# Study of the Impact of PV-Thermal and Nanofluids on the Desalination Process by Flashing
## 5 Discussion and Analysis  
The aforementioned system of Equations (1)-(16) was numerically solved using the finite-difference formulation for the desalination flashing process using the different nanofluids at different concentrations and water as the base heat transfer fluid. In the following sections, we present the predicted results under different inlet conditions, such as solar insolation, brine and heat transfer fluid flow rates from the PV-Thermal, heat transfer fluid temperatures for the various nanofluids, \(\text{Ai}_{2}\text{O}_{3}\), \(\text{CuO}\), \(\text{SiO}_{2}\) and \(\text{Fe}3\text{O}_{4}\) at different volumetric concentrations. In particular, Equations (1)-(4) were solved to predict the dynamic total power generated, efficiencies of the PV solar panels. Moreover, the key important parameters of a hybrid system composed of a novel combined concept of a photovoltaic-thermal solar panel hybrid system were determined using Equations (5) through (16). As reported and discussed by [PERSON] [16; 17; 18], it is evident from the results presented on the dynamic PV-Thermal studies that the higher the solar radiations, the higher the thermal and hybrid efficiencies. It is also observed that the hybrid efficiency exhibits lower values than the thermal efficiency since the PV solar panel efficiency is significantly lower than the thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the PV simulation study results presented in references [16] through [18] show that the higher the solar radiation, the faster the increase in the PV cell temperature. Consequently, they also show that the higher the solar radiation, the higher the PV power and PV emerge. It is imperative that the designer of the PV panel considers that the cell temperature is impacted by the solar radiation as well as the ambient conditions. Finally, it was found that the model prediction compared fairly with the PV data at different conditions. [PERSON] [16; 17; 18; 22; 23] reported that nanofluids, such as \(\text{CuO}\), \(\text{Fe}_{3}\text{O}_{4}\) and \(\text{SiO}_{2}\), have received significant attention in the literature when the PV-Thermal hybrid system is used. It is evident from the results presented in these references that the nanofluid CuO has the highest characteristic performance among the other nanofluids and water as the base heat transfer fluid circulating in the PV-Thermal solar collector system. This can obviously be attributed to the higher thermodynamic and thermophysical and heat transfer properties of the nanofluid CuO that contribute to outperformance over the other nanofluids. In addition, [PERSON] [16; 17; 18; 22; 23] reported that the PV-Thermal efficiency is enhanced with higher concentrations of this nanofluid at constant solar radiation. Moreover, it was assumed, in the numerical simulation using Equations (5)-(16), that 10 flashing chambers were used and the brine flow is heated up by the heat transfer fluid preheater, as shown in Figure 1. A salt concentration of 5% was used in the brine flow and 60 F ambient temperature. In addition, 100 PV solar panels were also assumed with 300 watts per each PV solar panel. Solar radiations were taken as 500 w/m\({}^{2}\), 750 w/m\({}^{2}\), 1000 w/m\({}^{2}\) and finally, 1200 w/m\({}^{2}\). Since nanofluid \(\text{Ai}_{2}\text{O}_{3}\) is one of the most common nanofluids studied and reported in the literature, Figures 3-10 were constructed to demonstrate the impact of using this nanofluid at concentrations of 10% and 20% on the behavior of the most important key parameters of the flashing process. In addition, the behavior of nanofluid \(\text{Ai}2\text{O}3\) was compared to water as base fluid, at different solar radiations ranging between 500 to 1200 w/m\({}^{2}\), respectively. In addition, the important thermodynamic parameters, such as the irreversibility and availability, were calculated and shown in Figures 9 and 10.