## 4 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Process and Methods** & **Notes** & **Ref.** \\ \hline GAC/IER/adsorbents & Removal efficiency of per- and poly-FASs from GW by 6 GAC filters, 4 ion-exchange resins and 2 alternative adsorbents resulted: FS200 (surface modified bentonite) \textgreater{} PSR + (IE resin) \textgreater{} ESA (cyclodextrinrin-based absorbent) \textgreater{} GAC. Bituminous GAC performed better than non-bituminous. \\  & PFAAs contaminated well water treated in tank with read grasses and only 1\% volume of gravel. Up to 50\% of PFAAs (mass flow) removed and found in leaves. Mowed plants must be incimated at high temperature. \\ Fenton oxidation & Sulfolane (68 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) in GW was oxidized in situ by injecting 600 L of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) 5\% at molar ratio of 1:5 to Fe\({}^{2+}\), sulfolane removal up to 97\%. \\ Electrodialysis + electrolysis & Combined pilot treatment: ED removed As, common cations and anions \textgreater{}95\% in 30–45 min, water recovery 83\% EL removed N species to N\({}_{2}\) (after ED): 100\% of NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) and 50\% nitrate ions. \\ Aquaculture water & Multi-compartment, continuous, closed recirculation aquaculture system (120 cm) to treat effluent from shrimp farming: 1 st comp. organic matter oxid. \\ CW + UV & and nitrification; 2 nd: O\({}_{2}\) reduction sedimentation; 3 rd (planted) anaerobic denitrification, OM and P removal (HRT 1.31 h); 4 th: particulate removal; 5 th: UV disinfection; 6 th: oxygenation. Nitrite-100\%, nitrate-78\% COD-76\%. \\  & Recirculation rainbow trout aquaculture system tested for 7 months, with a 125 L woodchip bioreactor for denitrification (\(-\)96\%, rate: 15 g \\ Bioreactor + sand filter & NO\({}_{3}\)-N/m\({}^{3}\)/day, HRT 1.7 d) and sand filtration (HRT1.1 d). Also reduction in Geosmin concentration. Co, Ni and Pb reduced under 10 ug L\({}^{-1}\). \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) CONAMA 1986. CONAMA Resolution No 20. 18 June 1986.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._and possibly distribute the remediated water to the point of demand. Moreover, the best technology to apply could be not the most advanced one but the most feasible one, strongly depending on the quality of water to be treated; the technological, economical, natural and infrastructural environment means; and the desired quality and reuse applications of remediated water. The number of chemical pollutants or contaminating organisms recognized as dangerous for human health or environmental balance is continuously increasing, and new, basic methods must be continuously developed at the laboratory level to offer the best assortment of effective remediation tools that can be combined in a suitable way according to the requested goal. The same importance will be had by the results and directions obtained by testing methods and combinations in real or quasi-real conditions, which can confirm or completely deny the lab outcomes. Unfortunately, until now, there has been a shortage of these results from practical applications compared with data coming from bench experiments. Nevertheless, many interesting starting points can be found in papers reporting on experimental works in pilot- or full-scale conditions, like in those reviewed in this paper. Because of the complexity of the design parameters and economic analyses necessary to scale up full-scale treatment plants, it is advisable, in the future, to increase funding to real-scale trials, whose outcomes will accelerate the strengthening of methodologies better compliant with the completely different field conditions in which water remediation could be implemented. This would reduce the effort and time required from the individual or professional users for planning any remediation activity, and positive results will be achieved that boost interdisciplinary collaborations, which are extremely useful in the transition from test tube to tank. E.N.F. and L.B. contributed equally to the original drafting, review and editing of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.