## 2 Literature Review
### Review of the Literature
#### 2.2.2 Conflicting Technology Acceptance Models in Research  
The main topic of this research was technology acceptance, and to investigate this problem one needed to assess technology acceptance theories. Research on technology acceptance began when different industries were looking to leverage computing in their business processes, which was a significant investment [97]. Employees were not familiar with the technology, and industries were hesitant to invest in computing that would not be adopted or used by personnel. Researchers lacking a technology acceptance theory turned to behavioral decision theory, or the study of decision-making, which was rooted in probability studies and risk taking psychology [98]. Researchers used the behavior decision theory, qualitatively and quantitatively. Businesses financed research to understand the cost and effort of adopting technology in their processes and to measure users' perceptionsof the involuntary technology, which led to the development of the technology acceptance model TAM [99]. [PERSON] [100] eventually established the reliability and validity of the model, where perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use forecasted user intention to use technology in businesses. Since then, the TAM has been one of the most used models in predicting intention to use from the corporate and consumer perspective, although not designed for the later. In 2003, [PERSON] et al. developed a unified theory that leveraged the contributions of many theoretical models developed up to that time. They evaluated each of these models, synthesizing them to develop the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). However, the contextual focus was still on business organizations where technology acceptance is involuntary. The researchers developed, tested, and validated the survey instrument for reliability. The predictor variables were performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence to use technology, facilitating conditions, which represents training and support, and behavioral intention. The moderating variables were gender, age, experience with the technology, and voluntariness of use. The dependent variable of the model was use behavior. The researchers' results indicated that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence of the users of the technology to improve their job effectiveness were direct predictors of intention to use from a business perspective. Many researchers have continued to use the UTAUT to predict consumer intention and adoption, even though it was designed to predict use in the business context. The UTAUT was combined with the TAM and other theories by researchers, adding such constructs as personal innovativeness, device anxiety, ubiquity value, and cognitive feedback [101]. Regardless, the TAM and the UTAUT were developed and demonstrated as reliable for involuntary business situations. A recent survey of the academic literature on technology to assist older adults showed that more than 60% of the studies used no theory, 20% used the TAM, and 8% used the UTAUT [62]. A more recent and contextually appropriate theory was developed, and explicitly designed for voluntary consumer technology acceptance (UTAUT2). From a theoretical and practical perspective, researchers used technology acceptance models and theories developed within a business environment to apply to noncorporate contexts with varying and conflicting results. Researchers studying technology acceptance used the UTAUT, UTAUT2, TAM, and qualitative discovery methods. The results were difficult to correlate because the researchers used a variety of constructs and often used a model or theory to predict technology acceptance out of the contextual environment for which they were developed. Researchers used the models inconsistently, resulting in variations of the predictors, as shown in Table 1[30].