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Planning Urban Internal Transport Based on Cell Phone Data
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Sources and Processing  
#### 3.2.1 Regional Data  
The following data are used for the study: 1. satellite images of Wuxue City, source spatial geographic data cloud platform; 2. administrative map data of Wuxue City with geographic information, source OpenStreetMap platform; 3. Wuxue City transportation planning documents, source government official website; 4. effective cell phone data for 20 days from 10 August 10 to 29 August 2020, collected from the whole area of Wuxue City, source operator cooperation.
# A Meta-Analysis on Dual Protocols for Chronic Stroke Motor Recovery: Robotic Training and tDCS
## 4 Discussion
Although our moderator variable analyses additionally identified positive functional improvements in the lower limbs for chronic stroke patients, these results were obtained from only four studies. Thus, adding more studies in a future meta-analysis is necessary to validate the current findings. Further, more studies should examine appropriate timing of stimulation relative to providing robotic training, which may increase the efficacy of combining the tDCS and robotic training protocols for upper and lower limb motor recovery post-stroke. Although the superior treatment effects between offline (i.e., tDCS before motor training) and online (i.e., tDCS during motor training) tDCS protocols are still controversial in the literature, some studies have suggested that online tDCS protocols effectively facilitate motor learning network activation in the brain, contributing to better motor learning performances [91; 92]. A recent animal study additionally proposed that online tDCS may enhance Hebbian plasticity improving motor learning capabilities, as they observed two crucial properties of Hebbian plasticity, including synaptic specificity and associativity, in vitro [19]. Finally, increasing the focal intensity of stimulation, such as by using high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) in addition to robotic training, may be an alternative to elevate motor improvement in patients with stroke, as HD-tDCS may show more long-lasting after-effects that would presumably boost physical practice effects [93; 94].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods of Analysis
#### 2.4.6 Determination of Antiradical Activity  
Spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the samples, consisting of the determination of the ability to reduce Fe\({}^{3+}\) ions (RP), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the cationic radical 2,2-azynobis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS).  
The iron reduction was tested following the [PERSON] [26] method with minor modifications. For the assay, 25 \(\upmu\)L of extract, 75 \(\upmu\)L of distilled water, and 50 \(\upmu\)L of a 1% potassium ferricanide solution were added to a 96-well microplate. This mixture was then incubated (INCU-Line ILS 10; VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) in the dark at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 20 min. After incubation, 50 \(\mu\)L of 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added. Subsequently, 100 \(\mu\)L of the solution was transferred to a new well, and 100 \(\mu\)L of distilled water and 20 \(\mu\)L of a 0.1% ferric chloride solution were added. After mixing for 10 min, absorbance values were measured at 700 nm against a reagent sample. The ferric ion reduction power was quantified in mg Trolox, and the assay was duplicated.  
DPPH and ABTS method  
Stock solutions of DPPH and ABTS radicals were prepared 24 h before the analysis. For the DPPH solution, 25 mg of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was accurately weighed and transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask, which was then filled to the mark with a 99% methanol solution. The ABTS stock solution was prepared by dissolving 38.4 mg of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 6.6 mg of potassium persulfate in 10 mL of distilled water. Both solutions were stored under refrigeration until further use. Before conducting the analysis, the stock solutions were diluted with 80% ethanol to obtain working solutions with an absorbance of approximately 0.7 AU (absorbance unit) in a 1 cm cuvette, measured at 515 nm for DPPH and 734 nm for ABTS. The reactions were carried out in 96-well plates, as detailed by [PERSON] et al. [27] The analyte solution was diluted 5-fold. Ten \(\mu\)L of extract and 250 \(\mu\)L of radical solution were mixed in the wells. Absorbance was measured for DPPH after 10 min at 515 nm and for ABTS after 6 min at 734 nm using 80% ethanol as a blank. The antiradical activity was calculated from the decrease in the absorbance of the radical solution in the presence of the antioxidant and expressed as mg Trolox/g dry matter. Each extract was tested in duplicate.
## 5 Example Analysis
### Adaptability Result Analysis
In contrast, wireless public networks and MVPLC perform poorly in security and latency, making them less suitable for this service. The optimal local communication technology for this service is HPLC, followed by RS485. Both provide communication channels with high reliability, low latency, longdistance transmission, and high security, which can meet the communication requirements of the power market transaction service. However, local communication technologies such as LoRa, Bluetooth, and WiFi lack comprehensive performance in terms of latency, security, and transmission distance, resulting in lower adaptability to this service. This section conducts a study on the adaptability of communication technology through four differentiated services, and obtains that the order of communication technology adaptation fully accords with the current situation of data center management communication networking, confirming the feasibility of the communication technology adaptation algorithm in this article.
