esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanical and Physical Properties  
The results for the mechanical and physical properties of the panels, which consisted of industrial waste fibres bonded with magnesium lignocellulosic, are presented in Table 1. The density of the laboratory-produced panels varied from 681 to 772 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\), which was rather close to the targeted value. The difference in this main characteristic of the panels was significantly below 5%; thus, it did not have an effect on the mechanical and physical properties.  
This study followed our previous research work [44], in which the mechanical and physical properties of the fabricated panels, produced from waste fibres and magnesium lignocellulosic as a binder, were investigated in more detail and compared with the European Standard requirements for common engineered wood panels [84; 85]. Generally, the laboratory-produced panels demonstrated acceptable mechanical properties in terms of the bending strength (MOR) (18.5 N\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{-2}\)) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) (2225 N\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{-2}\)), which were greater than the lowest requirements for type P2 particleboards and equal to the minimum requirements for MDF panels. The deteriorated dimensional stability, i.e., water absorption (24 h) and thickness swelling (24 h), was the main drawback of the fabricated composites.
# A Blockchain Solution for Remote Sensing Data Management Model
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a data storage security solution for remote sensing products based on multiple blockchains, that provides an accountable and distributed storage environment for storage participants. Firstly, the storage structure of the block is proposed as a trusted representation of shared data. Then, a data model for sharing data requests and services based on a blockchain is proposed, which makes data sharing more credible. Finally, through the Ethereum blockchain platform, the prototype system is designed and simulated. Multi-chain solutions with IPFS storage solve the problems of storage centralization, the centralized verification of data integrity, and denial of service in cloud storage scenarios. They offer a higher level of security than traditional cloud storage and Ethereum. Our implementation and evaluation of the prototype system show that it is a highly viable solution in terms of the data storage speed, traceability, security, and availability. The storage scenario in this paper still has a few challenges; for example, data could be encrypted for further security.  
Conceptualization, Q.Z. and Z.B.; Methodology, Q.Z. and W.Y.; Software, Q.Z. and Z.B.; Validation, W.Y.; Formal Analysis, Q.Z. and W.Y.; Investigation, Q.Z.; Resources, Q.Z. and Z.B.; Data Curation, W.Y. and Q.Z.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, Q.Z.; Writing--Review and Editing, Z.B. and W.Y.; Visualization, Z.B.; Supervision, Z.B. and W.Y.; Project Administration, Q.Z. and Z.B.; Funding Acquisition, W.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China, grant number 2021 YFE0117300.  
The data for this study are available within the. Data used in this study were derived from the following resources that are available in the public domain: [Geospatial data cloud, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences: [[https://www.gscloud.cn/sources](https://www.gscloud.cn/sources)]([https://www.gscloud.cn/sources](https://www.gscloud.cn/sources)) accessed on (23 May 2023)].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# Plant Exosomal Vesicles: Perspective Information Nanocarriers in Biomedicine
## 10 Therapeutic Effects of Plant Nanovesicles
The activation of NRF2 is known to increase the expression of liver detoxification genes and antioxidants, which together promote hepatoprotection [82]. In addition, in a similar study, the nanovesicles isolated from broccoli were shown to have a preventive and therapeutic effect on acute and chronic colitis by increasing the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The exosomes preserved the intestinal environment with minimal adverse reactions due to the regulation of AMP-activated kinase, which controls the cell energy balance [100]. The ginseng root nanovesicles exerted the anti-aging and anti-pigmentation effects on the ultraviolet-treated human dermal fibroblasts by inhibiting the activity of age-related \(\beta\)-galactosidase and melanogenesis proteins [110]. The nanovesicles have also been isolated from wheat to study their effect on the skin regeneration using primary human dermal fibroblast (HDF), human keratinocyte (HaCaT), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in in vitro studies. The results of the study showed an increase in the expression level of type 1 collagen. In addition to their proliferative and migratory effects, the nanovesicles are pro-angiogenic in nature, causing the formation of a tubular structure in human HUVEC lineage. Probably, the nanovesicles have the ability to induce the vascular formation during wound healing [113]. Grapefruit nanovesicles loaded with methotrexate have been used to study immunological responses. When administered orally, these vesicles have been shown to effectively target the mouse F4/80 macrophages located in the gut viaropinocytosis and clathrin-dependent cellular uptake pathways. After the application of nanovesicles, weight loss and reduction in the length of the large intestine stopped. Along with the apparent anti-inflammatory response, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6 decreased. The side effects of methotrexate in the composition of nanovesicles were significantly reduced [45]. In addition, miRNAs in the ginger- and grapefruit-derived nanovesicles targeted the genes of the mice intestinal probiotic _L. rhamnosus_, increasing its growth and stimulating the antimicrobial immunity to promote the gut microbiota well-being [114]. Similar studies with nanovesicles from broccoli, grapes, and carrots are also known, confirming the significant potential of nanovesicles as modulators of immunological reactions [67]. Some examples of the therapeutic effect of plant nanovesicles are summarized in Table 3.
