esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Retrofitting a Building's Envelope: Sustainability Performance of ETICS with ICB or EPS
###### Abstract
As shown in Figure 1, ETICS include [4]: Cement-based mortar to glue the ICB and even the walls surface, alkali-resistant glass fibre mesh placed over the ICB and inside the mortar, and pigmented mortar for smoothening and finishing made with modified potassium silicate in aqueous dispersion. The ICB in ETICS also has a high potential for worldwide export, supported by the European Technical Approval (ETA) already awarded to ETICS from some Portuguese suppliers. ETICS with expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most common solution in Portugal, namely because of its low cost and thermal conductivity (around 0.035 W/m.\({}^{\circ}\)C). EPS is produced from a single nonrenewable raw material (expandable polystyrene beads--oil-based) imported from a foreign country. The application of ICB is gaining momentum in Portugal and in several European countries, despite the recent use of this renewable material in ETICS. This research study includes the comparative assessment of ETICS with ICB and EPS in terms of Environmental, Economic and Energy (3E) performance. The characterisation of the 3E performance of both construction systems when used in the energy renovation of the buildings envelope was based on reference literature, research works, data from companies, and software databases. The aim of this paper is therefore:  
Figure 1: Cross-section of an external wall with External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) with expanded polystyrene (EPS) applied as external rendering and insulation. 1. To provide meaningful results to support decision-making in this type of interventions
2. To use an innovative method (see SS2 for the knowledge gap the study that this paper aims to cover) that evaluates all dimensions of performance in all the life-cycle stages (see SS4)
3. To, for the first time, use this method in the energy renovation of external walls by considering two of the most used alternatives
4. The application of this method in a model building (Hexa--see SS3) that is representative of the most common construction and architecture practices in Portugal [5]  
The environmental performance is based on Cradle to Cradle (C2C) Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies and focused on the carbon footprint and on the consumption of non-renewable primary energy of the ETICS and corresponding components. The C2C economic performance considers market prices (e.g., market acquisition cost, which includes the cost of manufacture, transportation to site, and installation) and economic savings provided by these systems when used in envelope renovation [6]. \"Gate to Grave\" environmental and economic performances are characterized according to realistic scenarios for the following life-cycle stages: transportation and installation onsite, maintenance, demolition, and final disposal [6]. The energy performance considers the main thermal insulating characteristics of these systems, and the enhancement of the energy performance and corresponding energy savings resulting from their installation for renovation of the envelope.
## 2 Experimental Research
Figure 2: Experimental setup: (**a**) CNC plasma cutting machine setup, (**b**) example of circular samples (top and bottom view), and (**c**) circular responses’ measuring machine TESA Micro Hite 3D 454. Circular cut quality responses that were analyzed in this paper are circular kerf width _Ckw_ (mm), circular bevel angle \(\beta\) (\({}^{\circ}\)), circularity error--top _Ce top_ (mm), and circularity error--bottom _Ce bottom_ (mm). Circular kerf width responses were obtained according to Equation (1). Diameter values at top and bottom side of circular cuts were measured by TESA Micro Hite 3D 454 measuring machine (Tesa Technology, Norderstedt, Germany), Figure 2c. Diameter measurements of the produced circular cuts were performed along the circular edge at five equally spaced points on both the top and bottom sample sides. Mean of these five measurements was taken as diameter top _D top_ (mm) and, respectively, diameter bottom _D bottom_ (mm) value, while maximum and minimum values of these five measurements were taken as diameter maximum _Dmax_ (mm) and, respectively, diameter minimum _Dmin_ (mm) values. Consequently, such derived diameter values, with already known values of cutting contour diameter _D contour_ (mm) and sheet thickness \(s\) (mm), served for calculating all mentioned circular cut quality responses according to Equations (1)-(4). Visual representation of all analyzed process responses is given in Figure 3.  
