esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Measurement Equipment and Testing Setup
### 3D Sensor  
The Raspberry Shake 3D device [23] is used for measuring high-quality seismic data in the X, Y, and Z directions. Its main purpose is monitoring local seismic vibrations of any magnitude, including strong earthquakes and micro-seismic ones. Velocity sensors connected to the board allow for the measurement of high-sensitivity vibrations in all directions. The quality of the recorded signals allows for the investigation of damped vibration in the building, high-quality detection of vibration frequencies, effective noise filtering, and performing required mathematical operations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline
**Phase No.** & **Phase Name** \\ \hline
0 & The existing building before strengthening \\
1 & After excavation for casting the building raft \\
2 & After strengthening the existing and casting new ground floor columns, \\  & walls, and floor diaphragms \\
3 & Same as phase 2 on the 1 st floor \\
4 & Same as phase 2 on the 2 nd floor \\
5 & Same as phase 2 on the 3 rd floor \\
6 & Same as phase 2 on the 4 th floor (roof of the existing building and upgrading \\  & the upper horizontal diaphragm) \\
7 & Casting columns, walls, and floor diaphragms on the 5 th floor (new floor) \\
8 & Same as phase 7 on the 6 th floor \\
9 & Same as phase 7 on the 7 th floor (roof of the strengthened and upgraded \\  & building) \\
10 & The strengthened and upgraded building \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Building strengthening and upgrading phases.
## 1 Introduction
To improve the initial pointing accuracy of line-of-sight in the satellite-to-sea laser communication, we designed a calibration method for the shipborne ATP pointing error model. Some satellites were acquired and tracked by the ATP system, thereby demonstrating the acquisition and tracking performance of the ATP system at sea. A tracking accuracy of about 20\(\upmu\)rad was obtained, together with a pointing accuracy of less than 180\(\upmu\)rad.Our implementation provides a solid test for shipborne ATP, thus paving the way for a global-scale laser communication network involving space, ground, and sea.
## 5 Discussion
This combination yielded improved accuracy in terms of BPM differences. 'BPM DL' also outperforms 'findpeaks' concerning MAPE values. A visual inspection of the colormap tables reveals consistently lower MAPE values for 'BPM DL', as indicated by the increased presence of green cells. Notably, the bipolar electrode 2-3 configuration performs better with 'BPM DL' while 'findpeaks' produces significantly higher MAPE values in this configuration. Similar to the DIFF\({}_{\text{BPM}}\) analysis, the 'BPM DL' method exhibits a clear advantage, demonstrating superior performance across all test subjects and nearly all electrode configurations. Only a few outliers, represented in distinct red on the DIFF colormap, indicate instances where performance was suboptimal. When evaluating the electrode configurations, the tetrapolar setup consistently demonstrates strong performance across all tables, as expected. However, certain bipolar configurations also yield promising results. For instance, electrode placements 1-3 and 1-4, when processed with the BPF method, show stable and reliable outcomes in both MAPE and DIFF\({}_{\text{BPM}}\) metrics, indicating potential advantages for these configurations. Conversely, electrode placement 2-3 exhibits significantly poorer performance, with noticeably higher MAPE and DIFF\({}_{\text{BPM}}\) values, as well as lower SNR--highlighting the drawbacks of this configuration in accurately capturing cardiac activity signals. The developed algorithm estimates the BPM by identifying the best frequency that correlates with the EBI signal (using cross-correlation) and then detecting the signal peaks to determine the HR more accurately. Finally, it calculates BPM based on the time differences between the peak locations. The strengths of this approach are:  
1. Frequency analysis: The methodology performs a comprehensive frequency analysis of the EBI signal by dividing it into segments, each analyzed for the best frequency component. This approach can capture variations in HR over time, making it suitable for applications where HR may change dynamically. 2. Robustness: The methodology uses cross-correlation to find the best frequency for each segment. This approach is robust to noise and can adapt to different signal characteristics, making it suitable for real-world scenarios. 3. Peak detection: The code incorporates peak detection to identify heartbeats in the EBI signal. This step further refines the BPM value estimation, making it suitable for precise timing applications. 4. Outlier handling: The code implements outlier detection and correction, ensuring that spurious BPM values are replaced with more reliable estimates, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the final BPM values.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Effect of Dust Suppressant on Soil Wind Erosion Resistance  
First, 500 g of dried soil was evenly spread on a glass plate to form a 40 cm \(\times\) 40 cm square. The composite dust suppressant was uniformly sprayed onto the soil sample at a rate of 2 L/m\({}^{2}\) (0.32 L in total). After slight drying, the soil's weight was recorded as W. Two parallel control groups were also set up for comparison: one group was sprayed with an equal amount of water while the other was covered with a dustproof net.  
