esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Mouthwash Composition Based on Natural Extracts
## 3 Results
### Anti-Inflammatory Effect  
In macrophage inflammatory reaction, the concentration of proinflammatory intermediates such as NO, cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\omega\)), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1\(\beta\) increase [56]. When macrophages are stimulated with LPS, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed, producing excessive NO, and the produced NO is known to induce tissue damage by promoting inflammatory response [57]. To confirm whether natural extract and its mixtures inhibit inflammatory mediators, an NO assay was performed. As a result, the NO value before LPS treatment was 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 uM in RAW 264.7 cells, 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.0001, 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.0001, and 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.0004 in natural extracts (PG, CSK, and SG, respectively), 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.02, 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.0002, 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.01, 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.0003, and 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.0001 in natural extract mixture series (M1-M5, respectively), and 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.01 and 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.0003 uM in chemical compound mouthwashes, GA and LIS, respectively (Figure 4a). On the other hand, the NO value after LPS treatment was 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.06 uM in RAW 264.7 cells, 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.01, 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.05, and 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.0001 uM in natural extracts (PG, CSK, and SG, respectively), 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.02, 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.04, 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.06, 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.01, and 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.08 uM in natural extract mixture series (M1-M5, respectively), and 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.0002 and 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.0001 uM in chemical compound mouthwashes (GA and LIS, respectively) (Figure 4b). Based on the NO assay results, it was confirmed that natural extracts (PG, CSK, SG), M4, M5, GA, and LIS inhibited NO production in LPS induction.  
Figure 3: MTT assay statistical graph: xell viability. All experimental groups were compared with GA, LIS, and RAW 264.7 cell (control). * vs. Con. \(p\) < 0.01, # vs. GA. \(p\) < 0.01, $ vs. LIS. \(p\) < 0.01.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, methods to estimate the number of basis vectors of the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) of automatic music transcription (AMT) systems are proposed. Previously, studies on NMF-based AMT have demonstrated that the number of basis vectors affects the performance and that the number of note events can be a good selection as the rank of NMF. However, many NMF-based AMT methods do not provide a method to estimate the appropriate number of basis vectors; instead, the number is assumed to be given in advance, even though the number of basis vectors significantly affects the algorithm's performance. Recently, based on Bayesian methods, certain estimation algorithms for the number of basis vectors have been proposed; however, they are not designed to be used as music transcription algorithms but are components of specific NMF methods and thus cannot be used generally as NMF-based transcription algorithms. Our proposed estimation algorithms are based on eigenvalue decomposition and [PERSON]'s unbiased risk estimator (SURE). Because the SURE method requires variance in undesired components as a priori knowledge, the proposed algorithms estimate the value using random matrix theory and first and second onset information in the input music signal. Experiments were then conducted for the AMT task using the MIDI-aligned piano sounds (MAPS) database, and these algorithms were compared with variational NMF, gamma process NMF, and NMF with automatic relevance determination algorithms. Based on experimental results, the conventional NMF-based transcription algorithm with the proposed rank estimation algorithms demonstrated enhanced F1 score performances of 2-3% compared to the algorithms. While the performance advantages are not significantly large, the results are meaningful because the proposed algorithms are lightweight, are easy to combine with any other NMF methods that require an a priori rank parameter, and do not have setting parameters that considerably affect the performance.  
automatic music transcription; nonnegative matrix factorization; number of basis vectors; [PERSON]'s unbiased risk estimator
# Dry Bio-Decontamination Process in Reduced-Pressure O\({}_{2}\) Plasma
## 3 Results
### Decontamination Effect of Charged Species in Oxygen Plasma  
Reactive species strongly bombard the cell surface promoting surface etching. Meanwhile, the living cell cannot quickly repair, resulting in rapid destruction for some microbials in many cases [5]. In addition, charged particles may converge on the surface of cell membranes and cause electrostatic stress when the force is greater than the tensile strength of membrane itself, which will cause damage to cell materials [7; 25]. Those action acts on cell materials leading to cell membrane ruptures and leakage of cellular contents, and finally leads the bacterial death [7; 11; 12]. Therefore, the protein leakage quantity of sample cells was chosen as an index to reflect the inactivation effect of _E. coli_ by plasma [24]. Figure 4 shows the tendency of protein leakage quantity in suspensions of bacilli after plasma exposure under different conditions. Compared with the curves of the total decontamination efficiency of oxygen plasma in Figure 2, it can be found that both the changed trends are almost accordant, that is, the action of charged species on the bacilli plays a major role in the inactivation of _E. coli_.  
