## 1 Introduction  
Critical infrastructure (CI) comprises assets and systems that are essential for a society and its economy. CI is defined as systems and assets that are essential for the nation's security, public health, and safety, as well as its economic stability [1]. CI includes sectors such as energy (power plants, electricity grids, oil and gas facilities), transportation (roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports), water supply and wastewater systems (pipelines, treatment plants, pumping stations, storage tanks), telecommunications, and healthcare (hospitals, emergency services). Additionally, CI encompasses financial services, government facilities, and emergency services. The interdependency among these sectors means that the failure of one system can cause cascading disruptions across the others. Over recent decades, the significance of these infrastructures has grown due to the proliferation of infrastructure systems, increased dependency across both private and public sectors, and the increasing interdependencies between various infrastructure sectors [2, 3]. CI consists of complex and interconnected networks, components, and sub-components, creating a system where the failure of a single element can potentially trigger a cascade of failures [2; 4; 5], compromising the entire system and causing widespread damage across other sectors [6; 7; 8]. These characteristics underscore the critical importance of regularly maintaining and protecting these systems, especially during and after extreme events. Ensuring the resilience of CIs against various hazards, including natural disasters like earthquakes, is essential for continuous service delivery and mitigating the impact of disruptions. Strong seismic events can cause severe damage to critical infrastructures. The impact of seismic events on CI is widespread and extends beyond the structural damage, as it can lead to extended service disruptions, compromised public safety, and significant economic loss [5; 9]. To enhance the resilience of these essential systems, proactive measures, such as seismic retrofitting [10] and comprehensive maintenance strategies, are required [11]. A common tool for assessing the seismic vulnerability of CI is the use of seismic fragility curves. A fragility curve represents the probability that a structure or a component will exceed a certain damage state as a function of an earthquake's intensity measure parameter [12]. Fragility curves are usually derived using the empirical approach or analytical approach. The empirical approach relies on the observations of post-earthquake damage to develop fragility curves [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18], while the analytical approach uses computer simulations, like pushover and time-history analyses [19; 20; 21; 22]. However, most of the traditional fragility curves are developed based on the structural response without explicitly accounting for actual conditions and long-term degradation processes, such as corrosion. These curves often assume that the structures are in a \"like-new\" or adequately maintained condition, failing to distinguish between structures in good condition and those suffering from degradation. This lack of distinction can lead to significant misinterpretation in the risk assessment process and potentially mislead the risk management strategies. By not accurately representing the varied conditions of infrastructure, particularly those degraded by factors like corrosion, fragility curves might underestimate the actual vulnerability, creating significant challenges for the effective planning and prioritization of mitigation strategies. One of the primary components of CI is the physical building or structure that contains essential systems and operations. These structures are typically constructed using reinforced concrete (RC). RC buildings offer several advantages for CI, particularly regarding sustainability, seismic resilience, and cost-effectiveness [23; 24; 25].