esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evolving Multi-Output Digital Circuits Using Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution
## 2 Background
### Multi-Output Problems  
Multiple output or target variables characterise multi-output (also known as multi-target or multi-variate) problems. Multi-variate regression and multi-label classification are categories of multi-output problems. Multi-variate regression deals with the estimation of a single regression model which models how multiple independent and dependent variables are linearly related. Multi-variate regression is used in different domains such as economics and finance, health care, social sciences, environmental studies and market research. For example, in economics and finance multi-variate regression is used to investigate the factors that affect inflation rates, stock prices, housing prices and GDP growth rate. In multi-label classification, zero or multiple labels are required as output per input sample [16]. Gene classification in bio-informatics, text categorisation and image classification are real-world applications of Multi-label classification. These problems are challenging to deal with, mainly due to their multi-variate nature and possible dependencies between target variables [17].  
Methodologies designed for tackling multi-output regression problems are categorised into two groups: _problem transformation_ and _algorithm adaptation_ methods [17]. Problem transformation methods transform multi-output problems into single-output problems, each uniquely solving one of the target variables using any single regression algorithm of choice [17]. Algorithm adaptation methods adapt existing single-target algorithms to handle multi-target problems [17]. Some advantages of the latter approach are better performance, better representation & interpretability, and computationally more efficiency compared to single-target methods [17].
# Digital Twin in the Maritime Domain: A Review and Emerging Trends
## 5 Developing a Ship Digital Twin Architecture
### Appreciting the Future Dynamics
#### 5.3.2 Incorporating Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality  
Augmented Reality (AR) based applications are playing a pivotal role in the digitalization process, where the number of operations can be enhanced with AR-based solutions. It can be used as a presentation tool where interactive interfaces are utilized to visualize three-dimensional geometries and function as a supporting tool in executing the work while minimizing the errors incorporated in the manual process [110]. Additional information along with the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) can be superimposed to provide more guidance to the operator to perform the designated task. The author can specify the linkage between the geometries of the component and metadata including the drawings, plans, documents, and other service instructions supporting the execution of the relevant process. In this methodology, a camera tracks the base object while feeding the user interface with virtual images, objects, and texts of relevant data [111]. AR-based service instructions can assist heavily in the application of CAA in the functioning of the smart functions onboard. At present, simulations play a vital role in the design decisions and validating of components/systems in the design, engineering, operation, and service phases of a product. DT-based AR functions realize all the aspirations of a seamless development of any critical product.  
Virtual Reality (VR) is also a formidable domain that has stormed the digitalization process with its superior merits to the traditional 3D-based systems in providing more versatile information and interaction. It has already been utilized extensively in the shipbuilding industry with loaded CAD models in virtual environments with the facility to interact with them. A high-fidelity DT model will further allow virtual prototyping [112] in reducing the cost incurred during the validation and testing phases of any new vessel. Assigned controller buttons are used to navigate within the virtual environment while manipulating the model with incorporated control modes. Traditional Marine Engineering Systems (MES) with 2D interfaces are replaced by these naive simulation/user interfaces with much-improved geometric modelling procedures with model integration with optimizations, general arrangement, equipment specifications, etc. [113]. Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) with room-scale tracking will allow the user to control the model within the 3D space along with motion-tracking handheld controllers. Eye tracking is used with interactive 3D screens in smaller applications while Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) creates an immersive VR experience using projectors set to the entire room. These are used for training purposes due to cost concerns and the inability to produce high-definition output for real-time applications.
## 8 Conclusions and Future Work
### Future Outlook  
Although the protocols proposed in this document are applicable in most scenarios, there are still several aspects that could be optimized for future development:  
1. All protocols are designed for two-party unbalanced PSI-CA. Extending these protocols to multi-party scenarios is an important future direction, given the practical needs for multi-party computations.
2. The protocols are developed under a semi-honest security model. Extending their robustness to malicious models, where adversaries may actively attempt to undermine the protocols, represents a crucial area for further research.
