## 1 Introduction  
In traditional engineering practice, engineers typically avoid planning or constructing tunnels in high-seismic intensity areas, and various specifications recommend avoiding tunnel construction near active fracture zones [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. However, the demand for constructing transportation projects, including tunnels, in high-intensity areas is increasingly prominent due to economic development and social needs. In many high-intensity areas, the significant presence of active faults makes it challenging to avoid them by adjusting the tunnel alignment, leading to an increasing number of tunnels crossing active faults [6, 7]. Consequently, the damage characteristics of underground structures resulting from active faults have become a prominent research topic in recent years. The deformation of surrounding rock due to fault dislocation poses a direct threat to the operational safety of tunnels when they intersect active faults. This deformation can damage the tunnel lining, impairing its function and operational safety [6, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Fault dislocation types can be categorized based on whether they involve earthquakes: stick-slip dislocation, which is associated with earthquakes, and creep-slip dislocation, which occurs without earthquakes. Stick-slip fault dislocation is often characterized by a sudden displacement of several meters, resulting in severe damage to the tunnel and a loss of operational function. Creep-slip faults involve very slow relative movement between the fault's moving block and the fixed block. Over time, cumulative displacement leads to tunnel deformation and damage, posing a threat to operational safety. High-seismic-intensity areas often experience the coexistence of stick-slip and creep-slip faults. In such scenarios, tunnels may intersect creep-slip faults while also facing the threat of seismic activity from nearby stick-slip faults. Hence, the damage response of tunnels constructed in these areas should account for the combined effects of both creep-slip faulting and seismic action. Currently, scholars have conducted extensive research on the response characteristics of tunnels to fault dislocation and seismic action individually. Regarding the tunnel response to fault dislocation, [PERSON] et al. [12; 13; 14] investigated the effects of positive and reverse fault dislocations on tunneling through a series of modeling tests, elucidating the damage characteristics of tunnel linings and stress distribution laws. [PERSON] et al. [15] enhanced existing numerical simulation methods to achieve refined simulations of the mechanical response and damage characteristics of tunnels under fault dislocation. They also assessed the damage level of tunnel linings under varying fault displacements, fracture zone widths, and intersection angles between tunnels and faults. [PERSON] et al. [16] examined the impacts of factors including the intersection angle between the tunnel and the fault, soil thickness above the tunnel, tunnel lining thickness, and surrounding rock parameters on tunnel seismic risk. Their research outcomes enabled the quantification of the seismic risk for subway tunnels traversing active faults. [PERSON] et al. [17] conducted centrifugal modeling experiments to simulate tunnel responses to reverse fault dislocation. Their study investigated the influence of factors such as the relative position of the tunnel and the fault, the relative density of soil above the tunnel, and the stiffness of the tunnel lining on the tunnel's response pattern to reverse fault dislocation. Regarding the seismic response analysis of tunnels crossing active faults, [PERSON] et al. [18] investigated the damage mechanism of tunnel linings in the context of tunnels traversing active faults affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. They identified the width of fault fracture zones, surrounding rock quality, and rate of fault dislocation as primary factors contributing to seismic tunnel damage. [PERSON] et al.