# Influence of Dielectric Plate Parameters on the Reflection Coefficient of a Planar Aperture Antenna
## 2 Analysis of the Parameters of the Dielectric Plate on the Antenna Aperture
### Permittivity and Electrical Conductivity of the Dielectric Plate  
The importance of a material's dielectric properties in industrial applications has recently increased. These properties provide valuable information for improving product design, processing, quality, and control. The permittivity \(\varepsilon\) is generally a complex number that describes the interaction of a material with an electric field [13; 16]. Low values of the relative permittivity are values that characterize insulators [11; 12]. The permittivity can be expressed as follows: \(\varepsilon=\varepsilon^{\prime}-\mathrm{j}\,\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}=|\, \varepsilon\,|\,\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}\delta}\), where \(\varepsilon^{\prime}=\varepsilon_{0}\)\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}}\) is the real part of the permittivity \(\varepsilon\) that represents the stored electric field, and \(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)= \(\varepsilon_{0}\)\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}}\)\" is the imaginary part of the permittivity that stands for the loss factor-a measure of the amount of energy dissipated. \(\delta\) is the dielectric loss angle. The parameter \(\tan\delta\) is loss tangent or the dissipation factor DF. Figure 5: Electromagnetic wave propagates through three mediums: space in the wave-guide, a dielectric plate on the aperture antenna, and free space. If the material is not a perfect dielectric, the losses in the material can be expressed as losses in the dielectric (\(\epsilon_{\rm d}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\)) and losses due to electrical conductivity (\(\epsilon_{\rm c}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\)) of the material:  
\[\epsilon_{\rm r}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}=\epsilon_{\rm d}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}+ \epsilon_{\rm c}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}=\epsilon_{\rm r}\tan\delta+\frac{\sigma}{ \omega\epsilon_{0}}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(\epsilon_{\rm r}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\) is the relative imaginary part of the complex permittivity, \(\epsilon_{\rm d}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\) is the relative dielectric component of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity, \(\epsilon_{\rm c}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\) is the relative conductive component of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity, \(\sigma\) is electrical conductivity, \(\omega=2\pi\)f is angular frequency of an electromagnetic wave, and \(\epsilon_{0}\) is the vacuum permittivity. Electrical conductivity is found in the second term of the sum (Equation (1)), which depends on the frequency, and its influence is expressed at lower frequencies. At low frequencies, this conductivity can be caused by various factors, but most often, it is due to conduction by free ions that exist in the presence of moisture in the material. This relationship for the relative dielectric constant is incorporated in the mathematical model of the HFSS simulation routine. As the most important factor describing the properties of the dielectric plate, the reflection coefficient S\({}_{11}\) depends on the complex electrical permittivity, the complex magnetic permeability, and layer thickness.
