esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Problem Description and Modelling  
### Problem Description  
Empty containers in the coal mine yard must be transported to the coal preparation plant to be loaded with coal, completing the day's container transportation plan. The process known as 'container reversal' involves several steps: First, transport vehicles move the containers from the coal block truck to the loading station outside the coal preparation plant. At the loading station, containers are weighed empty, then filled with coal and levelled, weighed again when heavy, and finally returned to the yard via transport vehicles. This entire sequence of movements constitutes the container reversal process. The demand for containers is Q. The distance between different coal processing plants. The yard is D\({}_{i}\) (i = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), N); the capacity efficiency of each coal preparation plant is C\({}_{i}\) (i = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), N); the initial stockpiles are S\({}_{i}\) (i = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), N); the yard owns M wagons to haul goods to the coal processing plant; and the maximum load of each wagon is Lj (j = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), M). The speed is V\({}_{j}\) (j = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), M), and the unit transportation cost per truck is Pj (j = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), M).  
In container transportation, outbound K vehicles occasionally load coal at the coal processing plant. The target coal processing plant reached by the outbound vehicles is respectively recorded as G\({}_{\text{k}}\) (k = 1, 2,..., K), the arrival time of each vehicle is denoted as T\({}_{\text{k}}\) (k = 1, 2,..., K), the demand for each vehicle is denoted as qk (k = 1, 2,..., K), it takes time to load coal at the coal preparation plant, and its loading speed is s. At the exact moment, a coal preparation plant can only provide a vehicle for coal loading operations. If more than one vehicle arrives at the coal preparation plant, there will be a queuing phenomenon when loading vehicles. Container vehicles in the coal preparation plant coal loading end after weighing and returning to the yard to unload the container; the vehicle can continue to pull the remaining containers to the coal preparation plant coal loading.  
The requirement is to design a rational vehicle transportation scheme that minimises the total cost of completing the task and minimises the container transportation time while meeting the yard's needs.
## Materials and Methods
### Response Analysis by Box-Behnken Design (BBD)  
Response surface methodology (RSM) is a useful statistical tool for the optimization of different processes and widely used for experimental design. In this study, the optimization of experimental conditions for the removal of Cu(II) by lime sand bricks was conducted using Box-Behnken design (BBD) technique under RSM. In order to evaluate the removal effects of lime sand bricks on Cu(II), three main factors were chosen: height (cm) (X\({}_{1}\)), concentration (mg/L) (X\({}_{2}\)) and residence time (min) (X\({}_{3}\)). The experimental range and levels of design are shown in Table 1.
# Stability Evaluation of TBM Pilot Tunnels to Rear Blasting Using the Protection Shield
## 4 Numerical Analysis Results
### Vibration Velocity  
Because the blasting vibration impact is generally evaluated using the vibration velocity, the vibration velocities at two points, A and B, were compared in this analysis according to the presence of a protection shield and the separation distance from the  
Figure 5: Modelling and mesh in numerical analysis.  
Figure 6: Numerical analysis (construction stage): (**a**) initial stage, (**b**) TBM excavation, (**c**) installation of protection shields, and (**d**) NATM blasting.  
blasting point. In the graphs below, the red and green lines indicate the analysis results of blasting without and with a protection shield, respectively. The vibration velocity decreased by 36.02%, 49.29%, 58.86%, and 65.85% as the separation distance between the blasting point and the protection shield was increased to 2 m, 4 m, 8 m, and 20 m, respectively, in the case of using a protection shield compared to the case of not using a protection shield (Figure 7). In addition, because the vibration velocity at the ground surface directly above point A was \(3.27\times 10^{-9}\) m/s, that is, the vibration was negligible and blasting was considered to have no effect if there was a structure above it (based on the blasting distance of 2 m when using a protection shield). The vibration velocity at point B was low regardless of the installation of the protection shield. This tendency was attributed to the sufficient separation distance between the blasting point and the face owing to the distance between the protection shield and the blasting point, length of the protection shield, length of the pilot tunnel, and length of the TBM.
# A Broadband Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Fat-Dipole Antenna for Digital TV Applications
## 4 Application in a MIMO DTV Channel  
Figure 15 shows the designed antenna in a 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO channel, where both the transmission and reception operate with two channels. \(h_{ij}\) stands for the channel impulse response for each case and \(x_{i}\) and \(y_{i}i\) denote the input and output sequences, respectively.  
