# A Review of Recent Progress of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in China
## 6 Challenges and Suggestions for Future Development of CCUS in China  
Although significant progress has been made in China's CCUS projects, there are still issues and challenges that limit the large-scale implementation of China's CCUS projects. Currently, post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion as traditional CO\({}_{2}\) capture technologies have achieved mature development. However, their large-scale demonstration applications have been constrained due to the enormous energy consumption caused by CO\({}_{2}\) capture devices [57; 58] as well as the high economic cost of CO\({}_{2}\) compression [57; 58] during the capture process. Therefore, the reduction of energy consumption and cost is the primary research focus of traditional CO\({}_{2}\) capture technologies in the future. In addition, future research on capture technology should concentrate on negative emission technologies, such as direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). The development of adsorption materials appropriate for DAC technology has advanced significantly in recent years, and the constant enhancement of the properties of adsorption materials has improved the adsorption efficiency of DAC [71; 72; 73]. However, the high price of existing adsorption materials and the low concentration of CO\({}_{2}\) in the air lead to the high application cost of DAC, making its implementation difficult despite its potential for negative emission [195]. Therefore, accelerating the development of cost-effective adsorption materials should be the research focus of DAC. BECCS is a greenhouse gas reduction technology that combines carbon capture and storage with the use of biomass to create negative carbon emissions. The basic principle of BECCS is using biomass (CO\({}_{2}\)-absorbing plants) to generate energy while capturing and storing the resulting CO\({}_{2}\) during biomass combustion [196, 197]. The most obvious advantage of BECCS is that biomass serves as a renewable energy source to generate bioenergy, and it also acts as a carbon sink by absorbing CO\({}_{2}\) during the growth process through photosynthesis [195, 198, 199]. However, there are several challenges to implementing BECCS in China. One major challenge is the high cost [197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203] of technology development and implementation. Additionally, there are some environmental challenges [203], such as the waste of land caused by growing biomass plants instead of food, and the drinking water contamination caused by the large-scale growth of biomass, especially algae. Despite these challenges, BECCS has the potential to play a significant role in CO\({}_{2}\) reduction in China. To fully realize this potential, it is important to continue investing in research and development, as well as working to address the challenges associated with the technology. In terms of CO\({}_{2}\) transport technology, tank-based transport is the primary method of CO\({}_{2}\) transport in China. Although pipeline-based transport is still in the research and pilot stage, it will be the most promising and economical technology for CO\({}_{2}\) transport in future large-scale CCUS demonstration projects due to its outstanding advantages and the gradual expansion of CCUS projects. Currently, the implementation of CO\({}_{2}\) pipeline transport is constrained by many challenges. One major challenge is that pipeline facilities are usually large and influenced by geographical conditions, which leads to long construction times and high investment costs for pipelines. In addition, pipeline design is affected by the transport states of CO\({}_{2}\). There are different requirements [75] for CO\({}_{2}\) transport in different states.