esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Safety Verification of Driving Resource Occupancy Rules Based on Functional Language
## 4 CSP\({}_{\text{M}}\) Definition
### Conditional Time Migration System of CCSP  
The following discusses the semantics of the conditional time migration system of CCSP. Literature [32] defines the semantics of CSP as a time migration system. The execution of an event in the process can be regarded as a migration in the time migration system. We introduce the concept of conditional time migration system when studying CCSP.  
**Definition 1**.: _The semantics of a communication sequential process CSP is described as a migration system \(TS_{CSP}\!\!=\!\!<\!\!NODES,\sum\!\rightarrow\!>\), NODES is a collection of nodes, representing each process. \(\sum\) is the event set, i.e., \(\{a_{0},a_{1}\ldots a_{n}\}\), \(\rightarrow\) is a migration relationship, \(\rightarrow\) is a ternary relationship. \(\rightarrow\subseteq NODES\times\sum\times NODES\), \(N_{1}\stackrel{{ a}}{{\rightarrow}}N_{2}\), indicates that \(N_{1}\) executes event \(a\) and becomes the process represented by \(N_{2}\)._  
**Definition 2**.: _A conditional time migration system CCSP is \(CTS_{CCSP}\!\!=\!\!<\!\!NODES,\sum_{(C,P)}\!\!,\rightarrow\!>\), NODES is a collection of nodes, representing each process. \(\sum_{(C,P)}\) is the event set with conditional execution, i.e., \(\{(c_{0},a_{0}),(c_{1},a_{1})\ldots(c_{n},a_{n})\}\), and \(\sum_{T}\subseteq\sum_{(C,P)}\), when \(c_{n}=true\), \(\sum_{T}=\sum_{(C,P)}\), \(\rightarrow\) is a migration relationship, \(\rightarrow\) is a ternary relationship. \(\rightarrow\subseteq NODES\times\sum_{(C,P)}\times NODES\), \(N_{1}\stackrel{{(c,a)}}{{\rightarrow}}N_{2}\) means that the process executed by \(N_{1}\) executes event \(a\) when the condition \(c\) is met, and becomes the process represented by \(N_{2}\)._  
**Definition 3**.: _A conditional time communication sequence process can be described as a conditional time migration system \(CTS_{CCSP}\!\!=\!\!<\!\!NODES,\sum_{(C,P)}\!\!,\rightarrow\!>\)._
## 3 Results
### Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and Cost-Benefit Assessment  
Table 7 shows that, along the life cycle of the studied system, the avoided production of feldspar (Scenario 2) or inert filler (Scenario 3) reduced the added value by percentages of 5% and 0.9%, respectively, since no additional revenue is attributed to GS as subproduct, and the system expansion approach was adopted (Table 7). To the authors' knowledge, no consolidated trade for GS as a byproduct of granite is currently present in the market; thus, GS was considered as a by-product with no monetary value.  
If we assume to sell GS at least at half of the price at which feldspar and inert filler as sold according to Ecoinvent 3.5 database (0.034 \(\mathrm{\,\upmu\mathrm{c}}\)/kg feldspar and 0.01 \(\mathrm{\,\upmu\mathrm{c}}\)/kg for inert filler), Scenario 2 and 3 become similar to Scenario 1, with a slight advantage for Scenario 2 by a percentage of 0.5% when compared to Scenario 1. This means that to guarantee the cost sustainability of the system studied, according to LCC principles, an economic value must be recognised to GS by the market; otherwise, the added value, and, thus, cost sustainability decreases both in Scenarios 2 and 3.  
Table 8 reports the cost-benefit analysis of the three scenarios and the contribution expressed in relative percentage to the final cost value from the perspective of granite slab producer (R.O.P.).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Monetary Value** & **Scenario 1** & **Scenario 2** & **Scenario 3** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Added Value} & & \(\mathrm{\,\upmu\mathrm{c}}\)/m\({}^{2}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & GS (no monetary value) & 15.15 & 14.39 & 15.01 \\ \cline{2-4}  & GS (sold to half of the price of natural raw material & & \\  & as reported in & - & 15.22 & 15.11 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ecoinvent 3.5 database & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Life-Cycle Added Value of Scenarios 1–3 calculated according to ReCiPe2016(H).  
