esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
It is worth noting that the above distributed multi-target fusion tracking methods consider point targets. When considering the multi-group/extended target fusion tracking problem, to the best of the authors' knowledge, only multi-group/extended fusion tracking in the presence of the same viewpoint has been considered, as described in [36]. There are no tracking methods for different FOVs. This study extends the application of distributed multi-target tracking to address the multi-group/extended target fusion problem in the presence of various FOVs. We propose a new method that fuses WGA and WAA, and it is able to solve the problem of distributed information fusion in the presence of different FOVs. This article is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews the essential background required for this study and describes the problem; Section 3 introduces the proposed algorithm; Section 4 validates the proposed method with simulation experiments; Section 5 concludes the study.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Characterization of SEB Arrays
#### 5.2.4 Characterization of Cross-Coupled SEB Arrays  
Note that the slopes of crossing lines in Figures 12 and 15 are always negative because with SEB junctions at ground potential any combination of capacitive gates had an additive effect, i.e., in the presence of positive (negative) voltage at one gate it took a lesser (larger) value of positive (negative) voltage on the other gate to reach the charge changing state: \(Q_{g}=C_{1}V_{1}+C_{2}V_{2}\). The \"counter-parallel\" connection of devices shown schematically in Figure 16a ensures that charging processes in array SEBA 1 and SEBA 2 (for simplicity represented as one junction) go in the opposite directions. For instance, by increasing positive voltage \(V_{g1}\) electrons are added to SEBA 1 and at the same time removed from SEBA 2. This configuration is therefore expected to yield lines with both positive and negative slopes thus greatly increasing the number of interfering points. A way to design such a device using Dolan bridge technique with a small footprint and a large density of SEBs is to use the interdigitated design with alternating placement of SEB islands, as schematically shown in Figure 16b. One of the electrodes labeled \"source\" is connected to a MN while the other labeled \"gate\" is used as a sensing gate. The tuning gate would be located farther away from the structure and it needs to have much weaker coupling to the SEBA. In the experiment we use two separate SEBA with nominal \(N=200\) in each and simply connect them as shown in Figure 16a. The expected line crossing pattern is observed in the experiment, Figure 16c, where multiple outstanding extrema are occurring all over the map.  
Figure 15: **(a)** Experimentally acquired two–dimensional map of derivative \(dRe(T)\)/\(dV_{g}\) from a source-coupled 200 SEB array at 0.3 K; **(b)** simulated response of an array of 200 SEB composed of two 100 SEB subarrays with different coupling to tuning gate. \(C_{g\,sense}=3\) aF with 1% STD (horizontal axis, \(V_{g\,sense}\)) and \(C_{g\,tune\,1}=0.2\) aF STD 10%, \(C_{g\,tune\,2}=0.4\) aF STD 10% (vertical axis, \(V_{g\,tune}\)). The contribution of each SEB to the signal is assumed to be equal. The development of the moire pattern is clearly visible. Red (blue) regions correspond to the maxima (minima) of the derivative, where the constructive interference occurs.
# DCS-ST for Classification of Breast Cancer Histopathology Images with Limited Annotations
## 4 Experiment
### Comparison with Existing Methods
#### 4.2.2 Performance Analysis  
We first comprehensively compared the proposed DCS-ST model with multiple state-of-the-art methods on the BreakHis, Mini-DDSM, and ICIAR2018 datasets. As shown in Tables 5 and 6, DCS-ST consistently achieves superior quantitative performance in all tasks and magnifications. Specifically, on the BreakHis dataset at 40\(\times\) magnification, DCS-ST obtains an AUC-ROC of 0.9187, outperforming CoAtNet by 0.0064 (=0.9187 \(-\) 0.9123) and ViT by 0.0822 (=0.9187 \(-\) 0.8365). In terms of Balanced Accuracy, DCS-ST achieves 0.8664, surpassing SWIN-UNETR by 0.0435, and reaches an F1 score of 0.9004, which is 0.0713 higher than MLFF.  
