esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Hand Orthosis Development
### Design Requirements
#### 3.2.2 Medical-Specific  
From a medical perspective, the orthosis must be safe to use and support the rehabilitation goals. It should provide a **non-invasive fit** that does not restrict blood flow, scratch the skin, or irritate wounds. Proper pressure distribution is crucial, to avoid causing new injuries or discomfort. Achieving a non-invasive fit involves customizing the orthosis to the patient's unique anatomy and using soft, flexible materials in areas that contact the skin. Use of blunt edges can prevent cuts. The materials used should not cause skin irritation, promote fungus or bacteria growth, and should be hypoallergenic. This is vital for preventing infections and allergic reactions, ensuring the user's skin remains  
Figure 1: Categorization of design requirements for hand orthoses, compiled from workshop insights.  
healthy. **Biocompatible** materials like medical-grade silicones and hypoallergenic fabrics are commonly used to meet this requirement.  
Additionally, the orthosis must provide **stability and support** by stabilizing joints in required directions, while protecting against external forces. Proper fixation and support enable effective rehabilitation and ADL performance, without unnecessary hindrance, and provide stabilization in the required joint position. In case of dynamic orthoses, they should prevent hyperextension, contractures, and unwanted movements, while supporting the expected **range of motion (RoM)**. This helps in rehabilitation by guiding proper joint movements and preventing further injuries. Adjustable elements in the orthosis can help tailor the RoM to the user's current needs, as they may change over time or even within the same day.
## 1 Introduction  
In the last two decades, there has been increasing interest in terahertz (THz) metamaterial optics spanning the spectrum range of 0.1 THz to 10 THz [1; 2]. Metamaterials are not natural materials. It means that they are artificially designed [3] and engineered to span the whole electromagnetic spectrum, including visible [4; 5; 6], infrared [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12], THz [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23] and microwaves [24]. Metamaterials possess many extraordinary and useful optical properties such as negative refractive index [25], metalensing [26], cloaking [27] and perfect absorbance [28], etc. Many studies have reported about THz metamaterials being used in sensors, filters and absorbers [28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. Among these THz metamaterials, the split-ring resonator (SRR) is a simple plane structure that possesses unique electric and magnetic characteristics. Therefore, there have been many diversified metamaterials developed in the last few years [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23], such as U-shaped SRR [33], three-dimensional (3D) SRRs [34], C-shaped SRRs [35], V-shaped SRRs [10], spiral-shaped SRRs [23] and H-shaped SRRs [36], etc.  
The capability of actively tunable metamaterials plays an important role in exploring flexible and applicable electromagnetic characteristics [35; 36; 37]. There have been several methods reported to achieve tunable metamaterials. These include--but are not limited to--electrical and magnetic driving, optical pumping, thermal tuning and mechanical control [21; 22; 23]. Through these controllable methods, the geometric morphology of the metamaterials can be reconfigured by curling, rotating and reshaping the metamaterial unit cell. Therefore, we can control numerous electromagnetic properties of metamaterials actively, such as resonant frequency, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) analog and multiband switching [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19].  
In this study, we propose and investigate a reconfigurable THz metamaterial (RTM) with multifunctional electromagnetic characteristics by moving the meta-atoms of SRR array, which exhibits the active tunability in the THz frequency range. By moving the inner arrangement of the SRR array, the transmission spectra show the tunable resonances and the switchable EIT analog. This RTM design opens the door to the use of THz-wave optoelectronics in filters, polarizers, switches and sensor applications.
