esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 SLR Methodology
### Screening  
To ensure the relevance and quality of studies included in the SLR, we established specific eligibility criteria. Since this study involved a review of the published literature, we did not require ethical approval. We divided the screening process into two stages: (1) filtering, which we conducted automatically through databases, and (2) evaluation of research questions, which three authors assessed. During the filtering stage, the author refined search results to ensure that the selected literature met standards for broad dissemination, scientific rigor, and academic excellence. This review assessed the risk of bias in the studies included by examining factors such as study design, sample size, and potential conflicts of interest. The authors paid special attention to methodologies reporting maritime cyber-attack incidents, as inconsistencies in reporting standards could affect findings. This review also considered the influence of funding sources on study outcomes. This process identified 116 studies that explicitly focused on cyber-attacks within the MSCN.  
The requirement for English language was satisfied by 99.1% in Scopus and 99.2% in Web of Science. Only papers published in peer-reviewed journals were included to ensure a rigorous evaluation procedure [38]. To ensure the integrity of the research, gray literature, including blogs, government papers, and conference proceedings, was omitted.  
Applying the filtering process, 81.3% of papers from Scopus and 71.4% from Web of Science were eliminated. In addition, 114 duplicates were eliminated. The authors  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Group 1: Cybernetic Component** & **Group 2: Maritime Component** \\ \hline Cyber & Maritime \\ Cybersecurity & Shipping \\ Digital security & Sea transport \\ Malware analysis & Marine industry \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Keywords used in the search.  
assessed various outcomes using appropriate effect measures. In this review, the impact was evaluated by analyzing operational disruption frequencies and comparing the relative vulnerability of shipping companies based on their cybersecurity measures. Additionally, qualitative insights regarding financial implications were examined, focusing on reported losses and recovery times [39; 40]. These metrics were selected based on their relevance to the RQs and data types, providing a comprehensive understanding of cyber threats' effects on maritime operations to inform industry stakeholders.  
The remaining papers' titles, abstracts, and conclusions were examined to verify whether they aligned with this study's objectives. This process resulted in the identification of 116 studies that explicitly focused on cyber-attacks within the MSCN.  
Finally, the authors carefully reviewed the complete texts of 116 papers that successfully passed the initial screening. To facilitate this assessment, Table 3 was used to systematically organize the information from these papers into two main categories: general information and information specifically relevant to addressing RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3, as previously detailed in Section 1.
# SDN-OpenFlow Topology Discovery: An Overview of Performance Issues
## 3 Recent SDN Topology Discovery Performance Studies
### Control Channel Improvement Algorithms
In terms of restoring the OpenFlow control channel failover mechanism, SDN-Switches can detect a broken link but must wait for the SDN-Controller to generate alternate pathways. Therefore, the authors in [102; 103] looked at how to protect and recover from control channel failures. Authors in [102] employed both recovery and protection methods for data channel failures. In the recovery process, the SDN-Controller constructs alternative paths depending on the complete two-segment graphs of the topology of the network, and the SDN-Controller will use the weighted functions to the alternative paths to rebuilt SDN-Switches control channel path. Moreover, in control channel protection, the SDN-Controller identifies flow entries for the SDN-Switches. However, this proposal has drawbacks related to both processes (recovery and protection) as the increase of failover times as the number of SDN-Switches grows and handling with rapid changes in network topologies. Therefore, these drawbacks were overcome in [103] by using both a flexible network hypervisor-based structure. The suggested solution involves calculating backup pathways (Dijkstra algorithm) in a finer timeframe (e.g., 5 s), and only configuring recovery flow rules if a physical network failure is detected. In addition, another recovery control channel based on the use of multiple SDN-Controllers in in-band networks has been proposed in [60]. The master SDN-Controller is in charge of network control at the stable level, while the other SDN-Controllers are on standby to take over the network control in the event of failure. The authors planned the control paths using the K-best path technique on a modified graph, and in this way, each SDN-Switch would be serviced by several SDN-Controllers with discontinuous pathways. Furthermore, the authors in [104], attempted to reduce the impact of control channel service failure by predicting link failure before it occurred. The authors used a machine learning technique for their proposed method that re-computes the locations of access control policies and reduces their violation in the event of link failure.
