## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Literature Review** & **Hybrid DC–DC Converter** & **Topologies Combined** & **Advantages** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Buck-Boost Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Buck, Boost} & Voltage step-up and \\  & & & step-down capability, flexible \\  & & & voltage conversion, wide \\  & & & input range \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[2, 11, 12, 13, 14]} & \multirow{3}{*}{SEPIC-Cuk Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{SEPIC, Cuk} & Wide input voltage range, \\  & & & galvanic isolation, \\  & & & continuous currents, \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[3, 15, 16, 17, 18]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback-Forward Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback, forward} & Bidirectional power flow, \\  & & & multiple isolated outputs \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[4, 19, 20, 21, 22]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Full-Bridge LLC Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Full-Bridge, LLC} & High efficiency, high power \\  & & & density, low EMI \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[23, 24, 25, 26, 27]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hybrid Multilevel Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Various multilevel topologies} & High voltage, high power, \\  & & & reduced harmonics, low \\  & & & switching losses \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[5, 28, 29]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback-Cuk Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback, CuK} & High efficiency, high voltage \\  & & & regulation, improved \\  & & & transient response \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[6, 14, 30]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback-SEPIC Converter} & \multirow{3}{*}{Flyback, SEPIC} & High efficiency, High voltage \\  & & & regulation, improved \\  & & & transient response \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Main Features Comparison**} \\ \hline \hline
**Hybrid converter** & **Number of Outputs** & **Voltage Gain** & **THD** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[5]} & 2 & \(\frac{V_{s}}{V_{m}}=\left|\frac{N_{s}-N_{s}}{N_{s}}\frac{D_{M}}{1-D_{M}}\right|\) & 27.69\% \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[6]} & 2 & \(\frac{V_{s}}{V_{m}}=\frac{N_{s}+N_{s}}{N_{s}}\frac{D_{M}}{1-D_{M}}\) & 27.26\% \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Proposed converter**} & 3 & \(\frac{V_{s}}{V_{m}}=\frac{2D_{M}}{1-D_{M}}\) & 21.11\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Different hybrid DC–DC converter topologies. electromagnetic interference (EMI), lower input and output current ripple, and improved dependability. Additionally, the Zeta converter may provide input-output isolation upon request, broadening its use. In contrast to the conventional Cuk converter, the newly introduced Mahafzah converter [32], depicted in Figure 2, exhibits several notable advantages, including increased efficiency, a more compact footprint, and reduced semiconductor device currents. While the essential components of the Cuk converter are retained in the proposed design, they are arranged in a novel configuration without the need for any additional components. A significant advantage of the suggested Mahafzah converter lies in its use of a coupling capacitor with a substantially lower rated voltage as compared to the Cuk converter. As a result, the coupling capacitor's size is reduced, leading to a smaller printed circuit board (PCB) and lowering manufacturing costs. Moreover, this innovative design choice contributes to decreased semiconductor device currents, enhancing the overall converter efficiency. For the evaluation of its efficiency, the converter operates in continuous current mode (CCM) with a fixed duty cycle and switching frequency, demonstrating its superior performance characteristics [31]. By showcasing the efficiency gains and practical benefits, the Mahafzah converter offers a promising alternative to traditional Cuk converters, making it an attractive option for various power electronics applications. This paper proposes a new hybrid converter based on two combined, non-isolated DC-DC converters. The latter being a Zeta converter with a Mahafzah converter [32]. The proposed hybrid converter comprises one controlled switch, two diodes, two coupling capacitors, three inductors, and two low-pass filters.