applied sciences  
Effect of Citric Acid on Color Changes of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements an In Vitro Study  
[PERSON],*2, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
Footnote 1: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci))  
Footnote 2: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci))  
Footnote 3: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci))  
Footnote 4: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci))  
Footnote 5: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci))  
Footnote 6: https://  
+++ ==WARNING: Truncated because of repetitions==
www.mdpi.com/journals/applsci  
++  
errors and can be related to the sealant used to fill the canal or the prosthetic restoration used. Many studies have reported that various medicaments and materials used during root canal treatment can cause coronal tooth discoloration [8; 9; 10]. Blood and light also significantly affect tooth staining; the size of the lesion depends on the type of material contacted and the time elapsed [7; 11]. The current gold standard among CSCs is mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRootMTA (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA) [7]. However, this CSC has several disadvantages, such as its long setting time, and low pressure stability. Furthermore, it contains the X-ray contrast agent bismuth oxide. Such contrast agents are added to CSCs to increase their visibility on radiographs, but they can cause dental hard tissue staining [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Accordingly, many CSCs have been developed and are commercially available. These in cludte MTA Plus (compounded by PrevestDenpro, Jammu, India for Avalon Biomed Inc. Bradenton, FL, USA), Ortho MTA (BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), Retro MTA (BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), and MTA Repair HP (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil). In some new CSCs, bismuth oxide has been replaced by zirconium oxide, e.g., Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France) and Retro MTA, or by calcium tungstate, e.g., MTA Repair HP. The compositions of these CSCs are given in Table 1.  
The success of conventional and regenerative endodontic procedures is influenced by many factors, including the quality of diagnosis, tissue development, and the material used [17]. A particularly important stage of endodontic treatment is canal disinfection, which involves the use of a suitable irrigant [18]. A good irrigant should be an effective antimicrobial agent and organic tissue solvent, non-irritating, stable, and easily stored. Furthermore, it should remove the smear layer. In conventional endodontics, a commonly used irrigant regime is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at concentrations of 1% to 8%, 2% chloroxidine (CHX) as an antimicrobial agent, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAA) as a demineralizing agent [18]. According to the guidelines of The American Association of Endodontists Clinical Considerations for