## 1 Introduction  
Concrete production is responsible for serious environmental impacts worldwide. These impacts can be divided into two main problems: use of natural aggregates, and Portland cement production, which leads to an average consumption of 125 kW/h of electricity and results in an emission to the atmosphere of 800 kg of CO\({}_{2}\). Furthermore, the latter also leads to the consumption of a vast number of natural resources [1, 2]. In addition to these two problems, the construction industry is also faced with the challenge of adequately disposing the large amount of waste that the industry itself generates. It is recalled that construction and demolition waste (CDW) represents more than 30% of solid waste generated among all economic sectors [3]. It is essential to find, on the one hand, solutions for the use of these CDW, in addition to their use as recycled aggregates (RA), and, on the other hand, sustainable binders that can replace cement. Hence, a hypothesis to solve these environmental problems is the use, in concrete, of binders formed by these CDW. The use of CDW in concrete as RA has already been proven to be environmentally friendly and cost-efficient [4; 5]. However, its evaluation as a substitute material for cement has just begun. Some studies started by analysing the performance of concrete with different types of ceramic material powders as the replacement of cement. [PERSON] et al. [6] found that the use of waste ceramic powders in self-consolidating concrete causes a slight increase in viscosity and a decrease in the mechanical performance of concrete. For example, the use of 20% ceramic powder resulted in a 15% reduction in compressive strength at 28 days. [PERSON] et al. [7], [PERSON] et al. [8] and [PERSON] et al. [9] also investigated the durability of concrete with the use of ceramic powders as binders instead of cement, having studied maximum replacement ratios of 30%, 40% and 60%, respectively. These investigations came to the conclusion that the use of ceramic powders can maintain or even slightly improve the durability and shrinkage of the concrete. [PERSON] et al. [8] states that ceramic powders will provide a relatively high silica environment that might be able to convert calcium hydroxide (CH) into strong calcium silicate hydrate C-S-H. However, it is important to highlight that in all these studies, the ceramic powder used does not have precisely the same particle size of the replaced cement. Therefore, the finer particle size distribution of the ceramic powder, compared to that of the cement, may have caused a greater compactness of concrete and may be the cause of the improved durability of concrete with ceramic powder. In turn, [PERSON] et al. [10] analysed the use in concrete of binder and aggregates from CDW. To this end, these authors produced concrete mixes with RA from CDW (0%, 25% and 50%) and recycled cement with CDW (0% and 25%) mixed with Portland cement. The authors found maximum decreases in compressive strength at 28 days of 10% and 20%, when using, respectively, recycled cement alone and recycled cement and RA simultaneously. [PERSON] et al. [11] evaluated the use of hybrid recycled powder from demolished concrete solids and clay bricks as supplement for cement. This investigation also obtained a decrease in the mechanical performance of these cementitious materials. These authors state that the use of this recycled binder affects the microstructure of the cement paste, changing the size and morphology of C-S-H gels. The nanoindentation test showed that a weaker interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was produced to form the cement paste-recycled particle interface. It is agreed that the incorporation of CDW powder as replacement of cement in concrete results in worse mechanical properties. However, this decrease appears to vary widely with the nature of the CDW used. Nevertheless, as mentioned, the results obtained in the existing investigations to date on the durability performance of these concrete mixes seem to be even more variable.