3. The current protocols are focused exclusively on PSI-CA. In practical applications, there may be a need to carry out other types of computations, such as PSI-SUM, etc. Expanding the protocols to support a variety of computational types is another significant direction for future work.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **Security** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Client Storage \&** \\ **Computational Burden** \\ \end{tabular} & **Runtime** \\ \hline Unbalanced PSI-CA Protocol based on Cuckoo Filter & \begin{tabular}{c} High Security (no \\ collusion attacks) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Requires storing Cuckoo filter and intensive \\ computation \\ \end{tabular} & Longest \\ \hline Unbalanced PSI-CA Protocol based on Single-Cloud Assistance & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Security Risks (cannot \\ resist collusion attacks) \\ \end{tabular} & Shifted to cloud server & Fastest \\ \hline Unbalanced PSI-CA Protocol based on Dual-Cloud Assistance &
\begin{tabular}{c} High Security (can resist \\ collusion attacks) \\ \end{tabular} & Shifted to cloud server & Moderate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Overall performance summary of the three protocols.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, W.T., S.D. and J.W.; Methodology, W.T., S.D. and J.W.; Software, S.D.; Validation, W.T. and J.W.; Formal analysis, W.T., S.D. and J.W.; Investigation, S.D.; Resources, W.T.; Data curation, W.T.; Writing--original draft preparation, S.D.; Writing--review and editing, W.T., S.D. and J.W.; Visualization, S.D.; Supervision, W.T. and J.W.; Project administration, W.T. and J.W.; Funding acquisition, W.T. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Data Security and Privacy Preserving: 2023B121060036.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original data for this article were generated and recorded by ourselves. The data for this article does not originate from a publicly available repository. The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Quantifying the variability and changes in phenology and gross primary production (GPP) of alpine wetlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under climate change is essential for assessing carbon (C) balance dynamics at regional and global scales. In this study, _in situ_ eddy covariance (EC) flux tower observations and remote sensing data were integrated with a modified, satellite-based vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) to investigate the variability in climate change, phenology, and GPP of an alpine wetland ecosystem, located in Zoige, southwestern China. Two-year EC data and remote sensing vegetation indices showed that warmer temperatures corresponded to an earlier start date of the growing season, increased GPP, and ecosystem respiration, and hence increased the C sink strength of the alpine wetlands. Twelve-year long-term simulations (2000-2011) showed that: (1) there were significantly increasing trends for the mean annual enhanced vegetation index (EVI), land surface water index (LSWI), and growing season GPP (\(R^{2}\)\(\geq\) 0.59, \(p\)\(<\) 0.01) at rates of 0.002, 0.11 year\({}^{-1}\) and 16.32 g\(\cdot\) C\(\cdot\) m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\), respectively, which was in line with the observed warming trend (\(R^{2}\) = 0.54, \(p\) = 0.006); (2) the start and end of the vegetation growing season (SOS and EOS) experienced a continuous advancing trend at a rate of 1.61 days\(\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) and a delaying trend at a rate of 1.57 days\(\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) from 2000 to 2011 (\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.04), respectively; and (3) with increasing temperature, the advanced SOS and delayed EOS prolonged the wetland's phenological and photosynthetically active period and, thereby, increased wetland productivity by about 3.7-4.2 g\(\cdot\) C\(\cdot\) m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) per day. Furthermore, our results indicated that warming and the extension of the growing season had positive effects on carbon uptake in this alpine wetland ecosystem.  
climate change; phenology; VPM; gross primary production; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; alpine wetland 2016839103390/rs8050
# Effect of Different Acoustic Parameters on NOx Emissions of Partially Premixed Flame  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.H.)  
Mingxiao Wang  
2222-222-2222-22222-  
pulse combustor, were developed and widely used in power and heat generation devices, including boilers, water heaters, industrial furnaces, and pulsating dryers for a long time [10; 11; 12; 13; 14].  
Previous studies showed that the reductions in NOx could occur for lean premixed flames under acoustic excitation [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Lean premixed flames are more sensitive to flow perturbations and tend to induce self-excited thermoacoustic oscillations. However, in terms of NOx reduction, the effects of acoustic excitation on partially premixed flame and diffusion flame could potentially be more effective [18; 19; 20; 21], as the lean premixed flame inherently has very low NOx emissions. Partially premixed flames have dual flame dynamics characteristic of lean premixed flame and diffusion flame. Therefore, it has engineering and academic value to investigate partially premixed flame, which is also widely used in boilers and industrial furnaces.  
