esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 State-of-the-Art Solutions
### 12-Pulse Diode Rectifier with Multi-Phase Chopper (12-DRMC)  
Another trendy topology used in P2H power electronic converters is the 12-pulse diode rectifier with multi-phase choppers (12-DRMC) [20; 23; 24; 27], as is illustrated in Figure 5. The multi-phase chopper bridges are implemented by silicon (Si) IGBTs and freewheeling diodes, as arranged in an interleaved manner to attenuate the current ripple through the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer current/power can be regulated by varying the duty ratios of chopper IGBTs. Compared with the 12-TR, one significant merit of the 12-DRMC is the improved power quality, in terms of relatively lower current distortion and constantly high power factor throughout the variable operation range of the P2H converter. Nevertheless, measures are still needed to improve the power quality at the connection point. The widely adopted method involves 11 th- and 13 th-tuned shunt passive trap filters, as well as a shunt high-pass filter. Nowadays, the technology of the high-current chopper-rectifier is mature [28], and its overall cost has decreased as it is presently comparable with the aforementioned 12-TR system [24].
## 4 Conclusions  
The present study assessed the effects of botanical origin and technological parameters (post-harvest treatment, drying, and roasting) on the chemical composition of CS. Natural _Arabica_ CS, with a higher content of volatile compounds (Maillard and varietal origins), TPC, and antioxidant capacity, is significantly different to washed _Arabica_ CS, highlighting the effect of post-harvest coffee bean treatments on CS composition. Additionally, washed _Arabica_ CS showed greater preservation of soluble dietary fibre and chlorogenic derivatives. _Canephora_ CS revealed differences in volatile compounds from the _Arabica_ species owing to the higher content of pyrroles, sulphur compounds, and pyridines. No clear trend was observed for the effect of the roasting degree. Therefore, different coffee attributes seem to be reflected in the chemical properties of this coffee by-product, with further research required to elucidate and potentiate these features.  
Conceptualization, M.G., M.B. and G.Z.; methodology, M.G., S.B. and D.G.; formal analysis, M.G., S.B. and D.G.; resources, G.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, M.G.; writing--review and editing, M.B., D.G. and G.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors are grateful to Casa del Caffe Vergnano Spa that furnished coffee silverskin.
# An Ante Hoc Enhancement Method for Image-Based Complex Financial Table Extraction
###### Abstract
Existing methods often fail to achieve optimal results because they either solely consider visual features or use a representation-based model to encode text and mix textual semantic features with visual features. Instead, an interaction-based model should be used to directly encode the relationships between text lines. Figure 1: An image of a complex financial table with wrapped text (translated from Chinese) and the table extraction output of Tencent’s TE model GrabTab, as well as the ground truth of the table’s structure. An image enhancement method is a series of technologies that process the collected images to make them more suitable for identification and analysis [20]. In this paper, we regard the problem of recognizing wrapped text as a text semantic matching task, for which an interaction-based language model is used to predict whether two text pairs belong to a wrapped text. We also propose ACTE, an image enhancement method that obtains and adds possible demarcation lines as an instruction for image-based table extraction methods to improve their performance on complex financial tables. Our contributions may be summarized as follows:  
1. We propose an image enhancement framework utilizing an OCR model, a language model, and heuristic algorithms to obtain row demarcation lines with high precision. This could serve as an instruction for end-to-end table extraction methods. 2. We utilize an interaction-based model for predicting the semantic relationships between neighboring text pairs with higher accuracy to better recognize table cells with wrapped text. 3. We develop a text semantic matching dataset for multi-line text recognition containing over 50,000 text pairs, as well as a complex financial table dataset containing over 600 tables. The remainder of this article is structured as follows: Section 2 briefly summarizes related works on table structure recognition and text semantic matching. Section 3 explains the methodology of our method in detail. Section 4 presents a description of our dataset and experimental setup, along with experimental results and analysis. Finally, our conclusions are presented in Section 5.
