# Development and Finite Element Analysis of a Novel Bent Bone Plate
## 1 Introduction  
Throughout time, various issues such as quality of life arise as the number of lives increases. As the population of old people increases, the need for additional help such as biomedical implants also increase, as parts of their body experience reduced functionality. Other than the aged population, the number of traffic accidents is also increasing. The victims of such accidents often need biomedical implants to assist the healing process. Biomedical implants such bone plates are used to improve the physiological state, enabling elderly and traffic accident victims to live normally. It is predicted that, by 2030, surgical replacement procedures for hip and knee will increase by over seven times in the United States. Thus, it is necessary to conduct further research into bone plate implants [1, 2]. Excessive load on a human bone surpassing the maximum load it can bear usually leads to bone fracture. Bone fracture with a fragment greater than 5 mm requires additional support such as a bone implant for recovery, owing to the disappearance of the bone's self-healing ability. A bone implant secures the pieces in place, allowing it to realign and restricting exaggerated movement, thus speeding up the restoration process. Commonly, a thin rectangular metallic plate dimension of 180 mm \(\times\) 30 mm \(\times\) 3 mm (length \(\times\) width \(\times\) thickness) is implanted onto the broken bone. The bone plate usually exists with several holes designated for screw fixation [3, 4]. Sometimes, it is necessary to shape the bone plate to follow the contour of the bone. This is done to avoid any loss of reduction, as well as when the lag screw is not being utilized across the fracture. Therefore, prior to the bone plate being applied to the patient's fracture, it is bent using bending tools such as hand-held bending pliers, bending press, or bending irons [5]. Thus, the bone implant is designed with a bent feature to make the application process easier. It is necessary to understand the average measurement of the bone that will be implanted, as human bodies differ from each other. In this research, the bone plate is designed based on the adult femoral shaft, thus understanding the average size of the femoral shaftis important. Bone plate implants usually have holes meant for screws, used as a common fixation method. A cortical screw is commonly used for bone plate fixation onto diaphyseal bone like the femoral bone. Understanding the load experienced by the bone during any kind of activity is also necessary, especially for a load bearing bone like the femoral bone. Each human body part bears distinct force while a certain action is being performed. This load may lead to fracture if it exceeds the threshold a bone could bear. As this implant is designed for the left femoral bone, the load experienced on various components while doing particular activities. For instance, during self-selected speed walking, the medio/lateral component endure force of \(-11.1\)\(\pm\)\(0.9\), anterior/posterior component endure force of \(-23.8\)\(\pm\)\(1.7\), and proximal/distal component endure force of \(116.1\)\(\pm\)\(3.0\), in a percentage of body weight. Different speed of walking also produces different force endured by the femoral bone. The medio/lateral component endure force of \(-11.7\)\(\pm\)\(1.0\) while walking in low speed, and \(-11.3\)\(\pm\)\(1.0\) while walking in high speed. Similarly, anterior/posterior component endure force of \(-20.7\)\(\pm\)\(1.6\) while walking in low speed and \(-24.8\)\(\pm\)\(1.8\) while walking in high speed. Likewise, proximal/distal component endure force of \(109.3\)\(\pm\)\(2.6\) and \(121.3\)\(\pm\)\(3.3\) while walking in low speed and high speed respectively. [5; 6; 7]. There are various mechanical tests that can be simulated using FEA software like COMSOL, such as von Mises stress and first principal strain, in order to observe the mechanical strength of a 3D model.