## 7 Results and Discussion  
The proposed system is implemented in real-time in the location of Dehradun (Uttarakhand, India) with latitude: 30.3410\({}^{\circ}\) N, longitude: 77.9544\({}^{\circ}\) (Figure 4). A customized sensor more based on 433 MHz frequency Long-Range is utilized for data transmission of sensors incorporated to it. The sensor more is embedded with the ATMega 328 P controller, multiple power pins (+12 V, +5 V, +3.3 V). During firmware development of sensor \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**SF**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**LoRa Data Rate (BPS)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **BW1** & **BW2** & **BW3** \\  & **(125 kHz)** & **(250 kHz)** & **(500 kHz)** \\ \hline SF7 & 78.08 & 39.04 & 19.52 \\ \hline SF8 & 139.78 & 69.89 & 34.94 \\ \hline SF9 & 279.55 & 139.78 & 69.89 \\ \hline SF10 & 493.57 & 246.78 & 123.39 \\ \hline SF11 & 987.14 & 493.57 & 246.78 \\ \hline SF12 & 1712.13 & 856.06 & 428.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Time on air (ToA) (ms) at CR4. Figure 13: Time on air for a payload length of 25 bytes and preamble length of 8 symbols. (**a**) Time on air at CR1. (**b**) Time on air at CR2. (**c**) Time on air at CR3. (**d**) Time on air at CR4. mote, it is programmed with multiple unique features such as node mapping, and symmetric encryption. Node mapping feature enables the sensor more to minimize the data redundancy; symmetric encryption in the sensor more enables to send the sensor data securely. During the implementation of LoRa network in hardware device for the moving vehicles, the receiver sensitivity concluded is \(-\)132 dBm (Spreading factor: 7; code rate: 4/8; transmit power: 2 dBm, bandwidth: 500 kHz). In the case of data rate, the data rate for the proposed study is 13,671.87 bits per second by considering the following parameters such as spreading factor: 7; code rate: 4/8; bandwidth: 500 kHz. As per the proposed architecture, the sensor more is connected to the gateway through 433 MHz Long-Range module. In this study, we have integrated the PM sensor, CO sensor, ozone (O\({}_{3}\)) sensor, and NO\({}_{2}\) sensor to monitor CO, PM\({}_{2\text{-}5}\), PM\({}_{10}\), NO\({}_{2}\), and ozone level in atmosphere for the vehicle's pollution monitoring in the environment. A study has adopted these sensors for monitoring the vehicle emissions in the parking garages and with the motivation this study also adopted same sensors for monitoring the vehicle emissions [38]. CO sensor manufactured by Alphsense with range of 5-500 ppm is considered to monitor the CO level and it is analog sensor that is connected to the analog pin (A\({}_{0}\)) of the sensor more. PMS 5003 dust sensor is used to sense the PM\({}_{2\text{-}5}\), PM\({}_{10}\) levels in the atmosphere. It is 8 pin sensor that comprises of Vcc (+5 V), GND, SET, R\({}_{\text{XD}}\), T\({}_{\text{XD}}\), RST, and two no connected pins. V\({}_{\text{CC}}\) is connected to the +5 V of the sensor more; R\({}_{\text{XD}}\), and T\({}_{\text{XD}}\) pins are connected to the digital pins (D\({}_{0}\), D\({}_{1}\)), and GND is connected to ground of the sensor more. MICS 2714 NO\({}_{2}\) sensor is able to sense the NO\({}_{2}\) level upto 0.05-10 ppm. It comprises of four pins such as V\({}_{0}\), EN, GND and Vcc connected to the A\({}_{1}\) pin, D\({}_{2}\) pin, ground and +5 V of the sensor more. MQ 131 Ozone sensor comprises four pins such as GND, analog out, digital out and Vcc and these pins are connected to ground, A\({}_{2}\), D\({}_{3}\) pins of the sensor more. These all sensors take below 3 min warm time to sense the value. The calibration of the sensors is implemented in this study before implementation for error-free sensor values. We used a frequency agility-based interference avoidance algorithm in the gateway to detect interference and transfer it to a safe channel with minimal energy usage and latency while dealing with interference. Thingspeak server was employed in this study to visualize sensor value on the cloud server through an edge computing-based device and gateway.