## 2 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Ecosystems
### Microbial Remediation in Culture
#### 2.1.2 Mycoremediation  
272 papers have been published while using fungi, or their components, as a tool for bioremediation and, in 40% of them, they have been used in complex systems. White rot fungi (WRF), are the most frequently used (Figure 3B). They belong to Basidiomycota and are recognized for their tolerance to high concentrations of pollutants [47] and for their ability to metabolize and degrade a wide variety of persistent organic compounds. This remarkable capacity has been attributed to extracellular enzymes (lgininolytic enzymes) with low substrate specificity [47], and they can be amplified an 80% using redox mediators [159, 160] Three enzymes make up fungal extracellular matrix: lactose, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase, whose relative importance in the degradation processes is species-specific [161, 162]. Bioabsorption and intracellular degradation, as well as bioadsorption have also been described [163, 164, 165] (Figure 2). Some of them have been successfully used in the PPCPs degradation [166], given the constitutive nature of their enzymatic battery, they do not require acclimatization processes [167], although inducible lactose from fungi have been also described [168]. Other key that are reactions involved in these WRF pharmaceutical transformations are formylation, hydroxylation, dehalogenation, deamination, conjugation and polymerization [164, 169]. The degradative capacity has been traditionally tested in laboratory and subsequently incorporated into WWTPs through cellular or enzymatic products immobilized in bioreactors, although in some cases such as _Irpex_ and _Dichomitus_, only the laboratory scale has been approached (Figure 3B). Many applications regarding WRF have been reported in the literature [47]. _Trametes versicolor_ is the most widely studied basidiomycete, showing a high oxidative capability to completely degrade PPCPs [162] (Figure 3B). More than 20 PPCPs susceptible to degradation by _Trametes versicolor_ have been described [121, 128, 129]. Because _Trametes_ lacases are more active than those of other fungi and bacteria (e.g., [170]), they have been used in numerous biotechnological applications and commercial products (e.g., [46]). _Planerochaete chrysosporium_ can also degrade several PPCPs under different aeration conditions. Isolated lacases from _Trametes versicolor_ and _Planerochaete chrysosporium_ have been used in the formation of hybrid-nanoparticles that are capable of eliminating both inorganic and drug compounds from contaminated water [171, 172]. Other widely reported WRF are _Planerochaete sordina_, _Pleurotus ostreatus_ and _Bjerkandra_ species (for more details see [162, 163], Figure 3B). In recent years, WRF such as _Panus tigrinus_ and _Dichomitus squales_ are being evaluated as potentially degrading fungi (Figure 3B). _Ganoderma lucidum_ has been tested as a degrader of different drugs, with good results for diclofenac and ifosfamide [173]. Manganese peroxidase aggregates from this fungus transform NP and TCS [174, 175]. _Irpex lactatus_ is another suitable WRF in the biotransformation of PPCPs such as FLU [176], hormones [177, 178] NP, TCS [179, 180], CBZ and diclofenac [173]. Immobilized lacases from _Pycnoporus sanguineus_ have been used successfully in the biotransformation of different antibiotics [181], hormones [182, 183], TCS and NP [184] and from _Coriolopsis gallica_ to remove TCS, diclofenac and hormones, NP [185, 186, 187]. Recently, other WRFs such as _Stropharia rugosaanulata_, _Gymnophilus luteofilus_, _Agrocybe erebia_[173] and _Moniliophra roreri_[188] have been tested for their potential as PPCPs-degraders (Figure 3B). Much less explored is the degradative capacity of other non-lignolitic fungi groups such as Ascomycota and Mucoromycota (Figure 3B). Cultures of _Rhodococcus rhodochrous_ and _Apergillus niger_ have reported the removal of CBZ up to 10% [189]. _Aspergillus_ species biotransformation diclofenac, TCS, estradiol, CFN, NP [190, 191, 192, 193, 194].