## 3 Results  
Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a statistical significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in both the debris and smear removal scores in the groups compared. Among the apical, middle, and coronal sections compared, there was a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) elicited in different assessed groups. The recorded debris scores were higher at apical levels which were around 3.48 \(\pm\) 0.36, 2.64 \(\pm\) 0.32, and 1.22 \(\pm\) 0.24 in the manual irrigation, automated irrigation, and passive ultrasonic irrigation groups, respectively. The recorded smear scores were higher at the apical level as well. The smear scores were around 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.25, 2.70 \(\pm\) 0.21, 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.19 in the manual irrigation, automated irrigation, and passive ultrasonic irrigation groups, respectively. The study results also showed a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in the scores among the groups and also at various levels assessed. Among the various experimental groups assessed, the passive ultrasonic irrigation group showed the least debris and smear scores, whereas higher debris and smear layer was observed in manual irrigation. Among the various sections assessed, the coronal section elicited the least debris and smear scores, whereas the apical section showed a higher accumulation of smear layer and debris (Figure 3). [PERSON]'s pairwise test was carried out to elicit a significant difference among the various groups compared. On pairwise comparison, there was a statistically significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) elicited in all the groups at various levels assessed. The current study showed a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in the groups (Table 1). The mean and SD values at different sections are presented in Table 1. Pairwise comparison of smear and debris scores showed a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) among all the groups (Tables 2 and 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Groups**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Debris Score**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Smear Score**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Value**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Value**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Apical** & **Middle** & **Coronal** & **Total** & **Apical** & **Middle** & **Coronal** & **Total** \\ \hline Manual & \multirow{2}{*}{3.48 \(\pm\) 0.36} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.47 \(\pm\) 0.40} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.75 \(\pm\) 0.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{9.70 \(\pm\) 1.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.02 \(\pm\) 0.25} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.98 \(\pm\) 0.35} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.77 \(\pm\) 0.33} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.37} & \multirow{2}{*}{8.77 \(\pm\) 0.6} \\ irrigation & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Automated & \multirow{2}{*}{2.64 \(\pm\) 0.32} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.05 \(\pm\) 0.23} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.47 \(\pm\) 0.40} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{6.16 \(\pm\) 0.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.70 \(\pm\) 0.21} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.87 \(\pm\) 0.14} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.42 \(\pm\) 0.13} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.99 \(\pm\) 0.48} \\ irrigation & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{Passive \(\mu\) ultrasonic \(\mu\) irrigation} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.22 \(\pm\) 0.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.21 \(\pm\) 0.22} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.98 \(\pm\) 0.20} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.15} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.41 \(\pm\) 0.66} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.15 \(\pm\) 0.19} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.95 \(\pm\) 0.09} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.98 \(\pm\) 0.21} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.15} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.08 \(\pm\) 0.49} \\ irrigation & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{\(p\) value} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00 \({}^{\star}\)} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\) The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.  
\end{table}