# Antioxidative and Photoprotective Activity of _Pinus nigra_, _Pinus strobus_ and _Pinus mugo_
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the studied extracts of _Pinus strobus_, _P. nigra_ and _P. mugo_ have antioxidant potential. The extracts obtained using diluted alcohols for ultrasound-assisted extraction were the most favorable. According to the correlation analysis, there is a significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the evaluated in vitro sun protection factor of the tested extracts. However, the studied extracts were effective against _UVB_, while, in most cases, their effectiveness in the _UVA_ range was low. Comparing the tested pines, the best results were obtained for _Pinus mugo_. The use of such raw materials due to their antioxidant and photoprotective properties could be taken into account in the development of new cosmetic preparations. The current research is preliminary. In the next stages, we intend to expand their scope by using either other solvent concentrations or other solvents, as well as other extraction techniques to increase the activity of the obtained extracts, which could be useful for making new antiaging cosmetics.  
Further studies should be carried out to identify chemical compounds in individual extracts, which will be helpful for improving the antioxidative and photoprotective potential of the studied extracts. Moreover, some other experiments, including, for instance, toxicological tests, should be performed to evaluate the safety of such preparations.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010209/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010209/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010209/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010209/s1)), Figure S1: Comparison of mean antioxidant activity of all the studied extracts of _Pinus strobus_, _Pinus mugo_ and _Pinus nigra_ evaluated with the DPPH method. All the determinations were carried out in triplicate. Figure S2: Comparison of mean antioxidant activity of all the studied extracts of _Pinus strobus_, _Pinus mugo_ and _Pinus nigra_ evaluated with the ABTS method. All the determinations were carried out in triplicate. Figure S3: Comparison of mean polyphenols content in all the studied extracts of _Pinus strobus_, _Pinus mugo_ and _Pinus nigra_ evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu method. All the determinations were carried out in triplicate. Figure S4: Comparison of mean in vitro sun protection factor of all the studied extracts of _Pinus strobus_, _Pinus mugo_ and _Pinus nigra_. All the determinations were carried out in triplicate.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization D.O. and A.K.; methodology, D.O. and A.K.; software, D.O. and A.K.; validation, D.O. and A.K.; formal analysis, D.O. and A.K.; investigation, D.O. and A.K.; resources, D.O. and A.K.; data curation, D.O. and A.K.; writing--original draft preparation, D.O. and A.K.; writing--review and editing, A.K.; visualization, D.O. and A.K.; supervision, A.K.; project administration, A.K.; funding acquisition, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.