esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Grasping Claws of Bionic Climbing Robot for Rough Wall Surface: Modeling and Analysis
## 2 Design of the Grasping Module of Cross-Arranged Claws  
Based on the designed spine structure in Reference [20], two groups of spines were employed to collaboratively realize the grasping, and the grasping module of cross-arranged claws was proposed (Figure 1). Two pairs of secondary claws were installed on the main body, each of which was composed of two pairs of tiny hooks, screw nuts, elastic steel sheets, spring washers, and connecting plates. The two pairs of tiny hooks were symmetrically distributed on the tips of the secondary claws, and were fixed with the screw nuts and the elastic steel sheets. The elastic steel sheets were connected with the secondary claws and a connecting rod.  
The grasping module works in accordance with the following principle: the two pairs of secondary claws are symmetrically fixed around the claw module and are connected with the cylinders with connecting rods. Two air injecting holes are drilled on each cylinder and connected with the external air source via hoses. When the air source inflates the cylinder through the inside gas hole, the pressure in the cylinder increases, pushes the connecting rod, and thereby drives the motion of the claws. In this way, it controls the outward stretching of the four claws. When the air source inflates via the outside gas hole, it increases the pressure outside the cylinder, thus pushing the connecting rod to draw back the claws. By doing so, it controls the claws to draw back. Through the stretching or draw back of the connecting rod, the hooks at the tips of claws can slip on rough wall surfaces to search stable points that can be grasped. When large enough friction force is produced between the hook and the rough wall, the elastic steel sheet undergoes elastic deformation on the contact wall surface, which enables the robot to adapt to uneven rough wall surfaces.  
The designed cross-arranged claws allow for the robot to more stably attach to wall surfaces, prevent sideslip overturn, and have certain vibration resistance. It dramatically improves the adaptability of robots to walls.
# Matrix Metalloproteinases and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder: A Review of the Literature
## 4 Results
### Description of Included Studies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Authors**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Excluded Researcher’s Characteristics and Main Results**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Experimental** \\ **Samples** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Age of** \\ **Experimental** \\ **Samples (Mean)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **MMP** \\ **Assessed and Method** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **TMJ Assessment** \\ **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Result** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., & 86 Subjects & Range: 19–84 & \begin{tabular}{c} MMP-2 \\ Protcolytic Activity, \\ Enzymogram \\ \end{tabular} & Radiographic Analysis & Upregulation of MMP-2. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., & 41 Samples & \
\begin{tabular}{c} MMP-2, MMP-9 \\ Enzyme Activity, Immuno- \\ blotting, Gelatheolytic \\ Activity \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} MMP-2 and MMP-9 \\ were upregulated more \\ in ADDwoR than in \\ ADDwoR. \\ ADDwoR. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. [PERSON] et al. (2015) studied polymorphisms of multiple genes in order to investigate their role in TMD. The study included 182 healthy individuals and 100 patients with TMD, with a mean age of 37.12. The TMD in the study group was assessed using clinical signs and symptoms. Genomic DNA was gathered from buccal swabs and genotyping was conducted in order to evaluate MMP-9 polymorphisms, as well as other enzyme polymorphisms outside the scope of this review. The researchers found a significant difference in genotype and allele frequency in the MMP-9 gene of TMD patients when compared to the control group. [PERSON] et al. (2015) studied polymorphisms of MMP-1 genes in healthy individuals and patients with articular disc derangement and TMJ osteoarthritis. The researchers split patients into three groups, as follows: Group A included 185 healthy individuals; Group B included 141 patients with unilateral ADDwR; and Group C included 321 patients with ADDwoR, 115 of which did not present TMJ osteoarthritis (C1) and 206 of which presented TMJ osteoarthritis (C2). These patients were diagnosed through clinical and radiographic examinations. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal swabs and a PCR analysis was conducted in order to assess variations in the MMP-1 gene. Comparisons between the groups showed a variety of allele distributions. Groups A and B did not show a significant statistical difference. Groups A and C showed a noticeable statistical difference with an odds ratio of 2.455 after adjusting for age. When observing the subgroups in Group C, Group C1 had no difference with group B, while Group C2 had a significant statistical difference and an odds ratio of 1.912. Groups C1 and C2 showed no significant statistical difference. Overall, their findings suggest the MMP-1 gene is upregulated in patients with ADDwoR, and the presence of TMJ osteoarthritis had no influence.
