## 7 Conclusions
Policy and Design Recommendations: Based on the findings, several recommendations can be made to improve roundabout safety and efficiency in Qatar: * Install Dynamic Lane Assignment Signs and High-Contrast Road Markings: To improve driver guidance, dynamic lane assignment signs with LED indicators should be placed at entry points, especially in multi-lane roundabouts. High-contrast thermoplastic road markings with reflective elements should be used to improve visibility at night and in adverse weather conditions. Additionally, chevron markings on approach lanes can help reduce last-minute lane changes;
* Implement Adaptive Signal Control Systems: Use AI-driven adaptive signal control algorithms that adjust green and red-light durations in real time based on traffic flow. This will reduce congestion, minimize unnecessary waiting times, and lower the frequency of sudden lane changes. Technologies such as vehicle detection sensors and traffic cameras can be integrated for better monitoring and responsiveness;
* Introduce Pre-Roundabout Lane Guidance Pavement Markings: Large directional arrows and lane assignment text markings (e.g., \"Left Only,\" \"Straight,\" \"Right Only\") should be painted at least 100 m before the roundabout entry. This allows drivers to make lane selection decisions early, reducing last-minute weaving movements;
* Install Lane Discipline Enforcement Systems: Deploy automated enforcement cameras to monitor lane discipline at roundabouts. AI-based image processing can detect improper lane changes and issue warnings or fines to habitual violators. This measure has been effective in reducing erratic lane changes in other urban settings;
* Optimize Approach Lane Design: Ensure that approach lanes to signalized roundabouts have adequate taper lengths and channelized entry lanes to guide drivers smoothly into the appropriate lane. Raised lane separators or rumble strips could be considered to discourage last-second lane changes;
* Deploy Variable Message Signs (VMS): Install VMS at strategic points before roundabouts to provide real-time information on traffic conditions, lane assignments, and upcoming signal phases. This will help drivers make better lane selection decisions well in advance;
* Enhance Driver Education and Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct targeted public awareness campaigns using social media, digital billboards, and interactive driving simulations to educate drivers on proper lane usage and signal compliance in roundabouts. Additionally, roundabout-specific training modules should be included in driving school curricula and license renewal courses;
* Technological Solutions: Implementing in-vehicle signaling aids, such as connected vehicle systems (CVS), can help drivers make safer decisions by providing real-time alerts on lane assignments, congestion, or hazards. Additionally, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), like lane departure warnings and blind-spot monitoring, can promote better lane discipline. In Qatar, the feasibility of these technologies is supported by ongoing smart city projects and 5G network expansion, though compatibility with existing infrastructure may pose challenges. Future research should assess their effectiveness and driver acceptance in local traffic conditions. Future Research Directions: Future studies should consider a broader range of behavioral factors and incorporate advanced data collection techniques, such as video analytics and machine learning, to capture more nuanced driver behaviors. Additionally, exploring the impact of roundabout design features, such as the number of entry and exit lanes and the presence of pedestrian crossings, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing driver behavior and safety. Conceptualization, M.A.F. and P.C. ; methodology, M.A.F. and A.-H.U. ; software, M.A.F. ; validation, M.A.F., P.C. and A.-H.U. ; formal analysis, M.A.F. ; investigation, M.A.F. ; resources, M.A.F. ; data curation, M.A.F. and A.-H.U. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.A.F.