esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Discoloration Mechanisms of Natural Rubber and Its Control
## 4 Color Source in Natural Rubber
### Color Substances in Natural Rubber
#### 4.5.2 Biosynthesis of Color Substances  
The pathway of rubber biosynthesis can be concerned with two components, isoprenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), synthesized from central intermediates. IPP and DMAPP are synthesized by two completely different pathways. Only the mexolonate (MVA) pathway has been considered responsible for IPP and DMAPP biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the methylerythitol phosphate (MEP) pathway was detected and deciphered. Plants possess both pathways; the MEP pathway is expressed in the plastids, and the MVA pathway is expressed in the cytoplasm. After the process above, the rubber molecule can be polymerized by subsequent additions of IPP to DMAPP via geranyl diphosphatase (GPP), farnesyl diphosphatase (FPP), and geranyl diphosphate (GGPP) catalyzed by prenyltransferases. However, IPP and DMAPP can be proceeded on another pathway via GPP, FPP, and GGPP, as exhibited in Figure 1[19].  
Figure 1: Biosynthesis of NR via the cytosolic mexolonate (MVA) pathway and the 2–C-methyl–d–erythitol 4–phosphate (MEP) pathway. Adapted from [19].  
The allylic-PP could provide various non-rubber compounds, including carotenoids, previously mentioned as the origin of the color substances. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms for each pathway have not been recognized. According to the previous results, considering the microstructure of tocotrienols and their derivatives, which were also reported as color substances, they were classified as isoprenoids compounds due to the isoprenoid unit within their structures. Therefore, it can be proposed that these compounds were possibly derived from the NR biosynthesis pathway, as discussed previously.  
In higher plants, typical lipids biomolecules were related to three different biosynthesis pathways, as shown in Figure 2. The \(n\)-alkanoic acids were biosynthesized in the acetogenic pathway with an acetyl-CoA biosynthetic precursor. They include n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and n-alkanoic acids. The \(n\)-alkanes and n-alkanols were biosynthesized from n-alkanoic acids by enzymatic decarboxylation and reduction, respectively. Hence, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and derivatives were probably further generated from this step by such mechanisms. In contrast, all isoprenoid lipids were constructed from IPP, which was generated as mentioned above [20].
# Technology Behavior Model--Beyond Your Sight with Extended Reality in Surgery
## 2 Literature Review
### Determinants of the Adoption of XRSG in Surgery
#### 2.3.4 Interaction Design (ID)  
ID refers to the interaction technology of XRSGs, which mainly includes voice, gesture, and eye-tracking. The operating room is a special sterile and closed environment to ensure a safe surgical environment. Medical specialists can use voice interaction to guide and teach surgery remotely. It can help inexperienced surgeons to learn. Interactive technology facilitates dissemination and communication, making it easier to use in surgery. It attracts users to choose XRSG and allows them to pay based on actual behavior. Reducing unnecessary display control during surgery, improving the quality of surgery, and ensuring zero cross-contamination can change the behavior of medical experts. During the operation, interactive operations such as gestures and eye-tracking allow easy access to patient information and data, real-time monitoring of patient physiological changes, and image monitoring. At the same time, it avoids contaminating the operating environment by manually touching the keyboard and mouse. Therefore, the hypothesis is as follows:  