In the Mini-DDSM dataset, DCS-ST achieves an AUC-ROC of 0.8334, exceeding SwIN-UNETR by 0.0009 and MLFF by 0.0072. Furthermore, in the ICIAR2018 dataset, DCS-ST achieves an AUC-ROC of 0.8781, outperforming ViT by 0.1057 (= 0.8881 \(-\) 0.7724) and EfficientNetV2 by 0.3272. In addition, DCS-ST achieves the highest Balanced Accuracy (0.7771) and F1 score (0.6712) among all compared methods, confirming its superior generalization and robustness across magnifications and complex classification tasks under limited annotation scenarios.  
In addition to ROC-based metrics, we further analyzed the Precision-Recall (PR) curve performance to evaluate model behavior under imbalanced settings, where ROC curves may be overly optimistic in low false positive rate scenarios. As shown in Figure 5, DCS-ST consistently maintains superior PR-AUC values across different magnification levels on the BreakHis dataset. Specifically, the PR-AUC trends align closely with the AUC-ROC results, peaking at 200\(\times\) magnification and slightly decreasing at 400\(\times\). This confirms the model's reliable precision-recall tradeoff under various class imbalance conditions, further validating the robustness of our semi-supervised framework.
_Appl. Sci._**2014**, \(4\), 468-481; doi:10.3390/app4030468  
_Article_  
**Effect of RhOx/CeO\({}_{2}\)** **Calcination on Metal-Support Interaction and Catalytic Activity for N\({}_{2}\)O Decomposition**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{\dagger}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{\dagger,\star}\)**  
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alicante, Ap.99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{\dagger}\) These authors contributed equally to this work.  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +34-600-948-665; Fax: +34-965-903-454.  
_Received: 22 August 2014; in revised form: 10 September 2014 / Accepted: 10 September 2014 / Published: 22 September 2014_  
**Abstract:** The effect of the calcination conditions on the catalytic activity for N\({}_{2}\)O decomposition of 2.5% RhOx/CeO\({}_{2}\) catalysts has been investigated. Ramp and flash calcinations have been studied (starting calcinations at 25 or 250/350 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively) both for cerium nitrate and ceria-impregnated rhodium nitrate decomposition. The cerium nitrate calcination ramp has neither an effect on the physico-chemical properties of ceria, observed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and N\({}_{2}\) adsorption, nor an effect on the catalysts performance for N\({}_{2}\)O decomposition. On the contrary, flash calcination of rhodium nitrate improved the catalytic activity for N\({}_{2}\)O decomposition. This is attributed to the smaller size of RhOx nanoparticles obtained (smaller than 1 nm) which allow a higher rhodium oxide-ceria interface, favoring the reducibility of the ceria surface and stabilizing the RhOx species under reaction conditions.  