Due to the avoided costs associated with transportation and landfilling of GS present in Scenario 1 and to the absence of an additional drying step required for Scenario 3, Scenario 2 presents the lowest associated costs; thus, it is the most advantageous one for the granite slab manufacturer's perspective. The acquisition of raw materials represents the main cost contribution, followed by electric energy. The cost associated with heat consumption for drying GS before processing in Scenario 3 accounts for 1.43% of the final cost.
# Damage Detection Method Based on Continuous Wavelet Transformation of Lamb Wave Signals
## 3 Implementation Using the Difference Signals  
### Finite Element Simulation Model  
Consider a \(1000\times 1000\times 1.5\) mm\({}^{3}\) aluminum plate with PZT transducers arranged in the form of two square cells of \(250\times 250\) mm\({}^{2}\) and \(270\times 270\) mm\({}^{2}\), as shown in Figure 4. Numerical simulations were performed using a commercial finite element software, ABAQUS Explicit, and the material properties were E = 71 GPa, \(\upsilon\) = 0.3, and \(\rho\) = 2700 kg/m\({}^{3}\). Each PZT transducer had a diameter of 5 mm, and it could excite or sense the Lamb wave signals in radially outward directions. In order to excite the Lamb wave signals, a uniformly distributed load was applied in cylindrical coordinates with amplitude as the excitation frequency, as shown at point A in Figure 1.  
A circular damage of 10 mm diameter was made as a through-hole located at (45, \(-\)45) mm from center of the plate. The plate was meshed with 3D shell elements S4R with the element size of 1 mm in all simulation models, and a time step of 0.02 us was used to accurately simulate the Lamb wave propagation for a total time of 150 us.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, we have explored the interface structure of a TiO\({}_{2}\)/LAO heterointerface using combined STEM-HAADF imaging, multislice image simulations, and DFT calculations. The atomically resolved STEM-HAADF image acquired with aberration-corrected TEM provides clear evidence of the presence of the extra layer at the very initial stage of TiO\({}_{2}\) growth on the LAO substrate. Our studies confirm that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) assists the formation of the extra alloy layer (Ti\({}_{2}\)AlO\({}_{4}\)) by means of interface ionic relaxation. The identification of the alloy layer at the very initial stage of anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) growth confined in a single-layer-thick region at the film/substrate interface further confirms the truly 2D nature of the 2 DEG in anatase TiO\({}_{2}\). Furthermore, our study also demonstrates that the quality of the anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) film depends on oxygen stoichiometry, which can be controlled to tune the functional properties and the emergent behavior of the heterointerface.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the scientific case. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the TEM experiments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the STEM-HAADF experiments by aberration-corrected microscope. [PERSON] carried out the theoretical calculations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] grew the films and performed structural characterization by X-ray diffraction. [PERSON] contributed to the discussion of results and to review drafts. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is performed in the framework of the Nanoscience Foundry and Fine Analysis (NFFA-MIUR Italy Progetti Internazionali) facility.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are available to any reader directly upon reasonable request.  
We thank [PERSON] for the helpful discussion and insights on the DFT calculations. [PERSON] is gratefully acknowledged for the TEM specimen preparation. [PERSON] acknowledges the receipt of a fellowship from the ICTP Programme for Training and Research in Italian Laboratories, Trieste, Italy. [PERSON] acknowledges the support from the Slovenian Research Agency (P2-0393, J2-3041).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 5: Simulated STEM-HAADF image along the [010] zone axis of (**a**) AlO\({}_{2}\)-terminated LaAlO\({}_{3}\)/Ti\({}_{2}\)AlO\({}_{4}\)/pure-TiO\({}_{2}\) and (**b**) AlO\({}_{2}\)-terminated LaAlO\({}_{3}\)/Ti\({}_{2}\)AlO\({}_{4}\)/O-deficient-TiO\({}_{2}\) is shown. (**c**) An experimental STEM-HAADF image along the [010] zone axis of the heterostructure is shown; the arrows in (**a**–**c**) denote the position of the interface alloy layer. (**d**–**f**) Corresponding line profiles taken from the dashed rectangular regions are shown.