# Compliant Human-Robot Collaboration with Accurate Path-Tracking Ability for a Robot Manipulator
## 2 Problem Formulation and Methodology  
As we discussed in the previous section, the most effective way to accomplish particular human-robot collaboration in the fields of rehabilitation, industrial assembly, education, and physical training is by guiding the user to closely follow an optimal path with robots, while reserving a certain degree of compliance for safe and smooth human-robot interaction. In these applications, the path is defined in advance by domain experts. The goal of this paper is to design a controller that confines the end effector of a robot on the path but allows it to move forward or backward freely along the path depending on the direction of external forces. If the external force is too weak or null, a virtual force is applied to the end effector from the controller to track the path autonomously and accurately. In other words, the proposed control system endows the robot with directional compliance along a prescribed path, and high stiffness in other directions for accurate path tracking. Moreover, the degree of compliance is online adjustable according to the applied forces and safety operation criteria of the robot such that the interaction between the human and the robot is safe, comfortable, and intuitive.  
In this paper, we consider an n-joint robot that carries out tasks in the 3D task space, where \(n\geq 3\). An F/T sensor is mounted on the end effector of the robot to measure external forces. To accomplish the goal of this paper, we propose a dual-loop control structure as shown in Figure 2. The inner loop is dedicated to precision motion control in the joint space. Namely, given the desired trajectory in the joint space \(q_{d}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\), the motion controller in the inner loop calculates the corresponding joint torque such that the actual joint angle follows \(q_{d}\) accurately. \(q_{d}\) is determined by the outer admittance control loop based on the desired task space path and the external force \(F_{ext}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\). The filtered external force \(f_{ext}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\) is projected to the tangent direction of the path and then converted to the corresponding task space velocity \(\dot{r}_{d}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\) through an admittance function whose parameters are online adjustable. Then, \(\dot{r}_{d}\) is transformed to the joint space to obtain \(q_{d}\). In the following subsections, we present the details of the techniques used in the proposed dual-loop control structure.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)  
The molecule structures of RHC and 3D nanofibrous scaffolds were analyzed by FT-IR, and the results are shown in Figure 3D. The typical amide bands of a collagen molecule can be noticed from the obtained RHC spectra. Specifically, Amide I was found at 1625 cm\({}^{-1}\), which corresponds to stretching vibrations of vC=O and vN-H. Amide II was observed at 1540 cm\({}^{-1}\), which corresponds to 8N-H deformation vibrations. Amide A found at 3291 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponds to the vO-H and vN-H vibrations, and vC-H corresponds to Amide B, which was found at 3079 cm\({}^{-1}\). Moreover, Amide I and II were found at 1655 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1565 cm\({}^{-1}\) of a 3D nanofibrous scaffold [36]. The intensity of the Amide II band of the nanofibrous scaffold was found to be decreased significantly in comparing to the spectra of RHC, which indicates the number of -NH\({}_{2}\) group of RHC or chitosan molecules that changed into N-H as intermolecular crosslinks formed between chitosan and RHC or within the RHC molecules by the EDC crosslinking [23].
## 2 IEEE 1588 (PTP)
### Time-Synchronization Mechanism of PTP  
PTP, which is defined in IEEE 1588, calculates the delay and offset through PTP messages exchanged between the master and slave and synchronizes their clocks. In this process, the PTP message type is determined according to the synchronization mechanism. Mechanisms for correcting the offset and delay through PTP include end-to-end (E2E) and peer-to-peer (P2P), which are also referred to as a delay-request response and peer delay, respectively.
## 1 Introduction
shifted their focus to investigate the behavior of notched tubes under bending loads. For instance, they conducted cyclic bending tests on tubes featuring circumferential sharp notches [25], as well as cyclic bending tests on tubes incorporating localized sharp cuts [26]. Although [PERSON] et al. [27] conducted relevant research on the response and fracture of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy RHTs with different hole orientations and hole diameters under cyclic bending loads, one question that arises is whether the observed behaviors--such as moment-curvature, ovalization-curvature, and the relationship between controlled curvature and the number of cycles required to induce fracture--are consistent with those of other materials. Furthermore, this paper will delve into a thorough discussion on the applicability of the theory proposed by [PERSON] et al. [27] to other materials, building upon their research on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy RHTs. Carbon steel tubing is known for its durability and ability to withstand pressure and environmental conditions. It is an ideal material for structural applications and is the most commonly used tube in industrial applications. Carbon steel tubing has high strength, good toughness, good resistance to stress and impact, as well as tightness, good plasticity, easy welding and heat processing, thin wall thickness, and it saves metal. However, its corrosion resistance is poor, and appropriate anti-corrosion measures are required. Due to functional requirements, carbon steel tubes may undergo various machining processes, including drilling, grooving, and circumferential cutting. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the response and fracture of EMT carbon steel RHTs with different hole orientations and hole diameters under cyclic bending.
