## 2 Related Studies
They also discussed the security issues in detail and identified the unsolved challenges encountered during designing standard protocols. In [19], the authors conducted SLR, which is mainly focused on scope definition, concept, literature review, analysis, synthesis, and future research directions. Their selected study has contributed to eight thematic perspectives: intelligence factories, CPS, data handling, IT infrastructure, digital transformation, HCI, IoT, and cloud [18]. Due to the rapid evolution in IoT and WSN, technology is becoming more vulnerable to security threats [42; 43; 44]. Therefore authors in [27] presented threat models for the security of WSN and IoT devices communication. In [28], the authors discussed IoT applications, advantages, challenges, and security issues from both technological and social perspectives. Researchers have provided detailed architectures of IoT and WSN and discussions of IDS system protocols. They also discussed the security challenges and attacks on IoT and WSN communication devices. Moreover, in [29], the authors conducted extensive research related to smart homes, applications, and IoT. They collected 229 articles, analyzed them thoroughly, and divided them into four categories. They discussed smart home IoT applications in the first category. The second category concerned with IoT applications in smart home technology. In the third category, they developed a framework to operate further. In the fourth category, they developed smart IoT home applications. IoT has dramatically changed human life, especially regarding communication devices integrating technologies. Traditional industry is changing in the digital industry, and WSN and wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) are the core parts of Industry 4.0. In the article [30], the authors discussed the industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) and industrial wireless sensor and actuator network (IWSAN) in detail. They discussed IWSAN requirements, applications, challenges, solutions, and future directions in detail. IWSN/IWSAN are compelling technologies due to their promising benefits, such as low-cost deployment, less complexity, and mobility support. In [31], the authors discussed how IoT plays a vital role in bringing the physical world close to the digital world. They discussed technologies, various challenges, future directions, and various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In [32], [PERSON] et al. have described the sensor nodes according to coverage point of view. They analyzed the full coverage issues by considering node type, deployment type, communication and sensing range, and positioning-based independent algorithms. They also discussed the research challenges of WSN. [PERSON] et al. [33] described a detailed survey on IDS systems and presented the methods proposed for IoT. Using a cross-platform distributed approach, they analyzed the IDS system, their platform differences, and current research trends in IDS. In [34], the authors analyzed and discussed the solutions to identify and detect sinkhole attacks in the WSN domain. They discussed the advantages and limitations of the proposed solution as well. In [35], the authors presented a detailed review on security attacks of WSN and IoT along with their preventive measures, mitigations, and detection mechanisms. They stated that the integration of IoT and WSN has raised new challenges and open security issues. Although technology has increased, it has become prone to external attacks. In [36], the authors presented a review on the security of mobile networks. They discussed the integration of WSN with IoT via the Internet and how the inter-connected devices have guarded networks against external attacks, keeping the router in a secure and protected environment. They discussed the attacks and their detection mechanisms over the Internet. Similarly, the authors in [37] have discussed the wormhole attack and its solution in IoT and WSN domains. They stated that the detection algorithm performed much better for IoT (70%) than WSN (20%).