\[Ckw\ (mm)=D\ top-D\ contour \tag{1}\]  
\[\beta\ ({}^{\circ})=\left|tan^{-1}\left(\frac{D\ top-D\ bottom}{2\cdot s}\right)\right| \tag{2}\]  
\[Ce\ top\ (mm)=\frac{D_{max}-D_{min}}{2} \tag{3}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Exp. Trial**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Process Parameters**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Circular Quality Responses**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(v\) **(mm/min)** & \(I\) **(A)** & \(H\) **(mm)** & _Ckw_ **(mm)** & \(\beta\) (\({}^{\circ}\))** & _Ce Top_ (mm)_ & _Ce Bottom_ (mm)_ \\ \hline
1 & 2000 & 45 & 1 & 1.94 & 6.62 & 0.05 & 0.23
## 4 Conclusions  
SLS joints with CNT-doped adhesive films have been tested under aging conditions while their electromechanical properties have been monitored.  
Figure 8: Damage accumulation evolution (red pattern area) by comparing experimental measurements (solid lines) and theoretical predictions (dashed lines) for non-surfactant samples at (**a**) initial state and (**b**) after 1 and (**c**) 2 months of aging.  
The water uptake measurements for the cured adhesive without substrate show that the behavior does not change significantly with the addition of both CNTs and SDS surfactant. This is explained by the combined effect of the amphiphilic behavior of the SDS and the barrier properties of CNT dispersion, acting in an opposite way.  
The LSS of the bonded joints shows a general decrease after 1 month of aging because of the plasticizer effect of the water, which promotes the creation of weak hydrogen bonds. This statement was also confirmed by an increase of the displacement at failure. After 2 months of aging, there was a slight increase of LSS and a general reduction on the displacement at failure, which was explained by the secondary crosslinking that takes place due to water uptake saturation. In the case of the sample without surfactant, this behavior was slightly different because of the poor CNT distribution that can induce higher embrittlement, leading to a sudden decrease of LSS even after 2 months of aging.  
Finally, the analysis of the electromechanical behavior of SLS joints confirms the previously described statements. A higher plasticization was observed for 1-month-aged specimens, while a partial recovery of the stiffness was observed after 2 months. By comparing the measured electrical response with simple theoretical calculations, it is possible to obtain the first quantitative idea of damage accumulation and how aging conditions affect the damage evolution. Therefore, this first estimation can be used to better understand the physical mechanisms taking place on CNT-doped adhesive joints under aging conditions subjected to SLS tests.  
As a future work, however, it would be necessary to refine the theoretical predictions by taking some effects such as CNT distribution and orientation or the barrier properties of the epoxy matrix into account. This could give more accurate knowledge of the physical behavior of CNT-doped bonded joints under aging conditions.  
X.F.S.-R. conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing--original draft preparation; A.J.-S. conceptualization, writing--review; S.G.P. supervision, formal analysis, writing--review; M.S. conceptualization; A.G. and A.U. funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spanish Government (Project MAT2016-78825-C2-1-R) and Comunidad de Madrid regional government [PROJECT ADITIMAT-CM (S2018/NMT-4411)].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research on an Energy Recovery Strategy for Fuel Cell Commercial Vehicles Based on Slope Estimation
## 5 Experimental Simulation and Conclusions
### Braking Energy Recovery
#### 5.4.1 Simulation under CHTC-HT Operating Condition  
The CHTC-HT operating condition consists of three speed intervals, with a total duration of 1800 s. The urban interval accounts for 19% of the total operating condition duration, the suburban interval accounts for 54.9%, and the highway interval accounts for 26.1%. The average speed throughout the operating condition is 34.7 km/h, with a maximum vehicle speed of 88.5 km/h. The speed profile of the CHTC-HT operating condition is shown in Figure 12.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Type** & **Fixed Slope** & **Variable Slope** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{MAE} & STF & 0.0254 & 0.2799 \\  & AF & 0.0293 & 0.4408 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{RMSE} & STF & 0.0359 & 0.3710 \\  & AF & 0.0436 & 0.5850 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Error analysis table.  
Under the CHTC-HT condition, when the slope angles are \(0^{\circ}\) and \(5^{\circ}\), a comparison was made between the case without slope detection and brake force allocation strategy, and the case with slope detection and brake force optimization strategy. Energy recovered from power batteries is shown in Figure 13a,b.  
