## 3 Results and Discussion
#### The Characteristics of the Soil Microbiome  
The relative abundance of the soil microorganisms at the phyla level is provided in Figure 2. Here, we compared mature soils with agrogenic and technogenic soils, where the last two were combined into one group, which aimed to highlight the anthropogenic effect on the soil microbiome. In total, 29 phyla of microorganism have been identified in the investigated soils. The most abundant phyla of microorganisms were: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobateriota, Bacteroidetes, Chroloflexi, Planctomycetota, Verrucomicrobio, and Firmicutes. This list well corresponds with previously obtained data [10]. It follows from the figure that, in any case, in the course of anthropogenic impact on soils there is a change in the composition and structure of the soil microbiome. Alongside the parameters of alpha- and beta-diversity, it will become clearer which reasons are the main ones for these changes. The alpha-diversity metrics are given in Figure 3. It is clear that agrosois, soils of mines, and natural soils form separated groups in terms of alpha-diversity indexes. The highest deviation of biodiversity is typical for soils of mines in comparisons with the other two types of soils. In the soils of quarry-dump complexes, a great number of ecological micorniches and factorial conditions are formed, which is most likely the main reason for the shift in microbiological diversity compared to more homogeneous soil ecosystems of agroeconoses and natural landscapes. According to the taxonomic composition (Figure 2), a very high proportion of Firmicutes characterizes the soils of Yamal, even more than Proteobacteria, which is generally atypical for soils. This is probably due to the ability of Firmicutes to form spores and thus their ability to tolerate low temperatures [39; 40; 45]. The use of soils of Yamal in agriculture reduces the share of Firmicutes, but it is still the most frequent phyla in abundance, i.e., even using the soil in an agricultural crop does not allow for the removal of the microbiome inherited from the natural soil. In addition, the undisturbed quarry soil has more Bacteroides,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & **SOC** & \multirow{2}{*}{pH} & **P** & **K** & **N-NO3** & **N-NH4** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \% & & & & **mg/kg** & \\ \hline B\({}_{\text{mature}}\) & 2.50 & 7.40 & 15 & 156 & 1 & 32 \\ B\({}_{\text{agro}}\) & 2.30 & 7.20 & 19 & 170 & 2 & 33 \\ B\({}_{\text{mine}}\) & 0.45 & 5.60 & 10 & 100 & 1 & 21  
probably as a result of using the soils as pasture soils. In contrast, agrosoils have more Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, typical soil phyla [46; 47]. This may be a consequence of intense plant-microbe interactions when plants release a whole range of organic substances into the soil. This hypothesis is well supported by the alpha-diversity data: for the Yamal agrosoils, an increase in the number of ASV compared to the undisturbed soil is shown, which may be associated with the application of nutrients as a result of both agotechnical and simple plant growth. According to beta-diversity data (Figure 4), samples of undisturbed soils and agrosoils are not far apart, indicating that the development of agrosoil microbiota is formed by changes in the number of minor bacterial taxa of the original soils (using \"heritaged\" taxa), rather than by forming our own bacterial pool. Quarry soils are quite different from  
Figure 3: Parameters of alpha-diversity (number of observed units, Shannon and Simpson indexes) of the microbial communities. Figure 2: Relative abundance of microorganism’s phyla. agrosoils and natural soils, which are associated with the formation of the microbiome as if from scratch [48; 49; 50]. For soil communities near Vorkuta, the composition of phyla is typical of soils, and the low proportion of Firmicutes in undisturbed soils is interesting.