## 3 General Characteristics of the Terrain and Excavations
### Analysis of Excavation and Support Systems
#### 3.1.1 Calculation Parameters  
The mechanical parameters for the stress-strain calculations were estimated from the studies produced for the original project. The project report contains a vast collection of results from laboratory tests and on-site trials. There is a great dispersion in the results of the tests. Nevertheless, the original design presents a classification by ranges of values of the parameters of the main units. The only unit for which there are no trials is the so-called uncontrolled fillings. Notwithstanding this, when these modelling and calculation works began, the excavations of the open pit of the South Portal had already begun and the land formed by the said fillings could be visually characterized. We used the parameters proposed by the designer for the stability analysis of the slopes of the South Portal, since they fall within the so-called uncontrolled landfill zone.  
According to the geotechnical profile presented by the original designer, the tunnel will mostly extend through the pumitic series and the lower tuff unit, although, towards the North Portal area, the lower part of the excavation section possibly includes the lahars.  
The pumitic unit and the lower tuff are geotechnically similar, according to the project report itself. Their parameters are orders of magnitude similar, and the boundary between these two units appears to be a bit fuzzy. Table 1 shows the parameters used in the calculations by the designer's company.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**GeOTechnical PARAMETERS OF THE ORIGINAL PROJECT**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**UNIT**} & **Specific Weight** & **Modulus of** & **Cohesion \(c\)** & **Friction Angle,** \\  & \(\gamma\) **(kN/m3)** & **Elasticity, E (MPa)** & **(KN/m2)** & **\(\phi\)**(\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Pumitic series} & 15.4 to 17.8 (17) & 11 to 102 (41.5) & 9 to 120 (30) & 22 to 50 (22) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Lower tuff} & 16.0 to 17.6 (18) & 27 to 121 (58.0) & 30 to 170 (50) & 6 to 67 (30) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Fillers} & -- & -- & -- & -- \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: the values in parentheses are those adopted by the designer for the design.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Geotechnical parameters of the original project.  
Figure 5: Finite difference mesh [12]. Definition terms: Concrete lanzado (sprayed concrete), Losa de contraboveda (tunnel floor), Micropilotes (micropile), Marcos IR (steel ribs).  
As previously stated, to define the parameters of the new calculations it was necessary to start from those established by the original designer in the laboratory and with on-site testing. However, after a review of the results of those campaigns, and based on our own experience, the parameters shown in Table 2 were proposed.
## 5 Experiments and Performance Evaluation
### WADGPS Performance Analysis
As for the integrity of this WADGPS implementation, the HPL values effectively bound the horizontal positioning errors, as shown in Figure 23. As depicted in Figure 24, the LNAV service availability is 99.977% over the five-day period for the developed WADGPS system with three RSs. As shown in Figure 24, there is no data sample located in the red region (_i.e._, the hazardously misleading information (HMI) region) of the figure, in other words, the horizontal protection level (HPL) calculated by this WADGPS architecture successfully bound the horizontal positioning error. As a result, the integrity (defined in Section 2) of this WADGPS implementation is ensured. The number of satellites used in the solutions is shown in Figure 25. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline
**Station No.** & **Station name** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** \\ \hline
1 & Longdong & 25\({}^{\circ}\) 5’50”N & 121\({}^{\circ}\) 55’5”E \\
2 & Shoufeng & 23\({}^{\circ}\) 52’12”N & 121\({}^{\circ}\) 36’53”E \\
3 & Fugang & 22\({}^{\circ}\) 47’26”N & 121\({}^{\circ}\) 12’32”E \\
