## 1 Introduction  
With the insatiable demand for energy to meet human consumption and industrial operations, traditional non-renewable energy resources have become increasingly depleted. The quest is very active for new, cleaner, and more environmentally friendly technologies with improved energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. As a result, energy efficiency is a paramount goal [1, 2]. At the present time, the whole world suffers from global climate change driven by carbon emissions. Thus, it is necessary to develop and integrate new electrical energy sources based on renewable energy and dissipated energy sources such as waste heat [3]. Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) are a good choice to dependably convert a temperature difference between two materials into electricity [4]. TEGs operate on the principle of the Seebeck effect. A temperature difference applied across a TEG module results in the generation of an electric current. This is due to the presence of two kinds of charge carriers in semiconductor materials [5]. In the last decade, TEGs have been a huge interest of many researchers to develop systems that can convert thermal energy into electricity. [PERSON] et al. [6] used commercially available TEG1-241-1.4-1.2 modules to convert the dissipated heat from a coal fire into electricity. The capacity of their design can generate 700 W at an 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature differential. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] studied power generation from TEG modules by converting solar heat energy using a Fresnel lens. A good temperature difference of about 38.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved across the TEG module. The hot side received solar energy via a Fresnel lens and the cold side was cooled using a 12 V fan. Work was done by [PERSON] et al. [8] using asphalt pavement. Their work used the heat of pavement surfaces to produce useful electrical energy using three Road ThermoelectricGenerator System (RTEGS) modules. This design reduced pavement slab temperature by 8-9 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the hot season, with an electrical output of 0.564 V from an asphalt slab with dimensions of 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 100 mm. [PERSON] et al. [9] reviewed the materials that can be used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. They studied the materials based on their operating temperature and the types that are most likely to be used in future devices. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] proposed a TEG that works on the dissipated heat from a biomass engine. The generated electrical energy from their TEGs was used to recharge the 12 V battery of a UPS. The maximum open circuit voltage was 31.52 V, whereas the maximum temperature difference was 40.12 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed a new hydrothermal power generation device that uses a thermoelectric converter and a system for energy management. In their design, the temperature difference between the thermal generator and thermoelectrical generator was increased by 76.2%. [PERSON] et al. [12] considered three kinds of micro-grid systems. One of them was a photovoltaic (PV) combined with a TEG. These systems were simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] fabricated an energy harvesting block based on TEGs that was integrated with a phase change material and mounted on the outer side of a building wall. The role of phase change material was to cool the low-temperature side of the TEG module. The annual electricity production was about 2.1 kWh/m\({}^{2}\). [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a comprehensive model to study the settings of a TEG and thermoelectric cooler at various boundary conditions. In their work, they investigated the effects of cross-sectional area, ceramic plates, the number of couples, and heat loss. [PERSON] et al. [15] reported on the performance of TEG materials such as Bi\({}_{2}\)Te\({}_{3}\), substitute composites, together with p-type MgAgSb and n-type Mg\({}_{3}\)(Sb,Bi)\({}_{2}\), using a versatile, simple, and scalable processing routine.