esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# CL-YOLOv8: Crack Detection Algorithm for Fair-Faced Walls Based on Deep Learning
## 3 Proposed Methods  
### Overview of YOLOv8  
YOLOv8 is the latest YOLO model, launched by Ultralytics in January 2023. YOLOv8 is divided into the five following model networks: YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, YOLOv8m, YOLOv8l, and YOLOv8x. In this article, we selected the YOLOv8n network, which offers a smaller size and higher accuracy.  
The YOLOv8n network consists primarily of the four following main components: the input, backbone, neck, and head, as depicted in Figure 1.  
In the input stage, the YOLOv8 algorithm employs methods such as Mosaic data augmentation and adaptive anchor box calculation to enrich the dataset, enhancing the model's generalization ability and robustness [20]. The backbone network consists of modules such as Conv, C2f, and SPPF, which are employed for feature extraction. YOLOv8n introduces a new C2f structure that not only contains rich gradient flow information, but also enhances the feature fusion capability of the CNN network [21]. The SPPF module (Spatial Pyramid  
Figure 1: The system diagram of YOLOv8n.  
Pooling) can transform feature maps of any size into fixed-size feature vectors, enabling the fusion of local and global features [22]. The neck network is responsible for multiscale feature fusion, forming a feature pyramid. The neck section consists of the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) and the Path Aggregation Network (PAN) structures. YOLOv8 replaces the C3 module in the FPN-PAN with the C2f module, while the other components remain largely consistent with the FPN-PAN structure. In the output stage, YOLOv8n adopts the anchor-free approach, replacing the traditional anchor-based method. This is a significant change that shifts the detection head from a \"coupled\" structure in YOLOv3 to a mainstream \"decoupled head\" structure in YOLOv5. It separates the classification and detection heads into two parallel branches to perform classification and localization tasks. Overall, YOLOv8 has a simpler network structure compared to YOLOv5, while achieving a higher accuracy and faster detection speeds.
## 3 Results  
### Patient Demographic and Clinical Data  
The patient demographic, preoperative, and postoperative clinical characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age of the patient cohort at the time of surgery was 61.61 \(\pm\) 7.94 years, with an age range of 39-80 years. The majority of patients were male (80.7%), overweight (BMI \(>\) 25 = 80.7%), and hypertensive (87.3%), with diabetes mellitus present in more than a third (36.3%) of participants. Additionally, most of the patients were on prescribed beta-blockers, acetylsalicylic acid, ACE inhibitors, and statin medications, while only two participants (0.9%) were on antidepressant therapy (Table 1). More than half of the patients (52.4%) included in the present study received three coronary artery bypass grafts. The mean postoperative length of stay was 9.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 days, with a range of 6-36 days, while the mean ICU LOS was 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 days with a range of 1-10 days. The majority of patients were within a normal score range for baseline depressive symptoms (BDI-II \(\leq\) 13; 87.7%). However, for 26 (12.3%) patients, the BDI-II baseline score was \(>\) 13. The median baseline plasma CRP level was 2.3 (1.0-4.7) mg/dL (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Value** \\ \hline Age (years) & 61.6 \(\pm\) 7.9 \\ Gender (male) & 171 (80.7) \\ Smoking (yes) & 32 (15.1) \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 28.3 (25.8–30.7) \\ Baseline medications & \\ Beta-blockers & 179 (84.4) \\ Acetyslalicylic acid & 187 (88.2) \\ ACE inhibitors & 132 (62.3) \\ Statins & 191 (90.1) \\ Antidepressants & 2 (0.9) \\ Medical history & \\ Hypertension & 185 (87.3) \\ Diabetes & 77 (36.3) \\ Hyperlipidemia & 159 (75.0) \\ Family history of cardiovascular diseases & 132 (62.3) \\ Preoperative myocardial infarction (MI) & 110 (51.9) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic, clinical, and depression characteristics of CABG patients (N = 212). Depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory were significantly associated only with the higher EuroSCORE-II values (Mann-Whitney U test, \(p\) < 0.001) (Table 2). Furthermore, 13 (6.1%) patients in our CABG cohort had a postoperative infection, with only 1 of them belonging to the group with a higher BDI-II (>13) score. Additionally, the majority of patients with elevated BDI-II (>13) scores (73.1%) had prolonged postoperative hospital LOS (>7 days), compared with 56.5% of participants within the non-depressive symptom group.
