## 6 Open Challenges, Conclusions and Future Directions  
The use of IoT and cloud facilities for EEWS presents significant opportunities for improving the speed and accuracy of earthquake detection and response. However, there are also several challenges that must be addressed to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of these systems (Figure 13). * Sensor network reliability and accuracy: One of the primary challenges in implementing IoT and cloud-based EEWS is ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the sensor network. These systems rely on a network of sensors to detect and measure seismic activity, making it essential to ensure that the sensors are functioning correctly. * Real-time data processing and decision-making: EEWS require fast and accurate data processing and decision-making capabilities to provide timely alerts to people and organizations in affected areas. This requires sophisticated algorithms and real-time data processing capabilities, which can be challenging to implement in IoT and cloud-based systems. * Secure communication channels: The transmission of data between sensors, cloud facilities, and other components in an EEWS must be secure to prevent unauthorized access and tampering. Ensuring the security of communication channels is a significant challenge in designing and implementing these systems. * Heterogeneity and scalability: IoT and cloud-based systems are inherently heterogeneous, with devices and services from different manufacturers and with different capabilities. Ensuring seamless integration and scalability of these systems is a significant challenge, particularly as the number of devices and sensors in the network increases. * Cost-effectiveness and sustainability: Implementing an EEWS using IoT and cloud facilities can be costly, requiring significant investment in hardware, software, and personnel. Ensuring the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of these systems is a significant challenge, particularly in regions with limited resources. * Usability and accessibility: EEWS must be usable and accessible to people and organizations in affected areas, including those with limited literacy or technical skills. Ensuring the usability and accessibility of these systems is a significant challenge, requiring careful consideration of user needs and preferences. * Privacy and ethical concerns: The collection and processing of data in EEWS raise privacy and ethical concerns, particularly as these systems become more sophisticated and widespread. Ensuring that these systems comply with relevant regulations and ethical principles is a significant challenge. * Interference from environmental factors: EEWS can be affected by environmental factors such as electromagnetic noise and weather conditions, which can interfere with the accuracy and reliability of the sensor network. Ensuring the robustness and resilience of these systems is a significant challenge, requiring careful consideration of environmental factors. * Continuous monitoring and maintenance: IoT and cloud-based EEWS require continuous monitoring and maintenance to ensure system performance and reliability. Ensuring the continuous monitoring and maintenance of these systems is a significant challenge, requiring robust and scalable infrastructure and skilled personnel. The use of IoT and cloud facilities for EEWS presents a significant opportunity for improving the speed and accuracy of earthquake detection and response. However, addressing the challenges outlined above is essential to ensure the reliability and sustainability of these systems in the long term. This survey has highlighted the potential benefits of using IoT and cloud technologies in EEWS, including real-time data analysis, improved sensor networks, and faster decision-making. However, the survey has also identified several challenges that must be addressed, such as the need for reliable and accurate sensor networks, real-time data processing, and secure communication channels.