## 6 Conclusions  
This paper investigates the electromagnetic interference impact of high-power PED with satellite communication function on the GPS L1 band. Compared with recent articles, there has been minimal research on the electromagnetic interference effects of satellite communication devices on GPS antennas. This paper may provide some insights for future research in this area. Meanwhile, to face the challenge of large-scale electromagnetic simulations, the model used in this paper omits certain details without altering the main structure of the cabin in order to improve simulation speed. The modeling simplification approach employed could be of potential use in modeling other large, complex structures.  
Based on the A320 cabin model with no seats, various measurement positions were selected, and the IPL values were simulated across the GPS antennas and satellite communication devices' frequency range. The results indicate that the placement of PED within the same row of windows has minimal impact on the IPL, and variations are mainly determined by the distance between PED and the GPS antenna. The study also demonstrates that when the transmitting antenna is horizontally polarized, the average IPL value is significantly higher than when it is vertically polarized. This can be attributed to the fact that the vertical polarization waveform aligns more closely with the cabin doors and apertures, thus enhancing the electromagnetic coupling effects. Additionally, the IPL changes for two different frequency bands at the same position reveal that increasing the frequency results in a considerable increase in IPL, which reduces the electromagnetic coupling effect.  
To validate the simulation results, an experimental measurement setup was designed. A spectrum analyzer was used to measure the received power at the GPS antenna, and the IPL value was calculated by comparing the difference between the received power and the transmit power. Experiments were carried out using an A320 aircraft model (Airbus, Toulouse, France), and the results were compared with the simulation data, showing strong consistency. Considering the operating frequency band and transmit power of the PED, the simulated IPL values were compared with the \(IPL_{target}\) in terms of front door coupling for both spurious and intentional radiated emissions. The results indicate that under the worst-case scenario, PEDs with satellite communication functions may pose a risk of electromagnetic interference to the GPS L1 band. The IPL is up to \(15\pm 3\) dB lower than \(IPL_{target}\), indicating the need for adequate electromagnetic shielding protection. Additionally, this study offers an assessment method to evaluate the coexistence of satellite communication-enabled mobile phones and aircraft GNSS systems (GPS L1).  
Conceptualization, Z.M. and S.Z.; methodology, Z.M.; software, S.Z.; validation, S.Z., Z.D. and Y.L.; formal analysis, Z.M.; investigation, S.Z. and Z.D.; resources, Z.M.; writing--original draft preparation, S.Z.; writing--review and editing, Z.M.; visualization, Z.M. and S.Z.; supervision, Z.D.; project administration, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the Civil Aviation Administration of China Contract No. 61 (2023). (Corresponding author: [PERSON]).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
Thanks to the authors of this paper for their work on the research content. The authors thank the journal staff for their comments and revisions to this paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.