## 2 Related Work
### Smart Campus Deployments  
Despite the existence of many well-documented smart campus applications, there are only a few academic articles that describe in detail the deployment of real smart campuses.  
For instance, in [67] an overview of the neOCampus of the Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University (France) is given. Such a smart campus runs different projects to make use of collaborative Wi-Fi, it provides an open-data platform, it fosters the reduction of the ecological footprint related to human activities and it aims for protecting the biodiversity of the campus.  
Another interesting smart campus is detailed in [56], where an IoT platform deployed across different engineering schools of the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid in its Moncloa Campus (Spain) is described. Such an IoT platform is based on a cloud that provides services that follow the SOA paradigm. Two main applications are implemented: one for monitoring people flows and another for environmental monitoring.  
The Sapienza smart campus (Italy) roadmap is described in [68]. Such a paper is interesting since, although it is a theoretical approach, it indicates how to structure the services to be provided by the smart campus infrastructure to scale it appropriately.  
In [45] the author gives details on the Birmingham City University smart campus (United Kingdom). The smart campus platform integrates diverse business systems and smart building protocols thanks to an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and to the use of a SOA architecture, which provides scalability, flexibility, and service orchestration.  
In the United States, an example of smart campus can be found in West Texas A&M University [66]. According to the authors, the smart campus is based on the IoT principles and covers an area of 176 acres, requiring connecting more than 42 different buildings. The described project is focused on two main tasks: to foster IoT collaboration and to provide an appropriate security framework. The proposed system has already supported diverse IoT projects, such as a LoRaWAN pilot for monitoring environmental conditions or an OpenCV-based smart parking system.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology**} & **Operating** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Modulation**} & **Maximum** & **Speed** & **Max. Payload** & **Bandwidth** & **Main Characteristics** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{NB-IoT} & LTE in-band, & \multirow{2}{*}{QPSK} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)35 km} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)250 kbi} & \multirow{2}{*}{1500 bytes} & \multirow{2}{*}{180 kHz} & Low power and wide-area \\  & guard-band & & & & & & coverage \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SigFox} & \multirow{3}{*}{868–902 MHz} & \multirow{3}{*}{DBPSK} & \multirow{3}{*}{50 km} & \multirow{3}{*}{100 kbit/s} & \multirow{3}{*}{12 bytes} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.1 kHz} & Global cellular network \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \cline{5-5} \cline{5-5} \cline{5-5} \cline  
Finally, a smart campus for Wuhan University of Technology (China) is proposed in [69]. In such a paper the authors depict an architecture based on the IoT paradigm and in cloud-computing infrastructure that supports multiple applications.