### Proposed Solution  
Since PLC technology is currently separate from wireless technology, which are both under development in order to meet the data exchange requirements of the power storage environment, in this work, we propose the use of RF transceivers as communication units that can deliver both wired and wireless services. The advantages over modern systems are various, and Figure 2 outlines the internal architecture similarities and differences between the two technologies. Contrary to the RF transceiver, which includes a baseband modem to interface with its high frequency radio module [23; 24], the PLC makes use of previously existing technologies [25; 26], adapts the current Ethernet, LIN, CAN controllers [27; 28; 29; 30; 31], or emulates software modems on microcontroller platforms [32; 33; 34]. It is important to note that RF transceivers are different from digital modems in that RF transceivers have to filter the digital signal by an analog output in order to comply with EMI regulations regarding spurious emissions generated during switching at high frequencies. RF transceivers are also advantageous due to their high Rx sensitivity developed when low power functioning is a requirement. Additionally, since RF transceiver technology primarily operates on high frequency spectrum compared to modems, it is only necessary to  
Figure 1: Battery monitoring system (BMS) research objectives. Figure 2: Internal architecture schematic representation for a generic RF transceiver (**top**) and a modem adapted for power-line communication (PLC) purposes (**bottom**). While the PLC modem can be connected to a network through inductive, capacitive, or hybrid wired coupling, the RF transceiver possesses an additional coupling via its antenna for wireless interconnections. add a capacitive coupling element, such as an antenna to a short physical wired network [35] or the antenna and a quarter wavelength coaxial link acting as an proximity impedance transformer [36; 37]. In comparison to the wired format proposed for the RF transceivers in this study, the wireless format may offer increased link budgets when nodes are appropriately spread. However, in high density scenarios inside a highly reflective environment, such as in a battery composed of thousands of cells, a wired conductive is more advantageous. The meandered battery's metal maze may be untangled by using wires as leaky waveguides, similar to the trials for AC PLC that demonstrated a greater wireless range close to the power cables [35; 36; 37], when high frequency radio signals are transmitted using wires as leaky waveguides. In addition, if the radio transmitter unit must be embedded inside a metal case, as is the case with cylindrical lithium-ion batteries, then, again, the called option may have an advantage for short cable networks. Furthermore, the high frequencies, such as 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz, suffer from strong attenuation and losses from connection and insertions, so the potential radiation may reach sub-meter ranges, insufficient to solve the hidden node problem, but enough to overcome a faulty tab connection in a hybrid wired-wireless mode. Figure 3 illustrates the advantages of high frequency radio transceivers wired for PLC versus traditional wireless data links. Although most of the developed PCL modems operate on carriers up to 30 MHz to match the impedance of long power cables [38] and avoid interference with local area networks (LANs) and smart metering [39; 40], advantages of higher frequencies to increase data rate or signaling are also considered [41; 42]. The segment of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM), from 1 up to 30 MHz, is classified as conductive from the EM compatibility (EMC) point of view according to the ETSI standard [43], the upper band being associated with the radiative EM. As the transceiver technology proposed for testing in this study uses the 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz, its signal carriers are in the radiative range, therefore short wires attached to the modules enable a wired-wireless hybrid operating mode.