## 1 Introduction  
The architecture, engineering, construction, and operations (AECO) sector produces significant amounts and diverse types of data during the building life cycle, leading to the fragmentation of the sector and the need for extensive information management [1]. This diversity complicates the processes of collecting, storing, sharing, and updating information. Moreover, stakeholders involved in different lifecycle stages acquire data in inconsistent ways, leading to decisions that are often based on the availability of such data rather than their completeness or accuracy. Furthermore, data storage is fragmented and scattered across multiple organizations, and even among different departments within the same organization. Data collected and stored by one individual entity may not be readily accessible or available to other stakeholders in the value chain [2]. These issues linger and intensify during the in-use phase of the building lifecycle when interventions (e.g., renovation) occur. In fact, in this specific stage, data and information exchange as well as stakeholders are more numerous and various, and consequently, the collection, management, and use of information can be complex [3,4]. As a result, this can lead to data being compromised and incompatible with systems used by other stakeholders, creating information asymmetry, reducing transparency, and complicating decision making [5,6]. However, there are no established guidelines regulating how data should be collected, organized, and accessed by the involved parties [7]. Given the poor information exchange in building stocks and the lack of coherent, high-quality information [8,9], a homogeneous collection and management system is required. According to the European Commission (EC), a systematic, organized, and standardized framework for data collection and storage would mitigate these issues. Although methods such as the Data Capability Assessment Model (DCAM) help organizations identify gaps in their data practices, align data management with business objectives, and implement best practices for data governance and quality, the lack of a systematic method for capturing, storing, analyzing, and organizing building-related data leads to the loss of valuable information [10]. In this regard, a digital building logbook (DBL) is an essential tool for modern building management, offering a streamlined, efficient way to manage and access building data, ensuring better performance, compliance, and sustainability. The concept of a digital building logbook, defined as \"a common repository for all relevant building data, including data related to energy performance such as energy performance certificates, renovation passports, and smart readiness indicators, which facilitates informed decision making and information sharing within the construction sector, among building owners and occupants, financial institutions and public authorities\" [8], has been introduced only in recent years and remains an optional tool within the European AECO sector. The European Commission presented the idea of a digital building logbook in the Renovation Wave report in 2020 [11], and it clarified the need for this element in the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) the following year [8]. The European Commission stated that the national databases for the energy performance of buildings should be interoperable and integrated with other databases with building-related information (e.g., national building cadasters and digital building logbooks) in response to the inadequate information exchange in the European building stock, as well as the lack of coherent, high-quality information [8]. However, before its introduction by the European Commission, the concept of a tool aiming at collecting building-related information, better known as a \"Building Passport (BP)\" or \"Building Logbook\", was developed and used across Europe in different ways.