## 4 Discussion
### Correlations Between Visual Parameters and Postural Stability  
This study identified significant correlations between visual acuity and key postural parameters. Better binocular visual acuity was associated with reduced antero-posterior displacement and sway area, emphasizing the critical role of visual clarity in maintaining postural stability. Similarly, moderate correlations were observed between visual acuity and decreased medio-lateral and antero-posterior sway, underscoring the importance of visual input in fine-tuning balance control. Refractive errors, particularly hyperopia and oblique astigmatism, showed moderate correlations with antero-posterior displacement and sway area, suggesting that higher refractive errors are linked to increased postural instability. These findings align with previous research indicating that refractive errors can impair depth perception and visual stability, leading to greater postural sway [10]. Binocular refractive asymmetries, such as anisometropia, demonstrated strong correlations with postural stability metrics, being associated with greater antero-posterior displacement and increased medio-lateral instability. These results highlight the disruptive effects of refractive discrepancies between the eyes on postural stability. These findings demonstrate the critical role of binocular refractive discrepancies, both spherical and cylindrical, in modulating postural stability, with anisometropia and anisoastigmatism contributing to instability through distinct mechanisms. Moreover, these findings suggest that correcting refractive errors and managing binocular asymmetries could enhance postural stability and athletic performance, particularly in athletes with significant hyperopia or anisometropia. However, further research is required to confirm the efficacy of such interventions and to determine the most effective strategies for different visual profiles. A crucial factor in the relationship between vision and posture is the exploratory role of postural sway. Recent evidence suggests that CoP displacement may serve as a mechanism for acquiring sensory information rather than merely reflecting postural instability. Studies have demonstrated that when the centre of mass is externally stabilizedwithout the individual's awareness, postural sway increases, implying that CoP fluctuations may play an active role in optimizing sensory input and postural adaptation [45]. This perspective provides further insight into why athletes with visual impairments or binocular discrepancies may rely more heavily on proprioceptive and vestibular inputs, potentially leading to excessive compensations and increased energy expenditure. In individuals with strabismus, for instance, the absence of binocular fusion has been linked to greater dependence on vestibular and proprioceptive cues, resulting in increased postural instability, particularly under conditions of reduced visual input [11]. Finally, the observed forward lean and forefoot load dominance in athletes may reflect specific postural adaptations to the demands of football, where rapid movement and lateral stability are essential. The interplay between postural asymmetry and visual processing is particularly relevant for injury prevention. Football players often develop postural imbalances because of the sport's high physical demands, and these asymmetries may be exacerbated by uncorrected visual deficiencies. Research has shown that athletes with asymmetric visual processing experience greater postural instability, increasing their susceptibility to non-traumatic musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in the lower limbs [44]. These findings suggest that conventional clinical approaches to balance control deficits should be reconsidered, as postural sway may not solely be a consequence of impaired balance control but rather an adaptive and functional mechanism. These findings have important clinical implications.