esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fault Analysis and Protection Principle for the Distribution Networks Integrated with PV and BESS
## 2 Fault Characteristics of the Distribution Networks with PV and BESS
### Active Current Distribution in Fault Network Under Symmetrical Faults  
Since it is impossible to distinguish between a forward fault and a reverse near end fault solely based on the flow direction of reactive current, and considering the limited ability of PV and BESS to provide fault current and the priority of outputting reactive current during faults, further analysis is required to compare the difference between the amplitude of the active current output by the PV and BESS and the amplitude of the active current output by the synchronous power source.  
If a forward fault occurs, the active current flowing through PR4 is the active current output by the PV and BESS minus the active current of the downstream load, and the amplitude of the active current detected by PR4 at this time is limited. If a reverse near end fault occurs, the fault current flowing through PR4 is provided by the synchronous power source, and its amplitude is determined by the fault network. At this time, the amplitude of the active current detected by PR4 is usually much larger than that during normal operation.  
Considering the extreme situation, when the system is in the minimum operation mode, the installed capacity of the PV and BESS increases to 18 MVA, so that the system short circuit ratio reaches 3. The fault location and fault resistance are changed, and the above iterative method is used to solve the maximum amplitude of the active current flowing through PR4 when a forward fault occurs, and the minimum amplitude of the active current flowing through PR4 when a reverse near end (15%) fault occurs. The calculation results are 0.86 kA and 1.6 kA, respectively.
## 4 Conclusions  
Our data show that bioactive molecules like nature-identical compounds (NIC) and organic acids (OA) can exert a strong antimicrobial power against _Escherichia coli_ K88 (_E. coli_ K88). While sub-inhibitory concentrations of OA have a diverse effect on virulence genes modulation, sub-lethal concentrations of select NIC have a strong impact on the expression of _E. coli_ K88 virulence genes, especially on heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins, mainly responsible for diarrhoea onset in weanling piglets. Furthermore, in this study, the extent of the efficacy and the mode of action of such molecules was comparable to that of colistin and doxycycline.  
In conclusion, NIC and OA can represent a valid tool to partially replace and/or complement antibiotic treatment in post-weaning diarrhoea management and enterotoxicigenic _E. coli_ K88 infection control.
## 1 Introduction  
Information security has become a crucial element of business operations and daily life in the modern digital landscape. Phishing attacks are among the most common and detrimental cybersecurity threats. Phishing is a cyberattack in which malicious individuals utilize fraudulent emails, websites, or other communication methods to coerce users into revealing sensitive information, including authentication credentials, financial details, or personal identifiers. Successful phishing attacks can lead to significant consequences, including economic losses, reputational damage, and a decline in user trust.  
As phishing campaigns become increasingly frequent and sophisticated, organizations must adopt effective strategies to protect their systems and data. Two prevalent strategies are employee training and phishing attack simulations. Employee education encompasses various methods, such as workshops, online training modules, interactive seminars, and informational resources, designed to improve employees' capacity to identify, comprehend, and effectively address phishing threats.  
Conversely, phishing simulations enable organizations to assess employees' resilience by exposing them to controlled, authentic phishing scenarios that simulate real-worldthreats. These exercises offer essential insights into current vulnerabilities and lay the groundwork for developing targeted training interventions.  
This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy of educational and simulation techniques in enhancing defenses against phishing attacks. It seeks to determine which method offers superior protection by reviewing the existing literature, analyzing case studies, and presenting empirical research conducted within an organizational context. It also examines how an integrated approach can yield optimal outcomes. Particular attention is devoted to assessing the advantages and drawbacks of each method and providing pragmatic suggestions for their application in various organizational settings.  
This paper is organized as follows: the introductory sections provide a theoretical framework and examine phishing attack classifications and repercussions. A comprehensive analysis of educational and simulation techniques follows this. The empirical section outlines the research methodology, presents the principal findings, and concludes with pragmatic recommendations derived from the results.
# Motion Characteristics of Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Actuator for Yarn Micro-Gripper
## 2 Structure and Modeling of the Self-Sensing Micro-Gripper
### The Structure of the Self-Sensing Micro-Gripper
#### 2.2.2 Electrical Modeling of BPBA  
When the piezoelectric element is subjected to an external voltage, the piezoelectric element is equivalent to a capacitor with piezoelectric material as the dielectric, and its capacitance is \(C_{P}\). And when the piezoelectric element is subjected to an external force, the two surfaces generate equal amounts of positive and negative charges, which are also equivalent to a charge source \(Q_{P}\). Therefore, as shown in Figure 4, the static electrical equivalent circuit diagram of one of piezoelectric layers of the BPBA consists of a capacitor, a leakage resistor, and a charge generator connected in parallel.  
