esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Characterization of Responsive Plasters for Passive Moisture and Temperature Control
## Materials and Methods  
### Studied Materials  
As a base material for PCM and SAP incorporation, a commercially available cement-line plaster Weber MV1 composed of cement, lime, and sand in a 1:1:5 ratio was used. While the effect of individual admixtures was described in previous publications, the mutual interaction of both SAP and PCM admixtures has not been elaborated yet [15; 37; 38; 39]. In this sense, the previously developed form-stable PCM based on a diatomite/dodecanol composite with pozzolanic activity was used as a latent heat storage medium [39]. The phase change intervals of the used PCM are shown in Figure 1. As one can see, the phase change interval ranged from 22 to 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C during heating, respectively, and from 21 to 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C during cooling. The stability of phase change performance after at least 100 cycles described in previous work [38] did not reveal any significant changes in the phase change enthalpy or temperature intervals.  
To improve the hygroscopicity of the used plaster, an SAP admixture Hydropam composed of acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer and sodium salt purchased from Evonic (Essen, Germany) with the ability to absorb up to 70 g of water per 1 g of material was used. The cycling behavior of SAPs was already described in the literature [40; 41; 42], and did not conclude any notable changes in material performance even after repeated swelling-deswelling cycles. The findings obtained from the performed MBV experiment from other authors also did not point to any material deterioration [36]. Based on the relevant data obtained from research works aimed at the characterization of pure SAPs, it is possible to dismiss any significant deterioration in material properties.  
The reference plaster was modified in several gradual steps by means of the addition of 5 wt. % of PCM and 1 wt. % of SAP, up to 25 wt. % and 5 wt. % respectively. The application of the SAPs resulted in a minor deterioration of the fresh mixture's rheology, thus the water dosage was adjusted to achieve sufficient workability. Detailed information about the composition of the mixtures is given in Table 1. The particle size of the applied SAP and PCM admixtures was determined by a laser diffraction analyzer Bettersizer S3 Plus (Liaoning, China), and is plotted in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Phase change intervals of diatomite/dodecanol PCM composite [38].  
The mixture proportions of the designed mixtures of modified plasters are given in Table 2, where water/plaster ratio (w/p) describes the ratio between water and dry plaster mixture.  
The prepared samples were kept in used molds for 2 days and stored in highly humid conditions (RH = 95%) for 26 days after demolding. Consequently, the samples were dried at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 72 h till steady-state mass was obtained.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Data Collection  
The data bases of this work are exactly those utilised in the study by [PERSON] [23]. These bases correspond to 43 sites in Greece as selected by [PERSON] [23]; the sites are located in the map of Figure 1. The data bases constitute TMYs for the chosen sites. A TMY is a set of meteorological and solar radiation parameters with hourly values usually; these values cover a whole year for a given location [24]. Moreover, a TMY consists of a set of (typical meteorological) months, which are selected from individual years within a given period by applying the statistical methodology of Filkenstein-Schafer [25]; then, these months are integrated into a complete year [24]. This way, a TMY reflects all the specific climatic information of the location for the period it has been generated from. The advantage of using a TMY rather than other methods (e.g., averages of the parameters' values involved) is that it contains original values and not manipulated ones (e.g., averages).  
The data bases with the TMYs of the 43 sites were downloaded via the PV -Geographical Information System (PV-GIS) tool [26] from the PV-GIS website (europa.eu, accessed on 1 July 2021); the TMYs have been derived from the 2007-2016 Surface Solar Radiation Data Set-Heliostat (SARAH) data base [27; 28]. The PV-GIS data base for each of the 43 sites consists of the following parameters: year, month, day, hour (in UTC), air temperature (T in degrees C), relative humidity (RH in %), global horizontal solar irradiance (H\({}_{\rm g}\) in W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), normal-incidence solar irradiance (H\({}_{\rm bn}\) in W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), diffuse horizontal solar irradiance (H\({}_{\rm d}\) in W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), infra-red horizontal radiation (IR in W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), wind speed and wind direction (WS and WD in m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\) and degrees, respectively), and atmospheric pressure (P in Pa), all at the site's altitude. The T, RH, H\({}_{\rm bn}\), IR, WS, WD, and P parameters were not used in the analysis.  
