esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 8 Results and Discussions
### Performance Comparison between 3 VSR vs. Standard AODV under Black Hole and Zigzag Attacks  
In this simulation, we have made comparisons between trusted and malicious AODV under Black hole and On-off attack patterns. In Figure 10, we can see that secure routing has every aspect better than standard AODV. In Figure 10a, we can see the effect of an on-off attack, this scenario is also known as the changing behavior attack. As soon as nodes starts to behave badly with her neighbors their opinion metric changes in term of getting bad recommendation, thus lowering trust score as can be seen in Figure 10a. These on-off attacks are easily handled in our proposed secure routing, because intermediate nodes make forward node selection by calculating their trust score. Also in Figure 10b, we can see that the packet drop in secure routing is still much lower than standard AODV. The standard AODV do not care about malicious packets, so forward as gets from neighbor nodes.  
Figure 9: Performance comparison under different attack pattern: (**a**) Packet throughput. (**b**) Packet loss ratio. (**c**) End-to-end delay. (**d**) Probability of detection in between benevolent and malicious nodes.  
This factor though keeps minimizing the delay in standard AODV. Although in our scheme, routing overhead is reduced because of the established trust relationship between neighbor nodes, which helps in minimizing end to end delay, that can be seen in Figure 10c.  
The effect of a Black hole attack is strong, as nodes are completely compromised by altering or changing route packets and tend to behave well. In Figure 11a, we can see that nodes gets compromised by an adversary at start, so their packet throughput minimizes. Similarly, in Figure 11b, the number of packets dropped by secure and malicious AODV can be seen. The AODV routing without enabling trust model cannot tackle malicious attacks, nodes are compromised by these adversaries, which results in increase number of packets drop. Further, talking about end to end delay between secure and standard AODV. The delay factor increases due to high uncertainty and less interaction between malicious nodes over simulation time, while secure routing has capable of recognizing malicious nodes and ignoring interaction with them as can be seen in Figure 11c, thus able to minimize end to end delay.
###### Abstract
The Central Blood Bank of Salah El-Din in Iraq is responsible for collecting blood in the city and providing it to patients in hospitals, banks, and sub-centers. It is a traditional, paperwork-based system that is faced with human mistakes, delays in the retrieval of information, and the absence of a central database of donors' records, which may cause confusion or real obstacles owing to the lack of an automated computer system or an effective electronic mechanism for communication between the central bank and branch centers. Such problems endanger patients' lives and may lead to death, especially in critical times. The main objectives of this study are to:  
1. Study and analyze the existing system (the Central Blood Bank of Salah ad-Din);
2. Design and implement the proposed system Iraq Red Wings (IRW) using Web technology and (IoT) technics;
3. Test and evaluate the proposed system. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
* A detailed and applicable framework in the field of BBS systems that contributes to developing this field in developing countries;
* A proposed solution to the instability of the electricity supply in developing countries that monitors the temperature of blood refrigerators in real time and stores a local copy;
* An analysis and assessment of the requirements of the Iraqi blood bank structure;
* The design, development, and implementation of a BBMS for a city in Iraq with a total area of 23,398 km\({}^{2}\) and a population of 1,595,235 that has suffered from terrorism and wars for more than 40 years [30];
* An evaluation of the system during the parallel operation period, which lasted one month, by 22 experts in the field of blood banking. The significance of the proposed system is manifested in its ability to manage and organize the blood bank without human interaction, avoid errors, maintain a high level of accuracy and reliability, monitor the blood inventory for hazards, such as unsuitable temperatures or being out of date, etc., and improve the functionality in storing, retrieving, and analyzing information, which will be helpful, especially in emergencies. This article is divided into sections: (1) Introduction, which contains an overview of the new technology that affects the health care sector; (2) Related Works, which discusses traditional vs. automated systems, IoT-technology-based systems, and the gap study; (3) Methodology, comprising the analysis and design of the proposed system; (4) The Implementation of the Proposed System in two parts: the Web application part and the IoT technics part; (5) System Testing and Evaluation, which contains the functionality testing and temperature sensor testing; and, finally, (6) Conclusion.
