## 5 Discussion
### Impact of Spatial Ability Skills: Technology and Design for Spatial Knowledge Acquisition  
The findings from this research study showed a negative correlation between participants' overall spatial ability skills and their workload, consistent with the previous research in this area. According to [PERSON] et al. (2019), basic spatial abilities are related to navigation in a real-world environment. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) found in their study that participants with a better sense of direction (SOD) had a lower overall workload for the target task. However, in our study, only spatial orientation out of the three individual parameters of overall spatial ability had a significant relationship with the NASA TLX score (see Table 4). With respect to wayfinding performance, this study outlined that the spatial ability skill parameter (sense of direction) is negatively related to the frequency of hesitation. However, total task duration, total help, total wrong directions, and task completion are not associated with spatial ability skills. Other researchers have also found an association between sense of direction and wayfinding performance. A study by [PERSON] et al. (2019) found that a higher spatial sense of direction was related to higher path efficiency. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) indicated that participants with a better SOD had faster response time.  
To conclude, the spatial ability skills of wayfinders can be associated with their perceived workload and wayfinding performance (RQ2). The wayfinders with higher spatial ability skills experience less workload and are more confident navigating indoor-outdoor campus wayfinding. According to the research investigating navigation assistance and wayfinding, navigation aid can play a role in shaping human spatial ability as it influences human wayfinding and navigation (2018). Therefore, it is important to design navigation aids that improve spatial ability as it affects the workload.  
Navigation assistance systems should be improved in regard to the acquisition of spatial knowledge. Navigation applications should include features to improve users' skills and knowledge instead of taking on all cognitive functioning. In this way, users will make informed choices when using the navigation aid, which provides optimal support for the acquisition of spatial knowledge (2018). Modern digital technology can provide novel options for enhancing spatial learning with promising transformative impacts (2018). Researchers have explored different aspects of navigation aids that can influence spatial knowledge acquisition. [PERSON] et al. (2018) found that the use of voice-assisted digital maps may result in time efficiency, but it can reduce the spatial knowledge acquisition of pedestrians. According to [PERSON] et al. (2018), appropriate visualization can support the acquisition of self-to-object spatial knowledge. The findings by [PERSON] et al. (2018) showed significant improvement in the success rate of the participants with low spatial cognition when using 3D models instead of 2D drawings. However, the format of information did not affect the participants with high spatial cognition. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2018) found that AR maps are better than 2D maps in assisting individuals in acquiring spatial knowledge. AR displays provide comprehensive information about the environment highlighting the landmark locations and providing exocentric spatial information, thus helping in acquiring landmark and route knowledge. Moreover, landmarks are important for wayfinding and navigation (2018); they can assist in spatial knowledge acquisition during navigation (2018) and can support correct decision-making (2018). According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), highlighting buildings at intersections can aid wayfinders in increasing their intuitive spatial ability by helping them to use intersections as references.