## 2 Conformance Testing  
Conformance testing is an inspection method that functions as a way to check and affirm that a product faithfully meets the requirements of a specific standard. Namely, it is a way to ascertain that a predicted standard is implemented in the product. In other words, it aims to achieve the main goal of communication standards which ensure that all manufacturers follow applicable requirements [4]. This approach of testing is applied in different areas including electronic and electrical engineering, software engineering, and other areas as well [5].  
Besides conformance testing, there are many types of testing such as performance testing, robustness testing, department testing, functions, and interoperability. In general, testing does not check if a product complies with standard specifications. It can only detect the lack of conformity between the two \"views\" of the system [6].  
According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the regular form of conformance testing contains two sides, system under test (SUT) and test system [7]. The test systems run test procedures which include some test cases. A test case or a test scenario specifies the behaviors of a standard in adequate detail, so the test system can assess a product's behavior and determine whether it precisely follows a standard or not. At the end of each test case, the test case generates a verdict of pass/fail. A conformance testing program usually includes a standard or specification, test tools, procedures for testing and organization to-do testing, and issues certificates of validation [8].  
In SGSF-064-1, there are some cases where conformance testing should be done to ensure that EVSE meets Korean standard specifications. The SGSF-064-1 has some procedures that EVSE should follow. In this paper we use test modes which consist of several test cases and then the test system checks each test case individually to confirm that EVSE complies with the requisites of SGSF-064-1.
# Design of a Heterogeneous-Based Network Intrusion Detection System and Compiler
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Fast-pattern Matching  
Fast-pattern matching comprises three stages: hash bitmap matching, shift-or verification, and rule mapping. We adopted the \"cooperative hit\" matching strategy, integrating hash bitmap matching (from the fast-pattern matching phase) with shift-or matching characteristics. The former rapidly filters non-hit traffic while minimizing memory footprint, generating candidate packets (including false positives) for secondary verification. The latter leverages deterministic matching precision to eliminate residual false positives and confirm anomalous packets. This cooperative mechanism optimizes workflow efficiency while maintaining high throughput and detection accuracy. The detailed matching workflow is structured as follows:  
The five-tuple-filtered packets are input in 8-byte segments, generating variable-length character combinations. Hash addresses are computed (compilation logic detailed in Section Design of the Rule Pre-Filtering Module), followed by bitmap state retrieval via hash bucket indices. If the bitmap is set, the string enters the shift-or module for mask value calculation. Final SID determination is obtained through hash-based rule mapping table lookup, with results transmitted via the PCIe module. Unmatched packets are forwarded normally. As shown in Figure 2, the detection process completes through four steps: length fragmentation, hash table lookup, shift-or mask verification, and rule mapping.  
Throughput constitutes the core performance metric for fast-pattern matching. Given the low proportion of real-network anomalous traffic, five-tuple pre-filtering eliminates at least 30% of normal traffic. A single fast-pattern matching module operating at 400 MHz clock frequency with 8-byte input and 5-stage pipeline design achieves a measured processing capacity of about 5.12 Gbps. Deploying 16 parallel modules satisfies anomaly detection requirements for most network environments.
## 4 Conclusions  
Interference suppression in biomedical wireless medical networks is a critical issue that would allow successful and reliable communication in critical medical data networking environments. In this paper we presented a detailed analysis on interference calculation for a receiving node placed in the vicinity of the center of a networking area when interfering transmitters are randomly placed around it using a uniform distribution. Our results indicate ways to compensate the degree of interference exhibited in each receiver with respect to network topology, transmission rate and individual maximum power constrains of each transmitter. The presented theoretical analysis provides a very good approximation of the mean interference found via simulations. We extended previous works by introducing the interference limited communication range (d\({}_{\text{ILR}}\)) as the critical region around a receiver within which a transmitter, despite the presence of the other interfering nodes, can successfully send its data to the receiver of interest with a specific rate. We verified our results with simulations and presented the rate of convergence of the interference-limited region for wireless biomedical networks. Finally, we validated the accuracy of our model even when we relax our assumptions on the receiver's position in respect with the interfering transmitters. No matter the receiver's position, within a wireless biomedical area network, our model remains valid.