During the experiment, a portable wind speed meter (model DLY-1602C from Delixi) was used to measure the wind speeds generated by three different devices simulating natural wind conditions: an electric fan, a hair dryer, and an air blower. The ambient air temperature during the experiment ranged from 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Air was applied at a 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle to simulate natural wind erosion, ensuring a more realistic representation of wind-induced soil loss. The same air application method was used for all test groups to maintain consistency in airflow across treatments. Initial soil moisture levels were standardized across all groups before applying the suppressant, and the angled airflow facilitated natural evaporation while preventing excessive moisture retention, which could have occurred with direct airflow [25]. The soil samples treated as described were then exposed to continuous wind erosion for 20 min using the electric fan and hair dryer, after which their weights were recorded as w. Additionally, the changes in the soil samples on the glass plate were observed after 100 min of continuous wind erosion using the air blower, which simulated higher wind speeds. Due to the extreme conditions produced by the air blower, testing was limited to 20 min. The mass loss rate was calculated using the appropriate formula to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments in resisting wind erosion [26]. The specific test groups are detailed in Table 4.  
The wind speeds of the three different devices simulating natural winds--electric fans, hair dryers, and blower fans--were measured using a portable wind speed meter. The specific wind speed measurements are presented in Table 5.  
According to the portable wind speed meter test results, the wind speed decreases by approximately 8% when it reaches the soil sample surface due to distance and environmental factors. Therefore, the high-speed setting of the electric fan was directly utilized to simulate a natural wind force of level 3, providing a precise simulation of mild wind conditions. For the other two devices, the wind speed reduction due to distance was negligible.  
Figure 1: Before and after spraying dust suppressant drying.
## 6 Conclusions  
A novel approach was proposed in this study for simultaneously mapping multi-type aquaculture areas over large scale areas by combining spectral and texture features from optical (Sentinel-2A multispectral) and radar (Sentinel-1) images, and a case study in the Pear I River Basin (Guangdong) showed its efficiency. The main contribution of this work could be summarized as follows:  
(1) We analyzed the spectral and textural features of aquaculture areas and demonstrated the effectiveness of fusing multiple image features for aquaculture mapping. We found that the use of textural features derived from the spectral indices can greatly improve the mapping accuracy and the use of textural features derived from SAR images can further improve mapping accuracy, as they are sensitive to marine aquaculture facilities.  
(2) The proposed approach could generate a more accurate aquaculture map than previous studies. Moreover, the proposed approach was implemented on the GEE platform, and has great potential for national-scale and long-term aquaculture mapping.  