## 5 Results and Discussions
### Analysis of SEVI by AGEB  
In general terms, it can be observed that the majority of the AGEBs that make up the urban area of the municipality of Tijuana exhibit a predominantly medium level of socio-environmental vulnerability (Figure 7). This pattern is observed in 475 out of 692 AGEBs, accounting for a total of 1,382,826 inhabitants, representing 71.93% of the total population (Table 2). It can be noted that both the Middle-High and Middle-Low vulnerability levels are distributed across various areas of the city.  
On the other hand, slightly more than 226,000 inhabitants, distributed across 112 AGEBs and representing 11.78% of the total population of the municipality, are situated within a Low to Very Low level of socio-environmental vulnerability. However, fewer than 285,000 inhabitants, located in 105 AGEBs and representing 14.78% of the total population, are found within a High to Very High level of socio-environmental vulnerability.  
It is worth mentioning that there are a total of 29,162 inhabitants who are not part of the urban area of the municipality of Tijuana or within any AGEB and who represent 1.52% of Tijuana's population. These individuals are excluded from the analysis in this research.  
Figure 7: SEVI by AGEB in the municipality of Tijuana, BC, Mexico.  
The SEVI analysis conducted by AGEB provided an initial insight into the situation faced by much of the urban population of Tijuana regarding the lack of access to education, healthcare services, employment, adequate housing conditions, basic services, and infrastructure. It also highlighted health impacts resulting from residing in areas where air pollution emissions or solid waste disposal affect the environment, as well as living in unsuitable zones due to topographical conditions or the risk of potential flooding. Regarding health impacts, there are records of how sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and suspended particles cause various adverse health effects such as irritation of the respiratory tract, bronchitis, pneumonia, reduction in lung function, worsening of asthma, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and impairment of the body's ability to respond to various conditions such as oxidative stress, representing morbidity and mortality risks. Likewise, carbon monoxide can be dangerous, causing dizziness, unconscious, and death at high concentrations. Fine particles are also associated with the development of diabetes and can affect fetal formation [1; 18].
## 4 Discussion
Because LSA is affected by pelvic rotation, and HMS is a crucial factor affecting lumbopelvic movement [16; 42], this may mean that LSA is not affected by the flexibility groups identified by MST measurement. However, past studies have found that LSA affected back muscle activation [43], which can cause different lumbar spine extension forces to have different effects on FRP. This study is the first attempt at developing an onset indicator to quantify the definition of FRP. Determining when FRP occurs is more practical and meaningful. From the perspective of occupational ergonomics, when a flexible worker engages in a deep trunk flexion posture, they bear a relatively low spinal load. This is useful for the prevention of possible lower back injury on site. In this study, when TTT was used to classify the flexibility group, a significant positive correlation was found between LES FRP onset and the flexibility value (r = 0.553, \(p<0.01\)). The higher the TTT value, the slower the FRP occurrence, which means that FRP can be delayed or even avoided in specific trunk postures. Compared with TTT, the methods of measuring MST and SRT were positively correlated only with the FRP onset of the TES (r = 0.388-0.399, all \(p<0.05\)). Regarding the HMS, no correlation was observed between the flexibility value and the FRP onset, regardless of the measurement of flexibility. This is reasonable because HMS FRP occurs in the final stage of trunk flexion [39]. These findings provide a practical reference for screening and health training employees who require deeper trunk flexion during their daily work. Several study limitations should be highlighted. The sample size (40 young male participants) in this study is relatively small because the sample was divided into three flexibility groups and then analyzed, even though the results may be significant. The results could not be applicable to the female population because of the inherent difference in flexibility between the genders [44]. Another concern in the study was that static trunk positions were examined, and the results should be further verified through a test of dynamic trunk movement. Because specific trunk positions were performed by the participants, the FRP occurrence was judged by these trunk flexion ranges, instead of a distinct trunk angle. In addition, besides the TTT, the flexibility levels (i.e., high, middle and low) in the study were determined based on the average flexibility values, as suggested by the previous studies, as well as the sample size and the flexibility allocation. This merits further investigation.
