## 1 Introduction  
The utilization and quest for clean renewable energy have become critical due to the growing interest in clean energy and water sources [1; 2]. Environmental problems can be caused by organic and inorganic compounds found in wastewater [3]. However, conventional wastewater treatment methods, which consist of several treatment processes, are not always effective toward the complete removal of water contaminants. Thus, a small quantity of these contaminants, such as ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorous, are discharged into river bodies, which can lead to the pollution of groundwater. This can affect human health, disrupt the aquatic ecosystem, kill aquatic animals,and stimulate the growth of aquatic weed plants in rivers, streams, or lakes [4; 5]. The high growth of these aquatic weed plants forms thick mats in water systems that stagnate the movement of water, harbor dangerous insects, such as mosquitoes, and cause detrimental effects to aquatic life and blockage of water channels and hydroelectric turbines [6]. Hence, tertiary treatment is required to remove all the residual organic and inorganic pollutants. Tertiary treatment of wastewater can be established through chemical or plant-based methods. As a comparison between biological and chemical treatment processes, plant-based treatment methods, such as phytoremediation, have proved to be more feasible and effective in most cases [7; 8]. Phytoremediation is a plant-based process that involves the use of plant species, such as aquatic weed plants, to absorb or degrade excess nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Furthermore, the phytoremediation process is cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, and can be employed either in constructed wetlands or hydroponic systems. Macrophyytes, such as _Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Ceratophyllum dermesum L., Potamogeton perfoliatus, Lenna minor, Linnobium laevigatum, Typa orientalis, Veriveria zizaniodes,_ common reed, manna grass, Virginia mallow, Salvinia molesta, Stuckenia pectinate, Phragmites australis, Alternanthera, Arundo donax, Mentha aquatica, Nelumbo nucifera, and Nymphaea have been utilized in the phytoremediation of wastewater [9; 10]. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on the applications of phytoremediation techniques in wastewater treatment. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [11] examined the efficiency of water lettuce and water hyacinth in the biological treatment of an open pond polluted by household drainage for a duration of one month with a 24 h retention time. In the research, the phosphorous and nitrogen, as well as physicochemical changes of the plants and water samples, were investigated. The result of the study showed that water hyacinth exhibited a higher nitrogen reduction (58.64%) than water lettuce, which is suitable for the intensive purification of domestic sewage with high nitrogen concentrations. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [12] evaluated the potentials of _Sciupus grossus_ in the excretion of PO\({}_{4}\)-P, NH\({}_{4}\)-N, and NO\({}_{3}\)-N from domestic wastewater using a constructed hybrid reed bed for a duration of 120 days and a hydraulic retention time of 3 days. The study attained a mean removal of 84.7% and 71% for NH\({}_{4}\)-N and PO\({}_{4}\)-P, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [13] studied the capability of _P. stratiodes, Ipomoea aquatica, S. molesta, Centella asiatica,_ and _E. crassipes_ in the uptake of total suspended solids (TSSs), PO\({}_{4}\)-P, and NH\({}_{4}\)-N from aquaculture wastewater. The sampling study was conducted for a duration of two weeks at a retention time of 2 days. The outcomes demonstrated a radical reduction in pollutants by _P. stratiotes_ (phosphate (89%), TSS (98%), and NH\({}_{3}\)-N (78%)), _I. aquatica_ (phosphate (50%), TSS (73%), and NH\({}_{3}\)-N (73%)), _S. molesta_ (phosphate (88.6%), TSS (89.3%), and NH\({}_{3}\)-N (63.9%)), _C. asiatica_ (phosphate (64%), TSS (90%), and NH\({}_{3}\)-N (98%)), and _E.