Conceptualization, Z.H.; methodology, Z.H., Y.X.; validation, Y.X., Y.Y.; formal analysis, Z.H., Y.X., J.W. and Y.Z.; investigation, Y.X. and Y.Y.; data curation, Y.X. and Y.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.X. and Z.H.; writing--review and editing, Z.H., J.W., Y.Z. and G.W.; visualization, Y.X.; supervision, Z.H.; project administration, Z.H.; funding acquisition, Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 41871227), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2020A1515010678, 2020A1515111142) and the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen (No. JCYJ20190808122405692, 20200812112628001).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement**: The codes and data are available from this linkage: [[https://github.com/XuBenBen15045812917/Mutili-aquaculture_extraction.git](https://github.com/XuBenBen15045812917/Mutili-aquaculture_extraction.git)]([https://github.com/XuBenBen15045812917/Mutili-aquaculture_extraction.git](https://github.com/XuBenBen15045812917/Mutili-aquaculture_extraction.git)) (accessed on 25 October 2021).  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank [PERSON] at Eastern China Normal University for providing their code and [PERSON] at Jiangsu Normal University for providing their aquaculture map for comparison.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Experimental Validation
#### 3.4.3 Effective Strain Rate Estimation  
The strain rate is a measure of deformation with respect to time and an essential aspect in deciding on the cycle time of cold forging [29]. During the cold forging process, the punch forces the billet into the die, and as the forces exceed, the billet material starts deforming plastically. The process video footage captured is segmented for the entire stroke cycle duration and visually examined to record the punching time span.  
The effective strain rate values are obtained by multiplying the time elapsed during forging with the calculated experimental strain values. The marginal deviation is observed in the effective strain rate between experimental and DE optimal values, as shown in Figure 23. The press ram stroke might not have constant speed throughout the stroke practically (though set properly) because of inherent attributes depending on the machine condition, such as mechanical backlash and hydraulic line frictional losses that lead to a decrease in the stroke speed significantly once the billet comes into contact with the punch.  
Figure 21: Comparison of DE optimal and experimental values for effective strain.  
Figure 22: Comparison of DE optimal and experimental values for effective stress.
# Quantifying Auditory Presence Using Electroencephalography
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Program Selection and Listening Environment  
In this study, urban soundscape was used to stimulate presence. Urban soundscape is the combination of the natural acoustic environment (e.g., the sound from trees and water) and environmental sounds created by humans. It can be considered as the sonic landscape of urban scenes, and can be used for the research of city designing, noise control, etc. There are three advantages of using it in this study. First, it eliminates the influence of familiarity on the participants' performance in the listening test, because almost everyone has the experience of being in the urban scenes (e.g., on the street or in the railway station). Second, it widens the choice of participants, because for this study, participants were only required to assess the feeling of being in a virtual space. It made the task easier and thus lowered the threshold for selecting participants. Third, compared with using music as programs, the participants' performance would be less affected by preference or other personal affections.  
This study used ESMA-3D Immersive Soundscape Recordings by Dr. [PERSON]'s team [37] as urban soundscape. The ESMA-3D recording technique uses eight microphones for 360\({}^{\circ}\) audio capture. Four microphones in the main layer capture sound sources, and the other four in the upper layer capture ambience and elevated sources. By its nature, the reproduction of ESMA-3D could be achieved by the 8-channel double-layer quad-speakers array (i.e., cube array) [38]. As for programs, six out of 13 soundscapes of the original sound file were chosen to shorten the duration of the experiment, including four outdoor scenes (Union Square, Central Park, W 34 th St Penn Station, and Adam St under the Manhattan Bridge) and two indoor scenes (Grand Central Terminal, and factory at W 34 th & 10 th Ave). In the authors' opinion, these soundscapes have the best potential to stimulate presence because they can show moving objects (e.g., a bus arriving and leaving the bus station) or unique acoustic character of chambers (e.g., broadcast in the railway station).  
The experiments were carried out in an air-conditioned room with no other external noise, as shown in Figure 1. The room was acoustically treated with carpet on the floor and curtains 15 cm ahead of each wall.  
There were 32 loudspeakers (GENELEC 8020D) in the room. Only eight were selected to form a cube array for the sound reproduction, with four loudspeakers in the main layer and the other four in the upper layer. The distance from each loudspeaker to the listening  
Figure 1: Listening room setup.  
spot was carefully adjusted to be 3 m. The acoustic center of the four loudspeakers in the main layer was set to be 1.2 m from the ground, which is approximately ear height when seated. The acoustic center of the four loudspeakers in the upper layer was set to be at the height of 2 m, elevated at about 45\({}^{\circ}\) from the listening point. Thus, the 8-channel signal could be distributed to eight corresponding loudspeakers without further processing.
