## 1 Introduction  
Although the coverage of tallgrass prairie once occupied \(>\)68 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) ha of the North American Great Plains before European Settlement, the remaining 1% [1], after mostly converted to croplands, is still important for livestock production in several states of the United States. Some tallgrass prairie are unmanaged as low input production systems, while others are highly managed, which is mainly driven by economics and need of farmers/ranchers. In addition, these grasslands frequently experience different disturbances and management practices such as burning, grazing, drought, fertilization, and harvesting of hay [2]. Prescribed burning is a widely recognized, necessary, and an important management practice for prairie systems because properly applied prescribed burns can stimulate plant production, improve forage quality, and control weeds and woody encroachments [3]. Understanding the consequences of different management practices and disturbances is vital to identify and adopt best management practices [2]. However, the response of tallgrass prairie to management practices and disturbances might be influenced by other treatments and/or management practices (e.g., fertilization, burning, grazing), their timing and duration, and other factors such as differences in plant communities (i.e., the proportion of C3 and C4 species) and landscape positions [4]. As such, previous studies have reported inconsistent responses of tallgrass prairie to different intensities, frequencies, timing, and duration of management practices and disturbances [2; 5; 6; 7]. Thus, the responses of tallgrass prairie to main and interacting effects of a suite of management practices should be examined over longer (a decade or more) periods as most previous studies were short-term (2-4 years). Climatic gradients can have confounding effects on the responses of agroecosystems to management practices. Therefore, evaluating the responses of the same biome or land use type to different management practices within the same climatic condition is required to investigate the effects of non-climatic factors and management practices [8]. Eddy covariance (EC) techniques have been widely used to study the exchange of energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O) fluxes between agroecosystems and the atmosphere over the past two decades [9]. It is also well documented that management practices and disturbances influence the dynamics of CO2, H2O, and surface energy fluxes [10; 11; 12; 13]. Although several studies have reported CO2 and H2O dynamics in tallgrass prairie, most have utilized one or a small number of EC systems to examine individual forms of management [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. If the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 and H2O fluxes and the underlying mechanisms can be better characterized, then such information can be extrapolated and applied over broader areas and longer periods [19; 20]. However, comparative studies of CO2 and H2O fluxes in tallgrass prairie from different landscape positions (e.g., upland, intermediate, and lowland) that experience different management practices (e.g., grazing, spring burns, haying) under the same climatic regime is scarce. Thus, there is a significant need to use multiple EC systems in co-located tallgrass prairie pastures to examine their responses to different frequencies and timing of spring burns and grazing regimes under similar environmental conditions. To address this knowledge gap, a long-term \"integrated Grassland-LivestOck Burning Experiment (iGLOBE)\" has been established, with a cluster of six EC systems (Figure 1) deployed on a series of tallgrass prairie pastures with different management practices (i.e., different burning and grazing regimes), at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Grazinglands Research Laboratory (GRL), in central Oklahoma, USA.