The charge accumulation on the surface of the BPBA is calculated by means of [PERSON]'s law, which relates the potential shift \(D\) to the amount of free charge \(Q\) on a given surface. As the upper and lower piezoelectric layers are electrically parallel, their total system charge is the sum of the charges of the upper and lower piezoelectric ceramic layers:  
\[Q=Q_{U}+Q_{L}=\iint\limits_{S}\Big{(}D_{3}^{U}+D_{3}^{L}\Big{)}dA=2 WL\varepsilon _{11}^{E}E_{3}=\frac{2 WL\varepsilon_{11}^{E}}{S_{p}}V_{in} \tag{13}\]  
Substituting the charge expressions into Equations (11) and (12), the relationship between the output displacement and the output force at the end of the BPBA and the charge on the piezoelectric ceramic layer can be obtained:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\delta_{z}=\alpha Q\\ F_{z}=\beta Q\end{array}\right., \tag{14}\]  
where \(\alpha=\frac{3L^{2}}{I}\frac{(1+B)(2B+1)}{(AB^{3}+3B^{2}+3B+1)}\frac{1}{4 WL \varepsilon_{11}^{E}}d_{31}\), \(\beta=\frac{3W^{2}E_{p}}{4L}\frac{2B+1}{(B+1)^{2}}\frac{1}{4 WL\varepsilon_{11 }^{E}}d_{31}\).
## 3 Results
### Structural Identification of Compounds 1-3
Figure 2: Comparison of the effects of compounds **1-3** on TGF-\(\beta\)-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A549 cells. The cells were treated with different concentrations of **1-3** before TGF-\(\beta\) treatment for 24 h and viability was determined using the EZ-Cytox assay. The data represent the means \(\pm\) S.D. of three independent experiments. Comparison of the Protein Expression Profiles of A549 Cells to Determine the Effect of the Treatment with Compounds **1**-**3** (50 \(\mu\)M), via the Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway, on the TGF-\(\beta\)-Mediated EMT of the Cells  
To observe the expression levels of proteins associated with canonical Smad2/3, A549 cells were treated with 50 \(\mu\)M of the test compounds, followed by a TGF-\(\beta\) treatment. Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was measured using western blotting. On comparison with the control group, the results showed that TGF-\(\beta\) induced the phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 was inhibited by compounds **1** and **3** (Figure 3A). We also examined the effect of compounds **1**-**3** on TGF-\(\beta\)-mediated expression of EMT-related markers in A549 cells. N-Phenethylacetamide (**3**) dramatically downregulated mesenchymal phenotypic markers (N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail) induced by TGF-\(\beta\) (\(p\) = 0.0014). The levels of vimentin and Snail were reduced by compound **2** in the TGF-\(\beta\)-treated A549 cells. However, \(\beta\)-catenin levels were not changed in the compounds **1**-**3**-treated cells exposed or not exposed to TGF-\(\beta\) (Figure 3B). Comparison of the Effects of the Compounds **1**-**3** (50 \(\mu\)M) on the Activity of MMP-2 in A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cells, Tested Using Gelatin Zymography  
MMP-2 is the main proteolytic collagenase among MMPs and plays a major role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the effects of compounds **1**-**3** on MMP-2 activity. The 62-KDa form was identified as MMP-2. MMP-2 expression was increased by TGF-\(\beta\) stimulation. All cells treated with compounds **1**-**3** showed decreased MMP-2 activity compared to cells subjected to TGF-\(\beta\) treatment alone (Figure 4). Figure 3: Comparison of the protein expression profiles of A549 cells to determine the effect of the treatment with compounds **1**-**3** (50 \(\mu\)M, respectively), via the Smad2/3 signaling pathway, on the TGF-\(\beta\)-mediated EMT of the cells. (**A**) Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was detected by Western blot analysis and densitometry. Error bars denote SD from three independent replicates. (*) indicates statistical significance (\(p<0.05\)) when compared to control. (**B**) The levels of TGF-\(\beta\)-induced EMT-related markers were determined by Western blotting.
