# Hybrid Energy Routing Approach for Energy Internet
## 1 Introduction  
Due to the increase in energy demand and price, the environmental pollution resulting from conventional energy production techniques based on fossil fuel (coil, crud oil and natural gas), the development of environmentally friendly energy known as renewable energy, such as solar, wind and tide, has become necessary and attracted a lot of attention. The integration of renewable energy in the energy system reduces the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, the transmission costs of energy and the load placed on the main grid by supplying a percentage of the demand through local energy production and consumption. Transforming energy production from conventional techniques to fully rely on renewable energy sources in the energy network cannot completely guarantee energy self-balancing due to its dispersion, discontinuity and volatility properties. The generation of energy, by these renewable sources, depends on weather conditions. Thus, renewable energy sources must be connected with the utility grid and controlled using sensing capabilities with information and communication technologies which creates smart grids [1]. According to NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, the smart grid (SG) is: \"A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way communication and control capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications\". While SG uses an intelligent and digitized network, some restrictions still remain. In the aim of developing and completing the issues of smart grids, the EI was proposed [2; 3]. The concept of EI, also called the Internet of energy and future smart grid, was proposed for the first time by the American economist [PERSON] in his book \"The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World\" [4], to solve the problems of existing energy systems. [PERSON] defined the EI as an energy system combined with the Internet technology in the aim of making an effective use of renewable energy, increasing the energy efficiency and the reliability of the electrical power system. EI is a complex energy system in which different energy networks are connected, such as: power grids, cooling/heating systems, natural gas networks, distributed energy generation, storage systems and loads [3]. The principle of EI is based on the integration of Internet technology, renewable energy, advanced technologies such as smart monitoring, intelligent management and large data processing with the existing energy systems [5; 6]. The main objective of EI is to create a sustainable energy system with high energy efficiency, significant cost saving, minimum power losses and the high improvement of the use of distributed renewable energy sources (DREs). As we mentioned before, the EI supports several forms of energy. In this paper, the energy flow is stored and distributed in the form of electrical energy. In the conventional electrical power system, the power flow is unidirectional, generated by large scale power plant, transmitted to substations via high-voltage transmission lines and distributed to end users through low-voltage distribution lines. Accordingly, the power market is often structured in a unidirectional form, where generation companies generally sell huge amounts of electric energy to wholesale retailers, while retailers sell the electric energy to end users in smaller amounts [7; 8]. With the concept of feed-in-tariffs (FiTs) in SG, consumers equipped with distributed renewable energy sources (DREs) referred to as prosumers--they can generate and consume electricity--are able to directly contribute in the power market by selling their excess energy to the utility grid (company) [9]. Many studies have been proposed in this regard to insure the supply-demand balance in the SG and to maximize the profit of the power market.