## 5 Results  
For the four selected events, that refer to the three main recent floods in the last years (1 December 2017, 3 March 2018, 11 March 2018) and to one summer day (14 August 2017), we produced maps by means of the proposed satellite-based procedures, exploiting radar and optical Sentinel data (Figures 4-7). Figure 4: 1 December 2017 event: (**a**) Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 6 December 2017: True colour composite 4/3/2; (**b**) Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 6 December 2017: SWIR/near-infrared (NIR)/Red composite 12/8a/4; (**c**) rapid flood map through Sentinel-1 radar image acquired on 5 December 2017; (**d**) NDWI map through optical image. Figure 5: 5 March 2018 event: (**a**) Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 8 March 2018: True colour composite 4/3/2; (**b**) Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 8 March 2018: SWIR/Red composite 12/8a/4; (**c**) rapid flood map through Sentinel-1 radar image acquired on 5 March 2017; (**d**) NDWI map through optical image. Figure 6: 11 March 2018 event: (**a**) True colour composite 432; (**b**) SWIR/NIR/Red composite 12 8a 4; (**c**) Rapid flood map through radar data; (**d**) NDWI map through optical data. Figure 7: 14 August 2017 event: (**a**) True colour composite 432; (**b**) SWIR/NIR/Red composite 12 8a 4; (**c**) rapid flood map through radar data; (**d**) NDWI map through optical data. Figure 4 includes images for the event occurred on 1 December 2017. The True Colours RGB composite (Figure 4a) and the SWIR composite were generated from Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 6 December 2017 highlighting the flooded territory closest to the lake, while the informal areas were not inundated. The rapid flood map produced through the Sentinel-1 radar image acquired on 5 December 2017 allows evidencing water surfaces in red colour confirming the partially flooded areas on the lakefront towards Shkoder city that were detected by the optical image (Figure 4c). Isolated water elements are recognizable also in the inland area, potentially due to the presence of some more moisturized zones or even possible water-lookalikes false positive pixels. The NDWI (Figure 4d) enables to better detect the lake extent even if this index provides not perfect outcomes in the mountainous region located eastwards the informal area n\({}^{\circ}\) 1, since shaded north-facing slopes are characterized by high NDWI values and thus are somewhere confused with water surfaces. Figure 5 shows the extracted map for the event occurred on 5 March 2018. The Sentinel-2 optical image was acquired on 8 March 2018, but it is very cloudy, so the two colors composites were not useful (Figure 5a,b). The derived NDWI map suffer from the cloud coverage and the composite shows it as water-lookalike zones areas displayed in blue color: They are false positive areas corresponding to cloud cover (Figure 5d) to be taken into consideration for avoiding misunderstandings. Nevertheless, the high-water level of the Shkoder lake can be indifferently detected from the optical images due to the no presence in the lakefront area of clouds (Figure 5a,b). Better results were obtained by means of Sentinel-1 radar image acquired on 5 March 2018 that permitted to provide a good rapid flood map, highlighting a wide flooded area on the lakesbore and some more partially flooded inland territories up to the informal areas (Figure 5c). Figure 6 shows images for the event occurred on 11 March 2018. The RGB colour composites true Colours and SWIR/NIR/Red derived from Sentinel-2 optical image acquired on 11 March 2018 (Figure 6a,b) reveal the high-water level of the Shkoder lake that inundated a large lakeside area. From the optical images it was almost difficult to precisely define the limit between the lake and the land. South-eastwards the water reached and inundated part of the informal areas.