###### Abstract  
Sea surface wind retrieval methods using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are generally classified into two categories: the direct inversion method and the variational analysis method (VAM). Traditional VAM retrieves wind fields by integrating background wind information with SAR normalized radar cross-section (NRCS). Recent studies have shown that incorporating SAR Doppler centroid anomaly (DCA) as an additional observation for variational analysis can improve the accuracy of wind speed and direction retrieval. However, this method has yet to be systematically evaluated, particularly with respect to its applicability to Sentinel-1 SAR data. This study presents a comprehensive assessment based on 1803 Sentinel-1 vertical-vertical (VV) polarization level-2 Ocean (OCN) product scenes collocated with in situ measurements from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), yielding a total of 2826 matched data pairs. We systematically evaluate the performance of three distinct VAM configurations: VAM1 (\(J_{NRCS}\)), utilizing only NRCS; VAM2 (\(I_{DCA}\)), employing solely DCA; and VAM3 (\(J_{NRCS+DCA}\)), which combines both NRCS and DCA. The results demonstrate that VAM3 (\(J_{NRCS+DCA}\)) achieves the best performance, with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.42 m/s for wind speed and 26.00\({}^{\circ}\) for wind direction across wind speeds up to 23.2 m/s, outperforming both VAM1 (\(J_{NRCS}\)) and VAM2 (\(J_{DCA}\)). Furthermore, the accuracy of background wind speed is identified as a critical factor affecting VAM performance. After correcting the background wind speed, the RMSE and bias of the retrieved wind speed decreased significantly across all VAMs. The most notable bias reduction was observed at wind speeds exceeding 10 m/s. These findings provide essential theoretical support for the operational application of Sentinel-1 OCN products in sea surface wind retrieval.  
Doppler centroid anomaly (DCA); synthetic aperture radar (SAR); ocean surface wind retrieval; variational analysis method; Sentinel-1
# Analysis of Flame Evolution Generated from Methyl Laurate Droplet Using Deep Learning
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Temperature Profile and Evolutionary Dynamics of Flame and Droplet Combustion
* Potential changes in flame structure and stability, which could affect the overall combustion efficiency and emissions characteristics [64; 66]. These differences highlight the need for further research to explore the combustion characteristics of methyl laurate under high-pressure conditions, which would provide a more comprehensive understanding of its behavior in practical engine settings. Previous studies on biodiesel combustion at elevated pressures have demonstrated significant variations in ignition delay, flame propagation, and emissions profiles compared to atmospheric conditions [13; 67]. Elevated pressures can also accelerate fuel vaporization and enhance mixing, leading to more efficient combustion but also potentially increasing the risk of instabilities in flame structure [13]. Similarly, another researcher reported that elevated pressures can induce supercritical bifurcations in combustion instabilities, which may impact the stability and performance of biodiesel fuels in practical applications [67]. Therefore, while our findings at atmospheric pressure provide a foundational understanding of methyl laurate combustion, future studies should investigate its behavior under high-pressure conditions to better align with real-world engine environments.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Topic 1: Health Status and Needs
#### 3.2.4 Prevalence of Mental Health Complaints  
Even non-FIFO workers in the resource sector have poorer mental health than do workers in other industries and members of the general population. In coal miners, psychological distress (measured via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K10]) was moderate-very high in 39% of workers, which was significantly higher than in the general population, after controlling for age and gender [13]. [PERSON] et al. reported similar findings, whereby 44% of miners working in remote areas of Australia reported moderate-very high distress (K10 scores) [14]. Furthermore, a broad study of resource workers found that one-third reported moderate-severe depression [15]. Of further concern is that there remains a stigma surrounding mental health in the resource sector, which makes workers less likely to seek support [16]. In mining and construction workers in remote areas of Australia, 40% perceived there was a stigma surrounding mental health and 39% reported that help was unavailable when needed. Importantly, any response from being slightly stressed to being very stressed about the stigma attached to mental health problems was predictive of experiencing high-very high levels of psychological distress (K10; odds ratio = 3.6-23.5) [17]. In combination, the data from the resource sector highlight that mental health is a particular concern for workers, and strategies for addressing this issue should be considered in the provision of healthcare.
# Cognitive Radio Network Technology for IoT-Enabled Devices +
## 2 Spectrum Sensing Strategy  
### Spectrum Sensing Technique  
Spectrum sensing's fundamental purpose is to choose between two hypotheses:  
* \(H_{0}\): The status of the channel is idle, which means it is available for opportunistic usage secondary users (SUs) and means no licensed user signal is present (PU): \[H_{0}:Y(n)=N(n);\] (1)
* \(H_{1}\): The status of channel is busy, meaning a licensed user (PU) signal is active, leading to preventing SUs from occupying the spectrum: \[H_{1}:\ Y(n)=h\ X(n)+N(n).\] (2)  
The SU received signal is denoted by \(Y(n)\), the PU broadcast signal by \(X(n)\), and the AWGN is indicated by \(N(n)\), where AWGN has a mean of zero and a variance of \(\sigma^{2}\). The channel gain is denoted by h, samples are indexed from 1 to \(N\) where \(n\) is an integer, and \(N\) is the total number of samples. In order to choose between the two hypotheses, the deciding threshold value is often compared to a test statistic of \(Y(n)\). \(H_{1}\) is presumed to be true and PU's signal is considered active if the test statistic is larger than the threshold. On  
Figure 1: The development of wireless communication and related fields.  
the other hand, the test statistic is below the threshold, \(H_{0}\) is considered valid, and the PU signal can be nonexistent. The overarching paradigm of spectrum detection is shown in Figure 2.  
