esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology
### Impact Assessment  
Life cycle modeling in this study was performed using the LCA software SimaPro (PRe Consultants, version 8.0.3.14). The IMPACT 2002+ method [31] was utilized to characterize the environmental impacts across multiple indicators, but the method was also modified to better represent the goal of the study. Specifically, the global warming potentials (GWP) used in IMPACT 2002+ are the 500-year time horizon GWPs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This time frame may be appropriate for certain decisions; however, due to this study's focus on more immediate decisions that can affect sustainability, a shorter time horizon was deemed more appropriate. Therefore, the GWPs were modified to include the 100-year time horizon GWP reported by the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report. As a result, the GWP for methane increased from 10.35 to 28, and the GWP for nitrous oxide increased from 156 to 256 when switching from 500-year to 100-year time horizon GWPs [32].
# Spare Parts Made by Additive Manufacturing to Improve Preventive Maintenance
## 3 Results: Case Study  
The real application case of this work is focused on the automotive industry, more specifically, the Stellantis(r) factory located in Vigo (Spain), which has a spare parts inventory of around 50,000 pieces. The first step is to study and categorise this spare parts inventory. All the stored parts are classified in a data file that contains their administrative and technical information but lacks AM applicability information. The method used to classify the spare parts consists of selecting a list of parts using different criteria to study their possible applicability to AM. In order to do this, it has been necessary to consult the technical specifications of each spare part and relate them to the available parameters of the AM technology.  
This study was developed to identify which spare parts are printable for use as operational parts. The first step was to establish a categorisation of these spare parts, focusing on their printability. Therefore, the possible use of these AM-printed spare parts was then analysed for use in preventive maintenance, with the aim of reducing the stock of spare parts in the inventory. A package of parts was chosen to be AM-printed with different technologies and different materials depending on the usual spare parts and their functionalities and properties. They were then tested to see if they can replace the original ones or help to make an improvement in any other way. The main objective of this work was to make a selection in order to determine the possible spare parts of a car manufacturing company, print them and study their usability, while checking if they can be used in preventive maintenance.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have proposed a novel method for the location of multiple independent RFI sources based on the two-dimensional ESPRIT and PSO algorithm. First of all, the multi-channel spaceborne SAR echo signal model containing interference signals is established. In addition, RFI detection and interference source number estimation are performed. Furthermore, we take into account the spatial distribution characteristics of SAR signals and propose to apply the 2D-ESPRIT algorithm to the echo signal processing of the multi-channel SAR. Next, the DOA of the interference signal at each azimuth time can be achieved, which are applied to establish a set of nonlinear equations containing the coordinates of RFI sources. Finally, relying on the particle swarm optimization algorithm, we can solve these equations to obtain the geographic coordinates of RFI sources.  
The results obtained from the simulation experiments indicate that the proposed method provides good performance in estimating the RFI angle of arrival and geographic location. In future work, real SAR signals interfered by RFI will be used to verify the performance of this method.  
Conceptualization, J.Y., B.S. and Y.J.; Formal analysis, J.Y.; Investigation, J.Y.; Methodology, J.Y. and Y.J.; Resources, J.L., B.S. and L.X.; Supervision, J.L. and B.S.; Writing--original draft preparation, J.Y.; Writing--review and editing, B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62071022 and 61801294.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Consensus-Based Distributed Target Tracking with False Data Injection Attacks over Radar Network
## 5 Discussion  
This paper studied distributed target tracking with FDI attacks. A novel DSE algorithm was proposed to deal with FDI attacks in a radar network which consisted of three main parts: injected data detection, attack parameter estimation and hybrid consensus. In the proposed algorithm, a real time residual-based detector was designed to effectively detect  
Figure 8: RMSE of the attack parameter estimations for radars 5-8.  
Figure 9: RMSE of the position and velocity over time for different algorithms.  
FDI attacks by analyzing the statistical properties of the residual. A simple yet effective attack parameter estimation method was proposed to estimate the unknown and time-varying attack parameter and state independently. A novel hybrid consensus method was proposed to compensate the estimation error caused by an attack and provide estimation accuracy improvement when the number of consensus iterations was moderate. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm was superior to other algorithms in the presence of FDI attacks. In the future, we will focus on dealing with other kinds of malicious attacks.  
