esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mitigating Timing Side-Channel Attacks in Software-Defined Networks: Detection and Response +
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Solution Blueprint
#### 3.3.7 Data Analysis Module  
The data analysis module is responsible for analysing the historical data collected via the module to identify patterns and trends in network traffic and security events. Its primary function is to analyse network traffic and security events for unusual behaviours or trends. This task requires a thorough comprehension of the present status of the network, which necessitates the utilisation of both real-time and historical data. The primary objective of this module is to determine whether the source detected during real-time data capture has been identified previously. For this process, real-time data were thoroughly compared with previous data collected via the Data Collection module. Consequently, the output generated via the data analysis module consists of a set of rules and policies that are precisely constructed based on the analysed data. The data analysis module plays a crucial role in developing provisional rules and policies. This enables the response module to generate informed responses.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurements--Myotonometry  
The second measurement during rest and post stimulation conditions was myotonometry, performed with help of the MyotonPro myotonometer (Myoton Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia 2021) (Figure 3). The MyotonPro is a digital palpation device consisting of a device body and an indentation probe (\(\O\) 3 mm). Through the probe, a pre-pressure (0.18 N) is applied to the surface that causes the material underneath to be compressed. A mechanical impulse (0.4 N, 15 ms) is used to deform the skin and underlying muscles for a short interval to detect differences in physical properties compared to stretched muscle fibers. Myotonometry is widely considered as a reliable method [48; 49; 50; 51]. The device receives damped natural vibrations of soft biological tissue in the form of an acceleration signal and then simultaneously calculates the parameters of the stress state and biomechanical properties. The described method is used to evaluate the state of resting muscle tone (T) and dynamic stiffness (S). The stiffness assessed by myotonometry is based on the theory of free oscillations and results from the natural oscillation of tissues in response to short-term mechanical exposure on the skin [48; 49; 50; 51]. Tissues can also regain their original shape after deformation. The feature measured in this study is referred to as elasticity (E). The greater the elasticity, the faster the tissue returns to its original shape [52].  
Figure 3: Equipment for myotonometric measurements.
# A Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Method and Its Application to Electromagnetic Device Designs
###### Abstract  
Optimization algorithms play a critical role in electromagnetic device designs due to the ever-increasing technological and economical competition. Although evolutionary algorithm-based methods have successfully been applied to different design problems, these methods exhibit deficiencies when solving complex problems with multimodal and discontinuous objective functions, which is quite common in electromagnetic device optimization designs. In this paper, a hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a multi-objective particle swarm optimization method (MOPSO) is proposed. In order to enhance the convergence and diversity performance of the algorithm, a new population update mechanism of MOPSO is introduced. Moreover, an adaptive operator involving crossover and mutation is presented to achieve a better balance between global and local searches. The performance of the hybrid algorithm is validated using standard test functions and the multi-objective design of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.  
multi-objective optimization; inverse problem; evolutionary algorithm; adaptive operator +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft  
optimization problems, especially objective functions with multimodal and discontinuous landscapes. Specifically, NSGA-II is a reputed MOO algorithm with the advantage of good global search ability and versatility. However, its convergence performance needs to be improved, and its population distribution is not uniform enough [10]. Although MOPSO has a fast convergence speed and a good robustness [11], it is difficult to guarantee the convergence between the ideal Pareto frontier (PF) and the searched Pareto frontier (PF) for this algorithm [12]. In this regard, a new hybrid algorithm (INSGAP) combining an improved NSGA-II and MOPSO is proposed. A population update mechanism of MOPSO is introduced to improve the diversity and convergence of the NSGA-II algorithm, while ensuring its original advantages. Moreover, adaptive evolutionary operators are designed to achieve a better balance between the global and the local search processes.  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly introduces the background of multi-objective optimization, and the proposed hybrid algorithm is elaborated upon in Section 3. Performance validation and multi-objective design of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device are presented in Section 4. In Section 5, conclusions are drawn and future work is outlined.
