## 4 Therapeutic Potential and Applications of p-C  
The antimicrobial properties of p-C lead to tissue regenerative activity, managing resistant antifungal infections, such as wound dressings [95; 96; 97]. This speeds up healing and restores wounds, and studies on the development of gellan/polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers loaded with p-C have demonstrated the strong antibiotic activity of p-C, especially that the nanofibers do not form scars and can heal skin lesions quickly [98]. The gastroprotective effect of p-C against gastric mucosal hemorrhagic lesions was demonstrated in two experimental groups of Sprague Dawley rats. It was shown that p-C decreased pH, reduced edema and leukocyte infiltration, increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and decreased malondialdehydedehyde (MDA) levels, and finally decreased the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 and increased IL-10 [99]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **Antimicrobial Component** & **Experimental Design** & **Results** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & & & Thyme and savory show the highest antioxidant activity, driven by thymol and carvacrol, surpassing oregano, sage, and hyssop. Oregano’s, sage’s, and hyssop’s activities are influenced p-C & \multirow{6}{*}{[84]} \\  & & Major volatile compounds, including p-C & Evaluate antioxidant activity p-C & & hyssop’s activities are influenced by terpin, o-cymene, terpinolene, and terpin-4-ol. Activity against ABTS \\  & & & radicals is higher than against DPPH radicals & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* TVEO, _Thymus bulgaris_; TSEO; _Thymus serpylum_; p-C, p-Cymene; MRC-5, medical research council cell strain 5; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._p-C has been shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative damage and may be used as an anticancer agent or ruthenium-bound anticancer chemical. p-C reduced the levels of IL-6, COX-2, and IL-1, which are associated with inflammation, and adiponectin, which is secreted by adipose tissue [100]. It also reduces levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehydedehyde, markers associated with oxidative stress. This indicates that p-cymene contributed to the reduction in oxidative damage through its antioxidant activity [101]. p-C as an anticancer agent can be used alone or as a ligand for the metal ruthenium. Combined with ruthenium, p-cymene forms several organometallic compounds, which may have promising anticancer properties [102]. Furthermore, p-C decreased leptin and IL-1 levels and increased IL-6 levels, suggesting the anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of p-C on colorectal cancer [103; 104]. In addition to its anticancer and anti-tumor properties, p-C also has anti-infective properties. Oncologic pain is a difficult symptom to treat in cancer patients, and in addition to its pharmacologic properties, p-C has been shown to have preventive properties and antihyperalgesic effects in pain models. This was shown in a preclinical blinded and randomized study on Swiss male rats, which decreased the expression of the fos proto-oncogene in the spinal cord and increased the expression in the periaqueductal gray nucleus raphe magnus in mechanical hypersensitivity tests [105]. The value of p-C as a potential therapeutic agent can also be seen in the prevention of dermatitis inflammation by p-C in cinnamon extract, which was found to reduce sulfurylated leukotriene release and CD63 expression in macrophages [106]. In addition, p-C is involved in inflammatory processes that play an important role in disease. This has been demonstrated by the effects of cinnamon extract and its active compounds on inflammatory signaling pathways, particularly toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 [107].