## 2 Literature Review
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [26] considered the [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] earthquake liquefaction datasets and concluded that the likelihood of soil liquefaction increases with increased earthquake magnitude i.e., 7 or more than 7, and consequently decreasing with earthquake magnitude below 6. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [28] also revealed that the susceptibility of sand increases with earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 to 8.0. 2 Epicentral distance Soil liquefaction usually occurs in the epicentral area of earthquakes and also varies with epicentral distance. [PERSON] [29] proposed an empirical relationship between the maximum epicentral distance and the magnitude of the earthquake in the liquefaction case, as the distance limit of the soil liquefaction site was predicted based on regional or worldwide data. 3 Duration of earthquake Previous earthquake records, such as the Empire Valley in 1979, Armenia in 1988, Loma Prieta in 1989, Northridge in 1994, and Kobe in 1995, indicate that the relationship between duration and magnitude is quite uncertain, and factors other than magnitude also affect duration [30]. In the case of reciprocating seismic loads, the liquefaction potential is more likely to occur, and the longer the duration, the higher the pore water pressure that accumulates [13]. Several methods of soil liquefaction assessment consider that the duration of an earthquake is usually proportional to the magnitude of the earthquake. 4 Peak ground acceleration Peak ground acceleration is used to classify the intensity of ground motion. The preferred method for estimating peak ground acceleration is the empirical correlation between peak ground acceleration and earthquake magnitude, seismic energy source, and local site conditions. Several correlations have been published to estimate peak ground acceleration for sites on bedrock or rigid to medium-stiffness soils [30]. A preliminary attenuation relationship has also been developed for a limited range of soft soil sites [31]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26] considered the [PERSON] and Olson [27] earthquake liquefaction datasets and concluded that the probability of soil liquefaction increases with an increase in the peak ground acceleration value. When the peak ground acceleration is 0.23 g or more, the soil liquefaction susceptibility increases, and consequently, the soil liquefaction susceptibility decrease with peak ground acceleration below 0.15 g. The existing liquefaction assessment methods were used to back-calculate the magnitude and peak ground accelerations which produced the liquefaction that occurred in the Charleston earthquake and the results suggest that the ground motions of the earthquake were significantly less than those currently proposed by the seismological community [32]. 5 Fines content The soil liquefaction strength may also vary with the fines content. Numerous studies concluded that anti-liquefaction of soil susceptibility is greatly affected by fines content [33; 34; 35]. As fines content exceeds 30%, soil liquefaction potential increases. However, when the fines content exceeds 50%,the soil liquefaction potential decreases [36]. In addition, the fines content value determines the soil type.