esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
### Selection of Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Mathematical Model  
During the establishment of a 3D geological structure model of a cross-active fault foundation, dynamic tests were not carried out on the soil samples. The selection of physical and mechanical parameters of the soil is based on conventional laboratory tests and empirical values. [PERSON] (2018) used dynamic triaxial test results to analyze the relationship between dynamic stress and dynamic strain under different frequencies on the deformation characteristics of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway (Guanting section) [41]. Through the test and simulation, he pointed out that when the train vibration frequency is 2 Hz, the influence on the subgrade deformation is greater than that when the train vibration frequency is 3 Hz (the dynamic load frequency of 2 Hz and 3 Hz roughly correspond to the speed of a high-speed train of 200 km/h and 300 km/h [42]). The conclusion is similar to the results obtained in this paper by using conventional soil physical and mechanical parameters to build a geological model. Therefore, combined with reasonable train dynamic load, the selection of parameters obtained from conventional physical and mechanical tests has little influence on the analysis results.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase 4: Evaluate the Scenarios and Determine the Measurement Error
As explained before, an average outdoor concentration of 400 ppm was assumed, according to the technical report \"CEN/TR 16798-2\". Then, normality (with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and homoscedasticity (with the Fisher F-test) was probed. Table 7 shows the values of the statistics for each of the scenarios. Then, an equivalence test (the two-one sided test (TOST test)) was used to determine whether the means for both equipment measurements were close enough to be considered equivalent. Finally, the concordance between both samples was checked with the Bland-Altman plot, identifying any systematic difference between the measurements (as fixed bias) or possible outliers. Table 8 shows the values of the statistics for each of the scenarios. All the statistical indices shown in Tables 7 and 8 as well as in Figure 18, indicate that there was normality and homoscedasticity between the values obtained by the prototype sensor device and the reference standard equipment. In addition, equivalence and concordance were also satisfactorily tested. Finally, the instantaneous error, which is the difference between the measurement of the low-cost prototype sensor device and the KIMO equipment, was calculated. This calculation was made for the 72 measurements taken every 5 min. The mean value was also considered. This study helped to determine the percentage error in each of the scenarios. Data are shown in Table 9.  
As can be observed, the comparative measurement error in all scenarios was less than 8%. If the experiment was performed in a case whose ventilation is maximum (cross-ventilation is 1 m/s), the values obtained were similar to the results of the study by [PERSON] et al. [77] for other clonic devices. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Scenario** & **Kolmogorov-Smirnov** & **Fisher** \\ \hline Cross-ventilation & 0.995 & 0.554 \\ Outdoor-ventilation & 0.95 & 0.883 \\ Indoor-ventilation & 0.491 & 0.341 \\ No-ventilation & 0.964 & 0.905 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Normality and homoscedasticity proofs between KIMO and prototype (\(p\)-value). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Scenario** & **TOST Top** & **TOST Lower** & **[PERSON] \& Altman** \\ \hline Cross-ventilation & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.153 \\ Outdoor-ventilation & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.251 \\ Indoor-ventilation & 0.001 & 0.005 & 0.195 \\ No-ventilation & 0.031 & 0.024 & 0.347 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Equivalence and concordance proofs between KIMO and prototype (\(p\)-value). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Scenario** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** \\ \hline Cross-ventilation & 0.62\% & 0.00\% & 1.34\% \\ Outdoor-ventilation & 0.44\% & 0.00\% & 1.52\% \\ Indoor-ventilation & 2.34\% & 0.00\% & 7.39\% \\ No-ventilation & 2.38\% & 0.00\% & 7.49\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Comparative study of the error with KIMO equipment vs. prototype device.