# Disposal and Recycle Economic Assessment for Aircraft and Engine End of Life Solution Evaluation
## 6 Analysis and Result Discussion
### Averaged Data Set and Economic Indicators
#### 6.1.1 Economic Indicator Evaluation  
The average costs of dismantling an aircraft or engine and the salvage values of their harvested parts classified by aircraft categories can be seen from Tables 2 and 3[2]. The aircraft average residual value is assumed to be 10% of the aircraft average price, which is approximated based on aircraft market price for aircraft manufacturers [47; 48], see Tables 4 and 5. The D&R economic indicator and NPV measure can then be obtained (Tables 6 and 7). Note that the term 'aircraft' shown in these tables refers to the airframe and systems without engines, the 'aircraft (total)' is aircraft with engine parts, and 'engine' refers to 1 engine component.  
For aircraft disposal and recycle, the D&R economic indicator (\(I_{D\&R}\)) are all below 1, an unfavorable feature from the economic perspective. \(I_{D\&R}\) of the regional jet case is shown to be the highest value close to 1, while those of the narrow body and wide body aircraft are far from economically efficient (Table 6). This is because a regional jet often has a relatively low purchase cost relative to general supply chain economics [49] but has a high salvage value. It should be noted that, when there is a small difference between the salvage value and residual value (e.g., regional jet), it is easy to turn the situation from beneficial to economically inefficient, and vice versa. Therefore, those situations should be carefully treated during practical disposal and recycle executions. For an engine dismantling process, the D&R activities for the aforementioned three aircraft categories are all profitable. This can be explained by the large salvage values of all recovered engines. The narrow body engine achieves the highest D&R economic indicator, and it is followed by regional jet engine, and then by wide body aircraft engine. The D&R NPV shows a similar tendency (Table 7). By comparing the engine and the aircraft of all categories, the \(I_{D\&R}\) and NPV of the engine is generally higher than the so-called critical point, which indicates that the engine D&R process may achieve larger vaporization value and obtain higher salvage value relatively than those of the aircraft D&R process under the 2014 reference year of D&R techniques and the market.
# Detecting and Solving Tube Entanglement in Bin Picking Operations
## 4 Experiments  
### Overview  
Figure 8 provides an overview of the arrangement used to conduct the experiments. A Yaskawa Motoman HC10 robot arm was used. It has a reach of 1200 mm and can handle payloads of up to 10 kg with a repeatability of 0.1 mm. A Robotiq 2F-85 gripper was attached to its flange, alongside a Photoneo PhoXi 3D Scanner S and an ATI Gamma SI-65-5 force/torque sensor, as shown in Figure 9. The 3D scanner has a range from 384 to 520 mm and a resolution of 3.2 million points. At the optimal distance (442 mm), it has a scanning area of 360 mm \(\times\) 286 mm and an accuracy of 0.05 mm. The force/torque sensor is able to sense forces of up to 200 N in the z direction, with a resolution of 1/40 N. It can also detect torques of up to 5 N\(\cdot\)m in each direction, with a resolution of 10/13,333 N\(\cdot\)m.  
Figure 8: Setup overview.  
Figure 7: Example of the coordinate frame for a tube’s orientation.  
The tubes to be picked were placed in a bin, whose dimensions are approximately 77 cm (length) \(\times\) 58 cm (width) \(\times\) 9 cm (height). Two sets of seven tubes were used (Figure 10). Their properties are summarized in Table 1.  
The tubes on Set A are the same as those used on the conference article focused on the tube modeling phase [3]. They are straight plumbing pipes that were manually bent to have different shapes. They correspond to a simpler test case since their material has less friction, and thus the tubes that are on top of the one being picked tend to slide back into the bin.  