# Nanoelectrode Ensembles Consisting of Carbon Nanotubes
## 1 Introduction
Electron transfer by CNTs has been studied at both their open ends and sidewalls, with faster electron transfer observed at the open ends [5,34]. During growth, VA-CNTs can be encased in a passivation layer (e.g., silicon dioxide or epoxy) to cover the sidewalls and restrict chemistry to the open ends. As the density of CNTs within an array can be controlled during the synthesis process, it is possible to achieve a wide range of CNT-NEAs that exhibit different electrochemical responses, with high-density arrays behaving as macroelectrodes, and low-density arrays showing steady-state responses. However, current fabrication methods for CNT-NEAs, especially low-density CNT-NEAs, require catalyst patterning techniques and instrumentation that are expensive and not readily available. There are also difficulties associated with encapsulating CNT arrays in a passivation layer [28]. Despite these fabrication difficulties, VA-CNT arrays have been used to create NEAs and NEEs for glucose biosensors [8], heavy metal detection [4,5], dopamine detection [6,37], and DNA/RNA sensors [34,39,40,41,42,43]. The use of drawable (also called spinnable) CNTs provides a simpler bottom-up assembly method that can be used to fabricate nano-, micro-, or macroelectrodes [37,44]. [PERSON] et al. employed spinnable CNTs to fabricate band electrodes, which are macro-sized in length but sub-micron sized in width, allowing for high mass transfer coefficients and response currents [37]. Our team has fabricated microelectrodes of different diameters below 100 micron from spinnable CNTs that have shown excellent performance when employed as sensors [44]. There are many advantages of using NEAs and NEEs in research. Their low charging current, enhanced mass transport, and ability to be used in resistive mediums has attracted many electrochemical sensor developers. Most CNT-NEAs and NEEs fabrication methods reported have employed expensive fabrication methods to synthesize well-spaced CNTs and encapsulate them with a passivation layer that also has drawbacks. This work reports a simpler method for fabricating CNT-NEAs that employs drawable or spinnable multiwalled CNTs. Rather than controlling the catalyst amount and position when growing the CNTs, aligned CNTs were easily drawn out into a CNT film/ribbon, and a passivation polymer layer of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) was employed to separate each CNT layer. The electrochemistry of these CNT-NEAs was investigated using CV and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) to demonstrate their steady-state nature. Finally, the CNT-NEEs were employed to detect toxic Pb\({}^{2+}\) in acetate buffer.
## 3 Near-Field Simulation of Metasurfaces with Varying Dimensions
### Near-Field Simulation of Large-Scale Metasurfaces  
#### 3.3.1 Normal Incidence of a Linearly Polarized Plane Wave on a Large-Scale Metasurface  
The design simulation of a 40 \(\times\) 40 rectangular array vortex wave is presented in Figure 10a, conducted using full-wave simulation software. The design mode is \(l=-5\), with the incident wave being a linearly polarized uniform plane wave. The calculated frequency is 10 GHz. Figure 10b,c illustrate the vector electric field and electric field amplitude observed at \(z=120\) mm, where the maximum electric field amplitude reaches 1.29 V/m. It can be observed that the electric field amplitude generated by the metasurface exhibits a highly regular ring shape.  
Figure 9: Near-field simulation results of vortex waves generated by the \(l=-3\) metasurface with a frequency of 12 GHz. (**a**) OAM spectrum; (**b**) magnitude of E field from full wave software; (**c**,**d**) intensity and phase of left-handed circular polarization electric field; (**e**,**f**) intensity and phase of right-handed circular polarization electric field.  