# An Anchor-Free Location Algorithm Based on Transition Coordinates
## 5 Simulation Result
### Relationship Between Topology Structure and Number of Iterations  
In this paper, the topology structure of the initial coordinates of each member has a great impact on the performance of the positioning algorithm, so we need to carry out research on the topology structure of the initial coordinates. Through research, it is found that the topology structure of the initial coordinates of each member has the following characteristics:  
1. The topology structure formed by the initial coordinates of each member cannot be at the same point, and it is obvious that the real coordinates of each member cannot be at the same position in real life;
2. The topology structure formed by the initial coordinates of each member cannot all be on the same straight line, otherwise the transition coordinates of each member can only move in the horizontal direction, resulting in algorithm failure;
3. The topology structure formed by the initial coordinates of each member should not be too close to each other, otherwise the transition coordinates of each member will be confused together, and the relative position graph formed by them cannot be observed well.  
Next, we will change the initial topology of each member in the first experiment by randomly generating the initial coordinates of each member instead of distributing them according to a square pattern. The simulation effect is shown in the following Figure 3.  
From Figure 3, we can see that when the topology of the initial coordinates is changed from square to random topology, the required number of iterations is increased by 3 times from 19 to 22 times, which is an increase of 15.79% compared with the first experiment. It can be seen that the algorithm has a good adaptability to the convergence of different topologies. In the existing node positioning problem, when the topology structure is square or network topology, the precision and convergence speed of the node positioning results will be better, so the choice of the topology structure of the initial coordinates is very important in this paper. The algorithm proposed in this paper can satisfy various types of topologies in different localization problems and has broad application prospects.  
Figure 3: _Cont._
# Study on Ring Deformation and Contact Characteristics of Thin-Walled Bearing for RV Reducer
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Effect of Radial Clearance  
Figure 22 illustrates the effect of radial clearance on ring deformation. With increasing radial clearance, the vertical diameter of the ring increases while the horizontal diameter decreases, and the changing trend of the horizontal diameter is more significant than that of the vertical diameter. This is due to the fact that as the clearance increases, two unloaded zones appear in the horizontal direction, causing a swift reduction in the horizontal diameter of the ring. As shown in Figure 23a, it can be found that compared with the factors discussed above (axial and radial forces), the clearance exacerbates the distinction between the two models in terms of the ball-raceway contact state. Considering the ring deformation enables obtaining more accurate bearing contact characteristics. Figure 23b illustrates that the degree of load optimization improves as the clearance increases. However, this improvement comes at the expense of an increase in contact stress, ultimately leading to the truncation of the contact ellipse.  
Figure 21: Effect of the outer ring thickness on carrying capacity: (**a**) rigid ring model; (**b**) flexible ring model.  
Figure 22: Effect of radial clearance on ring deformation: (**a**) ring deformation; (**b**) diameter augment.  
Figure 24 shows the influence of radial force and clearance on the axial ultimate carrying capacity of thin-walled bearings. The observed trend reveals that with the increment of radial force and radial clearance, there is a corresponding decrement in the axial ultimate carrying capacity. Considering the ring deformation, the maximum reduction in carrying capacity is 38.2%, which occurs under the condition of maximum radial force and maximum radial clearance. In this condition, the ring deformation is most pronounced; the ball-raceway contact angle is greater, and the ball is closer to the raceway rib. It is worth mentioning that compared with the rigid ring model, the axial carrying capacity of the flexible ring model shows a higher sensitivity to the radial force and clearance, which can be observed in the trend of carrying capacity. Therefore, the clearance can be moderately increased to enhance the degree of load optimization, but attention should be paid to excessive contact stresses and the occurrence of elliptical truncation phenomena.
# Development of Prediction Method for Dimensional Stability of 3D-Printed Objects
## 3 Results
### Machine Learning Regression Model Analysis  
Machine learning regression models were developed to predict dimensional accuracy in this study. The calculated MAEs (errors between the measured MSDEs and the predicted MSDEs) for GPR and SVM are listed in Table 13. The R\({}^{2}\) between input parameters--namely, inclination angle, support space, layer thickness, and raster angle--and output parameter--namely, MSDE--for GPR and SVM were verified as shown in Figure 10. The MAEs were 0.02047 mm for GPR and 0.03476 mm for SVM, and the R\({}^{2}\) between the four input parameters and one output parameter for GPR and SVM were  
Figure 9: Interaction plot for non-supporting cases.  
