## 4 Discussion  
The applications of saponins as pharmacologically active agents are described in various literary documentations on applications and potentials. Anticipated pharma activity includes anti-lipid peroxidation of plasma lipoprotein with the concomitant effect as a reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis [5], anti-diabetic activities from steroidal saponins of the _Polygonatum kingianum_ in origin [32], and in the treatment of other ailments of human metabolic disorder and infectious agents [33]. The phyto-constituent analyses of the extracts of _V. doniana_ and _P. macrophylla_ indicated varying concentrations of tannins, flavonoids, anthroquinones, and alkaloids. The qualitative assay showed trace to non-detectable levels of falvonoids, anthroquinones, and alkaloids; however, upon quantitation, using a more sensitive technique, lower concentrations of these phytochemicals were detected. Nonetheless, saponins were detected in high concentrations without recourse to the techniques applied, thus an indication that the herbs are rich sources of saponins. Antibacterial activity assessment of the ethanol extracts of _V. doniana_ and _P. macrophylla_ against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria showed a broad spectrum of activity for _P. macrophylla_, as all the genus bacteria tested were susceptible following zones of inhibition. Conversely, only Gram-positives were susceptible to the ethanol extract of _V. doniana_. The precise component(s) that may have potentiated activity alone, or in combination, against test bacteria from the respective extracts of _V. doniana_ and _P. macrophylla_ is (are) unknown and are not within the purview of this study. However, a phyto-constituent guided bio-assay, with combinatorial of respective phyto-constituent in a factorial, may be ideal to give an insight into the role of respective constituents on the herbal extracts. In the same vein, various folkloric herbs have been validated for activity against several bacterial etiologic agents associated with human and livestock disease [34]. Similar activity has been shown to exist in Vitex species collected from the Southern African region [1]. Although, geographical boundaries impacts the variance of the pharmacologically active constituent of plants following prevailing conditions, which includes the interaction with other plants, pathogens, and weather conditions, as well as other biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, in the assessment of saponin extracts from both _V. doniana_ and _P. macrophylla_ for activity against the same test bacteria used with the ethanol extracts, activity was recorded against the entire test bacteria genus. Saponin extracts from _V. doniana_ showed more activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, indicating a broader spectrum of activity as compared to the ethanol extract of same plant. The ethanol extraction of _V. doniana_ stem bark and leaves might only be able to extract constituents with activity against the Gram-positives. On the other hand, the saponin extracted may have been void of any adjuncts with activity inhibitory properties, as it is peculiar with plant extracts. It is worth mentioning that, the antibacterial activity recorded against the saponin extracted from _V. doniana_ showed larger inhibition zone diameters as compared to the saponin extract from _P. macrophylla_. In effect, this phenomenon may be understood as structural variance in the aglycone backbone of the saponins from both plants. Whether or not the saponin's aglycones are