## 2 Status of the Issue  
Traffic safety is one of the most serious challenges of modern societies. In this context, the speed of vehicles plays a key role in determining both the likelihood of an accident and the severity of its consequences. Numerous studies have indicated that an increase in speed is associated with an increased risk of collisions and a higher likelihood of severe injuries. In highly developed countries, excessive speed is a factor in about one-third of fatal crashes, while in lower-income countries, the percentage exceeds half [5]. The example of India, where as many as 66.5% of accidents caused by driver error are attributed to speeding, illustrates the prevalence of this phenomenon [6]. The increase in risk with speed is due to the fundamental laws of physics. At 32 km/h, the risk of death is 5%, while at 137 km/h, it increases to 85% [7]. Thus, speed is both a cause and a factor that exacerbates the consequences of traffic incidents [8]. The role of speed is even greater when the road infrastructure and traffic management system are weaker. Moreover, even in low-traffic conditions, when it might seem safer, the risk of collisions increases due to the greater freedom to develop excessive speeds [9]. Thus, the dangers of speeding are particularly relevant in the context of vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists, for whom the consequences of hit-and-run accidents are often tragic. Long, straight stretches of road that run close to schools, neighborhoods, or service points increase the risk of serious injury to children and pedestrians [3]. Contributing factors include non-adverse weather conditions, inappropriate driver behavior, distraction, failure to yield at pedestrian crossings, and excessive speeding [10]. In rural areas, the lack of sidewalks and high speeds further escalates the risk of fatal hit-and-runs, especially during overtaking maneuvers [11]. Cyclists are also at risk of severe collisions. Vehicle speed, vehicle type, time of day, the presence of alcohol in the driver, or the driver's age and gender are important risk factors, with speeding proving to be one of the most significant [12,13]. In this context, predictive methods and technologies for monitoring driving behavior become extremely important. Safety entropy indices, adaptive systems (ISA), machine learning, or the use of data from mobile devices enable the identification of places and situations of particular risk [8; 14; 15; 16]. Modern algorithms, such as LightGBM, allow the prediction of collision effects with high accuracy [17]. These tools create new opportunities for preventive speed management and transportation policy making. At the same time, it is essential to remember that the effectiveness of these technologies depends on broad public acceptance. Studies show that most drivers consider speeding reprehensible and worthy of punishment [18], but there is a discrepancy between declared awareness and actual behavior. The complexity of factors, from psychological to technical, makes a systems approach necessary. Only an integrated effort that includes education, enforcement, infrastructure improvements, and technology deployment can yield lasting results [18; 19]. Globally, the problem of excessive vehicle speed remains a persistent one. According to the WHO, 1.35 million people die each year worldwide in traffic accidents, making it the eighth biggest cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of death among children and young adults [20]. In lower-income countries, the danger is particularly acute due to underinvestment in infrastructure and the lack of effective control mechanisms. However, the experience of many countries demonstrates that well-planned speed management strategies, including infrastructure audits, the elimination of black spots, setting reasonable speed limits, and public education, can yield tangible results at a relatively low cost [21]. Moreover, the economic costs of speed-related accidents are enormous, even for low-speed collisions.