## Materials and Methods  
### Study Area and Data  
The study area is an agricultural region with an area of 755 km\({}^{2}\), located between latitudes 29\({}^{\circ}\)49\({}^{\prime}\)-30\({}^{\circ}\)05\({}^{\prime}\) N and longitudes 52\({}^{\circ}\)39\({}^{\prime}\)-52\({}^{\circ}\)55\({}^{\prime}\) E, in Southwest Iran (Figure 1). The area has various climates during the growing season and is covered by different vegetation, soil, and rocky terrain types. Marvdasht is located 45 km north of Shiraz with an altitude of 1620 m above sea level and an area of 4649 km\({}^{2}\). In the month of August, precipitation is at its lowest, with an average of zero millimeters. The highest precipitation rate occurs in January, with an average about 71 mm and the total annual precipitation is about 516 mm, in the study area. July is the hottest month, with an average temperature about 28.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of about 5.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Between the driest and most humid months of the year, the precipitation difference is about 71 mm, and during the year the temperature varies by 23.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C. According to the de Martonne index (10 \(<\)1 \(<\) 19.9), this region is considered as a semi-arid climate region of Iran. The images used in this research are obtained from LANDSAT-8 satellite images. The spatial resolutions of the images of bands 1-7, as well as band 9 of the LANDSAT-8 images, are 30 m and band 8 (panchromatic band) is 15 m, while bands 10 and 11 are thermal bands with a spatial resolution of 100 m, which has been resampled to the pixel size of 30 m. In this study, by inserting sensor and image parameters, such as the zenith angle of the sun at the image acquisition time, the azimuth angle of the sun and the sensor, the date and image acquisition time, and the size of pixels, etc., atmospheric and radiometric corrections were performed using ATCOR IDL-based Atmospheric and Topographic Correction software [32]. The study area is situated on an overlapping area between paths 162 and 163, which is covered by 21 scenes of LDCM data captured from 11 January 2015 until 20 June 15 during the growing season. Among all images, 10 images with an amount of cloudiness less than 20% in their metadata were  
Figure 1: The study area situated in the overlapping area between paths 162 and 163 of the LDCM. selected, of which eight images belonged to path 162 and two images to path 163. The acquisition times of these images are given in Table 1.  
The training and test data used in this research were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad of Iran, which was taken by the direct field working method. A total of 847 farms, including 408 wheat fields, 66 barley farms, and 373 farms of other classes, were provided to us as data of known class. Among these data, 128 wheat farms, 15 barley farms, and 121 other-class farms were selected as training data and the rest were selected as independent testing data not included in the classification (Table 2). Approximately five pure pixels from the center of each farm were extracted as a representative of that class, classification was performed with the training data, and validation was performed with independent test data. In Figure 2, the training data and their dispersion have been shown with blue points and validation data are specified with green points. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Image No.** & **Acquisition Date** & **Image No.** & **Acquisition Date** \\ \hline
**T1** & 11 January 15 & **T6** & 17-APR-15 \\
**T2** & 3 February 15 & **T7** & 03-MAY-15 \\
**T3** & 28 February 15 & **T8** & 19-MAY-15 \\
**T4** & 7 March 15 & **T9** & 04-JUN-15 \\
**T5** & 16 March 15 & **T10** & 20-JUN-15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Acquisition times of images. Figure 2: The spatial distribution of the training and test data for three classes of wheat, barley, and other classes.