## 2 Methods and Materials
### Methodology
#### 2.1.2 Scenarios Used to Analyze HICS Effectiveness  
The following scenarios were used to analyze HICS's effectiveness: First, HICS effectiveness was defined. Second, the range of temporal and spatial conditions for the effect analysis was established. Third, a scenario matrix for the effect analysis of HICS was generated based on the temporal and spatial conditions established in the previous step. HICS effectiveness was determined using the LSTs of the study area collected via TIR sensors installed on a UAV. HICS effectiveness was defined as the difference between average LSTs in the experimental and control groups. An analysis set of representative temperatures for each zone in the experimental and control groups, and the relevant average LSTs were estimated. Average temperatures estimated in this process were represented by the median LST in cells distributed in the experimental and control groups. The temporal and spatial conditions in this study were as follows: The characteristics of the thermal environment within a city were distributed differently according to weather conditions and the passage of time during the daytime [2; 31; 38]. Sunshine duration has a large impact on urban temperatures and is controlled by the frequencies of low-level cloudiness and mid-level cloudiness (MLC) [38]. Therefore, HICS effectiveness was assessed according to meteorological conditions (i.e., cloudiness) during the day. The study was conducted on 13 July 2022 and 23 August 2022, with LSTs measured at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, and 17:00. According to observation data from an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) adjacent to the study area and operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration, the MLCs between 09:00 and 17:00 on 13 July 2022 and 23 August 2022 were 78.8% and 50%, respectively ([[https://data.kma.go.kr](https://data.kma.go.kr)]([https://data.kma.go.kr](https://data.kma.go.kr)) (accessed on 24 May 2023)). The adjacent ASOS is located about 13 km from the study area (Figure 3). [PERSON] compared the sunshine duration according to cloudiness for each type of cloud; if MLC was \(\geq\) 80%, solar radiation was blocked [38]. In the present study, HICS effectiveness according to cloudiness was determined by classifying 13 July 2022 (when the MLC was close to 80%) as less affected by solar radiation and 23 August 2022 as a day affected by solar radiation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Heat Island Cooling Strategies**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Experimental Groups**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Control Groups**} \\  & **Abbreviation** & & **Description** \\ \hline Vegetation & & & \\ Trees & UGSs [6] & Urban green spaces (UGSs) [6] & \\ Green roofs & & & \\ \hline Cool pavements & & Ground-based albedo & Built-up zone \\ Cool roofs & GBAM & modification (GBAM) zones [7] & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Shadow of} & Vegetation & \multirow{3}{*}{Shadow zones in UGSs} & Shadow zones & \multirow{3}{*}{Unshaded zone} \\  & Tree & & \\ Green roof & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Experimental and control groups. HICS effectiveness was examined at 10 time points (TPs) based on the aforementioned time criteria (Table 2). The spatial conditions in this study were examined using the SVF, an index that has been utilized in various studies to identify the relationship between SD characteristics and the urban thermal environment. The SVF value ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. In this study, scenarios were designed by dividing the SVF scale into intervals of 0.2. The evaluation metrics, experimental and control groups, and spatial and temporal control conditions were clarified. Based on these conditions, 150 analysis scenarios were developed for use in the study. The 150 scenarios included 50 scenarios for each HICS. Variable parameters for the analysis scenario establishment were as follows (Table 2).