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves are frequently utilized to evaluate sensing accuracy. These curves represent the relationship between the possibility of a false alarm and the possibility of a missed detection [8; 9]. To describe these probabilities, we assume that \(P_{d}\) is the possibility that a report made by the unlicensed SU about the presence of a licensed PU signal is present.  
\[P_{d}=Prob[H_{1}|H_{1}]. \tag{3}\]  
It is possible to protect primary receivers from interference if the probability of detection is highly sufficient. As a result, having a high \(P_{d}\) is very desirable. False alarm probability (\(P_{fa}\)) is the chance that the SU will report a PU signal when none actually exists.  
\[P_{fa}=Prob[H_{1}|H_{0}]. \tag{4}\]  
False alarms reduce spectral efficiency because of the chances lost when the spectrum is not used. Moreover, this decline may have an unfavorable impact on QoS. As a result, \(P_{fa}\) should be kept low to prevent the wasted potential of the spectrum. Miss detection probability (\(P_{m}\)) is the chance that a PU signal will be missed even when it is actually present.  
\[P_{m}=Prob[H_{0}|H_{1}]. \tag{5}\]  
In the event of miss detection, SUs may transmit in the same band as main users (PUs), which results in severe interference for PUs. Thus, \(P_{m}\) should be reduced so that license users are not interrupted.
# Narrative Review on Methods of Activating Irrigation Liquids for Root Canal Treatment
## 5 Efficacy of Activation Systems in Curved Canals  
The curvature of the canals may affect how effectively the activation system works. Studies on curved root canal models' shapes are uncommon. The majority uses models with straight canals [91]. Increasing the apical size above 40 may enhance disinfection when treating severely curved canals; however, this is not always achievable [92]. The adverse impacts of increased canal curvature were most obvious for the sonic techniques, but this was not noticeable for PUI. The latter may have an enhanced PUI influence due to ultrasonic file pre-bending [91].  
According to multiple research, sonic agitation (Endo Activator and EDDY) performed significantly better than syringe irrigation but comparable to PUI [93]. The smear layer was much more susceptible to all activation methods than syringe irrigation. Nevertheless, several studies have found a substantial difference in cleaning abilities between sonic and ultrasonic activations. While activation with PUI produced the best results for clearing debris from uneven canal surfaces, EDDY outperformed PUI significantly in terms of antibacterial activity. EDDY and syringe irrigation eliminated the smear layer from the coronal region substantially more effectively than from the apical region. In contrast, PUI did not show any appreciable enhancement in terms of smear layer removal. The increased streaming velocity of ultrasonic devices, which is often unaffected by the curvature of the root canal, may help to explain this finding.
## 2 Data
### Satellite Imagery
#### 2.1.2 Sentinel-2  
The European Space Agency (ESA) initiated the Copernicus program in which two new Earth observation satellites of Sentinel-2 have been developed [25]. The identical satellites are named Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B (Figure 1). Sentinel-2A was launched on 23 June 2015 and has a repeat cycle of 10 days. With the start of Sentinel-2B on 07 March 2017, the temporal resolution of the full Sentinel-2 constellation increased to 5 days. Both satellites have a Sun-synchronous orbit with an inclination of 98.5\({}^{\circ}\) and a height of 786 km. Sentinel-2 is equipped with a Multispectral Imager (MSI) providing 12 spectral bands similar to Landsat which is shown in Table 1. However, the spatial resolution has improved and varies between 10 m (red, green, blue), and 20 m (near-infrared, shortwave infrared 1, shortwave infrared 2) for the used bands.  
