## 3 Plasma Application to Eliminate Organic Pollutants in Water
### Common Industrial Pollutants  
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are utilized in numerous industrial sectors, including nonstick cookware, packaging, textiles, and more. As bio-recalcitrant anthropogenic compounds, these substances represent one of the most degradation tolerance types of growing concerns in chemical composition. According to [PERSON] et al. [127], these molecules are durable in the environment because of their distinctive C-F bond, which is recognized as one of the most robust organic bonds in the field of chemistry [127]. In recent years, the efficient degradation method of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has garnered more attention due to the ineffectiveness and high cost of existing degradation processes, particularly in wastewater. The efficiency of eliminating three particular PFAS from water, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), was investigated by [PERSON] et al. [128] using a specially designed plasma generator. PFOS (1 ppb) demonstrated the greatest disintegration after plasma treatment, fully disappearing after 30 min, but PFOA and PFHxA decayed more slowly, at roughly 65% and 83%, respectively. Another study [57] investigated the plasma breakdown of PFCs (PFOA and PFOS) in wastewater created during the removal of PFCs from contaminated soil. Studies showed that the original PFC levels in water samples can be reduced by more than 50% in under 200 s with the use of plasma treatment, which demonstrates its reliability as a replacement approach. The assessed variables are significantly correlated with the final PFC concentration. Additionally, a notable non-linear relationship between time and the treatment impact was noticeable. These results suggest that plasma may be a useful tool for decreasing the strong C-F bonds found in PFCs. According to [PERSON] et al. [129], with the ability to destroy PFAS down to very low parts-per-trillion levels in various water matrices; these advanced water treatment technologies offer solutions to tap into the great wealth of unconventional water resources for beneficial use. Ammonia, chlorine, food additives, chemical disinfectants, cleansers, and aids, polychlorinated biphenyls, or pathogenic microorganisms, including fecal coliforms, are typical contaminants in effluent from the fish sector [130]. Previous studies have demonstrated that plasma can effectively degrade these pollutants from the seafood industry, thus enabling the reuse of treated fisheries' wastewater [131; 132]. Plasma treatment can replace more traditional wastewater treatment methods like O\({}_{3}\) or chlorine, since it generates significant levels of ROS in the solution. Although [PERSON] et al. 's [133] research shows a marginal rise in the ecotoxicity of plasma-treated wastewater, this technology is still more environmentally benign than chlorination [132]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [134] noted that with the envisioned success of plasma technology at the industrial level, a plasma treatment unit should be incorporated following chlorination to deal with the recalcitrant pollutants. Heavy metal salts are commonly found in the wastewater of various industries, including chemical, textile, electroplating, and others. According to [PERSON] et al. [135] and [PERSON] et al. [136], these salts often contain components of lead, iron, nickel, chromium, iron, cuprum, zinc, and arsenic. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent is a crucial aspect of wastewater purification technology. However, current degradation methods rely on the high consumption of chemical reagents and extreme conditions [137; 138], which makes it difficult to reduce the environmental risks posed by heavy metals in industrial wastewater. [PERSON] et al. [139] used a high-voltage corona plasma to treat wastewater containing lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel.