## 1 Introduction
[17] introduced a self-powered sensor node that relies on energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations, enabling the autonomous and continuous monitoring of mechanical vibrations, making it particularly valuable for applications where traditional power sources are impractical or costly to maintain. [PERSON] et al. [18] studied the possibility of achieving energy-neutral operation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through the use of vibration energy harvesting, by developing a system that can sustain itself by harvesting energy from ambient vibrations, ensuring uninterrupted and long-term operation of the wireless sensor network. [PERSON] et al. [19] presented a vibration energy scavenging system designed for micropower applications capable of capturing and utilizing ambient vibration energy to power small electronic devices and sensors. [PERSON] et al. [20] presented a novel hybrid energy harvesting system designed to efficiently capture energy from ambient vibrations and capable of powering low-power electronic devices and sensors in remote or inaccessible locations where traditional power sources are unavailable. [PERSON] et al. [21] performed a feasibility study of vibration-powered sensors for structural monitoring applications and investigated the possibility of harvesting energy using mechanical vibrations present in structures to power sensors used in structural health monitoring systems. [PERSON] et al. [22] presented a piezoelectric energy harvester designed specifically for capturing energy from ultra-low-frequency vibrations in bridge structures and which can ensure an autonomous structural health monitoring of bridges and different civil infrastructure. [PERSON] et al. [23] presented a comprehensive system-level model of a wireless sensor node powered by piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting, aiming to develop an integrated and efficient system for powering wireless sensor nodes in remote or inaccessible locations. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) presented a model-based approach to designing and testing a vibration energy harvester tailored for aircraft applications, which can enhance the autonomy and efficiency of electronic systems within aircraft. The authors of [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) conducted research on energy conversion from vibrations by employing electromagnetic vibration transducers and explored various design options. Additionally, they demonstrated the feasibility of employing this technology to power wireless sensor nodes. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) developed a wireless sensor node designed for condition monitoring applications and powered by a vibration energy harvester, which ensures its autonomous operation without relying on conventional power sources. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) presented the design and implementation of an energy harvesting system capable of supplying power to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in trains, where continuous and autonomous power supply for sensors is crucial for monitoring various aspects of train operations. A novel energy harvesting device, known as the \"energy coupler\", has been introduced in [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) to address the power needs of small wireless sensors in power systems. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) presented a concise overview of WSN routing and related challenges and provided insights and comparisons between energy harvesting mechanisms and battery-powered routing protocols. The authors of [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) showcased diverse sensor systems that use energy harvesting systems as a power source. The authors of [PERSON] _et al._ (2018) introduced a multimodal hybrid bridge energy harvester that combines piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion, capable of efficiently transforming vibrations from bridges and harnessing ambient wind energy, to generate useable electrical power to operate wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) for the purpose of health monitoring in bridges.