## 3 Artificial Intervention in the Degradation of Antibiotics  
### Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)  
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a new type of technology that degrade organic pollutants by generating strong oxidizing radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (\(\bullet\)OH), sulfate radicals (SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\bullet\)), singlet oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)), and superoxide radicals (O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\)). Among these reactive oxidants, hydroxyl radical-based and sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation technologies are currently the most widely researched and applied, and they are the two most important categories [55; 56]. Transition metals (both homogeneous and heterogeneous), ultraviolet light, ultrasound, conductive electrons, carbon catalysts, etc., activate oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peroxlysulfate (PDS), etc.) to produce strong oxidizing radicals for the degradation of organic pollutants. Typical advanced oxidation technologies based on \(\bullet\)OH, such as Fenton, Fenton-like, catalytic ozone, photocatalysis processes and combinations or derived processes of these technologies, generally have advantages such as a simple operation, high degradation efficiency, and low cost and are widely used in the research of antibiotic degradation [57]. In the Fenton process, Fe\({}^{2+}\)/Fe\({}^{3+}\) activates H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) to produce \(\bullet\)OH, which oxidizes and degrades pollutants. \(\bullet\)OH has a very high redox potential (2.8V) and can oxidize most pollutants into small molecular compounds, mineralizing them into CO\({}_{2}\) through in situ-generated ROS. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, it is widely used in the degradation of persistent pollutants [58]. For example, [PERSON] et al. optimized the Fenton reaction to degrade the persistent antibiotic pollutants amoxicillin and colaxacillin using a response surface methodology [59]. [PERSON] et al. achieved the oxidative degradation of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and colaxacillin in aqueous solutions using the Fenton method [60], and these results indicate that this method is effective for treating these three antibiotics [61]. According to the different forms of catalysts present and the reaction mechanisms, the Fenton reaction can be divided into homogeneous Fenton and heterogeneous Fenton. The advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are shown in the table below (Table 2). The rate of the Fenton reaction is significantly affected by the pH, Fe\({}^{2+}\) concentration, and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) dosage, and sometimes the reaction may produce intermediates with a higher toxicity than the parent compounds, which are the major drawbacks of the Fenton reaction. Research indicates that the efficiency of the Fenton reaction is highest under acidic conditions (pH 2-4). However, under neutral or alkaline conditions, Fe\({}^{2+}\) tends to precipitate, resulting in a loss of catalytic activity and the generation of a substantial amount of iron sludge, which contributes to secondary pollution [71]. This necessitates additional treatments, thereby increasing costs and environmental burdens. For example, [PERSON] et al. noted that traditional homogeneous Fenton reactions encounter a significant precipitation of iron ions at pH levels greater than four. However, by developing a magnetic Fe\({}_{3}\)S\({}_{4}\) catalyst, the effective pH range can be extended to neutral (pH = 7), although the catalytic efficiency remains lower than that observed under acidic conditions [72]. At the same time, to address