## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, with the rapid development of urban underground space, such as utility tunnel, underground station, and underground commercial space [1; 2; 3], pipe jacking technology has been widely applied to the construction of large diameter pipe, municipal pipe corridors and underground passages due to its advantages of small excavation amount and few impacts on the surrounding environment [4]. However, pipe jacking will have a certain impact on the ground; in particular, large section jacking construction in complex stratum will cause greater disturbance to the soil within the affected area [5; 6]. Research concerning soil deformation features during pipe-jacking has received some attention. [PERSON] [7] obtained the typically distributed land subsidence conclusions based on the analysis of the number of engineering measured data. The Peck formula for estimating the lateral ground settlement was proposed with the assumption that the soil is incompressible. [PERSON] et al. [8] modified [PERSON]'s formula for calculating ground surface settlement by conducting the on-site monitoring of large pipe jacking construction. By field tests and theoretical comparisons, [PERSON] et al. [9] showed that the Peck formula is more accurate in predicting natural settlement within 1.5 times the width of the pipe jacking, and put forward suggestions for predicting ground settlement of large rectangular pipe jacking. [PERSON] et al. [10] obtained the influence range of transverse and longitudinal surface deformation caused by circular pipe jacking construction based on simulating the actual working conditions. [PERSON] et al. [11] put forward a calculation method of surface settlement during circular pipe jacking and carried out a case analysis. [PERSON] et al. [12] proposed the soil disturbance zoning map through on-site monitoring. By three-dimensional numerical simulation, [PERSON] [13] obtained the ground deformation features in the process of the construction of pipe jacking and finished construction. [PERSON] et al. [14] modified the Loganathan soil deformation equation based on the [PERSON]'s solution with improved clearance parameter \(g\) to derive the dynamic changes of the surface soil during jacking. [PERSON] et al. [15] used the three-dimensional numerical analysis method to simulate the frontal thrust of the pipe jacking machine head, ground loss and grouting, etc., and studied the stress and surface displacement distribution of surrounding soil during pipe jacking. Using [PERSON]'s displacement solution to analyze the formation deformation caused by additional stress and friction on excavation surface and soil loss during pipe jacking, [PERSON] et al. [16] obtained the surface settlement model based on the random medium theory. By analyzing the interaction characteristics between the main components of the tunnel boring machine and complex geological conditions, [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed a model to calculate the total thrust and torque. The above are some studies on the deformation features of the soil induced by single pipe jacking construction. These scholars studied the single-layer pipe jacking construction through one or more methods, such as field monitoring, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, and deeply analyzed the soil deformation mechanism and characteristics. The settlement, soil displacement and toppling force changes in the construction process are monitored through field monitoring. The monitoring method can provide reference for subsequent engineering monitoring. The data obtained can provide a realistic basis for subsequent research, and create a foundation for optimizing the construction process and intelligent information construction. Numerical simulation can simulate working conditions that are different from the actual engineering through software, which can solve the limitations of the single condition and special situation of the actual engineering, so as to study the general law and promote the results of the single engineering research.