esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
A comparison of the previous works with the proposed antenna is shown in Table 2. The antenna presented in [9], operating at WLANs, achieved CP using a pair of rectangular slots along the diagonal line, giving gains of 2.51 dBi and 3.51 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 3.51 GHz, respectively, and an antenna size of 40 \(\times\) 54 mm\({}^{2}\). The antenna mentioned in [10] achieved dual-band CP using truncated corners with a slant strip line and an L-shaped slot for WLAN applications, giving gains of 5.01 dBi and 5.27 dBi, respectively, at 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz with a size of 40 \(\times\) 47 mm\({}^{2}\). The antenna developed in [11] achieved CP under dual-band operation by adding two shaped strips, C and L, which are responsible for the higher and lower bands; this antenna gave a gain of 7.29 dBi with a size of 50 \(\times\) 50 m\({}^{2}\). The antenna proposed in [12] used the concept of dual-band based on a two-layer stacked patch for GPS and WiFi purposes, and the antenna size of 56 \(\times\) 56 m\({}^{2}\) gave gains of 4.22 dBi at 1.23 GHz and 2.39 dBi at 2.42 GHz. The antenna discussed in [23], operating at the S-band with a size of 170 \(\times\) 170 m\({}^{2}\), gave gains of 5.14 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 4.50 dBi at 5.8 GHz. From Table 2, it can be seen that the proposed antenna provides a higher gain with a relatively reduced size. It can be concluded that the proposed smaller antenna has good radiation properties and a simple feeding network.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Citation**} & **Band** & **Size** & **Gain** \\  & **(GHz)** & **mm\({}^{3}\)** & **(dBi)** \\ \hline
[9] & WLAN & 40 \(\times\) 54 \(\times\) 1.6 & 4.29 at (2.50 GHz) \\ \hline
[10] & WLAN/WiFi & 40 \(\times\) 47 \(\times\) 1.5 & 2.51 at (2.45 GHz) \\  & & 3.51 at (5.75 GHz) \\ \hline
[11] & S and C & 50 \(\times\) 50 \(\times\) 1.6 & 7.29 at (2.44–7.62 GHz) \\ \hline
[12] & GPS and WiFi & 56 \(\times\) 56 \(\times\) 1.6 & 4.22 at (1.23 GHz) \\  & & 2.39 at (2.42 GHz) \\ \hline
[23] & S & 170 \(\times\) 170 \(\times\) 1.6 & 5.14 at (2.20 GHz) \\  & & 4.5 at (2.30 GHz) \\ \hline Proposed Work & WiFi & 40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 1.6 & 5.01 at (2.45 GHz) \\  & & 5.27 at (5 GHz) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison between the proposed antenna and different structures presented in the literature.  
Figure 17: Simulated and measured radiation patterns at (**a**) 2.4 GHz (LHCP and RHCP) and (**b**) 5 GHz (LHCP and RHCP).
# Resilience Quantification of Smart Distribution Networks--A Bird's Eye View Perspective
## 5 Literature Review
### Results and Insights
#### 5.4.5 Critical Load  
Different levels of prioritization exist between loads in an electric distribution network. Resilience involves the tolerance to curtail less important customers while keeping supply to more critical ones (hospitals, emergency services, banking, government facilities... ). When the outage is general, critical loads are to be restored first. This behavior needs to be captured by resilience metrics where the difference between normal and crucial loads can be explicitly seen.  
In the telecommunication layer of distribution networks, the concept of critical elements is less applied (not found at all in reviewed articles) due to the fact that communicating devices are mostly used in protection, monitoring, management, and control functions which are all very important to the whole network operation. However, within the telecommunication architecture used by grid functions, hierarchies exist, and entities can be prioritized. For example, a regional control center can have the highest criticality in a given region, compared to remote terminal units (RTUs) at substations, or field devices. With the advent of smart grids, there is an ever-increasing number of distribution-connected items that can be seen as loads more than controlling devices such as smart meters, industry 4.0 robots, and industrial IoT. Thereby, even more hierarchy can be put in place based on which elements are most important, or even achieve cross-importance rankings with electric infrastructure and loads in the system.
# Improvement of [PERSON]'s Stripe Noise Suppression Method for Side-Scan Sonar Images
## 3 Experiments  
An experiment was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the improved algorithm for removing stripe noise in side-scan sonar images. Firstly, the proposed method was compared with the currently prevalent methods used for stripe noise removal in side-scan sonar images to analyze its effectiveness and superiority. Subsequently, an ablative study was conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of the strategies employed in the proposed method. Finally, real side-scan sonar images containing noise were used to experimentally validate the efficacy of the proposed method.  
The experimental data utilized in this study were collected from the Jiaozhou Bay area in Qingdao in 2019 using a Klein 4000 side-scan sonar system. This dataset contains significant stripe noise, along with portions of high-quality data, making it suitable for application in this experiment.
