Moreover, it offers rapid execution and ease of plotting, even for non-expert technicians. However, one notable limitation of this approach lies in the challenging identification of corresponding points, which is relatively straightforward when dealing with sharp points and corners but becomes difficult or even impossible due to the absence of stereoscopy, particularly on rough and uneven surfaces such as rocks or irregular blocks or curved walls commonly encountered in archaeology. To tackle this challenge, the proposed method involves interactively editing a wireframe model derived from the original plot, focusing on specific points deemed appropriate. This editing process is facilitated by projecting oriented panoramas within the 3D environment of 3 ds Max(r). This projection relies on the known orientation of each panorama, including the projection centre's three coordinates and three rotation angles. Using computer-aided design (CAD) tools, adjustments can be made to the model's points and surfaces until they align with the image projection. This approach was applied to the Ad-Deir temple in Petra, Jordan, where certain stone elements, known for their soft texture, had experienced erosion, resulting in irregular shapes. Vector plotting was confined to a few easily identifiable points, from which a wireframe was constructed. This wireframe was then used to generate a surface model, which underwent further refinement and completion by back projecting the three original panoramas used for plotting. Additionally, the image projection was applied as a texture to the surfaces, yielding a satisfactory result. Furthermore, the primary objectives of this research are to develop and demonstrate a methodology for heritage building information modelling (HBIM) that can be broadly applied to the documentation and preservation of cultural heritage architecture [9; 10; 11; 12], to use Ad Deir as a case model, depicted in Figure 3, to illustrate how HBIM can enhance architectural documentation, structural analysis, virtual restoration, and long-term environmental impact modelling, and to facilitate collaboration among multidisciplinary teams, including architects, historians, archaeologists, and engineers, by utilizing HBIM for effective preservation and restoration projects. Figure 3: The main architectural parts of the Ad Deir. The process leading to these objectives begins with background research and literature review, analysing existing digital documentation methods and previous studies on Ad Deir and other heritage sites. This is followed by data collection and analysis using advanced 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry to gather precise spatial data from Ad Deir, which are then integrated into the HBIM framework to create a detailed and accurate digital model. The absence of parametric library objects in BIM software programs that can be utilized for historical buildings is currently one of the limitations of heritage BIM. When compared to standard BIM, this task is more difficult because historic buildings are composed of irregular and unique structures. Thanks to research in the field of 3D modelling and the primary 3D survey techniques, such as terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and photogrammetry, it is now possible to generate informative models useful for various types of analysis [13]. The next step involves developing a comprehensive HBIM methodology that incorporates the collected data, ensuring it is adaptable to other heritage sites and addressing challenges such as identifying corresponding points on rough and irregular surfaces through advanced computer vision techniques. The methodology can be then applied and validated by creating a detailed HBIM model of Ad Deir, comparing it with existing documentation, and assessing its effectiveness in structural analysis, virtual restoration, and environmental impact simulation.