# Operationalisation of Building Inspections and Repair: Systematisation-Based Approach
## 3 Results
### Most Common Diagnosis Methods to Prepare an Inspection
#### 3.1.3 Diagnosis Methods in Floorings  
In Table 13, the most relevant inter-defects correlations in floorings are identified, referring to different relationships between defects \"A-B4 Blistering/bulging\", \"A-C1 Mapped cracking\", \"A-C2 Oriented cracking on the current surface\", \"A-C3 Fracture or splintering on the current surface\", \"A-C4 Cracking and/or splintering adjacent to joints/edges\", and \"A-C10 Loss of adhesion\". According to the data of [PERSON] et al. [49] adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], **defect A-C10** is the third most common in **adhesive ceramic tiling** (in 42% of inspected surfaces). As mentioned for face dicaldings, defects A-C1 and A-C2 together were present in 50% of inspected adhesive ceramic tiled surfaces. Defect A-C4 (9%) has a low incidence on tiled surfaces. As for **natural stone claddings**, according to the data of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defects **A-C1** (17.6%), **A-C2** (17.6%), A-C4 (13.7%), A-C3 (10.2%), and A-C10 (6.3%) all have an average to low incidence in this type of flooring. According to the data of [PERSON] et al. [58], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defect **A-C4** has an average incidence in **wood floorings** (in 13.8% of inspected floorings). Defects A-C2 (6.7%) and A-C3 (7.2%) are not very common in wood floorings. As for **epoxy resin industrial floor coatings**, according to the data of [PERSON] [59] adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defect \"**A-C10** Loss of adhesion\" is the most detected (in 51.7% of inspected floorings). Defects A-B4 (24.0%), A-C1, and A-C2 together (20.7%) have an average incidence in epoxy resin floorings. According to the data of [PERSON] et al. [60], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33]; defect **A-C2** is the fourth most common in **vinyl and linoleum floorings** (in 38% of inspected floorings). Defects A-C10 (16%), A-B4 (10%) and A-C3 (10%) have an average to low incidence in this type of flooring. As for the severity of the set of defects included in the most relevant correlations in facade elements/claddings, data from service life prediction methodologies can again be considered. Still, known studies refer only to wood floorings [61]. In this case, the weighting factor associated with each type of defect is considered. So, swelling is aggravated by a factor of 1.2 when calculating the severity of degradation, as well as cracking and broken or splintered elements. Subsequently, the defects considered in the observed correlations are all considered severe, as they aggravate the calculation of \(S_{w}\). Although the same kind of analysis cannot be performed for adhesive ceramic tiled floorings, the general literature about their defects can be analysed. [PERSON] [62] lists breaking, surface defects (dry spots, bumps and blisters), and crazing and cracks as some of the main problems in ceramic tiles. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63] refer to similar problems, namely, arching, lifting, tile edge failure, and broken tiles, among others. In this sense, some of the defects considered in the correlations are among those most relevant in ceramic tiling floorings. As for natural stone floorings, the specific literature is not abundant. Still, considering the general knowledge about the use of natural stone in buildings, the occurrence of cracking is highlighted as one of the consequences of frost attacks [64], which can result in the fragmentation of the stone slab. Additionally, freeze-thaw deterioration may cause a loss of bond between the bedding material and stone slabs [65]. In cold climates, when mortar is used as the bonding material, water may enter the system through the joints, and as it freezes, expands, and thaws, it causes a loss of adhesion in the flooring system. Debonding may also be caused by differential thermal movement between the stone material and the bedding [65].