esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhancing Diffusion-Based Music Generation Performance with LoRA
## 3 Applying LoRA to AudioLDM
### Parameter Efficiency of LoRA Integration  
This section presents a quantitative analysis of the parameter reduction achieved by applying LoRA solely to the query and value in the cross-attention layers of AudioLDM. The objective is to minimize computational overhead and maximize training efficiency by introducing only a few trainable parameters to layers that play a core role in information flow. The AudioLDM U-Net includes multiple attention layers with varying hidden dimensions (Figure 1).  
These variable-width cross-attention layers enable a hierarchical representation of music features, increasing the overall capacity and resolution of the model. Employing multiple attention mechanisms also presents several opportunities for targeted adaptation. Thus, inserting LoRA modules into each cross-attention layer provides a distributed and fine-grained mechanism for controlling generative behavior. The LoRA method modifies the linear transformation by adding a trainable low-rank matrix that compensates for the original weight matrix \(W\) (Figure 1) [10].  
For a single query or value, the number of additional trainable parameters introduced by LoRA is given by \(r\cdot d+d\cdot r=2 rd\). Each cross-attention layer introduces \(4 rd\) additional parameters, as LoRA is inserted in parallel for the query and value. Consequently, the total number of LoRA parameters in all attention layers is \(4r\sum d\), where \(d\) denotes the hidden dimension of each cross-attention layer. In this case, assuming the channel number in the baseline model is 128, the cross-attention layers follow a symmetric encoder-decoder structure, resulting in a total dimension sum of \(\sum d=3456\). Each LoRA projection layer (query and value) adds \(2 rd\) parameters; hence, the total number of additional parameters between both projection layers in all cross-attention layers can be expressed as \(2r\times 2\sum d=13,824r\). Thus, the number of additional parameters linearly increases with the rank \(r\) of LoRA. For example, when \(r=2\), 27,648 parameters are introduced. This number represents only about 0.0153% of the total model parameters (about 181 million), indicating an extremely lightweight fine-tuning scheme. Such parameter efficiency enables rapid and cost-effective adaptation to domains with limited data or to specific musical genres, without compromising the generalizability of the pretrained model. Furthermore, freezing the original weights and training only the LoRA modules ensures training stability and computational efficiency.  
Figure 1: Architecture with applied LoRA modules in the attention layers of AudioLDM.
# Enhanced Scalability and Security in Blockchain-Based Transportation Systems for Mass Gatherings
## 5 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Research Directions  
Although the suggested system has a reliable technical design, several flaws indicate the need to interpret the research carefully and conduct further investigation in future studies. First, the system's test was limited to a controlled experimental setting, which, although it allows for narrow testing, does not precisely represent the variation and unpredictability of a real-life deployment, particularly in complex, high-density settings such as Hajj. Under the hardware constraints, no more than 5000 transactions per second (TPS) could be tested, though in the real world, 10,000 TPS might be required, which added some doubt to the performance at peak loads. Moreover, both security analyses primarily focused on traditional cryptographic and consensus vulnerabilities, resulting in a gap in coverage of issues such as insider threats, social engineering, and state-level adversary strategies. Despite the architecture incorporating post-quantum cryptography, the lack of practical quantum attacks tests limits the amount of faith that can be placed on the future-proofing nature of the architecture against emergent threats.  
In future work, it is crucial to test the system in as many real-world conditions as possible to more accurately evaluate its performance in actual operating environments, where network latency, device capabilities, and user behavior can vary. Scalable testing for larger concurrency factors (CFs) and high TPS should preferably be conducted using cloud-based simulation platforms or through collaboration with industry partners to verify its applicability in real-world settings. It is also recommended to significantly enhance detailed threat modeling by incorporating socio-technical attack vectors and, if necessary, collaborating with cybersecurity experts specializing in human-centric and geopolitical threats. Regarding deployment, future research should explore coordination models among stakeholders and cross-border governance structures, emphasizing both sociopolitical feasibility and technical scalability. Studies focusing on consolidating edge infrastructure for reliability, fault tolerance, and maintenance across geographically diverse regions will also enhance the viability of deploying edge systems. Finally, a regional cost-benefit analysis, based on practical measurements of infrastructural status, is necessary to support investment decisions and policymaking tailored to different operational environments.
