## 1 Introduction  
Every year in Europe, there are about 45,000 earthquakes with varying intensities. However, over time, some of these have left their mark with tragic economic and social consequences, as well as numerous losses of human lives in entire territories. The tragic events that have occurred around the world over the last 25 years, starting from the one in L'Aquila in 2009, passing through the central Italy earthquake of 2016, and ending with the one in Turkey in 2023, have highlighted the high seismic vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete buildings, especially concerning non-structural elements [1; 2; 3; 4]. After an earthquake, it is generally possible to find two types of damages to secondary elements: damages to contents in-plane (IP) and damages out-of-plane (OOP) with the expulsion of the masonry infills, as seen in Figure 1[5; 6; 7]. The damages to contents in-plane (IP) are subdivided into (a) diagonal compression failure; (b) diagonal cracking failure; (c) sliding shear failure; (d) corner crushing failure; and (e) frame failure crushing. The damages out-of-plane (OOP) are subdivided into (a) rigid overturning of the masonry without arch effect; (b) rigid overturning of the masonry with arch effect with one yield line; and (c) rigid overturning of the masonry with arch effect with two yield lines. In addition to the structural deficiencies already mentioned, existing reinforced concrete buildings are also affected by significant thermal bridges due to the lack of an isolated system. It is important to note that most of these buildings were constructed according to seismic and energy codes that are now obsolete compared to current standards. Currently, in the EU, the construction sector accounts for approximately 40% of energy consumption, 50% of raw materials extracted, and 35% of total waste [8; 9]. All these factors have a significant impact on existing ecosystems and the surrounding environment, exacerbating the global problem of climate change. To align with the EU target by 2050, the EU's housing stock should be transformed into a zero-emission building stock, and integrated retrofit measures should be promoted to improve the current condition of approximately 70% of buildings through external interventions. Usually, structural and energy improvements for the infill walls of RC buildings are addressed separately using distinct methods and protocols, but in the last decades, there has been a strong interest in the field of material engineering in the development of innovative and sustainable composite materials to be used for the structural and energy retrofit of these elements. Over the years, alongside the refinement of traditional techniques, there has been the development of innovative techniques aimed at improving the structural and energy performance of non-structural elements, such as the infill walls of reinforced concrete buildings. These techniques can be grouped into two main categories: the first includes traditional techniques that involve conventional building materials such as reinforced concrete and steel; the second encompasses new intervention techniques using composite materials. In the technical-scientific literature, the use of fiber-reinforced composite materials for the seismic and energy improvements of infill walls has been present for over two decades. However, it is only in recent years that the use of this type of reinforcement has represented a significant technological innovation aligned with principles of economic and environmental sustainability, finding increasing applications in the construction sector. Various authors have proposed these reinforcement techniques through the use of composite materials, employing different acronyms that are distinguished by their matrix composition. Some researchers, such as [PERSON], et al.