# Mouth Sounds: A Review of Acoustic Applications and Methodologies
## 5 Discussion
### Acoustic Feature Analysis  
From the revised literature, it was observed that researchers used statistical tests to evaluate the relationship between acoustic features and mouth sound conditions. Tests such as the t-test, ANOVA, and correlation tests were used to describe these relationships. ML algorithms were mostly employed for pattern recognition and the detection of conditions. It is important to note that ML and DL communities are moving toward audio-visual learning [141]. As is known, most ML/DL tools were designed based on human learning and animal behaviors. For both entities, a higher number of sensory inputs (more environmental information) leads to a more accurate human/animal response. Therefore,it appears consistent that novel ML/DL strategies are moving toward generating and representing audio-visual information to achieve better performance in the recognition of speech and voice.  
Regarding the sample size, several studies did not have sufficient signals to work with DL algorithms, as they require a sufficiently large amount of training data [67,113]. Despite the reduced amount of signal information, SVM was the most-used ML method, suggesting a standard and reliable method to analyze and classify mouth sounds [49,108,111,115,121,142].  
In some cases, authors preferred to use databases to train and prepare classification algorithms. All studies concerning emotion recognition used recorded data from those databases, but none of the studies used the same dataset. Therefore, a direct comparison of the results might not be valid. This limitation indicates the need for standard comparison methods in acoustic signals from several databases to reasonably observe significant differences across methodologies. Variation in recording databases across studies can affect results, as mentioned in [55] regarding phonetic differences.
## 4 Discussion
### Policy Implications  
The adoption of RFID tagging in the EU milk supply chain presents significant policy implications for enhancing sustainability, traceability, and supply chain efficiency. As the EU prioritizes food safety, traceability, and environmental goals, RFID technology can play a crucial role by ensuring traceability from farm to consumer, enhancing quality control, and reducing waste throughout the supply chain [30]. The data collected through RFID systems can be utilized to optimize logistics and inventory management [14], contributing to more efficient resource use, lower transportation emissions, and reduced GHG emissions. For instance, our current study demonstrates that the implementation of RFID technology has been linked to reductions of up to 3.53 million tons of CO\({}_{2}\)-eq in greenhouse gas emissions and the conservation of approximately 3.78 million m\({}^{3}\) of water resources by 2035. These reductions align with the EU's ambitious climate and sustainability goals, underscoring the policy potential of RFID adoption in the dairy sector.  
From a regulatory perspective, the increasing demand for transparency and sustainability is pushing for technologies that provide detailed information about product origins and supply chain processes [30]. As RFID technology becomes more affordable, its widespread deployment can be a cornerstone of EU food supply chain modernization, supporting regulatory requirements for food traceability and improving overall supply chain efficiency. Furthermore, the push for 100% read rates akin to conventional barcode technology and the development of more affordable RFID tags is expected to bolster RFID's reliability and scalability, as emphasized by [PERSON] et al. (2022) [21]. These developments will be essential to achieving the EU's traceability and sustainability objectives. Research into environmentally friendly sensor materials [31], such as biodegradable polymers and conductive organic niks, offers further opportunities to develop low-cost, eco-friendly RFID tags, thereby minimizing environmental impacts from the production of RFID components. Overall, the future trajectory of RFID technology in the EU milk supply chain is poised to address multiple policy priorities, including enhancing food safety, improving supply chain transparency, and meeting stringent sustainability targets. Regulatory incentives and investments in R&D for RFID innovations, such as the integration of low-cost printed antennas and the development of chipless RFID technology, can further support the dairy industry's shift toward a more sustainable and efficient supply chain.
# Development and Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Disc Cutter System for TBMs
## 5 Experimental Verification
### Experimental Principle  
At present, there is no standard experimental method for evaluating the fastening performance of complex structural parts. However, for the TCS and the new TBM ICS, the fastening of the two structures comes from the connection of the screw and the nut. Therefore, the anti-loosening performance of the structure is directly related to the anti-loosening performance of the screw and nut [27]. Currently, the experimental methods of the anti-loosening performance of bolt fasteners are widely studied, mainly including the following three methods: the anchor bolt method [28], the sleeve test method, and the lateral vibration test method [29]. The anchor bolt method has been eliminated due to its long experimental period and unsatisfactory experimental results. Both the sleeve test method and the lateral vibration test method apply a transverse sinusoidal load on the fastener and determine the looseness of the fastener by measuring the pre-tension of the fastener [30]. In the above two kinds of experiments, the smaller the reduction in preload, the better is the anti-loosening performance of the fastener. This paper mainly referred to the evaluation principle of the lateral vibration experiment method and evaluated the anti-loosening performance of the new TBM ICS by measuring the percentage of the preload of the two cutter systems failing at the same time. In the experiment, the two cutter systems were consistent in terms of the scale ratio, processing materials, bolt grades, and loading conditions, which excluded the influence of other factors on the experiment.