## 3 Proposed Method
### Improved SMA
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Benchmark**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DOORISMA w. ORISMAAL**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DOORISMA w. ESMA**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DOORISMA w. MEO**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DOORISMA w. JADE**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DOORISMA w. RNGWO**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Benchmark**} & \(p\)**-Value** & **Winner** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Winner** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Winner** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Winner** \\ \hline F1 & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F2 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F3 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F4 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F5 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F6 & NaN & \(+\) & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) \\ F7 & \(2.41\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(4.20\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F8 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F9 & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F10 & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F11 & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & NaN & \(=\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F12 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(2.81\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & NaN & \(+\) \\ F13 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(2.07\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F14 & \(2.63\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(2.07\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F15 & \(6.34\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(3.00\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & NaN & \(+\) \\ F16 & \(42.9\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.77\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(4.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F17 & \(7.51\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & NaN & \(=\) & \(4.86\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) \\ F18 & \(3.88\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(9.32\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(5.57\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) \\ F19 & \(7.71\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) & \(1.74\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) \\ F20 & \(1.89\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(8.84\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.75\times 10^{-6}\) & \(-\) \\ F21 & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(4.29\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.78\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F22 & \(5.2\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.02\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(2.77\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ F23 & \(5.22\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.38\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-6}\) & \(+\) \\ \hline \(+/-/-\) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{14/0/9} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{15/2/6} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{16/2/5} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{15/6/2} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{18/1/4} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Test statistical results of [PERSON]’s rank-sum test. Figure 2: _Cont._

## 5 Engineering Design Problems

In this section, the DQOBLSMA is evaluated using three engineering design problems: the welded beam design problem, tension/compression springs, and the pressure vessel design problem. These engineering problems are well known and have been widely used to verify the effectiveness of methods for solving complex real-world problems [54].