esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Speed Optimization for Incremental Updating of Grid-Based Distance Maps
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we present an algorithm, Canonical Ordering Dynamic Brushfire (CODB), to speed up the incremental updating of grid-based Distance Maps (DMs). CODB only updates those cells which are affected by local changes, and it employs the strategy of Canonical Ordering to guide the search direction; therefore, the algorithm requires much fewer cell visits and less computation costs compared to its competing approaches. Furthermore, we propose algorithms to compute DM-based subgoal graphs which are used to provide high-level, collision-free roadmaps for agents with certain safety radius to engage fast and rational path planning tasks. We present our algorithms both intuitively and through pseudocode, compare them to current approaches on typical scenarios, and demonstrate their usefulness for fast path planning tasks.  
Figure 12: Performance comparison between agent \(X\) and \(Y\). (**a**) The resulting path of agent \(X\) who simply uses LRTA* to engage a global search in a DM. As the light green trajectory shows, repeated heuristic corrections and meaningless movements caused by local minima (such as the regions denoted by identifiers A, B, and C) seriously reduce the rationality of the resulting trajectory when it is compared with the high level path searched by A* form the DM-based subgoal graph (denoted as the red trajectory); (**b**) The resulting path of agent \(Y\) who adopts LRTA* to refine the high-level path searched from the DM-based subgoal graph. Due to the sparse and h-direct reachable feature, Agent \(Y\) prefers to expand cells between consecutive subgoals and thus can efficiently avoid local minima. Therefore, the resulting path (shown as light green trajectory in (**b**)) is, to a large extent, close to the optimal path denoted as the red trajectory.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.Q., Y.H. and J.Z.; Data curation, L.Q.; Formal analysis, L.Q.; Funding acquisition, Q.Y.; Methodology, L.Q., Y.H. and J.Z.; Project administration, Q.Y.; Resources, Q.Y.; Software, L.Q.; Supervision, Q.Y.; Writing--original draft, L.Q.; Writing--review & editing, L.Q., Y.H. and J.Z.  
**Funding:** This work described in this paper is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61473300.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work described in this paper is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61473300. We appreciate the fruitful discussion with the Sim812 group: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON].  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 Findings

Table 2: _Cont._The used blockchain platform, blockchain type, consensus algorithm/protocol, evaluation environment, and metrics are presented in Tables 3-7. Different platforms are used for each application: 37.21% of the included studies focused on using a generic platform or Ethereum [91; 93; 95; 97; 99; 104; 106; 111; 113; 115; 116; 117; 120; 123; 127; 130], 20.93% were implemented using Hyperledger Fabric [93; 98; 105; 108; 109; 110; 118; 125; 128], while 23.25% focused on special or other types of blockchains [90; 92; 94; 96; 100; 102; 121; 122; 124; 132]. Note that some studies allow or use more than one platform [93; 102; 110]. It indicates that generic platforms do not always fit the requirements of specific approaches; thus, other platforms are required to ensure that the proposed architecture achieves its optimal performance. Blockchain type is also based on the domain requirements and the design itself. Overall, 41.86% of the studies are using private blockchain [90; 91; 91; 92; 93; 96; 100; 101; 106; 109; 111; 115; 118; 120; 123; 124; 125; 126], which indicates that it is more suitable for the desired applications since it offers more control and security for the network, while 25.58% are using a public blockchain [91; 94; 97; 102; 115; 116; 117; 121; 122; 127; 130]. In addition, 37.21% of the approaches allow the implementation using both types or a combination of both (consortium blockchain) [91; 95; 98; 102; 103; 105; 106; 108; 110; 114; 115; 116; 128; 131; 132]. From our perspective, private blockchain offers the most needed features that are required to reach a high level of security and privacy. Although PoW is the most common consensus algorithm, we can observe that only 25.58% of the total approaches used it [94; 96; 102; 108; 115; 117; 119; 120; 123; 127; 130] since it has many disadvantages. We note that some studies used a modified version to offer a better solution, such as [96], or added another algorithm to support it, such as [96; 102; 108; 115]. Note that modifying the common algorithms such as PBFT can result in an efficient model [114]. Some approaches used a time-based consensus algorithm to achieve higher security and privacy [121; 122]. It can be observed that there is still a need to propose new consensus algorithms to address the drawbacks of IoT because the requirements for this technology are not similar compared to other technologies. Thus, it is vital to tackle this issue; for example, one of the included studies designed their consensus algorithm named \"Three-Dimensional Greedy Heaviest-Observed Sub-Tree (3D-GHOST)\" and implemented it with a modified PoW [96], Proof-of-Epidemiology-of-Interest (PoGoI) was used in [107], and other studies used Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) [110], time-dependent consensus algorithm [121], Distributed Time-based Consensus algorithm (DTC) [122], and combined RBFT and Raft [129]. Furthermore, BFT, PBFT, and its modified versions are commonly used nowadays [90; 98; 101; 102; 109; 114; 126; 128; 132] due to the advantages offered; for example, PBFT reduces energy usage and eliminates the need for confirmation to perform transactions.
