## 3 Results
### Seasonal Trends in Vegetation Indices  
The analysis of vegetation indices--the NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI--offers valuable insights into the seasonal dynamics of vegetation health, water contents, and overall productivity in the avocado orchard. These indices are essential tools for understanding the temporal fluctuations in vegetative cover, crucial for assessing plant water stress and optimizing irrigation strategies in remote agricultural areas.  
Figure 8 shows the seasonal trends of the NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. Each index is presented with its mean value (solid line) and variability (shaded standard deviation) throughout the days of the year (DOY). This temporal analysis allows for a characterization of the seasonal changes in vegetation health and water contents, offering a comprehensive understanding of the vegetative dynamics across both years.  
Figure 8: Seasonal evolution of vegetative expression using NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI (2021–2022).  
The NDVI is widely used to assess canopy greenness and vegetative vigor, and it follows a clear seasonal pattern. It gradually increased during the early months of 2021 and 2022, reflecting the active growth phase of the avocado trees. The peak NDVI values observed in the middle of the growing season indicate maximum canopy greenness and optimal vegetative health, while a subsequent decline towards the end of the season aligns with the senescence phase or harvest periods. This trend demonstrates that the NDVI is highly responsive to vegetation growth and environmental conditions, making it a reliable tool for monitoring crop health over time. Similarly, the NDWI measures dynamic changes in the canopy water content, showing low values early in the season as the vegetation is in its early growth stages. As the season progresses, the NDWI values rise, particularly during the wettest periods when the vegetation reaches its peak water content. The highest NDWI values correspond to the wet season, while a decline during the dry season reflects reduced water availability or vegetation decline. These fluctuations emphasize the NDWI's sensitivity to vegetative growth and water availability, making it an effective indicator of plant water stress. The SAVI, which accounts for the soil's influence in areas with sparse vegetation, follows a similar pattern to the NDVI but provides more comprehensive insights into variations in vegetative cover, especially during transitions between growth and senescence. The peak in SAVI values during the middle of the growing season indicates robust vegetation and healthy canopy cover. At the same time, the index also captures finer variations in vegetative density, offering valuable information for assessing canopy health in agricultural systems with varying levels of vegetation.  
These indices collectively reflect the phenological patterns of vegetation, emphasizing the key periods of vegetative growth, maximum productivity, and decline. Their consistent seasonal trends across both years demonstrate their reliability as tools for monitoring vegetative expression and ecosystem dynamics in the avocado orchard. Integrating the NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI in this analysis offers a comprehensive view of vegetation health and water contents. This is critical for water management and irrigation optimization, particularly in remote agricultural areas with limited access to ground-based monitoring.  
While the seasonal variation trends observed in vegetation indices such as the NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI effectively capture general crop responses to water availability, this study acknowledges the practical implications of the observed fluctuation ranges between the dry and wet seasons. Specifically, these fluctuations may significantly impact orchard crops, influencing their phenological development, yield potential, and susceptibility to stress. Although a direct comparative analysis with other similar study areas or crops was not conducted, the methodology and results align with established findings in tropical agricultural systems.