## 5 Discussion
For shallow groundwater in undisturbed conditions, the main factor influencing the groundwater table is precipitation [60]. As has been shown, the groundwater level in the examined HYs 2004-2018 follows the undisturbed cycle in some years, and in others it behaves in a substantially different way. Therefore, the authors have decided to analyse the relationship between the groundwater level and precipitation in that specific case of semi-urban part of Wroclaw. As mentioned above (section Methods and Preliminary Analysis), the influence of the precipitation on the groundwater level appears with a delay and depends on the cumulative rainfall in the examined time period (Figure 20). In the seasonal scatter-plots (Figures 21 and 22) it can be seen that a \"typical\" hydrological year, as indicated by the AHP analysis, is characterized by a strong correlation between the groundwater level and the precipitation. The winter seasons 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013 and 2016 and summer seasons 2004, 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2018 belong to dominating seasonal groundwater level classes and correlate best with the cumulative sum of the precipitation. It is also obvious that there is some regularity in the positive (usually in winter seasons) and the negative (summer seasons) correlation coefficients (Figure 20) that correspond with the groundwater level increase and groundwater level decrease, in most cases. Exceptions are the winter seasons 2015 and 2018 as well as the summer season of the year 2014. It can also be seen that the groundwater levels in the untypical seasons and years (2011, 2014 and 2015) shows the weakest correlation with the precipitation. At this stage of the project, we cannot precisely indicate the reasons for these exceptions. There is a need for a deeper analysis of the precipitation-groundwater level relationship, and we suppose these differences might be caused by water level fluctuations of the Odra river and its channels. On the other hand, there might be currently unidentified artificial or natural influences such as pumping or a spatiotemporal influence of precipitation on the groundwater level.
# Thermometric Characterization of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Suitable for Biomedical Applications
A solution to this problem is fluorescence thermometry, which makes use of fluorescent materials such as quantum dots, rare-earth-doped crystals [38; 39; 40], organic compounds [41; 42] and nanodiamonds [43; 44; 45] to determine temperature without contact. However, doubts arise about the biocompatibility and toxicity of rare-earth-doped nanostructures [46]; for this reason, nanodiamonds are preferred due to their inherent biocompatibility [47]. Another nanodiamond advantage is NV centres are immobile at room temperature, conferring excellent stability and sensitivity [43]. Then, the thermometry based on nanodiamond fluorescence becomes an excellent alternative to assess the intracellular structures. Nevertheless, most works consider the changes in the electron spin resonances of NV\({}^{-}\) centres when a magnetic field is applied [44; 48; 49]. The obtained optically detected magnetic resonances (ODMR) of NV\({}^{-}\) centres under different temperatures have an excellent low-temperature uncertainty. Still, the implementation of those techniques demands high requirements of sophisticated experimental infrastructure [50; 51; 52]. In contrast, thermometry scales build from NV centres luminescence can be constructed with a simple experimental setup getting sensitivities around \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C for both NV centres. Examples are nano-thermometry using the Debye-Weller factor (DWF), that is the ratio of the area under the ZPL and the total emission band of the NV\({}^{-}\)[44; 53], the detection of small changes in the width, the area and the peak wavelength of the ZPL [54], recording of spectral shifts of ZPL [45] or the measurement of energy level shifts of NV centres by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectra [50]. In this work, we performed a thermometric characterization in a biological temperature range (25-60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) of commercial high-pressure high-temperature fluorescent nanodiamonds (HPHT FNDs) with three sizes: 35 nm, 70 nm and 100 nm. Our results showed that it is possible to establish nanothermic scales based on HPHT FNDs with affordable fluorescence microscope equipment. Additionally, the temperature measurement with NV\({}^{0}\) may apport an additional calibration tool. As an early biomedical application, the thermal bioimage of HeLa cells at RT was obtained, opening a new perspective of using FNDs as nanothermometers in living cellular environments for thermal imaging and diagnosis aid.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MAGDA Demonstrator Sites
#### 2.1.1 Italy-Fruit Orchards  
The first demonstrator site is situated in the Cuneo province, in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, one of the most significant fruit-producing areas in the country. The region specializes in the cultivation of apples, peaches, kiwis, plums, cherries, almonds, and hazelnuts. Farmers in this area rely on both natural rainfall and irrigation systems, which vary from traditional drip irrigation to more advanced precision techniques.  
