## 4 Results
### Human Infant BDS and Feeding Outcomes  
Lack of oral feeding before neonatal hospital discharge was associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the components of the BDS including cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, hippocampus, bilateral olfactory bulbs and olfactory sulci, corpus callosum, increased supratentorial extra-axial fluid, as well as total increased BDS (Table 7). Hospital length of stay was associated with dysplasia of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, hippocampus, choroid plexus, brainstem, increased supratentorial axial fluid, and BDS (Table 7). A diagnosis of dysplasia was associated with dysplasia of the brain stem ((\(p=0.001\)) Table 7). Gastrointestinal dysmotility, aspiration, gastroesophageal reflux, malrotation, and vocal cord paralysis demonstrated no significant associations with brain dysplasia (Table 7). Figure 2 panels A-D show some of the variations in hippocampal anatomy seen in the human population compared against that seen in the mouse in panels E and F. Figure 3 demonstrates olfactory bulb abnormalities in human infant CHD vs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Normalized Volumes (\(n=105\))**} & **Correlation with BDS (Term CHD and Term Control Cohort Combined)** & **Comparison between Term CHD and Term Control Cohorts** \\ \cline{2-3}  & \(p\)-Value (Correlation) & \(p\)-Value (Direction) \\ \hline Right Hippocamp & 0.0749 (N.S.) & 0.1476 (N.S.) \\ \hline Left Hippocamp & 0.1329 (N.S.) & 0.3784 (N.S.) \\ \hline Right Cerebellum & 0.0535 (N.S.) & 0.1476 (N.S.) \\ \hline Left Cerebellum & **0.0433** (\(-\)) & 0.1887 (N.S.) \\ \hline Cerebellum & **0.0299** (\(-\)) & **0.0087** (**CHD \textgreater{} CON**) \\ \hline Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) & 0.0517 (N.S.) & **0.0026** (**CHD \textgreater{} CON**) \\ \hline Infratentorial CSF & 0.2259 (N.S.) & 0.9300 (N.S.) \\ \hline Intraventricular CSF & **<0.0001** (\(+\)) & 0.7398 (N.S.) \\ \hline Supratentorial CSF & **0.0008** (\(+\)) & 0.3535 (N.S.) \\ \hline Deep Grey Matter & **0.0138** (\(-\)) & 0.4877 (N.S.) \\ \hline White Matter & 0.4550 (N.S.) & 0.6066 (N.S.) \\ \hline Cerebral Cortex & 0.1687 (N.S.) & **0.0016** (**CHD \textgreater{} CON**) \\ \hline Brainstem & **0.0391** (\(-\)) & 0.1311 (N.S.) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Bolded values indicate statistically significant results.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Association Between Brain Dysplasia Score and Term Infant Regional Brain Volumes by CHD Status. control (A/C) and the mouse model (B/D). Figure 4 demonstrates cerebellar abnormalities in the human infant CHD vs. controls (A,B) and the mouse model (E,F). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**BDS Abnormalities** & **Lack of PO Feeds Prior to Discharge** & **Length of Hospitalization** \\ **(Clinical Outcome Correlates)** & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ \\ \hline Hippocamp & 0.0025 & 0.0090 \\ \hline Right/Left Olfactory Bulbs & **0.0090/0.0050** & 0.0400/0.0300 \\ \hline Right/Left Olfactory Sulci & **0.0070/0.0070** & 0.0700/0.0700 \\ \hline Extra-Axial Fluid & 0.0030 & **<0.0001** \\ \hline Bilateral Cerebellar Hemispheres & 0.0037 & **<0.0001** \\ \hline Cerebellar Vermis & **0.0001** & **0.0002** \\ \hline Brainstem & **<0.0001** & N.S. \\ \hline Corpus Callosum & **0.0010** & **0.0100** \\ \hline Choroid Plexus & **0.0100** & **0.0020** \\ \hline _Total Composite_ & **0.0001** & **0.0020** \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Bolded values indicate statistically significant results.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Correlation between Brain Dysplasia Score and Clinical Feeding Outcomes. Figure 2: Hippocampal Abnormalities Were Similar Among Human and Mouse. Panels (**A–D**) demonstrate abnormal hypoplastic and/or malrotated hippocampi (marked with arrows) in human infants with CHD. (**E**) demonstrates comparable abnormalities in the mouse mutant with abnormal hippocampus (Hippo) and corpus callosum (CC) marked with arrows. (**F**) Depicts a normal mouse hippocampus (Hippo) and corpus callosum (CC), marked with arrows. Figure 4: Cerebellar Abnormalities Seen in Both Human and Mouse.