## 2 Policy Goals of Urban Transition in the Oresund Region
### National Policy Goals and Challenges Related to the Agenda
Energy reductions in buildings do not only depend on building constructions and energy supply, but varies significantly with behavior of the end users. [PERSON] [20] found individual variations in consumption patterns in the order of 30% in identical semi-detached houses and showed a rebound effect after renovation, so that the realized energy savings can be expected to be lower than technical calculations suggest. Economic incentives for achieving reductions in energy consumption by end users include energy tariffs that are generally higher in Denmark than in Sweden, see the example of electricity prices in Figure 1 suggesting a larger incentive to reduce consumption in Denmark than in Sweden. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & **Total Energy** & **Percentage of** & **Percentage of Energy** \\  & **Supply** & **Fossil Fuel** & **Supply as Electricity** \\ \hline Sweden & 551 TWh & 31\% & 27\% \\ Denmark & & 78\% & \\ EU-27 & 20,400 TWh & 76\% & 16\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Share of fossil fuel in total energy supply in Sweden, Denmark and EU-27, 2010. Source: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2013) [15]. Households' total energy consumption in Denmark has stayed largely constant since 1990 despite an increase in households. It is concluded that the agenda of urban transition has different points of origin and prerequisites in Denmark and Sweden. For example, in the Swedish case, reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from the built environment is difficult to achieve on the basis of its relatively low contribution to national emissions, especially if the associated cost for measures with which this is to be achieved is higher in the built environment than equivalent reductions in other sectors. Energy refurbishing of the building stock has a larger effect on the CO\({}_{2}\) emission in Denmark than in Sweden, as long as the energy sources are dominated by fossil fuels. Figure 1: Electricity prices for household consumers, second half 2011 (1) (EUR per kWh)—energy tariffs and taxes make up over 50% of the electricity bill in Denmark. Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204) [21]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Share of Electricity and District Heating in Energy Consumption 2010**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sector**} & **Electricity in** & **District Heating** & **Total in Percent of** & **Total Energy** \\  & **Percent by Sector** & **in Percent** & **Total Consumption** & **Consumption (TJ)** \\ \hline Transport & 1 & 0 & 1 & 209 \\ Industrial production & 28 & 5 & 33 & 138 \\ Commerce \& services & 45 & 37 & 82 & 85 \\ Single family houses & 19 & 23 & 42 & 142 \\ Apartment blocks & 19 & 69 & 88 & 50 \\ In total & 18 & 17 & 35 & 635 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Share of electricity and district heating in energy consumption by sector 2010, Denmark. Source: Concito and Energistyrelsen (Danish Energy Agency, 2013) [19]. Both countries merge general climate and energy agendas, and urban transition may incorporate implicit objectives like the broader goal of improving human wellbeing in the built environment. This is further explored below in the case of the climate plans of Copenhagen and Malmo.