###### Abstract  
This paper explores the role of microdosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a cancer treatment involving the selective accumulation of boron-containing compounds in cancer cells, followed by neutron irradiation. Neutron interactions with \({}^{10}\)B induces a nuclear reaction, releasing densely ionizing particles, specifically alpha particles and recoiling lithium-7 nuclei. These particles deposit their energy within a small tissue volume, potentially targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. The microscopic energy distribution, subject to significant fluctuations due to the short particle range, influences treatment efficacy. Microdosimetry, by studying this distribution, plays a crucial role in optimizing BNCT treatment planning. The methodology employs paired tissue equivalent proportional counters (TEPCs), one with cathode walls enriched with boron and the other without. Precise assessment of boron concentration is essential, as well as the ability to extrapolate results to the actual \({}^{10}\)B concentration within the treatment region. The effective \({}^{10}\)B concentrations within four boronated TEPCs, containing 10, 25, 70, and 100 ppm of \({}^{10}\)B, have been determined. Results show variations of less than 3% from nominal values. Additionally, dose enhancement due to BNC interactions was measured and found to be proportional to the \({}^{10}\)B concentration, with a proportionality factor of 7.7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) per ppm of boron. Based on these findings, a robust procedure is presented for assessing the impact of BNCT in the treatment region, considering potential variations in boron content relative to the TEPC used.  
A pacs: radiation therapy; BNCT; microdosimetry
# Evaluation of Hydrogen Generation with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Survey
#### 1.2.3 Waste Gasification  
Gasification is a thermochemical process in which solid fuel can be converted into more valuable gaseous fuel. These raw materials are often locally available as surplus waste, so gasification allows them to be transformed into a resource with both energy and environmental value. From a chemical point of view, gasification can be considered incomplete combustion promoted by an oxidizing agent (e.g., air, pure oxygen, H\({}_{2}\)O, CO\({}_{2}\), and mixtures). Unlike combustion, where heat is obtained, and exhaust gases include CO\({}_{2}\), and water vapour, in gasification, the produced gas also contains H\({}_{2}\), CO\({}_{2}\), and a small amount of CH\({}_{4}\). Often called producer gas or syngas, this gas has a calorific value that depends on the gasification agent used: low (4-6 MJ/Nm\({}^{3}\)dry) if produced with air and medium (10-15 MJ/Nm\({}^{3}\)dry) if produced with oxygen and/or steam [19]. Syngas  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Process** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Efficiency** \\ \hline Steam reforming & Hydrogen yield is generally higher than 50\% & Potential high level of carbonaceous material & 75–86 \\  & at T \textgreater{} 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. & formation. & \\  & Relative stability during transition operation. & COX Production Unsteady yield. & \\  & & An External Heat transfer device is required, & \\  & & therefore resulting in system complexity and & \\  & & potentially higher cost. & \\ \hline Coal gasification & Coal gasification is a cleaner, less polluting method of coal processing. & H\({}_{2}\) production with value-added product & 61–74 \\  & It releases less carbon when burned, and & (coke and oil) production. & \\  & other polluting gases, such as CO\({}_{2}\), can be & Coal gasification is a process that consumes & \\  & easily separated. & & more energy and water than traditional \\  & The syngas derived from coal gasification & & \\  & can also be further treated to create fuels like & \\  & gasoline and diesel. & & \\ \hline Waste gasification & Waste reduction, low-cost substrate, low pollutant generation, commercialized stage. & Impurities, unstable rate of H\({}_{2}\) production, & 35–45 \\ \hline Electrolysis & Commercialized and greener technology. & Stationary technology, high cost & 72–80 \\  & O\({}_{2}\) is a by-product costly process. & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of hydrogen production technologies.  
with a low calorific value is often suitable for direct use for combined heat and power (CHP) purposes, even on small and medium scales. Syngas with an average calorific value is considered to have a higher value, suitable not only for direct use but also for more advanced process chains to produce gaseous or liquid fuels such as SNG and H\({}_{2}\), MeOH, diesel, gasoline, and DME, as well as green chemicals. (e.g., acetic acid, alcohol, aldehyde) [20; 21; 22].
