## 3 Results
### Examining the Novelty/Contribution Claims Associated with the Three-Topic Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{346.9 pt}} \hline
**Degree of Association to Topic 1** & **Claims Associated with Topic 2: Novel Photonic Metamaterial Applications** \\ \hline
0.976 & We report on the experimental demonstration of ultrafast all optical switching and wavelength down-conversion based on a novel nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer with subwavelength grating and wire waveguides. Unlike other periodic waveguides such as line-defects in a 2D photonic crystal lattice, a subwavelength grating waveguide confines the light as a conventional index-guided structure and does not exhibit optically resonant behaviour. Since the device had no dedicated port to input optical signal to control switching a new approach was also implemented for all optical switching control. \\ \hline
0.976 & Our subwavelength grating waveguide is unique in that the structure supports a true lossless mode. By modifying the pitch, width and duty cycle of the subwavelength grating, the effective index of the medium can be engineered locally. This technique provides a means to tailor the effective index, mode profile and dispersion of the subwavelength grating waveguide. \\ \hline
0.975 & We demonstrated refractive index engineering in a microphotonic waveguide using SWGs, including implementations in practical components at telecom wavelengths. Our technique circumvents an important limitation in integrated optics, that is, the fixed value of the refractive indices of the constituent materials. \\ \hline
0.973 & We introduced a new concept of refractive index engineering in optical waveguides. The waveguide is longitudinally patterned with a subwavelength grating (SWG), consisting of segments of a high-refractive-index core material interlaced with a lower refractive-index cladding material. Since the refractive-index contrast can be changed by simply controlling the grating period, waveguides with different optical parameters can be realized on the same chip. \\ \hline
0.973 & In this paper, a new waveguide principle based on the formation of a subwavelength grating (SWG) in a waveguide core is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In contrast to waveguides based on line-defects in 2D photonic crystal lattices, the light is confined in a SWG waveguide core covered with a cladding material of a lower refractive index, as in conventional index-guided structures. The core is a composite medium formed by periodically interlacing silicon segments in a material of a lower refractive index at the subwavelength scale. \\ \hline
0.964 & Fundamental to the excellent performance of our coupler is also an original design of the coupler tip near the chip edge, facing the optical fiber. This design procedure, reported here for the first time, is critical to obtain high coupling efficiency, as are the effective medium synthesis procedure and the quantitative understanding of the effect of coupling to substrate, both presented here for the first time. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Topic 3T2 textual examples referring to novel photonics device applications: photonic, compact, novel, structure, material, microphotonic, Zehnder, Mach Zehnder, Mach, applications.