# Combining Optimization and Simulation for Designing a Robust Short-Sea Feeder Network
## 6 Concluding Remarks  
In this paper, we study the problem of designing a short-sea liner network with transshipment at sea under uncertain weather conditions and propose an iterative solution method that combines optimization and simulation. In the deterministic optimization step, we select routes for both mother and daughter vessels that minimize the cost of operating the logistics system. These routes are then evaluated using a discrete event simulation model. Solutions that are not performing well in the simulations are penalized in the objective function in subsequent iterations of the optimization model to reduce their attractiveness. The steps of selecting routes in the optimization model and simulating them continue until no new (not simulated) solution is selected. The computational study performed on a case based on real-world data shows that our solution method provides solutions for the system with a good trade-off between operational cost and robustness.  
The results show that weather uncertainty can severely impact the synchronization of the routes and should be taken into account in the design phase of the logistics system. The optimization-simulation approach, especially when using different performance-improving strategies, finds robust solutions at only a small operational cost increase. The solution method has been applied to a short-sea feeder network design problem in this paper, but it should be straightforward to apply to other related problems.  
Figure 13: A box and whisker plot of the arrival times of deterministic solution.  
**Author Contributions**: Conceptualization, K.F. and P.S.; methodology, C.A.B.M., M.B.H., K.F. and P.S.; software, C.A.B.M. and M.B.H.; validation, C.A.B.M., M.B.H., K.F. and P.S.; formal analysis, C.A.B.M. and M.B.H.; investigation, C.A.B.M. and M.B.H.; writing--original draft preparation, C.A.B.M. and M.B.H.; writing--review and editing, M.K.M., K.F. and P.S.; visualization, C.A.B.M. and M.B.H.; supervision, K.F. and P.S.; project administration, K.F. and P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Authors contributed equally to this work.  
**Funding**: This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Applying finite-time thermodynamics theory, an irreversible steady flow Lenoir cycle model with variable-temperature heat reservoirs is established, the expressions of power (\(P\)) and efficiency (\(\eta\)) are derived. By numerical calculations, the characteristic relationships among \(P\) and \(\eta\) and the heat conductance distribution (\(u_{L}\)) of the heat exchangers, as well as the thermal capacity rate matching (\(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\)) between working fluid and heat source are studied. The results show that when the heat conductances of the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers (\(U_{H},U_{L}\)) are constants, \(P\)-\(\eta\) is a certain \"point\", with the increase of heat reservoir inlet temperature ratio (\(\tau\)), \(U_{H}\), \(U_{L}\), and the irreversible expansion efficiency (\(\eta_{e}\)), \(P\) and \(\eta\) increase. When \(u_{L}\) can be optimized, \(P\) and \(\eta\) versus \(u_{L}\) characteristics are parabolic-like ones, there are optimal values of heat conductance distributions (\(u_{L(opt)}\), \(u_{L(opt)}\)) to make the cycle reach the maximum power and efficiency points (\(P_{\max}\), \(\eta_{\max}\)). As \(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\) increases, \(P_{\max}\)-\(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\) shows a parabolic-like curve, that is, there is an optimal value of \(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\) (\(\left(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\right)_{opt}\)) to make the cycle reach double-maximum power point (\(\left(P_{\max}\right)_{\max}\)); as \(C_{L}/C_{H}\), \(U_{T}\), and \(\eta_{e}\) increase, \(\left(P_{\max}\right)_{\max}\) and \(\left(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\right)_{opt}\) increase; with the increase in \(\tau_{e}\) (\(P_{\max}\))\({}_{\max}\) increases, and \(\left(C_{upf1}/C_{H}\right)_{opt}\) is unchanged.  
Keywords:finite-time thermodynamics; irreversible steady-flow Lenoir cycle; cycle power; thermal efficiency; heat conductance distribution; thermal capacity rate matching +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Investigation
#### 2.4.2 Crack Growth Path Analysis  
The latest versions of the commercial software platform ABAQUS provide XFEM functions. These functions, however, have limitations. For example, only one crack is  
Figure 8: Illustration of nodal enhancement and crack coordinates: (**a**) Nodal enhancement due to a crack; (**b**) Normal and tangential coordinates of a crack.  
allowed to exist in each enriched element (an element strengthened with an XFEM shape function). Also, the crack tip is only allowed to stay inside an element, which indicates that crack tip mesh should still be of concern [21]. The automatic propagation of a dynamic crack under high cycle fatigue cannot be realized either [25].  
