## 5 Conclusions  
Kinetic models found in the literature aiming to describe the kinetics of heterogeneous hydrate film formation and growth are frequently incomplete and lack a fundamental connection to physics-based theoretical platforms. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a theoretical approach able to derive fairly rigorous kinetic models that include implicit coupling between mass transport, heat transport, and phase transition thermodynamic control. We also show that our scheme allows the evaluation of all relevant thermodynamic properties at the same reference level (ideal gas) for all components in all the phases, enthalpies of hydrate formation and dissociation included. There is a consensus in the available literature that heat transport in aqueous and hydrate systems will be substantially faster than mass transport. An important consequence of this fact is that any kinetic theory of hydrate nucleation, growth, and dissociation has to be based on comprehensive kinetic models incorporating all the implicit coupling mentioned above. Approximations and simplifications must be based on physical reasoning. We have illustrated these points using a realistic representation of the interface between hydrate and liquid. A frequent misunderstanding found in the literature is that hydrate nucleation times can be measured in hours. This confusion is based on visual observations of hydrates which yields the induction time, i.e., time to onset of massive hydrate growth rather than nucleation. Our results calculated basing on the classical nucleation theory indicate that nucleation will occur on the nanoscale, both in respect to time and critical radius dimensions for both heterogeneous and homogeneous hydrate formation from water and dissolved CO\({}_{2}\). On the other hand, the diffusion of hydrate formers across the newly formed hydrate film will be a very slow process responsible for the very lengthy interval before hydrate can be observed on the macroscopic scale. Based on all these observations, we highly recommended that all hydrate kinetic modeling should be based on a sound theoretical foundation. Classical nucleation theory, as utilized in this work, has proven fast enough to be implemented into reservoir simulations. Similar arguments apply to the multicomponent diffusive interface theory (MDIT), which is also very simple numerically. On the other hand, the Phase Field Theory (PFT) lies at the opposite end of the spectrum, being quite numerically intensive for integration at the pore scale level, but the heat transport aspects discussed in this work will also be useful as extensions to our PFT theory for detailed mechanistic studies. All authors have contributed to theoretical development, the writing of the paper and analysis of data, including comparisons with experimental data and scientific discussion. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The Research Council of Norway and industrial partners through the following projects: CLIMIT \"Safe long term sealing of CO\({}_{2}\) in hydrate,\" Research Council of Norway project number 224857; SSC-Ramore, \"Subsurface storage of CO\({}_{2}\) e Risk assessment, monitoring and remediation,\" project number: 178008/I30; PETROMAKS \"CO\({}_{2}\) injection for extra production,\" Research Council of Norway project number 801445; PETROMAKS \"CO\({}_{2}\) Injection for Stimulated Production of Natural Gas,\" Research Council of Norway project numbers 175968 and 230083; and STATOIL, under contract 4502354080. No electronic supplements, refer to the corresponding author for additional details. **Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge the grants and support from the NFR and Equinor. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.