**Hypotheses 5 (H5).**_ID has a positive effect on medical experts operating XRU._  
**Hypotheses 6 (H6).**_ID has a positive effect on medical experts operating XREU._
## 3 Results and Discussions
### FTIR Spectra Analysis  
FTIR spectra analysis (Figure 2) was performed on material collected from the two samples (P1 and P2) presumed as being meteoritic material. The vibrational bands of the two spectra were compared with those obtained for the Murchison and Bells meteorites [7] and the results are presented in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **VT** & **VH2O** & **VP = VT \(-\) VH2O** & **M** & **\(\rho\) = M/VP** & **VT** \\  & **[mL]** & **[mL]** & **[mL]** & **[g]** & **[g/cm\({}^{3}\)]** & **[mL]** \\ \hline P1 & 53.08 & 40 & 13.08 & 13.573 & 1.037 & 70 \\ \hline P2 & 70 & 46.16 & 23.84 & 20.30 & 0.851 & 0.535 \\ \hline \(\rho_{\rm av}=\rho_{1}/\rho_{2}\) & & & & & 0.944 & \\ \([\rm g/cm^{3}]\) & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Volume, mass and density of the two fragments of space rocks. Figure 2: FTIR spectra of the material extracted from the two fragments of rocks: (**a**) in the wavenumber range of 4000 to 580 cm\({}^{-1}\) and (**b**) zoom on the wavenumber range of 1000 to 580 cm\({}^{-1}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Vibration Bands in the**} & & & \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sample Spectra [cm\({}^{-1}\)]**} & & & **Functional Groups** & **In Meteorites** \\ \hline
**P1** & **P2** & & & \\ \hline
3750 & 3750 & \(\bullet\) & Terminal groups of silanol Si-OH bond to a polymer & \(\ast\) \\ (sharp) & (doublet) & & chain [21,22] & \\ \hline
3545 & 3545 & \(\bullet\) & O–H stretching, free (not H-bonded), from adsorbed & \(\ast\) \\  & (doublet) & water bounded [21] & & \\ \hline  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\
3425 & 3425 & \(\bullet\) & OH groups, free or H-bonded denote water & 1640 cm\({}^{-1}\), and are assigned to & \\  & & molecules, but also COOH [21] & structural and/or absorbed H\({}_{2}\)O of & \\  & & & Possible amino groups (N–H) & hydrous silicates & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline
3382 & 3382 & \(\bullet\) & OH groups specific to carboxylic acids (in the COOH & \\  & & & group) [21] & \(\ast\) \\  & & & Possible amino groups (N–H) & \\ \hline
3306; 3252 & 3317; 3252 & \(\bullet\) & OH groups specific to carboxylic acids (in the COOH & \\  & & & group) [21] & \(\ast\) \\ \hline
3121 & 3121 & \(\bullet\) & Chelated structures in CaCO\({}_{3}\)[21,23] & \(\ast\) \\ \hline \(\ast\) & 3056 & \(\bullet\) & (ar)C–C groups specific to aromatic compounds [21] & \(\ast\) \\ \hline  & & & & _Murchison Meteorite:_ 2960, 2930, and & \\  & & & & 2860 cm\({}^{-1}\); assigned to the aliphatic & C–H stretching modes \\
2839 & 2860 & \(\bullet\) & C–H in aliphatic compounds [21] & _Bells Meteorite_; 2950 cm\({}^{-1}\) assigned to & \\  & & & Parent fullerene stretching bonds for \(C_{60}H_{36.27}\)[24]. & aliphatic C–H [7] & \\  & & & Fullerenes identified in _Murchison_ and & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & meteorites [9] & \\ \hline
2764 & 2764 & \(\bullet\) & Parent fullerene stretching bonds for \(C_{60}H_{36.27}\)[24].
## 4 Simulation Experiment and Results
### Case 2: Complex Scenario  
In the complex scenario, the number of structural obstacles and reserved areas through which the cabin pushing may pass becomes more numerous, and the immovable PMCUs can also be regarded as obstacles. All these obstacles can have some influence on the position & pose of the PMCU during the pushing process. In this scenario, the coordinates of the PMCU target point \(\left(x_{f},y_{f}\right)_{case2}=\left(152.8,10.1\right)\), the velocity \(v_{fcase2}=0\), and the orientation angle \(\theta_{fcase1}=\frac{\pi}{2}\).
# Performance Evaluation of China's First Ocean Dynamic Environment Satellite Constellation
## 3 Results
### Sea-Level Performances  
The purpose of this study is to verify and evaluate the performance of HY-2B/C/D three satellites, which required the evaluations of the relevant parameters of the Level 2 products of all three satellites (Table 2), and the specific link is as follows: [[https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn](https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn)]([https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn](https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn)), accessed on 23 September 2023.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Min** & **Max** \\ \hline range\_numval\_ku & 10 & - \\ range\_rms\_ku & 0 m & 0.2 m \\ model\_dry\_tropo\_corr & \(-\)2.5 m & \(-\)1.9 m \\ rad\_wet\_tropo\_corr & \(-\)0.5 m & \(-\)0.001 m \\ iono\_corr\_alt\_k & \(-\)0.4 m & 0.04 m \\ sea\_state\_bias\_ku & \(-\)0.5 m & 0 m \\ ocean\_tide\_sol1 & \(-\)5 m & 5 m \\ solid\_earth\_tide & \(-\)1 m & 1 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: HY-2B/C/D satellite data screening criteria.  
Figure 2: Observation efficiency of the HY-2B/C/D satellite network.  