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the volatile components and the flavor components of tea planted in Tibet and in its original location were systematically analyzed. The volatile components in TOT and OOT showed a slight difference that could not be distinguished by the electronic nose. Through HP-SPME/GC-MS analysis, we found the contents of benzene acetaldehyde, (\(Z\))-jasmone, copaene, \(\beta\)-caryophyllene and benzyl alcohol were significantly higher in TOT than in OOT, while the contents of indole, \(\beta\)-myrcrene, linalool, nerolidol, \(\alpha\)-farnesene, \(\beta\)-ocimene and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene were significantly lower in TOT than in OOT. PCA revealed that the characteristic aroma substances that can distinguish the teas from Tibet and Guangdong were hotrienol and benzyl alcohol. In terms of taste substances, TOT exhibited higher contents of water extractable compounds, polyphenols and amino acids and lower contents of caffeine than OOT, which implies that TOT might have a better flavor than OOT. This study shows that the content of volatiles and flavor compounds is greatly affected by environmental conditions. The results will provide a reference for evaluating the introduction and cultivation of this crop in the plateau areas of Tibet.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalware8060539/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalware8060539/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalware8060539/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalware8060539/s1)), Figure S1: Total ion chromatograms of volatile components of TOT and OOT. Figure S2: The six volatile categories of TOT (A) and OOT (B). Table S1: The substance groupings for calculating the Wickremasinghe-Yamanishi ratio. Table S2: Aroma components of Groups I and Group II of Owuor's flavor index. Table S3: The contents of taste components of TOT and OOT.  
Conceptualization, S.L. and B.S.; data curation, P.C. and J.L.; formal analysis, P.C.; investigation, J.C., W.T. and S.L.; resources, J.C., P.Z., Y.Y., W.T. and Y.C.; validation, B.S.; visualization, X.X.; writing--original draft, P.C.; writing--review and editing, S.L. and B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Guangdong Province Ordinary Colleges and Universities Young Innovative Talents Project (2021 KQNCX007), the Science and Technology Projects of Guangzhou (202102020290) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515012091).  
Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 5: Test results of the main taste components of TOT and OOT (based on triplicate analyses). \(t\) -test was used to identify significant differences (ns = not significant; **\(p\) < 0.01).
## 3 Results
### Response of Vegetation CUE and WUE to Changes in Precipitation and Temperature in the NMR
Figure 8: Significant correlations between vegetation CUE and WUE with precipitation (**a**,**b**) and temperature (**c**,**d**) in the NMR from 2001 to 2023. For vegetation WUE, negative correlations with precipitation were dominant, with the mean correlation coefficients for forest, grassland, shrub, and cropland all being negative (the largest being \(-0.37\) for shrubland and the smallest \(-0.20\) for forest) (Figure 10). Notably, 32.20% of grassland areas exhibited a significant negative correlation with precipitation, covering approximately 22,300 km\({}^{2}\), the largest proportion among the four vegetation types. In terms of the connection linking WUE to temperature, the association was predominantly negative for forest and shrubland, with average values of \(-0.22\) and \(-0.53\), respectively (Figure 10). Conversely, grassland and cropland showed positive correlations with temperature, with average correlation coefficients of 0.08 and 0.30, respectively. This indicates that the association between WUE and temperature is largely inverse for forest and shrubland. Figure 10: Mean correlation coefficients between CUE and WUE with precipitation and temperature across different vegetation types in the NMR from 2001 to 2023. Figure 9: Spatial patterns of correlation coefficients between CUE and WUE with precipitation (**a,b**) and temperature (**c,d**) in the NMR from 2001 to 2023.  
and shrubland, whereas it tends to be positive for grassland and cropland. Furthermore, 27.12% of cropland areas exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature, covering approximately 1424.05 km\({}^{2}\), while 14.09% of forest areas exhibited a significant negative correlation, covering approximately 5942.79 km\({}^{2}\).
