## 4 Discussion  
Humans and animals are lavished with nature's gift of massive therapeutic knowledge with a broad spectrum of medicinal plants [46]. Since the 1980s, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the contribution of traditional medicines and practices in the management of various diseases [47]. It was reported that more than 5000 plant species out of 422,000 were utilized medicinally, as medicinal herbs have antioxidant properties that make them less toxic than pharmaceuticals. Antioxidants are secondary metabolites, which are phytochemicals that act as scavengers of free radicles and reactive oxygen species and help manage disease. Phytochemicals are commonly called chemicals of plants, which are not nutritive but are synthesized by plants. Upon consumption, extraction, and isolation, these phytochemicals become crucial and confer health benefits to well-being [48,49]. A plant's phytochemicals can be extracted using different solvents with various techniques, such as the Soxlet apparatus, which is a temperature-dependent technique that allows for the extraction of crude compounds using organic solvents. In the current study, _C. simplicifolia_ leaves were extracted with acetone, methanol, and distilled water using the Soxlet apparatus, which showed that the methanol solvent had a higher extract yield of 14.76 \(\pm\) 0.06 g/100 g than the water (10.02 \(\pm\) 0.12 g/100 g) and acetone (3.49 \(\pm\) 0.004 g/100 g) solvents. The study reported by [PERSON] et al. [50] provided clear discrimination about the different techniques for extraction, such as solid-liquid, ultrasound, Soxlet, and microwave techniques. They determined that the Soxlet technique was the most reliable technique among the others mentioned for extraction of crude phyto-compounds as it is simple and requires no filtration for the extracts. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [51] specified the reason for obtaining high extract yield in methanol by justifying that the polar solvents enhance the cell wall permeability of chemical compounds, which allows for good contraction between the solvent and solute that triggers high extract yield. Like other polar solvents, methanol is also a highly polar solvent with less viscosity and surface tension. The qualitative screening of phytochemicals was achieved in this research. The methanolic leaf extract of _C. simplicifolia_ delivered the most phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones glycosides, and quinones. Meanwhile, distilled water and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Administration** & **GSH** & **CAT** & **SOD** & **LPO** \\  & & **nmol/mg of Protein** & **nmol/mg of Protein** & **nmol/mg of Protein** & **nmol/mg of Protein** \\ \hline
1 & Normal—vehicle & 33.72 \(\pm\) 1.74 & 7.35 \(\pm\) 0.54 & 204.0 \(\pm\) 5.38 & 33.63 \(\pm\) 8.63 \\
2 & Control— paracetamol (PC) & 21.63 \(\pm\) 3.15 ** & 13.90 \(\pm\) 1.15 ** & 140.1 \(\pm\) 4.56 ** & 272.7 \(\pm\) 24 ** \\
3 & Standard—silymarin & 438.0 \(\pm\) 1.39 ** & 16.04 \(\pm\) 1.71 ** & 246.6 \(\pm\) 9.78 & 69.33 \(\pm\) 5.08 * \\
4 & PC + CSMLS low dose & 24.78 \(\pm\) 1.31 * & 20.50 \(\pm\) 1.13 *** & 135.2 \(\pm\) 10.65 ** & 107.7 \(\pm\) 4.85 *** \\
5 & PC + CSMLS high dose & 41.42 \(\pm\) 0.58 * & 26.87 \(\pm\) 1.01 *** & 254.8 \(\pm\) 22.12 * & 71.82 \(\pm\) 6.44 * \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} All table values are mean \(\pm\) SEM; One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with multiple Dunnett’s -tests * \(p\) \(<\) 0.05, ** \(p\) \(<\)0.01, ** \(p\) \(<\) 0.001, and *** \(p\) \(<\) 0.0001 compared with normal rats was followed. (CSMLS: _C. simplicifolia_ methanolic leaves extract).  
\end{table} 
Table 8: _C. simplicifolia_ leaf efficacy for in vivo antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. acetone extract were found to exhibit considerable phytochemicals. The obtained outcome of the analysis implies the biological and medicinal importance of _C. simplicifolia_.