## 5 Possibilities of Reducing the Acrylamide Content in French Fries and Potato Chips
### Technological Factors
#### 5.2.2 Blanching of Potato Pieces
Dipping potato pieces after blanching in a solution with bamboo leaf antioxidants had the effect of reducing the amount of AA by about 75% in both the French fries (antioxidant concentration 0.1%) and the potato chips (concentration 0.01%). On the other hand, the simultaneous application of bamboo leaf antioxidant (AOB) and green tea extract (EGT) independently reduced the amount of acrylamide in the samples by about 74%, and the presence of both antioxidants had the effect of lowering the solution pH to 6.8 [120]. Model studies (in the asparagine-glucose system) with the use of various types of plant extracts and the addition of phenolic acids showed that all aqueous extracts (except one) and almost all phenolic acids from the 11 taken for the study had an effect on reducing the amount of acrylamide [121]. In a more recent study, the addition of green tea extract, cinnamon, and oregano to potato slice dipping was used to produce French fries, which had the effect of reducing the amount of acrylamide in the snacks by approximately 62%, 39%, and 17%, respectively, compared to the control sample [95]. The addition of grape polyphenols to potato slice dipping was also used, which reduced the amount of acrylamide by about 60%, using a polyphenol concentration of 0.1% [122]. In model tests, the addition of epicatechin was used and it was found that it reduced the amount of acrylamide by blocking the course of the condensation reaction, thus inhibiting the course of the initial stages of the Maillard reaction [123]. The new direction of research was based on the use of proanthocyanidins in the production of potato chips, where soaking potato slices in 0.1 mg/ml of this additive had an effect on reducing the AA content in the ready product by about 44% [124]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [125] used the addition of lipophilic grape seed proanthocyanidin (LGSP) in the production of French fries and potato chips and found a significant reduction in the amount of acrylamide in the ready product, by about 85% and 81%, respectively. There were also studies on the addition of herbs (rosemary) to soybean oil [126] or olive oil and corn oil in which the samples were fried [75]. This addition had the effect of reducing the amount of toxic acrylamide in the ready product by approximately 25% [75]. The addition of rosmary extract was also used in the production of potato snacks, and a significant reduction in the amount of the toxic compound in fried potatoes was found, as well as a lower fat content in the ready product [127]. However, the addition of flavonoids in the spice mixture reduced the content of this compound in the product by about 50% [128].
# Data Security-Based Routing in MANETs Using Key Management Mechanism
## 6 Conclusions  
From the review, it has been found that MANETs are prone to serious security threats that are difficult to resist using the existing security approaches. Therefore, various secure routing protocols were developed to strengthen the security of MANETs. In most of the existing routing protocols, every node is responsible for the generation and distribution of its own secret keys, which results in more energy dissemination. Moreover, if any node is compromised, security breaches should occur. To overcome these issues, a secure and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **EED** & **PDR** & **Throughput** & **Energy Consumption** \\ \hline ENACSC [13] & 37.1317 & 81.8833 & 82.9983 & 6.6934 \\ ALARM [14] & 34.8151 & 84.6249 & 85.9999 & 6.2702 \\ FACES [16] & 39.3981 & 79.6719 & 81.0619 & 7.4092 \\ AMRP [17] & 38.8883 & 80.1767 & 81.5717 & 7.3336 \\ STARS [18] & 33.7127 & 85.5723 & 87.3473 & 6.1544 \\ NSC [19] & 39.8206 & 79.5294 & 80.6294 & 7.1802 \\ Proposed & 31.0567 & 87.9426 & 89.9438 & 5.5893 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparative analysis of the proposed model.  
