## 4 Conclusions  
This study highlights the significant impact of the inclusion of Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), crumb rubber modifier (CRM), and warm mix additive 1  
Leadcap (LC) on the performance of PG 64-22 petroleum-based asphalt binders. The key findings are as follows:  
1. **Reduction in Viscosity:** Addition of LC substantially decreases the viscosity of modified binders at temperatures of 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, improving their ease of use and reducing the amount of energy needed for mixing and compacting. This decrease in viscosity is in line with the goals of warm mix asphalt technologies, which aim to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while still maintaining the necessary stiffness for optimal performance at high temperatures.
2. **Enhanced Putting Resistance:** The inclusion of TLA, CRM, and LC significantly improves the ability of asphalt binders to resist rutting. The study found notable enhancements in both pre- and post-aging conditions, with LC demonstrating exceptional efficacy. The combination of PG64-22, 20% TLA, and 10% CRM demonstrated enhanced resistance to rutting and long-term durability, as verified by RTFO tests.
3. **Improved Performance Metrics:** The modifications resulted in significant enhancements in the percentage recovery (% rec) and non-recoverable creep compliance (\(\mathrm{I_{nr}}\)). The combination of TLA, CRM, and LC led to improved flexibility and resistance to deformation, resulting in the development of high-performance warm mix asphalt binders.
4. **Balanced Rigidity and Flexibility:** The inclusion of LC consistently reduces the elevated rigidity and enhanced susceptibility to fatigue cracking that is commonly linked to higher levels of TLA and CRM. The equilibrium achieved guarantees a strong and reliable performance of the modified binders when exposed to elevated temperatures and demanding stress conditions.
5. **Environmental Benefits:** Enhanced formulations aid in environmental sustainability by decreasing energy usage and emissions throughout the production and paving of asphalt. Furthermore, these alterations improve the resilience and lifespan of the pavement.  
In summary, this study demonstrates that LC is essential in developing strong, adaptable, and durable high-performance warm mix asphalt binders. The combined use of TLA, CRM, and LC not only improves ecological sustainability but also significantly enhances pavement performance, establishing a new benchmark for advanced asphalt technologies. With the proven high performance of the produced binder, future research will focus on developing a goose asphalt mixture for field application.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.V.; Methodology, S.V.; Formal analysis, J.Y.; Resources, M.-S.L. and K.-D.J.; Data curation, S.V.; Writing--original draft, S.V.; Writing--review & editing, S.-J.L.; Supervision, J.Y. and S.-J.L.; Project administration, S.-J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by a grant from a government funding project (2024 National Highway Pavement Management System).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.