# Research Challenges for the Internet of Things: What Role Can OR Play?
## 3 How can OR Support the Future IoT?
### The Mathematical Tools and Techniques of OR Which May Support the IoT
#### 3.1.11 Summary  
Table 3 contains a non-exhaustive list of mathematical OR techniques that have been applied to understand and develop the IoT.  
Table 4 lists the main IoT Technical and Business research challenges together with OR tools that can be applied. As in Section 2.2, the Technical research challenges are divided into three areas: Design, Scientific/Engineering and Operations/Management. Many OR approaches are being applied to understand and develop the IoT, although these efforts are still in their early stages.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**IoT Challenge** & **OR Tools/Techniques Applicable** & **Examples; Notes** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Design} \\ \hline Architecture & Data analytics, optimization, game theory & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [49] use GT \\ to study architectures \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Interoperability (Addressing/ \\ Naming Objects) & & \\ \hline Scalability & Simulation & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [52] \\ \hline Mobility & Simulation & \\ \hline Security/Privacy & Data analytics; fuzzy systems; graph theory & [PERSON] et al. [58]; [PERSON] et al. [64]; \\  & & [PERSON] et al. [66] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Scientific/Engineering} \\ \hline Energy Efficiency/Power & Simulation; Game theory; decision analysis &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [48]—GT; \\ [PERSON] et al. [16]—decision analysis \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Reliability/Robustness & Reliability theory & [PERSON] et al. [60]—RT \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Management/Operations} \\ \hline Software Development & Expect simulation to help? & [PERSON] et al. [52] \\ \hline Availability & Reliability theory; simulation should apply & \\ \hline Data Management/Information Fusion & Game theory; data analytics & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] [PERSON] et al. [47] \\ \hline Cloud Computing & Decision analysis; data analytics & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] [PERSON] et al. [47] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Performance (Quality of Service)} & Optimisation; reliability theory; queuing theory; math programming; stochastic processes & \\ \cline{2-2}  & Business & \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Business Models} & Decision analysis; Game theory; & [PERSON] et al. [15]; [PERSON] et al. [19]; \\ \cline{2-2} \multicolumn{3}{c}{Agent-based modelling; Data analytics} & [PERSON] et al. [71] \\ \hline Use cases (e.g., Korea/China); & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \cline{2-2} killer apps (e.g., medical) & Decision analysis; MCDM & [PERSON] et al. [16]; healthcare, energy \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: IoT Technical and Business Research Challenges and OR Tools/Techniques applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Method** & **Application** \\ \hline Game Theory & Multi-tasking, data distribution \\ Math programming—Linear, nonlinear, integer, & Network design \\ dynamic & Environmental effects on IoT \\ Neural Nets & Security; sensor data analysis \\ Stochastic (Markov) Processes & Reliability/robustness \\ Graph Theory & Network flow; Routing \\ Queueing Theory & Network response; \\ Critical Path Method & Network \\ Decision Analysis—Multi criteria, analytic hierarchy & Assessing business models for IoT \\ Genetic algorithms & Energy consumption \\ Optimization approaches & RFID \\ Agent-based modelling & Traffic load; protocol selection; \\  & smart object interaction \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mathematical OR techniques applied to IoT.