# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 3 Results
### Socioeconomic, Cultural, Environmental, and Experential Factors  
Conducting questionnaire surveys with users is a useful tool for analyzing the various factors that affect their private charging behaviors. However, due to the complexity of the topic and the challenges involved in isolating the influence of different variables on behavior, it can be challenging to provide conclusive results. A study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [52] explored the factors influencing the choice of charging mode and location among around 500 BEV users in Japan. This study found that a battery's capacity and state of charge, the possibility of overnight charging, and the number of previous fast charging events were the key factors influencing the users' choice of charging mode and location. Additionally, the interval between the current charge and the next trip positively impacts the choice of slow charging at home or work. Another survey conducted by [PERSON] et al. [43] involving approximately 4000 EV users identified the price, occupancy rate, waiting time, and distance of the charging infrastructure from the point of interest as key determining factors in the choice of charging. In another study [41], a random utility model was proposed based on stated choices for home charging preferences. The results of this study indicated that the amount of energy to be recharged had a positive marginal utility in most cases, while the actual charging time had a more complex influence. Most users preferred to keep their vehicles charged as long as they were home and avoided ending charging if it caused delays in their departure. The charging cost, on the other hand, always had a negative marginal utility. A recent survey conducted in California analyzed the charging behavior, mobility, and car diagnostic data of EV owners and lessees [63]. The survey revealed that individuals charging their EVs only at home were typically high-income individuals, seniors, and owners of single-family homes. They owned BEVs with a greater electric range and did not have access to workplace chargers. Renters with higher education were more likely to use workplace charging as a top up. On the other hand, EV users who only charged their vehicles at work were more likely to have unlimited free or paid charging at work. The group of users who relied solely on public grid charging typically consisted of low-income renters (compared to other BEV owners) who owned a Tesla and had multiple drivers in their household. Lastly, young BEV owners with access to free chargers at work were more likely to use all types of charging facilities. According to the concept of User-Battery Interaction (UBIS) analyzed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [65], the psychological approaches adopted by charging users are different for those with low and high UBIS. Users with low UBIS have lower awareness of the battery levels of their devices. Thus, they tend to recharge based on contextual triggers rather than the battery charge level, with the latter being the case for users with high UBIS. Moreover, the survey revealed that personality traits such as self-control, low impulsivity, and greater competence with respect to the system were positively correlated with reduced autonomy anxiety. [PERSON] et al. [58] found that men are more likely to charge their electric vehicles away from home compared to women. However, age did not appear to have a significant impact on the choice of charging location. Working individuals were more likely to recharge outside of their homes, most likely due to the availability of charging opportunities at their workplaces. Those who have a conventional ICE vehicle are more likely to use home charging exclusively. In contrast, EV owners tend to charge only at home, while those who rent EVs are more likely to charge in different locations. This study also found that free charging outside of one's home reduces the use of home charging and is positively correlated with trip planning.