**Keywords:** N\({}_{2}\)O decomposition; Rh; ceria; Rh-ceria interaction; nanoparticles; subnanoparticles; nitric acid plant; ceria catalyst
## 1 Introduction
### Finite Element Analysis on the Corrosion Fatigue Damage Evolution Process of Cable Strand
Where, \(R_{\text{max}}\) and \(R_{\text{min}}\) represent the effective bearing area proportion of steel wire with maximum and minimum damage under the current loading times respectively, \(\Delta R=R_{\text{min}}-R_{\text{max}}\) represents the maximum difference of the effective bearing area proportion of steel wire. Combined with Figure 5, it can be seen that the degree of uneven distribution of steel wire stress experienced a process of first increasing and then decreasing. During most of the corrosion fatigue life of the cable, the stress distribution of the steel wire keeps an increasing trend, and the increasing rate accelerates gradually with the increase of loading times. The increasing trend of stress unevenness lasts until the later period of cable corrosion fatigue life. When the average cable damage reaches about 0.67, the unevenness of the stress distribution of the steel wire will drop abruptly. In fact, in the process of fatigue deterioration of the cable, the corrosive environment also continuously weakens the ultimate bearing capacity of the cable, and the steel wire in the cable body often breaks suddenly when the damage does not reach 1.0. Therefore, it is highly likely that the bridge cable will not have the stage of stress unevenness reduction during the service period. To further investigate the effect of steel wire stress redistribution on the evolution of cable corrosion fatigue damage, we extracted for comparison the corrosion fatigue damage data of the steel wire with maximum initial damage, the steel wire with minimum initial damage, the steel wire with medium initial damage, and the average initial damage of the whole cable, as shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 7 shows the change curve of wire damage with loading times. As can be seen from the figure, the difference in damage degree among steel wires also experienced a process of first increasing and then decreasing. The overall damage curve of the cable is more similar to that of the wire with a medium damage degree. In the early loading stage, the damage degree of the wires with the largest initial damage develops rapidly, and the difference in the damage degree among the wires gradually increases. However, with the progress of the corrosion fatigue damage evolution process, under the action of stress redistribution, the damage evolution rate of steel wire with minimum initial damage is gradually higher than that of steel wire with maximum initial damage, and the difference in damage degree between steel wires is gradually reduced. At the late stage of corrosion fatigue damage evolution, the damage degree of steel wire inside the cable will gradually  
Figure 6: Curve of the effective bearing area ratio of steel wire with loading times. converge. Since the damage of the wire with the largest initial damage is always leading, the probability of fracture occurring first is also the largest. In practice, the corrosion fatigue life of the cable largely depends on the life of the wire with the greatest initial damage.
## 2 The CCD-Based MOTS with Traditional Control Methods
### The Basic VPDC Control Method  
In Figure 2, the basic control structure of the VPDC was presented. The error transfer functions of the tracking and disturbance were respectively \(S_{R}\) and \(S_{D}\), as shown in Equations (1) and (2).  
Figure 1: Configuration of the MOTS.  
Figure 2: The VPDC structure. \(G_{v}\) refers to the velocity open-loop transfer function. \(C_{v}\) and \(C_{p}\) respectively refer to the velocity controller and position controller. \(e^{-Ts}\) refers to the delay element of the CCD. \(E\) refers to the boresight error without delay. \(R\) and \(D\) respectively refer to the target signal and the external disturbance signal. \(Y\) refers to the corresponding movement of the boresight.  
the motion state of the target. If the sensors' fusion method is adopted to predict the target trajectory, an additional sensor should be used to measure the position of the platform. The prediction method requires lots of computation and is only suitable for low noise environments. Secondly, in order to extract the external disturbance from the pedestal, additional sensors are also required. Moreover, it is difficult to identify the disturbance source and more auxiliary equipments are required. Therefore, the feedforward based on direct measurement is also inappropriate in engineering.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Precision and Recall  
All three models achieved a perfect precision (1.0000), indicating the absence of false positives (Figure 5). This is particularly valuable in wildfire prediction contexts, where false alarms could misallocate resources. Recall scores (Figure 6) demonstrated slight variations among models, with the Transformer architecture achieving the highest mean recall (0.9993), followed by the CNN (0.9989) and Actor-Critic (0.9987). These differences, while minimal, indicate the Transformer model's superior ability to identify actual wildfire occurrences with fewer false negatives, a critical consideration for early warning systems.