When analyzing the crack propagation path in ABAQUS, it is unnecessary to specify the crack surface in advance. After setting the crack initiation criterion and damage evolution parameter and designating plates with high principal tensile stress as enrichment areas, a crack can initiate and grow automatically. It is necessary to turn on the \"Consider geometric nonlinearity\" option in the analysis step module and the \"Allow crack growth\" option in the interaction module [25].  
A crack initiation criterion is used to control the damage initiation, and the maximum principal stress criterion is recommended for bridge steel. The maximum allowable principal stress or the limit that fatigue crack initiates is a material property related to the steel's fatigue limit or the threshold SIF range. In this study, the purpose of crack growth pattern analysis is to obtain the most likely crack path, considering initial imperfections inevitably exist from manufacturing, upon which SIF and fatigue crack propagation life are calculated. Thus, the limit of maximum principal stress should be set based on the stress magnitude in the structure. If the limit is set too high, there will be no cracks; if the limit is too low, there will be multiple cracks, which is not conducive for observing the main cracking pattern. Based on trial and error, the maximum principal stress limit was selected as 20 MPa in our work.  
A damage evolution parameter is adopted to control the damage development, and an energy type parameter is often employed. Similarly, for observing further crack growth, it is necessary to set an appropriate limit value for the fracture energy, which should be neither too large nor too small. As a lower bound limit, the fracture energy limit was calculated based on the fracture toughness test results at low temperatures [12]. In this paper, for all three modes of fatigue cracking, the fracture energy limit was 147.42 N/mm (\(J_{c}=\sigma_{s}\Delta_{m}\) = 384.9 \(\times\) 0.383), as explained later in Section 2.5.2.  
A damage stability coefficient is used to improve convergence. To ensure convergence in analysis, the recommended value for the damage stability parameter is (1-5) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\). In this study, the damage stabilization cohesive in the attribute module was set as 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\).
## 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Mineral Characterization  
SEM makes use of secondary electron imaging to analyze the surface topology and morphology of micron/nanometer-scale minerals [64]. For a comprehensive understanding of the microstructure and mineral components, SEM is usually combined with X-ray techniques to complement the acquired information [65; 66; 67; 68]. The infrared spectroscopy method is helpful in identifying chemical species and determining the molecular structure of minerals. This technique has been widely used in mineral characterization [69; 70; 71; 72].  
One of the major quantitative analysis methods in mineral analysis is X-ray diffraction (XRD). It correlates the content of minerals with diffraction density, which helps in identifying and quantifying the minerals present in the sample [73; 74]. For example, XRD can be used to analyze calcite and nahcolite in saline brine [75], evaluate deposits by identifying minerals in phyllite [76], examine the order degree of dolomite [77], and study the content of calcite and dolomite in carbonate rocks [78]. XRD is a rapid and accurate method for quantitative mineral analysis; however, some mineral compositional structures could lead to errors in analytical results [73].  
Combining qualitative analysis with quantification assessment methods can provide a better understanding of the investigated minerals. Such methods include SEM energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) [78; 79; 80; 81; 82], automated SEM mineral liberation analysis (SEM-MLA) [83; 84; 85], and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) [86; 87; 88]. These methods incorporate a mineral quantitative analysis system by using an energy spectrometer and SEM. For accurate identification of minerals, backscattered electron (BSE) images are used, which can reflect the difference between the X-ray energy spectrum and mineral phase composition [89; 90; 91]. The quantitative analysis of rare earth minerals is a challenging task with conventional identification methods, and the abovementioned techniques have attained rare earth mineral identification. The problems associated with the usage of these methods pertain to difficulties in application, promotion, and high measurement costs.
## 3 Operational Requirements
### Technical Specifications  
To detail the technical specifications of a fruit harvesting robot, we can present a table that includes key aspects such as dimensions, perception systems, navigation capabilities, autonomy, among others. Here's an example table with hypothetical technical specifications for a fruit-harvesting robot, summarized in Table 2:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Specification** & **Detail** \\ \hline
**Dimensions** & \\ Length & 1.5 m \\ Width & 0.8 m \\ Height & 1.2 m \\ Weight & 120 kg \\ \hline
**Mobility** & \\ Traction type & Wheels with all-terrain capability \\ Wheel drive & 4-wheel drive (4 WD) for better terrain adaptability \\ Maximum speed & 1.5 km/h \\ Slope capacity & Up to 20 degrees \\ Turning radius & 0.75 m \\ Obstacle clearance & 25 cm \\ \hline
**Perception Systems** & \\ Cameras & RGB camera, multispectral camera \\ Lidar & 3D LiDAR with 30-m range \\ Proximity sensors & Ultrasound, infrared \\ Touch sensors & Pressure sensors on the harvesting arm \\ Additional sensors & Depth camera for enhanced spatial perception \\ \hline
**Navigation System** & \\ GPS & Accuracy of \(\pm\)2 cm \\ RTK-GPS & Real-time kinematic GPS for precise positioning \\ Odometry sensors & Encoders on the wheels \\ IMU & Inertial measurement unit for motion tracking \\ Path planning algorithm & SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Technical specifications for a harvesting robot.
