## 1 Introduction  
Rechargeable batteries are commonly used in various applications, such as data centers, telecommunication base stations, radio microwave systems, government buildings, storing energy in solar panels, and supplying energy to electric vehicles, medical devices, and consumer electronics [1, 2]. They are frequently utilized as backup sources in the event of a failure in primary supply systems. A battery management system (BMS) was designed to monitor and control the charging and discharging of batteries, ensuring their safe and efficient operation. They are used in various applications including lithium-ion batteries [3, 4] and lead-acids [5]. A BMS typically monitors parameters such as the voltage, current, temperature, internal resistance, and state of charge. It also includes circuits to protect against potential safety hazards. Battery voltage refers to the electrical potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of a battery. It is a measure of the electrical energy available in a battery and is typically expressed in volts (V). The voltage of a battery determines its ability to provide electrical power to a device or system. As a battery discharges, its voltage gradually decreases until it reaches a certain cutoff value, indicating the end of its usable life. The specific voltage profile of a battery over time depends on various factors, including the battery characteristics, load conditions, and system design [6]. This is also a key factor in determining the state of charge (SoC) of a battery, which represents the remaining usable percentage of its capacity. The SoC is often estimated based on the battery's output voltage, with a cut-off voltage indicating a zero SoC. Battery voltage fluctuations can pose challenges in various applications such as telecommunication towers, and monitoring systems are implemented to ensure stable operation and prevent hazards. Battery voltage degradation refers to a decrease in the voltage capacity or performance of the battery. This is a common issue in lithium-ion batteries and can impact the overall reliability and efficiency of battery-powered systems [7]. Battery voltage fluctuations can also pose challenges in telecommunications towers, leading to poor management and other potential hazard [8]. The degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries with Li4 Ti5O12 (LTO) negative electrodes have been studied, and it has been found that the loss of active material in the positive electrode is a significant factor contributing to the capacity loss [9]. Various approaches have been proposed to address battery voltage degradation. One approach is the development of battery voltage-level monitoring systems that allow the real-time monitoring of battery usage and can help identify voltage fluctuations and potential hazards [8]. Another approach involves the use of battery management systems that regulate the charging and discharging processes to prevent overcharging, overvoltage, and excessive discharge, which can contribute to battery degradation [10]. However, the degradation of lead-acid batteries is primarily caused by complex and interconnected chemical and mechanical processes and presents a significant challenge in terms of their performance and lifespan [11]. The ability to predict the level of degradation and remaining battery life is crucial for both performance and economic reasons. Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SoC) and remaining battery life allows for better management of battery-powered systems, such as electric vehicles [12]. The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the way data are gathered and analyzed across various domains [13]. In the context of battery monitoring and management, IoT offers a promising solution for real-time data acquisition and analysis [14]. By integrating IoT devices, sensors, and connectivity, we can gather comprehensive data on various parameters such as voltage [8; 15] and temperature [8].