# Traffic Congestion Detection System through Connected Vehicles and Big Data
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper has presented a traffic congestion detection system that communicates connected vehicles and big data, to improve traffic flow and reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in the city, representing a potentially valuable tool to help drivers detect and avoid vehicular congestion.  
The evaluation of the presented system allows us to conclude:  
* The algorithm's accuracy in detecting traffic congestion with 10.1% of the vehicles equipped with an OBU is of 93.7% in 64 programmed traffic congestions.
* The algorithm's accuracy in the detection of traffic congestion of 50% of the vehicles with an OBU in place, increases to 98.4% in 64 programmed traffic congestions.
* CO\({}_{2}\) greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 50% on average, by detecting and conveniently modifying the route.
* The average arrival time to the destination is 70% shorter, by detecting traffic congestion and changing the routes.  
Future work includes other simulation scenarios to improve the system and implement the OBU and RSU devices on-the-fly in real-world scenarios, to detect traffic congestion and reduce contaminant emissions. In the future, the RSU device will include the detection of ozone (O\({}_{3}\)), sulphur dioxide (SO\({}_{2}\)), nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)), 2.5 (PM\({}_{2.5}\)) and 10 (PM\({}_{10}\)) particles, which are more harmful to persons living in urban settings. Additionally, for real-world implementation, the system will include a novel mechanism for vehicular localization in urban canyons, search for situation aware routes and a new approach to implement data security and privacy. Additionally, the RSU wireless trunk will be used to support other applications or services for smart cities.  
The authors wish to thank all the partners involved with the development of the system, especially to Siteldi Solutions (www.siteldisolutions.mx), Corporativo STR (www.corporativosstr.com) and financial support from CONACYT, projects numbers 220858, 230020 and 230295.  
[PERSON] simulated the system. [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided useful suggestions and edited the draft. [PERSON] designed the experiments and drafted the manuscript [PERSON] developed the big data cluster. [PERSON] provided English grammar suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest
# MMNET: A Multi-Modal Network Architecture for Underwater Networking
## 6 Conclusions  
As a supplement to the Internet of Things, the underwater sensor network has a broad development prospect. It plays an important role in military communication, environmental monitoring, marine data acquisition and underwater positioning. In order to make better use of the network and further expand the coverage of the Internet of Things, this paper analyzes the characteristics of underwater sensor networks and the challenges of communication, routing and forwarding selection, as well as the application that is difficult to organize. Combined with the characteristics of the existing network architecture, a network architecture MMNET based on multimodality is proposed. MMNET mainly solves the diversified and personalized underwater networking requirements of complex underwater applications at this stage, including the support of heterogeneous multi-mode communication equipment, the support of multi-mode routing and forwarding ability, the organization ability of multiple applications, and the network personalization based on KNN. Through our examples, MMNET will be able to solve some problems of underwater sensor networks at this stage. However, KNN-based personalized network resource allocation can only recommend the existing similar configuration, and cannot provide more personalized configuration for the current configuration. In the future, we will consider strengthening learning and deep learning to optimize the allocation of network resources [27; 31].  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.L., J.W. and S.S.; methodology, J.L., J.W.; writing, S.S., X.W. and J.W.; writing--review and editing, S.S., J.L., J.W., X.W., J.C. and B.L.; supervision, [PERSON], S.S. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 21: (**a**) Application interest packet extra time delay of three collection nodes; (**b**) application interest packet extra time delay of six collection nodes; (**c**) application interest packet extra time delay of nine collection nodes.  
Figure 20: (**a**) Application expected packet arrival rate of three collection nodes; (**b**) application expected packet arrival rate of six collection nodes; (**c**) application expected packet arrival rate of nine collection nodes.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 61971206, No.61631008, and No. U1813217), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 2017 TD-18, the National Key Basic Research Program (2018 YFC1405800).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Secure Encapsulation Schemes Using Key Recovery System in IoMT Environments
## 4 Proposed Scheme-I (Key Recovery System Using Signcryption)
### System Parameters  
The system parameters used in the proposed scheme-I are as follows.  