0.98 and 0.93, respectively. Despite the utilization of a limited number of datapoints (81 datapoints), the regression models exhibited R\({}^{2}\) values exceeding 90%, indicating high accuracy. Compared to the recently research [29], R\({}^{2}\) values for GPR and SVM were higher: 12.99-18.58% or 3.23-10.00% higher than their study, respectively. Furthermore, it can be inferred that increasing the number of datapoints would lead to higher accuracies in the regression models.
# Internet of Things and Blockchain Integration: Security, Privacy, Technical, and Design Challenges
## 3 RQ 1 and RQ 2--Current Challenges and Recommendations to Enhance BIoT Integration
### BC-Based Security Issues
#### 3.1.5 Vulnerabilities
Identity-based attacks: The adversary's goal here is to create a false identity, pose as a genuine user, and obtain access to and influence the targeted system. Several attacks can be listed under identity-based attacks [10; 75]. (1) Replay attacks are designed to spoof two parties' identities, interrupt their data, and repeat them to their intended terminuses. Such attacks come as a result of the disorientation that certain nodes may suffer during a soft or a hard fork, and they are frequently carried out via vulnerable cryptocurrency-based protocols. (2) Key attacks (which make use of flaws in key schemes) allow unauthorized users to control the identities of the nodes that are participating through improper usage or storage of the keys. (3) In Sybil attacks, the attacker uses leaked keys to build a large number of false identities that may serve as authenticating nodes and undertake malicious transactions to boost or decrease the reputation level of the nodes that are being targeted. (4) In impersonation attacks, opponents can use weak or leaked private keys to impersonate genuine users and undertake unauthorized operations in the system. Whitewashing attacks: In these attacks, nodes with a bad reputation take advantage of several system flaws to re-enter the BC with new identities. There is currently no formal solution to this assault; instead, TrustChain gives nodes with new identities lesser priorities and capabilities [10]. 7. Quantum computing may be viewed as a danger to Bitcoin, since the computational capacity of these machines may be sufficient to compromise the integrity of digital signatures. It will just take a few minutes for a brute-force attack to crack the encryption and get the encryption keys [10]. Furthermore, technology advances with time, and new vulnerabilities and security flaws are discovered every day [46]. 8. The liveness attack is another attack described in the literature that allows a low-mining-power attacker to interrupt communications between subgroups with equivalent mining power for a short period [160]. The balance attack against PoW-based BC is another attack [161], in which an attacker can temporarily disrupt communications between subgroups.
## 3 Whole Tumor Cell Vaccine (WTCV)  
Whole tumor cell vaccines (WTCVs) are a type of cancer immunotherapy that uses the whole or lysed tumor cells, either intact or genetically modified, as a source of antigens and other immunogenicity factors that could stimulate an anticancer immune response. Due to the heterogeneity of tumors, targeting a single antigen can lead to select antigen-negative tumor cells, promoting tumor resistance and therapy failure. Therefore, targeting multiple antigens is a more competent solution. WTCVs contain the full spectrum of TAAs, which have important application prospects for inhibiting the occurrence, development, and recurrence of tumors [51]. In general, tumor cells obtained from patient tumors, animal orthotopic transplanted tumors, and laboratory-grown cell lines are subjected to physical, chemical, or biological processes to remove their tumorigen while preserving their immunogenicity. Moreover, due to their poor immunogenicity, tumor cells usually require surface modification, genetic engineering, immunogenicity death induction, and immunomododulators to increase their immunogenicity. After the vaccine has been injected into the body, APCs will take up, process, and present TAAs, recruiting and activating T cells to suppress tumors. WTCVs can be injected directly or loaded on DC cells. Depending on their source, tumor cells can be classified as autologous or allogeneic [52].  
Autologous WTCVs, in which tumor cells are extracted from patients, prevent specific autoimmune responses from occurring due to MHC mismatch. [PERSON] et al. evaluated rWTC-MBTA in breast cancer (4T1) and melanoma (B16-F10) models; the vaccine consisted of irradiated tumor cells modified with anti-CD40 antibodies, TLR agonists, and mammal. This vaccine enhanced activated T cells by increasing the proportion of APCs, effector cells, and memory cells, thereby delaying tumor growth and metastasis and prolonging overall survival [53].  
However, when some patients' tumors develop rapidly, or the complexity of the situation makes surgical sampling impossible, allogeneic WTCVs (allo-WTCVs) are more advantageous. It is easier to make and store allo-WTCVs in large quantities by extracting tumor cells of the same type from the allogeneic sources that possess the same tumor-associated antigens. [PERSON] et al. designed a hybrid tumor cell-dendritic cell vaccine (DCOne vaccine) for hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM). It was found that the specific antigens released by the DCOne vaccine were transported through its released extracellular vesicles (EVs), which activated APCs, induced activated T cells, and triggered CD8\({}^{+}\) T cells to attack tumor cells [54].  
WTCV development is limited by the difficulty in obtaining materials for auto-WTCVs, the immature preparation technology, the tedious and lengthy preparation process, the immunosuppression and immune escape of allo-WTCVs, and the possible heterogeneity [55].
###### Abstract  
Recently, with the active development of wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) devices such as smart-bands or portable ECG devices, efficient ECG signal processing technology that can be applied in real-time has been actively studied. However, a wearable ECG device is exposed to various noise situations, thereby reducing the reliability of the detected R point or QRS interval. In addition, as early warning techniques in healthcare systems have been studied, real-time ECG signal processing techniques have become very important in wearable ECG devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient real-time R and QRS detection method using two kinds of first-order derivative filters and a max filter to analyze ECG signals measured from wearable ECG devices in real-time. The proposed method detects the R point and QRS interval in units of a sliding window for real-time processing and combines the detected R points in each sliding window. Also, the reliability of the detected R points and RR intervals is examined through noise region analysis using the histogram characteristic of a sample point. The performance of the proposed method was verified by the MIT-BIH database (DB), CYBHi DB and real ECG data measured from the developed wearable ECG patch. The proposed method achieves Se = 99.80%, +P = 99.80%, and DER = 0.36% against MIT-BIH DB. In addition, the proposed method enables accurate R point detection and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis even with noisy ECG signals.  
E 2019 9 4128 (10.3390/app9194128) 13 August 2019; accepted: 27 September 2019; Published: 2 October 2019
## 4 Proposed Routing Scheme  
To reduce the communication overhead when a link failure occurs in an LEO satellite network, we propose a distributed detour routing scheme. Link failures can increase the delay in the routing path and create incomplete paths, potentially leading to higher packet drop rates. Therefore, the proposed scheme introduces algorithms aiming to reduce both the packet drop rate and routing path delay with minimal communication overhead.
## 2 State of the Art
### Real-Time Communication and APIs  
The design of effective APIs is essential for real-time communication between mobile applications and servers. Frameworks such as Laravel are now commonly adopted for API construction due to their robustness and ease of integration. APIs that handle asynchronous requests provide a smoother user experience, which is crucial for applications requiring constant updates [19].
# MEMS Vaporizing Liquid Microthruster: A Comprehensive Review
###### Abstract  
The interest in developing efficient nano and pico-satellites has grown in the last 20 years. Secondary propulsion systems capable of serving specific maneuvers are an essential part of these small satellites. In particular, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Vaporizing Liquid Microthrusters (VLM), using water as a propellant, represent today a smart choice in terms of simplicity and cost. In this paper, we first propose a review of the international literature focused on MEMS VLM development, reviewing the different geometries and heating solutions proposed in the literature. Then, we focus on a critical aspect of these micro thrusters: the presence of unstable phenomena. In particular, the boiling instabilities and reverse channel flow substantially impact the MEMS VLMs' performance and limit their applicability. Finally, we review the research focused on the passive and active control of the boiling instabilities, based on VLM geometry optimization and active heating strategies, respectively. Today, these ones represent the two principal research axes followed by the scientific community to mitigate the drawbacks linked to the use of MEMS VLMs.  