Figure 4: _Cont_.  
Figure 3: DNA agarose electrophoresis of _E. coli_ (1) control; (2) UV radiation individual generated by plasma discharge; (3) plasma total (under 100 W power, 60 s time, 40 cm\({}^{3}\)-min\({}^{-1}\) gas flow rate and 45 Pa pressure).  
This conclusion also can be confirmed further by observing the ultrastructure of bacilli with SEM, as shown in Figure 5. Clearly, the untreated _E. coli_ is look like a pole (Figure 5a), whereas after treatment at 100 W power, 60 s treatment time and 40 cm\({}^{3}\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\) oxygen flow (Figure 5b), bacilli is swollen, incompact and shows obvious 'thawing'. The content of cell leaks completely. This is just due to the intense damage action on cell membrane by the charged particles with high energy.
## 5 Use Cases
### Route Assistant for Travelers with Special Needs
This superior energy consumption behavior of Wi-Fi technology over UMTS will be further accentuated with the incorporation of 802.11 AC technology into mobile terminals, which will further improve energy efficiency. If we take into consideration these parameters for mobile user terminal energy consumption when the user has boarded a vehicle, we can assume that the exchange of the 802.11 g protocol control frames between the terminal and the infrastructure is minimal. It can therefore be disregarded in relation to the frames exchanged between the OBC and the user terminal due to services rendered. The frequency of the transmissions between the mobile terminal and the OBC depends on the service provided. A payment service, for example. The most demanding scenario is a check-in and check-out payment system: the transmissions are effected when the passenger enters (check-in) and leaves (check-out) the vehicle, hence in this scenario, Wi-Fi communications are much reduced. However, in the context of a route assistant, consumption is higher because communications between the mobile user device and the OBC are conducted periodically (every 5 s). This means that on a journey that lasts 60 min at least 1440 frames are exchanged (720 sent by the OBC and 720 responses sent by the client application). If we consider that the frames sent by the OBC have a variable length and that the response of the client application is an 8-byte frame, assuming that all frames sent by the OBC have the maximum size (263 bytes), then the client application receives 184.62 Kbytes and sends 5.62 Kbytes. In the case of the company that has collaborated in the development of this system, the average route length is between 20 min and 150 min.
## 5 Algorithm
### Opportunistic Route Exploration
```
1 Type State: (BusID, Timeslot) // Type for Q-Learning State
2\(Qtbl\leftarrow\) new MapOf(State, MapOf(BusID, Qvalue)) // Q-table datastructure /* Auxiliary functions
3 FunctionPickAction(candidates):
4 ifrandom() \(<\)epsilon then
5 return PickRandom(candidates)
6 else
7 return PickMinQ(candidates)
8 FunctionUpdateQ(target):
9 State\(currentS\leftarrow(myBusId,ts)\)
10 State\(targetS\leftarrow(target.id,target.ts)\)
11\(minQtarget\leftarrow\min\)Value(\(Qtbl[targetS]\))
12\(r\leftarrow\)EdgeCost(\(target\))
13\(Q\gets Qtbl[currentS][target]\)
14\(Q\gets Q+alpha(r+gamma*minQtarget-Q)\)
15\(Qtbl[currentS][target]\gets Q\) /* main function, called after updating ONM */
16 FunctionEncounter(N,msg):
17\(candidates\leftarrow\) new Set Of Node
18\(candidates\).add(\(followup(N)\))
19 for each\(n\) in neighbors(\(N\)) {
20 ifisTarget(\(n,msg\))then
21\(Qtbl[(myBusID,ts)][(n.id,ts)]\gets 1.0\)
22 deliver(\(n.id,msg\))
23 return
24\(candidates\).add(\(n\))
25\(target\leftarrow\) PickAction(candidates)
26 updateQ(\(target\))
27 if\(target\
eq followup(N)\)then
28 ifmsg.copies \(>1\)then
29 forward(\(target\),msg,msg.copies/2)
30\(msg.copies\leftarrow\) msg.copies \(-\) msg.copies/2
31 else
32 forward(\(target\),msg,1)
33 drop(\(msg\))
