## 3 Results
### Microneedle Technology  
Since advances in mobile health (m-health) and communication are helping physicians and patients better supervise health status, evaluate symptoms, and offer timely assistance in case of deterioration, novel methods for early diagnosis and treatment administration are much needed for patients suffering from CDs, especially cancers. Although microneedle (MN) technology has been around for decades, only recent advances in their manufacturing permitted broad and scalable research [22]. Gold standards for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment administration are PCR, ELISA, mass spectrometry, and hypodermic needles [23]. They offer high efficiency in detecting disease biomarkers but also present disadvantages, mostly related to their complexity, costs, inability to provide immediate results and psychological effects on patients. Early diagnosis and monitoring are essential for the prognosis and treatment of cancer patients, and MNs can be an aiding tool for these challenges. The biomarkers that MNs can detect are carcinembryonic antigen (CEA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), and exosomes (containing nucleic acids and proteins derived from cells) [22; 23; 24]. CEA in breast cancer was detected with the help of Ag3 PO4-coated MNs through a colourimetric method. Cancer progression can be assessed by monitoring NO levels, as it inhibits tumour growth. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-coated MNs functionalised with hemin molecules were used to monitor NO in colon cancer tissue. VEGF was detected by functionalised MNs using peptide aptamers. Hollow MNs were used to isolate exosomes from ISF, and the exosomes were later visualised with electron microscopes [25; 26]. Analysing interstitial fluid components from dermal and subcutaneous tissues can help diagnose and prognose cancer. This identifies medicines, metabolites, biomarkers, and analytes. Cancer patients can avoid blood extractions and sharp needles with percutaneous interstitial fluid extraction. Compared to fast blood extraction, microneedles are convenient, efficient, secure, and economical for extracting this fluid, but their use in cancer diagnostics is still in its infancy due to the long waiting times, which can range from ten minutes to sev  
Figure 3: Digital evaluation of health alterations in oncological patients. eral hours. Only small sample volumes are available. For accurate and long-lasting cancer treatment, microneedles are ideal for administering chemotherapy or radiation directly to specified locations with minimal invasiveness. This strategy considerably improves patient comfort, especially over multiple therapy cycles. New research suggests microneedle patches can be used in combination therapies to boost treatment efficacy by synergising with other medications or therapies. Microneedles could replace hypodermic injections for cervical cancer immunisation. This technique controls local immunity more effectively at lower dosages, circumvents in vivo barriers, and may minimise systemic toxicity or immunological reactions. Microneedles have been studied for administering adjuvants, antigens, antitumoral gene therapies, and antibodies to expand delivery systems [27; 28; 29]. Microneedles combine minimally invasive methods with enhanced data collecting, making them a key digital health tool. Their small, precise structures administer drugs painlessly and efficiently, which is very useful for cancer patients who need daily therapy. Beyond drug administration, microneedles can be coupled with biosensors to continually monitor vital indicators from interstitial fluid and send real-time data to healthcare practitioners via digital platforms [30; 31]. Microneedles are at the forefront of personalised medicine, using patient-specific data to adapt therapies and enhance outcomes. Digital health frameworks with microneedles solve remote-patient-monitoring and chronic-illness-management issues.