## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Capture and Processing  
A total of 21 markers were attached to the participants right lower limbs and pelvis, specifically on the foot (metatarsals 1 and 5 and their heel), ankle (lateral and medial malleolus), shank (tibial cluster), knee (lateral and medial epicondyle), thigh (femoral cluster and left and right greater trochanter) and hip (left and right anterior superior iliac spine; left and right posterior superior iliac spine). An additional 2 markers were placed on either end of the barbell. All snatches were recorded using a motion capture system (criterion) (Qualysis Track Manager, QTM v2020.1 Goteborg, Sweden) with 11 infrared cameras in a controlled laboratory environment, capturing at a frequency of 200 hertz (Hz). Competition caliber barbells (15 kg for women and 20 kg for men) and weight plates were used during testing days (Eleiko, Halmstad, Sweden). The barbell was fitted with an Enode sensor (Enode Pro, Blaumann & Meyer, Sports Technology UG, Magdeburg, Germany) using a barbell sleeve provided by the manufacturer. The placement of the unit was between the right hand and the thigh when in the set position (Figure 1). This placement ensured the hip did not contact the device, as per company suggestion, whilst also keeping it as close to the barbell center as possible. Enode data were directly recorded in the device's native application (Enode Pro version 2.0.2, Blaumann & Meyer, Sports Technology UG, Magdeburg, Germany). The tri-axial acceleration was collected directly by the sensor at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz through a Bluetooth (65 Hz) connection with a tablet (iPad pro, Apple, Silicon Valley, CA, USA). Additionally, the application's synchronized video recording function was used to capture the lifts for visual inspection of the first pull at 60 frames per second. To ensure the knee joint was not obstructed by the weight plates, the iPad camera was placed on a tripod at an angle of 45 degrees to the front of the lifter, approximately 4 m away and 1 m from the ground. Raw vertical (y) and horizontal (x) displacement data obtained from the reflective markers on the barbell were extracted from Qualysis into Visual 3D (Visual 3D x64, v2023.02.1, C-Motion, Boyds, MD, USA), where the knee angle was also calculated. This  
Figure 1: Enode placement relative to participant grip width during the set position. along with raw left and right barbell y and x displacement data were extracted for analysis in a custom MATLAB script (MATLAB version R2022b). The raw displacement data were filtered using a low-pass, fourth-order Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 4 Hz, as determined by residual analysis of 30 randomly selected samples of both left and right vertical barbell displacement. The filtered barbell displacement data were then differentiated twice to obtain the vertical velocity and vertical acceleration. In the next step, the lifting phases of the snatch were identified from the Enode and the motion capture system data as follows: 1 st pull (lift off to first peak knee extension), transition (first peak knee extension to first peak positive barbell horizontal displacement), 2 nd pull (first peak positive barbell horizontal displacement to peak positive vertical barbell velocity), turnover (peak positive vertical barbell velocity to peak negative barbell velocity), and catch (peak negative barbell velocity to deep squat position). It should be noted that the end of the first pull was determined using the first peak knee angle value identified within the MATLAB script; however, as this is not possible using the Enode, the end of the first pull was instead identified when the knee visibly reached its first peak extension, one frame prior to the knee re-bending [24]. This subjective method of identification has previously been reported [25]. As per communications with the company, the acceleration measured from the Enode was integrated with respect to time and a threshold of 0.005 m/s was used to identify the start and end of the snatch movement.