Conceptualization, Y.S. ([PERSON]) and Y.W.; methodology, Y.L. and Y.S. ([PERSON]); software, N.C.; validation, Y.S. ([PERSON]), Y.W. and B.P.; formal analysis, N.C.; investigation, Y.L.; resources, Y.S. ([PERSON]); data curation, Y.S. ([PERSON]) and Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W. and Y.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.S. ([PERSON]) and N.C.; visualization, N.C.; supervision, B.P.; project administration, N.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Content-Based Approach for Improving Bloom Filter Efficiency
## 5 Discussion  
The results of experimental studies demonstrated the effectiveness of our content-based approach in improving the accuracy and efficiency of membership testing in bloom filters. More specifically, we are able to effectively decrease the occurrence of false positives by more than 79% while using just seven content bits.  
Interestingly, a steady and gradual decrease is observed in the false positives as the content bits are increased from two to seven. Furthermore, the usage of size-based content bits proved to be further helpful in reducing false positives. This would be worth future work in terms of enhancing the reduction in FPRs.  
For analyzing the time required by the content bits, a minimal increase in time is observed with the addition of the content bits. The increase remains less than a second as content bits are varied from two to seven. Since there may be a direct correlation between increasing the number of content bits and the required time, it might be interesting to investigate this increase though no crucial increase has been observed.  
Lastly, a gradual decrease is observed in the false positives as the hash functions are increased. This decrease becomes less obvious as the hash functions become more than eight. Although there might be an inverse relationship between the FPRs while the number of hash functions is increased, increasing the number of hash functions beyond a certain number is not very beneficial in reducing the FPRs.  
It is worth noting that the proposed approach holds significant potential for practical applications in various domains, such as network routers, web browsers, and databases. As these applications require efficient and accurate membership testing, the proposed approach could potentially be integrated into these systems, resulting in a significant improvement in their performance.  
Furthermore, this research contributes to the field of BFs and opens up new opportunities for future research. For instance, further investigation could be carried out on different variations of the proposed approach or on the integration of the proposed approach into other types of data structures.
# Impact Evaluation of DME Beacons on BeiDou B2a Signal Reception Performance
## 4 Evaluation of B2a Signal Reception Performance
### Evaluation Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Latitude and Longitude** & **PDC** & **\(\boldsymbol{Ri}\)** & \(\boldsymbol{(\rm{CN_{0}})_{\rm{deg}}(\boldsymbol{dB})}\) \\ \hline Beijing & 39.9\({}^{\circ}\) E, 116.3\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.14 & 0.23 & 1.52 \\ Hefei & 31.9\({}^{\circ}\) E, 117.3\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.23 & 0.39 & 2.55 \\ Nanjing & 32.1\({}^{\circ}\) E, 118.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.26 & 0.35 & 2.64 \\ Shanghai & 31.4\({}^{\circ}\) E, 121.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.25 & 0.38 & 2.65 \\ Chengdu & 30.6\({}^{\circ}\) E, 104.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.17 & 0.28 & 1.88 \\ Chongqing & 29.9\({}^{\circ}\) E, 106.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.18 & 0.35 & 2.17 \\ Guangzhou & 23.3\({}^{\circ}\) E, 113.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.22 & 0.28 & 2.12 \\ Maximum \((C/N_{0})_{\rm{deg}}\) & 32.9\({}^{\circ}\) E, 118.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.23 & 0.63 & 3.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The _PDC_, \(R_{i}\), and \((\rm{C/N_{0}})_{\rm{deg}}\) parameters at FL400 altitude in major areas. Figure 10: The DME interference hotspots in the Chinese mainland at FL400 altitude.
## 2 Background
### Operational Power System Use Cases
#### 2.4.1 Use Case #1: Capacitive Voltage Transformer Failure  
CVTs supply voltage to protective relays. Our IFP approach applies to relays that are incapable of CVT detection and predicts CVT failure using the waveforms recorded using the storage sampling rate, \(\hat{f}_{s}\). CVT failure occurs when enough capacitive elements fail and cause an explosion, which poses a severe risk to equipment and utility personnel that may be nearby when the failure occurs. CVT failures can be characterized by a single phase reaching a peak-to-peak voltage 10% higher than that phase's average peak-to-peak value for at least three cycles. A representative illustration of a CVT failure event is shown in Figure 1a. This characterization effectively identifies CVT failures during the event [3]; however, these methods are often implemented after the event (i.e., the event-triggered DFR recording) or during the event at the earliest. Thus, new approaches are needed to predict CVT failure (a.k.a. before the DFR recording is triggered) to facilitate the implementation of event prevention measures.