## 3 Numerical Methodology and Experimental Verification  
### Numerical Methods and Solution Settings  
Computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS-CFX18.0 was used to simulate the three-stage mixed-transport pump. The water (liquid phase) and air (gas phase) were respectively treated as a consecutive medium fluid and a dispersed fluid. In this calculation, considering the transfer of turbulent shear stress, the SST turbulence model, which can accurately predict the flow separation under a reverse pressure gradient, was used for the continuous fluid (water), while the dispersed fluid (air) was taken in the dispersed phase zero equation model.  
The boundary conditions for the calculations were set as follows: the inlet was set to have a static pressure and the outlet was given a mass flow rate in accordance with the experiment data, and the physical walls of the mixed-transport pump were equipped with a non-sliding wall. The  
Figure 3: Location of the monitoring point.  
Figure 2: Grids of the impeller and the diffuser.  
frozen rotor methods and transient rotor stator method were respectively adopted for the steady-state and transient numerical calculations to couple the stationary and the rotating parts. The convergence condition of the steady-state numerical calculation was set to an RMS value less than \(10^{-4}\). Then, the steady-state simulation outcomes were obtained as the original value for the transient numerical calculation [19; 20]. In accordance with the impeller rotation speed, the time step was determined to be \(Ti=60/(3500\times 180)=9.5238\times 10^{-5}\) s. The different IGVFs were set at the inlet during the numerical simulations. For example, when the IGVFs = 5%, the inlet gas content was set to 0.05 and the liquid volume fraction was set to 0.95.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Bulk tin (Sn) and Sn nanoparticles (NPs; 70 nm, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), glued onto a glass substrate, were ablated by different laser pulses to form LIP, with further HHG during the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses. The part of uncompressed radiation from a Ti: sapphire laser (central wavelength of 806 nm, pulse duration of 370 ps, pulse energy of 10 mJ, and a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz) was used as a heating pulse (HP) for the target ablation (Figure 1). We also used a Nd: YAG laser for target ablation, using 1064 nm, 10 ns pulses.  
The focused compressed (64 fs) driving pulses (DP) were propagated through the LIP at a distance of 0.2 mm above the target surface. Apart from the single-color pump (SCP; 806 nm) of plasmas, we used the two-color pump (TCP; 806 nm and 403 nm) to generate odd and even harmonics. A 0.2 mm-thick beta-barium borate (BBO; type I) crystal was inserted into the vacuum chamber in the path of the focused 806 nm driving pulses to generate a second harmonic (\(\lambda\) = 403 nm, 3% conversion efficiency).  
We also used an optical parametric amplifier (OPA), pumped by the above-described laser, to apply the tunable NIR DP for HHG in the LIP. The signal pulses from the OPA were used as the DP (0.8 mJ, 70 fs, 1280 nm). The intensity of the focused NIR DP inside the LIP was \(2\times 10^{14}\) W cm\({}^{-2}\). Most of the experiments using the OPA were carried out using the TCP of the LIP. We used the second harmonic (H2) of the signal pulses to apply the TCP scheme (NIR and H2) for HHG in the plasma.  
The harmonic radiation was analyzed using an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectrometer containing a gold-coated spherical mirror and a 1200 grooves/mm flat-field grating with variable line spacing. The spectrum was recorded on a micro-channel plate (MCP) detector with a phosphor screen, which was imaged onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The movement of the MCP along the focusing plane of the flat-field grating allowed for the observation of harmonics in different regions of the XUV spectrometer.  
Figure 1: Experimental scheme. DP: driving pulse; HP: heating pulse; T: target; P: laser-induced plasma; H: harmonic emission; XUVS: extreme ultraviolet spectrometer.