## 1 Introduction
Conversely, when the number of nodes is 150, the delivery rate of our proposed policy is 6.4 and 10% higher to the TCCB and TC policies and is only 20, 9, and 24% lower to those of the Epidemic, PROPHETv2, and GSaR policies. However, in both cases, our policy keeps a significantly lower overhead. Under the NCCU trace, the delivery rate of our proposed policy is 12% higher to the GSaR policy and is only 3, 6, 2, and 4% lower to those of the Epidemic, PRoPHETv2, TC, and TCCB policies. However, our proposed policy has a much lower transmission overhead than other policies. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes a concise review of the prior studies on routing in OppNets. Section 3 describes the system model. Section 4 describes the relay selection, and Section 5 discusses the proposed message-forwarding policy. Section 6 examines the relative performance under extensive simulation. The conclusion is given in Section 7.
# Parallel Eclipse-Aware Routing on FPGA for SpaceWire-Based OBC in LEO Satellite Networks
## 3 Proposed Method  
### Overall Structure  
The overall structural diagram of the algorithm used to verify the FPGA implementability of the EAR, KSP algorithm before pipelining is shown in Figure 1. Satellite two-line element (TLE) data is extracted by random time to generate connectivity data that connects nodes according to certain criteria. At this time, one node refers to one LEO satellite. After that, this data is designated as an input value to the KSP to perform the KSP algorithm. In the KSP algorithm, the DFS function is called to find all the destination paths that can be found. The DFS method searches for the end of one node through depth expansion and then, if there are no more nodes that can be expanded, all the paths that can reach the destination through backtracking back to the previous node will be searched. After all path searches are completed, the DFS function will pass all the paths that can reach the destination node from the departure node to the KSP function, and in the KSP function, the paths received are sorted in ascending order based on cost and the K paths with the lowest cost are returned. Finally, the optimal path is selected by considering the satellite's energy consumption rate, eclipse duration, and expected transmission load in the EAR algorithm.  
Figure 1: KSP and EAR Algorithms for FPGA Feasibility Verification.
## 2 Pseudo-Membranes, Systems, and Applications
### Preparing Ag/AgCl Pseudo-Membranes  
#### 2.5.1 Electrical Resistance of the AgCl Layer  
The Ag/AgCl pseudo-membranes are made by anodizing silver plates between two inert cathodes with constant current in an HCl/NaCl solution. The involved reactions are:  
\[\text{a anode: Ag + Cl}^{-}\rightarrow\text{AgCl + e}\]\[\text{Cathode: e}+\text{H}^{+}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\text{H}_{2}\]  
The applied voltage \(U(t)\) is estimated by a constant value (\(b\)) and a time-dependent part (\(a\cdot t\)):  
\[U(t)=a\cdot t+b\ \ \ [V] \tag{3}\]  
The constant \(b\) is the starting potential caused by (i) Nernst potentials; (ii) overvoltages of the chemical redox reactions at the electrodes; and (iii) the ohmic drop in the electrolyte. The Nernst part has little meaning when silver plate is used as a pseudo-membrane during the RED or ED process, because during these processes, oxidation and reduction of silver cancel each other out on both sides of the silver plate. More interesting is the voltage increase \(a\) due to the buildup of AgCl layer and the corresponding increase of resistance \(dR_{L}/dt\):  
\[\frac{dU}{dt}=a\ \ \ \ \ [\text{Vs}^{-1}] \tag{4}\]  
\[\frac{dR_{L}}{dt}=\frac{a}{i}\ \ \ \ \ [\text{$\Omega$s}^{-1}] \tag{5}\]  
Thus the layer resistance \(R_{L}\) and the area resistance \(R_{L}\) of the AgCl layer at time \(t\) are:  
\[R_{L}(t)=\frac{a}{i}t\ \ \ \ \ \ [\text{$\Omega$m}^{2}] \tag{6}\]  
\[R_{L}(t)=\frac{a}{i}A\cdot t\ \ \ \ \ [\text{$\Omega$m}^{2}] \tag{7}\]  
If the Ag/AgCl plate is used in the RED/ED stack, \(R_{L}\) and \(R_{L}\) are more or less constant because the AgCl sacrifice at one side is compensated by a growth at the other side, therefore the total thickness of the AgCl layers is constant.  