4 & Kaohsiung & 22\({}^{\circ}\) 37’52”N & 120\({}^{\circ}\) 17’18”E \\ User & Taichung & 24\({}^{\circ}\) 17’27”N & 120\({}^{\circ}\) 32’6”E \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The e-GPS observation stations’ names and locations. Figure 20: The e-GPS observation stations distribution map. Figure 21: (a) The positioning error distribution and 95% error bound in east direction in Taipei FIR (3 RSs). (b) The positioning error distribution and 95% error bound in north direction in Taipei FIR (3 RSs). Figure 22: The vertical positioning error and 95% error bound in Taipei FIR (3 RSs). Figure 23: The HPL and horizontal position error in Taipei FIR (3 RSs). Figure 24: The LNAV (NPA) performance of the developed WADGPS with 3 RSs in Taipei FIR. To achieve possible improvement of the system performance, this WADGPS implementation adds one more e-GPS observation station (Station number 4 in Table 4) to be the fourth RSs. Figure 26 shows that the HPL values also bound the horizontal positioning errors successfully. Figure 27 shows the Stanford Chart of the WADGPS system with four RSs. In comparison to Figure 24, the total number of the epochs is increased from 380,142 epochs to 401,739 epochs (_i.e._, 21,597 more epochs), and the LNAV service availability is improved from 99.977% to 99.995%. Additionally, system unavailable epochs is reduced from 86 to 22. Tables 5 and 6 summarize the comparison of the positioning performance. The results show that the WADGPS system with four RSs performs slightly better than the WADGPS system with three RSs.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Characterization
#### 3.1.2 Optical Absorption Property  
The UV-Vis DRS spectra of pure TiO\({}_{2}\) and RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) are presented in Figure 3. The band gap energy (\(Eg\)) was calculated by Formula (2) as follows [31]:  
\[\alpha uv=A(lux-Eg)^{*}(n/2), \tag{2}\]  
where \(\alpha\), \(h\), \(v\), and \(A\) represent the absorption coefficient, [PERSON]'s constant, light frequency and a constant respectively. The value of \(n\) is 4 as indirect transition for TiO\({}_{2}\).  
By calculation, 0.75%La/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C), 0.20%Ce/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C), 0.70%Gd/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and 0.50%Yb/TiO\({}_{2}\) (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C) have the most red-shift compared with pure TiO\({}_{2}\) in their own doped range, indicating a decrease in the band gap; the \(Eg\) were 3.17 eV, 2.93 eV, 3.10 eV and 3.16 eV respectively, while the \(Eg\) of pure TiO\({}_{2}\) was 3.21 eV and 3.20 eV for 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 450 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The red-shift could be attributed to the charge-transfer transition between 4f or 5d electrons of rare-earth elements and the conduction or valence band of TiO\({}_{2}\) due to the hybridization between the O 2p and RE 4f/5d orbitals after the RE element is substituted or interstitially incorporated into the TiO\({}_{2}\) lattice [32]. As discussed above, the doping of rare-earth elements reduced the band gap compared with pure TiO\({}_{2}\), and ultimately augments the photodegradation ability of RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) composites [33]. There is further  
Figure 2: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) samples. (**a**) La/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (**b**) Ce/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (**c**) Gd/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (**d**) Yb/TiO\({}_{2}\) (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
explanation about the effect of rare area earth elements on the band structure and hybridization of anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) in the computation section.
## 3 Accuracy and Feasibility for Hardware Implementation
### Hardware Suitability  
It is important to note that the relationship between these metrics can be highly problem-specific, having different trade-offs and considerations when it comes to execution time, number of samples, and accuracy. However, and only to offer additional perspective on the preceding analysis, an estimated hardware suitability factor (HSF) \(\psi_{R^{2}}\) with \(R^{2}\) as the accuracy measurement method can be considered, as in Equation (19). This factor could provide an initial measurement of how suitable a CNREM is for hardware implementation in a portable device.  
Considering that this suitability factor decreases as time and the number of samples increase, and increases with accuracy, then \(\psi_{R^{2}}\) is directly proportional to \(A\) and inversely proportional to \(N\) and \(t_{e}\). In other words, \(\psi_{R^{2}}\propto A_{R^{2}}\frac{1}{N}\frac{1}{t_{e}}\). This factor is meant to be dimensionless, so the time units have to be ignored.  
\[\psi_{R^{2}}=\frac{A_{R^{2}}}{Nt_{e}} \tag{19}\]  
The results, including all the experimental and simulated scenarios for the HSF, are shown in Figure 21. The frequency domain methods are more suitable for a hardware implementation, more specifically [PERSON]'s method.  
