esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion
### Opportunities for Further Works
Moreover, research could aim to design deep learning models that inherently possess explanatory capabilities, automatically generating interpretive information during the forecasting process. 9. Real-time and dynamic building energy consumption forecasting. As energy systems evolve to become increasingly complex and dynamic, building energy consumption forecasts must not only achieve high precision but also exhibit real-time capabilities and dynamic adjustment abilities [185]. Future research could explore strategies for delivering real-time energy consumption forecasts and dynamically adjusting model parameters to account for variations in building usage patterns and environmental conditions [186]. For example, researchers could investigate the application of online and incremental learning techniques to enable models to update and adjust dynamically based on real-time data. Additionally, research could integrate reinforcement learning techniques to allow models to continually optimize their forecasting strategies during real-time prediction. 10. Collaborative optimization of building energy consumption forecasting and smart grids. The synergistic optimization of building energy consumption forecasting and smart grid operations is vital for achieving efficient energy utilization [187]. Future research could examine methods to integrate building energy consumption forecasting with the scheduling and optimization processes of smart grids, realizing collaborative synergies between buildings and the grid [188]. For example, researchers could explore how to leverage building energy consumption forecasts to optimize grid load scheduling, mitigating peak loads and fluctuations within the grid. Furthermore, investigations could focus on combining demand response technologies, enabling buildings to adapt dynamically to grid load conditions for mutually beneficial outcomes. 11. Incorporating renewable energy fluctuations and uncertainties in building energy consumption forecasting [189]. As the utilization of renewable energy sources within buildings becomes more prevalent, building energy consumption forecasting must account for the inherent variability and uncertainties associated with renewable energy supplies [190]. Future research could explore methodologies for integrating building energy consumption forecasts with renewable energy predictions, facilitating the collaborative optimization of energy consumption and renewable energy utilization [191]. For example, investigations could focus on optimizing the use of renewable energy based on building energy consumption forecasts to reduce reliance on traditional energy sources. Additionally, research could examine the integration of energy storage technologies, enabling buildings to utilize storage devices to supplement energy during periods of insufficient renewable energy supply.
## 6 Evaluation Procedure
### Sampling and Participants
#### 6.1.2 Proxy-User Studies  
Most of the studies in our sample recruited proxy users [5, 8, 15, 25, 30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 86]. This especially holds true for methodology-driven [32, 33, 42] and concept-driven research [5, 8, 25, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 43, 49, 51, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 73, 75, 86].  
For instance, proxy users were recruited in studies that compared the effectiveness of various explanation methods, evaluated novel explanation concepts, or evaluated the general role of explanations within the decision-making process, enhancing human-AI collaboration and improving human performance with AI assistance [34, 36, 43, 51, 58, 60, 65, 73, 86, 94].  
Moreover, proxy-user studies are prevalent when general effects on the understanding, mental models, perception, preferences, attitudes, and behavior of users are evaluated. Regarding domain-driven studies, some researchers adopted a proxy-user approach for pragmatic research reasons when they assumed that this would not cause any significant bias [52, 55, 56]. The goal of utilizing such an approach is to simplify the recruiting process, better control environmental conditions, and increase the number of participants for statistical reasons. In some cases, [50, 67, 73], neither the addressed target group nor the applied sampling method was described in detail, which is why we have not classified these studies.  
A common proxy-user recurring method was the use of paid online panels and crowd workers. In our sample, 23 studies utilized Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), while 4 studies used Prolific for this reason. A few proxy-user studies and other sampling methods are typically based on convenience and snowball sampling techniques. These studies recruited their participants through word-of-mouth, personal contacts, or asking people from the local community [36, 68, 71], using internal university mailing lists [15], posters around university campuses [36], or recruiting participants via social media [71].  
Compared to real-user studies, proxy-user studies tend to involve a larger number of participants. This is particularly evident in studies using paid crowd-worker samples, where the average number of participants across the 23 studies in our sample was 764 (SD = 1147). This high SD value reflects considerable variation in sample sizes across the studies. In contrast, convenience sampling studies comprised a smaller average number of participants (mean = 56, SD = 44). Some studies, such as [53; 57], do not provide further details on their sampling methods or sample sizes. Therefore, the statistics regarding sample sizes represent only a rough estimate and should be treated with caution.