###### Abstract  
Vibration frequency and vibration duration are disturbance factors for the structural properties of clay. This study investigates how the vibration frequency and vibration duration from construction disturbances affect the mechanical properties of Zhanjiang Formation structural clay. An electric, frequency-adjustable vibration table applied varying frequencies and durations of vibration to undisturbed soil, creating structural clay samples with different disturbance degrees. Unconfined compressive strength tests and one-dimensional consolidation compression tests were conducted on these samples to obtain disturbance degrees \(RD_{q}\) and \(RD_{S}\), defined by strength loss values and compression deformation characteristics, respectively. Orthogonal experiments and grey correlation analysis were used to explore the effects of vibration frequency and vibration duration on the mechanical properties of Zhanjiang Formation structural clay. The results indicated that disturbance degrees \(RD_{q}\) and \(RD_{S}\) increased linearly with increase in vibration frequency and vibration duration. Range analysis was conducted using two-factor three-level orthogonal experiment of disturbance degrees, and a grey relational analysis model was established to determine the primary and secondary effects of vibration duration and vibration frequency on the mechanical properties of Zhanjiang Formation structural clay. The results demonstrated that the findings from orthogonal experiments and grey relational analysis were consistent, showing that vibration duration had a more significant impact than vibration frequency on the mechanical properties of structural clay. The conclusion suggests that vibration disturbance manifests as a \"fatigue damage effect\". Continuous vibration disturbance progressively weakens the cementation bonds between soil particles due to \"accumulated\" energy, leading to gradual fracture and destruction. With constant vibration frequency, longer durations, or with constant duration, higher frequencies intensify the \"fatigue damage effect\" of vibration disturbance. Furthermore, during vibration disturbance, Zhanjiang Formation structural clay shows a more pronounced \"fatigue damage effect\" from vibration duration than from vibration frequency, with cementation bonds between soil particles weakening more effectively due to \"accumulated\" energy. The research findings enhance the understanding of how vibration frequency and vibration duration from disturbance sources impact the mechanical properties of Zhanjiang Formation structural clay, offer theoretical guidance for using construction vibration machinery, and provide a reference for preventing and controlling soil disturbance.  
Keywords:Zhanjiang Formation structural clay; vibration disturbance; orthogonal experiment; grey relational analysis; mechanical properties +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Applied Sciences_
# Study on the Anti-Interference Performance of Substrate-Free PEDOT:PSS ECG Electrodes
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Skin-Electrode Impedance Equivalent Circuit Model  
When a dry electrode is attached to the skin, a typical equivalent circuit model of skin-electrode impedance could be developed as shown in Figure 4. The skin is divided into three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue, which can be represented by the equivalent capacitance \(C_{s}\). The many channels, sweat glands, and hair follicles within the skin connecting the layers can be represented by the equivalent resistance \(R_{s}\). The subcutaneous tissue layer is well supplied with blood and can therefore be represented by the equivalent resistance \(R_{sub}\)[21].  
Figure 3: (**a**) Skin–electrode impedance measurement; (**b**) Schematic of ECG detection.  
The capacitance formed by the bubbles or gaps between the dry electrode and the skin, the double-layer capacitance caused by sweat as the electrolyte, and the contact capacitance between the dry electrode and the skin could be expressed by a comprehensive equivalent capacitance \(C_{es}\)[25]. The resistance of electron transfer between the electrode and the skin, as well as the resistance of sweat, can be expressed as the equivalent resistance \(R_{es}\). The capacitance of the substrate-free PEDOT:PSS electrode can be expressed by the equivalent capacitance \(C_{el}\)[23], and its resistivity can be expressed by the equivalent resistance \(R_{el}\). Combined with the equivalent circuit model analysis, it can be obtained that \(R_{s}\), \(C_{s}\), and \(R_{sub}\) are related to human health and the skin state; \(R_{el}\) and \(C_{el}\) are mainly related to the electrode state; \(R_{es}\) and \(C_{es}\) are affected by both the electrode and the skin and are most prone to change during the ECG detection process.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Durability Assessment  
The assessment of durability makes sense considering that joints create discontinuities in a slab's area. Following the discussion in Section 2.3 and the critical ISM values from the literature review [15; 28], Figure 10 shows the results of the durability in the form of boxplots, taking into account the entire sample of data collected.  
In general, durability was significantly better at the edges. The range of ISM at the corners was higher, indicating that the durability deteriorates locally when the load occurs at the corners. However, for toll stations that are predominantly in a straight line,  
Figure 10: Durability assessment—boxplots of ISM.  
Figure 9: Distribution fitting analysis for the D\({}_{1800}\) indicator.  
vehicles have sufficient alignment length when approaching the toll booths, and the axis of movement does not deviate significantly from the axis of the individual lanes. Therefore, the direct load on the pavement slabs at the corners is limited, if not absent.