# Application of a New Enhanced Deconvolution Method in Gearbox Fault Diagnosis
## 4 Simulation Verification
However, it can be seen from the time-domain diagram that the noise-reduced signal still contains a lot of noise, so that the periodic impact is not obvious. The envelope spectrum also shows only a distinct line, and there is no multiplier. Figure 6e is a time-domain diagram and a frequency-domain diagram after ARMA-MED filter processing. It can be seen from the time-domain diagram that the impact of noise inundation can be extracted after ARMA-MED filtering. In the envelope spectrum, the fault frequency and double frequency and treble frequency can also be observed. It can be seen that the effect is better than that of AR-MED. However, it can be seen that the envelope spectrum contains a large amount of noise, resulting in an insignificant line. Figure 6f is a time-domain diagram and a frequency-domain diagram after ARMA-MOMEDA filter processing. It can be seen from the time-domain diagram that the ARMA-MOMEDA filter can extract the impact that is submerged by noise, and the periodicity is obvious, and the noise is smaller than other methods. In the envelope spectrum, the fault frequency and double frequency, treble frequency, and quadruple frequency can also be clearly observed. The amplitude is also larger than the amplitude of ARMA-MED, and the noise in the envelope spectrum is much smaller than that of ARMA-MED, which shows that the effect is better than that of ARMA-MED. Figure 6: Simulation signals are processed by (**a**) AR; (**b**) ARMA; (**c**) MED; (**d**) AR-MED; (**e**) ARMA-MED; (**f**) ARMA-MOMEDA. To elaborate on the performance advantages of the proposed method, we use permutation entropy [45] and the fault energy ratio [46] to compare several methods from time to time and across the frequency domain. The comparison results are shown in Table 1.  
It can be seen from the results of Table 1 that the permutation entropy value of the proposed method is smaller than that of other methods, which proves that the signal of the simulated signal processed by the method is more regular. By comparing the fault energy ratio, the value of the fault energy ratio of the proposed method is larger than that of the original fault diagnosis method. The performance of the proposed method is proven by the verification of the simulation results by permutation entropy and the fault energy ratio.
## 7 Conclusions  
The analysis of previous studies proved that the solar panels' application, which is combined with the flat roof covering of the house, makes it possible to both consolidate the advantages of different systems with active and passive consumption of solar radiation and to minimize disadvantages.  
The improved model of the accumulation of solar energy by the solar panel made it possible to simulate this process for different latitudes and azimuthal deviations.  
Increasing the efficiency of using solar heat is achieved by reducing the distance between the tubes, but this results in a more complicated installation; the distance is optimal at 0.1 m.  
An increase in the mass flow rate of the heat-carrying medium results in an increase in the solar panel efficiency, but at the same time, the hydraulic resistance of the system and the level of hydrodynamic noise increases; a mass flow rate of 45 kg/h is hypothetically optimal.  
A reduction in the diameter of the tubes results in an increase in the efficiency of the panel, but at the same time, it complicates its installation; the optimal diameter is 16 mm.  
The diameter of the tubes significantly affects the efficiency of the solar panel only at a low intensity of solar radiation (500 W/m\({}^{2}\)); when the intensity of radiation increases (1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)), the influence of the diameter of the tubes decreases.  
Conducted laboratory and field studies of the solar panel experimentally confirmed that the use of Grafplast PDA roofing material and PRANDELLI/TUBORAMA 02 STOP or PEX/AL/PEX tubes provides an increase in the efficiency of the solar panel by up to 10%.  
The results of laboratory studies are confirmed by field tests, where unforeseen factors that are random have been taken into account.  
Figure 13: The scheme of using a combined solar heater in SHS system: 1—solar panel; 2—tank accumulator; 3—cold water supply; 4,8,9—heat exchangers; 5—hot water supply; 6—additional heat source (HGU); 7—TEH; 10—hot water supply system.  
A combined heating system with solar panels was implemented in a residential building in Lviv city (Ukraine). The economic effect of its implementation is 268.1 EUR/year.  