# Viability of ABO Blood Typing with ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
###### Abstract  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) provides valuable biochemical information for biomedical analysis. It aids in identifying cancerous tissues, diagnosing diseases like acute pancreatitis or Alzheimer's, and has applications in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. A combination of FTIR and chemometrics constitute an approach that shows promise in fields like biology, forensics, food quality control, and plant variety identification. This study aims to explore the feasibility of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for identifying ABO-blood types using spectroscopic tools. We employ various classifying algorithms, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and combinations of these methods, to detect A and B antigens and determine the ABO blood type. The results show that these algorithms predict the blood type to a greater extent than random selection, although they do not match the precision of biochemical blood typing tools. Additionally, our findings suggest the higher sensitivity of the methodology in identifying B antigens compared to A antigens.  
FTIR; ATR-FTIR; linear discriminant analysis; LDA; naive Bayesian classifier; NBC; chemometrics +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
1
Footnote 1: email: dr.f.f.  
The ABO blood group is thus determined by the presence of A and B antigens (or none) on erythrocytes (and other cells) and the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in serum. Due to the presence of these antibodies, red cell agglutination happens when mixed with plasma from a different blood type [14]. The ABO system depends on the expression of glycosiltransferases for specific sugar moieties, \(\alpha\) 1, 3-N-acetylgalactosamineyltransferase for the A antigen and \(\alpha\) 1, 3-galactosidase transferase for the B antigen. The expression of both transferases (one allele each) results in the presence of both antigens in red cells' surface (AB type). The presence of the H allele in both copies of the genome results in the absence of any glycosyltransferase activity and, consequently, antigens A or B are not present (O type) [13].  
Then, this enzymatic activity translates into the presence of different oligosaccharides in the membrane, whose biochemical difference lies in the nature of the most external monosaccharide. There is a basic sequence of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and galactose joined in 1-3 positions, with a fucose in position 2 of the last galactose. This sequence is common for A, B, and O antigens; however, A and B show an additional saccharide: A-type has an N-acetylgalactosamine in position 3 of the galactose, while B-type shows a second galactose in that position.  
In this work, we intend to explore the viability of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect the biochemical differences among different blood types, which would eventually allow for the identification of blood type using only spectroscopic tools.
## 3 Numerical Simulation
### Analysis of Results under Different Conditions
#### (2) Relationship between Displacement and Friction Angle  
The relationship between displacement and friction angle is depicted in Figure 5. It can be observed that the friction angle significantly influences the deformation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel. As the friction angle increases, both the X and Z displacements exhibit an approximately linear decrease. When the friction angle increases from 16\({}^{\circ}\) to 22\({}^{\circ}\), the X displacement of the surrounding rock of the tunnel decreases from 235 mm to 138 mm, and the Z displacement decreases from 432 mm to 367 mm.
## 1 Introduction  
Due to their versatility, diode lasers have been established in different parts of medicine. Application areas can be found in ophthalmology, dentistry and otolaryngology (ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgery), respectively. The wavelengths are available from the visible (VIS) to the near infrared (NIR). Examples of applications include retinal treatments, such as retinal disorders at a wavelength of 514 nm [1, 2], adhesion coagulation of retinal defects or retinal detachments, cholesteatom surgery at 532 nm [3, 4, 5] and caries diagnostics at 655 nm [6] for the visible spectral range. In periodonontology, the NIR wavelengths 810,940, 980 nm are used [7], and the wavelength 1470 nm is used, for example, in the treatment of glottic carcinoma [8].  
In dentistry and otolaryngology, the laser wavelength of 445 nm (VIS, blue) has also become established [9; 10; 11; 12]. In otolaryngology in particular, however, this wavelength is in direct competition with the Q-switched and frequency-doubled neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) and neodymium:vanadate lasers (Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\)) (often erroneously referred to in the literature as \"KTP\" lasers, both with an emission wavelength of 532 nm) [13; 14]. With pulse durations in the lower nanosecond range (ns), high peak-pulse powers can be generated with neodymium lasers, which cause intensive light-tissue interactions and can lead to a low heat input into the tissue due to, e.g., photomechanical ablation.  
The basic frequency of these Q-switched and frequency-doubled lasers is in the kHz range. However, in order to ensure a controlled medical application with adapted dosing of the applied energy, pulse trains in the order of milliseconds (ms) are generated with an adapted average power and pulse repetition rates in the lower Hertz range [15; 16]. Within the pulse trains (ms), however, the pulses (ns) remain at the basic frequency.  
For diode lasers, pulse peak-power levels as high as those of Q-switched solid-state lasers cannot be realized. However, technical developments have made it possible to achieve pulse durations down to the \(\upmu\)s-range together with increased peak power.
