## 4 Discussion  
DSWM showed higher levels of Na, Mg, and K compared with mineral fertilizers, and additional mineral components such as Cl, N, B, and SO4 were also detected. These mineral components can significantly impact plant growth and are essential for the synthesis of crucial organic compounds. Moreover, they play diverse roles as ions or components of inorganic compounds, indicating that MB exhibits higher mineral content than CB and OB, which is likely attributed to their various roles in plant physiology [30]. An imbalance between the generation of ROS and the detoxification of reactive intermediates by biological systems causes oxidative stress [31]. Because of oxidative stress, sympathetic nerve stimulation increases respiratory rate, generating more available oxygen and disrupting the balance between ROS production and the antioxidant system [32]. Broccoli is an antioxidant-rich vegetable that protects the human body from oxidative stress, a major cause of some cancers and heart diseases, by removing free radicals [33]. Moreover, DSW protects against cardiovascular diseases by lowering TC, TG, atherogenic index, and MDA levels while increasing serum trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and offering intestinal protection through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms [34]. The antioxidant capacity of a substance is shown by measurements of DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid concentrations [35]. Unlike conventional farming practices that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming relies solely on natural materials and is considered a cultivation method that improves soil health and enhances societal well-being [36]. Recent meta-analyses have shown that organic production methods tend to significantly increase antioxidants, phenols, and Zn compared to conventional farming [37]. Additionally, when roses were cultivated through organic farming, they exhibited superior antioxidant effects compared to those grown conventionally [38]. In this study, organically grown OB and NB also showed higher DPPH scavenging ability than CB, and in particular, the antioxidant properties of NB were superior to those of CB and OB with increasing concentration. Therefore, it is hypothesized that due to its high antioxidant activity, NB could reduce reactive oxygen species and have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled cell proliferation and abnormal growth, and tumor cells are often the result of genetic damage to genes that regulate cell cycle arrest [39]. The expression of transcription factors associated with cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis has been considered a crucial factor in cancer treatment [40]. Cell cycle arrest is mainly caused by activating one or both p53/p21 and p16/pRB tumor suppression pathways [41]. p53 may promote PUMA, BID, Bax, TRAIL2, and FASL transcription in the nucleus, as well as translocate to the mitochondrial membrane, where it can respond to cell death signals by forming an inhibitory complex with Bcl-xl and Bcl-2, triggering cell apoptosis [42]. p21, which is significantly regulated by p53, plays a vital role in cell cycle arrest by binding to cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)2 and cyclin D/Cdk4 complexes, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest [43]. Broccoli contains various phenolic compounds, which are known to exhibit not only anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects but also pro-apoptotic activity in animal tumor models and several cancer cell lines. Among the phenolic compounds found in broccoli, sulforaphane has been identified as a key component responsible for its anticancer effects [44]. Furthermore, it has been observed that the incorporation of CaSO4 into the NaCl solution used for cultivation leads to an increase in sulforaphane content in broccoli sprouts [45].