### Characterizing Renewable Generation Across Climate Zones
Wind energy is generated by the movement of air masses driven by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, being influenced by latitude-dependent factors:  
* Coriolis Effect: Wind patterns strengthen with latitude due to the Coriolis effect, leading to more robust and consistent winds at higher latitudes. * Pressure Gradients: Temperature differences between equatorial and polar regions create pressure gradients, driving large-scale wind systems like trade winds and westerlies. * Topography: Coastal and mountainous areas influence wind patterns, often intensifying wind speeds and creating localized high-potential wind zones. Then, the interaction of latitude-dependent factors significantly influences the availability and characteristics of solar and wind resources. Optimizing renewable energy use requires adapted approaches that consider these variations. Based on these differences, the Earth can be categorized into three major regions with distinct implications for renewable energy generation:  
* Equatorial Regions: High and consistent solar radiation makes solar energy the dominant option, while wind resources are generally weaker. * Mid-Latitude Regions: Balanced potential for both solar and wind energy, with wind resources offering reliability. * High-Latitude Regions: Lower solar potential due to oblique sunlight and short daylight hours, but strong and consistent wind resources make wind energy a preferable choice. In conclusion, latitude plays a crucial role in shaping solar and wind energy potential, with equatorial regions favoring solar energy, mid-latitudes offering a balance, and high-latitude regions benefiting from strong wind resources. However, other factors, such as proximity to the coast, topography, and aridity, also significantly influence renewable energy generation, necessitating comprehensive planning for optimal efficiency and sustainability [23]. Figure 1 displays Earth's maps showing the irradiance and average wind speed at 50 m. Therefore, at a first attempt, Earth's regions can be categorized based on their capability to produce electricity from wind and solar resources. If detailed information on the existing resources in each region of the Earth is desired, NASA's POWER Data Access Viewer database [30] can be consulted. However, in this study, an in-depth analysis of solar and wind resource capabilities has been carried out by taking nine specific locations that characterize the nine combinations of solar and wind resources cited above. This classification provides a general framework but may not account for all regional variations. However, to offer a broad understanding of generation capacities, the Earth's regions are categorized into nine groups, as outlined in Table 1.  
Once the main regions of the Earth have been identified based on their solar and wind resources, the next step involves quantifying these resources in a representative area of each identified region. This process enables a deeper understanding of the magnitude and variability of available resources in each area, laying the groundwork for evaluating the electrical generation capacities through renewable sources. Databases containing detailed information on solar and wind resources worldwide are employed to accomplish this task. These databases compile historical and real-time data on solar radiation, wind speed and direction, and other relevant climatic parameters. Following the acquisition of these databases, the next step involves characterizing the behavior of solar and wind resources throughout the year in each area of interest, i.e., identifying each variable's probability density functions (PDFs). This includes analyzing seasonal, daily, and hourly solar radiation and wind variability and identifying climatic patterns and atmospheric phenomena that may influence resource availability. Subsequently, specific procedures are employed to calculate each area's potential for renewable energy production.