## 4 Case Study  
Chile's diverse landscapes and climates lead to various natural hazards, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, making it one of the most seismically active countries in the world. Despite being one of the most stable economies in Latin America, Chile faces significant social inequality, and vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by natural disasters. Integrating the human factor into evacuation models would ensure these communities receive the necessary attention and resources. These characteristics reflect the challenges faced by developing countries. Chile, a long and narrow country spanning desert to sub-Antarctic regions and dominated by the Andes, presents unique diversity in Latin America (see Figure 2). With a population of 19,658,835 [71], Chile's economy is based on raw material exports and a growing service sector. Geologically, it experiences high seismic and volcanic activity due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire as well as its climatic diversity, ranging from the Atacama Desert to temperate rainforests. Chile regularly faces natural risks like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, avalanches, droughts, and forest fires, which are increasing due to climate change, rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and more frequent extreme events. This has significant impacts on sectors like agriculture, energy, and water resources. Socioeconomically, wealth concentration and inequality increase vulnerability to natural disasters, while accelerated and disorderly urbanization lead to overcrowding, a lack of services, and greater exposure to risks. Chile's geographic, climatic, and demographic diversity make emergency planning a complex challenge that varies across regions. The Chilean case offers valuable lessons for understanding and addressing the interplay of factors shaping disaster risk and resilience in the developing world. The human factor is a critical element of emergency management, as it influences all process stages from risk perception to response and recovery. Equity and vulnerability are essential aspects of emergency planning; differences in age, sex, disability, socioeconomic status, and other characteristics that can increase the vulnerability of specific population groups must be considered. As discussed above, the literature identifies that sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors influence emergency management. This case study considers expanding the knowledge framework for the design of emergency management plans from different human-related disciplines. The approach is also based on the cultural diversity that a country like Chile has because of its geographical and climatic extension, making it necessary to define the distribution of public resources related to vulnerable regions, subject to human factors and their effects on the design of emergency evacuation plans. As argued in the Literature Review Section, the use of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and psychological factors seeks to consider the vulnerability of a territorial area (defined according to the political organization of the country) in comparison to others for a potential strategic focus, for example, for the allocation of resources in emergency plans. According to national reports based mainly on the latest census of the country in 2017 and reports from official organizations regarding psychosocial problems according to their national territory,  
Figure 2: Political map of Chile with the distribution of its 16 regions [72]. information is collected that allows us to move forward with a multicriteria analysis, as detailed in the previous section. The classifications by factor are based on the original data as reported. For example, in the official census report, the information associated with men and women belonging to rural or urban areas is associated with the person's sex, relating to \"the biological condition of the person, which can be male or female\" [73].