# A Smart and Mechanized Agricultural Application: From Cultivation to Harvest
## 2 Literature Review
IoT technologies are predicted to play a major role in the generation of large amounts of valuable information in all types of agriculture and the advancement of this sector [21]. In addition, the IoT is thought to be a potential solution to increasing agricultural productivity by 70% by 2050 [22]. In [23], the authors designed an IoT-based system to monitor air and soil parameters and develop mobile and web-based applications. They tried to monitor crop and yield forecasts in real time. In [24], the authors focused on farm management information systems to automate data acquisition and processing, monitoring, planning, decision-making, documenting, and managing farm operations. For this, they proposed architecture and implemented it in two different regions in Turkey. In another proposed example to monitor various components of the farmland with an IoT-based mechanism, an agro-meteorological system was developed using an Arduino [25]. Another study based on sensors, IoT, ZigBee, and Arduino focused on rural agriculture [26]. The authors tried to guide farmers in estimating crop suitability and other relevant factors by using various types of sensors. Another study explored how accurate analysis of agro-meteorological and weather parameters can help farmers improve crop production [27]. However, their proposed system is not portable, and may only be suitable for small-scale farms. Other IoT-based studies in modern agriculture in recent years have also been explored in [28; 29; 30]. Along with the IoT, the widespread use of autonomous robots such as UAVs increases productivity in agriculture. Recently, studies related to this subject have accelerated [31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. One of several studies in the literature is presented in [36]. The authors used UAVs to detect possible drainage pipes. Often, farmers need to repair or construct drain lines to efficiently remove water from the soil. Therefore, in this study, they wanted to decrease resource consumption and increase productivity in agriculture by focusing on this issue. In [37], the authors offered a combined application of UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to monitor and manage crops. The authors proposed a system that can periodically monitor the condition of crops, capture multiple images of them, and determine the state of the crops. In addition to many UAV-based studies and products, recently the concepts of the IoT and autonomous robots have begun to be presented together. In this way, the data detected by the UAVs reaches the place where it needs to be sent instantly, the necessary actions can be taken on this data, and it can quickly provide a decision mechanism to the farmer or other technological devices. For example, in [33], the authors present a farm-monitoring system using UAV, IoT, and Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRAWAN) technologies for efficient resource management and data delivery. In this study, they were monitoring water quality. In general, most of the studies were aimed at increasing efficiency in the field with technological approaches. It is also very important to efficiently analyze and evaluate the data generated from new technologies such as IoT and UAV using recent technologies such as WebGIS [38]. At the same time, we may sometimes encounter complex situations for a service expected to be provided in smart agriculture. These problems become more difficult to solve as the dimension and number of uncertain parameters increase. Metaheuristic algorithms can be an appropriate mechanism for solving similar problems. Indeed, in recent years in the literature, metaheuristic-based approaches have been proposed for different purposes related to agriculture [39]. For example, in [40], three local search metaheuristic algorithms, which were simulated by annealing and Tabu search references, were used to calculate annual crop planning with a new irrigation mechanism. The objective function of this study was to maximize the gross benefits associated with the allocation of crops.