## 2 Industry 4.0  
Industry 4.0 is characterized by an elevated level of digitalization, organization, and control throughout the entire product lifecycle's value chain. This includes aspects such as traceability, machine-to-machine-to-human connectivity, and personalized customer experiences [11]. The foundations of Industry 4.0 are rooted in emerging paradigms of information and communication technologies, encompassing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), edge and cloud computing, and big data implementations. Additionally, innovative strides in cyber-security, information distribution, and the decentralization of computing capabilities within new industrial-connected ecosystems contribute to the evolution of Industry 4.0 [12; 13]. As described before, the Industry 4.0 paradigm is grounded in four strategic principles or functionalities: Interconnectivity, Information Transparency, Technological Assistance, and Decentralized Decision-Making. Industry 4.0 is constructed upon nine foundational technology pillars. These progressions serve as a nexus between the digital and physical realms, enabling the realization of autonomous and intelligent systems. Supply chains, industrial processes, and businesses are already incorporating several of these innovative technologies. However, the complete realization of Industry 4.0 emerges most prominently when these technologies are seamlessly integrated and utilized in conjunction [9], described as follows. Big Data and Analytics: recently, analytics leveraging extensive datasets have surfaced in the manufacturing sector. This application optimizes production quality, enhances equipment service, and conserves energy. It involves the thorough assessment and compilation of data from diverse sources, providing real-time support for decision-making. Typically, the data reside in CPS and the cloud. Industrial Internet of Things: embedded computing facilitates communication and interaction among field devices, with more centralized controllers incorporating decentralized analytics and decision-making capabilities, enabling prompt real-time responses. The Cloud: high levels of data exchange within the organization, assets, and supply chain, a hallmark of Industry 4.0, serve as the primary catalyst for digital transformation. This forms the basis for cutting-edge technologies, encompassing AI, ML, and IoT, providing a framework for organization, coordination, and communication. Digital Twins' Simulation: a digital twin represents a virtual simulation of real-world products, equipment, devices, or systems, relying on IoT sensor data. It enhances the ability to analyze, understand, and pinpoint specific malfunctioning parts, anticipate potential issues, and enhance the maintenance and performance of products and industrial systems. Autonomous Robots: autonomous robots are intelligent machines proficient in independently executing tasks in the world without direct human control or command. While numerous industries have previously employed robots to handle intricate assignments, there is now a shift towards enhanced utility. These robots are evolving to be more flexible, autonomous, and cooperative, ensuring safety for human operators. Additive Manufacturing: in industrial manufacturing, the adoption of additive manufacturing has commenced; it is classified as a process wherein digital 3D design data are utilized to incrementally build a component through layered material deposits. This technique enables the creation of customized products with construction advantages, such as high-performance and lightweight designs. Augmented Reality: AR-based systems sustain a range of services, including the selection of warehouse components and the transmission of repair and operational instructions across diverse equipment, systems, and mobile devices. Cyber Security: the traditional practice of closed and isolated cyber systems, built on standard communication protocols, is no longer prevalent.