# Green Analytical Chemistry--Recent Innovations
## 2 Principles and Framework  
The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a foundational framework for designing chemical processes and products that prioritize environmental and human health [8]. When applied to analytical techniques, these principles drive the development of methodologies that are safer, more efficient, and environmentally benign. Figure 1 shows the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), highlighting key strategies such as waste prevention, atom economy, safer chemicals, energy efficiency, and real-time analysis, which collectively guide the development of sustainable and environmentally conscious analytical techniques. Waste prevention, the first principle, emphasizes designing analytical processes that avoid generating waste rather than managing it after the fact, a critical consideration in high-throughput laboratories [9]. Atom economy, another key principle, ensures that chemical reactions used in analytical processes maximize the incorporation of all starting materials into the final product, reducing by-products and inefficiencies. Less hazardous chemical syntheses and designing safer chemicals focus on minimizing toxicity in reagents and solvents used during analysis, protecting both analysts and the environment. The principle of safer solvents and auxiliaries is particularly relevant to analytical chemistry, as it encourages the use of non-toxic, biodegradable, or less harmful solvents, such as water, ionic liquids, or supercritical carbon dioxide, reducing reliance on hazardous organic solvents [10]. Energy efficiency is another critical aspect, urging the development of techniques that operate under milder conditions, such as room temperature and pressure, to lower energy consumption. This is exemplified in the use of alternative energy sources, such as microwave-assisted or ultrasound-assisted methods, to accelerate processes without excessive energy inputs. The principle of renewable feedstocks encourages the replacement of finite resources with renewable ones, such as bio-based solvents or reagents derived from natural materials. Reducing derivatives, which minimizes the need for temporary chemical modifications like protection or deprotection steps, ensures analytical methods are streamlined and resource-efficient. Catalysis, a cornerstone principle, promotes the use of catalytic reagents over stoichiometric ones in analytical methods, enhancing selectivity and reducing material use while minimizing environmental impacts. The principle of design for degradation ensures that chemicals and materials used in analytical processes decompose into harmless products at the end of their lifecycle, preventing persistent environmental contamination. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention is particularly significant in analytical chemistry, advocating for methodologies that monitor and control processes in real-time to prevent hazardous by-products before they form. Finally, inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention underlines the need to design processes with minimized risk of accidents, explosions, or hazardous releases, ensuring a safer working environment. Together, these principles provide a comprehensive strategy for reimagining analytical chemistry to meet the demands of sustainability, safety, and environmental responsibility. By embedding these principles into the development of analytical techniques, the discipline not only aligns with green chemistry's ethos but also actively contributes to reducing the ecological footprint of scientific research and industrial processes [11; 12]. Integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into the evaluation of analytical methods is a game-changer for understanding and reducing their environmental impact [13]. LCA provides a big-picture perspective, looking at every stage of a method's life cycle from sourcing raw materials to disposal of waste. In analytical chemistry, this means examining how much energy is used, how much waste is produced, and the overall footprint of the reagents and instruments involved.