From Figure 13a, it can be observed that when the vehicle travels on a flat road for 1800 s, The energy recovery of power batteries is gradually increasing. At 450 s, the optimized regenerative braking strategy starts to take effect, resulting in the amplitude of energy recovery from power batteries has begun to significantly increase. Since the vehicle is in a low-speed phase, the output power from the fuel cell is stored in the power battery in the form of electrical energy, hence the Energy recovery is on the rise. During the periods from 950 s to 1150 s and 1450 s to 1750 s, the vehicle operates under high-speed conditions, causing the energy recovery of power batteries is showing a significant upward trend. At  
Figure 12: CHTC-HT speed curve.  
Figure 13: Energy recovered from power batteries at the slope angle of \(0^{\circ}\) and \(5^{\circ}\) under the CHTC-HT condition: (**a**) the energy recovered by the power battery at a slope angle of \(0^{\circ}\); (**b**) the energy recovered by the power battery at a slope angle of \(5^{\circ}\).  
1700 s, the vehicle began to slow down until the speed reached 0, and the recovered energy from the power battery rapidly increased. From Figure 13b, it can be seen that the vehicle operates on a 5\({}^{\circ}\) uphill slope condition, resulting in the trend of energy recovery from power batteries is relatively gentle. However, the regenerative braking strategy based on slope estimation still has a significant improvement in recovery capacity compared to the series regenerative braking strategy.
# A Lightweight Visual Odometry Based on LK Optical Flow Tracking
## 2 System Description
### Prediction of Initial Correspondence of Key Points  
When the motion range of the camera is large or it is in a weak texture area, a local minimum is prone to appear with the optical flow method, which leads to the failure of the tracking algorithm. To deal with this problem, a uniform motion model is proposed in this paper, as shown in Figure 2. The position of the key points of the previous image in the current frame is predicted by the uniform motion model, which provides a good initial value for the pyramid-based LK optical flow matching algorithm mentioned in the following section. It can effectively reduce the number of iterations of the optical flow method, thereby improving the robustness and real-time performance of the tracking-matching algorithm.  
As shown in Figure 2, define \(T_{cw},T_{cw-1},T_{cw-2}\in SE(3)\) as the poses of the camera in the world coordinate system for the \(n\)th, \((n-1)\)th, \((n-2)\)th images. Among them, \(T_{cw},T_{cw-1}\) are the camera poses of the current and the previous images. Considering that the acquisition frequency of the camera is usually high, as well as the motion amplitude between adjacent image frames is small and continuous, it is supposed that the motion of the camera follows a uniform motion model in a short period, which means the camera motion increment of the current image is the same as that of the previous image. So there is  
\[\Delta T_{n}=\Delta T_{n-1} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta T_{n}\) is the relative pose variation of the camera between the \(n\)th image and the \((n-1)\)th image, and \(\Delta T_{n-1}\) is the relative position variation of the camera between the \((n-1)\)th image and the \((n-2)\)th image. Given that \(T_{cw-1}\) and \(T_{cw-2}\) are known, the initial camera position \(T_{cw}^{*}\) of the current image can be predicted as follows:  
\[T_{cw}^{*}=\Delta T_{n}T_{cw-1} \tag{2}\]  
As shown in Figure 3, when the coordinate \(I_{cw-1}(x,y)\) of a key point in the reference image (previous frame) and the corresponding map point \((X,Y,Z)\) of the key point in the world coordinate system are given, the camera position of the current frame can be predicted with Formula (2). Project the map point to the image coordinate system of the current frame via the camera model, and the predicted coordinate of the point in the current frame can be obtained as \(I_{cw}(x^{*},y^{*})\):  
\[p^{*}=\frac{1}{Z}KT_{cw}^{*}P_{w} \tag{3}\]  
where, \(p^{*}=[x^{*},y^{*},1]^{T}\), \(P_{w}=[X,Y,Z,1]^{T}\), \(Z\) is the depth value of the key point in the camera coordinate system, and \(K\) is the intrinsic matrix of the camera. All the key points in the previous image can be predicted in the current image with Formula (3). Then, the  
Figure 2: Uniform Motion Model.  
reliable key point matching relationship between the adjacent images is established via a pyramid-based LK optical flow-tracking algorithm. Thus, the problem that the optical flow method easy to drop into local minima is improved, and the robustness and real-time performance of the algorithm are enhanced.
