### Spatio-Temporal Studies Using Biomimetic Logger, an Original Remote Sensing Tool  
Quantifying variability requires that data are collected at multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, designing spatio-temporal research is often challenging for practical (field constraints) and technical reasons because analyzing spatially explicit and temporally resolved datasets can be tricky; the data are by essence autocorrelated and thus violate the basic assumption of independence. To reduce constraints and facilitate the design and practical implementation of any field study in the specific context of mountain landscape, we can first start by reducing the time spent in the field, thus lowering human and material resources costs, by using more appropriate tools [22]. In the broadest sense, remote sensing tools allow the remote acquisition of data concerning an object without contact with it [23; 24; 25]. These tools have many advantages, particularly interesting for the spatio-temporal studies implementation [26]. Remote acquisition allows to reduce the field constraints related to the study sites isolation, their difficult access, the climatic conditions, _etcetera_[23; 27]. Moreover, they are well adapted to provide high-frequency and high-quality datasets with greater time-consumption efficiency [22; 28]. Moreover, they measure data always in the same way in time and space, which allows for high reproducibility of studies [26; 29; 30; 31]. Conventional remote sensing tools such as drones or satellites acquire data from observing the Earth's surfaces by recording the electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected by the landscape [24]. Collected data are mainly used to study plant biodiversity--land use, land cover, deforestation [32; 33; 34], and climate--land surface temperature, and climatic risks [35; 36]. Animal biodiversity, which is comparatively still little studied with remote sensing tools [34], can also benefit from the advantages of these tools. In particular, the biomimetic loggers use allows the acquisition of data specific to biological organisms [11]. A biomimetic logger [37; 38; 39], also called a biomimetic sensor [40; 41], is composed of a data-logger and a biomimetic model. A data-logger is an electronic device coupled with at least one probe, also called a sensor, that automatically measures physical quantities at regular time intervals [23; 42]. It is a discrete, easy-to-use, miniaturized device that produces reliable high-frequency data [43; 44]. The small size of the probes allows their insertion into biomimetic models that mimic the organism physical properties [45; 46; 47]. Biomimetic logger allows the measurement of different reliable proxies [40], a proxy being a measurable variable that correlates with an unmeasurable variable [48]. For example, the biomimetic logger use composed of a data-logger equipped with a thermal probe inserted in a model mimicking the thermal properties of an organism permits the recording of a proxy of its body temperature [37]. This set is deployed in the field, the temperatures are recorded independently at regular time intervals and stored in the data-logger until they are collected. In the sense that remote sensing refers to the remote acquisition of data concerning an object via noncontact with it [24; 25], biomimetic loggers can be considered as remote sensing tools. Like other remote sensing technologies, it also enables low-cost monitoring while ensuring high quality of recorded data [49; 50]. Unlike traditional tools, data acquisition requires the equipment installation and then, most often, a return to the field to collect the stored data. At the moment, no other tool allows efficient remote collection of biological data without contact with the studied organism. Thus, the biomimetic logger use is interesting to provide essential data for biodiversity conservation studies [51]. Data acquisition with this biomimetic logger is a highly valued noninvasive technique for the study of threatened and secretive species.