# Anomaly Monitoring of Process Based on Recurrent Timeliness Rules (AMP-RTR)
### Definition of Data Timeliness  
The definition of most data timeliness is that as long as data meets the needs of work, it is effective. In addition, the premise of most data timeliness definitions is to store data correctly. Compared with the correctness of data, the timeliness of data does not necessarily need to be tested in the real world. Accordingly, the measurement of data timeliness should be an estimate rather than a verification statement under certainty (which is necessary for correctness) to determine the probability that the value of data attributes is still up-to-date. The literature [3,4] interprets timeliness as the probability that relevant data are still valid. For a large amounts of data, when the recurrent validity of the data is not clear, it seems reasonable to quantify timeliness through this estimation. This is because comparing attribute values with their real-world counterparts (real-world tests) usually takes a lot of time, which is neither economical nor realistic [5].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Scaling Relation  
The six types of motion affect each of the surface sites. Three of them, known as the translational motions, are registered along the horizontal X and Y axes and the vertical Z axis. The rest of them, representing rotational motions, are registered around the axes. The vector of the rotation angle \(\Omega(x,t)\) is defined at the surface point x as follows [12]:  
\[\Omega(x,t)=\frac{1}{2}\
abla\times u(x,t) \tag{5}\]  
where \(u(x,t)\) denotes wave field displacement at a given point in time t.  
Considering the teleseismic distances of the seismic source, the seismic-wave field can be approximated by the plane waves [12]. The transverse plane waves, which are propagating at the phase velocity \(c\), are described as follows [12]:  
\[u=\left[0,u_{y}\Big{(}t-\frac{x}{c}\Big{)},0\right] \tag{6}\]  
Considering the studies of the rotational motion and translational motion registered at the teleseismic distances [2; 45], under the plane-wave assumption, the vertical component of the rotation rate \(\dot{\Omega}_{z}(x,t)\) and the transverse translational acceleration \(\ddot{u}_{y}(x,t)\) are derived using the following relation:  
\[\dot{\Omega}_{z}(x,t)=-\frac{1}{2c}\ddot{u}_{y}(t-\frac{x}{c}) \tag{7}\]  
Assuming that the plane waves, transverse translational acceleration, and vertical rotation rate are in phase at all times [46], their ratio is given as follows:  
\[\frac{\ddot{u}_{y}(x,t)}{\dot{\Omega}_{z}(x,t)}=-2c \tag{8}\]Following the recent studies [4; 5; 11; 26; 45], the scaling relation between rotational and translational motion was investigated as two linear functions (with and without intercept) [2; 4]:  
\[PRV_{Z}=a PGA_{H} \tag{9}\]  
\[PRV_{Z}=a PGA_{H}+b \tag{10}\]  
where \(a\) and \(b\) are the linear function coefficients. Moreover, the \(a\)-parameter in the case of the Love-wave analysis corresponds to a slowness [45]. The \(PRV_{z}\) is the vertical peak rotation velocity, and the \(PGA_{H}\) is a horizontal peak of the ground acceleration, which is calculated as follows:  
\[PGA_{H}=max\sqrt[2]{PGA_{X}^{2}+PGA_{Y}^{2}} \tag{11}\]  
Considering that the double-couple focal mechanism characterizes the analyzed events, the origin of the torsion is related to SH wave propagation and starts after the first arrival of the S-wave on the seismogram [47]. Therefore, the scaling relations of the directly registered peak values of the motions were estimated for the models determined in Equations (9) and (10). Next, directly registered peak values were reduced by the estimated amplification value, and scaling relations were assessed again. The correction by an amplification value should be understood as separated by dividing the peak values of the signals by the amplification value obtained for the highest amplification peak (SESAME). In that case, the general equation, assuming the occurrence of the intercept, is given by the following formula:  
\[\frac{PRV_{Z}}{maxTRSR_{AV}}=amax^{2}\sqrt[2]{\left(\frac{PGA_{x}}{maxHVSR_{x} }\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{PGA_{y}}{maxHVSR_{y}}\right)^{2}}+b \tag{12}\]
###### Abstract  
To ensure the integrity and safety of steam generator tubes in nuclear power plants, eddy-current testing is periodically employed. Because steam generators are equipped with thousands of thin-walled tubes, the eddy current is tested using a bobbin probe that can be used at high speed. Steam generator heat pipes in nuclear power plants have different sizes and shapes depending on their row number. In particular, heat pipes in the first row are located inside the steam generator and are of the U-bend type because the radius of the curved pipe is the smallest. A steam generator heat pipe has a thickness of about 1 mm, so a geometrical cross-sectional area change may occur due to residual stress when manufacturing the curved pipe. It is difficult to determine an exact shape because the change in cross-sectional area generated during the manufacturing process varies depending on the position of the pipe and the distortion rate. During eddy-current testing (ECT), to ensure the integrity and safety of the steam generator tubes, the shape change of the bend may cause a noise signal, making it difficult to evaluate defects in the pipe. However, the noise signals generated in this situation are difficult to analyze in a real measurement environment, and difficult to verify by producing a mock-up, which complicates distinguishing a noise signal from a defective signal. To solve this problem, various noise signals were obtained using the electromagnetic analysis method of COMSOL Multiphysics, a commercial program based on numerical analysis of the finite element method, to simulate the environment, including the change in cross-sectional area of the heat pipe. When compared to the actual measurement signal, the accuracy of the simulations improved, and various types of noise signals were detected, which may be helpful for accurate evaluations of defects during actual inspections.  