###### Abstract
Within this fairly short period of time, an extensive research community and industry have been established globally. Nowadays, optical fiber communications is the backbone of our information technology infrastructure, supporting voice, video, and data transmission through global networks. One critical issue in its research and development is the challenge of meeting the needs of increasing the data capacity without compromising size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) constraints. Especially during the past decade, photonics integration and coherent detection technologies were booming tremendously. From this trend, we are expecting the co-packaged optics (CPO) to dominate the next-generation optical fiber communication systems. Hopefully, more and more novel technologies, such as SDM, can be commercialized in the near future, to enable new growth for the industry and serve the ever-growing data-traffic demand from society.
## 5 Numerical Results
In producing Figure 11a, the diameter and mass density of the tracer were, respectively, taken as \(d_{\rm t}=18\upmu\)m and \(\rho_{\rm t}=2650\) kg/m\({}^{3}\), i.e., Cases 2 and 4. By changing \(\rho_{\rm t}=2650\) kg/m\({}^{3}\) to \(2000\) kg/m\({}^{3}\), the Cases 2 and 4 become Cases 6 and 8, for which the corresponding results are presented in Figure 11b. For both considerations on the mass densities, it was seen that the stable values of \(D_{\rm t}/D_{\rm s}\) increased with \(e_{0}\), which means the representativeness of the tracer became worse for slurries of higher initial void ratio. Comparing Figure 11a,b, it can also be found that the representativeness of the tracer increased when the density of the tracer decreased. For all of the eight cases considered in Table 4, Case 8 gives the best representativeness on the displacements of the slurry particles that were driven by the vacuum gradient.
# Experimental Demonstration of MmWave Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Using IEEE 802.11 ad
###### Abstract  
Millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications has received significant attention as one of the key applications in 5G technology, which is called as Giga-V2V (GiV2V). The ultra-wide band of the GiV2V allows vehicles to transfer gigabit data within a few seconds, which can achieve platooning of autonomous vehicles. The platooning process requires the rich data of a 4K dash-camera and LiDAR sensors for accurate vehicle control. To achieve this, 3 GPP, a global organization of standards that provides specifications for the 5G mobile technology, is developing a new standard for GiV2V technology by extending the existing specification for device-to-device (D2D) communication. Meanwhile, in the last decade, the mmWave spectrum has been used in the wireless local area network (WLAN) for indoor devices, such as home appliances, based on the IEEE 802.11 ad (also known as Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)) technology, which supports gigabit wireless connectivity of approximately 10 m distance in the 60-GHz frequency spectrum. The WiGig technology has been commercialized and used for various applications ranging from Internet access points to set-top boxes for televisions. In this study, we investigated the applicability of the WiGig technology to the GiV2V communications through experiments on a real vehicular testbed. To achieve this, we built a testbed using commercial off-the-shelf WiGig devices and performed experiments to measure inter-vehicle connectivity on a campus and on city roads with different permitted vehicle speeds. The experimental results demonstrate that disconnections occurred frequently due to the short radio range and the connectivity varied with the vehicle speed. However, the instantaneous throughput was sufficient to exchange large data between moving vehicles in different road environments.  
v 2019; 19, 2057; doi:10.3390/s19092057
## 2 Experimental Setup
### Specim Fabrication  
The production of the test specimen is divided into two stages: stage one is the production of the prefabricated concrete board (abbreviated as PC board), i.e., the prefabricated part of the wall. In this stage, the PC board is completed in the factory and transported to the Tongji University Laboratory for the production of the cast-in-place part, which is the second stage (Figure 3a,b). All steel strain gauges in the specimens are fixed before the concrete is poured and protected by epoxy resin.  
After the prefabricated part of the specimens arrives at the laboratory, the PC board is first lifted in place, and then a connector between the bottom beam and the specimen is installed (Figure 3c), followed by binding steel bars in the cast-in-place part. After the completion of the reinforcement binding, the bottom beam is poured. When the design strength is reached, the connecting member is fixed in the bottom beam to ensure that the PC part is perpendicular to the bottom beam. After the entire specimen is poured and maintained, the connector is removed to eliminate its effect on the test results.  
In order to acquire the actual material strength and physical properties of reinforcements and concrete of the test specimens, three 450 mm-long reinforcements, six 150 \(\times\) 150 \(\times\) 150 mm concrete cubes (for measuring the compressive strength of the concrete) and three 100 \(\times\) 100 \(\times\) 300 mm prism test blocks (used to measure the axial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the concrete) are reserved in the same batch of materials. The results of the material test are shown in Tables 2 and 3.  
