Effects of Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System Flight Speed, Height on Effective Spraying Width, Droplet Deposition and Penetration Rate, and Control Effect Analysis on Wheat Aphids, Powdery Mildew, and Head Blight  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang 212013, China 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang 212013, China 2  
[PERSON]  
3 Nanjing Institutes of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.G.) [PERSON]  
3 Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
are the major insect pest and diseases threatening the high quality and yield of wheat, which could occur from the turning green stage to the flowering stage. According to the forecast report from the National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center of China on 13 November 2020, only the head blight would occur in an area of 6 million hectares in China in 2021, and 133.33 million hectares need to be prevented and controlled totally. How to effectively and quickly control insect pests and diseases of wheat, especially aphids, powdery mildew, and head blight is an urgent problem that farmers need to address. In recent years, the Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System (CPUAS) has developed rapidly in China [6, 7, 8], not only the technical level but also the application area have been already the first around the world [9, 10]. With the real-time kinematic high-precision positioning technology and flight control technology, almost all the CPUASs have achieved fixed altitude and speed. Furthermore, the application of obstacle avoidance technology and terrain-following technology has improved the safety and accuracy of the CPUASs [7, 11, 12, 13]. The high single pesticide application efficiency of CPUASs with an average of about 0.8-2.8 hectares is its obvious advantage [14]. In addition, the operators could be separated from the pesticide tanks on the CPUASs, which would prevent the pesticide poisonings to the operators. Researchers have carried out many studies on how to make good use of the CPUASs for improving the pesticide utilization rate and achieving effective control of the crop diseases and insect pests. [PERSON] et al. [15] studied the influences on the aerial spraying drift from the perspective of the droplets (size, velocity, evaporation, diameter distribution), which provided certain reference significance for this research. [PERSON] et al. [16] studied the effects of flight height (FH) and flight speed (FS) on the droplet deposition uniformity, and the results showed that the two factors and the interaction between them all affected the deposition and uniformity; the relationship model between deposition uniformity and FH/FS has been established for guiding the actual production application. For a multi-rotor CPUAS, [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated the effects of FS and FH on the effective spraying width (ESW) and droplet penetration rate (DPR) and reported that the FS had significant impacts on the ESWs, and the impacts of both FS and FH on the DPRs were highly significant. This research involved the effects of operating parameters on the droplet deposition of aerial spraying, which had great reference value for the studies of this article. For different crops, insect pests, and diseases, some scholars had also studied the effects of the aerial application parameters on the droplet deposition characters and control effects. [PERSON] et al. [18] explored the effects of CPUAS spraying height and speed on droplet penetration and deposition uniformity on the rice.