## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the integration of digital workflows in orthodontics has profoundly transformed clinical protocols, enabling more precise diagnosis, treatment planning, and appliance fabrication. Among these innovations, the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for the fabrication of surgical guides has significantly enhanced the accuracy and predictability of miniscrew-assisted anchorage procedures [1, 2, 3]. The concept of skeletal anchorage in the palate was initially introduced through the clinical application of osseointegrated palatal implants, which are specifically designed to meet orthodontic anchorage requirements [4]. Although effective, these systems required invasive surgical protocols and were limited by the necessity of osseointegration. Nearly a decade later, the introduction of non-osseointegrated palatal miniscrews, also referred to as temporary anchorage devices (TADs), represented a major advancement in anchorage management. These devices allowed for less invasive placement and greater clinical versatility, particularly in hybrid protocols such as the palatal Hyrax expander (2016). However, the clinical application of palatal TADs is challenged by significant interindividual anatomical variability in the palatal vault. Several studies have investigated this region, analyzing total bone depth, as well as cortical and mucosal thickness ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016). These data have been essential in defining guidelines for optimal insertion sites. Nevertheless, high standard deviations in reported measurements underscore substantial anatomical heterogeneity ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016). In certain patients, palatal bone thickness at commonly recommended insertion zones may fall below 8 mm, which is the minimum length of commercially available palatal miniscrews ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016) This increases the risk of nasal floor perforation, even when using the shortest screws available. Given these anatomical variations and associated risks, preoperative assessment using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is considered essential for the accurate estimation of available bone volume and personalized treatment planning ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016). Advanced digital technologies, such as virtual guided planning and additive manufacturing via 3D printing, enable the precise three-dimensional reconstruction of individual bone anatomy. This facilitates the simulation of ideal miniscrew placement, optimizing angulation and depth based on patient-specific morphology. The production of patient-specific surgical guides through 3D printing ensures the faithful clinical transfer of the virtual plan, thereby minimizing the risk of nasal floor perforation and soft tissue injury ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The integration of these technologies thus represents an advanced strategy to enhance the safety, accuracy, and efficacy of minimally invasive orthodontic procedures, effectively addressing challenges related to anatomical heterogeneity ([PERSON] et al., 2016). Surgical guides are typically fabricated using 3D printing technology with biocompatible resins that comply with international standards, such as ISO 10993-1:2018 (Biological evaluation of medical devices--Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland), for the biological evaluation of medical devices. These resins are specifically certified for surgical applications, ensuring adequate mechanical properties, sterilizability, and cytocompatibility, thereby minimizing the risk of adverse tissue reactions and guaranteeing patient safety during clinical use (e.g., Class I or IIa medical devices under the Medical Device Regulation--MDR 2017/745/EU).