## 3 Numerical Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Centrifuge Test Case No** & **97\(-\)06** & **98\(-\)01** & **97\(-\)02** \\ \hline Unit weight of underground structure & 0.8 t/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.8 t/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.8 t/m\({}^{3}\) \\ Relative density of Toyoura sand (\(Dr\)) & 30\% & 50\% & 80\% \\ Equivalent SPT N value, (N\({}_{1}\))\({}_{60}\)1  & \\ Shear wave velocity (\(V_{s}\)) 2  & \\ Input motion & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sinusoidal wave (20 cycles with 1.2 Hz)} \\ Uplift of centrifuge test & 1.24 m & 1.09 m & 0.23 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Centrifuge test information. Figure 4: FLAC grids of the numerical model. Figure 3: Dimensions and monitoring points of the numerical model. and material constant of bounding stress ratio (\(n^{b}\)). \(h_{po}\) is one of the primary variables of the PM4 Sand model used to adjust the contraction rates of the plastic volumetric strain. \(h_{o}\) and \(n^{b}\) are secondary variables of the PM4 Sand model, which are used to adjust the ratio of plastic modulus to elastic modulus and to determine the slope of the bounding stress ratio. Other key inputs in this study follow the default values suggested by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17]. The calibrated input parameters for selected centrifuge tests are also listed in Table 3.  
Time histories of monitoring points from the numerical simulation and the centrifuge test CASE98\(-\)01 are compared in Figure 5. A good match is found in the magnitude and trend of \(DV1\) between the numerical simulation and the centrifuge test. Time histories of monitoring points \(P2\) and \(A2\), located in the free field, show that the amplitudes of the numerical simulation are slightly larger than those of the centrifuge test. This may be due to the fact that the dilatancy of the soil is overestimated by the PM4 Sand model, leading to a higher acceleration oscillation in \(A2\) and a higher pore pressure oscillation in \(P2\). The excess pore pressure at \(PUI\) from the numerical simulation was overestimated after 0.2 s. This could be due to the inability of the numerical model to capture the dilation of the soil caused by the uplift of the underground structure. The magnitudes of the oscillation of \(PM2\) and \(AM2\) were less than those from the centrifuge test, but the general trends are similar. The overall response of the numerical simulation was similar to that in the centrifuge test. Therefore, using the calibrated numerical model for further analyses of the vertical motion is reasonable.
###### Abstract
It could take place, for example, through a chemical reaction (enthalpy changes), the direct interaction of solution ions on the structure's material over time, or through the freezing and thawing of the reacted solution. It is difficult to indicate which impact interacts with the material the most. Each of them occurs during winter road maintenance. The influence of salt on the strength and durability of asphalt mixtures and pavements is new and deserves a deeper investigation. Rainwater as well as brine solutions may penetrate the structure in five different ways. 1. As a result of the aerosol dispersion of saltwater droplets in the air by passing vehicles and its deposition on other areas of the road, including those that were not covered with salt. 2. Through surface damage, e.g., fatigue cracks caused by operation (mainly top-down, including imperceptible microcracks), the mixture penetrates the cracks \"by gravity\" and by pressure injection caused by the movement of the vehicle wheel. 3. The specificity of the region and its climatic conditions. Roads in coastal areas are constantly subjected to the impact of salt on the surface (not just during the winter when maintenance measures are implemented). Salt could enter the inside of a vehicle through tire contact with a damaged surface. 4. Vehicle traffic is permitted on the milled wearing and binder course during the winter pavement reconstruction. Then, the solution penetrates directly into the upper part of the base course, and additionally, as a result of pressure and friction from the wheels of vehicles. 5. As a result of leakiness between the layers, inappropriate road shoulder conditions, or constructing errors. It is worth mentioning that material degradation caused by the effects of water, frost, and salt may also have an impact on fatigue life. Although these impacts are seasonal, they could accumulate through all years of the construction's use, reducing its durability. Water and frost impact problems on asphalt mixtures (MMA, or \"mineral asphalt mixes\") are not a new topic at all. Many publications present the negative influence of this factor. Nevertheless, the influence of water and frost on MMA has not been effectively studied so far to take into account the durability of the designed mixtures and structures. A similar situation applies to the impact of road salt. On the one hand, road salt degradation is a new topic that has not been explored due to material changes that affect strength and durability. On the other hand, it has been repeatedly proven that salt usage is effective in winter maintenance, while simultaneously signaling that road salt usage might cause some issues. The negative impact of environmental factors (freeze-thaw or road salt) on MMA and pavement is discussed in the manuscript based on observed issues.
