###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealer (CSS) modified with the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the single-cone technique (SC) and the continuous wave condensation (CWC) technique, measured by a universal testing machine. The AgNPs and the modified sealers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. One hundred single-rooted extracted human permanent teeth with a single root canal were cleaned and shaped with a Protaper Next system. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 25) as follows: Group 1, canals were obturated using the SC technique with TotalFilil(r) BC Sealer. Group 2, canals were obturated using the SC technique with TotalFilil(r) BC Sealer mixed with AgNPs. Group 3, canals were obturated using the CWC technique with TotalFil(r) HiFlow BC Sealer. Group 4, canals were obturated using the CWC technique with TotalFil(r) HiFlow BC Sealer mixed with AgNPs. After two weeks, 1 mm-thick dentin slices were cut and exposed to a push-out bond strength test using a universal testing machine. Specimens were examined under a digital microscope to determine the mode of failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests (\(p<0.05\)). The nanoparticle characterization revealed a spherical morphology with no obvious aggregations. The results showed that group 4 had the highest dislodgement resistance compared to all groups (\(p<0.05\)). Group 4 was significantly higher in push-out bond strength value than group 1 (\(p<0.001\)) and group 3 (\(p<0.003\)), but not significantly higher than group 2. Cohesive failure was the most prevalent failure mode among all groups. It can be concluded that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the calcium silicate-based sealer significantly increased the bond strength. The warm obturation approach demonstrated significantly higher resistance to dislodgement as compared to the single-cone technique. silver nanoparticles; bioceramic sealer; endodontic sealer; push-out bond strength Article The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer: An In Vitro Study _Applied Sciences_  
1  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON]. TotalFill(r) BC Sealer (FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), also goes by the brand names EndoSequence(r) BC Sealer (BUSA, Savannah, GA, USA) and iRoot(r) SP (Innovative BioCeramix, Vancouver, BC, Canada); it is hydrophilic and has a low contact angle, which lets it fill the dental tubules and form tag-like structures. It can also expand by about 0.20 percent when it gets wet, creating a gapless bond between the sealer and the dentin [8,9]. A study reported that the iRoot(r) SP and AH Plus sealers had significantly higher bond strengths when compared to MTA Fillapex [10]. Others reported that the TotalFill(r) BC Sealer showed the highest POBS compared to BioRoot(r) RCS and Endo CPM-Sealer(r) [11]. When the TotalFill(r) BC sealer was compared to the AH Plus sealer, it showed a higher bond strength. Moreover, the obturation methods had a significant influence on bond strength; the warm vertical compaction reduced the bond strength of the AH Plus sealer compared to cold lateral compaction, but this is not significant with the TotalFill(r) BC sealer [12]. However, other studies found that the bond strength of the TotalFill(r) BC Sealer increased when used in warm vertical compaction compared to cold obturation techniques [13]. Recently, nanoscale substances have been utilized to enhance the properties of various dental materials [14]. Researchers successfully synthesized and integrated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into resin-based materials, enhancing their antimicrobial effects while preserving the material's physical, mechanical, and optical properties [15,16].