The tubes from Set B are radiator hoses from a Fiat Tipo engine. These tubes are more prone to entanglement since their curves are not planar and their rubber surface provides more friction.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Set A** & **Set B** \\ \hline Material & Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) & Rubber \\ Curve length & 50 cm & 40 cm \\ Radius & 1.25 cm & 1.00 cm \\ Stiffness & Fully rigid & Semi-rigid \\ Weight & 55 g & 110 g \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main properties of the considered sets of tubes.  
Figure 10: Sets of tubes used in the experiments.  
Figure 9: End-effectors attached to the flange.  
For each set of tubes, 20 rounds of bin picking were performed, where a round consists of manually placing the tubes in a random arrangement in the bin and then making the robot follow the whole picking pipeline of Section 3 to empty the bin by picking the tubes one-by-one.  
Table 2 presents the parameter values used when conducting the experiments.
## 4 Simulation Results, Theoretical Calculation, and Analysis
### EDP Evaluation among Different Transmission Schemes
First, it is obvious that Case 2 with the combination scheme cost less energy than that of the multi-path transmission scheme when the UE was far away from the BS. Secondly, it is certain that the BS took less time to decode the UE information if the UE chose multi-path transmission instead of Case 2 with the combination scheme when the UE was far away from the BS. Lastly, the AUA scheme would balance these two kinds of schemes, which had better performance for the EDP when \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) were equal to 3 dB. We can notice that the vast majority of users will choose the case where the EDP is smaller. From this perspective, AUA balances the performance of energy and latency, making it a win-win overall. However, \(\alpha=\beta=3\) dB are not the best \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) values in this situation. The following part discusses the calculation of the optimal \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) values in different situations.
# Force-Based Self-Organizing MANET/FANET with a UAV Swarm
## 2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)
### Target MANET-Applications and -Scenarios
#### 2.3.2 Wilderness Exploration  
The second scenario class considers the temporary deployment of a MANET during, e.g., some exploration effort where the MANET is needed for a limited time. This could be, for example, a rescue effort in a remote area or the mapping of previously unexplored terrain [3]. In both cases node movement may be unpredictable.  
Drone-based MANETs are especially useful when infrastructure is only needed briefly, as the MANET will automatically reduce its presence in an area where there is low or no demand to deliver high connectivity in areas with many field units.
## 5 Discussion on Statistical Analysis  
### Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties  
This section explores the temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of epoxy/Al2O3 micro-composites using the \(t\)-test. According to [49], the \(t\)-test is used to assess whether a factor significantly affects experimental results. Therefore, a paired \(t\)-test was conducted to determine the impact of temperature changes on the measured dielectric properties. The probability \(p\), which measures the evidence against the null hypothesis, was calculated using R software [31]. In this case, the null hypothesis (H\({}_{0}\)) states that there is no significant change in the dielectric properties with temperature, while the alternative hypothesis (H\({}_{1}\)) suggests that the dielectric properties change significantly with temperature. The \(p\)-value was then compared to the significance level to determine if the data showed a significant difference. Typically, a significance level of 5% is considered reasonable in statistical analysis. If the \(p\)-value is less than or equal to the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating that the dielectric properties do not show significant differences with temperature.  
Table 8 presents the paired \(t\)-test results, with ten groups: (A) 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (B) 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (C) 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (D) 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (E) 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (F) 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (G) 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (H) 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (I) 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (J) 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C; comparing the relative permittivity and dissipation factor values to see if there were substantial changes due to temperature. The \(p\)-values for each group (from A to J) were much smaller than 0.05 for both the relative permittivity and dissipation factor. These results reject the null hypothesis, confirming that the dielectric properties depend on temperature.  
Through these results, even though the changes in relative permittivity and dissipation factor according to the temperature presented in Table 1 seem to be limited, statistical analysis on experiment data highlights the significance of temperature to both the relative permittivity and the dissipation factor. In other words, it can be concluded that the dielectric properties show a dependence on temperature. One notable point is that, unlike previous studies that explained experimental results solely through theoretical analysis, this study demonstrated the changes in relative permittivity and dissipation factor with temperature variation using statistical analysis through the paired \(t\)-test.