The SLA was calculated as follows, where the mean sea surface of the HY-2B satellite is mss_cnes_cls2015. The specific link is as follows: [[https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html](https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html)]([https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html](https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html)), accessed on 23 September 2023.  
\[\mathrm{SLA}\ =\ \mathrm{Altitude}\ -\ (\mathrm{Altimeter\ Range}\ +\ \mathrm{\sum Corrections})\ -\ \mathrm{Mean\ Sea\ Surface} \tag{2}\]  
One of the formulae is as follows: \(\mathrm{\Sigma Corrections}\) = Model Dry Troposphere Correction + Radiometer Wet Tropospheric Correction + Sea State Bias correction + Inverted Barometer Height Correction + HF Fluctuations of Sea Surface Topography + Solid Earth Tide Height Correction + Pole Tide Height.  
The correction of dry delay and atmospheric humidity on satellite radar altimeter signal is achieved through the use of the model dry troposphere correction parameter and radiometer wet tropospheric correction parameter. Sea state bias correction parameter is used to correct for the influence of sea surface topography on the signal. Ionospheric barometer height correction parameter is used to correct for the influence of ionospheric electron density on the signal. HF fluctuations of sea surface topography parameter is used to correct high-frequency change in the shape of the sea surface. The solid earth tide height correction parameter and pole tide parameter are used to correct the influence of earth's solid tide elevation and polar tide elevation.
## 1 Introduction
This research does not focus on real time local path planning in the structured urban environment; this paper will introduce a novel path planning method based on JPS in that environment. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Firstly, the framework of the path planning of the driverless car system is introduced in Section 1. Next, map and database building based on ArcGIS is stated for global path planning in Section 2. The way that of the optimal car path of global path planning is described in Section 3. Local path planning based on JPS is explained in Section 4. Some of the simulation results of global path planning and local path planning are shown in Section 5. At last, some conclusions of this paper are followed in Section 6.
# A Fusion Multi-Strategy Marine Predator Algorithm for Mobile Robot Path Planning
## 4 Analysis of Simulation Experiment Results
### Experimental Analysis of CEC2014 Test Function  
To better verify the robustness of FMMPA, this paper optimizes part of the CEC2014 test functions with complex features of FMMPA and basic MPA, SCA, WOA, EO and AOA algorithms, which contain the unimodal function (CEC03), multimodal function (CEC05, CEC12, CEC16), hybrid function (CEC19) and composition function (CEC23, CEC24, CEC25, CEC27, CEC28, CEC29, CEC30) [33]. The specific information of the selected parts of the functions is shown in Table 6. To ensure the fairness of the comparison, the maximum number of iterations is set to 500, and each algorithm is run 30 times independently. The results are shown in Table 7.  
Figure 5: Convergence curves of FMMPA and different strategies.  
Table 7 shows that the original MPA algorithm performs well on the unimodal function CEC03, and the convergence accuracy of FMMPA is lower than that of the original  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fun No.** & **Function Type** & **Function Name** & **Optimal Value** \\ \hline CEC03 & Unimodal Function & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Rotated Discuss Function} & 300 \\ \hline CEC05 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Shifted and Rotated Ackley’s Function} & 500 \\ CEC12 & Multimodal Function & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Shifted and Rotated Katsura Function} & 1200 \\ CEC16 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Shifted and Rotated Expanded Soffer’s F6 Function} & 1600 \\ \hline CEC19 & Hybrid Function & Hybrid Function 3 (\(N=4\)) & 1900 \\ \hline CEC23 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 1 (\(N=5\))} & 2300 \\ CEC24 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 2 (\(N=3\))} & 2400 \\ CEC25 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 3 (\(N=3\))} & 2500 \\ CEC27 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 5 (\(N=5\))} & 2700 \\ CEC28 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 6 (\(N=5\))} & 2800 \\ CEC29 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 7 (\(N=3\))} & 2900 \\ CEC30 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Composition Function 8 (\(N=3\))} & 3000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Part of CEC2014 test function.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fun No.** & **Index** & **MPA** & **SCA** & **WOA** & **EO** & **AOA** & **FMMPA** \\ \hline CEC03 & Mean & \(7.2178\times 10^{1}\) & \(8.0775\times 10^{4}\  
algorithm. The FMMPA needs to carry out more parameter calculations, resulting in a decrease in the convergence accuracy. On multiple functions CEC05, CEC12, and CEC16, the optimization accuracy of FMMPA is closer to the theoretical value. The MPA original algorithm is more stable on the hybrid function (CEC19). On the composite function, the convergence accuracy of FMMPA is much higher than that of the remaining comparison algorithms, which further proves that FMMPA has better robustness.