Figure 12: Energy consumption (watt-hour).  
energy-efficient routing protocol was proposed by using group key management. Asymmetric key cryptography was used, which involves two specialized nodes: a Calculator Key (CK) and a Distribution Key (DK). These two nodes were responsible for the generation, verification, and distribution of secret keys. As a result, other nodes did not need to perform any kind of additional computation for building the secret keys. These nodes, i.e., the CK and DK, were selected using the energy consumption and trust values of nodes. Extensive experiments were performed by considering the existing and the proposed protocols. Performance analyses revealed that the proposed protocol outperforms the competitive protocols in terms of average end-to-end delay (EED), packet-delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and energy consumption by 2.4597%, 2.1578%, 2.6246%, and 3.6872%, respectively.  
Conceptualization, P.B. and D.S.; Formal analysis, P.B. and D.S.; Funding acquisition, M.K. and H.-N.L.; Investigation and Methodology, P.B. and D.S.; Project administration, D.S.; Resources, M.K. and H.-N.L.; Software, Supervision, M.K. and H.-N.L.; Writing--original draft, P.B. and D.S.; Writing--review and editing, D.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported, in part, by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (NRF-2021R1A2B5B03002118). This research was also supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2021-0-01835), supervised by the IITP (Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Error Performance of Amplitude Shift Keying-Type Asymmetric Quantum Communication Systems
## 2 Basic Theory
### Tsvs  
In reference [9], an \(m\)-fold tensor product of the following TSVS was used as an EPR state:  
\[|\psi\rangle_{\text{SA}}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\sqrt{\frac{N_{\text{S}}^{n}}{(N_{ \text{S}}+1)^{n+1}}}|n\rangle_{\text{S}}|n\rangle_{\text{A}}, \tag{13}\]  
where \(\langle n\rangle_{\text{TSVS}}=N_{\text{S}}\) represents the average number of photons in mode S. In this paper, we set \(m=1\) and analyze the TSVS.  
The TSVS is one of the most important entangled states and has been discussed in numerous studies as a basic quantum state in both quantum illumination [20] and quantum reading [6] protocols. In particular, the amount of entanglement of the TSVS, which is given by  
\[E_{\text{TSVS}}=(N_{\text{S}}+1)\log_{2}(N_{\text{S}}+1)-N_{\text{S}}\log_{2} N_{\text{S}}, \tag{14}\]  
can exceed 1 ebit. A larger average number of photons causes a greater amount of entanglement because \(\lim_{N_{\text{S}}\to\infty}E_{\text{TSVS}}=\infty\).
