## 3 Results and Discussions
### Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test Result  
From the obtained test results, the average percent recovery, non-recoverable compliance (J\({}_{\rm{nr}}\)), and non-recoverable compliance difference (J\({}_{\rm{nr}}\) Diff.) were determined in two stress levels (0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa). J\({}_{\rm{nr}}\) at 3.2 kPa is a critical constraint to evaluate the rutting potential. This is summarized in Table 10 and Figure 12.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Binder Ration** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**BB**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**MMB5**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**MMB10**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**MMB15**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**MMB20**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Description**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Test Temperature**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Test Temperature**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Test Temperature**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Test Temperature**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Test Temperature**} \\  & & (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & & (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \cline{2-13}  & **52**  
Figure 12: Cont.  
Figure 12 presents the calculated non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr0.1 kPa, Jnr3.2 kPa) with the change in molasses content at a high temperature. The result indicates that the Jnr value increases as the temperature increases for all the binders. However, at a temperature of 58 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the Jnr value is decreased with the increase in the percent replacement of molasses for BB. This led to improving the rutting potential. Furthermore, at a temperature of 64 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the Jnr value decreased only for MMR5, and then gradually increased for the remaining MMBs. However, the increment in the Jnr value was within the ASSHTO M-332 [52] specification limit. Therefore, the rutting resistance of binders containing a large amount of molasses should be evaluated cautiously.  
According to AASHTO M-332 [52], the maximum Jnr3.2 value of the standard (S), heavy (H), very-heavy (V), and extremely heavy (E) traffic conditions are \(\leq\)4 kPa\({}^{-1}\), \(\leq\)2 kPa\({}^{-1}\), \(\leq\)1 kPa\({}^{-1}\), and \(\leq\)0.5 kPa\({}^{-1}\), respectively. This indicates that the Jnr3.2 value decreased from 4 to 0 kPa\({}^{-1}\) when the traffic loading is increased from standard to extremely heavy. The MSCR result of this study has been presented in Table 10 and clearly defined the PG with a traffic designation for each of the MMBs and BB. This result shows that the Jnr3.2 value increases as the temperature increases for all MMBs. At a temperature of 52 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the results indicate that there were no significant variations on the traffic designation PG52E for all MMBs and the BB. The traffic designation of BB, MMB15, and MMB20 exhibited similar PG and traffic PG58H. However, the traffic loading was improved from PG58H to PG58E for MMB5 and from PG58H to PG58V for MMB10.  
The accumulated (total) strain with respect to time was calculated using a semi-empirical equation equations [53; 54; 55] and is based on the phase angle (\(\delta\)) and shear complex modulus (G*).  
Figures 13 and 14 show that the accumulated strain was influenced by the percentage of the molasses used. Smaller values of accumulated strain were obtained for MMB5, which is followed by BB, MMB10, MMB15, and MMB20 for a 3.2 kPa stress level and BB, MMB15, MMB20, and MMB10 for a 0.1 kPa stress level. From this, it can be concluded that MMB5 could better improve the resistance to rutting phenomena compared to the MMBs with higher molasses content.  
Figure 14: Cumulative total strain of binders at 3.2 kPa (58 \({}^{\circ}\)C)  
Figure 13: Cumulative total strain of binders at 0.1 kPa (58 \({}^{\circ}\)C)