# Underwater Communications for Video Surveillance Systems at 2.4 GHz
## 2 Related Work
Finally, some authors of this paper have reported several previous works about underwater communications based on radio frequency (RF). In all cases, the authors used the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. On the one hand, [PERSON] et al. carried out different practical tests where parameters such as frequency and signal modulation were changed to check several the minimum depth at which devices should be placed, distance between devices and the best combination of transmission parameters [15; 16]. This work only measured the number of lost packets and RTT for 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps from 2.412 to 2.442 GHz. These tests were performed at 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the maximum achieved distance between devices was 17 cm. Authors provided some experimental models from the communication tests performed in fresh water using EM waves in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. In addition, the authors compared their communication system proposal with existing systems. They concluded that Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) presented better performance than the other analyzed modulations. Furthermore, the system presented better results at 2.432 GHz than when working at 2.412 GHz. As far as we know, there are no studies on underwater communications based on EM waves where the authors analyze the communication from the point of view of the temperature of the medium, modulation and data transfer rates and their effects on performance and maximum distance.
## 5 Conclusions  
A series of ferrocenes based on the general formula [Fe(\(\eta\)5-C\({}_{5}\)H\({}_{4}\)CH\({}_{2}\)(\(p\)-C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{4}\))CH\({}_{2}\)(N-het))\({}_{2}\)] bearing either substituted or unsubstituted saturated five- and six-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclesshowed higher cytotoxic activity than cisplatin against cervical cancer cell lines. These ferrocenes were able to increase the production of reactive oxygen species and disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis. As a consequence of these processes, the onset of a cell death mechanism via apoptosis and the activation of autophagy were observed. Furthermore, two of these ferrocenes--**1b** and **2a**--showed increased cytotoxic effects when combined with irradiation. However, the precise relationship between ionizing radiation and ferrocene derivatives needs further investigation. On the other hand, to put this problem into perspective, precise knowledge of the interaction between ionizing radiation and cisplatin is also unknown, and this holds true for many other chemotherapeutic drugs as well.  
The combination of ferrocene **1b** and, to a lesser degree, **2a** with irradiation resulted in greater efficacy than either treatment alone in cervical cancer cell lines. Thus, our results suggest that the selected ferrocenes could be used in combination with radiotherapy, representing promising candidates for further investigation. Alternatively, the addition of ferrocene compounds to standard chemoradiation with cisplatin could also be considered. However, care needs to be taken to evaluate the potential increase in toxicity, since the studied ferrocenes and cisplatin have partly overlapping effects, mainly in the production of reactive oxygen species.  
Conceptualization, H.S. and V.R.; methodology, H.S.; software, H.S. and V.R.; validation H.S. and V.R.; chemical synthesis, J.P. and J.K., formal analysis, H.S.; investigation, H.S.; writing--original draft preparation, H.S.; writing--review and editing, V.R. and H.R.; visualization, H.S.; supervision, R.H.; project administration, R.H.; funding acquisition, J.P., J.K. and R.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by GACR 17-05838S, MEYS-NPS I-LO1413 and MH CZ-DRO (MMCI, 00209805).  
