# Clinical, Research, and Educational Applications of ChatGPT in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
## 3 Results  
The search engines yielded a total of 405 results. Duplicate studies were excluded, resulting in 268 remaining studies. Among these, 69 articles were excluded because they did not fit into the study design inclusion criteria. Analyzing the abstracts of 199 studies, 64 were discarded because they did not align with this review's objective or they did not pertain to ChatGPT or any other AI program, and 45 were excluded because they related to a specific field of medicine (cardiology, orthopedic surgery, neurology, etc.). Finally, 90 articles underwent full-text examination. Each research study was then categorized according to the topic covered (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Topic** & **Subtopic** & **Authors (Year)** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline
**Administrative** & & [PERSON], et al. (2023) (2023) & ChatGPT can streamline administrative workflows and aid in clinical decision support, given comprehensive, unbiased data. However, it raises privacy and cybersecurity concerns and lacks reliability and up-to-date knowledge compared to traditional search engines, especially for health queries. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & AI programs’ treatment recommendations generally matched the current literature with up to 75\% agreement, though data sources were often missing, except for Bard. Both GPT-4 and clinician reviews suggested procedures potentially leading to overtreatment. GPT-4 had the highest overall accuracy. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & The proficiency of ChatGPT in handling intricate reasoning queries within pathology demonstrated a noteworthy level of relational accuracy. Consequently, its text output created coherent links between elements, producing meaningful responses. This suggests that scholars or students can rely on this program to address reasoning-based inquiries. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & GPT-4 excelled in providing high-quality information on controversial dental topics. However, developers should incorporate scientific citation authenticators to validate citations due to the high incidence of fabricated references. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & A content-aware chatbot using GPT-4 reliably provided recommendations according to current consensus guidelines. The responses were deemed trustworthy and transparent and therefore facilitate the integration of artificial intelligence into clinical decision-making. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2023) (2023) & A content-aware chatbot using GPT-4 reliably followed current guidelines, providing trustworthy and transparent recommendations. This supports AI’s integration into clinical decision-making. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & ChatGPT-4 demonstrates potential as an auxiliary tool for diagnosing typical and mildly atypical presentations of common diseases. However, its performance declines with greater atypicality. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Diagnostics and radiology_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & The performance of the GPT program in describing and providing differential diagnoses for radiolucent lesions in panoramic radiographs is variable and at this stage limited in its use for clinical application. \\ \hline
**Clinical** & _Endodontics_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) (2024) & GPT-3.5 provided more credible information on topics related to endodontics compared to Google Bard and Bing. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Studies included in this review.