The primary objective at this site is to improve short-term rainfall forecasting and optimize water resource management for fruit orchards. The MAGDA system integrates GNSS receivers, Meteorones, and in situ sensors to measure soil moisture, atmospheric water vapor, temperature, and precipitation. This information helps farmers make data-driven irrigation decisions, reducing water waste while ensuring optimal conditions for crop growth.  
Several farms within a 4.5-7 km radius have been equipped with MAGDA sensors, strategically positioned to monitor microclimatic variations. These data points are also used for assimilation into weather models, particularly for forecasting localized thunderstorms and hail events, which represent a major risk factor for fruit production.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experimental Setup  
The experimental setup is depicted in Figure 4. As previously mentioned, three single-gain lasers from the laser module are used for dual LO generation: laser 2 (L2), laser 3 (L3), and laser 4 (L4). The output optical power of each laser is measured using a Thorlabs (New Jersey, United States) PM200 optical power meter (PM). The optical spectrum is observed using a Brillouin Optical Spectrum Analyzer (BOSA) 400 from Aragon Photonics (Zaragoza, Spain), which features an optical resolution of 10 MHz (80 femtometers). This allows for precise observation of the optical spectrum before the signals are directed to an external Finisar (California, United States) XPDV2120 RA 50 GHz photodiode for optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion. After the PD, an electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA), the Rhode & Schwarz (Munich, Germany) FSW-50, with a bandwidth of 50 GHz, is used to record the generated LO signals.  
The optical linewidths of the lasers are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne setup, which includes a 40-MHz fiber acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and 6.8 km of single-mode optical fiber between the interferometer arms, as outlined in [17]. This setup allows for precise linewidth measurement by comparing the modulated signal with the reference signal, enabling high-accuracy analysis of the laser performance. However, this coherence length corresponds to a Lorentzian spectrum with a minimum full width at half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of 14 kHz [22]. As a result, linewidths below this threshold cannot be accurately measured using this setup.  
Figure 3: Layout of the InP/Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) hybrid integrated dual-gain laser. The laser cavity is formed by two InP chips (gain section) and a Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) chip (dashed red box) as the external cavity. Single-mode operation is achieved using a Vernier filter consisting of two Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) micro-ring resonators.  
The TEC and drive electronics are controlled through GUI-based software developed by LioniX. This software facilitates efficient operation and monitoring by linking the electronics control unit to a computer via a USB cable.
