# The IoT/IoE Integrated Security & Safety System of Pompeii Archeological Park
## 7 The Telecommunication System  
The telecommunication system constitutes the backbone of the entire integrated infrastructure that has been implemented. Since it plays a central and strategic role--serving as the foundation for all other technological components--a dedicated section is provided to describe it before introducing the other elements of the ITSF, also taking into account the challenges of implementing an efficient and distributed telecommunication infrastructure in a unique context such as the Pompeii Archeological Park. This system has been designed to incorporate both wired and wireless communication modalities, ensuring broad coverage, flexibility, and resilience throughout the Archeological Park. In regard to the wired network, a redundant dual-fiber optic ring has been implemented for each group of users/functionalities (supervision, control, security, and safety; personnel; and visitors). This high-capacity fiber ring follows multiple independent physical paths along the perimeter of the park, and it is specifically designed to ensure maximum reliability, fault tolerance, and continuous service availability. This ring-based topology significantly enhances the resilience of the fixed communication infrastructure, allowing for the automatic rerouting of data in the event of a failure along one segment of the network. Single-mode optical fiber was used, as it is capable of ensuring higher transmission speeds compared to multi-mode fiber. In addition, network devices were employed that allow speeds of approximately 10 Gb/s, while the fiber itself can potentially support even higher speeds. This approach ensures that, should bandwidth requirements increase in the future, it will be sufficient to upgrade the network devices, thereby guaranteeing the modularity and expandability of the entire system. From this fiber-optic backbone, a series of strategically located communication nodes have been deployed. These nodes serve as local hubs, distributing data and connectivity services to nearby devices and subsystems within the park. These include IoT sensors, video surveillance cameras, access points, environmental monitoring systems, and other operational endpoints. Given the inherent complexity of the archeological environment, and the constraints posed by the historical and cultural sensitivity of the site, a custom genetic algorithm [24; 25; 26] was employed. This algorithm was specifically developed to optimize the positioning of the communication nodes, taking into account both physical constraints and the efficient distribution of electrical power to field devices. Through the use of this evolutionary algorithm, the design team was able to maximize performance and coverage while simultaneously minimizing costs, achieving an excellent cost-benefit ratio in the deployment of the wired infrastructure. The scheme of the wired telecommunication infrastructures is shown in Figure 7.  
Regarding the wireless communication network, a robust infrastructure based on Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) technology has been deployed. This wireless system not only provides comprehensive coverage within the central archeological area but also extends to the remote peripheral sites that are part of the broader archeological network. Deploying such a system in a historically and architecturally sensitive site posed a number of challenges, including strict limitations on structural modifications, visibility, and environmental impact. To overcome these challenges, another tailored genetic algorithm [6; 25; 26] was used to identify the optimal locations for the DMR base stations and repeaters. This solution ensured seamless communication coverage and high-quality service, once again optimizing the cost-effectiveness of the deployment. The DMR system enables all security personnel to remain in constant communication with each other, regardless of their location within the park.