## 4 Results and Discussion
### Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
The model constructed is based on the age, which consists of younger (under 23 years old) and older (more than or equal to 23 years old) communities of motorcyclists. Moreover, the model is constructed based on a variety of respondents' characteristics, such as male and female motorcyclists, different riding experiences, etc. However, the model results were not significant. This is most probably due to the insufficient sample size for each of the age groups and genders. Thus, if there were to be further studies upon this, the sample size is expected to have an effect on the modeling, mainly with respect to age group and gender. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Path** & **Estimate** & **\(p\)-Values** \\ \hline Risky Behavior \(\leftarrow\) Age & \(-0.037\) & 0.754 \\ Risk Perception \(\leftarrow\) Riding Experience & 0.012 & 0.871 \\ Positive Affect \(\leftarrow\) Riding Experience & \(-0.032\) & 0.709 \\ Risky Behavior \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.035 & 0.767 \\ Risky Behavior \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 1.016 & *** \\ Y1 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.728 & *** \\ Y2 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.893 & *** \\ Y3 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 1.009 & *** \\ Y4 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 1.000 & *** \\ Y5 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 1.062 & *** \\ Y6 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 1.111 & *** \\ Y7 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.978 & *** \\ Y8 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 1.023 & *** \\ Y11 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.921 & *** \\ Y12 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.984 & *** \\ Y14 \(\leftarrow\) Risk perception & 0.990 & *** \\ Z6 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.347 & *** \\ Z7 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.581 & *** \\ Z11 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.629 & *** \\ Z12 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.620 & *** \\ Z13 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.715 & *** \\ Z14 \(\leftarrow\) Positive Affect & 0.625 & *** \\ X1 \(\leftarrow\) Risky Behavior & 0.456 & *** \\ X3 \(\leftarrow\) Risky Behavior & 0.434 & *** \\ X4 \(\leftarrow\) Risky Behavior & 0.406 & *** \\ X8 \(\leftarrow\) Risky Behavior & 0.347 & *** \\ X14 \(\leftarrow\) Risky Behavior & 0.297 & *** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\)-values \(<\) 0.01.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Standardized coefficient weight of the developed model. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Measures of Fit** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Developed Model**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Acceptable Fit Values**} \\ \hline Model Chi-squared & \(\chi^{2}\) & 941.2 & - \\ Degrees of Freedom & df & 229 & - \\ Probability Value & \(p\)-value & 0 & \(<\)0.05 \\ Model Chi-squared/Degrees of Freedom & \(\chi^{2}\)/df & 4.11 & \(<\)5 \\ Root Mean Square Error of Approximation & RMSEA & 0.074 & \(<\)0.08 \\ Normed Fit Index & NFI & 0.595 & 0 \(<\) NFI \(<\) 1, closer to 1 is better \\ Comparative Fit Index & CFI & 0.646 & 0 \(<\) CFI \(<\) 1, closer to 1 is better \\ Goodness of Fit Index & GFI & 0.926 & 0.90 \(\leq\) GFI \(\leq\) 0.95 \\ Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index & AGFI & 0.852 & 0.85 \(\leq\) GFI \(\leq\) 0.90 \\ Parsimony-adjusted NFI & PNFI & 0.590 & \(>\)0.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\)-values \(<\) 0.01.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Goodness-of-fit measures of the developed model. This study also took the age and riding experience of motorcyclists into consideration for the path analysis. Based on Table 6, it can be seen that the age of the motorcyclists had a negative relationship with risky behavior (estimate = \(-0.037\)). This indicates that young motorcyclists more frequently perform risky riding behavior while riding on the road. The findings also show that riding experience has a positive relationship with motorcyclists' risk perception, with an estimate score of 0.012. This indicates that motorcyclists who have possessed their motorcycle license for longer periods of time are more likely to perceive the behavior as risky and less likely to perform those risky riding behaviors.