As far as the accuracy of the PV-GIS data are concerned, the PV-GIS platform provides a Table at PVGIS data sources and calculation methods (europa.eu, accessed on 1 July 2021) with validated solar radiation satellite data against ground-based measurements for 14 sites in the world from various studies [26; 29; 30; 31]. In that Table, the MBE and RMSE values between the satellite-derived solar radiation data and the in situ solar radiation measurements vary between \(-1.7\) W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) and \(10.2\) W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) and \(56.5\) W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) and \(112.2\) W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\), respectively. These variations refer to 13 out of the 14 sites because the 14 th site (namely Izana) is frequently above the clouds, and the satellite-derived irradiance is highly underestimated [28].
# A Systematic Survey on 5G and 6G Security Considerations, Challenges, Trends, and Research Areas
## 5 Proposed Future Security Mechanisms
### Blockchain
#### 5.1.1 Blockchain for Ultra-Dense Networks  
One area of 5G where blockchain can positively influence the integrity of a network is in UDNs (Ultra-Dense Networks). UDNs play a big part in 5G as they play a significant role in meeting the requirements of high reliability and usability for highly populated areas. This means that in a highly dense area, there will be many base station nodes that a UE may interact with over time. A security concern is that there could be false base stations in this dense region, which aim to maliciously gain access to information on the users, thereby impacting confidentiality on the network. A new method of verification is presented in [112], where the UE is authenticated more efficiently to a known group of nodes via the blockchain. The proposed method incorporates all of the known legitimate APs (access points) in the network and passes this information to the UE to allow for seamless operation. The authors also claim that this operation is more efficient in utilizing the radio frequency bands, as it does not require as much radio access compared to regular AP to UE authentication.
# Edge Couplers in Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits: A Review
## 3 Structural Transformations of Edge Couplers in Horizontal Direction
### Edge Couplers Based on Inverse Taper with Nonlinear Profile
To summarize, edge couplers based  
Figure 3: Schematic of the (**a**) linear; (**b**) multi-sectional; (**c**) parabolic; and (**d**) exponential Si inverse tapers (top view). on inverse tapers with nonlinear profiles are an elementary structural transformation of linear-taper couplers. It is intuitive to figure out the advantages including their simple structure, easy fabrication process, practical large-scale tape-out, and potential for commercialization in products. However, the drawbacks lie in their limited coupling efficiency, dependence on different polarization statuses, and large footprint against the demand of compact devices and high integration. Edge couplers based on inverse tapers are quite suitable for situations where edge couplers are only used to transmit light into the functional photonic circuit and the power transmission efficiency is not strictly demanded. Other types of edge couplers should be applied when the power demand is emphasized.
## 3 Results  
### Transcriptome Sequencing and De Novo Assembly of L.__pubescens_  
After trimming adaptor and low-quality sequences with more than 10% Q < 20 bases or ambiguous N bases, we obtained a total of 124,685,828 clean reads, with more than 89.31% of the bases having a quality score of Q > 30 and mean quality score of 34.41, comprising 9,476,122,928 nucleotides (9.47 Gb). The clean reads were assembled de novo into 180,249 contigs with average, maximum, median, and minimum lengths of 480, 11,308, 322, and 224 bp, respectively, and an N50 value of 545 bp (Table S1). Using the Trinity program, we assembled a total of 124,233 unigenes with average, maximum, median, and minimum sizes of 470, 11,308, 319, and 224 bp, respectively, and an N50 value of 522 bp (Table S1). In terms of _L.__pubescens_ unigene size distribution, 74.83% (92,967) of the 124,233 unigenes were less than 500 nt in length, 17.21% (21,387) were between 500 and 1000 nt, 7.67% (9533) were between 1000 and 3000 nt, and 0.28% (346) were more than 3000 nt (Figure S1).