# Characterization of a COTS-Based RF Receiver for Cubesat Applications +
## 1 Introduction
This article is an extension of that work, where the same design requirement has been addressed from an experimental point of view, i.e., through the adoption of an innovative technique based on the use of RF test points. The adoption of this technique has driven the design of the electrical schematic and the layout, up to the fabrication of a functional prototype. The prototype has been tested and the experimental results are reported in this paper. Moreover, a detailed characterization of a component performed by means of the RF test points is presented, proving definitely that the use of RF test points allows the individual testing of the component, insulating it from the rest of the circuit, which is extremely attractive if radiation tests are executed on that component along with the whole board. In other words, by performing a unique radiation test on the board, information regarding the radiation behavior of each single component can be obtained, saving costs and avoiding the use of expensive evaluation boards.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Volatile Compounds
#### 3.3.3. Esters and Other Compounds  
A decrease in most of the **esters** throughout the ripening process was observed in all batches (Table 4). Most of the identified esters were ethyl esters, which could be important contributors to the typical aroma of \"Torta del Casar\" cheeses [30; 40]. Some LAB, as wellas chemical reactions, are involved in ester formation in soft-ripened cheeses [45]. In the present work, few differences between batches were detected throughout the ripening process, aside from the fact that it is noticeable that in the final product the abundance of hexanoic acid, ethyl ester, octanoic acid, ethyl ester, decanoic acid, ethyl ester and 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate was lower in batch Lc than in control and Lg batches (Table 4). Although some of these esters have a sweet, fruity and ice-cream flavor and could contribute positively to the aroma of ripened cheese, it should be considered that t this also may have a negative influence, depending on the concentration and type of cheese [23].  
**Other compounds** were also detected throughout the processing in most of the analyzed batches including two pyrazines (trimethyl-pyrazine and 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine), dimethyl disulfide, and 1,5,9-decatriene, 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl- (Table 4). Only dimethyl disulfide and the alkyl pyrazines increased during the maturation (Table 4). Dimethyl disulfide detected at similar levels in all analyzed batches has been reported in ripened cheeses as degradation of methional that derived from amino acid methionine, but its contribution to the aroma of cheees is only marginal [46]. Alkyl pyrazines are produced in cheese via the condensation of aminoketones, which are formed mainly through Maillard and Strecker degradation reactions [46]. From the results, only trimethyl-pyrazine showed differences between batches in ripened chees. Therefore, batch Lc showed a higher abundance of trimethyl-pyrazine than the remaining batches (Table 4). Trimethyl-pyrazine has been reported in ripened cheeses and it has been associated as being strong savory to musty and potato-like [46].  
From the analysis of all the above volatile compounds, it can be deduced that the addition to \"Torta del Casar\" cheese of the selected _L. casei_ and _L. c. gariveae_ did not negatively affect the flavor development and could even have a positive effect on the aroma, due to their contribution to the generation of methyl branched compounds (mainly methyl branched acids) and as they do not increase and may even reduce oxidation compounds from \(\beta\)-oxidation of fatty acids, as can be observed in Figure 2 where the addition of an abundant area of methyl branched and \(\beta\)-oxidation compounds are represented.
## 1 Introduction
However, when using OrcaFlex for seismic excitations, an indirect modeling with many seabed dummy masses has to be introduced instead of direct inputs of dynamic boundary conditions at those anchor points. In this research, to add the capability of hydro-elastic analyses of a long SFT with many mooring lines in the in-house coupled dynamic-analysis program, a new approach called 'dummy-connection-mass method' is developed. The equation of motion for the line element is derived by rod theory, and finite element modelling is implemented by using Galerkin method. Linear and rotational springs are employed to conveniently connect several objects with given connection conditions. The Adams-Moulton implicit integration method combined with the Adam-Bashforth explicit scheme, is used for the time-domain-integration method so that stable and time-efficient numerical integration can be done without iteration. The newly developed program is applied to calculate the hydro-elastic responses of a 700-m-long SFT (with both ends fixed) with many mooring lines by extreme random waves or severe random earthquakes. The results from the newly developed program are cross-checked against those from OrcaFlex program. In the case of seabed earthquake, the seabed motions are transferred to the SFT through mooring lines and through seawater fluctuations called seaquake, which is extensively discussed in Section 4 based on the produced numerical results. In the present study, the effect of seismic-induced acoustic pressure is not considered since the resulting frequency range is much higher [30], and thus it is of little importance for the mooring design.
# Harnessing Agri-Food Waste as a Source of Biopolymers for Agriculture
## 2 Sources of Biopolymers
### Lignin: Extraction Methods and Applications in Agriculture
solubilization, however lignin isolation from the extract can be difficult, owing to the strong interaction with the solvent. However, the lignin precipitated from NaDES extraction was found to be less modified and presented a more cross-linked structure when compared to lignin obtained with alkaline treatment. Lignin derived from food waste or agri-food by-products serves various purposes, categorizable into agricultural and food industry realms. In the agricultural field, lignin is a widely explored biopolymer, particularly for its application in soil enrichment. This is because lignin's intrinsic resistance to biodegradation makes it a durable contributor to soil organic matter [27]. Additionally, it integrates into a diverse range of polymers utilized in various materials, including those in outdoor applications like greenhouse construction and irrigation systems [28]. Moreover, lignin serves as a versatile agent, functioning as a dispersant, surfactant, insecticide [29], fungicide [30], antibacterial agent [31], or fertilizer [32]. Moreover, in the food industry, lignin finds utility as an additive in food packaging materials, enhancing their properties [20]. Poor mechanical properties of lignin make it unsuitable for direct plastic applications, however lignin added to other biopolymers can also improve the characteristics of the polymeric compound, since the chromophores naturally present in lignin absorb UV light and provide UV resistance to the composite [33; 34; 35; 36]. Moreover, the addition of lignin has been proved to improve the thermal stability [37] and the tensile strength of other biopolymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) [38]. The addition of lignin nanoparticles to a bioplastic derived from _Kappaphycus alvarezii_ has been found capable of enhancing surface roughness, water barrier, hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial properties of the polymer, making it a perfect candidate for fruit packaging [39]. Overall, the incorporation of lignin in plastic biopolymers provides better performances, making them perform well as mulching films. Many works present in the literature investigated the functionalization of polymers with lignin, mainly for their strong antimicrobial characteristics [40; 41]. All the characteristics mentioned above make lignin a perfect additive to polymers used for mulching films, food packaging, and fruit and vegetable coatings.
## 3 Network Structure and Link Characterization
### Link Characterization

Table 1: Routing Table of Node \(A\). ECVs: Emergency Communication Vehicles. service out of their coverage. In this situation, DIS is an important criterion in DAWNs. However, ECVs can reach the edge of a fire center to cover the affected area, so DIS is negligible in such a scenario. From what we discussed above, we can finally select four decision criteria in DAWNs: energy consumed (EC), number of connected nodes (CN), hop counts to ECVs (HC), and distance to the nearest ECVs (DIS).
## 5 Experimental Results
### User Survey  
The main purpose of this user survey was to estimate the accuracy of transferring generated experiences to the users and to get an idea about user satisfaction with the proposed authoring system. It mainly tested the HMD-based approach for generating 360\({}^{\circ}\) experiences and efficiency of transferring of experience using the proposed focus assistant. In this test, we asked the users to create experiences from 360\({}^{\circ}\) video using the HMD-based approach (Section 4.1.1). After creating an experience, the user was asked to follow their own created experience with the help of focus assistance. After creating and viewing their own experiences, we requested users to fill out a designed questionnaire to report the performance of our proposed method. For the user survey, we recruited 25 paid participants. The youngest one was 23 years old, while the eldest user was 31 years old. Thirteen of them rarely used VR devices, four were frequent users and eight had no experience with VR. Participants received nonmonetary compensation of a coupon for a meal in the university's cafe (worth 10 USD). The designed questionnaire was influenced by previous research work and a simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) [30]. We categorized our questionnaire into three main categories, usability, efficiency, and satisfaction. The score distribution for each question was from 1 for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree. Finally, we calculated the overall score given by the users in each category using the mean opinion score (MOS) technique [31]. The results for each category are as follows: