the impact of anthropogenic factors, such as the diversion of Jordan River waters, on the natural equilibrium of the Dead Sea. Concurrently, research into sinkhole-related risks, especially their effects on industrial and tourism infrastructures, has intensified, with mitigation measures such as advanced geophysical monitoring and early warning strategies being implemented. The environmental and geological hazards faced by the Dead Sea coastal areas since the early 1990s are linked to several controlling factors. Among these, groundwater salinity gradients, tectonic activity, and anthropogenic changes play fundamental roles in the development and intensification of risks. Groundwater salinity gradients, for instance, are a primary driver of sinkhole formation. The dissolution of salt layers and other evaporites, triggered by the infiltration of freshwater through hypersaline aquifers, creates underground voids prone to collapse. This process is accelerated by local variations in salinity, which alter the solubility of geological formations. Recent studies [2], supported by geophysical and remote sensing techniques, have demonstrated that areas where freshwater meets saline water exhibit heightened vulnerability to sinkhole formation. Continuous monitoring of these gradients is, therefore, essential for predicting high-risk zones. Tectonic activity also contributes significantly to hazards in the region. The Dead Sea lies along the Levant Transform Fault, a major tectonic structure separating the Arabian and African plates. This ongoing tectonic activity generates geological stresses that fragment subsurface formations and exacerbate evaporite dissolution. Tectonic movements, including fault slips and localized earthquakes, can initiate or accelerate the collapse of existing cavities. Additionally, ground deformations provide valuable indicators for identifying areas under active tectonic stress. The interaction between these tectonic processes and hydrological gradients further complicates the hazard dynamics. Human activities have amplified these risks. Since the 1930s, the extensive diversion of Jordan River water and the industrial exploitation of the Dead Sea have caused a dramatic decline in water levels, disrupting the regional hydrological balance. This decline accelerates dissolution processes and sinkhole formation. Furthermore, infrastructures such as evaporation ponds and dikes increase pressure on local hydrogeological systems. Research indicates that anthropogenic impacts are most pronounced in areas where industrial activities intersect with natural systems. To mitigate these complex hazards, an integrated understanding of the factors driving them is essential. Multidisciplinary approaches combining remote sensing, geophysical studies, and hydrological modeling enable the identification of interactions among these factors. For example, mapping vulnerable areas using models based on salinity gradients and tectonic data provides practical tools for industrial planning and land management. The combination of groundwater salinity gradients, tectonic activity, and anthropogenic changes creates a complex backdrop for hazards. Continuous monitoring and analysis of these controlling factors are necessary to minimize environmental and socio-economic impacts. Technological advancements in geophysics and remote sensing have played a crucial role in addressing these challenges. Geophysics integrates physical principles to investigate Earth's interior and surface processes [3]. Techniques like seismic, electric, magnetic, gravitational, and electromagnetic methods reveal geological structures and dynamic processes [4]. Seismic methods use elastic waves to image subsurface structures, aiding in earthquake studies and resource exploration [5]. Magnetic and gravitational methods detect variations in Earth's magnetic field and gravitational pull, identifying geological features [6]. Electromagnetic and electric methods assess subsurface conductivity, helping to locate groundwater and minerals [7].