# Matchability and Uncertainty-Aware Iterative Disparity Refinement for Stereo Matching
## 4 Experiments
### Implementation Details  
The MUIR proposed in this paper is implemented using PyTorch [53] and trained from scratch on NVIDIA RTX2080 Ti and RTX TITAN GPUs. During pre-training, we use the AdamW [54] optimizer (\(\beta_{1}=0.9\), \(\beta_{2}=0.999\), weight decay \(1\times 10^{-5}\)) and the one-cycle scheduler [55] to adjust the learning rate with maximum value of \(2\times 10^{-4}\) The training image pairs are cropped to a size of 320 \(\times\) 704. The models are pre-trained for \(2\times 10^{5}\) steps on the Scene Flow training set with the batch size set to eight. The data augmentation strategy aligns with [12]. To ensure the practicality and portability, the proposed MUIR fast model is run at \(1/8\) resolution and with seven iterations. The performance of the MUIR fast model is primarily evaluated and compared with the baseline, which is the fast version of RAFT-Stereo [12] with the Slow-Fast bi-level GRUs and seven iterations. The performance of MUIR with 15 iterations at \(1/4\) resolution is also reported where necessary.
# Smart Clothing Framework for Health Monitoring Applications
## 2 Wearable Technology and Smart Clothing
### Antenna Design for Smart Cloth  
Research on body-centric wireless communication is rapidly increasing day by day. As an example, smart clothing is a wearable personal communication system that is used for various applications including eldercare, medical emergencies, firefighting, military applications, and athlete monitoring. Three types of textile antennas have been designed, including a patch antenna, slot antenna, and planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), with all being operated at 2.45 GHz WLAN band for smart clothing applications [41].  
Conventional antennas are manufactured by printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are uncomfortable to use for human body and are not washable. Limited design space for the antennas of portable devices may enforce performance restrictions. Flexible antennas are made up of two main parts which are a conductor (copper, aluminium, silver, etc.) and a dielectric (polymers, paper, foam, plastics, textile fabrics and soft PCB). A conductive material is utilized as a radiating component whereas a dielectric material behaves as the substrate that helps the radiating component.  
Textile antennas with metalized fabric including Flectron, Shieldlex, REMP, and Shintron can raise comfort and make the clothing washable [42]. Therefore, the antenna design is a major concern for smart clothing where key factors including material selection, fabrication methods and analysis should be considered. A circular patch antenna and rectangular patch antennas made of taffeta and polyester are used for the operation in the WLAN band. An Inverted-F antenna (PIFA)-type textile antenna is useful for increasing bandwidth and preventing frequency shifts while it is used in the human body. A UWB wearable antenna was constructed with the use of liquid crystal polymer substrates, showing enhanced performance in terms of return loss and radiation pattern for various conditions including folding, heating and wetting. A dual-band button antenna was designed for use at 2.4 and 5 GHz. The pattern of radiation for this antenna is similar to monopole antennas.  
It was observed in the literature that flexible substrates that have high moisture stability and bending capabilities are beneficial in the design of wearable antennas. However, some challenges and limitations should be considered in designing flexible antennas, including substrate thickness, the dimensions of the antenna, feeding techniques, the physical properties of materials and frequency range [43]. The design of a wearable single-layer antenna becomes possible and we can also determine which properties of these antennas are influenced by the human body at the time the body tissue is subjected to antenna radiation and identify the resistance parameters. [44].
# Beamforming Based on a SSS Angle Estimation Algorithm for 5G NR Networks
## 3 Proposed Beamforming Based on SSS Angle Estimation Algorithm
#### Real-Time Complexity Analysis  
In this section, we evaluate the complexity of the proposed BSAE algorithm, which may be divided into two parts: (1) pre-allocated matrices and (2) real-time processing.  
