## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation and Problem Statement  
Solar energy systems are the most widely used and most easily accessible renewable energy source. In addition, this clean energy source with the least environmental impact is widely used in buildings, agricultural applications and rural areas in addition to PV power plants due to its easy installation and minimum maintenance cost [1]. In addition to these advantages, it also has some limitations. For example, it is relatively low-yielding in terms of power produced per unit. In addition, its efficiency is significantly affected by temperature and especially radiant intensity. Different radiant intensities may be inevitable depending on cloud movements, building or tree shadows, and installation conditions. Partial shading situations that occur when this type of shading falls on a certain part of the solar array complicate the characteristics of the PV array. PV modules consist of a large number of series and parallel connected cells. Shading in a certain part of these cells causes those cells to produce less current. In this case, since the cells that produce higher current will flow the same current as the series connected shaded cells, the shaded cells act as a load and start to draw current. This situation is called the hotspot effect and causes effects that can lead to damage to the cells. In order to prevent the hotspot effect, bypass diodes are connected in parallel to a section of the PV cells and the excess current is transferred through these diodes, and this application has now become standard. However, the use of bypass diodes leads to multiple maximum power points occurring in the PV array characteristic under partial shaded conditions (PSC), resulting in a non-linear electrical characteristic. Operating the PV array at the maximum power point (MPP) is very important in terms of obtaining maximum efficiency. There are three important approaches in this respect. The first of these is solar tracking systems. These systems are mechanisms that move the PV array in two and/or three axes and follow the sun in a vertical position [2]. However, these systems are now a technological solution and are not used in real applications because of their high cost and there is no scientific approach validity. Another method conducted to obtain the highest power efficiency from PV arrays is maximum power point trackers (MPPT). This concept is based on operating the current PV array at the highest power value formed on the characteristics formed under the current irradiance and temperature conditions [3]. Studies on this subject are quite diverse and vary according to uniform and partial shading conditions. Since a single MPP is formed under uniform irradiance, the algorithms made to find this point and operate the PV array are simpler. Under uniform irradiance, a single MPP is formed, which makes the algorithms designed to locate this point and operate the PV array are simpler. However, in general, MPPT algorithms are based on operating the PV array at this point, which is on the electrical characteristic of the MPP that exists in the current environmental conditions. Another method to increase PV array efficiency in case of partial shading is the reconfiguration process. This process is performed by changing the location or connection structure of the panels in the array depending on the radiant intensity. In this way, it is possible to obtain the electrical characteristic with a higher power point. The reconfiguration process can be applied to all panels of the PV array or to a certain part with an adaptive structure. Various optimization algorithms are used to perform this process. For example, there are studies where classical or various heuristic methods are applied based on the method of scanning all possible connections between fixed and adaptive panels to calculate the most suitable configuration in single or dual-adaptive structures [4].