# A Community-Based Construct Method for an Inter-Satellite Communication Network of Satellite Swarm
## 4 Optimized Constructions of ICNS  
### ICNS for One State Period  
Although the lengths of ISLs in the ICNS for one single slot (ICNS-OSS) will change over time, the type and number of ISLs remains stable throughout the slot. Thus, the ICNS for a single slot cannot be treated as a dynamic network. However, the ICNS for multiple slots is a typical dynamic network, in which both lengths and existences of the edges change over time. Obviously, an edge exists during some slots due to the establishment of the corresponding ISL, and it disappears during another slot due to the disconnection of the ISL. This section focuses on the ICNS for one state period (ICNS-OSP) and its optimization. An ICNS-OSP can be represented by a link matrix \(\mathbf{X}=\left(x_{ik}\right)_{\Theta\times\Gamma}\). The element \(x_{ki}\) of \(\mathbf{X}\) is defined as shown in Equation (14).  
\[x_{ik}=\begin{cases}v_{j},&\text{there is an ISL between $v_{i}$ and $v_{j}$ during slot $k$}\\ v_{i},&v_{i}\text{ connects with no satellite during slot $k$}\end{cases} \tag{14}\]  
Some important sets with respect to the ICNS-OSP are defined as follows:  
1. The set of selected CCLCs \(\mathcal{S}=\left\{\overline{M}_{k}|1\leq k\leq\Gamma\right\}\). The element \(\overline{M}_{k}\) of \(\mathcal{S}\) denotes the CCLC that is selected to become \(E_{k}\). \(\mathcal{S}\) is equivalent to \(\mathbf{X}\) for they both represent the relationship between ISLs and slots in an ICNS-OSP.
2. The set of all ISLs \(\hat{E}=E_{1}\cup\cdots\cup E_{\Gamma}\). \(\hat{E}\) contains all the ISLs that have been established within one state period. The ISLs that are established within different slots but include the same satellites are the same.  
The set of link objects \(O_{i}=\{v_{j}|v_{j}\in V,e_{ij}\in\hat{E}\}\). \(O_{i}\) contains all the satellites that have connected with \(v_{i}\) via ISLs. The cardinality of \(O_{i}\), i.e., \(|O_{i}|\), is defined as the general degree of \(v_{i}\), which represents the number of link objects of \(v_{i}\).
7. The set of potential link objects \(\widetilde{O}_{i}=\{v_{j}|v_{j}\in V,\widetilde{e}_{ij}\in\widetilde{E}_{k}, 1\leq k\leq\Gamma\}\). \(\widetilde{O}_{i}\) contains all the satellites that meet the conditions to establish ISLs with \(v_{i}\). The cardinality of \(\widetilde{O}_{i}\), i.e., \(|\widetilde{O}_{i}|\), represents the number of potential link objects of \(v_{i}\).
## 1 Introduction
Each mode is confined to a narrowband frequency spectrum, ensuring the decomposition aligns with the intrinsic dynamic features of the signal. Subsequently, ESN processes each mode independently by mapping its temporal dynamics into a high-dimensional state space. The echo state property of the reservoir enables it to retain memory of past inputs, allowing dynamic modeling of evolution for each mode. All the predicted individual modes are combined to generate the final result. The proposed VMD-ESN method achieves good fitness within 150 time steps and demonstrates a substantial reduction in computational resource requirements compared to conventional numerical approaches.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Accuracies of the Generated Urban Maps
The above experiment results show that there is a minimal or no relationship at all between the urban expansion and the PM\({}_{10}\) concentrations rate in Daegu, which means that the urban expansion that occurred in Daegu from 2007 to 2017 was not the main cause of the rise in the PM\({}_{10}\) concentration rate in Daegu, South Korea during the same period. We assume that, however, the types of facilities and climate factors can influence on the annual PM\({}_{10}\) concentrations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{(**a**)} \\ \hline
**Overall Accuracy** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**97\%**} \\ \hline
**Producer’s Accuracy** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**User’s Accuracy**} \\
**(Error of Omission)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(Error of Commission)**} \\ \hline Urban areas & 94\% & Urban areas & 100\% \\ \hline Non-urban areas & 100\% & Non-urban areas & 94\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{(**b**)} \\ \hline
**Overall Accuracy** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**99\%**} \\ \hline
**Producer’s Accuracy (Error of Omission)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**User’s Accuracy**} \\
**Urban areas** & 100\% & Urban areas & 98\% \\ \hline Non-urban areas & 98\% & Non-urban areas & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Statistical results showing the degrees of accuracy of the first and second urban maps separately generated from the first and second Landsat images, respectively: (**a**) degree of accuracy of the first urban map generated from the first Landsat image; and (**b**) degree of accuracy of the second urban map generated from the second Landsat image.
