## 1 Introduction  
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are widely accepted as an important aspect of modern civil infrastructure. The advantages of FRP materials over traditional building materials such as conventional steel and steel-reinforced concrete (RC) rest in their enhanced structural performance in regard of stability, stiffness, strength and durability [1, 2, 3]. FRP materials are available in a variety of forms, including cables, sheets, plates and more. The use of FRP materials is now widespread throughout the world. As a result, the importance of cost-effective and reliable FRP structures increases. The majority of early research efforts [4, 5] concerning FRP reinforcement (strips, sheets and other textiles) focused on rehabilitation and strengthening applications of masonry and concrete structures [6, 7, 8, 9]. Extensive experimental and theoretical research has also been conducted on the strengthening and retrofitting of deficient or/and damaged concrete structures [10, 11, 12, 13]. Nevertheless, the application of FRP rebars in concrete structures continues to be a popular topic of research, as all the design aspects and implementation drawbacks have not been thoroughly investigated and discussed, especially concerning RC joints [14]. In particular, the joint behavior and the framework of design standards have not been thoroughly examined. It is evident from a review of the prior studies that considerable research has been performed in the field of FRP beam-column joint wrappings for repairing and rehabilitation purposes [15, 16, 17, 18], whereas research on using nonmetallic rebars for beam-column joint implementations is limited. In recent years, nonmetallic reinforcements have gained prominence in international structural applications [19, 20, 21, 22]. Even though they have been used successfully in construction, nonmetallic reinforcements will only be widely used in engineering if design specifications and guidelines are developed promptly [23]. The typical method for designing an earthquake-resistant RC structure relies on the plastic deformation (ductility) of the components, which is primarily caused by the yielding of reinforcing steel [24; 25]. However, the FRP materials display a linear elastic stress-strain relationship up to failure (no yielding), which has prompted some concerns over their use in prone to earthquakes areas. However, fundamental research in this field reveals that concrete structures reinforced with FRP may sustain substantial lateral displacements without collapsing [26; 27; 28; 29]. This was attributable to the high tensile strength and low modulus of elasticity of FRPs, which permits the structures to tolerate significant deformations before exceeding their ultimate bearing capacity [30]. The characteristics impacting the performance of RC with FRP reinforcement (FRP-RC) moment-resisting frames must be thoroughly investigated in light of the encouraging findings of early research on the potential of utilizing FRPs in RC structures located in seismic zones. To attain this objective, it is vital to comprehend the behavior of beam-column joints as a critical factor in the lateral stability of frames [31; 32]. Several researchers have examined the seismic performance of externally applied glass FRP reinforcement in existing RC beam-column joints, focusing on aspects such as joint shear stress, reinforcement details, the existence of lateral beams and the compressive strength of concrete [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. However, several known characteristics that impact the seismic performance of FRP-RC beam-column joints have not yet been addressed. Current regulations and design recommendations for FRP-RC structures lack complete seismic protections due to a lack of research and data. The implementation of FRP-RC frames in seismic zones is not feasible without a thorough understanding of the properties influencing the behavior of beam-column joints.