Conceptualization--O.V. and S.S.; methodology--M.K. and I.S.; software--O.S. and O.D.; validation--O.V. and I.S.; formal analysis--M.K., O.D. and N.S.; investigation--M.K. and I.S.; resources--N.S. and O.D.; data curation--M.K. and O.S.; writing--original draft preparation--O.V. and S.S.; writing--review and editing--O.V.; visualization--O.S. and O.D.; supervision--O.V.; funding acquisition--O.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# HPC Platform for Railway Safety-Critical Functionalities Based on Artificial Intelligence
###### Abstract  
The automation of railroad operations is a rapidly growing industry. In 2023, a new European standard for the automated Grade of Automation (GoA) 2 over European Train Control System (ETCS) driving is anticipated. Meanwhile, railway stakeholders are already planning their research initiatives for driverless and unattended autonomous driving systems. As a result, the industry is particularly active in research regarding perception technologies based on Computer Vision (CV) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), with outstanding results at the application level. However, executing high-performance and safety-critical applications on embedded systems and in real-time is a challenge. There are not many commercially available solutions, since High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms are typically seen as being beyond the business of safety-critical systems. This work proposes a novel safety-critical and high-performance computing platform for CV- and AI-enhanced technology execution used for automatic accurate stopping and safe passenger transfer railway functionalities. The resulting computing platform is compatible with the majority of widely-used AI inference methodologies, AI model architectures, and AI model formats thanks to its design, which enables process separation, redundant execution, and HW acceleration in a transparent manner. The proposed technology increases the portability of railway applications into embedded systems, isolates crucial operations, and effectively and securely maintains system resources.  
autonomous and driverless train operation; computer vision and artificial intelligence; high-performance computing; safety-critical; AI hardware accelerator
## 4 Application of HSOS-LO to CSLP problem
### Parameter Used  
The basic version of SOS encourages a primary advantage of using a less specific parameter in the algorithm. This study maintains the main advantage of having a less specific parameter of the original version of the SOS algorithm by not introducing extra parameters. The proposed HSOS-LO algorithm uses only two standard control parameters, namely a maximum number of function evaluations (_maxFE_) and a population size (_pop_size_). These two parameters are the only parameters that need to be set for the proposed HSOS-LO as well as the original SOS algorithm.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Solar Irradiance and Ambient Temperature  
Figure 11 represents the dependence on time of the solar irradiance and the hourly average ambient temperature of the location of the experiments. As can be seen, the highest solar irradiance is observed between 10:00 am and 3:00 pm reaching 920 W/m\({}^{2}\) at 1:00 pm. The solar irradiance represented in Figure 11 was obtained at the hottest day in midsummer to maximize the solar thermal energy and the thermal absorption by the solar collector. The same trend was also observed for other days in summer and other seasons, however, the highest solar irradiance value varied from 410 W/m\({}^{2}\) in winter to 520 W/m\({}^{2}\) and 780 W/m\({}^{2}\) in winter, autumn and spring, respectively. As can also be seen, the hourly mean ambient temperature followed the trend obtained for the solar irradiance such that the highest ambient temperature was obtained between 10:00 am and 3:00 pm. The lowest and the highest temperature readings were 27.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 41 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. In addition, the temperature rectilinearly increased with the time spanning. Hence, the experiments were conducted from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm to maximize the utilization of the available solar irradiance in the region. Notably, the solar irradiance was measured with pyranometer manufactured by EKO CO. at various time of the day. The pyranometer was used to measure the planar solar irradiance on the location on which the solar collector was installed. The maximum of 920 W/m\({}^{2}\) was measured during hot days of summer in the location.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Ability of the System to Solve the Problem of Carrier Phases Ambiguity (SSR)  
Table 2 shows the number of samples \(n_{w}\) for each RTK receiver from the entire measurement period to which a valid MRA reference coordinate could be assigned. The number of \(n_{f}\) samples that were marked as \"FIX\" in the NMEA report was also given. Furthermore, the calculated \(SSR\) indicator was given, representing the ability of the RTK receiver to solve the ambiguity of the phase of the carrier wave during the entire measurement period. According to the values obtained during the dynamic measurements, it was evident that the worst result was achieved by the cheap Receiver D with the \(SSR\) value of 13.8%. In contrast, during the static measurements in a previous study [17], Receiver D surprisingly proved to be the best, with an \(SSR\) value of 98.1%. In these dynamic measurements, Receiver A reached the best \(SSR\) value, as expected, with 96.9%.  
Based on these results, it could be concluded that Receiver D was more suitable for use at very low speeds, because during the dynamic motion, it was not able to determine the integer value of the carrier phase as well as with more expensive receivers (most of the time, it occurred in the \"FLOAT\" or \"GNSS\" states), as well as RTK receivers with a higher purchase price. At the same time, it was clear that Receiver A and Receiver B were best able to maintain this condition for accurate measurements even during movement. Since both of these localisation systems used an RTK receiver with a built-in INS (Inertial Measurement System), it could be assumed that this feature was supported by the fusion with the INS that the receivers were equipped with. This hypothesis was also proven by reference [48], whose research suggested a worse accuracy of RTK receivers without an INS unit than RTK receivers with an INS unit.