Understanding the characteristics of partially premixed combustion systems under acoustic excitation, in terms of NOx emissions, is still limited because the complexity involved in the interaction between upstream disturbances and reacting flow fields [22]. [PERSON] et al. proposed that the reduction of flame length was the main reason for the decrease of the NOx emission index (EINOx), by investigating flames under acoustic frequencies of 256.9 Hz, 400 Hz, 770.6 Hz, and 514 Hz [23]. In conclusion, interaction between acoustic excitation and flame were demonstrated to lead to reduced NOx emission for premixed flame and diffusion flame [24; 25], but the effects of acoustic parameters including frequency and amplitude on NOx emissions for partially premixed flame were rarely reported. Recently, [PERSON] [26], [PERSON] [27; 28], and [PERSON] [29] focused on the NOx emission of partially premixed flame in Rijke tubes with an acoustic frequency of 110 Hz, and observed that the reduction of high temperature area and the decrease of residence time were major causes for NOx reduction. However, the exact relationships between amplitude, frequency, and EINOx have not been obtained. Present work focuses on the effects of acoustic frequency (0-400 Hz) and amplitude (0-1000 Pa) on NOx emissions with partially methane/air premixed flame. The correlation of the NOx emission results to the changes in flame properties, such as flame length, flame shape, and global residence time, in response to variations in the controlling parameters was analyzed.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Case Study Building  
We considered one of the most representative construction systems that is in practice after the endorsement of building codes in Nepal in 2003 [21]. After the legal enforcement of building code, most of the residential constructions comply with the mandatory rules of thumb (MRT), especially in urban and semi-urban neighborhoods. We considered a three-storied special moment-resisting frame building to assess the behavior under earthquake sequence. The selected structure is the representative low-rise building designed per the Nepal Building Code (NBC)-201 [22] and NBC-205 [23]. The exterior walls of such buildings have 230 mm thick (double wythe) solid brick infill walls, and the interior walls are 115 mm thick header bond, indicating single brick wythe. The structural and material details of the case study building are shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Description** & **Details** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Frame} & Type & Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) \\ \cline{2-3}  & No. of bays in X-direction & 3 \\ \cline{2-3}  & No. of bays in Y-direction & 2 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Story height & 2.74 m \\ \cline{2-3}  & Total width along \(x\)-axis & 10.8 m \\ \cline{2-3}  & Total width along \(y\)-axis & 7.3 m \\ \cline{2-3}  & Beam size & 230 \(\times\) 350 mm \\ \cline{2-3}  & Column size & 300 \(\times\) 300 mm \\ \cline{2-3}  & Slab thickness & 125 mm \\ \cline{2-3}  & Plinth area & 78.84 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Load} & Live load at floor slab & 2 K/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Live load at roof & 1.5 K/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Floor finish & 1.0 K/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Staircase load & 5 K/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & External wall load & 7.844 KN/m \\ \cline{2-3}  & Internal wall load & 5.911 KN/m \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Material} & Concrete & 20 MPa for all concrete members \\ \cline{2-3}  & Rebar & Fe-500 for all RC members \\ \cline{2-3}  & Brickwork & 7.5 MPa bricks in 1:6 cement mortar for 230 mm thick walls \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Structural and material characteristics of a representative MRT building in Nepal.  
Figure 2 shows the layout of the building along two directions. Similarly, Figure 3 shows geometrical and reinforcement details of structural members (beams and columns). The MRT constructions use the same size of beams and columns in all stories. Ductile detailing provisions are also provided through mandatory regulations to assure adequate ductility of owner-built constructions.  
Figure 3: Geometrical and reinforcement detailing of (**a**) beam and (**b**) column sections (units in mm).  
Figure 2: Typical floor plan of the case study building.
# Sentinel-2 Reveals Record-Breaking Po River Shrinking Due to Severe Drought in 2022
## 4 Discussion
### Applicability of the Proposed Methodology: Po River Shrinking in Summer 2022
These examples demonstrate the potential of satellite tools in general and of this methodology in particular for monitoring variations and supporting the effective planning and management of water resources and alluvial environments. The proposed approach provides an effective cognitive tool for water resource management. Indeed, surface water extents are variable in time, occasionally presenting extreme changes, as in floods [54]. Furthermore, the combined effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressures are contributing to the increase in hydrological extremes at the global level, including water scarcity and floods [15]. For these reasons, watercourse monitoring tools must evolve to improve our knowledge of complex hydromorphological processes and the possibility to predict water dynamics [55]. Information produced from the analysis of remote sensing data would be useful not only to monitor a specific watercourse but also to support the integrated management of river systems at the regional or national level, including efficient water management strategies to optimize water allocation [15].
# Investigation of Visual Stimulus Signals Using Hue Change for SSVEP
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Obtaining and Analyzing SSVEP  
Emotiv Epoc+, an electroencephalogram measuring device that is noninvasive to the body, was used to measure the EEG. Its electrodes are dedicated saline-based wet electrodes, and they contact the scalp through electrolyte-impregnated sponges at 14 sites: AF3, AF4, F7, F8, F3, F4, FC4, FC5, T7, T8, P7, P8, O1, O2. SSVEP can be measured using the electrodes close to the occipital region where the visual cortex is located. In previous reports [8], the measurement of SSVEP was reported using the electrodes of Emotiv Epoc+ at the occipital region (O1, O2). The occipital region (O1, O2) was also used in this study.  
