## 5 Conclusions  
Granular materials traditionally classified as marginal or unsuitable for use for in the construction of various roads (as a function of a specific road category) can be stabilised and improved by using material-compatible nanotechnologies in the form of New-age (Nano) Modified Emulsions (NME), which have been tested and evaluated over the years in laboratories through accelerated pavement tests (ATP) and in practice. Scientifically  
Figure 17: (**a**) Milling of existing base and sub-base layers to be stabilised using an anionic NME stabilising agent; (**b**) stockpiling of material next to the road; (**c**) depth of milling and new roadbed to be compacted; (**d**) reintroduced sub-base and base separately stabilised using an anionic stabilising agent. based materials design methods based on the mineralogy of the granular materials have been developed to ensure that potential risks associated with the introduction of these new technologies are minimised, if not eliminated. From all the evidence produced, there is little doubt that NME nanotechnology products can contribute considerably towards the construction of roads at considerably reduced unit costs. From previous research, it has been shown that implementing these available and proven technologies can contribute significantly towards the cost-effective delivery of sustainable, much needed road infrastructure without compromising the quality of the end products. However, the acceptance and rollout of new technologies in the provision of bulk infrastructure, need to be accepted by the construction industry. These nanotechnologies have been shown to be construction friendly, applicable to any existing construction method, and applicable with any available equipment from the most basic to the most advanced. Provided that the recommended materials design method is followed (based on scientific principles of mineralogy and chemistry) and the recommended procurement procedures are followed to ensure that high-quality material-compatible NME stabilising agents are used, it is highly unlikely that NME stabilising will contribute to construction-related problems. New technologies that are introduced into the construction industry are obvious targets to blame and a \"first line of attack\" in the case of any construction problems. This article specifically addresses problems encountered on construction sites where anionic NME stabilising agents with marginal or \"unsuitable\" granular materials have been used in the construction of the base layer. In all cases discussed, the immediate response was to blame the technologies \"not proven\", relating the use of NME stabilising agents to previous experiences with so-called \"snake oils\" or \"wonder products\". However, in all the examples discussed, all problems were related to either procedural, poor supervision, or equipment-related aspects. The examples discussed in this article aim to counter any uninformed opinions, by identifying the real cause and mechanism of distress, where the natural reaction is to immediately blame the nanotechnology modifications to the stabilising agent. The actual projects covered, using granular materials previously considered to be of unacceptable quality, included roads varying from highways to the upgrade of local access roads and the in-situ rehabilitation of rural and urban streets. Experience has shown that construction-related problems can be prevented and or rectified by following basic sound construction procedures that are applicable to the use of any material, which include the following:  
* Use construction water of a specified quality;
* Clean equipment as specified--NME stabilising agents are reactive in nature and react with any residue left in water bowners, etc.