The transported electrical charge per m\({}^{2}\) (\(Q_{a}(t)\)) is:  
\[Q_{a}(t)=\frac{i}{A}t\ \ \ \ \ [\text{Cm}^{-2}] \tag{8}\]  
To compare different experiments, we introduce the Faradic area resistance \(R_{Fa}\), the area resistance of an AgCl layer as produced by a charge of 1 Faraday per m\({}^{2}\):  
\[R_{Fa}=\frac{R_{L}(t)}{Q(t)}F=a\frac{A^{2}}{i^{2}}F\ \ \ \ [\text{Vs}^{-1}\, \text{m}^{4}\,\text{A}^{-2}]\text{ or }[\text{$\Omega$\,C}^{-1}\,\text{m}^{4}] \tag{9}\]  
where \(F\) stands for the Faraday constant (1 \(F\) = 96,485 C/mol).
# Simple Compact UWB Vivaldi Antenna Arrays for Breast Cancer Detection
## 4 Application of The Proposed Antenna Design for Cancer Detection Scenario  
Transmitting UWB signals to the breast (with and without tumor) and monitoring the backscattered S-parameters allow microwave imaging to detect the electrical differences between normal and malignant cells. Based on this approach, four samples of the proposed Array 2 are placed around a hemispherical breast phantom (radius = 50 mm) at a 10 mm distance in front of it. The phantom consists of skin, fat, and fibroglandular tissues including a tumor (diameter of 10 mm) deeply inside it, as shown in Figure 16a. Based on [35, 36, 37], the densities and electric properties of the breast phantom tissues, respectively, are illustrated in Table 7. As demonstrated in Figure 16a-e, the Robust Time Reverse (RTR) method [38] reconstructs the tumor's 2D images from the antennas' reflected and scattered signals with various considerations such as a smaller tumor, an off-center tumor, and more than one tumor (two and three). The features of the suggested antenna and the reconstructed images in Figure 16a-e demonstrate the antenna's capacity to detect any tumor at any location inside the breast.  
Figure 15: Simulated (dashed) and measured (solid) radiation patterns of the proposed compact UWB Wivaldi tapered and nonuniform arrays at \(f\) = 5.85 GHz (**a**) E and (**b**) H;\(f\) = 8.2 GHz (**c**) E and (**d**) H and \(f\) = 10.45 GHz (**e**) E and (**f**) H.  
Figure 16: Simulation setup of simple BCD using Array 2 (four samples) and reconstructed 2D image using RTR algorithm of (**a**) one breast tumor at the center, (**b**) one smaller breast tumor at the center, (**c**) one breast tumor off the center, (**d**) two breast tumors off the center, and (**e**) three breast tumors off the center.  
Finally, to guarantee the safety of the body from harmful electromagnetic radiation, the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution of Array 2 (four samples) within the breast phantom, including the tumor, is calculated for an input power of 0.1 W at different resonance frequencies. The results are illustrated in Figure 17 where they do not exceed the safety limit and are less than the limit recommended by the council of the European Union (2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of actual tissue).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
By selecting hourly and daily meteorological data from Beijing and Shanghai, the CRITIC objective weight method was adopted to analyze the simultaneous occurrence of temperature, humidity, and wind speed data from Beijing and Shanghai in the past 15 years. The updated modified \(\beta\) was generated by K-means clustering method, and then the LSTM neural network model was trained to predict the future trend of \(\beta\). According to the meteorological data of Beijing and Shanghai in 15 years, the design day parameters suitable for local conditions are calculated. Finally, the intensity of urban heat island \(\beta\) under the influence of heat island effect was obtained. Taking the air conditioning load of a representative building hospital as an example, the air conditioning load model was constructed, and the hourly cooling load per unit area in summer was calculated by updating and revising the design daily parameters, and the influence of urban heat island effect on the air conditioning load in summer was compared and analyzed.  
The above data were calculated using the prediction temperature prediction algorithm based on approximate model matching [54]. The data came from the research groups related to Chinese architectural research, and the data source was real and reliable. In termsof urban heat island, the urban heat island effect in Beijing is \"strong at night and weak during the day\" [55], while the fine structure of the urban heat island effect in Shanghai is \"polycentric\" [56]. Therefore, Chaoyang Station is selected as the center station, Beijing Station as the reference station to calculate the heat island intensity, Shanghai Jiading Station as the central station, and Xujiahui station as the reference station to calculate the heat island intensity, as shown in Figure 1. Among them, urban heat island intensity refers to the temperature difference between urban and rural areas caused by the urban heat island effect and other factors, as follows:  
\[I_{UHI}=T_{u}-T_{r} \tag{1}\]  
where \(T_{u}\)--city station air temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C); \(T_{r}\)--reference station air temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C).
