## 3 Results
### Concentration of Individual Polyphenols in Hydrogel Beads  
Individual polyphenols in chokeberry juice and hydrogel beads are displayed in Table 2. Comparing their concentrations with total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins, it can be perceived that a different trend was obtained depending on the structure of individual polyphenols, as well as on the composition of the encapsulation mixture. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & **Total Polyphenols** & **Proanthocyanidins** \\  & **(g/kg)** & **(g/kg)** \\ \hline CJ & 19.98 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 3.15 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\ ALG\_CJ & 5.54 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.47 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ ALG\_P\_CJ & 8.60 \(\pm\) 0.19 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 2.37 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\ ALG\_S\_CJ & 8.17 \(\pm\) 0.58 \({}^{\text{c}}\)d & 2.27 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ ALG\_T\_CJ & 4.50 \(\pm\) 0.34 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.16 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ ALG\_P\_S\_CJ & 4.78 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ ALG\_P\_T\_CJ & 7.83 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 2.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\text{CJ}}\): chokeberry juice; ALG: alginate; P: pullulan; T: trehalose; S: sucrose. Significantly different (at \(p\leq 0.05\); ANOVA, Fisher’s LSD) mean values within the column are denoted by different letters (a-g).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Contents of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins in chokeberry juice and hydrogel beads. Cyanidin-3-galactosidaseogide and cyanidin-3-arabinoside were two anthocyanins detected in chokeberry juice and all hydrogel beads, with cyanidin-3-galactosidaseogide as the dominant one. Chokeberry juice contained 598.80 mg/kg and 119.90 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside. For both anthocyanins, the same encapsulation trend was observed. Alginate hydrogel beads contained 404.37 mg/kg and 89.97 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside, respectively. Only alginate/pullulan/sucrose beads had lower concentrations of these anthocyanins (330.21 mg/kg and 73.39 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside, respectively) than control beads. All other encapsulation mixtures caused improvement in anthocyanin encapsulation. Both anthocyanins were detected in the highest concentration in alginate/pullulan beads, and those beads contained 477.52 mg/kg and 109.60 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside, respectively. Both remaining hydrogel beads with trehalose, i.e., alginate/pullulan/trehalose and alginate/trehalose, contained approximately 434 mg/kg and 98.8 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside, respectively. Hydrogel beads formulated with sucrose (alginate/sucrose) contained 410.69 mg/kg and 93.40 mg/kg of cyanidin-3-galactosidase and cyanidin-3-arabinoside, respectively. Two phenolic acids were detected in chokeberry juice and hydrogel beads, neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, which did not follow the trend obtained for anthocyanins. In juice, much higher concentrations of neochlorogenic acid (967.65 mg/kg) and chlorogenic acid (778.15 mg/kg) were detected than in hydrogel beads. Neochlorogenic acid was detected at the highest concentration in the control sample, 260.14 mg/kg. In the remaining samples, the concentration of neochlorogenic acid decreased in following order: alginate/sucrose > alginate/pullulan > alginate/trehalose > alginate/pullulan/trehalose > alginate/pullulan/sucrose (252.38 mg/kg > 226.07 mg/kg > 210.57 mg/kg > 157.77 mg/kg > 125.59 mg/kg). The combination of both pullulan and disaccharide with alginate (alginate/pullulan/trehalose and alginate/pullulan/sucrose beads) highly decreased the encapsulation of this phenolic acid. On the other hand, those beads had the highest concentration of chlorogenic acid, 213.03 and 229.51 mg/kg for alginate/pullulan/trehalose and alginate/pullulan/sucrose beads, respectively.