# Phenolic Compounds in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe
## 3 Results
### Phenolic Compounds
#### 3.1.2 Flavonoids
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Tree and Shrub Species** & **Flavonoids** & **Literature** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Scots pine _Pinus sylvestris_ L.} & Prodephinidin and lacks taxifolin, quercetin & \\  & and taxifolin taxifolin, taxifolin & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{needles} & 3\({}^{\prime}\)-O-glucose, quercetin as well as quercetin & [58; 89; 90] \\  & 3\({}^{\prime}\)-O-glucose and 3\({}^{\prime}\)-O-glucose & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Oak _Quercus robus_ L.} & Tannin derivatives of pirocatechin and & \\  & pyrogallol, epicatechin, flavan-3-ol, & [91; 92] \\ \cline{1-1}  & catechchin, quercetin & \\ \hline Silver fir _Abies albu_ Mill. Wood and & Catechin, epicatechin and catechin & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{bark} & tetramethyl ether & [93] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{European beech _Fagus sylatica_ L.-leaves wood Bark} & Catechin, kempferol, gallocatechin, & \\  & kaempferol 3-glucose, naringenin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & quercetin, quercetin-3-glucose, mirycetyna, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & quercetin, taxifolin & \\ \cline{1-1}  & quercetin, kaempferol, chrysin Catechin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & cis-coniferin, cis-isoconiferin, cis-syringin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & R-glucodistylin, S-glucodistylin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & taxifolin-xylopyranoside quercetin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & kaempferol, chrysin, taxifolin, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and (epi)catechin & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Flavonoids found in trees and shrubs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Flavonoids** & **Representatives** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flavonols} & \multirow{2}{*}{quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, morin, rutin and others} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flavones} & \multirow{2}{*}{luteolin, apigenin, chrysin, acacetin} \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flavanones} & \multirow{2}{*}{hesperidin, naringenin, eriodictyl, sakuranin} \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flavan-3-ol} & \multirow{2}{*}{catechin, epicatechin, theflavin and derivatives} \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{flavanonoles} & \multirow{2}{*}{taxifolin, aromadenddrin} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Isoflavones} & \multirow{2}{*}{daidzein, genistein, glycitein} \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anthocyanidin} & \multirow{2}{*}{anthocyaninis: cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin,} \\  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & peonidin, petunidin, neoflavonoids (4-phenylciumarin or \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Division of flavonoids depending on their chemical structure [83]. Based on our own conducted research on plant material samples, it was found that fir needles and elderberry fruit had the highest content in flavonoids, and spruce needles and bird cherry leaves the lowest (Tables 7 and 8). Catechin and naringenin were present in the highest concentration in the needles tested. The highest concentration of flavonoids found in elderberry fruits turned out to be quercetin. A high concentration of catechins was observed in samples of the bark and fruit of bird cherry. Among the analysed flavonoids, vitexin, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempfer, and luteolin were present in very low concentrations in all sample needles. Samples of the fruit, bark and leaves of the examined trees and shrubs contained low concentrations of luteolin, vitexin and kaempfer (Table 8). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Tree and Shrub Species** & **Flavonoids** & **Literature** \\ \hline Spruce _Picea abies_ H. Karst-needle & Catechin, kaempfer 3-glucoside, naringenin, quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 54, epicatechin astringin, piceidin 18, Isorhapotin, piceatannol; prodelphinidins & [52; 58; 95; 96; 97; 98] \\ \hline _Salix purpurea_ L. & Salipuroside, isosalipuroside. naringenin, naringenin 5-O-glucose, naringenin 7-O-glucose, chalcone isosalipurposide, flavan-3-ol, catechin & [97; 98] \\ \hline _Salix_ spp: _S.