# 3 GPP Evolution from 5G to 6G: A 10-Year Retrospective
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
3 GPP & 3 rd Generation Partnership Project  
5G & Fifth Generation  
6G & Sixth Generation  
AI & Artificial Intelligence  
CA & Carrier Aggregation  
CHO & Conditional Handover  
CLI & Cross-Link Interference  
CP & Cyclic Prefix  
CSI & Channel State Information  
CSI-RS & Channel State Information Reference Signal  
CU & Central Unit  
DC & Dual Connectivity  
DFT-s-OFDM & Discrete Fourier Transform-spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing  
DMRS & Demodulation Reference Signal  
DRX & Discontinuous Reception  
DU & Distributed Unit  
DSS & Dynamic Spectrum Sharing  
EIRP & Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power  
FDD & Frequency Division Duplex  
FDM & Frequency Division Multiplexing  
FR1 & Frequency Range 1  
FR2 & Frequency Range 2  
FR3 & Frequency Range 3  
gNB & Next-Generation Node B  
GNSS & Global Navigation Satellite System  
GSO & Geostationary Satellite Orbit  
HARQ & Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request  
IAB & Integrated Access and Backhaul  
IMT & International Mobile Telecommunications  
ITU & International Telecommunication Union  
ITS & Intelligent Transportation System  
IoT & Internet of Things  
LAA & Licensed Assisted Access  
LBT & Listen Before Talk  
LDPC & Low-Density Parity-Check  
LMF & Location Management Function  
LTE & Long-Term Evolution  
LTE-M & LTE Machine-Type Communication  
LPP & LTE Positioning Protocol  
LP-WUS & Low-Power Wake-Up Signal  
LP-WUR & Low-Power Wake-Up Receiver  
MBS & Multicast and Broadcast Service  
MIMO & Multiple Input Multiple Output  
mmWave & Millimeter Wave  
mMTC & massive Machine-Type Communications  
NG & Next Generation  
NG-C & Next-Generation Control plane  
\begin{tabular}{l l} NG-RAN & Next-Generation Radio Access Network \\ NG-U & Next-Generation User plane \\ ng-eNB & Next-Generation evolved Node B \\ NGSO & Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit \\ NTN & Non-Terrestrial Network \\ NOMA & Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access \\ NSA & Non-Standalone \\ NR & New Radio \\ NRPPa & NR Positioning Protocol A \\ OAM & Operation, Administration, and Management \\ OFDM & Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing \\ OTFS & Orthogonal Time-Frequency Space \\ PDCP & Packet Data Convergence Protocol \\ PDCCH & Physical Downlink Control Channel \\ PDSCH & Physical Downlink Shared Channel \\ PBCH & Physical Broadcast Channel \\ PRACH & Physical Random Access Channel \\ PRB & Physical Resource Block \\ PUCCH & Physical Uplink Control Channel \\ PUSCH & Physical Uplink Shared Channel \\ QAM & Quadrature Amplitude Modulation \\ QPSK & Quadrature Phase Shift Keying \\ QoS & Quality of Service \\ RAN & Radio Access Network \\ RIM & Remote Interference Management \\ RIS & Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface \\ RLC & Radio Link Control \\ RRC & Radio Resource Control \\ RSMA & Rate-Splitting Multiple Access \\ sub-THz & sub-Terahertz \\ SA & Standalone \\ SBFD & Subband Non-Overlapping Full Duplex \\ SCG & Secondary Cell Group \\ SCell & Secondary Cell \\ SIB1 & System Information Block type 1 \\ SIM & Subscriber Identity Module \\ SDAP & Service Data Adaptation Protocol \\ SRS & Sounding Reference Signal \\ SSB & Synchronization Signal Block \\ TSN & Time-Sensitive Networking \\ TDD & Time Division Duplex \\ TRP & Transmission/Reception Point \\ UAV & Unmanned Aerial Vehicle \\ UE & User Equipment \\ Uu & Air interface between UE and base station \\ URLLC & Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications \\ V2X & Vehicle-to-Everything \\ WAB & Wireless Access Backhaul \\ WRC & World Radiocommunication Conferences \\ XR & Extended Reality \\ \end{tabular}