## 1 Introduction  
Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is an emerging technology introduced by Mitiola in 2000, developed to utilize the radio spectrum in an opportunistic way. It has been examined in previous studies, showing that the licensed band is not used efficiently in both the spatial and temporal spheres [1, 2]. Many wireless applications can use the unused radio frequencies in licensed bands. Thus, a viable solution, Cognitive Radio (CR), has been presented to use this opportunity [3]. The main aim of a CRN is to efficiently use the spectrum and allow strong communication any time. The problem of inadequate spectrum bands for wireless applications arises with the rapid increase in wireless networks over the internet; hence, the need for more frequency channels also increases. The spectrum scarcity issue is reduced due to the evolution of a CRN. This new technology embeds an efficient node in lightweight devices like PDAs to fulfill primary transmission requirements [4, 5]. Wireless spectrum becomes a precious resource for advancements in information technology (IT), particularly, the Internet of Things (IoT). Most of the time, spectrum remnants are unused due to their fixed assignment and flexibility in their usage. Thus, the CRN has been perceived to be a key to achieving efficient utilization of the spectrum [6]. Apart from the advantage of providing maximum spectrum utilization, the CRN also attracts security threats as well. It provides random and open access to SUs to use free channels for their communication. A lot of wireless devices that are not licensed use free bands when licensed users are not transmitting. In this way, the CRN becomes more vulnerable to attacks [4]. The CRN works proficiently if the model design for channel sensing is effective. The objective of designing an efficient model is to correctly allocate a free channel to secondary users (SUs). While transmitting, however, these models may be infected by incorrect and adulterated information [7]. This misinformation is the result of various attacks like data falsification or primary user (PU) emulation. In previous studies, many different techniques against a PUEA have been proposed. A new concept of spectrum access function is proposed by [8]. In this proposed technique, spectrum access is defined by channel access function denoted by \(\varphi(y)\) given in (1) that describes a novel communication law to access the PU band frequency using the energy detection method. The energy detection procedure is used to recognize the PUs in the CRN. \[\varphi(y)\triangleq\Pr\{T|Y=y\} \tag{1}\]  
A surveillance strategy based on game theory against a PUEA is proposed by [9]. To accurately detect the PUEA and to consider the effect of noise on the CRN, an improved RSS-based localization approach using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is proposed by [10]. [PERSON]. [11] offered a Kalman filter-based detection technique for the cases where the PU is mobile. This technique was proposed because the result of the algorithms where the PU is fixed are not more efficient. The Kalman filter is used to find the position of the PU, and the power of the received signal along with the distance between the transmitter node and the PU is calculated to exactly detect the attacker. To avoid the training process and the previous information about the location of all types of nodes, [PERSON]. [12] introduced a feasible RSS-based detection approach. It allows the node's mobility in the network. To find out the exact location of the PUEA in the CRN, [PERSON]. [13] proposed an approach in which the position of an attacker is determined by using two occupants in the network. [PERSON]. [14] studied the effect of malicious users in the CRN. The Neyman-Pearson criterion is used for statistical analysis of the system model. An active smart attacker design in the spectrum sensing of the CRN is presented by [15]. Optimum joining techniques for PUEAs in the CRN is presented by [16]. These joining approaches are used to detect both selfish attackers and malicious attackers.