## 2 Results
### Volatile Compounds of Banana Fruit (Musa AAA Group, Brazilian) at Different Stages of Ripening
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Relative Content (\%) 1**} \\ \hline
**Categories** & **Compounds** & **Green** & **Turning** & **Full-Ripening** \\ \hline Esters & & & & \\ \hline
1 & Pentyl bunanoate & 0.26 b & – & 3.05 a  \\
2 & Ethyl acetate & – & 0.22 b & 2.74 a  \\
3 & 2-Methylpentyl acetate & – & 0.32 a  & 0.13 b  \\
4 & Isobutyl isobutyrate & – & 0.21 b  & 0.31 a  \\
5 & Pentyl 3-methyl bunanoate & – & 0.30 b  & 0.48 a  \\
6 & Pentanoic acid, 3-methyl bunanoate & – & 0.45 a  & – \\
7 & Hexyl butyrate & – & 0.28 b  & 0.49 a  \\
8 & Butanoic acid, 4-hexen-1 yl ester & – & 0.15 b  & 0.34 a  \\
9 & Butanoic acid, 2-methyl cyclohexyl ester & – & 0.15 a  & – \\
10 & Pentanoic acid, 4-hexen-1 yl ester & – & 0.68 a  & – \\
11 & Butanoic acid, 2-phenyl hexyl ester & – & 0.05 a  & – \\
12 & Acetic acid, 1,4-dimethylbpent-4-enyl ester & – & 0.48 a  & – \\
13 & Isoamyl-2-methyl butyrate & – & 0.30 b  & 0.45 a  \\
14 & Acetic acid, 2-methyl propyl ester & – & 3.13 a  & 3.09 a  \\  
Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate & – & – & 1.05 a  \\
33 & Cyclohexanol, 2-methyl-, acetate, (1R-trans) & – & – & 1.04 a  \\
34 & Propyl butyrate & – & – & 0.03 a  \\
35 & Butanoic acid, 1-methyl hexyl ester & – & – & 0.83 a  \\ Total & & 0.26 b  & 72.32 a  & 74.1 a  \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{l}{Alcohols} & & & & \\ \hline
36 & 1-Hexanol & 21.47 a  & – & – \\
37 & 1-Butanol, 3-methyl & – & 0.22 b  & 0.35 a  \\
38 & 5-Octen-1-ol & – & 0.05 a  & – \\
39 & 2-Pentanol & – & – & 1.64 a  \\
40 & Ethanol & – & – & 0.92 a  \\
41 & 1-Pentanol, 2-methyl & – & – & 3.63 a  \\
42 & 2-Heptanol & – & – & 0.31 a  \\ Total & & 21.47 a  & 0.27 c  \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{l}{Aldehydes} & & & & \\ \hline
43 & (Z)-2-Heptension & 0.38 a  & – & – \\
44 & Nonanal & 0.30 a  & – & – \\
45 & Hexanal & 35.92 a  & 2.03 b  & – \\
46 & 2-Hexenal & 0.76 a  & – & – \\
47 & _Trans_-2-hexenal & 31.17 a  & 8.34 b  & 1.52 c  \\
48 & _Trans_-2-_cls-6-nonadien
## 1 Introduction  
NiAl intermetallic alloy has many favorable properties, including a high mechanical strength, a low density, a high melting point and a good oxidation resistance at high temperature environment [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. As a result, it is an ideal material for structural applications subject to corrosive and oxidant environments [6; 7; 8]. However, under room temperature conditions, NiAl has a poor ductility. Meanwhile, NiAl intermetallic alloy has poor creep resistance and strength at elevated temperature [9]. These are the major drawbacks to its engineering use. Several attempts have been made to improve the room temperature ductility of NiAl intermetallics alloy through the addition of alloying elements, reduction of grain size and other solidification processing [10; 11]. Furthermore, it has been shown that the addition of elements such as Cu, Co, Mo, Ti and Fe is particularly beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of NiAl intermetallic alloy [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Among these additions, Cu is an excellent addition to improve the room ductility of NiAl intermetallic alloy [18]. Some studies reported that the improvement of the NiAl alloy's room temperature ductility are governed by the presence of \(\beta\)-phase (Ni,Cu)Al and \(\gamma^{*}\)-phase (Ni,Cu)\({}_{3}\)Al [19; 20]. Furthermore, there are many studies in the literature that have reported the quasi-static loading condition (under low strain rate) performance of NiAl intermetallic alloy [21; 22; 23]. However, previous studies have not investigated the effect of the high strain rate on the mechanical and fracture properties of NiAl intermetallic alloy. However, the strain rate has a critical effect on the mechanical integrity of structural components; under high strain rate loading, adiabatic shear bands are readily formed which serve as preferential sites of crack initiation [24; 25; 26]. Accordingly, the present study investigates the mechanical behavior of NiAl intermetallic alloy containing 5-7 at% Cu at a temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and strain rates ranging from 10\({}^{-3}\) to 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) s\({}^{-1}\). The microstructural evolution of the various NiAlCu samples is observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM).
