## 5 Simulation Results
### Discussion of the Simulation Results  
The achieved power and tracking time at the maximum voltage of 156.7 V of the proposed algorithm were 490.9 W in 0.13 s with efficiency of 100%; for the conventional P&O and IC algorithms, the extracted powers were 461.9 W and 461.4 W, respectively, both at a maximum voltage of 151.6 V, indicating the failure of both algorithms to track the GMPP, instead just managing to track a LMPP.  
Figure 14: The simulation results of the proposed technique and the conventional P&O and IC techniques for Case Four: (**a**) Tracked output power; (**b**) Output voltage of the boost converter; (**c**) Duty cycle behaviors.  
Therefore, the results illustrated in Figure 8 clarify that the proposed enhanced P&O technique performs with the best efficiency and precision with zero oscillation around the GMPP and definitely outperforms both the IC and P&O techniques in terms of power extraction accuracy and speed. The same effectiveness was validated in the moderate shading condition, in which the GMPP of 435.5 W was tracked at maximum voltage of 147.6 V by the proposed algorithm with 100% efficiency in 0.139 s. However, the extracted powers by the conventional IC and P&O algorithms at maximum voltage of 121.5 V were 295.5 W and 292.5 W, respectively, showing the same failure in tracking the actual MPP. The best efficiency of 100% was also confirmed under strong partial shading conditions, as shown in the third and fourth cases of different strong partial shading patterns (Figures 11-14). Figures 12 and 14 confirmed the high performance of the proposed algorithm under two of the worst cases of shading conditions, illustrating the ability to accurately track the correct MPPs, which were 257.4 W at 113.4 V and 263.8 W at 114.8 V for the third and fourth cases, respectively, and both within a time of 0.140 s. For the conventional P&O and IC algorithms, the wrong MPP was tracked in each case. Moreover, the stability of the duty cycle is clear for the proposed algorithm, on the contrary to the conventional P&O and IC algorithms in all cases. Table 3 presents detailed performance indicators for the studied scenarios.  
The success of the proposed enhanced P&O technique can clearly be observed in the three parts of Figure 15, which are the tracked power, the maximum voltage, and the duty cycle. The sequence  
Figure 15: Performance of the combined sequence of Cases Three, Two, Four, and One in terms of (**a**) the output power, (**b**) the output voltage, and (**c**) the duty cycle.  
started with strong partial shading (Case Three) for 0.4 s, then the PV array experienced moderate partial shading (Case Two) for another 0.4 s. Then, the PV array underwent strong partial shading (Case Four), and after 1.2 s, the array came under weak partial shading (Case One). The proposed method conserved its performance in all four cases in terms of tracking speed, tracking precision, and stability (oscillations were less than 0.5 W and can be neglected). The performance and comprehensive analysis of the enhanced P&O algorithm under the sequence of these four cases is summarized in Table 4. In order to support more confirmation of its effectiveness, the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm compared with well-known MPPT algorithms is presented in Table 5.