## 7 Security Analysis
### Protocol Security Analysis
#### 7.1.2 The Analysis Using Security Properties of Set 2  
* Mutual Entity Authentication: \(UE_{A}\) and \(UE_{B}\) authenticated each other with A, B, pkuea, rand_a, rand_b when they proved to hold, hence enforcing this requirement.
* Mutual Key Authentication: The public keys \(PK_{UE_{A}}\) and \(PK_{UE_{B}}\) are self-certified, used as identifiers and hashed. This implicitly authenticates the public keys.
* Mutual Key Confirmation: This requirement does not apply to this protocol as the UEs generate their own public and private keys. However, since they both use ECIES that partly enforces this agreement, the successful authentication of \(UE_{A}\) to \(UE_{B}\) and \(UE_{B}\) to \(UE_{A}\) implicitly enforces this requirement.
* Key Freshness: ProVerif has no function to check key freshness, however the messages exchange includes nonces and timestamps, hence checking the freshness of messages which includes the keys. Since the secrecy of these keys are not violated, it implies keys are fresh.
* Unknown-Key Share: Since the entities use their own unique key pair and private keys \(SK_{UE_{i}}\) are not violated, it enforces this requirement. The entities' ID and generated hashes prevent this attack. The inclusion of \(UA\) and \(UB\) in the authentication process also proves this requirement.
* Key Compromise Impersonation Resilience: Since the entities use their own unique public/private keys using ECIES, it enforces this requirement. Therefore, knowing one key in a session is not enough to deduce another. Backward and forward secrecy of keys are possible; no entity or adversary is capable of computing keys in past session or predict feature keys, which is due to ECC. Obviously, the public keys are globally known but the private keys are only known to the owners. However, to compromise the keys, ECIES, \(UE_{A}\) and \(UE_{B}\) would have to be compromised at the same time. It should be noted that compromising the HN during the primary authentication does not necessarily mean that D2D authentication will be compromised.  
The analysis of the DDACap protocol is similar to that of DDSec, the difference being the parameters such as IDs, tokens, nonce, hashes and cryptographic primitives used and the exchanged messages, but the security requirements and security properties are the same.
# Multi-Objective Service Placement Scheme Based on Fuzzy-AHP System for Distributed Cloud Computing
## 4 Evaluation
### Evaluation Environment  
In this section, we show the result of the evaluation of our SP scheme. To compare SP efficiency, we used the simulation tool called CloudSim. Table 9 detailed the test environment. In our experiment, we implemented our algorithms in CloudSim 3.0.3 and analyzed the performance of our proposed scheme. We considered heterogeneous data centers, half of which were HP ProLiant G4 and the rest were HP ProLiant G5 servers. The energy consumption was calculated based on HP ProLiant G4, HP ProLiant G5 CPU usage, and power consumption. The fuzzy rules were defined and integrated into CloudSim by using the JFuzzyLogic tool [13].  
After creating the VMs on CloudSim, the VMs were placed in a different location. The scheme was able to evaluate the capability of such methods on SP. The reason for implementing test datasets and environments from different hosts is as follows. We wanted to test the generality and adaptability of new host CPU data to realize a multi-objective SP. In this work, we used real-world workload data that is provided from, PlanetLab [25]. These data were collected from the VMs of different servers. The workload is representative of an IaaS cloud environment such as Amazon EC2, where VMs are created and managed by several independent users. This dataset included the resource requirements of the service submitted by 100 users to a cluster of two hosts. With our settings, we generatedrequests for each user as if the users were running the service in an IaaS cloud environment such as EC. For each user, we executed the proposed scheme that assigned a resource VM based on the resource requirements of the service. Whenever a user submitted requirements, our proposed SP scheme checked the feasibility corresponding to PlanetLab specifications, as if it could accommodate the service and conduct service SP to the target machine.