## 3 Results and Analysis of Influencing Factors
### The Impact of Formation Resistivity on Signal Attenuation  
In cased wells, the formation is a component of the transmission channel, and studying the impact of changes in formation resistivity on signal attenuation patterns is equally meaningful. The drilling fluid resistivity is set at 1 \(\Omega\cdot\)m with a relative permittivity of 80, and the range of formation resistivity is set between \(\rho=0.01\)\(\Omega\cdot\)m and 100 \(\Omega\cdot\)m.  
According to Figure 6, variations in the formation resistivity have almost no effect on the attenuation and magnitude of the signal within the well. The casing, acting as a conductor, can effectively reflect and absorb the magnetic field, producing a strong shielding effect on the internal magnetic field, thus limiting the diffusion of the magnetic field in the external medium. As a result, the magnetic signal inside the well is not affected by changes in the resistivity of the medium outside the casing.  
Figure 5: The impact of drilling fluid resistivity on signal attenuation.
# Evaluation of Five Reanalysis Products over France: Implications for Agro-Climatic Studies
## 4 Discussion  
Crop modeling studies rely on various input factors, such as soil characteristics, crop management practices, and climate data to simulate crop growth, development, and yield. However, one of the major limitations to the application of such studies is the absence of accurate observational climate data with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Even in data-rich countries like France, limitations persist due to issues such as the heterogeneity of observation station networks, incomplete spatial coverage, and uncertainties in measurements. One way to overcome these challenges is by using climate reanalysis datasets [3,16,17]. However, it is important to note that climate RPs have some limitations. These include errors in numerical models, uncertainties introduced during data assimilation, and homogeneity issues due to changes in observing systems.  
The ability of RPs to reproduce observed AgcIs has been investigated here. Five RPs were compared based on a set of six AgcIs specific to vine, maize and apple. The study focuses on 22 synoptic meteorological stations in France over the 1996-2012 period.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the effectiveness of a DDLB algorithm in improving wireless network performance under unique user distribution patterns by employing a simulation framework, utilizing 56 simulations with varying user distributions to perform a wide range of network traffic patterns. The DDLB algorithm was implemented with different execution intervals (1 min and 3 min) within each simulation environment, allowing for a controlled evaluation of its impact.  
The results showed significant improvements across several performance metrics. The DDLB algorithm mitigated HOF and HOPP occurrences effectively. Furthermore, the possibility of more benefits was observed even when a high execution interval (3 min) was utilized compared to a lower interval (1 min). This suggests that the algorithm can maintain effectiveness even with a lower computational overhead. Additionally, the algorithm exhibited a reduction demonstrable in the network overloaded state, with a marginally smaller impact observed with the utilization of the 1-min interval compared with the 3-min interval. Finally, the DDLB algorithm reduced the attach failure rates significantly through improved resource management and call admission control while maintaining stable radio link failure (RLF) rates.  
In conclusion, this study showed that the DDLB algorithm offers a promising approach for enhancing a wireless network performance across different load conditions and user distributions. The algorithm's effectiveness in mitigating both handover failures and network overload and optimizing attach success rates, even with a higher execution interval, suggests its potential for practical implementation with a balance between computational efficiency and performance benefits. Future studies could explore further optimization of the algorithm's parameters and investigate its impact on other network performance metrics.
