## 2 LPWAN IoT Technologies
### Telensa  
Telensa is a spin-off from Plextek Company in the UK. The scalable, private networks Telensa offers ensure high-value infrastructure options such as smart metering, smart lighting, and smart cities having the capacities they require. It has focused on specific IoT utilization states such as smart lighting of streets and urban data and succeeded, with a large global install base of connected street lighting devices. It has the same endpoint silicon similar to SigFox, although it has its own communication protocols. Telensa claims that millions of lights are being controlled using its technology, and their products are suited to smart homes and cities, tracking, detection, monitoring, and recovery [27].  
Telensa has lately emphasized several smart city applications, including urban IQ, for real-time data insights and urban data, among other applications. Currently, they are creating a new generation of light pole sensors that will incorporate smartphone artificial intelligence (AI) technology, allowing detailed real-time insights to be obtained at a reasonable cost for the first time. These multi-sensor pods combine the greatest developments in camera and radar imaging technology from the automotive sector with the newest artificial intelligence technologies from smartphones to create a powerful combination.  
Figure 4: The flat architecture of SigFox.  
They provide a unique opportunity to gain a thorough understanding of how roadways function. Because no videos are kept and no personal data are gathered, there is no risk to one's personal information. For its part, Telensa leads an urban data project that builds on the changing economics of data collection and provides cities with the necessary tools to collect and use their data responsibly with full citizen oversight. This project is what is known as a city's digital twin, and it is being driven by Telensa. Telensa claims that this project has the potential to improve the quality of life for everyone [28].  
Figure 5 illustrates the UNB architecture, showing that Telensa's network has designed vertical network stacks with integration to help offer end-to-end solutions and is fully integrated with third-party software for LPWAN applications [27]. Telensa created a proprietary UNB modulation mechanism for a wireless connection between its end nodes and base stations. The UNB modulation works in a license-free sub-GHz ISM band (60, 200, 433, 470, 868, and 915 MHz) at a low data rate connection. UNB is optimized for transmissions at low bandwidths [24]. With the very low bit rates, the radio receiver becomes significantly more sensitive than conventional cellular networks. This enables devices to transmit via a similar range to cell phones but for the longest distance and with much less power.  
UNB is low-risk and the best in its class, with over 8 million UNB devices being used in 30 countries because of its proven record in offering rugged, efficient IoT solutions. In order to enhance easy integration within applications, Telensa standardizes its technology with ETSI low throughput network (LTN) specifications. It operates at a downlink rate of 500 bps and an uplink rate of 62.5 bps. Telensa and SigFox work together in the ETSI LTN group.