The generated weights in the steps performed between lines 1 and 5 are pre-allocated, and thus they do not impact the real-time performance. Additionally, the channel estimation is performed in lines 6-8, where the first two steps present a negligible impact when compared to the operation performed in line 8. For the computation of line 8, we perform \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}\) divisions, where \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}\) is the number of SSSs symbols. This step corresponds to a complexity of \(O(N_{SSS}^{Symb}n^{2})\), where \(n\) is the number of digits of the SSS symbols. We repeat this computation \(S\) times, and thus, the complexity at this point is \(O(N_{SSS}^{Symb}Sn^{2})\).  
In line 10, we compute Equation (4), which requires the inversion of a \(S\times S\) matrix, whose complexity is \(O(S^{3})\), and then we multiply the result by a \(S\times 1\) matrix with the complexity of \(O(S^{2})\). Therefore, the complexity of computing the Equation (4) is \(O(S^{3}+S^{2})\).  
Finally, the metric of optimization problem (5) in line 11 has a complexity level of \(O(N_{rx})\), which is evaluated \(N_{\theta}\) times, so the complexity of the optimization problem (5) is \(O(N_{\theta}N_{rx})\). Therefore, the total complexity computation of the proposed BSAE algorithm is \(O(N_{SSS}^{Symb}Sn^{2}+S^{3}+S^{2}+N_{\theta}N_{rx})\).  
In [29], the algorithm can also be divided into two parts: (1) pre-allocated matrices and (2) real-time processing. The first steps also correspond to pre-allocated operations, where the weights for the steered beam directions are generated, and thus, similarly to the proposed BSAE algorithm, they do not impact the real-time performance. For the computation of the RSRP, \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}\) multiplications are performed, followed by the addition operation of these values and a final division operation, which leads to a complexity at this point of \(O\left((N_{SSS}^{Symb}+1)n^{2}+(N_{SSS}^{Symb}-1)n\right)\). This step is repeated \(B\times S\) times, and then the best beam pair link is selected. Thus, the total complexity computation of the algorithm presented in [29] is \(O\left(BSN_{SSS}^{Symb}n^{2}+BSn^{2}+BSN_{SSS}^{Symb}n-BSn\right)\).  
When comparing the complexity computation between the two algorithms, the one that presents more complexity is dependent on the scenario. The algorithm present in [29] has a dominant term of \(BSN_{SSS}^{Symb}n^{2}\), and in some cases--for example, when \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}Sn^{2}\gg S^{3}+S^{2}+N_{\theta}N_{rx}\), i.e., \(S\), \(N_{rx}\), and \(N_{\theta}\) have small values relative to \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}\) and \(n\),--the proposed BSAE algorithm has less computational complexity because \(N_{SSS}^{Symb}{S}n^{2}<BSN_{SSS}^{Symb}n^{2}\). Otherwise, the terms \(S^{3}\) or \(N_{\theta}N_{rx}\) could overcome the term \(BSN_{SSS}^{Symb}n^{2}\).
## 2 Principles
Accordingly, approximately radially and azimuthally polarized beams can be obtained in the far field with coherent superposition [15] by using a positive imaging lens (IL). In Figure 1, the radially and azimuthally polarized beams are checked with an analyzer (AN) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Figure 1: Schematic representation of the generation of radially and azimuthally polarized beams. The diagrams illustrate the cross-section of the laser beam and the associated states of polarizations caused by passing through (**a**) the laser; (**b**) a pair of cylindrical lenses; (**c**) the lateral displacement polarizing beamsplitter (LDPB); (**d**) the half-size half-wave plate (h-HWP); (**e**) the full-size half-wave plate (f-HWP); (**f**) the lateral displacement beamsplitter (LDB); and by reflecting off (**g**) the LDB. The coherent superposition of orthogonal polarizations in the far field is achieved with a positive imaging lens (IL) and the beam profiles are checked using an analyzer (AN) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
## 4 Discussion
### Image Quality  
According to the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM), UK, the tolerance spatial resolution limits are as follows: 0.8 lp/mm for FoV of 30-35 cm and 1.0 lp/mm for FoV of 23-25 cm [19; 20]. When comparing our results with the IPEM recommended values, we see that the current results for FP fluoroscopy provide a much better resolution--giving a spatial resolution limit of 1.2-1.8 for the 20-inch (50 cm) diagonal FPD and 1.6-2.24 for the 10-inch (25 cm) diagonal FPD. In accordance with our results, improved spatial resolution on the FPD system was shown by [PERSON] et al. [2], who reported a spatial resolution limit of (1.4 lp/mm vs. 1.25 lp/mm on both II/TVs). Tolerance levels for TCDD are difficult to establish. However, measurement results at commissioning are considered baseline data to which future equipment performance should be compared.
