## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method tailored for the thermoforming temperature regulation of bamboo-based fiber composites is proposed. Our findings indicate that in the absence of signal disturbances, the ADRC method significantly reduced the overshoot by approximately 87% compared to the traditional PID algorithm while concurrently shortening the time to achieve a steady state by about 58%. In scenarios involving sinusoidal signal disturbances, the ADRC method achieved a similar reduction in overshoot, approximately 85%, and expedited the stabilization process by roughly 49%. Notably, even in the presence of random signal disturbances, the ADRC method demonstrated remarkable performance, reducing the overshoot by approximately 74% and shortening the stabilization time by approximately 70%. The mathematical model established in this research, when coupled with the ADRC algorithm, exhibits exceptional efficiency and reliability. It is evident that this approach offers distinct advantages over the traditional PID algorithm in the precise control of thermoforming temperatures for bamboo-based fiber composites. Consequently, this study holds practical significance in enhancing the final product quality of bamboo-based fiber composites.  
Compared to PID control, the ADRC control strategy can adaptively adjust the control parameters to respond to changes in the production environment and fluctuations in equipment performance through precise modeling and real-time disturbance estimation, effectively handling and resisting various internal and external disturbances. Therefore, the ADRC control strategy is more suitable for dynamic and ever-changing industrial environments. Meanwhile, using recursive least squares and the dynamic forgetting factor to solve the transfer function of industrial systems is more reasonable. However, although such a complex system and control mechanism can theoretically bring better hot-pressing temperature control, it may bring certain challenges in terms of its practical implementation and real-time performance. Specifically, there is also a high demand for computing resources and professional technical support, and management and maintenance costs and operational complexity increase linearly. How to adopt appropriate methods and allocate resources reasonably to solve the above problems and how better apply complex control systems and mechanisms to the industrial control of hot-pressing bamboo-based fiber composite materials are the subjects that this team will continue to research in the future.  
Conceptualization, Y.D.; data curation, Z.L.; formal analysis, S.T., F.M. and J.Z.; funding acquisition, C.Y.; investigation, Y.D., S.T., T.L. and F.M.; methodology, Y.D. and Z.L.; project administration, C.Y.; resources, S.T. and Y.M.; software, Y.D.; supervision, J.Z. and C.Y.; validation, S.T., T.L. and Y.M.; visualization, S.T. and F.M.; writing--original draft, Y.D.; writing--review and editing, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Major Special R&D Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2020B020216001).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data available on request due to restrictions eg privacy or ethical.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.