## 3 Proposed Techniques
### Initial Phase
#### 3.1.2 Independent Nodes (INs)
Figure 11: The comparison of the number of alive nodes in the DMR, SMR, EDMHT-LEACH, IMHT-LEACH and conventional LEACH approaches. Figure 10: The comparison of the network lifetime versus the number of nodes in the DMR, SMR, EDMHT-LEACH, IMHT-LEACH and conventional LEACH approaches. In Figure 12, the stability of the network, which refers to the first, half and last dead node versus the number of rounds, has been represented for the same set of protocols. Once again, the proposed techniques have achieved the best results compared with the others. Furthermore, the DMR technique has achieved the best result compared with the SMR approach. Here, the moderate receding in the energy of nodes, which is achieved by using the proposed approaches, has contributed in improving the stability of the sensor network. Consequently, the performance of the WSN will significantly increase by using the proposed approaches. On the other side, the dynamic approach, which is based on changing the routes of the data to the BS and the CHs within the same round, has appreciably reduced the energy receding in the sensors network compared with SMR protocol. Accordingly, the DMR protocol enhanced the stability of the sensor network. The throughput of the network is also evaluated. We used two metrics in order to measure the network throughput: the total number of packets sent to the CHs and the total number of packets sent to the BS. Figure 13 shows the total number of packets, which has been sent to the CHs versus the rounds. Clearly, the proposed techniques have obtained the highest number of packets in comparison with the other protocols, with a preference to the DMR technique on the SMR technique. The results mentioned previously have been achieved because the proposed protocols managed to extend the network lifetime and to improve the stability of the network. Accordingly, the number of rounds has increased, which in turn raises the chances of forming more clusters during the network lifetime. As a result, the total number of data packets sent to the CHs will increase. In this context, it is also observed that the DMR technique has obtained better results than the SMR technique. This result has been obtained due to the fact that DMR achieved better results related to the lifetime and stability of the network. In Figure 14, the total number of packets sent to the BS per rounds is represented. Once more, the SMR and DMR techniques have achieved the best results. The DMR technique outperformed the SMR technique. Once again, improving the lifetime and the stability of the network, which were achieved by using the proposed approaches, plays a key role in increasing the total number of packets sent to the BS. Consequently, the total number of packets, which were sent to the BS from the CHs and the INs, has risen up. Figure 12: The stability of the network in the DMR, SMR, EDMHT-LEACH, IMHT-LEACH and conventional LEACH approaches versus the rounds. ## 5 Conclusions

In this paper, we have introduced and analyzed two new techniques for routing the data over WSNs: the DMR and the SMR techniques. We assumed that all nodes could be in one of three situations during the network rounds: CH, IN or N. Moreover, this paper has proposed a new topology for the WSN that depends on the area leveling. Hence, all nodes of the network have been distributed into levels. Next, we remarked that there are two types of the data routing: the first type is the intra-cluster data routing and the second type is the inter-cluster data routing. The DMR and SMR techniques have presented different approaches for disseminating the data through the network levels. To evaluate the proposed techniques, a number of experiments have been conducted. The results of the experiments were collected, analyzed and compared with the ones obtained for other related protocols: the EDMHT-LEACH, the IMHT-LEACH and the conventional LEACH. The results demonstrated that the two new techniques have prolonged the lifetime of the network in comparison with other protocols.