## 3 Actual Challenges of Marine-Based Compounds Incorporation into Food Products
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Target Substance** & **Extraction Technique** & **Application** & **Reference** \\ \hline _Ascophyllum modosum_ & Sodium alginate & Microwave extraction assisted with choline chloride: & Gelling agent, material for food packaging and preservation. & [11, 27, 28] \\ (macrolalgae) & & Glycerol solution & & \\ \hline _Fucus vesiculos_ & Crude extract & Solvent extraction (ethanol) & Improved antioxidant activity in milk. & [29, 30] \\ (macrolalgae) & & & & \\ \hline _Dunaliella salina_ & Fatty acids & Ultrasound extraction assisted with ethyl acetate and ethanol. & Antimicrobial activity against _Listeria monocytogenes_ (in vitro) & [5, 31] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._technological transition is the promotion of digital transformation in SMEs by adopting the Financial Motivation model [37] within an organization adopt technology because of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. In recent years, governments have implemented economic strategies, such as incentivizing the adoption of digital tools in invoicing and accounting. For instance, the Portuguese government provided tax incentives to micro and small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) that implemented these digital technologies ahead of mandatory deadlines [38]. This model could be applied to marine biotechnology, where governments can offer similar incentives to companies adopting innovative and sustainable production methods, helping to accelerate the integration of advanced technologies into the industry. Furthermore, the potential to reduce environmental impacts through more efficient processing aligns with sustainability targets, making these scalable solutions viable in the near future  
Moreover, once extracted, the utilization of marine bioactive compounds faces challenges related to formulation and product stability. These challenges primarily stem from the inherent instability of the raw material due to its high spoilage rates, which tends to have a shorter shelf-life compared to terrestrial organisms [39; 40]. Ensuring the stability and shelf-life of products containing marine bioactive compounds becomes a critical consideration in product development and formulation. To address these challenges, the study of all stages of the product value chain, from raw material extraction to the final product development, utilizing tools such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Assessment (TEA), are key factors for optimizing the production process. [PERSON] et al. [41] conducted a comprehensive analysis of various conversion platforms for seaweed-based biofuel production and found that producing mixed alcohols using a volatile fatty acid platform is currently the most economically viable option, presenting an example of how marine-based technology companies can benefit from the implementation of digital technologies as the TEA. In addition to technical and operational challenges, regulatory constraints also pose significant hurdles, especially in the extraction and commercialization processes of marine-based bioactive compounds, with higher attention to the seaweed-based products. Navigating regulatory frameworks and compliance standards is essential for ensuring the safety, quality, and legality of these compounds and products. Challenges may arise from differing regulations across regions or countries, requiring thorough understanding and adherence to local laws and guidelines. Regulatory bodies play a critical role in overseeing various aspects of production, including extraction methods, product formulation, labelling, and marketing [42; 43]. To commercialize marine-based products, the industry faces strong requirements for product approval and market authorization, which can vary significantly depending on the regulatory jurisdiction. In the European market, for example, introduction of a new product needs to follow an authorization process from the competent authorities of EU Member States.