# TYCOS: A Specialized Dataset for Typical Components of Satellites
## 4 Evaluation
### Visualization  
To display the superiority of our detection benchmark (YOLOv8), we visualized the detection results for 12 common scenarios encountered in satellite capture operations. Figure 9 displays the image detection results of the malfunctioning satellite during the hovering, approaching, and rolling phases under normal illumination conditions. Figure 9 presents the image detection results of the malfunctioning satellite during the hovering, approaching, and rolling phases under low illumination. Figure 9 illustrates the image detection results of the malfunctioning satellite during the hovering, approaching, and rolling phases under high saturation conditions. Lastly, Figure 9 depicts the detection results of the malfunctioning satellite under occlusion conditions in normal illumination, low illumination, and high saturation conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Model** & **Main Network** & **1—Solar Panel** & **2—Body** & **3—Radar** & **mAP** \\ \hline
1 & YOLOv3 & DarkNet & 64.31 & 88.16 & 73.54 & 75.34 \\
2 & YOLOv4 & DarkNet & 66.63 & 90.79 & 73.61 & 77.01 \\
3 & YOLOv5 & DarkNet & 71.24 & 93.60 & 71.54 & 78.79 \\
4 & YOLOv6 & DarkNet & 73.51 & 93.68 & 72.98 & 80.06 \\
5 & YOLOv7 & DarkNet & 85.61 & 95.32 & 80.21 & 87.05 \\
6 & YOLOv8 & DarkNet & **91.07**1 & **99.67**1 & **91.09**1 & **93.94**1 \\
7 & YOLOF & DarkNet & 73.54 & 92.18 & 74.05 & 79.92 \\
8 & YOLOX & DarkNet & 75.60 & 97.22 & 78.96 & 83.93 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The bold font shows the highest AP value.  
\end{table}
Table 6: The AP results of eight detection models.  
From Figure 9a-c, it can be observed that, due to the imaging characteristics of low lighting and high saturation caused by the angle of light and the capture plane, the detection accuracy of key components was reduced or even missed. Therefore, the detection results of key components were easily affected by lighting and distance. Under extreme lighting conditions at long distance, key components such as solar panels cannot be detected.  
Figure 9: The performance of YOLOv8 in different scenarios in TYCOS.  
Figure 9d shows that when the solar panels of the malfunctioning satellite are partially obscured in motion, they are undetectable. Therefore, the occlusion of key regions of space object components has a significant impact on their detection and recognition.
# Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based Microgels and Nanogels Toward Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications
## 3 Fabrication of Hydrogels
### Chemical Crosslinking
#### 3.3.3 Photopolymerization  
The photopolymerization of hydrogel is fundamentally similar to the free radical polymerization, except the external trigger that activates radical generation is ultraviolet or visible light [3; 172]. With recent advances in digital light processing (DLP) or laser-based lithography techniques like stereolithography, this approach allows spatial and temporal control over gelation and is suitable for creating patterned hydrogel structures at the microscale [104; 168; 173]. The same approach is found in stereolithography, a type of additive manufacturing technique that forms solid microstructures within a pool of liquid resin, where the optical resolution determines the minimum size of realizable structures [4; 106; 130].  