The received signals can be written as  
\[y_{1} =h_{11}x_{1}+h_{12}x_{2}+n_{1} \tag{5}\] \[y_{2} =h_{21}x_{1}+h_{22}x_{2}+n_{2} \tag{6}\]  
where \(n_{i}\) represents the noise. It can be observed that there are four distinct paths available, each represented by a complex variable. MIMO DTV 3.0 applications consider different information circulating in each channel, meaning that \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{2}\) are not identical. Furthermore, knowledge of the channel impulse responses \(h_{ij}\) enables more efficient data throughput; these channel impulse responses (CIRs) are computed using pre-defined sequences transmitted in pilot tones during transmission and are subsequently recovered at the receiver end.  
The channel capacity \(C\) can be increased if different signals are transmitted by each transmitter antenna. That is the case for DTV 3.0, which employs MIMO-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). In ATSC 3.0, a 2 \(\times\) 2 deployment, orthogonal (vertical and horizontal) antennas are utilized at both receiver and transmitter ends, allowing for the transmission of two distinct data streams using both polarizations [23]. Similarly, Advanced ISBD-T recommends a MIMO 2 \(\times\) 2 configuration as a means to achieve channel capacity in scenarios where \(C/N\leqslant 0\) dB, where \(C\) and \(N\) represent carrier and noise energy, respectively [24].
## 3 Results
### Changes in Properties According to Storage Conditions
#### 3.1.1 Change in pH  
In all the tested NW preparations, the pH values remained below 7.3 even after storage. For NW\({}_{35}\), no significant difference was observed in pH after 126 days of storage depending on the storage conditions (\(p\) > 0.05); however, the pH values of the other seven NW preparations were lowest in L\({}_{\text{RT}}\) and highest in S\({}_{\text{RT}}\) and S\({}_{\text{LW}}\) (NW\({}_{25}\), NW\({}_{50}\), and NW\({}_{200}\)) or S\({}_{\text{LW}}\) (NW\({}_{100}\), NW\({}_{300}\), NW\({}_{500}\), and NW\({}_{1000}\)) (\(p\) < 0.05). For NW preparations with an initial ACC of \(\leq\)200 mg/L (NW\({}_{25}\), NW\({}_{35}\), NW\({}_{50}\), NW\({}_{100}\), and NW\({}_{200}\)), each NW preparation had a pH value of \(\geq\)6.2 after storage under any condition, i.e., higher than the critical pH of human enamel (5.5) and equal to or higher than the critical pH of dentin (6.0-6.2). After the 126-day storage period under any condition, NW\({}_{300}\) had a pH value of 5.9-6.4 (i.e., higher than the critical value of enamel). In addition, each NW\({}_{300}\) stored under S\({}_{\text{RT}}\) and S\({}_{\text{LW}}\) maintained pH values equal to or higher than the critical values for dentin (6.0-6.2). In contrast, NW\({}_{500}\) stored under L\({}_{\text{RT}}\) and NW\({}_{1000}\)s stored under any condition exhibited pH values below 4, indicating a substantial decrease than compare with the other NW preparations (Figure 3).  
Significant differences in the pH change rate (i.e., reduction rate) were observed among the test NW preparations under all storage conditions (\(p\) < 0.05), with NW\({}_{1000}\) exhibiting the largest decrease (Figure 4a). [PERSON]'s correlation analysis revealed strong negative correlations between the initial ACC of NW and the pH change rate under all storage conditions, with R values ranging from \(-\)0.839 (S\({}_{\text{LW}}\)) to \(-\)0.791 (L\({}_{\text{RT}}\)) (Figure 4b).  
Figure 3: Changes in properties of NW preparations according to different storage conditions: (**a**) changes during the 126-day storage period; (**b**) changes after the 126-day storage period. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation. In each of the four graphs, different letters represent statistically different groups (\(p<0.05\)) determined using one-way analysis of variance (\(n=5\)).
# Non-Thermal Methods for Ensuring the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Seafood
## 2 High Hydrostatic Pressure--HHP
### General Description of HHP Technology
There is a large variation in the pressure resistance of spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens, such as _L. monocytogenes_ and _Vibrio_ spp., which are likely the two most investigated species in terms of the application of HHP on fish and seafood. The growth phase of the cells also affects its resistance to HP treatment. Microbial cells show the highest resistance during the stationary phase due to the well-formed membrane structure, with some exceptions mostly associated with RNA polymerase proteins in the cell wall [41]. The food matrix and the medium's pH also affect the cellular resistance during HHP treatment. In literature, references suggest that common and spore-forming bacteria [42] show a higher resistance at neutral pH [43; 44; 41]. The selection of the pressure temperature and time operational conditions (PTM) depends on the target microorganism and the product's nature to be processed, resulting in a final product with added value. Although the operating and equipment costs of HHP remain high, over the last decade, there is a growing tendency for investment in industrial HP units worldwide, as reported by [PERSON] et al. (2017) [45]. Considering the above, it is apparent that continuing research to improve our understanding of HHP effects on fresh and ready-to-eat (RTE) food and seafood products are essential to follow the market's needs and offer safer pathogen-free foods with added value.