In Figure 11a, we present the scattering electric field, which was extracted from the full-wave simulation software. By calculating its OAM spectrum, amplitude, and phase, it becomes evident that a vortex wave with mode \(l=-5\) is generated while maintaining high mode purity. Figure 11b,c demonstrate complex vector noise superimposed on the extracted scattering electric field, with noise amplitudes of 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. Despite this influence of noise, the calculations reveal that the OAM spectrum purity remains high and that the scattering electric field remains unaffected by such noise.
## 4 Experimental Methods
### Natural Soil/Synthetic Soil Models and Prototypes
[141] conducted penetration tests using \"refractive index-matched granular media\" with macroscopic physical and mechanical properties replicating the behavior of natural soils to visualize, non-intrustively, in-situ granular kinematics under impact penetration in granular media. Using digital image correlations, they extract soil displacements and corresponding granular kinematics from the acquired images, and the measured deformations present different soil-projectile interaction characteristics during penetration. \"From the comparison of dynamic and quasi-static penetration into transparent soils, they concluded that the magnitude of cumulative lateral displacements in both cases is comparable, whereas significantly larger cumulative vertical displacements occur during dynamic penetration\". They highlighted the fact of shear-induced dilation near the terminal penetration velocity, pointing tothe dominance of frictional bearing resistance at the terminal penetration depth. The granular material under dynamic condition behave as shear-thickening fluid such as under high velocity impact and penetration behavior of target materials should be investigated considering the fluidic aspect of the granular media. [PERSON] et al. [142] investigates the shear-thickening or the fluidic aspect of the granular media and the inherent effects on characteristics such as viscosity. [PERSON] et al. [143] investigate the idea of dynamic jamming that appears in shear-thickening fluids due to the propagation of stress throughout the medium building up as particle resistance to disturbance from its neighbors increases as propagation radiates. [PERSON] et al. [144] calculated the drag resistance during projectile penetration in granular material induced by jamming and develops a boundary-layer-like description for the force propagation, which was, surprisingly, minimally dependent on velocity. The exploration of other mechanisms, especially granular media under dynamic conditions and the propagation of force during penetration process through chains of grains, is due to [PERSON] et al. [82]. [PERSON] et al. [63] conducts the measurement of the internal flow fields in long-rod projectile penetration of the sand using digital speckle radiography (DSR). They concluded that processes such as reorganization, sliding, and void filling occur, allowing the grains to move in directions other than the force being applied. As a result, it is impossible to model sand either as a fluid or as conventional solids. The numerically simulated distribution of the velocity has a strong resemblance to the displacement fields experimentally measured. Figure 8: Comparison of penetration depth using the different methods. Figure 9: Maximum penetration resistance force on projectiles using laboratory model tests.
# Towards Automatic Image Enhancement with Genetic Programming and Machine Learning
## 3 The Proposed Approach
### Offline Pipeline Section  
The offline section is responsible for all the processing that is not possible to be executed without heavily compromising the pipeline's time efficiency. Thus, the offline operations can be continuously performed and updated, consequently altering the pipeline performance.  
In the scenario presented, any Evolutionary computation component had to be performed offline, considering the significant time consumption inherent to such techniques and the requirements we must meet on the final solution. The objective is to evolve the conditional set of implemented images filters to be applied to each input sample, utilizing the score of IQA tools to guide evolution. Throughout the development, we gave special attention to GP techniques as the Evolutionary component since these techniques are designed to evolve programs as solutions, which is similar to our required solution. The implemented Classical functions were simple functions that altered the image in a specific way. We implemented functions that manipulated image color balance, contrast, saturation, brightness, noise, and sharpness. GP is usually utilized to optimize specific problems, meaning, in the IE context, the improvement of a single image at a time. Nonetheless, a general solution capable of showing improvement on a diverse set of images was sought. To achieve this, in each evaluation, each individual was evaluated on multiple different image groups from the database. The input is assigned to one of the groups during the online processing, and the corresponding set of functions is applied. More details on this will be presented in Section 3.4.