## 3 Applied Research
These companies, which extract minerals from the Dead Sea, have faced substantial financial losses due to sinkhole-induced damage to infrastructure, such as earthen dikes containing evaporation ponds [21; 59]. Dike collapses often result in flooding, disrupting operations and requiring extensive repairs [16; 18]. InSAR technology plays a central role in addressing these challenges by providing continuous monitoring of ground subsidence over large areas, enabling timely interventions to prevent catastrophic failures [15; 21; 22; 33; 34]. Early detection of sinkhole precursors has minimized economic losses and ensured operational continuity [26]. Beyond industrial concerns, sinkholes also pose threats to tourism. Their sudden appearance has forced the closure of beaches and tourist sites, reducing visitor numbers and causing economic losses for local communities [22; 33]. Remote sensing offers a proactive approach to mitigating these risks by delivering accurate and timely data that enhance safety measures and support local businesses. Preserving the tourism sector is vital for the economy, and these technologies play a key role in its resilience [15; 16]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Specific Example(s)** & **Method/Tool** & **Quantitative Results** \\ \hline Monitoring ground subsidence in Hever, Ze’elim, and En Gedi sites using COSMO-SkyMed satellites (2011–2014). & Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar & Ground subsidence measured at 15.5 mm per phase cycle; volumes of subsiding cavities: Hever: 300 m\({}^{3}\), Ze’elim: 460 m\({}^{3}\), En Gedi: 870 m\({}^{3}\). \\ \hline Producing high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for Dead Sea sinkhole areas using laser-based terrain mapping. & Airborne Lidar & Elevation change maps revealed subsidence at 10–20 cm vertical precision and spatial resolution of 0.5 m/pixel. \\ \hline Analyzing subsurface cavity roof deflation using mathematical models of sinkhole-induced surface displacement. & Elastic inverse modeling & Tensile dislocation volumes: Hever: 1580 m\({}^{3}\), Ze’elim: 1200 m\({}^{3}\) (estimated), En Gedi: 4500 m\({}^{3}\). \\ \hline Calculating stress distributions above deflating cavities using Coulomb Failure Stress (CFF) models. & Stress field analysis & Sinkholes found to form at \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of the methodologies, specific applications, and findings from [34]. The study uses advanced geodetic techniques, including InSAR, airborne Lidar, and stress field modeling, to analyze the evolution of sinkholes and their precursors along the Dead Sea shorelines. It provides insights into subsidence patterns, cavity deflation volumes, and stress-induced sinkhole formation, contributing to hazard assessment and prevention. Integrating remote sensing and geophysical methods has transformed hazard mitigation in the region. Ground-based LiDAR surveys, combined with InSAR, provide high-resolution data for predicting sinkholes and monitoring subsidence. Drone-based photogrammetry enables detailed mapping of geomorphological changes [30, 38]. The application of AI and deep learning to remote sensing data has further improved sinkhole detection and monitoring, complementing traditional methods [27]. These innovations underscore the critical role of remote sensing in mitigating hazards, supporting industrial resilience, and promoting sustainable development. Coastal zones face escalating threats from flash floods, driven by the regression of the base level and the entrenchment of longitudinal profiles [22, 33], which intensify hydraulic gradients, accelerate channel incision, and destabilize adjacent slopes. These processes intensify mass-wasting phenomena, such as landslides and retrogressive erosion, which endanger natural landscapes and vital infrastructures like bridges, hotel foundations, and road networks [13, 14]. Mitigating these hazards requires advanced engineering and geotechnical solutions.