# Comparison of Field and Laboratory Tests for Soil Suitability Assessment in Raw Earth Construction
###### Abstract  
The demand for earth construction, primarily driven by environmental considerations, is currently growing. Earth, as a building material, has a very low carbon footprint and is easily recyclable, promoting a circular economy. It is also valued for its intrinsic qualities such as hygrothermal properties, air quality, acoustic performance, and esthetics. To meet this demand and promote earth construction, a better understanding of the local resources is essential. However, not all soils are suitable for earth construction, and their properties can significantly influence the final material performance. The assessment of soil suitability for earth construction requires both scientific rigor and practical field applicability. This study evaluates the correlation between traditional field-testing methods and standardized laboratory analyses through a comprehensive characterization of 39 soils from the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in France. The research methodology integrated different field tests commonly used by practitioners, including sensory evaluations, plasticity tests, and cohesion assessments, with five standardized geotechnical tests covering particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, methylene blue value, organic matter content, and density measurements. The particle size distribution analysis revealed diverse soil compositions, with clay-sized particle content (<0.002 mm) ranging from 5% to 75%. Strong correlations were established between field and laboratory results, particularly between the cigar test and plasticity index (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8863), and between ring test scores and clay-sized particle content percentages, validating the reliability of traditional testing methods. Plasticity indices varied from 0% to 50%, indicating different soil behaviors and potential applications. These correlations demonstrate that while traditional field tests provide reliable preliminary assessment tools, laboratory testing remains essential for final material validation. The results demonstrate that while several soils are directly suitable for various earth construction techniques, other soils falling outside conventional recommendation envelopes may still be suitable for specific construction techniques when appropriately evaluated and may require modification through sieving, mixing, or stabilization.  
eurm; characterization; Nouvelle-Aquitaine region; suitability; earth construction techniques/by/4.0/. 202515932  
1
# A Survey of GIS and IoT Integration: Applications and Architecture
## 5 Discussion  
The functionalities offered by IoT and GIS make it suitable for developing various systems in different domains. In Section 3, the role of GIS, IoT, and the integration of these two technologies in different applications are discussed. A summary of the survey is provided in Table 2.  
As discussed in Section 4.3, the most significant presence of GIS in applications mentioned in Table 2 can be categorized into data, visualization, and analyzing tools. The capability of providing types of data, such as digital maps, makes GIS appropriate to be utilized in transportation, disaster management, and healthcare. Routing analysis and decision-making support are the noticeable roles of GIS in Transportation and Utilities. In applications that involve predictions and in which many scenarios could happen, GIS by providing framework models and simulating tools can be useful to analyze possible scenarios. That is the reason, GIS has shown great applications in disaster management, agriculture, and utilities. The potentialities to collect data by various types of sensors and to monitor the system both in real-time are considered as main IoT advantages. Considering the real-time capabilities along with the functionalities offered by GIS make the idea of integrating these two technologies an efficient one. Monitoring and controlling in real-time will help decision-makers to take suitable measurements faster. Worth noticing, real-time visualization is an
## 2 Theoretical Background  
The novel method here proposed for SHM purposes, based on the Teager-Kaiser Energy Cepstral Coefficients (TECCs), requires some previous knowledge regarding the definitions of cepstrum, quefrency [37], and the melody-frequency scale (also abbreviated as the mel-scale) [38]. This Section is intended to also provide a basic common ground for non-experts in signal and speech processing, not familiar with the jargon, and to establish some definitions before continuing. For the sake of better comprehensibility, the discussion is sequenced here into the following subsections: cepstral analysis,a brief recall about MFCCs, some hints about their (many) variants, and finally the description of the TCCs themselves.
# Modelling, Analysis and Performance of a Low Inertia AC-DC Microgrid
## 2 System Model  
The microgrid under study represents a typical model used for oil and gas companies in Egypt in areas remotely far from the grid. This microgrid is based mainly on synchronous generators with motor loads and some static loads. Recently, renewable energy sources have been installed and integrated into the microgrid. A typical site in the eastern desert of Egypt is energized by nine synchronous generators which share the loads equally using the droop control. A similar model has been used in this paper to represent the dynamics of a typical oil and gas site. Additionally, a DC microgrid formed from nearby renewable energy resources is employed to support the AC grid loads.  
Figure 1 depicts the microgrid system under study. The system consists of a diesel generator, static loads and induction motor loads. The loads and sources are connected to the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of the AC microgrid. The DC microgrid is connected through a VSC, which is controlled by virtual inertia loop, to the AC grid.  
The DC microgrid consists of a constant power source representing renewable energy sources, such as a PV or wind system. The DC loads are modelled as constant power loads to represent the tightly regulated loads and a resistance (RL), representing the resistive loads on the DC grid side. The diesel generator unit maintains the system voltage and frequency and shares the total load demand with the VSC when the AC grid setup operates in autonomous mode. The system shown in Figure 1 is employed to study the frequency response of the microgrid in terms of RoCoF and nadir, as well as how the DC voltage of the DC microgrid is affected during any contingency on the AC side. Moreover, the dynamic performance of the proposed virtual inertia controller for frequency support is investigated on the system of Figure 1. A small-signal state-space model of the microgrid's components was built to test the system's stability and study the effect of parameters changing on the response, which will be presented in the following subsections.
# On-Chip Reconstructive Spectrometer Based on Parallel Cascaded Micro-Ring Resonators
###### Abstract  
In contrast to cumbersome benchtop spectrometers, integrated on-chip spectrometers are well-suited for portable applications in health monitoring and environmental sensing. In this paper, we have developed an on-chip spectrometer with a programmable silicon photonic filter by simply using parallel cascaded micro-ring resonators (MRs). By altering the transmission spectrum of the filter, multiple and diverse sampling of the input spectrum is achieved. Then, combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model, the incident spectrum is reconstructed from the sampled signals. Each MR is coupled to adjacent ones, and the phase shifts within each MR can be independently tuned. Through dynamic programming of the phases of these MRs, sampling functions featuring diverse characteristics are obtained based on a single programmable filter with an adjustable number of sampling channels. This eliminates the need for a filter array, significantly reducing the area of the on-chip reconstructive spectrometer. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design can achieve the reconstruction of continuous and sparse spectra within the wavelength range of 1450 nm to 1650 nm, with a tunable resolution ranging from 2 nm to 0.2 nm, depending on the number of sampling states employed. This benefit arises from the programmable nature of the device. The device holds tremendous potential for applications in wearable optical sensing, portable spectrometry, and other related scenarios.  
computational spectral reconstruction; programmable silicon photonic filter; artificial neural network; photonic integrated circuit +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
22 April 2024  
Revised: 24 May 2024  
Accepted: 1 June 2024  
Published: 4 June 2024
# Characterization and Detection Classification of Moldy Corn Kernels Based on X-CT and Deep Learning
## 5 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates that X-ray scanning technology is an effective means for the real-time monitoring of internal structural changes in moldy maize kernels. The scanned data were used to reconstruct two-dimensional grayscale slices of maize kernels. Image processing and model reconstruction algorithms were then used to achieve the three-dimensional visualization of maize kernels. This allowed for the non-destructive monitoring of changes in the internal structure of maize kernels with varying levels of mold, as well as the calculation of parameters such as kernel size, embryo size, pore volume, and more. Through qualitative analysis, it was concluded that corn mold originates from the embryo and gradually spreads out. The quantitative analysis indicated that the volumetric parameters of the corn kernel, embryo, endosperm, and seed coat exhibited a pattern of increasing and then decreasing during the mold cultivation process. Additionally, by integrating deep learning with the reconstructed two-dimensional slices of corn kernels, the rapid and non-destructive detection of mold and the classification of the degree of mold in corn were achieved. This combined technology not only offers a viable strategy for studying the structural characteristics of moldy maize grains but also enables quick prediction of regional mold situations during grain storage, thereby reducing unnecessary economic losses. This study offers assistance in the development of equipment for monitoring and rapidly detecting mold in maize kernels.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z. ([PERSON]), Y.H. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Methodology, Y.Z. ([PERSON]), Y.H., Y.Z. ([PERSON]), J.L., J.G. and X.W.; Software, Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Validation, Y.Z. ([PERSON]), J.G., B.W., J.L., M.X. and H.H.; Writing--original draft, Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--review and editing, Y.Z. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Open Fund Project of the Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology (grant no. KFJ)2022007).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in the article.  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank the members of the Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control (Henan University of Technology) for their contributions to this project.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.