## 5 Conclusions  
1. As the degree of UV aging is strengthened, the contact angle of the WMA with water is gradually increased, and the UV aging improves the hydrophobicity of the WMA. After UV and PAV aging, the contact angle with water is from large to small: Sasobit WMA > base asphalt > Evotherm M1 WMA.
2. After UV aging and PAV aging at different times, the SFE and its component and cohesive work are all reduced, and the reduction is different. After UV aging, the attenuation is the most serious, followed by PAV aging and RTFOT minimum aging.
3. UV aging leads to a decrease in the adhesion work and compatibility of the warm asphalt and limestone aggregates, an increase in the peeling work, and an overall deterioration of the adhesion properties. The adhesion work of matrix asphalt and Evotherm M1 warm asphalt after 150 h of UV aging tends to be stable, while the adhesion work and compatibility of Sasobit warm asphalt and limestone aggregates decrease first and then increase, reaching a minimum at 100 h of UV aging.
4. The attenuation of Evotherm M1 warm asphalt adhesion performance after UV aging is not suitable for use in strong ultraviolet areas. Sasobit warm asphalt has certain anti-UV aging ability, and it is more suitable for use in strong UV areas.  
Figure 8: Influence of aging on compatibility rate of aged asphalt.  
For future research, the results need further validation using field investigation, because the influence of ultraviolet aging on adhesion performance of WMA was studied using the indoor acceleration simulation equipment in a laboratory.  
Conceptualization, B.L. and X.S.; Methodology, Y.W. and X.R.; Validation, X.T.; Resources, B.L.; Writing--original draft preparation, Y.W. and X.R.; Writing--review and editing, B.L.  
The research work reported in this paper was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51408287, 51668038, 51868042), Rolls Supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT_15R29), the Distinguished Young Scholars Fund of Gansu Province (1606 RJDA318), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (1506 RJZA064), Excellent Program of Lanzhou Jiaotong University (201606), and Foundation of A Hundred Youth Talents Training Program of Lanzhou Jiaotong University.  
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
# Machine Learning Predicts Outcomes of Phase III Clinical Trials for Prostate Cancer
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Feature Reduction  
'Feature reduction' (i.e., selection of predictor variables) can improve the accuracy of ML models by removing noise from the training data. In the datasets used in this study, a particular issue was that binary coding of concomitant medications yielded over 5000 features. Therefore, feature reduction was applied. For all datasets, binary variables with less than 10 positive cases (i.e., very low variance) were excluded.  
For models using datasets merged from more than one study, only features in common for all three studies were included. Further feature reduction was applied according to the following steps:  
1. The Chi-squared test was used to identify which categorical variables were significantly related to the target variable ('good responders'; \(p<0.05\)). Unrelated variables were removed.
2. ANOVA was used to test which continuous variables were significantly different between the target classes (\(p<0.05\)). Unrelated variables would have been removed, but none needed to be removed on this basis.
3. Where there were high correlations between the remaining continuous predictors (Pearson's \(r>0.9\)), the predictor with the lower correlation with the target was removed.
# Domain Adaptation for Arabic Machine Translation: Financial Texts as a Case Study
## 3 Methodology
### Experiment Setup  
#### 3.2.1 Datasets  
For fine-tuning in domain-specific MT models, we collected a dataset from different online resources for the pair AR-EN. As shown in Table 1 most of the data are collected from the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) yielding a total of 7560 AR-EN pairs. Note, that we consider titles (3780 AR-EN pairs) and articles (3780 AR-EN pairs). Additionally, we augmented our dataset with synthetic data as well as back-translated data. This step augmented the authentic dataset by 12,318 and 12,000 AR-EN sentence pairs as synthetic and back-translated data, respectively.  
