## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Spatial Dependence Effect of Urban Villages  
Spatial dependence refers to the correlation between sample observations in one area and those in other areas. The theoretical basis is the first law of geography; that is, everything is related spatially, but similar things are more closely related. The degree of correlation among the observation data will be affected by the relative position and absolute position between the regions, indicating that there will be spatial interactions between economic and geographic behaviors in this context.  
Built environment data of urban villages have spatial attributes, so the influence of spatial dependence cannot be ignored; thus, spatial dependence analysis is required. The spatial characteristics of economic variables are related to the spatial location, distance, and arrangement, as well as spatial measurement, estimation, testing, and prediction methods used to analyze the quantitative regularity of economic activities within space and time dimensions [20]. If the spatial effect is ignored, it may lead to an over- or underestimation of the impact of the built environment on travel behaviors [21; 22].  
The spatial hierarchy is determined by characteristics of the spatial structure of the data itself. Although built environment characteristics can be analyzed via deconstruction, whereby TAZ-level variables are assigned to each trip sample (individual) that they belong to, to be treated as one of the attributes of each traveler [8], the spatial characteristics of built environment variables cannot be ignored. However, in this research, the hierarchical structure of spatial data still existed, especially in the context of the reconstruction of urban villages. Therefore, mutual influence of geographic space, including spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, affected the transformations [23]. The following Figure 1 shows the spatial hierarchy of TAZs, urban villages. and individuals.  
From the perspective of the dynamic performance of space, the impact of spatial changes will inevitably have an effect since the regeneration of urban villages is a spatial action. In general, the distance between residential and employment places of residents is increasing. Price, environment, and job accessibility are the main reasons that affect residents' decision to move and change jobs. In the case of not having short-distance commuting, many residents choose to trade long-distance commutes for better living and employment conditions [24]. In addition, location and personal attributes also affect the spatial distance between residence and employment locations. In terms of location, the  
Figure 1: Spatial hierarchy of TAZs, urban villages and individuals.  
attractiveness of employment in central urban areas is still outstanding. Usually, residents living close to the central area commute a short distance, and they tend to choose to relocate or choose another job within a short distance. Regarding personal attributes, the middle-income population moves and changes jobs relatively more frequently than other income groups [8]. On the macro level, the mismatch between urban residence and employment space, urban space expansion, structure of land under a single function, and individual socio-economic transformation affect the distance between residence and employment locations.