# Evolving Strategies and Materials for Scaffold Development in Regenerative Dentistry
## 3 Results
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**Material** & **Type** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantages** & **Cit.** \\ \hline Hylavuronic acid (HA) & Organic & HA is a linear, hydrophilic, polyanionic polysaccharide, and is a natural biological component of living organisms. It has good bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, in the human body. The HA has multiple physiological roles, including water regulation in tissue matrices, scaffolding resistance to compression, act as joint lubricant and shock absorber, etc. For regenerative medicine, HA can be used as a reservoir of stimulants such as growth factors, etc. & HA properties are affected by structural and chemical complexity depending on its molecular weight, it has low mechanical strength, and may induce immunoreactivity, e.g., granulomatous foreign body reaction. & [62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68] \\ Bioactive glasses & Inorganic & Bioactive glass has potential for dental applications, such as dentin regeneration, due to its excellent bioactivity, and easy enhancement of functionality by specific therapeutic ions doping with, e.g., antibacterial and angiogenic behavior. It has an excellent ability to bond with both hard and soft tissues. & Limited applications for low level loading replacements due to its low mechanical strength and brightness. The processing challenges and the costs, in certain cases also slow degradation may be an issue. & [69; 70; 71; 72; 73] \\ \hline hydroxyapatite (HAp) & Inorganic & HAp is a natural component of human bones and teeth. It has excellent biocompatibility and can provide stimuli for osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity. Is often used in dental applications due to its similarity to the mineral composition of natural teeth, and integrates well with the surrounding tissue. & HAp is brittle and has very low fracture toughness. Its application is complicated with difficulty in shaping. Pure HAp may have poor adhesion to soft tissues and slow integration or resorption rates. The cost of medical grade HAp are high. & [74; 75; 76; 77; 78] \\ \hline Tricelcium phosphate (TCP) & Inorganic & Unlike Hap, the \(\beta\)-TCP bioceramics show higher solubility and biodegradation rate by osteoclast cells, which provide a local acidification that leads to material dissolution. Osteoclasts then initiate bone resorption by releasing protons and enzymes. This process of bone resorption caused by osteoclasts is coupled with HAp ceramics. & Lower mechanical strength as HAp ceramics. & [79; 80; 81; 82; 83] \\ Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) & Inorganic & Collagen of osteoblasts. By testing \(\beta\)-TCP ceramics, they proved their ability to support differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and mesenchymal cells. It has been reported to have excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity as well. & [79; 81; 82; 83] \\ \hline Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) & Biphasic calcium phosphate to get good mechanical properties of HAp and higher solubility and osteoconductivity of \(\beta\)-TCP. It is considered the gold standard of bone substitutes in the preservation of the mechanical strength during its resorption. The higher the ratio, the greater the resorbability. BCP-A (contains high amount of Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDTA)) significantly decreased the inflammation response of dental pulp and promotes the formation of dentin bridges. The BCP with composition of 15% HAp and 85% \(\beta\)-TCP forms the bone earlier and in more quantity than second-investigated BCP with composition of 85% HAp and 15% \(\beta\)-TCP in mandible bone of beagle dogs after 4, 12, and 26 weeks. & The ratio \(\beta\)-TCP/HAp should be individually tuned according to application (depending on the solubility–increased solubility of becoming decreases does not mean that resorption activity is optimal). & [84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89] \\ Calcium Phosphate CPCs1 (CPCs)2 & InorganicTypical CPCs1 & Paste—set in situ to fill bone defects. CPCs have shown potential in dental applications for filling cavities, repairing defects, and promoting bone regeneration. The main characteristic and advantage of CPCs is their injectability and/or moldability to fill optimally irregular bone defects. They form intimate contact with the bone structure ensuring good transformation into new bone. The mechanical properties, as well as setting time, varies depending on the chemical composition of CPCs. New kinds of CPCs can reach high compressive strength up to 35 MPa and setting time of 14 min. & The dense structure of CPCs lacking the microporosity that is necessary for bone ingrowth together with the slow biodegradation represent their main disadvantages. & [90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Consists of a calcium phosphate-based powder and a liquid component, which, upon mixing, undergo a non-toxic chemical reaction, resulting in setting and hardening.  
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