# An Improved Routing Approach for Enhancing QoS Performance for D2D Communication in B5G Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
### End-to-End Delay  
As shown in Figure 6, it can be seen that the MBLCR approach provides significantly lower end-to-end delay compared to the other routing approaches. This is because the other routing approaches do not exploit the average access channel delay, which highly depends on the contention window size of the devices. In contrast, the MBLCR utilizes the contention window size factor with a lower back-off time metric that induces less delay in the network for reliable data transmission. In addition, the end-to-end delay combines the propagation and queuing delay from the source to the destination device together to calculate a retransmission delay for each relay device. Moreover, as the device speed increases, there is a chance of link failure due to the frequently changing network topology, which increases the retransmission delay of the other routing schemes for data transmission. In this scenario, the MBLCR maintains and controls the retransmission delay by exploiting the ETX value through probe packets that evaluate the link quality and minimize the relay devices in the route prior to data transmission. Overall, it can be observed that, at 30 m/s device speed, the MBLCR decreases the end-to-end delay by approximately 32.15%, 19.35% and 9.38%, compared to the MP-OLSRv2, MEQSA-OLSRv2 and EMBLR schemes.  
Figure 5: Throughput with various device speeds.
# Unmanned Vehicles' Placement Optimisation for Internet of Things and Internet of Unmanned Vehicles
## 2 Unmanned Aerial and Surface Vehicle Networks: Applications and Advancement in Their Optimisation  
Combined UV networks cover a great area of application, from smart agriculture, smart cities and smart energy to civilian and military missions and smart marine environment monitoring. Therefore, a brief description of their roles in the applicable areas, as well as their current advantages and disadvantages, is necessary.
## 6 Algorithms and Frameworks in Federated Learning
### Comparison with Synchronous Updates
#### 6.6.1 State-of-the-Art FL Algorithms: An Indicative Comparative Benchmark Against FedAvg  
This section examines two algorithms: CO-OP and Federated Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient (FSVRG). We discuss their core ideas, the ways in which they work, and their most important aspects. We also present improved versions of the classic algorithms discussed earlier.  
Understanding the theory is only one aspect. The most important quality is how well these algorithms perform in real life. To obtain a clear picture, we explore a benchmarking analysis of real-world studies. Here, CO-OP and FSVRG are considered head-to-head with FedAvg, a popular baseline algorithm in FL.  
We explore how well they scale, the types of problems that they are best suited for, and how they compare against FedAvg in real-world scenarios. The goal is to show the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, so that one can determine which of them might be the best fit for one's needs.  
Federated Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient (FSVRG)  
FSVRG, introduced by [93] and inspired by the Unified Stochastic Fluctuation Reduced Slope, aims to address the inherent challenges of FL, particularly the distributed nature of the data. The core concept behind FSVRG is the mixture of an initial in-depth gradient evaluation with subsequent iterative stochastic updates on each participating client. By doing so, it captures the global data structure while considering the specific intricacies of each client's dataset, offering a balance between generalization and specialization.  
Both FedSGD and FSVRG share the general goal of refining a global model through local client computations. However, the sensitivities of their methodologies offer different perspectives. While FedSGD focuses on synchronizing local updates to shape a centralized model, FSVRG integrates a preliminary variance reduction phase via comprehensive gradient calculations. This strategy enables FSVRG to handle datasets characterized by pronounced variability. Nonetheless, this additional computational layer implies that FSVRG could demand more computational resources than its FedSGD counterpart, especially during the initial gradient assessment and the ensuing stochastic rounds.  
The benchmarking studies by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) underscore the efficiency of FSVRG in federated environments. The results showed that FSVRG eventually outperformed FedAvg in terms of execution, highlighting its adaptability and capability. This empirical evidence demonstrates the strengths of FSVRG in particular contexts.