# Temperature Sensing with Nd\({}^{3+}\) Doped YAS Laser Microresonators
## 2 Theoretical Background  
### Fluorescence Intensity Ratio (FIR)  
The FIR technique is based on the variation of the relative luminescence of two radiative transitions with temperature. Through this technique, a calibration can be performed that can be used to estimate the temperature of a given sample from its emission spectrum.  
For this technique to be efficient, the energy levels to be studied must have an energy gap between 200 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2000 cm\({}^{-1}\)[16]. For Nd\({}^{3+}\), the energy levels \({}^{4}\)F\({}_{5/2}\) and \({}^{4}\)F\({}_{3/2}\) comply with this requirement (shown in Figure 1).  
Figure 1: Schematic energy level diagram of Nd\({}^{3+}\) ions indicating the near-infrared emissions obtained under visible excitation and the different upconversion mechanisms for the \({}^{4}\)G\({}_{7/2}\) emissions.  
For a three-level system, labelled 1, 2, and 3, in thermal equilibrium, the relative population of the levels energetically close, labelled 2 and 3 (see Figure 1), follows a Boltzmann-type distribution. Accordingly, the ratio of the intensities from these levels is given by [11; 13]  
\[Ratio=\frac{I_{31}}{I_{21}}=\frac{A_{31}g_{3}ht_{3}}{A_{21}g_{2}ht_{2}}exp\left( \frac{-E_{32}}{k_{B}T}\right)=B\ exp\left(\frac{-E_{32}}{k_{B}T}\right) \tag{1}\]  
where \(A_{i1}\) is the spontaneous emission rate from the ith level to level 1, \(g_{3}\) and \(g_{2}\) are the _(2)_ + 1)_ degeneracies of the levels, \(h\) is the Planck's constant, \(v_{i}\) is the angular frequency of the transition, \(E_{32}\) is the energy gap between the two levels, and \(k_{B}\) is the Boltzmann constant.
# A Holistic Review of Machine Learning Adversarial Attacks in IoT Networks
## 4 Adversarial Attack Generation Methods for IoT Networks
### Exploratory Attack Methods
#### 4.1.9 One-Pixel Attack  
The One-Pixel Attack (OPA) is a method used in adversarial ML to deceive image classification models. Building upon the findings of JSMA's success in misleading a network through slight modifications to a few pixels in the input image, [PERSON] et al. conducted a study [56] in 2019 that pushed the boundaries even further by showing successful fooling of deep networks by altering as little as one pixel.  
The authors used the Differential Evolution (DE) approach [57] to search for the optimal locations and color values that can be modified and creating child-image. Each child-image will be compared to the parent image and the criterion-based fittest is selected for the next iteration. Ultimately, the adversarial example is generated by manipulating the pixel of the last surviving child-image.  
The used DE concept does not require knowledge about the system information, the ML model parameters, or its objective function, which is suitable for generating adversarial attacks in a black-box fashion. The problem statement can be mathematically defined as an optimization problem in the following Expression (14).  
\[\underset{e(x)*}{max}f_{adv}(x+e(x))\quad s.t.\ \|e(x)\|\leq L \tag{14}\]  
here, \(f_{i}(x)\) is the probability of an image \(x=(x_{1},\dots,x_{n}\ )\) to be classified as class \(t\) and \(e(x)=(e_{1},\dots,\ e_{n})\) is the additive perturbation to the each of the \(n\) pixels of the image. The constraint here is that the overall perturbation amount is limited to \(L\). However, the authors used a different approach by modifying the constraint to restrict the quantity of pixels that can be modified. The equation is slightly changed to the Expression (15)  
\[\underset{\epsilon(x)*}{max}f_{adv}(x+e(x))\quad s.t.\ \|e(x)\|\leq d \tag{15}\]  
where \(d\) is a small number of dimensions and \(d=1\) in the case of OPA.  
Although this method has proven its effectiveness in generating adversarial examples with a single-pixel change, which keeps the overall appearance of the image almost the same as the original sample and makes attack detection very challenging, evolutionary-based algorithms are computationally expensive.