## 4 Discussion
Our study has confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids in _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_. In our investigation, the extracts of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ showed strong antioxidant activity by reduction of hydrogen peroxide, and by DPPH assay. Thus, the present study can suggest that the antioxidant potential of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ might be due to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. Besides, ROS and oxidative stress have been proven to have a vital role in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Therefore, we further propose that the antioxidant potential of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extracts might be beneficial against the treatment and management of various health aliments. Hydroxyl free radicals are one of the leading ROS and are found to be involved in various deadly diseases such as cancer. It has already been reported that the formation of hydroxyl free radicals due to the disintegration of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) in the blood results in DNA damage and induction of carcinogenesis. Besides, hydroxyl radicals are also capable of activating oncogenes, including C-Raf-1 and K-ras [42]. In our study, _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extracts displayed strong H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) scavenging activity, which may be due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Based on our data, it can be suggested that these plant extracts can be used as a therapeutic strategy against hydroxyl radical-induced oncogenesis. Inflammation progression is a primary physiologic defense mechanism against different factors such as burn, infection, allergens, toxic chemicals, and other stimuli [43]. However, inflammation has been known to be involved in liver tissue damage, and severe fibrinogenesis, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, anti-inflammatory approaches can be therapeutic strategies for tumor prevention and treatment [6]. One of the significant causes for the development of inflammatory response is the denaturation of biological proteins and subsequent inactivation [27]. Besides, inflammation is also caused by the destruction of adjacent healthy tissues due to the release of histamine by damaged tissues. Thus, the protecting ability of a drug against heat-induced hemolysis and its potential to stabilize the human red blood cell membrane can be suggested to be linked with their anti-inflammatory activity [2; 44]. Besides, there are some enzymes called proteinase that is capable of inducing tissue damage. The anti-proteinase activity can be included as the anti-inflammatory property of a drug [2; 45]. Our study shows that _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extracts have excellent anti-inflammatory properties at 600 \(\mu\)g/mL concentration. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory ability of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extract may be attributed to the presence of medically active flavonoids, as suggested by [PERSON] [46]. The matrix metalloproteinases activation by ROS leads to severe damage to tissues such as collagen, as found in various arthritic reactions [28]. Denaturation of proteins results in the formation of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), auto-antigens become accumulated in synovial joints leading to inflammation of the joint [47]. To investigate the anti-arthritic activity of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extract, we induced the denaturation of egg albumin in the absence and presence of extracts separately. Our data showed that _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extract inhibited the heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin. The ability of these extracts to scavenge ROS might be responsible for the protection against heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin and the production of autoantibodies. This suggests that _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ are anti-arthritic in nature, and the inclusion of these plants as a supplement can reduce pain and inflammation occurring in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Glycation is a chief contributor to AGEs formation [13] and diabetic complications [7].