```  
**Algorithm 2**rl4 dtn pseudocode.
# A Deep Learning-Based Mapping Model for Three-Dimensional Propeller RANS and LES Flow Fields
## 2 Related Work  
### Rans  
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation stands as a cornerstone in fluid mechanics' numerical toolbox. Instead of tackling the turbulent intricacies head-on with the Navier-Stokes equation, RANS becomes an effective and practical approach by time-averaging the Reynolds equation and incorporating assumed Reynolds stress [17]. This methodology establishes a vital link between turbulent fluctuations and their time-averaged counterparts, rendering direct turbulent flow computation unnecessary. Through the integration of a turbulent flow model, RANS efficiently closes the equations, leading to a remarkable boost in computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. This efficiency has propelled RANS to the forefront of engineering simulations, with its versatility showcased through various turbulence models, including the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation model and popular two-equation models such as k-\(\varepsilon\) and k-\(\omega\). Noteworthy studies by [PERSON] [18], [PERSON] [19], [PERSON] [20], and [PERSON] [21] have underscored RANS'seffectiveness in a spectrum of applications, including unsteady flow simulations, hydraulic performance evaluations of axial flow pumps, and investigations into wind turbine dynamics. Its appeal lies in its ability to deliver reliable results swiftly, making it a preferred choice in engineering scenarios where computational costs and grid resolution are key considerations and absolute precision is not paramount.
## 5 SMT-Based BMC of \(\mathsf{ELTLKD_{q}}\) Properties
### Bounded Semantics  
We now define the _bounded semantics_ of \(\mathsf{ELTLKD_{q}}\) formulae along \(k\)-paths in dense-timed deontic models.  
Figure 2: Illustration of a \(k\)-path with transitions and loop formation. In this example, \(k=5\) and \(l=1\).  
**Definition 5** (Bounded semantics).: _Let a and \(\beta\) be \(\mathrm{ELTLKD_{q}}\) formulae, \(M\) a dense-timed deontic model, and \(\pi_{l}\) a \(k\)-path. The satisfiability relation \(\left|=_{k}^{d}\right.\) indicates the truth of an \(\mathrm{ELTLKD_{q}}\) formula in the model \(M\) along the \(k\)-path \(\pi_{l}\), starting at the point \(n\) and at depth \(d\). It is defined inductively as follows:_  
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}t\quad\text{and}\quad M,\pi_{l}[n]\
ot\models_{k}^{d }f\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}p\quad\text{if }p\in\mathcal{V}(\pi_{l}[d])\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\
eg p\quad\text{if }p\
otin\mathcal{V}(\pi_{l}[d])\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}q_{l}\) _iff_ 1. \(\mathcal{D}_{\pi_{l}}(d)-\mathcal{D}_{\pi_{l}}(n)\in I\)_, if_ \(\pi_{l}\) _is not a loop;_
2. \(\mathcal{D}_{\widetilde{\pi_{l}}}(d)-\mathcal{D}_{\widetilde{\pi_{l}}}(n)\in I\)_, if_ \(\pi_{l}\) _is a loop and_ \(d\geq n\)_;_
3. \(\mathcal{D}_{\widetilde{\pi_{l}}}(d+k-l)-\mathcal{D}_{\widetilde{\pi_{l}}}(n)\in I\)_, if_ \(\pi_{l}\) _is a loop and_ \(d<n\)_._
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}-q_{l}\) _iff_ \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\
ot\models_{k}^{d}q_{l}\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\alpha\wedge\beta\) _iff_ \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\alpha\) _and_ \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\beta\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\alpha\psi\) _iff_ \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\alpha\) _or_ \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\beta\)_;_
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\alpha\psi\) _iff_ \((\exists j\in[d,k])\Big{(}M,\pi_{l}[d]\models_{k}^{j}\beta\wedge(\forall i\in[ d,j))M,\pi_{l}[d]\models_{k}^{i}\alpha\Big{)}\) _or, if_ \(\pi_{l}\) _is a loop:_ \[(\exists j\in[l,d])\Big{(}M,\pi_{l}[l]\models_{k}^{j}\beta\wedge(\forall i\in[ l,j))M,\pi_{l}[l]\models_{k}^{i}\alpha\wedge(\forall i\in[d,k])M,\pi_{l}[d] \models_{k}^{i}\alpha\Big{)}\]
* \(M,\pi_{l}[n]\models_{k}^{d}\Theta\) _iff_ \(\pi_{l}\) _is a loop and_ \((\forall i\in[\min(d,l),k]  
**Proof.** This proof leverages the well-known fact from LTL theory, where if an LTL formula holds on some infinite path, it also holds on an infinite path of the form \(uv^{\omega}\), where \(u\) and \(v\) are finite sequences of states, as shown in [41].  