## 3 VLC System Model
### Modulation Characteristics and BER Performance  
Each modulation scheme employed in this study possesses distinct characteristics that affect the performance of the VLC system. Additionally, the impact of ambient light interference varies across the modulation schemes due to their unique spectral attributes. This subsection highlights these characteristics and provides the BER expressions for the modulation schemes under consideration.  
1. **NRZ**: Its superior performance, particularly under ambient light interference, can be attributed to its lower spectral width and better energy efficiency, which reduce vulnerability to noise. The BER expression of NRZ is written as [16]: \[BER_{NRZ}=Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{P_{r}^{2}}{N_{0}}}\right)\] (7) where \(P_{r}\) is the received optical power, \(N_{0}\) is the noise power spectral density and \(Q(.)\) is the \(Q\)-function and given as: \[Q(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{x}^{\infty}e^{-i^{2}/2}dt\] (8)
2. **RZ**: While RZ modulation offers better timing accuracy, its higher bandwidth requirement and shorter pulse duration make it more susceptible to interference and attenuation, explaining its relatively lower performance. Its BER is expressed as [16]: \[BER_{RZ}=Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{2P_{r}^{2}}{N_{0}}}\right)\] (9)
3. **QPSK**: The robust phase-based modulation of QPSK provides enhanced resilience to noise and interference, which is why it performs well under challenging conditions. For QPSK, the BER is [27]: \[BER_{QPSK}=Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{2 SNR}{N}}\right)\] (10) where \(N\) is the number of spatial streams in MIMO systems. The SNR in a MIMO system is calculated as: \[SNR_{MIMO}=\frac{\|\mathbf{H}\mathbf{p}_{t}\|^{2}}{N_{0}}\] (11)where \(\mathbf{P_{t}}\) is the transmitted power vector. According to the above expressions, the BER in VLC systems depends on the received SNR, channel conditions, and the modulation scheme.
# Optimum Slot and Pole Design for Vibration Reduction in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
## 5 Conclusions  
The present study analysed the main design parameters in PMSMs, the number of slots and poles, to determine their effect on vibrations. Using simple and fast calculations such as the LCM and the GCD of the number of slots and the number of poles, a significant amount of information  was obtained. The harmonics to take into account in terms of vibration were determined, as was the likelihood of their amplitudes being significant.  
Based on these findings, design guidelines were presented for an optimum vibratory behaviour. These propose that the highest or lowest possible GCD should be set if the vibration is required to be concentrated in one or a few harmonics. In these cases, the frequency range to be avoided should be taken into account. In the contrary case, if it is desired that the vibration is equally distributed over many harmonics, it is proposed that nonexcessively low Least Common Multiple and Greatest Common Divider values are chosen.  
The results were validated with experimental measurements of the natural frequencies and the vibration response carried out in several machines.  
The main limitation of the procedure proposed in this study is that the amplitudes are unknown. In some cases, it is not possible to know which of the predominant harmonics of two machines will be larger. Another limitation is that changing the number of slots may require a different winding, therefore, some characteristics of the motor may change significantly.  
A more in-depth optimisation of the design is possible when the worst harmonic is identified. In changing the shape of the magnets, the amplitudes of the harmonics of the magnetomotive force may change, thus, the amplitude of the harmonics with the highest amplitudes could be reduced. In addition, the design rules proposed consider only the vibratory behaviour, and changes in electromagnetic performance should be analysed. It is therefore a subject of future work to establish design guidelines to optimise vibrations together with the electromagnetic performance such as the torque.  
Conceptualization, M.M. and A.M.; methodology, A.M. and J.P.; validation, J.P., S.Z. and J.I.; investigation, A.M. and S.Z.; resources, L.I.; data curation, M.M.; writing--original draft preparation, M.M.; writing--review and editing, A.M.; visualization, J.I.; supervision, J.P.; project administration, L.I.; funding acquisition, A.M. and L.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Ekonomiaren Garapen eta Lehiakortsum Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza, grant number ZL-2018/00503 and ZL-2019/00554 and by Orona EIC.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
FE Finite Element  
GCD Greatest Common Divider  
LCM Least Common Multiple  
MMF Magnetomotive Force  
UMF Unbalanced Magnetic Force