# GIS-Based Multi-Objective Routing Approach for Street-Based Sporting-Event Routing
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review
#### 1.2.4 BIM on GIS  
The BIM environment is expressed in digital data by integrating a building or city's shape and property information; it is used for planning, design, construction, and management throughout a project's lifecycle [28] A major benefit of the BIM environment is the fact that it supports decision making by project stakeholders [29]. The BIM environment includes a building's information, and GIS supports powerful analyses by providing geospatial data about cities [30]. Accordingly, the integration of GIS and the BIM environment is under study to implement a digital-twin-based smart city [31]. For example, the spatial-information sector uses GIS and the BIM environment to assess traffic noise and building-flood damage, to visualize geographic information in a 3D manner, and to simulate floods [32; 33; 34]. In addition, the architecture, engineering, and construction industries integrate and utilize the BIM environment to manage emergency \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **No.** & **Parameter** & **Definition** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Level 01: Route variables-I} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{Width of the road (min.)} & - State of use as track minimum width of road (excluding pedestrian roads) & \multirow{3}{*}{12} & \multirow{3}{*}{M} \\  & & & - Occupancy width, including temporary facilities, such as safety fences and pedestrian detours & \\ \cline{2-4}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{2} & Pass through intersections & - Whether route through intersections is possible & Y & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & & 3 & Pass through bridges & - Whether route through bridge is possible & N & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & & 4 & Pass through tunnel & - Whether route through tunnel is possible & N & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Height obstacle} & - Minimum height of height obstacle (e.g., bridges, other structure, etc.) above the routes} & \multirow{3}{*}{4.5} & \multirow{3}{*}{M} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Level 02: Route variables-II} & \multirow{3}{*}{1-1} & \multirow{3}{*}{Track length} & - Total length of one lap of the event track & 2.4 & \multirow{3}{*}{KM} \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Tolerance range of track length & - Tolerance range of one lap of the event track & \(\pm 0.3\) & \multirow{3}{*}{KM} \\ \cline{2-4}  & & 2-1 & Number of turns (min.) & - Minimum number of turns in one lap & 14 & Turns \\ \cline{2-4}  & 2-2 & Number of turns (max.) & - Maximum number of turns in one lap & 22 & Turns \\ \cline{2-4}  & 3 & Radius of turning (min.) & - Minimum turning radius for racing vehicles (outer path) & 12 & M \\ \cline{2-4}  & 4 & Radius of turning (max.) & - Radius identified as a turn & 120 & M \\ \cline{2-4}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{5} & Buffer-interval length (min.) & - Minimum length of start grid before start line & \multirow{3}{*}{180} & \multirow{3}{*}{M} \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & - Minimum length of buffer section for stopping after & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & passing the finish line & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Level 03: Environmental variables} & \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{Public institutions} & - School (kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, high school, university, etc.), education center, vocational training center, academy, laboratory, library & \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & - Child- and & \multirow{3}{*}{- Child-related facilities, elderly-care facility} \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & - institutions & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & & - government building, provincial government building, city hall, police department, fire department, post office, facility for public affairs & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & 4 & Medical facilities & - Hospital, quarantine facility & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & 5 & Transportation facilities & - Passenger terminal, cargo terminal, railway station, airport facility, port facility & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The definitions of the variables. responses and construction supply chains, as well as to plan highways [35; 36; 37].