## 1 Introduction
### Challenges to the Widespread Adoption of EVs
In instances of abrupt surges in electricity usage, the power system may experience difficulties in meeting the required capacity. The increase in the utilization of the power grid can be attributed to the growing popularity of plug-in EVs. The occurrence of power outages and other issues may lead to a decrease in the reliability of the power system. Additionally, there may be a range of other issues that could arise. Inadequate Critical Minerals Supply: The insufficient availability of minerals and rare earth metals required for EV infrastructure poses a significant challenge to the extensive implementation of EVs. Significant quantities of these minerals play a crucial role in the manufacturing of batteries for EVs and other related components. However, it is important to note that there is a limited worldwide availability of these minerals, and the demand for them is growing at a fast pace due to the increasing number of EVs being used. The potential disruption of the supply chain and subsequent cost escalation faced by EV manufacturers may pose a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of these vehicles. Currently, there is a growing demand for EVs, which has led to various challenges that individuals are actively addressing in order to mitigate them. In addition to the challenges associated with EVs, there are also emerging opportunities that hold significant importance for the progress of any nation [49]. Figure 4 illustrates the challenges and opportunities associated with EVs. In addition to this challenge, there exist numerous other challenges that, if not adequately addressed, will severely restrict the prospects of EVs in the transportation industry. In order to effectively address these issues, it is imperative to engage in comprehensive discussions. This review paper provides an analysis of various aspects related to EVs, encompassing their charging infrastructure, current solutions, and associated challenges. Furthermore, this review presents an analysis of the effects that EVs have on our existing system, along with potential avenues for enhancement. Figure 4: Different challenges and opportunities with electric vehicles. Significant Contributions:  
The outline of the contributions of this review paper is as follows:  
1. Basic introduction of the overall system existing and its challenges;
2. Different EV technologies and their architectures;
3. EV battery chargers and their classification;
4. Different battery-charging topologies used in EV application;
5. Classification of different charging infrastructures for EVs;
6. Different types of control techniques and energy management strategies used in EV application;
7. Impact assessment of EVs;
8. Direction for further research in EV technologies. There are nine distinct sections in the manuscript, beginning with an introduction section, which offers a thorough examination of the broad adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), as well as a summary of EV technology's prospective benefits and remedies. In Section 2, various EV designs are thoroughly studied and compared. Also, a comprehensive analysis of powertrains is included that considers a wide range of factors, including efficiency, cost, mobility, environmental impact, and more. The designs used in EV battery chargers are disclosed in detail in Section 3. In this section, EV chargers are categorized based on their individual features and capabilities. Several types of EV chargers available, as well as an in-depth examination of the benefits and drawbacks of each, are discussed. In Section 4, various strategies used to charge EV batteries are examined. In order to have a complete grasp on EVs, one must be familiar with the various charging methods and their advantages and disadvantages. Attention is being paid to the EV charging infrastructures. Section 5 analyzes several options for the EV charging infrastructure and discusses the impact of integrating EVs with the utility grid. Energy management and control systems for EVs are dissected in Section 6.