## 4 Discussion  
During the ten-day experimental period, no notable variations in body weight or weight gains were noticed in the PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasally instilled mice compared to the intact vehicle control mice. Similarly, mice administered orally with AJ (400-100 mg/kg), as well as those given the reference drug, AX (250 mg/kg), showed no significant differences in body weight or weight gains relative to the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control. Each group, including the intact vehicle, the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control, and the AX- and AJ-administered mice, exhibited normal weight increases consistently with age-matched mice of the same strain [45]. Expectorants function by prompting the body to increase secretion volume or hydration, resulting in clearer secretions that help lubricate the respiratory tract. This mechanism is beneficial for alleviating various respiratory disorders [14, 15]. The expectorant effects of the drugs were evaluated by examining their ability to induce mucus secretion using the pH-sensitive dye phenol red in a tracheal secretion technique in mice [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Thirty minutes after a single intraperitoneal injection of a 5% phenol red solution, the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control group exhibited significantly higher tracheal phenol red secretions compared to the intact control. Furthermore, noteworthy and dose-dependent increases in phenol red secretions were noted in groups administered AJ from 400 to 100 mg/kg, relative to the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control. The group receiving 400 mg/kg of AJ revealed especially promising increases in phenol red secretions comparable to the AX (250 mg/kg) group in the PM\({}_{2.5}\)-induced subacute lung-damaged mice. Phenol red is a pH-sensitive dye that transitions in color from yellow to red as the pH rises. It serves as an important pH indicator in biological tissues [44, 46]. Since reductions in blood pH, indicative of respiratory acidosis, are associated with increased CO\({}_{2}\) levels and H\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) formation, the decreased body surface redness observed in the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control mice may serve as indirect evidence of respiratory acidosis due to PM\({}_{2.5}\) inhalation [47, 48]. However, AJ treatment led to significant, dose-dependent increases in body redness, suggesting inhibition of PM\({}_{2.5}\)-induced acidosis. AJ at 400 mg/kg showed a particularly favorable inhibition of body surface redness comparable to AX at 250 mg/kg. These findings provide an indirect but consistent indication that AJ from 400 to 100 mg/kg exhibits potent suppressive effects on PM\({}_{2.5}\)-induced respiratory acidosis, potentially through mucolytic expectorant activities. Respiratory mucus serves as a defensive barrier against foreign particles and pathogens [49, 50]. Mucins, which are glycoprotein components, define the viscoelastic char
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Prediction Model for Geophysical Logging Response of Coal Quality
#### 4.4.1 Evaluation of Prediction Model for Coal Quality Logging Response  
Two-sample independent \(t\)-tests comparing predicted and measured values for moisture content yielded a \(p\)-value of 0.430 and a two-tailed significance value (Sig) of 0.901, both exceeding the 0.050 threshold. Similar tests for ash yield, volatile matter yield, fixed carbon content, and total sulfur content produced \(p\)-values of 0.870, 0.098, 0.354, and 0.888, respectively, with corresponding two-tailed Sig values of 0.685, 0.336, 0.878, and 0.905, all above 0.050. For calorific value, the \(p\)-value (0.014) fell below 0.050, but the two-tailed Sig value (0.501) remained nonsignificant, indicating no statistically meaningful variance between predicted and measured values. These results confirm statistically insignificant differences across all coal quality parameters, validating the feasibility of the neural network model for predicting coal quality indicators using geophysical logging responses (Table 2).
## 3 Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
### Fetal Stem Cells
#### 3.3.1. Ammiotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells (AFSCs)  
##### 3.3.1.1 General Information  
The human amniotic fluid (hAF) is a clear, yellow fluid, which has important roles for the growing fetus including facilitating the exchange of nutrients, water, and biochemical products between the mother and the fetus as well as protection of the fetus. As previously well documented, this liquid is composed of embryonic and fetal cells derived from all the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Hence, hAF is currently used as a suitable source of human stem cells that may be used in different biomedical fields. Actually, the first report on the presence of progenitor cells as small, nucleated round cells (hematopoietic progenitor cells) in the hAF was published in 1993 [107]. It was later reported that there is also multilineage non-hematopoietic cells in the hAF [108]. This liquid as a novel source of MSCs with therapeutic capability was introduced to the biomedical sciences in 2003 [109]. These cells were initially named human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) [98]. To isolate and culture these cells, about 2 mL of amniotic fluid is sufficient. In a cell culture condition, they are able to double up to 250 times without any detectable loss of chromosomal telomere length [98]. Like other MSCs, they have the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. The differentiation of hAFSCs into the cells from the three embryonic layers including hepatocytes (endoderm) [98], osteoblasts (mesoderm) [98], and neuroocytes (ectoderm) [110] has been previously confirmed. The presence of AFSCs in the other mammals such as mice [110], rats [111], rabbits [112], sheep [113], and pigs [114] was also reported.
