# Evaluation of Urban Transportation Resilience under Extreme Weather Events
###### Abstract  
The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events (EWEs) in recent years has posed major hazards to urban transportation as well as socioeconomic impacts. A quantitative evaluation of the urban transportation resilience to minimize the impact caused by EWEs becomes critical to the rapid recovery of urban transportation after disasters. However, there is, generally, a lack of reliable data sources to monitor urban transportation performance under EWEs. This empirical study proposes a performance indicator (displacement) and quantitative method for evaluating the urban transportation performance under EWEs based on bus GPS trajectory datasets. Furthermore, the transportation resilience of it is quantified, and the variation is compared across temporal and spatial dimensions. The method is applied in a case study of Fuzhou, China, under reinstorm events. The results show that the Gulou and Jinan subareas have the highest transportation resilience during the yellow and red rainstorm warnings. By formulating an emergency plan and taking mitigation measures, the transportation performance in the Jinan subarea during the red rainstorm warning was improved by 36% compared to the yellow rainstorm warning. The empirical study not only fills the knowledge gap for quantifying the transportation resilience across the geographical boundary under rainstorm events, but also estimates the operation status of the road network. The results will help policymakers prioritize the resource distribution and develop effective policies or measures to further improve transportation resilience in the city. Keywords:extreme weather events; transportation resilience; bus trajectory data; evaluation +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
As the most affected urban infrastructure systems in a disaster [14], the transportation system acts as the link between various social activities in the city, making them the lifeline of the city network [15]. During EWEs, they can provide access to impacted areas to support emergency response and long-term recovery operations after a disaster, which is essential for the stable function of the city. Thus, it becomes imperative to strengthen transportation resilience. The ability of a transportation system to resume normal functioning during the post-disruption period could describe its resilience [16; 17; 18]. A quantitative evaluation of transportation resilience thereby minimizes the impact caused by various natural disasters and becomes critical to the rapid recovery of urban transportation systems after disasters [19; 20; 21]. Thus, it is necessary to select the quantitative indicators and propose effective empirical methods to quantify the resilience [22]. The need to examine urban transportation resilience under EWEs has grabbed the academic limelight. Early studies indicated that qualitative approaches were usually used to evaluate transportation resilience. [PERSON] [23] defined resilience in transportation and proposed several indicators to assess transportation resilience under EWEs. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a definition of freight transportation resilience based on the interactions among organizations, infrastructure, and users, and developed a structured framework in terms of the properties of freight transportation resilience to facilitate the overall ability of the freight transportation to recover from disruptions. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [25] discussed the basic parameters of transportation resilience based on its components and proposed a framework for evaluating its resilience. [PERSON] [26] discussed the relationship between resilience and transportation and presented a complete conceptual framework for transportation resilience. Although much work has been done on evaluating transportation resilience previously, most of these methods were qualitative and theoretical frameworks based on the definition and characteristics of transportation resilience. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] proposed a quantitative method to evaluate the resilience of transportation networks.