Table 2 shows the breakdown of the segments in our dataset. We randomly sampled 1000 segments from the authentic dataset to serve as test data for all models. Additionally, we randomly sampled 1000 segments for building the development for both models notably for OPUS (bt-big) and NLLB. However, for fine-tuning ChatGPT, we randomly sampled 2000 pairs each for each setup.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Articles** & **Titles** & **Sentences** \\ \hline Tadawul & 569 & 569 & 2544 \\ Capital Markets Authority & 2320 & 2320 & 8351 \\ Eye of Riyadh & 891 & 891 & 1877 \\ Total & 3780 & 3780 & 15,771 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Authentic dataset statistics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Language Pair** & **Type** & **Fine-Tuning** & **Dev** & **Test** \\ \hline AR-EN & Authentic & 5560 & 1000 & 1000 \\ AR-EN & Synthetic & 11,318 & 1000 & - \\ EN-AR & Back-translated & 11,000 & 1000 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Authentic dataset split and augmented data count.  
Figure 2: Data augmentation pipeline using back-translation from EN to AR.
## 2 Experimental Methodology
### Data Processing  
To investigate the effects of cutting direction and joint spacing on cuttability by a conical pick, the experiment focused on the variations in \(FC\) and \(SE\). The tool forces measured during a single cut in the test are recorded, as shown in Figure 6. The red line represents \(FC\), while the blue and black lines indicate \(FN\) and \(FS\), respectively. To eliminate results from concrete cutting and excessive crushing at the beginning and end of the cutting process, only the data recorded within the data window (green box in Figure 6) were utilized. The mean cutting force (\(FC_{m}\)) was calculated by averaging the \(FC\) values, and the peak cutting force (\(FC_{p}\)) was determined by averaging the peak \(FC\) values recorded within the data window.  
The cutting efficiency is evaluated using \(SE\), which refers to the energy consumed to excavate a unit volume. A high \(SE\) indicates that more energy is required to remove a given volume of rock. \(SE\) in MJ/m\({}^{3}\) is calculated as follows:  
\[SE=\frac{W}{V}=\frac{100\times FC_{m}\times L\times\rho}{M} \tag{1}\]  
where \(W\) denotes the work or energy to cut the rock (MJ), \(V\) is the cutting volume (mm\({}^{3}\)), \(FC_{m}\) is the mean cutting force (kN), \(L\) is the cutting length (mm), \(\rho\) is the density of the rock (g/cm\({}^{3}\)), and \(M\) is the mass of the rock debris (g).  
It is noted that \(L\) is defined as the distance from the start to the end of the data window. Furthermore, the rock debris used to calculate \(V\) was collected only from the portion of the specimen corresponding to the data window.  
Figure 5: Effect of joint orientation on mechanical excavation: (a) TBM; (b) roadheader.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Specimen**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cutting Depth, \(p\) (mm)**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Line Spacing, \(s\) (mm)**} \\ \hline  & I & J30 & & 3 & 3 & 6 & 9 & 12 & 15 & 18 \\ I & J30 & J60 & J90 & 6 & 6 & 9 & 12 & 18 & 24 & 36 \\ I & J30 & J60 & J90 & 9 & 9 & 12 & 18 & 24 & 36 & 48 \\  & J60 & J90 & & 12 & 12 & 18 & 24 & 36 & 48 & 60 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Here, I is the intact rock specimen, and J30, J60, and J90 are the jointed rock mass specimens with 30 mm, 60 mm, and 90 mm of joint spacing, respectively.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Experimental cutting parameters.
# Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, and the Kidney
## 5 Nanotechnology for Renal Therapy
### Chelation Drugs
#### 5.1.6. Hydropolymeric Carriers  
Most experimental nanoparticle therapies are administered intravenously, complicating the treatment of chronic conditions. [PERSON] et al., devised a method for the transdermal delivery of renal targeting nanoparticles, enabling self-administered therapy via a patch applied to the skin. Their method uses dissolvable 300 \(\upmu\)m thick silicon-based microneedles arrayed on a base of polyvinyl alcohol. The patch was then loaded with folate-conjugated micelle nanoparticles consisting of DSPE-PEG2000 folate (1,2-distearoyl-\(sn\)-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(polyethylene glycol)-2000]) and DSPE-PEG2000 methoxy amphiphiles in different ratios. The DSPE-PEG-folate micelles were found to travel from the transdermal patch to the renal epithelial cells and deliver Rhodamin B [84].