## 2 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidative Enzymes
Because the quantity of oxidants in cells is correlated with the level of CAT present, increased CAT activity may indicate cellular ROS generation [58; 59]. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing _Cu/Zn-SOD_ exhibit temperature and salt stress resistance. The accumulation of H2O2 starts catalase and appears to be consistently effective in eliminating increased H2O2 levels [60]. Seed germination could thus be stimulated in response to the cumulative effect of low molecular antioxidants produced during seed imbibition time. In oily seeds, CAT is required and contributes hugely to the early events of seedling growth because it alleviates H2O2 produced during \(\beta\)-oxidation of the fatty acids [61]. Increased CAT activity could indicate the cellular evaluated ROS because the amount of CAT present resembles the level of oxidants at the cellular level [58]. An increase in peroxidase (POD) activity was observed at different temperature regimes (Figure 3c). In leaves, POD activity increased by 57.3% at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 31.2% at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Similar basal levels of POD activity was also found in the tissues of the roots under varying temperature regimes. The POD activity in seeds showed a similar increase, with values approaching approximately 3.6-fold at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 2.5-fold at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, in the PKM-1 variety, the percentage increase in POD activity was lower in whole seedlings and seeds than in leaves. POD enzymes may play a vital role in rapidly eliminating H2O2 in stress-tolerant genotypes. Under stress, _A. lividus_ showed a significant decrease in POD activity and increased heat shock proteins. The maximum elevation was observed at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the minimum at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When leaves were exposed to high temperatures, lower SOD, CAT, and POD activities were seen owing to the disruption of optimal conditions; these activities may be related to a range of metabolic activities [62]. An increase in peroxidase activity has been linked to cell wall resistance from lipid peroxidation, cross-linking, and lignification under various abiotic stresses [63]. In leaves, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased with the rise in temperature, peaking at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C (64.8%) and declining at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C (23.7%) (Figure 3d), with the optimal activity at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (34.3%). Roots showed a similar pattern to leaves, but the total leaf activity was higher. The same trend was observed in seeds and whole seedlings, but APX activity was higher in leaves overall. A considerable increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity (U mg protein\({}^{-1}\)) was demonstrated, with differential responses (Figure 3e). At 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, an increase in GPX activity was recorded in leaf tissue (56.8%), while the activity was lower at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C (32.1%) and lowest at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (23.9%). Roots, followed by whole seedlings and seeds, exhibited a similar trend of an increase in GPX activity. Plant peroxididases, namely GPX and APX, use ascorbate (reduced form) as an electron donor during the first cycle of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to sequester chloroplastic H2O2 [64]. The increase in temperature led to increased glutathione reductase (GR) activity in all sample tissues (Figure 3f), which was higher in leaves. The GR activity increased by 52.6% at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the activity declined to 32.6% at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C and was lowest at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (21.6%). At the seedling growth, the GR activity increased in roots by 28.9%, 48.2%, and 33.8% at 25, 30, and 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Our findings were also in line with reports of [PERSON] et al. [65], symptomatic of the participation of SOD, POD, GPX, and GR in the defense mechanism during germination and early seedling development. At varying temperatures, roots showed a similar pattern, but the GR activity was lower in roots than in leaf tissue, whole seedlings, and seeds [66].