Figure 2: Sensor placement: (**a**) displacement meters of PCF-A; (**b**) displacement meters of PCF-C; (**c**) strain gauges of PCFI-A; (**d**) strain gauges of PCFII-A; (**e**) strain gauges of PCFI-C; and (**f**) strain gauges of PCFII-C.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Generation of Raman Sidebands  
Figure 2 shows the spectral profile of the Raman sidebands measured by the spectrometer, which mainly consisted of first Stokes (300 nm), probe (267 nm), and first anti-Stokes (240 nm) emissions. Higher-order Raman sidebands, such as second Stokes (342 nm) and second anti-Stokes (219 nm) emissions, were also clearly observed. The relative intensities of the sidebands against the probe beam were slightly less than 20%, and this value was nearly equal to the ratios obtained using a two-color beam in the NIR region (800 and 1200 nm). It is well known that the efficiency for generating Raman sidebands can be improved by using a hollow-core capillary to increase the length of interaction between the laser beam and the nonlinear medium, hydrogen. This approach of using the waveguide (core diameter, 0.24 mm; length, 400 mm; fused silica) was examined in the present study. As expected, the relative intensity of the Raman sidebands against the probe beam was significantly improved (70%) [18]. However, the transmission efficiency of the UV beam in the capillary decreased to 10%. In addition, the quality of the beam from the capillary had deteriorated, thus preventing the Raman sidebands from being used for Fourier synthesis to produce ultrashort pulses. Because of this, the above approach was not pursued further in this study.
## 1 Introduction
Extended users utilize 3-4 inter-satellite link time slots per minute, establishing a link for one hour daily. By constructing a dynamic model and state transition matrix and using the range results from two consecutive days for a sliding solution, orbit-determination accuracy better than 100 mis achieved. This technology addresses the challenge of high-precision time and frequency synchronization and orbit determination for non-atomic clock users using minimal inter-satellite link resources. For the first time in China, extended users can access the navigation satellite inter-satellite link with a small allocation of time slots and achieve 100-m-level orbit determination, significantly enhancing the robustness of extended users and providing robust technical support for various extended users to utilize the Ka inter-satellite link for emergency telemetry and orbit determination.
# Use of Wearable Sensor Technology in Gait, Balance, and Range of Motion Analysis
## 4 Design Issues in Gait, Balance and RoM Wearable Systems
### Energy Consumption  
Communication is usually the most energy consuming operation, therefore researchers should minimize the amount of data transmitted. Short range wireless networks, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, should be preferred over long range networks since they use less power. There are methods to reduce the energy consumption, such as data aggregation and compression, but they may jeopardize the system's performance.  
The number of sensors used have also an impact on the system's energy consumption. It is obvious that the more sensor used, the more energy the system consumes. This is another reason why studies tend to use fewer sensors. Another direct and simple solution to this issue is; when the sensors are not being used, they can be turned off.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using the VI-based LUE model to track seasonal dynamics of GPP over high-latitude forests. Our results showed that VI-based phenology of ENF can be significantly improved through applying the VI-based LUE model. One of the potential advantages of using VI-based LUE model to monitor photosynthesis dynamics is that apart from VI, no external data source is required except for PAR, which can be easily obtained from satellite or in-situ observations. Another advantage is that there is no need to estimate absolute LUE or GPP values, neither of which can be directly obtained from remote sensing data. Several recent studies have employed satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to track seasonal photosynthesis cycles, as SIF has been considered as a proxy for GPP [29]. The advantage of using SIF to monitor phenology is that it carries information of PAR, fPAR (greenness) and LUE [30]. However, as satellite retrieval of SIF could be noisy and global long-term SIF products are lacking, VI is still the most widely used indicator for the phenology study. Our results show the potential of using VI-based LUE model to monitor photosynthesis dynamics more precisely.  
The authors would like to thank all the reviewers for the constructive suggestions. The authors would also like to thank data providers including NASA the Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive & Ditribution System (LAADS), Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) and the MPI. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41501394, Grant 41371362 and Grant 41501473, in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS under Grant 2017086 and in part by the Foundation of Director of Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant Y7 SV0100 CX.  
[PERSON] designed the research and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] supervised the experiment and provided constructive suggestions. [PERSON] helped conducting the experiment and preparing the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.