# New Quality Control Algorithm Based on GNSS Sensing Data for a Bridge Health Monitoring System
## 3 Bridge Experiment
### Introduction
#### 3.1.3 Pre-Analysis on the Status of GPS Signal  
To apply the developed quality control algorithm, we used a 5% significance level and 80% power of test. During the observation session, some previously defined outliers occurred for approximately 7 min (05:52 to 05:59 p.m.). To detect and eliminate the outliers, we extracted approximately 2 h of data based on the time when the outliers occurred. Figure 8 helps describe some of the DOP values and the number of tracking satellites used during the observation session.  
It is well known that the number of tracking satellites is integrally related to the DOP value, however, any change in the number of tracking satellites can likewise affect the subsequent analysis of a variety of quality measures.  
Figure 8: DOP values and number of satellites. (**a**) DOP value; (**b**) The number of tracking satellites.
# Low-Light Image Enhancement Method Based on Retinex Theory by Improving Illumination Map
## 5 Limitations and Discussion  
There are still some deficiencies in the model proposed in this paper. (1) When selecting the \(\gamma\) value of Equation (11), we found that the larger the \(\gamma\) was, the more obvious the dark area detail was, as shown in Figure 23. The quantitative index in Figure 24 almost reached the optimal value when \(\gamma=1\), but it could not display the content of the dark area. Therefore, how to balance the selection of \(\gamma\) and quantitative indicators is a problem to be studied in the future. (2) With the continuous development of deep learning, using a convolutional neural network to improve low-light images will be our key research direction.
# Pet Fiber Reinforced Wet-Mix Shotcrete with Walnut Shell as Replaced Aggregate
## 3 Experimental Analysis
### Results of the First Series of Tests  
#### 3.2.1 Mechanical Properties  
In the first phase, only preliminary tests were conducted to check if the idea of using crushed walnut shells to replace partial nature coarse aggregates could give good results. With this aim, only compressive and splitting tensile strength tests of casting concrete with different dosage of walnut shells were conducted, not including the mechanical properties of shotcrete. It was found in Figure 7 that the introduction of crushed walnut shell in the concrete in place of partial coarse aggregate caused a marked reduction in both of compression and splitting resistance. With increase of walnut shell, compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete approximately linearly decreased. Compared with plain concrete (W0), the specimens W1, W2 and W3 with 25%, 50% and 75% replacement had the reduction of 28.7%, 41.9% and 63.6% in compression, as well as 28%, 47.93% and 68.8% in splitting tensile strength, respectively. Obviously, the reduction of splitting was relatively larger than uniaxial compression.  
According the supporting requirement in terms of physical properties from Chinese Specifications for Bolt-shotcrete Support [44] and related studies [54; 55; 56; 57], more than 20 MPa of compressive and 2.5 MPa of splitting tensile strength is acceptable in coal mine support. Therefore, only W0 and W1 can achieve these requirements, as shown in Figure 7. For this reason, other concretes with more walnut shell could be used unless relative remedial measures were done, such as adding fiber to enhance the splitting tensile strength [38; 40; 58; 59].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **RC (\%)** & **Cement** & **SF** & **Water** & **Sand** & **CA (kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **AEA** \\  & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Gravel** & **Walnut** & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** \\ \hline W0 & 0 & 410 & 40 & 198 & 909 & 665 & - & 0.067 \\ W1 & 25 & 410 & 40 & 198 & 910 & 499 & 63.99 & 0.067 \\ W2 & 50 & 410 & 40 & 198 & 908 & 333 & 127.98 & 0.067 \\ W3 & 75 & 410 & 40 & 198 & 910 & 167 & 191.97 & 0.067 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} RC: replacement percentage of coarse aggregate; SF: silica fume; CA: coarse aggregate; AEA: air entraining agent.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Mix proportion with crushed walnut shell in the first series.