# Biomass Fly Ash Self-Hardened Adsorbent Monoliths for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MB Adsorption Experiments
#### 2.4.2 Isotherm Models  
[PERSON]'s adsorption isotherm models have been tested, by fitting the experimental results, to describe the adsorption mechanism.  
The Langmuir isotherm model (Equation (6)) [2; 4; 12; 14] assumes that homogeneous sorption occurs at the active sites of the sorbent and that the process ends once these sites are all filled, as there is no interaction between the adsorbed species (formation of a monolayer):  
\[q_{e}=\frac{K_{L}\ \times q_{max}\ \times C_{f}}{1+K_{L}\ \times C_{f}} \tag{6}\]  
where \(K_{L}\) (L/mg) is the affinity of the sorbate for the binding sites and \(q_{max}\) (mg/g) is the maximum adsorption capacity. After achieving the \(K_{L}\) value, the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed by a separation factor, \(R_{L}\), given by Equation (7) [2; 4; 12; 14]:  
\[R_{L}\ =\frac{1}{1+K_{L}\ \times C_{0}} \tag{7}\]  
If \(R_{L}\) is between 0 and 1 the adsorption is favourable, if \(>\)1 is unfavourable: if it is equal to 1 it is linear and if it is 0 it is irreversible [15].  
Freundlich isotherm model (Equation (8)) assumes that the surface has sites with different affinities so the adsorption is not homogeneous [2; 4; 12].  
\[q_{e}=K_{F}C_{f}^{\frac{1}{2}} \tag{8}\]  
where: \(K_{F}\) is the Freundlich constant, \(n\) is a constant which represents the absence of linearity of the adsorbed quantity in the function of \(C_{f}\). If \(n\) is between 1 and 10 the adsorption is favourable.
# Study About the Performance of Ascon in Arduino Devices
## 3 Ascon as Authenticated Encryption
### Some Application Domains for Ascon in Arduino-Based Systems
Microcontrollers such as the NXP KE15Z or TI CC2640R2F, typically used in these devices, are capable of integrating Ascon as a secure, lightweight alternative to AES, thereby enhancing resistance to cryptographic side-channel and signal-injection attacks [17, 18]. In the field of wearable medical devices, data confidentiality and compliance with regulations such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) or GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) are paramount. Devices such as ECG (ElectroCardioGram) monitors, smart patches, and glucose sensors transmit biometric data to mobile applications or cloud-based platforms. Ascon's low memory requirements and efficient computation make it particularly suitable for ARM Cortex-M0/M4 microcontrollers commonly used in these applications, such as the Nordic nRF52832 [19]. Furthermore, industrial control systems (ICS) benefit from integrating Ascon into communication layers between sensors, actuators, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). In modern factories and critical infrastructures, real-time control commands must be transmitted securely and efficiently. Microcontrollers like the STM32F3 or Microchip PIC32 MX have the computational capacity to support Ascon while maintaining deterministic performance, ensuring both safety and security without impacting throughput [20].
# Decellularized Scaffolds for Skin Repair and Regeneration
## 2 Tissue Sources for Preparation of ECM-Based Biomaterials for Skin Repair
### Decellularized Mesothelioma
#### 2.2.2 Decellularized Ammiotic Membrane (AM)  
The AM surrounds the fetus in the uterus and consists mainly from top to bottom of an epithelium layer, basement membrane, compact ECM layer, fibroblast layer, and spongy layer (Figures 1D and 2D). Fresh human AM contains collagen, fibronectin, and hyaluronic acid along with a combination of GFs, cytokines, and anti-inflammatory proteins [66]. Several studies have shown that specific AM products may be useful for treating several conditions in adults, including non-healing lower-extremity DFUs. AMs are harvested immediately after birth, cleaned, sterilized, and either cryopreserved or dehydrated, maintaining their properties [67]. Fully decellularized AM can be prepared by incubation of fresh tissue with hypotonic Tris buffer containing protease inhibitors, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), DNAase, RNAase, and 1% trypsin-EDTA (ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid) for complete elimination of epithelial and mesenchymal cells [68]. Human AM is characterized by anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and non-immunogenic properties, promotes reduced pain and dehydration, and favors the re-epithelialization process [69].  