**Theorem 2** (Equivalence of Semantics).: _Let \(M\) be the dense-timed deontic model for the dense-timed deontic interpreted system (\(\mathbb{D}\)), and let \(\varphi\) be an EMTLKD formula. Define \(\psi=\operatorname{tr}(\varphi)\) as the corresponding \(\operatorname{ELTLKD}_{\mathrm{q}}\) formula. Then,_  
\[M\models\psi\text{ iff }\exists k\geq 0\text{ such that }M\models_{k}\psi.\]  
**Proof.** The proof of this theorem follows directly from Lemmas 1 and 2. These lemmas establish that bounded and unbounded semantics are equivalent for certain bounds in the dense-timed deontic model.
# Deep Learning in the Biomedical Applications: Recent and Future Status
## 5 Brain and Body Machine Interface  
Brain and body machine interface is defined as a combination of hardware and software that allows brain activities to control external devices or even computers [174]. Different signals with number of channels to be recorded out of the brain are acquired by different electrodes technology. These electrodes are essentially classified into two cases: invasive and non-invasive. For the invasive electrodes, neurosurgery is necessary to implant the microelectrodes in the brain under the skull while non-invasive electrodes do not need any penetration in the scalp. The signals produced by invasive electrodes are high quality, however, non-invasive electrodes are still preferable due to avoiding surgery [174]. These control signals are classified into three categories [174]: (1) evoked signals; (2) spontaneous signals; and (3) hybrid signals. Evoked signals are the signals generated unconsciously by the subject when he/she receives external stimuli. The most well-known evoked signals are steady state evoked potentials (SSEP) and P300. Spontaneous signals are the signals generated by subject voluntarily without any external stimulations [174]. Most of the well-known spontaneous signals are the motor and sensorimotor rhythms, slow cortical potentials (SCP), and non-motor cognitive tasks. Hybrid signals mean that a combination of brain generated signals are used for control.  
We strongly recommend reading several complete survey papers [82; 85; 174; 175; 176; 177; 178; 179; 180] that provide the state of the art on brain-machine interface applications and a detail focus on definitions, classifications and comparisons of the brain signals. In addition, they survey the current brain interface hardware and software and explain the current challenges of the field.
# Influence of Crowd Participation Features on Mobile Edge Computing
## 2 Opportunistic Caching  
Many existing works have focused on the caching capabilities of small base stations (SBSs), neglecting the role of portable devices, which have an important influence on the edge caching system. Although an individual device has a relatively limited buffer space, putting several devices together (i.e., crowd participation) can provide enough content to satisfy various applications [15]. As an example, Figure 2 shows a system architecture in mobile edge computing, where some advertisement information, such as special bar recommendations and coupon distributions, can be pre-cached in the SBSs and diffused through user terminals (UT). In general, there are three basic questions that should be answered in such a system:  
1. How big a buffer space should each node reserve?
2. How many copies should be stored for each content?
3. Where should these copies be stored?
###### Abstract  
Background: The Kynureine pathway (KP) is involved in various disorders, but little is known about the KP and psychosomatic complaints. The aim was to study the peripheral KP and psychosomatic comorbidity in subjects with morbid obesity. Methods: Psychosomatic comorbidity (perceived general health, muscle-skeletal pain, well-being, mood disorders, fatigue, self-esteem, sleepiness, and sense of humour) was registered, and serum samples were collected six months before and after bariatric surgery. Results: A total of 141 subjects (men/women, 116/25) with a mean age of 43.0 (SD 8.7) years and BMI of 42.1 (SD 3.8) kg/m\({}^{2}\) were included. No significant associations were seen between the psychosomatic disorders and the KP. There was a significant downregulation of all KP metabolites after surgery, a reduction in CRP, and strong associations between CRP and the KP, particularly with the ratios of Kynureine/Tryptophan and Quinoline acid (QA)/Xanthureic acid (XA). The QA/XA ratio was negatively associated with diabetes. Conclusions: The peripheral KP seemed to be of minor importance for the psychosomatic comorbidity in subjects with morbid obesity. The downregulation of all KP metabolites after bariatric surgery indicated reduced inflammation. The QA/XA ratio seemed to be a marker of insulin sensitivity and favourable glucose control.  
