# Data Analytics for Profiling Low-Voltage Customers with Smart Meter Readings
## 5 Example of Application in Smart Grid Planning and Operation  
For validating the whole approach, one example of application of the LPs is proposed in this section. It may be related both to the use of the LPs during the operation and the planning of the distribution system, since it compares the results obtained by performing load flow calculations of a given network. The comparison is made by varying the representation of the load demand: (i) by considering the measured load profiles, (ii) by using the LPs resulting from the approach proposed in this paper, and (iii) by assigning a unique set of LPs to each customer of a given category (according to the current DSO practice). Figure 17 shows the LV network used for the test. It is constituted by 56 three-phase nodes distributed in five underground feeders and supplied by a 630 kVA MV/LV transformer and 27 photovoltaic generators (PV) located in 12 network nodes (i.e., single \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **Customer Share in the Clusters \(F_{ik}\)** & \(\sum\limits_{j=1}^{c}\frac{F_{ik}}{\pi_{j}}\) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Distribution Coefficients \(q_{ik}\)**} \\ \hline  & **K1** & **K2** & **K3** & **K4** & \(j=1\) & **K1** & **K2** & **K3** & **K4** \\ \hline NW-E\({}_{0}\) & 12 & 14 & 14 & 3 & 0.07 & 0.29 & 0.27 & 0.32 & 0.11 \\ NW-E\({}_{1}\) & 95 & 126 & 89 & 57 & 0.65 & 0.26 & 0.27 & 0.23 & 0.24 \\ NW-E\({}_{2}\) & 133 & 205 & 144 & 80 & 0.98 & 0.24 & 0.29 & 0.25 & 0.23 \\ NW-E\({}_{3}\) & 116 & 150 & 151 & 93 & 0.92 & 0.22 & 0.23 & 0.27 & 0.28 \\ NW-E\({}_{4}\) & 92 & 108 & 112 & 75 & 0.70 & 0.23 & 0.21 & 0.27 & 0.29 \\ NW-E\({}_{5}\) & 117 & 105 & 87 & 53 & 0.64 & 0.32 & 0.23 & 0.23 & 0.23 \\ NW-E\({}_{6}\) & 9 & 5 & 1 & 1 & 0.03 & 0.58 & 0.26 & 0.06 & 0.10 \\ NW-E\({}_{7}\) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.01 & 0.23 & 0.19 & 0.22 & 0.36 \\
**Sum (N\({}_{k}\))** & **575** & **714** & **599** & **363** & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Customer shares in the cluster (\(F_{ik}\)) and distribution coefficients (\(q_{ik}\)) for the groups of customers of the northwest area (NW) in the four resulting clusters (database 2017). or three-phase, installed power from about 1 kWp and 62 kWp). The bulk grid and the PVs deliver energy to 516 residential customers (i.e., main residence contract, single-phase, rated power 3 kW) and 41 small or medium commercial customers (i.e., commercial contract, single or three-phase, rated power from 3 kW to 50 kW). For the sake of brevity, only the results for the winter working day are presented and discussed (i.e., first trimester), but this may come to the same conclusions for the others typical days. Figure 18 shows the power profiles at the MV/LV transformer calculated with the considered different set of typical load profiles and with the measured profiles. The real day power profiles of the about 65 winter working days of the year are reported in light grey, and their mean value is reported in green. The orange power profile refers to the use of the typical LPs currently adopted by DSOs. This curve highlights the effect of using the same typical LP for all the customers belonging to the same category. This use unavoidably overt values the power profile in almost all the hours of the day and in particular ends up overestimating both the morning and the evening peak. Furthermore, the peak hours are delayed. On the contrary, the blue curve, related to the new typical LPs proposed in this paper, is very close to the mean real day power profile and guesses the peak hours. Figure 17: Test network. Figure 18: Power profile at the medium voltage (MV)/low voltage (LV) transformer (winter working day). Often, distribution management systems (DMS), by active managing the distribution networks, optimize one day ahead the scheduled generation/consumption patterns by forecasting the contingencies of the next day and by assessing the services that the DSO should procure possibly by the DERs.