## 1 Introduction  
_Rhagoletis batava_ Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies are pests of economic importance that cause damage to sea buckthorn (_Hippocampae rhamnoides_ L. Rosales: Elaeagnaceae) berries. After a female fruit fly lays eggs on a sea buckthorn berry, the hatched larvae enter a berry and feed inside; eventually, infested berries change color from natural yellow to black and lose their commercial and nutritional value [1, 2]. As damaged berries remain stuck to branches alongside undamaged berries, harvesting both decreases the value of the total yield. Sea buckthorn is cultivated in European countries due to the multiple ecological and medicinal benefits of sea buckthorn [3, 4]. The cultivar was introduced from Asia and, since introduction, the plantation area has increased significantly, thus providing conditions conducive to spreading natural pests such as \(R\). _batava_.  
Demand for sea buckthorn berries for food, medical purposes and cosmetics is increasing [3, 5, 6, 7, 8] and supply has not been able to satisfy this demand [9, 10]. The production of organic sea buckthorn is a special demand. However, to date, no environmentally friendly means of pest control are available for this species; thus, insecticides are widely used for yield protection. Current tools available for monitoring _R. batava_ populations are ineffective. Yellow sticky traps are still recommended and used [11] and the use of nonspecific attractant has also been recently reported [12]. Pheromone identification could fill this gap and be applied for pest population monitoring and potentially contribute to environmentally friendly pest control. The latter application seems especially promising, as males mainly produce pheromones that affect the behavior of females in a few species of genus _Rlagoletis_ fruit flies [13; 14].  
The pheromone mediating attraction of _Rlagoletis_ flies has been identified for walnut husk fly, _Rlagoletis completa_ [PERSON] (Diptera: Tephritidae). Two lactones, namely \(\delta\)-hexalactone and \(\delta\)-heptalactone at the ratio 4:6, were released exclusively by males and showed significant attractiveness under field experiments [15]. Unfortunately, the sex of the specimens caught in the traps was not determined; hence, information is insufficient to determine whether one or both sexes responded to the lactones. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed that pheromone produced by _Rlagoletis cerasi_ (Diptera: Tephritidae) males is a multicomponent blend; however, the chemical composition of volatiles remains putative. Up to date, pheromones of _R. batava_ have not been previously studied.  
The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify pheromones in _R. batava_, to synthesize the compound(s) and to evaluate the biological activity of synthetics both on olfactory receptors and on a behavioral level under laboratory as well as field conditions.
## 3 Biotechnological Preparation of Cereals Enriched with PUFA via Fungal Solid State Fermentation
### Regulation of the SSF Process for the Production of PUFA-Enriched Cereals

Table 1: Accumulation of \(\gamma\)-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-\(\gamma\)-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in a cereal-based fermented byproduct (BP) prepared via fungal solid state fermentation by selected fungi utilizing various cereal substrates [14]. _Mucor wosnessenskii_ was optimized for the simultaneous production of GLA and \(\beta\)-carotene. Utilization of a mixture of oat flakes/spent malt grains (3:1) resulted in 10.7 g of GLA and 260 mg of \(\beta\)-carotene/kg of FP [30]. _Umbelopsis isabellina_ utilizing corn meal resulted in a fermented product containing 11.5 mg of GLA/g and 51 ug of \(\beta\)-carotene/g [31]. On the other hand, _Mortierella alipina_ converted a mixture of wheat bran/spent malt grains (3:1, \(w/w\)) to a FP with 4.2% AA, debulled millet to a pre-fermented mass containing 4.5% AA, and cracked barley to a final FP consisting of 4.1% AA [29]. _Mortierella alipina_ was also used for enrichment of cereals with DGLA via the addition of sesame seeds to peeled barley (17 g DGLA/kg of FP) [29]. The SSF process has been developed to prepare EPA-rich cereals by _Mortierella alipina_, which rapidly consumes a mixture of peeled barley/limeseed oil/spent malt grains (0.5:1:3, \(w/w\)) and simultaneously yields up to 23.4 g of EPA and 36.3 g of AA/kg of FP [29]. Thus, such a strategy allows for the preparation of oils with a desirable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, finally leading to an increased number of beneficial applications and fermented cereals containing PUFA that have been tested as food additives [25] and as a source of nutrition in ruminant [14,38,39], laying hen [25], and chicken diets [40, 41, 42].