In this study, the Level-1C product of Sentinel-2 retrieved from the Copernicus Open Access Hub maintained by ESA is used. This product contains as already mentioned top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances which are referenced to a fixed cartographic geometry (combined UTM projection and WGS84 ellipsoid). Radiometric and geometric corrections have already been applied to all images. Each scene has an area of about 100 km\({}^{2}\).  
Since recently, ESA provides Sentinel-2 Level-2A bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) products on their Copernicus Open Access Hub platform. Additionally, ESA provides a processor \"Sen2 Cor\" [26] for the generation of the Sentinel-2 Level-2A BOA product which performs a correction of atmosphere, terrain and cirrus clouds using the Sentinel-2 Level-1C TOA product. However, a scene classification for clouds, water, cloud shadows, etc. is created which is essential for our study. Unfortunately, the scene classification contains unclassified pixels near lakes shores but also in transition zones between clouds and cloud shadows which is therefore not suitable for our purpose.  
The Level-1C product does not contain a quality band including flags for clouds, shadows, and snow which is required for the processing of this data set. In order to get a suitable quality band, the Fmask 4.0 algorithm is applied on daily Sentinel-2 scenes. Afterwards, all used daily Sentinel-2 scenes are merged by using the computed quality band to get the best cloud-free monthly composite.  
The Fmask 4.0 algorithm [27] is an improvement of the CFMASK approach used for Landsat to compute a quality band. This is required for our approach as it provides information about the scene classification pixel-by-pixel. In Landsat, each pixel of the quality band is classified as valid, void, cloud, cloud shadow, or snow. The Fmask 4.0 algorithm works only with the Level-1C product of Sentinel-2. Therefore, we use the TOA Sentinel-2 Level-1C product to get a reliable quality band. Tests showed that the discrepancy between the TOA Level-1C product and BOA Level-2 product have no significant impact in our study.  
Figure 1: Overview of the used satellites.
# Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma
## 3 Flavonoids in Multiple Myeloma
### Malcones  
Chalcones are polyphenolic compounds that belong to flavonoids [346]. They are considered to be precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids [347; 348].  
Chalcone is an \(\alpha\), \(\beta\)-unsaturated ketone [349]. Chemically, chalcones are formed by operchain flavonoids in which the two aromatic rings bind three carbons in an \(\alpha\), -unsaturated system [350]. Chalcones have a diverse structure due to the number and position of different substituents, such as hydroxy or methoxy groups on rings A or B. Chalcones are also C-prepared and, less frequently, O-prenylated. The most common type of prenylation is the substitution of 3,3-dimethylally (phenyl group). In addition, chalcones also have isopentenyl, dimethylchromano, furano, geranyl, and famesyl groups [351].  
Chalcones shows various pharmacological activities such as anticancer [352], cytotoxic, antitumor [350], antimicrobial [353], antituberculosis [354], anti-inflammatory [355], antioxidant [356; 357], antidiabetic [358], and antihypertensive [359].  
Chalcones act as chemopreverity agents of cancer. They have been shown to have antioxidant properties and an anticancer effect [360]. Compounds containing chalcone moiety have the ability to induce apoptosis and are blocked in the G2/M phase by triggering mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through activation of caspases and blcl-2 family [361].  
[PERSON] et al. [61] noted the ability of 2,4-dihydroxy-30-methoxy-40-ethoxychalcone (DMEC) to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in MM via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The inhibitory effect of DMEC on MM cells was correlated with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via upregulation of the cleaved-caspase-3, -9, and cytochrome C, Bcl-2 and PARP downregulation. DMEC showed a pro-apoptotic effect on U266 cells and decreased PI3K expression, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phosphorylated-protein kinase B (Akt). Pretreatment with IGF-1 attenuated DMEC-induced apoptosis in U266 cells.