MES; VLM; boiling; boiling instabilities; passive control; active control +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Implementation
### Proposed Modulation Scheme
#### 4.3.1 Oversampling  
Oversampling occurs on the condition that the captured image rate per second of the receiving end is more than twice that of data transmission of the light source. In this case, each data packet will be captured by the receiving camera two, three, or even more times, which leads to data redundancy and difficulty in merging data. To address this problem, each data sub-packet (DS) has SN values appended to it, guaranteeing consistent payload and SN across DSs. By utilizing the SN, the receiving camera is able to identify compatible DSs and remove those that are unnecessary owing to oversampling. Accordingly, during the merging process, the receiving camera chooses packets with ascending SN values (m, m + 1, m + 2) to systematically remove duplicates.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Statistical Analyses
The following quality features contributed highly to PC1: TOTOX (0.916), PV (0.890), K\({}_{232}\) (0.839), OIT (0.796), carotenoids (0.571), PDSC \(\tau_{\max}\) (0.462), AV (0.361), and chlorophylls (0.359). On the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Quality Feature** & **PC1** & **PC2** \\ \hline AV & **0.361** & 0.040 \\ PV & **0.890** & 0.030 \\ p-AnV & 0.124 & **0.600** \\ TOTOX & **0.916** & 0.000 \\ K\({}_{232}\) & **0.839** & 0.028 \\ K\({}_{268}\) & 0.137 & **0.572** \\ Chlorophylls & **0.359** & 0.329 \\ Caroetenoids & **0.571** & 0.054 \\ SFA & 0.025 & 0.123 \\ MUFA & 0.000 & 0.010 \\ PUFA & 0.014 & 0.000 \\ COX & 0.012 & 0.004 \\ Tocopherols & 0.151 & **0.527** \\ a-tocopherol & 0.030 & **0.429** \\ \(\beta\)-tocopherol & 0.170 & **0.386** \\ \(\gamma\)-tocopherol & 0.148 & **0.555** \\ \(\delta\)-tocopherol & 0.079 & **0.610** \\ Sterols & 0.012 & 0.115 \\ OIT & **0.796** & 0.069 \\ PDSC \(\tau_{\max}\) & **0.462** & 0.047 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Principal component analysis (PCA) factor loadings for the quality factors of analyzed oils. Figure 1: Principal component analysis (PCA) based on quality features of analyzed amelina oils. other hand, \(\delta\)-tocopherol (0.610), K\({}_{268}\) (0.572), \(p\)-AnV (0.600), \(\gamma\)-tocopherol (0.555), tocopherols (0.527) \(\alpha\)-tocopherol (0.429) and \(\beta\)-tocopherol (0.386) contributed highly to PC2 (Table 5).
# A Review of SATis5: Perspectives on Commercial and Defense 5G SATCOM Integration
## 4 Overview of Recent and Existing Commercial SATis5 Testbeds and Projects
### GateHouse SATis5G mMTC-NB-IoT  
The GateHouse team has been supporting the ESA ARTES project focusing on 5G mMTC-NB-IoT compliance solutions for small satellites with global coverage for maritime, agricultural, critical infrastructure, or oil and gas industry applications [17; 18]. Currently, the team is working on low-cost commercial satellite solutions related to the physical layer, MAC layer, and other layers for enabling terrestrial mMTC-NB-IoT for LEO usage. GateHouse is a member of the 3 GPP standardization group and actively contributing to the standardization of 5G-NB-IoT-NTN. Their solutions will be fully compliant with the current Release-17 and future releases. The GateHouse SatCom, a subsidiary of GateHouse, is currently collaborating with Addvalue Innovation, a subsidiary of Singapore Exchange Mainboard-listed Addvalue Technologies, to develop the world's first 5G mMTC-NB-IoT satellite communication terminal. The goal is to provide a SATCOM mMTC-NB-IoT terminal that is fully functional with all 5G satellite networks worldwide and compatible with 5G 3 GPP standards. The mMTC-NB-IoT user terminals (UT) are ideally multimode IoT devices, capable of using either a terrestrial network or a 5G-NTN network for real-time tracking and monitoring applications, where the user's device moves in and out of terrestrial coverage.  
Figure 11: AC-STE-iDirect Teleport: 5G-Enable Intelligent Gateway.