# Reliable Application Layer Routing Using Decentralized Identifiers
## 5 Implementation and Evaluation
### DID Document Storage Overhead  
The DID document that corresponds to \"smart-city.iot\" includes 100 entries in the assertion list, one for each building, and each entry is of the URL type. An example of such an entry can be seen in Listing 2. The size of this document is 17,452 bytes.  
```
1
2{
3\"id\": \"Hkey2\",
4\"expires\": \"1651072710\",
5\"prefix\": \"smart-city.iot/building1\",
6\"edge\":\"edge-2\",
7\"type\": \"url\",
8\"publicKey\":\"did:domain:building1.iot\"
9}
```  
Each building owner maintains also a DID document that includes 50 entries in the assertion list, one for each advertised URL. Each entry is of the JsonWebKey type. The size of each such document is 13,900 bytes.  
A digital certificate in a system that uses the solution of [36] includes only a public key; hence, its size is smaller compared to a DID document (in our use case \(\approx\) 500 bytes). This happens because the information included in a DID document in our system is distributed as rules configured in routers in the solution of [36]. On the other hand, an entity authorized for multiple prefixes should store a certificate per prefix in the solution of [36], whereas in our solution, the same DID document may include a key that can be used for many prefixes.  
Figure 4: Number of DID documents transferred over the backbone link if 0, 2, or 4 ms delay is added before responding to DID document request.
## 3 The Experimental Results and Analysis
### The Real-Time Online Measurement Experiment  
A workpiece which size is 63 mm (D) \(\times\) 51 mm (W) \(\times\) 4.47 mm (H) on the conveyor is reconstructed to verify the real-time measurement capacity of the proposed method. Figure 10 shows the real-time measurement results during the workpiece transfer process. The workpiece to be reconstructed is transported at a speed of 20 mm/s. The CCD camera captures the quaternary deformed patterns of the workpiece at a refresh rate of 30 frames per second. The full size of the captured deformed pattern is 1624 \(\times\) 1236 pixels, the size of the workpiece on pixels are 531 \(\times\) 430, which means the real size measured by this method is 62.97 mm (D) \(\times\) 51.12 mm (W). Figure 10a-c shows three frames captured deformed patterns in real time with an interval of 0.03 s. Figure 10d-f show the corresponding wrapped phase caused by the height of the workpiece, and Figure 10g-i show the 3D shape reconstruction results of the workpiece online. It can be seen that the quaternary  
Figure 8: Schematic of experimental setup.  
grating projection PMP can completely reconstruct the 3D shape of the workpiece online with good instantaneity. There are uneven shadows in the hollow area of the workpiece. With the quaternary grating projected onto the object, the grayscale of the shadow in the hollow corresponds to the zero-value grayscale in the captured deformed pattern, and the grayscale difference between the hollow shadow and the three non-zero fringe projected obliquely is considerable and the characteristics are obvious. Therefore, in the reconstruction results of the object, the outlines of the hollow holes of the workpiece have also been completely reconstructed. Figure 10j-l show the reconstruction result in a lower shutter speed, and the motion track of workpiece is more clearly visible.