Figure 20: Execution time per CNREM.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Media Preparation  
The bacterial growth media for the Biosscreen study (0.5 mL in each well) and the 100 mL shake-flask experiments were based on a minimal mineral salt medium (MSM) designed for efficient iron uptake according to a study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2005), with growth enhancer, yeast extract amendments in four different carbohydrate blocks: glucose, glycerol, soy hull hydrolysates, and mimicking soy hull hydrolysates. The minimal mineral salt media contained, per liter, 0.7 g KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), 0.9 g Na\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\), 2 g NaNO\({}_{3}\), 0.4 g MgSO\({}_{4}\cdot 7\)H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.1 g CaCl\({}_{2}\cdot 2\)H\({}_{2}\)O, 2 mL of trace elements [per liter, 2 g FeSO\({}_{4}\cdot 7\)H\({}_{2}\)O, 1.5 g MnSO\({}_{4}\cdot\) H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.6 g (NH\({}_{4}\))6 Mo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\cdot 4\)H\({}_{2}\)O] [18]. The soy hull hydrolysates were generated by treating ground dry soy hulls, at 5% enzyme loading without any chemical pretreatment. This was executed by treating 200 g dried ground soy hulls by a 1:1:1 combination of Novozymesr enzymesr enzymesr, NS22086, NS22083, and NS2211 at two 5% (\(v/v\)) enzyme loadings. A control without enzyme treatment was included. The pH was maintained at 5.0 with a 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer. The reactions were carried out in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks for 24 h in a shaker incubator at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 150 rpm. The hydrolysates were collected by centrifuging at 15,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 20 min in a centrifuge (Thermo-Fisher, model Sorvall legend XTR). The hydrolysates and the remaining solids were weighed and stored in Ziploc bags (SC Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, WI, USA) at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The carbohydrate yield was calculated as the conversion of biomass solids to soluble carbohydrate (CHO), based on the starting dry weight CHO content. This process, along with the hydrolysate recovery, was performed according to our previous studies, [PERSON] et al. (2016) and [PERSON] et al. (2018) [13,14].
# A Pilot-Pattern Based Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation
## 3 Channel Estimation Algorithm Based on Space-Time Block-Code
### Analysis on the Algorithm for LS Channel Estimation
Therefore, the following discussion is focused on the configuration of training sequence that satisfies the condition of \(\mathbf{Q}_{ii}(n)=0\). Suppose \(t_{2}(n,k)=t_{1}(n,k)W_{K}^{-k_{0}}\), \(K_{0}\leq l_{0}\leq K-K_{0}\), then \(q_{12}(n,l)=K\delta(l-l_{0})\). When \(|l|\leq K_{0}-1\), it can be deduced that \(q_{12}(n,l)=0\), \(\mathbf{Q}_{12}(n)=0\), and \(\mathbf{Q}_{21}(n)=\mathbf{Q}_{12}^{\rm H}(n)=0\). As a result, for the system that has \(M\) antennas in the transmitter, \(M\) should be limited by \(M\leq K_{0}/K\). If a training sequence \(t_{i}(n,k)\) satisfies the conditions of \(t_{i}(n,k)=t_{1}(n,k)W_{K}^{-K_{0}(i-1)k}\), \(i=2,\ldots,M\), and \(\overline{K}_{0}=|K/M|\geq K_{0}\), then \(\mathbf{Q}_{ij}(n,j)=0\), \(i\
eq j\), which means \(\mathbf{Q}\) is a diagonal matrix. The channel response of \(h(n)\) is then calculated as \(\mathbf{h}(n)=K^{-1}\mathbf{P}(n)\). It can be verified that this kind of training sequence not only reduces the complexity a great deal, but also achieves the best performance in the MSE perspective. Here the best performance means there is no correlation for various channel frequency responses, and each channel remains in its state that has the maximum power. Therefore, the selection of the comparative phase of the training sequence for different antennas in the transmitter is equivalent to allocating the channel response of the different antennas in the transmitter in different domains, which, thus, avoids the computation on solving the inverse matrix, as well as reduces the complexity of channel estimation enormously.