# Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics
## 3 European Electronic Authentication Regulation
### Interoperability among EU Member States  
As of 2018, a Member State that offers access to a public online service through an eID scheme is obliged by the eIDAS Regulation to accept notified eIDs from other member states. This concerns online services related to a \"substantial\" or \"high\" LoA. However, the regulation's goal of being technology-neutral has resulted in a variety of interpretations of the obligations among MSs and in a high heterogeneity of implementations, giving rise to difficult interoperability. Some MSs have more than one eID scheme, and in many cases, within the same scheme different means can be used (according to the correspondent LoA). For example, some \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Title of the Scheme** & **eID Means** & **Member State** & **LoA** & **Year** \\ \hline Belgian eID scheme FAS/eCards & Belgian Citizen eCard; Foreigner eCard & Belgium & H & 2018 \\ Belgian eID scheme FAS/Itsme & itsme mobile App & & H & 2019 \\ \hline Estonian ID card & ID card & & H & 2018 \\ Estonian RP card & RP card & & H & 2018 \\ Estonian Digi-ID & Digi-ID & & H & 2018 \\ Estonia e-Residency Digi-ID & e-Residency Digi-ID & & H & 2018 \\ Estonian Mobility-ID & Mobility-ID & & H & 2018 \\ Estonian diplomatic ID card & Diplomatic ID card & & H & 2018 \\ \hline Documento Nacional de Identidad & & & & \\ electrónico (DNIe) & Spanish ID card (DNIe) & Spain & H & 2018 \\ \hline Luxembourg national identity card & eID card & Luxembourg & H & 2018 \\ (eID card) & & & & \\ \hline National Identification and & & & & \\ Authentication System (NIAS) & Personal Identity Card (eOI) & Croatia & H & 2018 \\ \hline Cartao de Cidadão (CC) & eID card & Portugal & H & 2019 \\ Chave M\ovel Digital & Digital Mobile Key & H & 2020 \\ \hline National identification scheme & Czech eID card & Czech Republic & H & 2019 \\ \hline Dutch Trust Framework for Electronic & Means issued under erHerkenning & & & \\ Identification & (for businesses) & The Netherlands & & \\ DigiD & DigiD Substantiel, DigiD Hoog & & H-S & 2020 \\ \hline Latvian eID scheme (eID) & ID Karte; eParaksts karte; eParaksts & Latvia & H-S & 2019 \\ \hline National identity scheme & Slovak Citizen eCard, Foreigner eCard & Slovakia & H-S & 2019 \\ \hline Lithuanian National Identity & Lithuanian National Identity & (eID/ATK) & Lithuania & H & 2020 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{NemID} & ey card (OTP); Mobile app; Key token & & & \\  & (OTP); NemID hardware; Interactive & & & \\ Voice/Response (OTP); Magna key & Denmark & S & 2020 \\ \cline{1-1}  & card (OTP) & & & \\ \hline Swedish eID & BankID; Freja eID (Notified); EFOS & Sweden & H-S & 2020 \\ \hline French eID scheme ’FranceConnect+’ & & - & France & S & 2021 \\ The Digital Identity La Poste’ & & & & \\ \hline Identity Malta & Malteese eID card and e-residence & Malta & H & 2021 \\ \hline Norwegian eID scheme Buypass ID & Buypass ID & Norway & H & 2021 \\ \hline ID Austria & - & Austria & H & 2022 \\ \hline Public Electronic Identification System & Trusted profile, personal profile & Poland & H-S & 2023 \\ \hline eID.li, Class A & - & Liechtenstein & H-S & 2023 \\ \hline Slovenian eID card scheme & SI eID card & Slovenia & - & 2023 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._of the schemes notified by MSs rely on the chip of the national eID cards. This approach corresponds to the higher LoA and exploits eID cards with broad population coverage, enforcing strong identity proofing. However, only 14 out of 28 schemes exploit the national ID card. The observation is important because it highlights the diversity and challenges in achieving interoperability among EU Member States' eID schemes. It underscores the need for ongoing efforts to harmonize eID implementations, enhance security and user convenience, and support the overarching objectives of the eIDAS Regulation for a more integrated digital single market.