# Mapping How Artificial Intelligence Blends with Healthcare: Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis
## 4 Discussion
### Advanced Medical Imaging and Diagnosis Systems: Algorithms and Automation  
A second avenue through which AI has been integrated into the medical field is image analysis for diagnostic purposes. The first examples of this technology date back to the 1980s, when the initial studies and systems emerged. One of the earliest implementations was EMERGE, developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), which was specifically designed \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Medical Department** & **Publications** \\ \hline Rheumatology & [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Emergency & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Cardiology & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) \\ \hline Cardiovascular Surgery & [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline General Surgery & [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Psychology—Psychiatry & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Radiology & [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Oncology & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Endocrinology & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Nephrological & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) \\ \hline Neurology & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Pulmonary & [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline Gynecology—Obstetrical & [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Publications with AI in DSS and medical informatics by medical departments. for emergency rooms. This expert system utilized medical criteria maps and a scoring system to efficiently evaluate chest pain, demonstrating how rule-based AI could improve the speed and accuracy of diagnostics in acute medical settings. Concurrently, research by [PERSON] [87] highlighted the integration of AI with clinical laboratory processes, emphasizing the growing reliance on technologies such as computerized tomography. This work underscored the crucial role of AI in managing and interpreting the voluminous and complex diagnostic data, proving particularly beneficial in fields like oncology and internal medicine where precision and rapid results are paramount. Following this, the development of a comprehensive AI system for perinatal monitoring by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [88] significantly advanced obstetrics by automating the diagnosis and prognosis of fetal conditions during labor. Utilizing syntactic pattern recognition methods, this system provided real-time, accurate assessments, vastly improving upon traditional manual monitoring methods. The latter part of the decade saw further innovations with the creation of PUPA, a Pulse Programming Assistant for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging by [PERSON] et al. [89], which automated the complex process of creating pulse programs for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments. This advancement was particularly transformative for departments like radiology and neurology, enhancing the functionality and application of MRI technology. Additionally, the research on the role of metadata in medical expert systems by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [90] demonstrated how effectively managing metadata could streamline the integration between databases and AI systems, thereby enhancing diagnostic processes. By facilitating more sophisticated data handling and interpretation capabilities, this approach significantly improved the accuracy and speed of diagnoses across various medical departments. During the 1990s, the field of medical imaging and computer-assisted diagnosis experienced continued innovation, building upon the foundational AI technologies of the 1980s. Significant improvements were seen in systems designed for specific medical tasks.