## 1 Introduction  
Smart campuses and universities require an IT infrastructure similar to the one needed by smart cities, smart buildings, or smart homes, which make use of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions [1; 2; 3; 4] to interact with the sensor and actuation systems of a university. Similarly to smart cities, but in contrast to most smart homes and buildings, smart campuses must provide long-distance communications, as many university campuses cover an area that can reach thousands of square meters. For instance, the campus of the authors of this article (Campus of Elvina, University of A Coruna, Spain) occupies a 26,000 m\({}^{2}\) area. Nonetheless, such an area can be considered small when compared with the largest university campuses in the world: Berry College (Floyd County, Georgia, United States) covers 109.26 km\({}^{2}\) of land [5], Duke University campuses (Durham, North Carolina, United States) are deployed on 37.83 km\({}^{2}\)[6], and the campus of Stanford University (Stanford, California, United States) occupies 8180 accres (33 km\({}^{2}\)) [7]. These figures mean that smart campuses should make use of specific long-distance communications infrastructure that provides indoor and outdoor connectivity to the deployed IoT gateways, sensors and actuators, while guaranteeing reduced energy consumption and thus optimized IoT node battery life. A smart campus and university is managed according to its strategic plan (a framework of its main priorities and commitments). As a result, universities devote financial resources to implement a broad range of actions (e.g., related to digital transformation, services, applications, events, facilities, human resources, governance, educational programs, or innovation) that are fundamentally designed to meet their institutional objectives. The strategic plan is driven by the university mission, vision, and core values (further detailed in Section 2). For instance, a number of universities around the world has committed to make tangible contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Note that the provided smart campus services may be similar to the ones of a smart city, but adapted to the needs of a university (e.g., mobility/transport services, energy/grid monitoring, resource consumption efficiency, user behavior monitoring, or guidance applications). However, there are other services that are specific for a university environment, such as the services for analyzing the behavior of students in certain outdoor activities or their attendance to lectures. In addition, there are other relevant differences with respect to smart cities regarding the architectures and technologies that can be applied to smart campuses and universities:  
* Smaller size. Although, as it has been previously mentioned, there are really large campuses, most of them are not as large as cities and, in fact, there are many urban universities with buildings inside a city. Such a smaller size enables using certain communications technologies that do not need to reach very long distances. In addition, since often less devices require to be deployed than in a smart city, architectures can be less complex and need less routing layer devices, what usually reduces response time and infrastructure deployment cost. * Infrastructure management. Frequently, in a smart campus/university all buildings and related infrastructure are managed by the same organization (i.e., the university), often making it easier to take certain measures to ease the deployment of the required infrastructure communications and architecture than in a smart city. In contrast, in a city most space is occupied with private buildings that are managed by people that do not work for the city council, so certain infrastructure deployments can be difficult when having to deal with the different necessities of multiple people. * Homogeneity.