## 1 Introduction
### Integration of Enabling Technologies  
The transformation of SUL is deeply connected to the integration of the nine enabling technology categories identified by the Boston Consulting Group relating to Industry 4.0 [17]. While these technologies have unlocked substantial improvements in automation, connectivity, and operational efficiency within urban logistics, a shift towards Industry 5.0 compels us to address the deeper socio-environmental challenges faced by cities and their freight networks. From an Industry 5.0 perspective, the focus moves beyond pure productivity to embrace human-centricity, sustainability, and systemic resilience, placing worker well-being and planetary boundaries at the heart of innovation. Industry 5.0 is defined by the European Commission [18] as a paradigm that complements Industry 4.0's digital transformation with research and innovation aimed at creating a more sustainable,human-centric and resilient industrial ecosystem. It emphasizes stakeholder value over shareholder value, promoting technologies that work in harmony with human operators and ecological limits. These technological advancements are not merely theoretical but have already found practical application in several European urban contexts, where integrated policies and digital infrastructure have significantly improved freight access management. Since August 2007, Stockholm has operated a cordon-based congestion tax for all vehicles--including freight trucks--at 18 entry and exit points equipped with Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras. Ordinary vehicles are automatically billed, while heavy goods vehicles (\(\geq\)14 t) pay the same tariff but may obtain special permits to use dedicated lanes during off-peak hours. The system leverages IoT sensors for real-time traffic monitoring and integrates with the city's ITS platform to adjust charges if needed. Within the first year of full implementation, overall traffic volumes in the tolled zone fell by about 20%, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions dropped by 2-3%, and public transit ridership rose by 2-3% (19). Beginning in January 2013, Gothenburg introduced a barrier-free congestion charge across 38 ANPR-monitored gates. All vehicles, including delivery vans and heavy trucks, are subject to variable fees based on time of day, with exemptions for emergency services and local deliveries that do not cross more than two gates within 30 min. The municipality also employs IoT-enabled parking sensors to manage loading bays and issues loading permits tied to specific time slots. After one year, central area traffic decreased by 10% and public transport usage increased by 9% (20). This article delves into the intricate web of interrelations among key factors shaping SUL and urban access management, with a focus on elucidating a systematic approach through a System Dynamics (SD)-based model. The central query driving this investigation is: what strategies can effectively harmonize the burgeoning demands of urban freight traffic with the imperative of sustainable urban development? Crucially, this inquiry takes into consideration the diverse stakeholders involved and their often contrasting needs. Our findings underscore that optimizing fleet composition, integrating electric or hybrid vehicles and human-powered vehicles (HP) or assisted vehicles (AV) for proximity deliveries, is crucial for balancing urban freight demands with sustainable development. Using an SD approach, we highlighted how altering fleet composition impacts emissions reduction, traffic congestion, and operational efficiency, making it a pivotal strategy for policymakers. Strategies such as access management, incentives for cleaner technologies, and improved urban space management can influence fleet composition. However, not all strategies achieve the desired outcomes; for instance, while switching to electric vehicles reduces emissions, it may not alleviate congestion.