## 2 Overvoltage of a Battery
### Problem of Low Cell Balancing Current
#### 2.1.3 Comparison of Simulation Results for the Influence of Low Cell Balancing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bat \#1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bat \#2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bat \#3**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bat \#4**} \\ \hline Series-connected & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.019 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.012 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.033 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.019 V \\  & SOC Use & 91.14\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 86.97\% & 90.23\(\rightarrow\) 82.05\% & 92.06\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 92.91\% & 91.14\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 86.97\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)1\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 61.91\% & \(\downarrow\) 60.02\% & \(\downarrow\) 65.61\% & \(\downarrow\) 61.91\% \\  & Cycles & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{With cell balance} & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.015 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.023 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.048 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.015 V \\  & SOC Use & 91.04\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 87.16\% & 90.15\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 82.25\% & 92.03\(\rightarrow\) 93.16\% & 91.04\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 87.16\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)1\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 62.06\% & \(\downarrow\) 60.20\% & \(\downarrow\) 64.15\% & \(\downarrow\) 62.06\% \\  & Cycles & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Series-connected capacity deviation \(\pm\)2\%} & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.014 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.013 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.048 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.014 V \\  & SOC Use & 90.54\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 82.03\% & 88.77\(\rightarrow\) 73.83\% & 92.40\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 93.80\% & 90.54\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 82.03\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)2\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 61.06\% & \(\downarrow\) 57.57\% & \(\downarrow\) 65.25\% & \(\downarrow\) 61.06\% \\  & Cycles & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{With cell balance} & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.008 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.011 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.072 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.008 V \\  & SOC Use & 90.50\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 82.40\% & 88.67\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 74.11\% & 92.35\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 94.14\% & 90.50\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 82.40\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)2\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 61.07\% & \(\downarrow\) 57.60\% & \(\downarrow\) 65.25\% & \(\downarrow\) 61.07\% \\  & Cycles & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Series-connected capacity deviation \(\pm\)3\%} & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.011 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.013 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.064 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.011 V \\  & SOC Use & 89.87\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 88.56\% & 87.25\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 84.19\% & 92.65\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 93.52\% & 89.87\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 88.56\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)3\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 60.27\% & \(\downarrow\) 55.38\% & \(\downarrow\) 66.62\% & \(\downarrow\) 60.27\% \\  & Cycles & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{With cell balance} & Max. Volt. & \(\uparrow\) 0.008 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.016 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.088 V & \(\uparrow\) 0.008 V \\  & SOC Use & 89.84\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 77.48\% & 87.16\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 67.03\% & 92.61\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 95.10\% & 89.84\(\%\)\(\rightarrow\) 77.48\% \\ capacity deviation \(\pm\)3\% & SOI & \(\downarrow\) 59.25\% & \(\downarrow\) 55.38\% & \(\downarrow\) 66.62\% & \(\downarrow\) 59.25\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & Cycles & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of results with and without cell balancing.