# Satellite Monitoring of Italian Vineyards and Spatio-Temporal Variability Assessment
## 3 Results
### Vineyards Dataset  
A brief dataset description is described below. Table 2 summarises the average information about the numerical structural features of the 2304-filtered vineyards. The \"Orientation\" row was added compared to the original dataset [31]. Table 3 lists the fractioning of the categorical features. Table 4 contains the NDVI and NDRE mean (\(\overline{x}\)), standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV) (Equations (3)-(5)) computed in each vintage. Figure 5a,c represent the trend of the VIs computed on vineyards along the Italian peninsula. The maps were generated with the inverse distance weighting interpolation of the average NDVI and NDRE in 2018. Except for the northeast of Sicily (the southeast island), the south of Italy generally showed lower values of both VIs than the north of Italy. The north-to-south trend was mainly caused by the increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall, which were verified at the small latitudes, as shown in Figure 5b,d obtained by a spatial interpolation of historical climate records. Consequently, the vineyard's geographic coordinates include the climate effect on VIs. Figure 6 shows three examples of NDVI images from an Italian vineyard sampled in 2018 used in this study. The scatter plots in Figure 7 describe the development of the VI as the average value from the vineyard in Figure 6. Each point indicates an S2 image sampled on different days of the year (DOYS), which shows how the VI developing rate for this study was assessed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **Resolution** & **Unit** & **Average** & **SD** \\ \hline Area & Punctual & m\({}^{2}\) & 25,227.23 & 25,069.97 \\ Perimeter & Punctual & m & 658.32 & 282.04 \\ N\({}^{\circ}\) of Vertices & Punctual & & 31.29 & 37.14 \\ Space & Punctual & m & 2.760 & 0.75 \\ Headland & Punctual & m & 5.35 & 1.85 \\ Slope & 20 m & \% & 8.07 & 8.49 \\ Elevation & 20 m & m & 174.30 & 150.71 \\ L/W & Punctual & & 1.61 & 2.16 \\ Orientation & Punctual & \({}^{\circ}\) & 180.25 & 46.39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The average and standard deviation from the mean (n = 2304) of the filtered dataset are computed on the numerical structural features. The spatial resolution is specified in the second column. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **Class** & **N\({}^{\circ}\) Items** & **Percentage** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Topography} & Flat & 1852 & 80.4\% \\  & Sloped & 452 & 19.6\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Location} & Hill & 846 & 36.7\% \\  & Plain & 1458 & 63.3\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Training System} & AS & 25 & 1.1\% \\  & HS & 311 & 13.5\% \\  & VS & 1968 & 85.4\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cardiinal Direction} & EW & 447 & 19.4\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & NS & 484 & 21.0\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & SE & 509 & 22.1\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & SW & 864 & 37.5\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Categorical features summary and percentage of items in each class (n = 2304). Figure 5: The inverse distance weighting interpolation of the average NDVI and NDRE of the Italian vineyards is shown in (**a**,**c**), respectively. The VIs are referred to in 2018. The average annual rainfall recorded from 1951 to 2019 is displayed in (**b**). Finally, the average temperature recorded from 1991 to 2020 is displayed in (**d**). The maps (**b**,**d**) were made by the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRRA) and are available at [[https://indicatoriambientali.is.prambiente.it/](https://indicatoriambientali.is.prambiente.it/)]([https://indicatoriambientali.is.prambiente.it/](https://indicatoriambientali.is.prambiente.it/)) (accessed on 1 November 2023). Figure 6: Development of NDVI of an Italian vineyard in 2018 on three dates: (**a**) DOY 124, (**b**) DOY 145, and (**c**) DOY 165.