## 1 Introduction
Secondly, it allows the incorporation of biogeochemical feedbacks, which can be negative, dampening the sensitivity of the climate to external forcing [64], or positive, amplifying the sensitivity [65]. However, adding Earth systems components and processes increases the complexity of the model system, thus a consistent validation of the variables simulated by these models is needed. The assessment of vegetation phenology using remotely sensed data has a long history [66, 67] with more recent studies making use of satellite data to examine the potential effects of climate change on phenology [15, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72]. In fact, remote sensing has been widely recognised as a valuable tool for the detection and analyses of simulated data, both spatially and temporally. The past decade has seen a particularly rapid increase in the number of launched satellites, as well as an improvement in both spatial and spectral resolution of data they produce. Therefore, the ability to rapidly assess LAI using vegetation indices from remotely sensed imagery provides a means to rapidly assess ESMs' skills at simulating vegetation greenness over a wide geographic area. The existence of vegetation models that use prescribed climate represents a unique opportunity to compare and contrast the effect of inner climatic variation on ESMs against the effect of differences in the vegetation modules. In other words, comparing different LSMs allows the detection of flaws in the vegetation dynamics, while comparing ESMs allows the identification of climate effect on vegetation processes, and the comparison of the two leads to the weighing of both effects. In this context, we check the ability of different ESMs to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of the satellite observed LAI. Specifically, the objective of this study is to assess whether ESMs correctly reproduce the spatial variability of LAI when compared with satellite data, and asses how long the growing season is in the different models compared with the satellite data over the Northern Hemisphere. In fact, as described above, over this area several authors have observed an increase in the growing season length. These changes in LAI, mostly due to an increase in temperature at the beginning of the growing season, have important implications on the global carbon cycle [8] and on atmospheric chemistry [9, 10, 11, 12] simulated by the ESMs. Therefore, obtaining an accurate prediction of the temporal evolution of LAI is imperative not only in predicting the correct LAI seasonal changes, but also because of the feedbacks of LAI with the atmosphere. In addition, we compare results from uncoupled models from part I [73] with the ESMs to elucidate the weighed role of vegetation and climate on the spatial and temporal evolution of LAI.
## 4 Discussion
While the diagonal-shaped mesh may be more appropriate for its stress-strain characteristics, the square-shaped mesh offers a higher stress-strain curve, which can be advantageous for providing the necessary support to vaginal tissue. This indicates that while both designs have their merits, the square-shaped mesh is better suited for functional support. Previous studies have utilized PCL filament for printing these biodegradable meshes. Uniaxial tensile tests showed that the meshes displayed elastic behavior initially, transitioning to plastic behavior at higher displacements. Within the physiological range of deformation, the 80 \(\upmu\)m meshes closely matched tissue properties, consistent with the findings in the current study [14; 19]. Therefore, choosing 80 \(\upmu\)m printed meshes could be advantageous in surgical applications, especially considering that traditional native tissue repair methods have a recurrence rate of around 29% [4]. However, it is important to acknowledge some limitations of this study. Currently, we have only performed uniaxial tensile tests. Incorporating additional mechanical evaluations, such as cyclic and compressive tests, along with analyses like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and bioadhesion studies, would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the printed meshes' performance. Looking ahead, we propose several key areas for future research:  
* Optimization of mesh designs: further refining mesh designs to enhance performance and adaptability for various clinical scenarios. * Incorporation of additives: investigating additives to improve the mechanical and biological properties of the meshes, ensuring thorough evaluation of cytotoxicity for safety. * Polymer formulations: exploring different polymer formulations to enhance mesh precision and effectiveness. While this study used both non-medical- and medical-grade biodegradable PCL, future research could consider natural materials, such as spider silk, for potential enhancements. * Long-term studies: conducting long-term studies to assess the durability and performance of the meshes over time. Lastly, medical-grade PCL has been used to print scaffolds for tissue regeneration through melt electrowriting (MEW). This approach has enabled the production of meticulously crafted box-shaped scaffolds with exceptional precision and clarity while avoiding toxic organic solvents and aligning with safety and regulatory requirements for clinical implementation [33]. The innovative MEW technique not only offers a promising avenue for creating well-defined scaffolds but also underscores its compatibility with future medical practices, paving the way for advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.