* \(p\)**:** Prime number
* \(q\)**:** Prime factor of \(p\)-1
* \(\mathbb{G}\)**:** Cyclic group on prime \(p\)
* \(g\)**:** Random generator, \(g\in\mathbb{G}\)
* \(H\): Hash function, \(\{0,1\}^{*}\times\mathbb{G}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\)
* \(sk_{M}\)**:** Master private key, \(sk_{M}\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\)
* \(pk_{M}\)**:** Master public key, \(pk_{M}=g^{sk_{M}}\)
* \(Dev_{A}\)**:** Monitoring devices
* \(Dev_{B}\)**:** Medical devices
* \(Part_{i}\)**:** Network Participant \(i\), \((Dev_{A},Dev_{B},Med,KRC,KRA\in Part_{i})\)
* \(w_{i},t_{i},z_{i},v_{i}\)**:** Random numbers, \(w_{i},t_{i},z_{i},v_{i}\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\)
* \(sk_{i}\)**:** \(Part_{i}\)**'s private key, \(sk_{i}=(d_{i},z_{i},v_{i})\)
* \(pk_{i}\)**:** \(Part_{i}\)**'s public key, \(pk_{i}=(X_{i},Z_{i},V_{i})\)
* \(a,b\)**:** Secret value of \(Dev_{A}\) and \(Dev_{B},a,b\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\)
* \(PSK_{A}\), \(PSK_{B}\)**:** Partial session key of \(Dev_{A}\) and \(Dev_{B}\)
* \(SK\)**:** Session key between \(Dev_{A}\) and \(Dev_{B}\)
* \(x\)**:** Random number, \(x\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\) with \(x\
eq p-1\)
* \(R_{KRA_{i}}\)**:** Random number of \(KRA_{i}\), \(R_{KRA_{i}}\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}^{*}\)  
Figure 4: Scenario of proposed scheme-I.  
* \(SGN\)**:** Group authentication values assigned to agents (Shared Group Number)
* \(c,r,s\)**:** Signcryption values
* \(c_{i},r_{i},s_{i}\)**:** \(i\)th signcryption pieces
* \(TT_{i}\)**:** Value containing the value to be recovered when some KRAs fail the key recovery operation
* \(Tc_{i}\), \(Tr_{i}\), \(Ts_{i}\); \(th\)\(TT_{i}\) pieces
* \(\mathcal{M}\)**:** Message space, \(\mathcal{M}\in\{0,1\}^{n}\)
* \(M\)**:** Plaintext message between \(Dev_{A}\) and \(Dev_{B}\) (\(M\in\mathcal{M}\))
* \(C\)**:** Ciphertext message (Encrypted \(M\))
* \(KRF\)**:** Key recovery field, \(E_{pk_{KRC}}(KRF_{1}||KRF_{2}||\ldots||KRF_{n}||H(SGN))\)
* \(KRF_{i}\)**:** \(i\)th key recovery field piece, \(E_{pk_{KRA_{i}}}(c_{i}||r_{i}||s_{i}||SGN||TT_{i})\)
# Bridging the Gap: A Survey and Classification of Research-Informed Ethical Hacking Tools
## 2 Background
### Ethical Hacking Methodologies
#### 2.4.5 Osstmm  
The _Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual_[33] is a set of guidelines and procedures for conducting security tests and assessing the security of information systems. Developed by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM), OSSTMM aims to provide an open-source standardised methodology for cybersecurity professionals. It focuses on testing operational security through five channels: _Human Security_, _Physical Security_, _Wireless Communications_, _Telecommunications_, and _Data Networks_.