At this point we would like to thank [PERSON] for help with flow cytometry analyses.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Sample-Pair Envelope Diamond Autoencoder Ensemble Algorithm for Chronic Disease Recognition
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Evaluation Criteria
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Method** & **Acc (\%)** & **Prec (\%)** & **Sens (\%)** & **Spec (\%)** & **F1\_Score** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PID} & SS & 74.98 & 77.87 & 70.16 & 79.83 & 73.67 \\  & PS & **80.21** & **80.08** & **80.58** & **79.85** & **80.30** \\  & SS & 86.46 & 92.78 & 79.11 & 93.78 & 85.32 \\  & PS & **97.00** & **98.18** & **96.00** & **98.00** & **96.83** \\  & SS & 86.67 & 90.78 & 81.67 & 91.67 & 85.94 \\ Heart & PS & **94.17** & **95.12** & **93.33** & **95.00** & **94.13** \\  & SS & 67.21 & 66.63 & 68.84 & 65.58 & 67.65 \\  & PS & **69.81** & **70.78** & **68.88** & **71.73** & **69.09** \\  & SS & 62.22 & 64.68 & 62.22 & 81.11 & 63.23 \\  & PS & **74.44** & **75.49** & **74.44** & **87.22** & **74.95** \\  & SS & 97.28 & 96.34 & 98.32 & 96.22 & 97.31 \\  & PS & **98.54** & **97.96** & **99.16** & **97.91** & **98.54** \\ Vehicle & PS & 83.54 & 83.50 & 83.53 & 94.51 & 83.51 \\  & PS & **88.18** & **88.54** & **88.17** & **96.06** & **88.36** \\  & SS & 98.56 & 99.52 & 97.65 & 99.52 & 98.58 \\ WDBC & PS & **99.29** & **100** & **98.58** & **100** & **99.28** \\ lung & SS & 57.14 & 61.11 & 61.11 & 78.33 & 61.11 \\ cancer & PS & **93.81** & **94.44** & **95.00** & **97.00** & **94.66** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Comparison of sample pair and single samples after LDA on SVM. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Method** & **Acc (\%)** & **Prec (\%)** & **Sens (\%)** & **Spec (\%)** & **F1\_Score** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PID} & SS & 81.52 & 82.54 & 80.22 & **82.84** & 82.24 \\  & PS & **84.32** & **82.68** & **87.30** & 81.33 & **84.85** \\  & SS & 89.57 & 91.57 & **89.11** & 89.78 & **89.44** \\  & PS & **89.67** & **94.18** & 85.33 & **94.00** & 89.15 \\  & SS & 89.17 & 92.96 & 85.00 & 93.33 & 88.71 \\ Heart & PS & **93.75** & **95.75** & **91.67** & **95.83** & **93.61** \\  & SS & 80.19 & 81.42 & 78.26 & 82.12 & 79.80 \\  & PS & **85.09** & **85.21** & **85.19** & **85.01** & **85.08** \\  & SS & **62.22** & **66.24** & **62.22** & **81.11** & **64.12** \\  & PS & 55.56 & 58.60 & 55.56 & 77.78 & 56.94 \\  & SS & 98.32 & 97.56 & 99.16 & 97.48 & 98.34 \\  & PS & **98.95** & **97.98** & **100** & **97.91** & **98.97** \\  & SS & 89.19 & 89.46 & 89.20 & 96.39 & 89.33 \\ Vehicle & PS & **92.57** & **92.70** & **92.57** & **97.53** & **92.63** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Comparison of sample pair and single samples after LDA on RF. As seen from Tables 5 and 6, all the sample-pair-based methods performed better than the single-sample-based method for these datasets on the SVM and RF classifiers. This indicates that the SP_EMNCM is more effective than the single-sample-based methods.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals and Standards  
Gallic acid, quercetin, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), phosphoric acid, DPPH\({}^{\star}\) (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), neocuproine, and \(\alpha\)-chlorophyll were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis and Burlington, MA, USA). Oleupopein, luteolin-7-O-glucose, and lutein were obtained from Extrasynthese S.A. (Genay, France), whereas maslinic and oleanolic acids from Carbosynth Ltd. (Compton, UK). Methanol, ethanol, water, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and acetic acid were acquired from Chem-Lab NV (Zedelgem, Belgium); acetonitrile, isopropanol, and potassium iodide were obtained from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA); aluminum chloride from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland); \(\beta\)-carotene, ammonium acetate, sodium thiosulfate, and copper chloride from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany); iso-octane and n-hexane from VWR Chemicals BDH (Radnor, PA, USA); diethyl-ether from Panreac Quimica (Barcelona, Spain).
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Mobility Patterns
#### 5.4.2 Random Direction Model (RDM)  
In RDM, MNs randomly choose a direction until it reaches the boundary of the area, and after a pause, chooses a new direction as depicted in Figure 15(a). If the number of MNs is high, this will decrease the probability of congestion in the center as the MNs tend to be spotted at the edges of the area, and thus it is claimed that RDM is known to be unaffected density wave problem. This paper aims at extending RPL to support a limited number of MNs. As a result, the fact that nodes are more often spotted at the edges does not considerably decrease the congestion, and RDM is even expected to reduce the number of RSSI measurements that arrive at the controller and are fed to the filter. The filter works reliably when it receives at least 3 measurements. The effect of the number of neighbors has been studied in the previous subsection.