# Phenolic Compounds in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe
## 3 Results
### Phenolic Compounds
#### 3.1.2 Flavonoids
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phenolic Acids**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Eldeberry Fruit**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bird Cherry Leaves**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bird Cherry Fruit**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bird Cherry Bark**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dogwood Fruit**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dogwood Leaves**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range**} \\ \hline Gallic & 2.54 & 14.16 & 115.80 & 209.58 & 37.25 & 38.52 & 14.25 & 19.36 & 110.65 & 130.52 & 89.69 & 112.36 \\ \hline
4-hydroxybenzoic & 0.81 & 12.16 & 1.29 & 3.83 & 13.25 & 19.85 & 98.63 & 124.54 & 6.52 & 864.87 & 6.56 & 8.45 \\ \hline Vanilic & 0.19 & 0.53 & 10.80 & 26.33 & 11.07 & 27.41 & 78.95 & 89.63 & 7.89 & 14.25 & 8.56 & 10.23 \\ \hline Caffe & 1.69 & 13.57 & 17.25 & 77.47 & 78.51 & 88.52 & 2.44 & 3.88 & 1.40 & 13.52 & 2.55 & 3.46 \\ \hline Syringic & 2.92 & 6.37 & 0.17 & 0.24 & 10.45 & 11.57 & 45.12 & 58.95 & 3.56 & 2.58 & 1.16 & 2.12 \\ \hline Vanillin & 5.39 & 12.74 & 11.07 & 18.70 & 131.54 & 185.70 & 172.45 & 198.63 & 4.58 & 4.32 & 5.69 & 7.56 \\ \hline P-Cumaric & 1.31 & 2.46 & 183.85 & 187.66 & 89.69 & 106.74 & 344.20 & 375.25 & 2.55 & 6.6 & 4.35 & 6.56 \\ \hline Benzoic & 16.05 & 57.80 & 28.04 & 35.56 & 102.54 & 127.40 & 14.95 & 16.98 & 498.52 & 655.23 & 377.51 & 430.56 \\ \hline Ferulic & 58.16 & 169.44 & 3.81 & 9.56 & 3.04 & 5.25 & 77.52 & 89.52 & 2.12 & 3.10 & 1.56 & 3.56 \\ \hline Sinapic & 163.28 & 321.03 & 0.32 & 0.64 & 11.21 & 20.74 & 1.20 & 3.23 & 0.50 & 1.6 & 0.59 & 2.04 \\ \hline t-Cimamic & 101.40 & 214.89 & 0.11 & 0.74 & 0.10 & 0.60 & 0.60 & 1.10 & 1.10 & 1.8 & 0.22 & 1.23 \\ \hline Chlorogenic & 205.26 & 546.61 & 3.81 & 18.05 & 1.40 & 1.80 & 99.50 & 147.84 & 0.30 & 1.4 & 0.96 & 1.6 \\ \hline Protocatechuric & 1.63 & 3.56 & 0.11 & 0.21 & 0.50 & 0.90 & 13.45 & 17.36 & Nd & 0.2 & 16.74 & 26.56 \\ \hline Rozmaric & 1.32 & 4.37 & 0.21 & 0.64 & 1.70 & 1.90 & 4.74 & 9.69 & Nd & 0.1 & 5.59 & 10.44 \\ \hline Salicylic & 6.90 & 9.99 & 11.18 & 38.00 & 30.50 & 39.84 & 5.85 & 6.46 & 10.32 & 21.54 & 105.45 & 130.55 \\ \hline
**Total** & **568.85** & **1389.6** & **387.82** & **627.22** & **522.75** & **676.74** & **973.85** & **1162.42** & **650.01** & **864.87** & **627.18** & **757.28** \\ \hline
**Mean** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**979.27**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**507.52**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**599.75**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**1068.14**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**754.44**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**692.23**} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Concentration range of phenolic acids (mg/kg d.w.) in elderberry, bird cherry dogwood fruits; bird cherry and dogwood leaves and bird cherry bark. Flavonoids are phytolexins, i.e., substances serving protective functions, formed as a result of the plant's contact with a pathogen, frequently inducing the expression of several genes encoding enzymes of the phenolic biosynthesis pathway [84]. Isoflavonoids are highly toxic towards fungal pathogens, which is particularly evident in such compounds as pterocarbanes, isoflavanes, isoflavones and isoflavones. The mechanism of their action consists of the inhibition of spore development and mycelium growth as well as the damage of fungal cell membrane structure [85; 86; 87; 88]. Flavonoids are compounds that are commonly found in plants; therefore, they constitute an everyday part of the average human diet (approx. 1 g/day). They are, among others, found in fruits (chokeberry, citrus fruits, blueberries, blueberries, grapes, cherries) and vegetables (onions, tomatoes, peppers, soybeans, broccoli) and in trees and shrubs (Table 6).