## Nomenclature  
\begin{tabular}{l l l}
**Name** & **Physical Unit** & **Explanation** \\ f & & Function \\ FE & & Finite element \\ FEA & & Finite Element Analysis \\ FEM & & Finite Element Method \\ K & Nm\({}^{-3}\) & Modulus of the foundation \\ material1, material2,... & & Name of materials in Earth's crust \\ material24 & & Maximum value \\ Max & & Mean value \\ Mean & & Mean value \\ Median & & Median value \\ Min & & Minimum \\ MSC.Marc Mentat & & Finite element software \\ Node & & Node of finite element mesh \\ R & m & Radius of Earth's crust \\ R\({}_{1}\) & m & Inner radius of Earth's crust \\ R\({}_{2}\) & m & Outer radius of Earth's crust \\ StDeviation & & Standard deviation \\ Steps & & Number of Monte Carlo simulations \\ Stress HMH & & Equivalent von Mises stress \\ T & K & Temperature \\ T\({}_{1}\), T\({}_{2}\),... T\({}_{24}\) & K & Temperature loading on section 1, 2,..., 24 \\  & & of Earth's crust, see Figure 3 \\ T\({}_{\rm c}\) & K & Initial temperature on inner radius of \\  & & Earth's crust, see Figure 5 \\ T\({}_{\rm initial}\) & K & Initial temperature of Earth's crust from \\  & & interval \(\langle\)T\({}_{\rm c}\);T\({}_{\rm p}\)\(\rangle\) \\ T\({}_{\rm p}\) & K & Temperature on inner radius of Earth's crust \\ t & s & Time \\ \(u\) & m & Total displacement in point of Earth's crust \\ ut1 & m & Tangential component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 1 \\ ut7094 & m & Tangential component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 7094 \\ ut12044 & m & Tangential component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 12044 \\ utTot & m & Tangential component of total crustal \\  & & surface displacement \\ ur1 & m & Radial component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 1 \\ ur7094 & m & Radial component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 7094 \\ ur12044 & m & Radial component of crustal surface \\  & & displacement for node 12044 \\ urTot & m & Radial component of total crustal \\  & & surface displacement \\ \(u_{x}\) & m & Displacement in X axis direction \\ \(u_{y}\) & m & Displacement in Y axis direction \\ X & m & Axis of coordinate system \\ Y & m & Axis of coordinate system \\ Z & m & Axis of coordinate system \\ \(\alpha\) & K\({}^{-1}\) & Thermal expansion coefficient of Earth's crust \\ \(\varphi\) & deg & Angle of Earth's crust \\ \(\lambda\) & Wm\({}^{-1}\)K\({}^{-1}\) & Conductivity of Earth's crust \\ \(\mu\) & 1 & Poisson number of Earth's crust \\ \(\rho\) & Kgm\({}^{-3}\) & Density of Earth's crust \\ \(\sigma_{\rm HMH}\) & Pa & Equivalent von Mises Stress \\ \(\sigma_{1},\sigma_{2},\sigma_{3}\) & Pa & Principal stress \\ \end{tabular}
## 2 Chang'E-5T Onboard GPS Data Analysis  
Chang'E-5T lunar probe was launched at 18:00 UTC, 23 October 2014 from Xichang Satellite Launch Center of China and entered the orbit from Earth to Moon with the perigee altitude 209 km and apogee altitude 413,000 km. After the 196 h Earth-Moon-Earth flight, the probe successfully returned to Earth. The service module and the return vehicle were separated on 21:53 UTC, 31 October 2014 at the altitude of about 5000 km [30].  
To examine the sensitivity of navigation performance during the mission of lunar exploration and availability of GNSS and to target a precise re-entry corridor in the Earth's atmosphere, a GNSS receiver capable of acquiring and tracking weak signals with high sensitivity was installed in the spacecraft. According to the flight operation schedule of Chang'E-5T mission, the GNSS receiver worked only twice, 18:56-21:53, 23 October and 18:55-21:56, 31 October. The task of Arc 1 was to demonstrate the reception of GNSS signals and to verify whether the receiver worked normally. The objective of Arc 2 was to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the separation point between the service module and the return vehicle. Unfortunately, there was a data slip in the middle of Arc 1 that lasted approximately 3 min [28]. As a result, the Arc 2 is chosen to be analyzed here.  
The GNSS receiver could omni-directionally track GPS and GLONASS L1 phase and code observations with two antennae mounted on opposite sides of spacecraft, one of which is Earth-pointing direction and the other oriented in the zenith direction. This receiver is capable of tracking up to 24 satellites simultaneously with 24 channels. Since the GLONASS tracking data are much less and the accuracies are poorer than that of GPS [28], we didn't introduce the contribution of GLONASS in Chang'E-5T OD. The data collected by the receiver include the carrier phase, pseudo-range, Doppler and C/N0 measurement of L1 band in Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) 2.0 format. Table 1 provides some information about this receiver.