# Applications of Satellite Radar Imagery for Hazard Monitoring: Insights from Australia
## 6 Seismic Hazard Monitoring  
Seismic activity may result in displacements of the Earth's surface--a phenomenon that has been measured using InSAR since the 1990s [19]. Although Australia is situated in an intraplate setting, levels of seismicity are high when compared to areas of stable continental crust globally [61; 62]. Large earthquakes do occur [63; 64], including seven Mw 6.0 or above events since 1968, and there is potential for large intraplate earthquakes  
Figure 8: Detection of precursory movement before failure of a tailings dam wall at the Cadia gold mine, New South Wales, derived from the InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 between 201502 and 20180225. (**A**) Cumulative LoS displacements measured along the dam wall overlain on a background Google Earth image from 20180510. The white lines approximately indicate the failure zone as inferred from optical imagery after the collapse. (**B**) Time-series of displacement at points 1–4 labelled in A. Time of failure is shown by the dashed black line. (**C**) Zoomed in section of the time-series in B.  
anywhere in the country [63; 65]. Intraplate seismicity within Australia is noted to be shallow (e.g., [63]), and therefore, it is more likely to cause ground surface deformation and/or surface rupture (e.g., [66; 67]).  
The types and magnitudes of events that InSAR may be sensitive to in Australian conditions have been investigated, but InSAR has not routinely been used in response to seismic events in Australia, principally because of the lack of recent pre-earthquake images in the archive [66; 68]. The coherence of interferograms decreases as the time separation between image pairs increases; therefore, without recent pre-earthquake imagery, it may not be possible to make a coherent InSAR measurement.
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, an observer based scheme is presented to detect and isolate both additive and multiplicative faults in current sensors under varying torque and speed. The proposed method includes a robust residual generator and a fault estimation based isolator. The system model is established in the stationary reference frame and the nonlinear term with rotor position is transformed into a polytopic linear parameter varying (LPV) model. Based on the stability and convergency analysis, a gain-scheduled fault detector and isolator is designed in the form linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The proposed gain-scheduled FDI scheme is capable of online monitoring three-phase currents and isolating multiple sensor faults with only one fault estimator. Comparing with the existing methods for current sensor isolation, this method does not require complex observer combination or a bank of observers and can isolate both additive and multiplicative faults. The contributions of this paper are concluded as follows:  
1. A scheme is proposed for detection and isolation of multiple sensor faults. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method is capable of isolating three-phase current sensor faults while most existing schemes are presented to isolate faults in stationary frame or synchronous reference frame. 2. The proposed isolator is based on a fault estimation scheme. Fault estimates contain all the fault information, which makes it possible to deal with both additive and multiplicative faults. 3. All of the measurements are available in the control loop. No additional hardware or measurements are required. Furthermore, the proposed method is implemented in closed-loop operation. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 establishes PMSG and sensor fault model, and polytopic decomposition of the model. The gain-scheduled observer design for fault detection residuals generation is presented in Section 3. In Section 4, a fault estimation design scheme is presented for isolation of each phase current sensor fault. The simulation results are presented in Section 5 to illustrate the performance of proposed method. Finally, the conclusion is presented in Section 6.
## 3 Results
### Access Equality  
Much research on hospitals allocation focuses on the relationship between hospital accessibility and population age and on the accessibility of hospital care for certain groups. They also assess the effectiveness of hospital locations in terms of access equality, such as the number of physicians per capita or the average distance between patients and physicians in rural and urban areas.  
In 2012 [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] examined the efficiency and equality in geographic accessibility provided by hospitals. They used GIS to measure quantitatively defined efficiency criteria and service and equality availability, and further studied the efficiency and equality of the geographic accessibility of hospitals in four US states. A comparison of existing and optimal locations showed that existing locations provide a nearly optimal geographic healthcare access but with room for improvement. However,they saw, that if the goal was solely to guarantee a minimum level of service, equality of access improved at the expense of efficiency.  
Inequality of healthcare for older adults in spatial and temporal terms is in the centre of the study by [PERSON] et al. (2020), which is of assistance to policymakers when planning healthcare services for the increasingly older population and providing information on carers for prompt and efficient treatment.  
The findings of studies show that spatial distribution holds an important role in the accessibility of primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare services for older adults with an explicit focus on fairness and equal distribution of geographic accessibility ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2020). Various reasons are stated in decisions on the locations of care for older adults. In 2020, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) analysed 46 articles to understand these reasons using a set of qualitative evidence. The reasons were divided into three factors: retention, pull or push. Such a differentiation facilitates a more detailed and in-depth analysis of the motivation of various groups participating in the decision-making process.