# Wildfire Monitoring Based on Energy Efficient Clustering Approach for FANETS
## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, the deployment of WSNs is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Due to its tremendous potential for significant advancement in flood catastrophe monitoring [1]. It has its advantages in terms of disaster monitoring by WSN, some of which are related to low cost, high tractability, and scalability [2]. In addition, the unpredictable nature of natural disasters restricts the distribution of the appropriate information to the corresponding sensor nodes with the smallest amount of delay. There is always a need for clustering techniques to manage information and make it reach the final destination. When using an energy-efficient clustering protocol, it is possible to randomly minimize energy consumption in a network while simultaneously increasing the network lifespan. WSN has several applications in the Internet of Things, the medical area, transportation field, industrial field, and smart cities [1; 2]. When used with a WSN, the cluster routing protocol provides energy-efficient data transfer between the sensor node and the base station. Cluster members (sensor nodes) are denoted by the SN and CH used in the clustering routing protocol to designate the cluster head. UAVs are equipped with a compact lithium battery with around 30-35 min of flying time and can be recharged quickly. A technique for replacing UAVs has been developed to complete a lengthy operation. When an UAV is nearing the end of its battery life, it returns to the base station re-energized and re-inducted into the network, allowing the mission to be completed successfully [3], as seen in Figure 1. The limited lifespan and frequent replacement of UAVs are barriers to the widespread use of FANET in various applications. FANETs are a new vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that may be installed anywhere and can communicate. Many of its characteristics are derived from the VANET and the MANET [4]. It uses the same peer-to-peer communication technology as the previous versions of the ad hoc network. Nodes in a network are dependent on one another to communicate with one another properly. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the network's topology changes frequently. FANET also possesses unique characteristics separate from the other ad hoc networks described below. These characteristics are as follows [5]: The FANET network comprises mobile nodes that are provided as unmanned aerial vehicles that can travel at speeds of about 30-60 km/h in open air space and perform a wide range of missions, including surveillance and reconnaissance. In order to facilitate direct communication, they have relatively lengthy inter-node distances and a clear line of sight between nodes. Node mobility patterns differ in FANET, which is another point of differentiation. FANET can be used for many things, from surveillance and monitoring to disaster management, environmental sensing,  
Figure 1: Disaster management using FANETS. ecological damage detection, communication, and many more [1; 2; 3]. The goal of clustering is to reduce the time spent on route discovery and maintenance. It categorizes the whole network into several logical subgroups. Nodes geographically close to one another are grouped to form a cluster. Cluster heads (CH) are maintained in each cluster, and these CHs are responsible for the overall maintenance and management of the cluster's communication. It is in charge of communication between clusters and within clusters. When communicating with all of their cluster members (CMs), CH always functions as the first hop node, and it is its responsibility to deliver the message to its final destination. CHs communicate with their cluster managers (CMs) to keep up-to-date information on the cluster. In proactive and reactive routing, the process of clustering and election of the CH takes the place of the route request. Cluster creation and cluster maintenance phases primarily influence cluster overhead [6; 7]. A large number of messages are sent between network nodes as a part of the cluster building process.