## 5 Conclusions  
It usually takes a long time for clocks to converge when estimating satellite clocks based on an undifferenced IF model. Moreover, the clocks cannot reach stability in a short time after convergence. For this reason, we investigated the influence of time-varying code biases on the stability of satellite clocks and proposed a new clock estimation method considering SCBs.  
Clock estimation and PPP experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the new method. By comparing the results of the Undifferenced and Undifferenced-SCB models, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the time-varying characteristics of SCBs can be determined using the Undifferenced-SCB model, and they are the main factors that cause the instability of satellite clocks. Then, different from the original undifferenced method, the clocks estimated using the new method are free of the adverse effects of SCBs and can converge and reach stability in a short time. Finally, the clocks estimated using the new method can significantly improve the convergence speed and positioning accuracy of PPP, that is, the convergence speed can be doubled, and the positioning errors can be reduced by 20-45%.  
Since the SCBs are not corrected to code observables in PPP, the weight of the code equations is reduced to eliminate the negative effects of SCBs. Although this is effective, it is only a compromise strategy. On the one hand, the code equations with large noise reduce the convergence speed. On the other hand, the filter may converge to the wrong states due to the high weight of the phase equations, which leads to poor positioning solutions.  
Figure 14: Time series of all GPS SCBs extracted using Undifferenced-SCB model on DOY 031.  
Therefore, more attention should be paid to how to apply the satellite clocks without SCBs to PPP in the future.  
[PERSON] provided the initial idea and wrote the manuscript; [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed and performed the research; [PERSON] helped with the writing and partially financed the research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Key Research Program of China \"Collaborative Precision Positioning Project\" (No. 2016 YFB0501900) funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. The second author acknowledges the Lu jiaxi International Team program supported by the K.C. Wong Education Foundation and CAS.  
The datasets analyzed in this study can be made available by the corresponding author on request.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the IGS for providing the observation data and precise products.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Optical Link Design for Quantum Key Distribution-Integrated Optical Access Networks
## 4 Integration of CV-QKD Protocol in OANs
### CV-QKD Implementation Technique  
This section examines various implementation methods for CV-QKD. A summary of previously demonstrated CV-QKD systems is provided in Table 2, while the following subsections analyze the key modules in detail.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Comet Assay  
The comet assay is based on the separation from the double helix strand of DNA loops containing strand breaks and fragments that become free to migrate out of the nucleus towards the anode when alkaline electrophoresis is applied. Following the implementation of the comet assay, a variety of descriptors are evaluated, of which the most frequently and recommended for the evaluation and interpretation of the results is % DNA fragments in the head and tail. The neutral comet assay is a simple way to quantitatively evaluate DNA damage and visualize fragmented strands. Figure 8 shows the effect of the liposomal formulation on DNA damage in fibroblasts upon treatment with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), while the quantitative analysis of the extent of the DNA damage, monitored as % DNA fragmentation in head and tail, is presented in Figure 9.  
Figure 7: Quantitative measurements of “wound closure” at different time points (12, 24, and 36 h) with respect to each liposomal treatment. +++ (_p_ < 0.001); ++++ (_p_ < 0.0001)—significant difference compare to control at 12 h, ** (_p_ < 0.01); ***+ (_p_ < 0.0001)—significant difference compared to control at 24 h; ***+ (_p_ < 0.0001)—significant difference compare to control at 36 h; ns—no significant difference.  
A quantitative analysis of the neutral comet assay showed a significant increase in the % DNA in the tail after a 75 \(\upmu\)M H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) treatment compared to control (Figure 9), as reactive hydroxyl radicals produced from H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) by the Fenton reaction can bind to DNA at metal-binding sites and induce strand breaks associated with DNA damage, mutations, and genetic instability indicating DNA damage [50,51]. Our results indicate that liposomal formulations containing 20% azelaic acid exhibited a protective effect against H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-induced damage, highlighted by a significant decrease in the percent of DNA fragments in the tails.  
Figure 8: Comet assay applied for three different treatments: (**a**) control fibroblasts (no treatment); (**b**) fibroblasts treated with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) for 10 min; (**c**) fibroblasts exposure to H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) for 10 min, and then treated with AALipo20% for 60 min.  
Figure 9: The percentage of DNA in head and tail in control sample (CTRL, cells without treatment), in CTRL + (cells treated with 75 \(\upmu\)M H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)), and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) + AALipo20%. Results are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD and significant differences shown when compared with % DNA in the head (*** \(p<0.0001\)) and tail (*** \(p<0.0001\)) of the control, CTRL.