steam generator tube; eddy-current testing; finite element method; modeling; computed tomography +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Lower-Latency Screen Updates over QUIC with Forward Error Correction
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Consistency Fences for Partial Ordering  
In our previous work [4], we proposed the _consistency fence_ (CF) mechanism, in which the sender continues to transmit independent messages until there is a message that is dependent on the previously sent messages, so it inserts a fence and then sends that message. In other words, all the messages before each fence need to be delivered before any messages after the fence on the receiver side. The CF is analogous to the memory fence/barrier instructions to enforce an ordering constraint on memory operations before and after the fence used by CPUs [5].  
In Figure 3, we show how the dependency graph in Figure 1 can be sent using CFs (e.g., vertical blue lines). The sender transmits the first three messages (\(M_{1}\) to \(M_{3}\)) and then inserts a fence because both \(M_{4}\) and \(M_{5}\) are dependent on at least one of the first three blocks, although there are no inter-dependencies between \(M_{4}\) and \(M_{5}\) themselves. The same would happen for the third and fourth groups of messages, which are \(M_{6}\)-\(M_{8}\) and \(M_{9}\)-\(M_{11}\), respectively.  
In our previous work, we performed the evaluation over a UDP-based Data Transfer (UDT) protocol [6] which is a user-level, reliable protocol designed for large data transfers over wide-area networks (WANs). We also implemented an XOR-based FEC method over the UDT protocol. In this paper, we replace UDT with QUIC as a more recent active transport layer over UDP and use the OpenFEC library [9] instead of a simple XOR FEC to use more efficient FEC methods such as Reed-Solomon. To implement CFs over QUIC for the screen updates workload, we send each update over a QUIC stream and handle the partial order delivery at the destination. We explain the details of our design and implementation in Section 4.
# Developing a Novel Design for a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Current Collector
## 5 Results and Discussion  
### Cell Performance  
As described previously, three designs with four, eight, and twelve channels were investigated in this study and compared with the traditional design. The current generated from each design was used to compare the performance of each design. Figure 7 shows the collected current from the different cell designs. The cell with twelve flow channels collected the maximum current compared to the other designs. The collected current from the cell with twelve channels was 0.384 A, while the collected current from the cell with eight channels was 0.368 A, and the collected current from the cell with four channels was 0.292 A. When comparing the cell's performance with twelve channels with the cell's performance with four channels, there was a 30% increase in cell performance.  
It can be concluded that increasing the number of channels led to an increase in the collected current from the cell. The cell with twelve channels collected more current than the other designs, mainly due to the improvement in the distribution of the species inside the channels. Moreover, the increase in the contact area between the current collector and the two electrodes increased the level of the electrochemical reactions inside the cell. Additionally, the electrical conductivities of both the anode and cathode were low. Consequently, it is better to increase the contact areas to compensate for these low electrical conductivities, allowing more reactions to occur by achieving the closed-circuit condition in as many areas as possible. Thus, increasing the contact area of the anode and cathode with current collectors enhances the cell performance by increasing current density.  
Additionally, increasing the contact area with the cell led to an efficient collection of the generated current. The total current collected from the traditional design was about 0.1 A, which can be considered very low compared with the developed design with different channels. This low current production was mainly due to the low contact area of the current collector with the cell. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed design is significantly better than the traditional design in current collection.  
Figure 7: Collected current from different fuel cell designs.  
Additionally, increasing the number of channels beyond a certain number might not achieve a noticeable breakthrough in the performance. As shown in Figure 7, the difference in the collected current between 8 and 12 channels is insignificant. However, it may decrease the performance by reducing the interaction area between the fuel/air and electrodes.