## 2 Results
### Animal Model
#### 2.5.4 Fatty Acid Profile in Zucker Rat Livers  
The chromatogram obtained for the rat liver differed from the chromatogram of fatty acids identified in the leaves of European holly species, primarily in terms of the presence of long-chain acids. Analyses showed that palmitic, elaidic, stearic, arachidonic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant in all test groups (Table 8). Supplementation with the terpenoid fraction and saponins had a significant effect on the change in fatty acid content in the rat liver. A decrease in elaidic acid was observed in the TERP group and an increase in the SAP group; its high content is not desirable due to a decrease in HDL cholesterol. For linoleic acid, no differences were observed between the CON and TERP groups, but a decrease was observed in the SAP group. With respect to arachidonic acid, an increase was observed in the TERP group and a decrease in the SAP group. An analogous trend was also observed for docosahexaenoicenoic acid, which may be due to the conversion of \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid, the content of which decreases significantly in both study groups. Comparing the content of saturated and unsaturated acids, SFA acids predominated in all groups. However, in the SAP group, the content of MUFA acids was higher compared to the TERP group. Conversely, the content of PUFA acids in the group fed with the saponin fraction was clearly lower. In total, PUFA06 and PUFA03 acids in the SAP group were also observed in a lower proportion than for the CON and TERP groups. The hepatic lipid profile in Zucker rats has also been investigated in other works. [PERSON] et al. (2019), in their study's control group, showed the proportion of palmitic acid (16.31%), palmitoleic acid (20.40%), oleic acid (31.96%), arachidonic acid (9.78%) and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Fatty Acid 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI Exp. 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI Lit. 3**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & **CON 4** & **SAP 5** & **TERP 6** \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\% of Total Hepatic Triacylglycerlicerols**} \\ \hline Myristic acid & C14:0 & 1399 & 1400 & 2.36 7a & 2.56 b & 2.13 c \\ Palmitic acid & C16:0 & 1598 & 1600 & 23.92 a & 25.54 b & 23.33 c \\ Palmitoleic acid & C16:1u7 & 1636 & 1632 & 9.56 a & 10.77 c & 9.02 b \\ Stearic acid & C18:0 & 1800 & 1800 & 11.52 a & 12.05 c & 11.64 b \\ Elaidic acid & C18:1u9 & 1821 & 1818 & 17.64 a & 21.44 c & 15.61 b \\ Oleic acid & C18:1u9 & 1818 & 1819 & 4.34 a & 4.62 c & 4.21 b \\ Vaccenic acid & C18:1u7 & 1829 & 1823 & 0.18 ab & 0.23 b & 0.15 a \\ Linoleic acid & C18:2u6 & 1866 & 1874 & 8.34 a & 6.75 b & 8.32 a \\ \(\gamma\)-Linolenic acid & C18:3u6 & 1899 & 1896 & 0.27 a & 0.20 b & 0.21 b \\ \(\alpha\)-Linolenic acid & C18:3u3 & 1931 & 1928 & 1.79 a & 1.57 b & 1.40 c \\ Gondoic acid & C20:1u9 & 2018 & 2022 & 0.17 a & 0.12 a & 0.06 b \\ Dihomo-\(\gamma\)-linolenic acid & C20:3u6 & 2091 & 2096 & 1.76 a & 1.14 c & 1.68 b \\ Arachidic acid & C20:40u6 & 2117 & 2115 & 9.01 a & 6.61 c & 11.71 b \\ Eicosapentaenoic acid & C20:5u3 & 2179 & 2181 & 1.22 a & 0.78 b & 1.23 a \\ Docosapentaenoic acid & C22:5u3 & 2359 & 2362 & 1.43 a & 1.06 c & 1.31 b \\ Docosahexaenoic acid & C22:6w3 & 2418 & 2416 & 6.44 a & 4.42 c & 8.03 b \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{FA content of the liver (\(\mu\)g/mg)} & 215 a & 208 a & 172 b \\ \hline  & & \(\Sigma\)SFA 8 & 37.81 a & 40.17 c & 37.07 b \\  & & \(\Sigma\)MUFA 9 & 31.96 a & 37.26 c & 29.05 b \\  & & \(\Sigma\)PUFA 10 & 30.22 a & 22.56 c & 33.88 b \\  & & \(\Sigma\)PUFAu06 & 19.37 a & 14.71 c & 21.91 b \\  & & \(\Sigma\)PUFAu03 & 10.85 a & 7.85 c & 11.97 b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} 1
[FOOTNOTE:1]Footnote 1: All compounds are expressed as GC-MS percentage of methyl esters; 2 experimental retention indices calculated against saturated fatty acids; 3  
Footnote 4: footnotemark: [ENDFOOTNOTE]  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Fatty acid profile in Zucker rat liver. docosahexanoic acid (3.45%) which together accounted for approximately 80% of the total lipid profile.