In the analysis of the acquired EEG data, frequency information is extracted from multi-channel EEG using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) [9]. In CCA, the data from one signal can be divided into a unique signal (proprietary signal), communication signal, and noise. Only a signal common to multiple signal data is extracted and selected. It is possible to obtain accurate SSVEP by obtaining common EEGs from the signals of the two channels obtained from the two sites (O1, O2).  
For CCA, a reference signal was generated for 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 7.5, 6, 5, and 4 Hz, respectively. CCA was used to calculate the canonical correlation coefficient for each of the nine artificial reference signals generated from the EEG data. The extracted frequency corresponds to the reference signal with the highest correlation coefficient and is acquired from the EEG data through multiple trials. Then, accuracy is calculated from Equation (1):  
\[\text{accuracy}\ =\ \frac{corr}{N}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(corr\) is the number of trials necessary to obtain the correct prediction, and \(N\) is the total number of trials.
## 3 Results
### The Effect of Cutting Was Studied by Photographic Color Extraction
#### 3.3.1 Color Concentration Improvement
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline  & **Contrast the Obverse and** & **Contrast the Obverse Side of** \\  & **Reverse Sides of a Stone** & **a Gem with or without the** \\  & **without the Fire Color** & **Fire Color (Figure 9 Right)** \\  & **(Figure 9 Left)** & 4.41 \\ \hline Average of \(|\Delta\)L\(|\) & 6.15 & 4.56 \\ Average of \(|\Delta\)L\(|\) & 1.11 & 1.46 \\ Average of \(|\Delta\)E\(|\) & 9.53 & 6.93 \\ Number of samples optimized & 23 & 5 \\ for both L and C & & \\ Number of samples optimized & & \\ for L or C & & 16 \\ Number of samples with both & 6 & 8 \\ parameters not optimized & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison between before and after two kinds of cutting (overall cutting and small facet cutting), including the color difference and the optimized samples’ numbers. Figure 11: Tsavorites’ color grading is divided into: deep, vivid, intense, fancy, light and faint. Color rating: intense > vivid > fancy > light > deep = faint. The evaluation criteria for this link are: two parameters are optimized to show that cutting has a significant effect on color concentration, one parameter is optimized to show that cutting has a moderate effect on color fineness, and neither parameter is optimized to show that cutting has no effect on color concentration. It can be seen that the color concentration of most bare stones is improved after overall cutting, and overall cutting plays a major role in the improvement of color concentration. Small facet cutting has no obvious effect on the color concentration convergence. In the case of the color concentration increase, the overall cutting weight is 80%, and the small facet cutting weight is 20%.
# Real-Time Control System for Model Railway Based on SIMIS W Interlocking System
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Real-Time System  
Real-time computer systems must meet specific deadlines in generating their outputs. As a result, all components of the real-time system must have predictable performance so that hardware resources can be effectively scheduled, ensuring that all deadlines are met [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. According to the classical definition [18], a hard real-time activity must always be completed before a deadline. Otherwise, some critical error may occur that invalidates the correctness of the entire system. Soft real-time activities have less critical requirements. They should be completed before a specific deadline; however, nothing catastrophic happens if the deadline is missed [19]. Fail-safe mechanisms are thus essential for safeguarding property and individuals. The exact timing requirements for a real-time  
Figure 4: Current sensing module Lenz LB 101 and connection schematic to the PLC S7-1200 [8].  
Figure 5: Tillig switch machine with DC motor and connection schematic to the PLC S7-1200 [8].  
system depend on its purpose. Typical timing varies from microseconds in hard real-time systems to seconds in soft real-time systems.  
The basic structure of a real-time system includes I/O conditioning units, I/O interfaces, a real-time computer, and a human-computer interface. The conditioning units modify input signals to make them compatible with the computer and amplify control commands for the actuators. Four basic methods are typically used to modify these signals:  
* Voltage amplification--matching sensor output voltage with computer input voltage levels;
* Voltage level shifting--used to align sensor voltage range with acceptance with computer;
* Frequency range shifting and filtering--used to filter noise components of input signals;
* Signal mode conversion--conversion between direct and alternating current or conversion from analogue signals to pulse train.  
Interface units convert analogue signals to digital signals (A/D converters) and digital signals to analogue signals (D/A converters). The input interface includes an A/D input register for loading received data into the computer. In contrast, the output interface includes a D/A output register where the computer writes control signals for the actuators. These signals are then converted to analogue values and sent to the actuator circuitry [11; 12].