Some commercially available acellular AM products suggested for use in DFUs include AmmioBand(r) Membrane (MTF Biologics), Biovance(r) (Celularity, Inc.), and EpiFix(r) (MiMedex). Despite these many advantages, disadvantages of AM include poor mechanical properties and a high biodegradability rate, which complicate their extensive use in clinic [69]. Finally, the in vitro use of acellular human AM allows the construction of living skin equivalents through seeding of human keratinocytes on the epithelial side and fibroblasts on the chorionic side (Figure 2) [70; 71].
# Improved Application of Hyperspectral Analysis to Rock Art Panels from El Castillo Cave (Spain)
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Pigment Analysis
#### 2.5.1 Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation  
The original data had 214 spectral bands; the minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation determines the dimensionality of the image, segregates the noise from the data and reduces the hardware requirements inherent in the process [31]. It also determines spatial coherence in the eigenimages and defines the cut-off between \"signal\" and \"noise\", allowing specific and precise analyses. It produces orthogonal bands ordered by their information content, which implies it is also used to eliminate noise.
## 2 Methods
### Solution Strategy and Validation
#### 2.3.2 Grid Independence Verification  
The number of grids and time steps significantly affect the accuracy and stability of the model during numerical calculations, and different grid sizes correspond to different time steps. Especially in bidirectional fluid-structure interaction, the computation time will increase exponentially. In this paper, the commercial software Ansys--Workbench 2024 R1 was used to couple the Transient Structural module with the Fluent module through System Coupling, and a dual AMD EPYC 7542 32-Core processor was used in the calculations with 256 G of running memory. It was essential to guarantee the hydrodynamic parameters, such as the thrust and lift coefficient, in the Fluent calculation within the fluid domain. Similarly, the Transient Structural calculation within the solid domain ensured the accuracy of deformation. To guarantee the precision of the model and the efficacy of the solution, this paper compared the instantaneous thrust of a flexible hydrofoil (Shore hardness D50, corresponding to a modulus of elasticity of 0.4 G:Pa and a density of 0.92 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) with an outward oscillating motion at a frequency of 0.5 Hz employed in a steady flow field; and with the fluid domain mesh numbers set at 44,591, 111,595, and 234,895, respectively; and the solid domain mesh numbers at 106, 921, and 2295, respectively. To circumvent any additional discrepancies that might arise when the fluid domain was incorporated into the coupling calculation, the solid domain mesh was validated with a fixed fluid domain mesh number of 111,595. The comprehensive mesh independence verification outcomes are presented in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the computational domain.  
It is evident that the grid number 44,591 within the fluid domain resulted in a considerable discrepancy that failed to meet the prescribed computational standards. In contrast, a comparison of the calculations for the 110,000 grids and 230,000 grids revealed that the results of both calculations were essentially identical, and that the error would not have any impact on the conclusions of this study. However, the 110,000 grid number requires 34 h to calculate a single case, while the 230,000 grid requires 71 h, resulting in an exponential waste of computational resources. In the solid domain validation, the number of grids was found to have a negligible effect on the computational results. However, an average error of approximately 9.7% for chordal strains was observed at a grid number of 106. The computational results for 2162 grids were generally in agreement with the results obtained from the 921 grids, and with an average error of approximately 0.7%. However, the calculation time for a single case was 94 h longer for the 2162 mesh than for the 921 mesh. To conserve computational resources while maintaining the precision of the results, the initial grid number of 110,000 in the fluid domain and 921 in the solid domain was selected.