# Performance Analysis of NR-DCSK Based Copper Cable Model for G.fast Communication
## 1 Introduction
THP remained superior to linear precoding despite a slight loss in performance improvement. An analytical framework for evaluating VDSL2-based access systems has been presented in [13]. The exact bit-rates per user were estimated taking into account variables such as vectoring, crosstalk statistics, interference scenarios and bit loading limitations. Additionally, the analytical form of the maximum subcarrier frequency with the highest bit loading was provided. The computer calculations validated the formulas, which were based on logarithmic Signal-to-Interference Noise (SINR) statistics and showed good agreement with exact bit rates. Analysis of other communication systems such as ADSL and G.fast as well as the preliminary VDSL2 design were facilitated using the framework. The design of LDPC code parameters and interleavers in a BICM system for DSL channels was proposed using a common approach in [14]. Studies using simulations found that LDPC encoded BICM performs significantly better than traditional encoding schemes in DSL configurations. In numerous scenarios, the approach consistently outperformed state-of-the-art LDPC codes. Because of the fixed attenuation and gradually changing noise, the technique required little additional computational effort and only special attention to parameter design. The approach was also adaptable to different channels and modulation schemes. The approximate Gaussian representation for the user bitrate was augmented by the approximated zero forcing precoding (AZF) vectoring algorithm, beginning from a log-normal approximation of the SINR per subcarrier [15]. Computer calculations were used to test the effectiveness of the proposed formulations for co-located users and variable FEXT conditions. There was a high degree of agreement between the approximate and exact results. The VDSL2 and G.fast performance were evaluated using the approximation and the results showed that moving from \(p=1\) to \(p=2\) improved the VDSL2 performance compared to the best scenario. \(p=2\) was considered necessary for G.fast, with \(p>2\) potentially providing additional benefits. Two modulation indices and three channel coding techniques were used to evaluate the performance of coded wired line systems in [16]. Systems encoded using LDPC have been found to perform better than other methods, especially when the SNR is high. Because convolutional codes have better error correction, they achieved more consistent performance across the SNR range than iterative codes, which had extremely steep waterfall curves. Although there was a performance penalty of almost 6 dB, the inter-symbol noise (IN) was reduced by applying the Zhidkov compensation algorithm. Nevertheless, LDPC-encoded systems continued to perform better. In [17], an overview of DSL technologies and upcoming wired network solutions was provided, focusing on the difficulties associated with FEXT pre-cancellation. Grid reduction has been found to significantly improve the performance of traditional multi-user processors (MUPs) at slightly higher complexity, assuming time-invariant DSL channels. Network-reduced MUPs with low complexity often outperformed network-reduced MUPs with higher complexity. The exact nature of the CVP problem is still up for debate. In dual-ISP scenarios, SDN-powered cross-ISP vectoring nearly doubled overall rates, and SDN/NFV enabled cost-effective fiber-level performance compared to copper. To achieve information rates of up to 23 Gbit/s through coaxial cable for POTS and TV services, MG.fast, a new ITU standard, was introduced in [18]. According to simulations with 4096 and 16384 QAM per DMT subchannel, MG.fast can achieve high data rates over coaxial cable with loop lengths suitable for FTTdp and FTTB. All short-distance cables, high and low current, had the same data rates. High capacity and energy efficiency are two features that MG.fast offers, as proven by testing within the performance limits of design standards.