kynureine pathway; psychosomatic disorders; obesity; bariatric surgery; inflammation; diabetes
# Seeking a Definition of Digital Twins for Construction and Infrastructure Management
## 6 Discussion of the Proposed Definitions and Use Cases
### Future Research Directions  
This research also provides avenues for future investigation, particularly in the development of standardised methods for incorporating DTs across all stages of construction projects. There is a need for a more comprehensive understanding of how DTs can be customised to address the unique requirements of various construction projects, while retaining scalability and interoperability.  
Digital twins and the digital building logbook (DBL) [62] may be used as interconnected tools to promote an efficient and sustainable management of built assets. The DBL can be seen as a structured archive of static building information, such as construction specifications, maintenance logs, and renovation records, but linked with a digital twin it will allow the use of data for dynamic and real-time optimisation, providing predictive insights. A DT will also facilitate cooperations between different stakeholders (facility managers, construction companies, etc.).  
The new Regulation 2024/3110 [63] laying down harmonised rules for the marketing of construction products, also known as the new Construction Products Regulation (CPR), defines a mandatory Digital Product Passport (DPP) for the construction of products placed on the EU market. The DPP will contain performance characteristics and LCA-based environmental information as structured data, which can be included in the DBL during the construction or refurbishment stages. This structured data can feed the DT with reliable information to be used in predictive assessments, such as the energy performance of a building.  
The integration of DTs with policies and public strategies, such as the DBL or the DPP, opens a promising field of research and practical implementation of these technologies.  
Although the extensive application of DTs in construction and infrastructure management presents numerous challenges, the potential benefits it offers are revolutionary. By applying insights from other industries and focusing on overcoming sector-specific obstacles, the construction industry can not only enhance its current practices but establish new standards for effectiveness and innovation.
###### Abstract  
To reduce the delay caused by the interweaving and parallel driving of multiple left-turn vehicles and through vehicles upstream of the intersection entrance, the influencing factors and determination methods of unconventional left-turn lanes are studied in right-hand traffic (RHT) countries. For countries driving right, left-turn lanes are usually on the inside of roads. However, when there are a large number of vehicles turning left in the outer lane of the upstream section of the intersection, these vehicles will be forced to pass many consecutive parallel lanes and then enter the left-turn lane. During this process, many traffic conflicts will occur between left-turning vehicles and going-straight vehicles, which will lead to longer traffic delays. To reduce traffic conflicts and delays caused by problems mentioned before, a scheme of setting left-turn lanes abroad is proposed, and major influencing factors and judgment methods of such a scheme are also studied. With the help of traffic simulation software VISSIM, the simulation model of intersection entrance with a different number of through lanes, length of weaving section and left turn inner and outer lanes is established. By inputting different numbers of entry through vehicles and left-turning vehicles in the outer lane, the delay data under different geometric and traffic conditions are obtained for simulation analysis. With the help of MATLAB software, this paper analyzes the influence of the length of the weaving area and the number of left-turning vehicles on the delay of inside and outside left-turning lanes under the condition of a different number of straight vehicles, as well as the variation law between them. By inputting parameters such as the length of the weaving area and the number of lanes, go-straight vehicles and left-turning vehicles into the system of VISSIM, a BP neural network model is constructed and trained. When investigating the entrances of four intersections, the BP neural network model is used to analyze and calculate the traffic delay and determine the setting scheme of the inside or outside of the left-turn lane. Through experiments and further studies, a phenomenon was found: When more vehicles chose to turn left or go straight in the outside lane, the length of the weaving area will become shorter, and the delay reduction effect of the unconventional left-turn lane will more obvious. The specific location of the left-turn lane should be determined by the constructed BP neural network model through the comparative analysis of delay, and the judgment results are in good agreement with the realistic scheme.  
traffic engineering; route optimization; genetic algorithm; feeder bus; station transfer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences