## 2 Related Works
Vegetation stabilizes slopes by binding soil particles together through root systems, which increases soil cohesion and shear strength [62]. Vegetation also intercepts rainfall, reducing the amount of water that infiltrates the soil and thus lowering pore water pressure. Deforestation and land use changes that reduce vegetation cover can therefore predispose slopes to instability [63]. The type and density of vegetation are important factors in determining the extent of root reinforcement and water interception. Dense forests with deep-rooted trees provide greater stability compared to areas with sparse or shallow-rooted vegetation [64]. Changes in vegetation type, such as the replacement of forests with agricultural land, can significantly affect slope stability. Human activities often exacerbate natural instability processes, making slopes more susceptible to failure. Human activities, such as deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, alter natural landscapes and affect slope stability. The removal of vegetation for agriculture or construction reduces root reinforcement and increases surface runoff, leading to higher erosion rates and decreased slope stability [54]. In particular, deforestation and agricultural expansion significantly increase the risk of landslides in many regions. Construction activities, including road building, mining, and urban development, can significantly impact slope stability. Excavation and loading associated with these activities can alter the natural balance of slopes, leading to oversteepening or undercutting and increasing the risk of landslides. Poor drainage management associated with construction can also exacerbate instability by increasing water infiltration and pore pressure [65]. In areas affected by glacier melting, the retreat of glaciers exposes slopes to a range of geological processes that can influence their stability. Glacial retreat often leaves behind a variety of unconsolidated sediments such as till, moraines, and outwash deposits. These materials generally have low cohesion and high permeability, making them susceptible to slope failures. Post-glacial sediments can also exhibit varying degrees of compaction and stability, influencing their susceptibility to landslides [66; 67]. Glacial processes, including freeze-thaw cycles, plucking, and abrasion, can weaken rock masses. The removal of glacial ice reduces confining pressure on slopes, potentially leading to stress release and subsequent rock falls and slides. This stress release can create new fractures or expand existing ones, further predisposing slopes to instability [68]. Glacial erosion often results in oversteepened valley walls and slopes. These steep slopes are inherently unstable once the supporting ice is removed. Oversteepened slopes are particularly vulnerable to rock avalanches and other forms of mass wasting [69]. The removal of the glacier ice can destabilize these slopes, leading to increased rockfall activity [70]. In addition, glacial melting significantly alters groundwater flow patterns, increasing infiltration and groundwater recharge. Elevated pore water pressure from increased groundwater can reduce the effective stress in soils and rock masses, making them more prone to failure. The studies by [PERSON] et al. (2004) highlight the importance of groundwater flow in assessing slope stability in deglaciated areas [71]. The re-establishment of surface water drainage systems following glacial retreat can lead to increased erosion at the bases of slopes. Rivers and streams generated from glacial meltwater can erode supportive materials, leading to oversteepening and slope failures [72]. Glacial meltwater is particularly erosive, often carving out new channels and destabilizing slopes further [73]. More generally, the overall hydrological changes post deglaciation, including altered precipitation patterns and increased runoff, can exacerbate slope instability.