## 1 Introduction  
The oriental fruit fly, _Bactrocera dorsalis_ (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly invasive species. It was first reported in East India in 1794 and has since widely been distributed throughout the Asia-Pacific region and much of sub-Saharan Africa. _B. dorsalis_ is the polyphagous fruit fly with the broadest host range in the genus _Bactrocera_, which poses a severe threat to fruit and vegetable production [1; 2]. This has led many nations and regions to list it as a quarantine pest. Both the adult and larval stages of _B. dorsalis_ can inflict damage on fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant direct losses in agricultural yield and trade. The serious quarantine restrictions on potentially infested commodities can also lead to indirect economic losses [3]. Consequently, commodities susceptible to infestation must undergo phytosanitary treatments for disinfection before export to regulated or quarantine areas. Irradiation, including \(\gamma\)-rays, X-rays, and e-Beam, is an emerging phytosanitary treatment technique that has been effectively employed for the disinfection of fresh commodities, thereby fostering the growth of international agricultural trade [4]. Currently, it stands as the only method with a universally accepted dose to sterilize fruit flies on any host, as documented by the United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), with effective radiation doses ranging between 50 to 400 Gy [5; 6]. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is a well-proven technology for extending the shelf life of fresh commodities and preserving natural quality [7]. Therefore, the combination of MA/MAP with IR treatment is highly appealing to growers. However, this strategy poses a challenge for regulatory authorities because it is known to increase the radiotolerance of insects in a hypoxic environment [8]. _[PERSON]_ et al. have reported that the survival rate of the third-instar melon fly, _Bactrocera cacturbiate_ (Cocquilllet), subjected to IR treatment increases under MA conditions with oxygen levels of 1-3% [9]. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that various insects, including the cabbage looper, _Trichplusia ni_ ([PERSON]), the Caribbean fruit fly, _Anastrepha Suspensa_ ([PERSON]), and _B. dorsalis_, demonstrate an increased radiotolerance in hypoxic environments [10]. As a result, both the USDA-APHIS and International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) regulations have imposed restrictions on the application of phytosanitary IR for fruits and vegetables under MAs. Given the established fact that hypoxic environments enhance the radiotolerance of insects and other organisms, regulatory authorities' concerns about using MA with phytosanitary IR without definitive evidence of its effectiveness in such conditions are understandable [11]. However, this does not automatically translate to the IR treatment being ineffective under hypoxic conditions. The primary objectives of phytosanitary IR are to prevent the development and reproduction, rather than to achieve the near-immediate mortality, of insects after treatment [12]. Viewed in this light, none of the studies mentioned above indicate the treatment's failure under hypoxic conditions. Even if certain studies show a higher survival rate of insects within 24 h after IR in hypoxic conditions, the treatment is still considered successful if it prevents the emergence of adults or results in the sterility of the adult or F1 generation. Currently, the IPPC lacks specific quarantine guidelines for commodities in an MA subjected to phytosanitary IR. Therefore, until the efficacy of the currently recommended phytosanitary IR dose is verified under hypoxicconditions, it is wise not to adjust the IR dose in order to maintain the sensory quality of fresh commodities.