## 2 Literature Review
Table 1 provides a synthesis of the literature on \(CO_{2}\) emissions and energy consumption in India, focusing on various sectors and approaches. These studies reflect the complexity of managing \(CO_{2}\) emissions in the context of economic growth and energy transitions, highlighting different public policy strategies to achieve sustainable development goals. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**First Author Year Journal;** & **Scope** & **Methodology** & **Key Findings** & **Policy Implications** \\
**Reference** & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON]; 2024; Energy; [12]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Electrification of India’s transport sector, focusing on battery swapping (BS) and its impact on Electric Vehicle (ECV) adoption and CO2 emissions.} & \multirow{3}{*}{Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM)} & \multirow{3}{*}{BS is cost-effective for four- and two wheelers. With subsidies, BS can} & \multirow{3}{*}{BS could enhance EV adoption and wheelers. With subsidies, BS can} & \multirow{3}{*}{emission reductions, but may not fully replace point charging (PC). Subsides for reduce CO2 emissions by 14\% and 20\%.} & & \\  & & & & \\ \cline  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**First Author: Year; Journal; Reference** & **Scope** & **Methodology** & **Key Findings** & **Policy Implications** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON]; 2022; Energy Research \& Social Science; [17]} & Investigates energy and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in India and the impact on welfare and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of transiting away from energy consumption (oil, gas, energy consumption, and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of transiting away from energy consumption (oil, gas, energy consumption, energy consumption, energy consumption,  
Research has shown strong empirical support for the inverted U-shaped EKC, although recent climate challenges necessitate a re-evaluation of its shape. A study by [PERSON] et al. [22] introduced an N-shaped EKC and highlights how various factors, including institutional quality, ICT, and energy use, significantly influence carbon emissions across 214 countries. Building on the N-shaped EKC hypothesis, a study by [PERSON] et al. [23] explored the relationship between \(CO_{2}\) emissions and economic growth in China, factoring in energy use and government health expenditures. Their findings confirm the existence of an N-shaped EKC, with economic globalization improving ecological quality in the short run. However, energy consumption and health expenditures were found to exacerbate \(CO_{2}\) emissions in the long run. The study emphasizes the importance of green industries and technological advancements as key strategies for mitigating environmental degradation, particularly through economic globalization. While the primary focus of this study is on India, comparing its EKC trajectory with those of other developing and emerging economies, such as Brazil, Indonesia, and China, provides valuable insights into the generalizability of the findings and policy implications. These countries share common features like rapid economic growth, urbanization, and environmental challenges but differ significantly in their energy mix, policy responses, and industrial strategies. Below is a comparative analysis that situates India within a broader global context. Brazil stands out among developing economies due to its heavy reliance on renewable energy, particularly hydropower, which accounts for a significant share of its electricity generation. This reliance on renewables has allowed Brazil to maintain relatively low \(CO_{2}\) emissions from electricity production compared to India. Brazil's EKC curve may exhibit an earlier turning point in emissions due to its renewable energy dominance. A study by [PERSON] et al. [24] aimed to analyze the validity of the EKC hypothesis for a diverse range of environmental pollutants--carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)), methane (\(CH_{4}\)), and nitrous oxide (\(N_{2}O\))--across Brazilian states from 1980 to 2020.