## 3 Proposed Fires Monitoring and Detection Framework
### The Proposed Sensor Deployment Scheme
## 5 Conclusions

The main motivation of this paper is to propose a general framework for WSNs to be used in forest fire surveillance and detection. Our framework considers the aspects of sensor node deployment, clustered hierarchy network architecture and environmentally aware intra- and inter- cluster protocols to facilitate performance in terms of energy consumption and fire reaction delay. The major goal of our proposed forest fire monitoring and detection system is the early detection of forest fire while consuming less energy. From the ns-2-based simulation results, we observed that our system can be used to monitor and detect forest fires effectively and efficiently. Moreover, we conclude that seasonal and environmental conditions are significant factors for designing a WSN-based forest fire monitoring and detection system. This paper also opens several directions which should be investigated in future studies on WSN-based forest fires monitoring and detection systems. For example, data synchronization, localization of the nodes with or without GPS, and dynamic routing among cluster heads etc. The research design is completed by [PERSON]-H.X. The data analysis is completed by [PERSON]-H.X. and [PERSON]-Y.S. The document retrieval and icon production are completed by [PERSON]-H.X. and [PERSON]-T.X. The data collection is completed Q.-Y.S. and Y.-T.X. The manuscript is written by [PERSON]-H.X. This project was supported by Introduction of high-level talents and overseas returnees scientific fund in Nanjing Forestry University (Grant No. : GXL015) and the Natural science foundation of the Jiangsu higher education institutions of China (Grant No. : 16 KJB510016). Figure 1:0 Fires reaction delays of the three compared methods. * [PERSON] et al. (2010) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]. Fast and accurate residential fire detection using wireless sensor networks. _Environ. Eng. Manag. J._**2010**, \(9\), 215-221. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2012) [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] Early forest fire detection by vision-enabled wireless sensor networks. _Int. J. Wildl. Fire_**2012**, _21_, 938-949. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Spectral analysis of forest fire noise for early detection using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON), Moscow, Russia, 12-14 May 2016; pp. 1-4. * [PERSON] et al. (2012) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] SIRIO: An integrated forest fire monitoring, detection and decision support system--Performance and results of the installation in Sanremo (Italy). _WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ._**2012**, _158_, 79-90. * [PERSON] (2018) [PERSON] Wireless Sensors for Wildfire Monitoring. Available online: [[http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.605655](http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.605655)]([http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.605655](http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.605655)) (accessed on 17 October 2018). * [PERSON] (2010) [PERSON] Fast and efficient method for fire detection using image processing. _ETRI J._**2010**, _32_, 881-890. [CrossRef]
* Washington State University (2018) Washington State University. Department of Natural Resource Sciences. Available online: [[http://www.ruraltech.org/](http://www.ruraltech.org/)]([http://www.ruraltech.org/](http://www.ruraltech.org/)) (accessed on 17 October 2018). * National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS). Available online: [[http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/fire/olm/nfdrs.htm/](http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/fire/olm/nfdrs.htm/)]([http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/fire/olm/nfdrs.htm/](http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/fire/olm/nfdrs.htm/)) (accessed on 17 October 2018). * Documentation Sent by the Meteorological Service of Canada [Obtained by Post, March 2010].