# M-Shape PV Arrangement for Improving Solar Power Generation Efficiency
## 6 Simulation Condition and Steps  
The following six different regions of Asia--Thailand (Bangkok), China (HongKong), Japan (Naha), Korea (Jeju), China (Shenyang), and Mongolia (Darkhan)--were selected for system simulation. The location details of each city are given in Table 6.  
In the northern hemisphere, the range of latitude \(\phi\) is from 0 to 90\({}^{\circ}\), the tilt angle \(\beta\) of the PV array is between 0 and 180\({}^{\circ}\), and the azimuth \(\gamma\) varies between \(-\)180\({}^{\circ}\) and 180\({}^{\circ}\). In this paper, a multi-parameter optimization and a performance prediction program were developed. The traversal search method was used to start at a certain latitude angle \(\phi\). The tilt angle \(\beta\) of the PV array is in the range of 0 to 90\({}^{\circ}\), and the azimuth \(\gamma\) is in the range of \(-\)180\({}^{\circ}\) to 180\({}^{\circ}\). The corresponding amount of irradiation under each tilt angle and the azimuth angle is calculated according to the method for calculating the amount of radiation on the inclined plane in Section 3, and the maximum amount of annual solar radiation was determined. The corresponding tilt angle and azimuth angle are the most preferred ones, and the above calculation process is represented in Figure 9.  
The rated output of the power conditioner subsystem is set as 10 kW; the S-shape and M-shape panel arrangement is simulated in the six regions, and the overloaded rate is shown in Table 7. The procedure can be represented by the following steps:  
Step 1. According to the flow chart, calculate the amount of solar radiation that can be accepted in each direction of the S-shape and the M-shape. The optimum azimuth and the optimum tilt angle for the S-shape are obtained. Similarly, the optimum azimuth and tilt angle are also obtained for the M-shape. (The M-shape solar radiation calculation combines two 1 m\({}^{2}\) panels with tilt angles in opposite direction. Hence, the result will show the sum of the solar radiation collected in both directions. Position the back of the M-shape as azimuth angle from 90\({}^{\circ}\) to \(-\)90\({}^{\circ}\).)  
Step 2. Simulate the amount of electricity generated in the six regions a year. Under the geographical conditions of Naha City, two PV types' economic benefits and feasibility are to be calculated. It is assumed that the lifetime of a PV system is 20 years. The cost of the equipment and the unit price of electricity sold are set as parameters in the Table 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Region** & **North Latitude [\({}^{\circ}\)]** & **East Longitude [\({}^{\circ}\)]** \\ \hline
**Mongolian** & **Darkhan** & 49.46 & 105.97 \\
**China** & **Shenyang** & 41.798 & 123.43 \\
**Korea** & **Jeju** & 33.489 & 126.498 \\
**Japan** & **Naha** & 26.207 & 127.685 \\
**China** & **HongKong** & 22.25 & 114.25 \\
**Thailand** & **Bangkok** & 13.75 & 100.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Location information for each simulation area.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & 9:00 & 9:15 & 9:30 & 9:45 & 10:00 \\ \hline
**Naha [\({}^{\circ}\)]** & 19.48 & 22.00 & 24.42 & 26.73 & 28.91 \\
**Shenyang [\({}^{\circ}\)]** & 14.59 & 16.26 & 17.81 & 19.23 & 20.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The solar elevation angle (\(\alpha\)) in winter solstice (22 December) in Naha and Shenyang.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Height \(h_{g}\)** & 0.6 m \\
**Angle of inclination \(\theta_{a}\)** & 17\({}^{\circ}\) \\
**Panel’s width \(l_{p}\)** & 1 m \\
**Panel’s length \(w_{p}\)** & 1.65 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Constant values for footprint.