## 4 Discussion
Achieving an appropriate balance between tensile and compressive forces exerted on the peri-implant bone is crucial, and the incorporation of healing chambers could contribute to achieving this balance [35]. [PERSON] et al. [2] reported that the healing process following implant insertion into the bone site is primarily influenced by the implant's macro-structure and the dimensions of the bone cavity in which the implants are placed. According to these authors, an implant design that includes healing chambers demonstrates greater efficacy in promoting early bone healing. Similar findings were also presented by [PERSON] et al. [34], who proved that the utilization of healing chambers enhances and expedites the osseointegration process. Moreover, the outcomes of this in vitro research are corroborated by earlier in vivo studies. These studies demonstrated how these implant design characteristics contribute to lowering IT values, resulting in reduced peri-implant bone compression, while simultaneously promoting the generation of new bone, new vessels, and a cellular pre-osteogenic matrix [34]. Importantly, these design features do not influence the dimension of the bone osteotomy or the ISQ, despite the decrease in IT values [1]. Regarding the limitations of the present study, it is crucial to acknowledge that although rigid polyurethane foam blocks are already employed in implant research due to their consistent and replicable testing properties, serving as an alternative test material to human cadaver and animal bones, they are unable to fully replicate the intricate characteristics of real bone. To facilitate a more comprehensive discussion of the data, several factors require consideration, including the absence of individual human variability, the natural responses of real bone, and the intricate microenvironment of both healthy and pathological bone conditions. Additionally, it is essential to factor in variables associated with the surgical techniques applied, as a more nuanced understanding of these findings hinges upon such considerations. Consequently, it is worth noting that the data acquired from this study might not perfectly mirror the true in vivo performance of the implants being investigated. Nevertheless, obtaining crucial corroboration of this data through both animal and clinical studies remains essential for its future application and implementation. To further enhance the utilization of polyurethane blocks as a human bone model for studying implant behavior, including stress and local deformations on the implant-material contact points, particularly within healing chambers, it could be advantageous to conduct biomechanical evaluations through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) studies. Despite the limitations inherent in conducting in vitro studies on non-human bone tissue, the authors can speculate that these preliminary results offer valuable insights into the biomechanical behavior of these implants. This, in turn, aims to assist clinicians in refining their surgical planning and predicting the prognosis of the dental implant procedure.
# Influence of Printing Angulation on the Flexural Strength of 3D Printed Resins: An In Vitro Study
###### Abstract  
This study compared the flexural strength of various 3D printed resins fabricated at different building angles (\(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), and \(90^{\circ}\)). Four groups of resins were tested: Varseo Smile Teeth (Bego GmbH & Co., Bremen, Germany), V-print C&B Temp (Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Bego Triniq (Bego GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany), and Sprintray Crown (SprintRay, Los Angeles, CA, USA). A digital light processing 3D printer (Asiga MAX UV, NSW, Sydney, Australia) was used to fabricate the samples at the specified build angles (\(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), and \(90^{\circ}\)) in accordance with the ISO 4049:2019 standard. Flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine (Instron 5567; Instron Ltd., Norwood, MA, USA), and fracture analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope (Jool) ISM-6060 LV, Tokyo, Japan). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 26; IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations were calculated for each group, and statistical differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (\(p<0.05\)). All tested resins exhibited high flexural strength values. The maximum flexural strength was observed in the \(0^{\circ}\) printed samples (\(137.18\pm 18.92\) MPa), while the lowest values were recorded for the \(90^{\circ}\) printed samples (\(116.75\pm 24.74\) MPa). For V-print C&B Temp, the flexural strength at \(90^{\circ}\) (\(116.97\pm 34.87\) MPa) was significantly lower compared to the \(0^{\circ}\) (\(156.56\pm 25.58\) MPa) and \(45^{\circ}\) (\(130.46\pm 12.33\) MPa) orientations. In contrast, Bego Triniq samples printed at \(45^{\circ}\) (\(148.91\pm 21.23\) MPa) demonstrated significantly higher flexural strength than those printed at \(0^{\circ}\) (\(113.37\pm 31.93\) MPa) or \(90^{\circ}\) (\(100.96\pm 16.66\) MPa). Overall, the results indicate that the printing angle has a significant impact on the flexural strength of the materials, with some resins showing lower strength values at the \(90^{\circ}\) build angle.  
3D printing; additive manufacturing; flexural strength; printable resins; fixed prosthodntics