The major difference between photopolymerization and other radical polymerization is the mechanism of radical initiation. A photoinitiator is an essential reagent in photopolymerization which undergoes photolysis under the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength and produces radical species. Photoinitiators include benzoin and benzophenone compounds and their derivatives, or commercially available types including Irgacure 2959, Irgacure 1173, or riboflavin, can efficiently absorb a certain wavelength within the range of UV to visible light, depending on the types and number of functional groups [169; 174; 170]. Compared with conventional thermally initiated radical polymerization, a light-controlled mechanism offers powerful advantages for hydrogel synthesis by allowing the excellent spatial selectivity of radical generation and absence of heat throughout the entire process. Irgacure 2959, for example, is commonly used for hydrogel synthesis because of its relatively low cytotoxicity and acceptable tolerability [29; 105; 171]. These benefits enable facile fabrications of biologically complex systems like cell-laden hydrogel platforms or growth factor-loaded scaffolds.  
However, hydrogel synthesis via photopolymerization often suffers from two major drawbacks: cytotoxicity of residual photoinitiators and limited range of water-soluble photoinitiators [174; 175]. First, the removal of a residual photoinitiator becomes more challenging for hydrogels of higher solid composition and bulkier structure. Since their passive diffusion rate drastically decreases as crosslinking progresses, much extensive rinsing or dialysis is required to drive out the residues from the interior of the hydrogel to a sufficient level; on the other hand, the same residues could cause long-term cytotoxic effects in in vivo settings. Second, the most commercially available photoinitiators used in hydrogel synthesis exhibit extremely poor solubility to water of approximately 10 mg/L or less. This inevitably necessitates extensive UV exposure to compensate for limited photoinitiator concentration, which renders the reaction environment incompatible with cells or other UV-sensitive reagents [104; 167; 173; 176].
# Recent Development of Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in Fluoroindate Glass Fibers
###### Abstract  
Supercontinuum (SC) generation that leads to the emission of broadband radiation has been extensively studied. In particular, SC sources encompassing the wavelength range of 2-5 um have attracted considerable interest in the last decade, and a continuous increase in the output power and spectrum width has been observed. To enable broadband and high-power SC generation, suitable nonlinear media combined with appropriate pump sources must be used, maintaining the output as spectrally flat. This paper briefly reviews the current state-of-the-art SC sources restricted to those based on fluoroindate fibers, including systems pumped with femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond pulses. First, the concept of SC generation in optical fibers is briefly presented. This is followed by an examination of indium fluoride optical fibers, with an emphasis on their material and waveguide properties. Furthermore, the advances in SC generation in fluoroindate fibers, including the latest results on high-power (Watt-level) continuum generation adopting different pump schemes, are also explored. A record time-averaged output power of 11.8 W with a spectrum spanning from \(\sim\)1.9 to 4.9 um has been demonstrated, which is certainly not the power limit of this technology. Finally, potential future directions of research are discussed at the end of this paper.  
supercontinuum generation; mid-infrared; fluoroindate fibers; nonlinear optics; fiber lasers; fiber amplifiers +
Footnote †: journal: 2022, 12, 4927. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104927](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104927)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104927](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104927))
## 3 5G HetNet Services, Architecture, and Related Technologies
### 5G Technologies
#### 3.3.7 Software-Defined Networking/Network Function Virtualization in 5G HetNet  
The use of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) in 5G HetNet offers several key advantages that help service providers meet the demands of 5G and provide high-quality services to their customers. Firstly, SDN allows for centralized network management and programmatic control, enabling faster and more efficient deployment of 5G services. Additionally, NFV enables the virtualization of network functions, which allows for the dynamic allocation of network resources based on real-time demand, resulting in improved network performance and reduced costs. Furthermore, SDN and NFV provide greater scalability and flexibility, enabling service providers to respond to changing demands and easily add, modify, or remove network functions as needed. Additionally, SDN provides increased visibility into network activity and enables centralized security management. In contrast, NFV enables the virtualization of security functions such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, improving network security. Finally, SDN and NFV can be used to manage the delivery of different types of 5G services, ensuring that each service receives the necessary network resources to meet its specific requirements, thereby improving the QoS. Overall, the use of SDN and NFV in 5G HetNet provides service providers with increased automation, resource optimization, scalability, security, QoS, flexibility, and innovation [76; 77].  
The deployment of various 5G key technologies for enhancing performance and fulfilling the demand of future wireless communication systems are discussed in several works [78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103;