## 6 Energy Management and Control Techniques for EV Systems
### Control Techniques for EV Charging Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Ref.** \\ **No.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **EV/Charging** \\ **System** \\ \end{tabular} & **Energy Source** & **Objective** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Energy Management** \\ **Techniques** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Experimental** \\ **Steps Include** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Review and Comments** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[110]} & \multirow{4}{*}{On-board} & Battery and & The objective is to & & & & \begin{tabular}{c} The goal is to make the hybrid \\ system workable and to reduce \\ the power peaks of the batteries \\ so that they last longer in between \\ charges. However, it only \\ functions with converters with a \\ specific input voltage range. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The objective is to \\ enhance battery \\ longevity. \\ \end{tabular} & FL-based EMS & Yes & & & \begin{tabular}{c} The goal is to make the hybrid \\ system workable and to reduce \\ the power peaks of the batteries \\ so that they last longer in between \\ charges. However, it only \\ functions with converters with a \\ specific input voltage range. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[111]} & EV charging & \multirow{4}{*}{Smart grid} & Equilibrium of games & DSM based on & & \begin{tabular}{c} Costs connected with using less \\ energy are the target here. The \\ goal is to balance the home power \\ load, encourage user involvement, \\ and engage users with the utility \\ provider. It analyzes one energy \\ source. Residential load \\ management takes precedence \\ over energy efficiency. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[112]} & EV charging & \multirow{4}{*}{PV, ESS, and gas} & Implementing central & & & \begin{tabular}{c} Power planning involves \\ arranging and controlling \\ resources and decision making to \\ reach certain goals. Renewable \\ energy generation and projection \\ was discussed. Central and local \\ energy management, load \\ balancing, and dispatching are of \\ interest. Day-ahead power \\ planning was discussed. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[113]} & EV charging & \multirow{4}{*}{PV, ESS, and \begin{tabular}{c} An intelligent energy \\ management system is \\ grid-connected \\ solar-powered electric \\ EVs charging station. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Intelligent energy \\ management system \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} &
\begin{tabular}{c} This approach optimizes the \\ utilization of photovoltaic (PV) \\ power for EV charging while \\ minimizing the potential impact \\ of energy exchange on the \\ electrical grid. The inclusion of \\ the vehicle-to-grid technique is \\ not accounted for in the \\ comprehensive analysis. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 20: _Cont._Battery Management System (BMS) Control: The importance of the battery management system (BMS) in ensuring the safety and protection of an EV cannot be overstated. The BMS is responsible for overseeing the operation of the rechargeable battery pack or individual cells, thereby exerting control over the associated electronics. By implementing this mechanism, the battery is protected from overcharging, which ensures the user's safety from potential electrocution. The BMS utilizes various control methods, which are as follows:  
State-of-Charge (SOC) Estimation: SOC estimation techniques are utilized to determine the remaining energy in a battery pack by considering various factors such as voltage, current, temperature, and additional parameters. The provided information is essential for the optimization of battery usage. State-of-Health (SOH) Estimation: The estimation techniques for the state of health (SOH) evaluate the condition and deterioration of the battery pack. The measurement assists in determining the remaining capacity of the battery and its power delivery capability.