# Physiological Evaluation of User Experience in Unstable Automated Driving: A Comparative Study
## 2 Research Methodology
### Experiments with a VR Simulator  
#### 2.1.1 Apparatus  
This study utilized a specialized driving simulator with a semi-dome display at the University of Seoul VR Center. The simulator features authentic vehicle components--including a steering wheel, accelerator and brake pedals, instrument panel, gear shift, and tilt lever--providing an authentic vehicle cockpit experience (Figure 1). The integrated semi-dome display enhances participant immersion in the virtual environment, enabling realistic driving conditions. This simulator has proven effective for user evaluation studies by facilitating both natural automated-driving movements and participant-response measurements in a virtual environment [51; 52].  
The VR environment and driving scenarios for the experiment were created using UC-win/Road (ver. 16.0), developed by FORUM8. UC-win/Road is widely used in simulator experiments due to its easy road geometry creation and traffic environment-editing capabilities. It also provides various vehicle behaviors' configuration features. Thus, studies that have implemented a virtual road environment and conducted experiments in conjunction with a simulator have shown that the results are similar to those of experiments conducted on real roads [53]. Thus, software programs such as UC-winRoad (ver.15.1.4) that are linked to simulators are used in a variety of ways to replicate situations that are difficult to experiment with in an actual road environment in terms of user behaviors [51; 54; 55].  
To evaluate the actual level of frustration or startle experienced by the participants during the experiment, EMG measurements were used. EMG measurement was performed using the NORAXON Telenyro DTS system, as shown in Figure 2a. This device enhances experimental efficiency by wirelessly detecting and recording electrical signals generated during muscle activity. It is compatible with EMG and other biomechanical sensors. The device can wirelessly collect data from up to 10 m away, making it suitable for experimental research [56]. In this study, sensors were attached to the right arm at the biceps and to the right leg at the calf muscle to measure EMG activity, as shown in Figure 2c. To measure the EMG values with this device, the bandwidth was set to 20-400 Hz, and the sampling rate was set to 1500 Hz to measure the participant's EMG signals that occur during the experiment.  
Figure 1: The driving simulator used in the experiment.  
Figure 2: EMG measurement device (**a**), eye-tracking device (**b**), and measurement target (**c**) used in the experiment.  
Pupil diameter changes, another physiological indicator, were measured using Tobii Pro Glasses 3 (Figure 2b). This spectacle-format device measures visual behaviors in real time at millisecond intervals and is comfortable to wear. It also accommodates people with low vision through optional lens accessories.
# Damage Identification Based on Adding Mass for Liquid-Solid Coupling Structures
## 5 Damage Identification Experiment of a Liquid Storage Tank
### Developments Finite Element Model
#### 5.3.2 Refinement to the FE Model  
To ensure that the responses of the finite element model are consistent with the experimental observations made on the empty, the FE model needs to be modified to meet the requirements of damage identification.  
First, the dynamic tests are performed on the intact tank. The sensor is attached to the outside of the tank and is directed along the normal direction of the wall of the \(S_{4.1}\) substructure, as located in the cross center of \(S_{4.1}\) (see Figure 17). Then, the modal hammer is used to knock the tank. The acceleration responses of the structure can be recorded (see Figure 22) and transformed by the fast Fourier transform. The first three natural frequencies of the tank measured from experiments can be obtained by peak extraction (see Figure 23 and Table 2), and the first two mode shapes are shown in Figure 24.  
Figure 21: FE model of waterproof rubber.  
Figure 20: Finite element model of the cylindrical tank.  
Using the values of the first three natural frequencies of the tank obtained from the experiment, the vertical rubber stiffness is modified to ensure the consistency between the experimental data and finite element results. The minimum relative error is reached when the spring stiffness is \(9\times 10^{6}\) N/m. The natural frequency results are shown in Table 2. The maximum error is found to be 2.00 % between the experimental model and the theoretical model, indicating that the tank FE model, with the elastic support at the bottom, can well reflect the influence of waterproof rubber on the dynamic characteristics of the tank. This shows that the dynamic characteristics of the experimental model are consistent with those of the numerical simulation model.