esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Time Until Peak Eversion Velocity  
Peak version velocity occurred between 13.6 \(\pm\) 4.5 ms (footwear AD: 3.5 m/s) and 27.8 \(\pm\) 7.6 ms (footwear AS: 2.5 m/s) after initial ground contact for evVel_Gonio, and between 16.8 \(\pm\) 3.4 ms (footwear AD: 3.5 m/s) and 29.4 \(\pm\) 7.3 ms (footwear AS: 2.5 m/s) after initial ground contact for evVel_Gyro (Figure 2). EvVel_Gyro was detected later than evVel_Gonio in all 12 conditions (Table 3). The comparison of t_evVel_Gonio and t_evVel_Gyro revealed an MD of up to 5.3 \(\pm\) 3.5 ms (footwear PU at 1.5 m/s). Pearson's correlation coefficient showed an extremely large positive correlation (\(r\) > 0.9) for AD (3.5 m/s and individual speed) and AS (3.5 m/s). Very large positive correlations (0.7 \(<\)\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.9) were found for all other comparisons of t_evVel_Gonio and t_evVel_Gyro. Regression analysis revealed that t_evVel_Gyro was strongly related to t_evVel_Gonio at all velocities and all footwear conditions (\(p\) < 0.001).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Speed** & **Footwear Condition** & **MD (deg/s)** & **SD (deg/s)** & \(r\) & \(R^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1.5 m/s} & AD & 23.7 & 55.9 & 0.96 \({}^{1}\) & 0.92 \({}^{2}\) \\  & AS & 10.4 & 49.3 & 0.94 \({}^{1}\) & 0.87 \({}^{2}\) \\  & PU & 26.2 & 50.8 & 0.91 \({}^{1}\) & 0.82 \({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2.5 m/s} & AD & 30.3 & 26.0 & 0.93 \({}^{1}\) & 0.86 \({}^{2}\) \\  & AS & \(-\)30.6 & 27.2 & 0.94 \({}^{1}\) & 0.87 \({}^{2}\) \\  & PU & 20.5 & 30.5 & 0.89 \({}^{1}\) & 0.79 \({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3.5 m/s} & AD & 49.8 & 46.9 & 0.97 \({}^{1}\) & 0.94 \({}^{2}\) \\  & AS & \(-\)30.9 & 35.8 & 0.91 \({}^{1}\) & 0.83 \({}^{2}\) \\  & PU & 12.3 & 45.0 & 0.88 \({}^{1}\) & 0.76 \({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Individual speed} & AD & 38.4 & 44.3 & 0.92 \({}^{1}\) & 0.84 \({}^{2}\) \\  & AS & \(-\)33.7 & 49.0 & 0.91 \({}^{1}\) & 0.81 \({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & PU & 23.7 & 58.8 & 0.88 \({}^{1}\) & 0.77 \({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) [PERSON]’s correlation coefficient: \(p\) < 0.001; \({}^{2}\) Regression analyses: \(p\) < 0.001.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Mean differences (MD) and standard deviations (SD) between evVel_Gonio and evVel_Gyro of the four velocities and the three footwear conditions: Adidas AdiStar (AD), Asics Gel Nimbus 12 (AS), PUMA Speed 600 (PU); [PERSON]’s correlation coefficient was interpreted as trivial (\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.1), small (\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.3), moderate (\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.5), large (\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.7), very large (\(r\)\(\leq\) 0.9), and extremely large (\(r\)\(>\) 0.9).  
Figure 2: Boxplot of time until evVel_Gonio (t_evVel_Gonio, grey) and time until evVel_Gyro (t_evVel_Gyro, white) for the four velocities and three footwear conditions: Adidas AdiStar (AD); Asics Gel Nimbus 12 (AS); PUMA Speed 600 (PU).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Framework Architecture
#### 3.3.1 Custom Web Server  
The available libraries on ESP platforms allow for the straightforward establishment of wireless network connections, the creation of a web interface for device control and monitoring, the serving of static resources from the file system, and support for other network protocols. However, the core classes have certain limitations, particularly regarding dynamic handler management for HTTP requests and memory management [10]. This has led to the implementation of extensions to support the addition and removal of handlers, direct access to request arguments, and a singleton pattern that ensures the web server is instantiated only once throughout the entire project.  
The customized web server retains an identical internal implementation to the base class but inherits and accesses protected fields used for additional functionalities and interaction with the virtual machine:  
* The dynamic removal of an existing request handler involves removing the targeted method from the linked list of all registered routes. By default, this method does not automatically deallocate the handler to allow for subsequent addition or on-demand  
Figure 10: Framework architecture deployment diagram (authors’ contribution).  
availability in the firmware, although in user code, it does deallocate memory to conserve resources.
* Access to the server, its methods, and instances is provided through the native \"Server\" class, which has method signatures identical to those in the \"ESP8266 WebServer\" class. The server is a static resource and is only available as a singleton in native code.
* In active mode, which is preferred for long-term active web servers, incoming requests are queued to be processed after the main user code completes. In immediate mode, on the other hand, requests are ignored, and the virtual machine halts when it reaches the end of the script, requiring users to manually define a waiting state (e.g., using an infinite while loop).
* The base implementation for request parameters exclusively retrieves and checks parameters by index with strict range validation, which will halt the program and reset the microcontroller if unsatisfied. Instead, by accessing the protected attribute for the parameter list, it is possible to implement a method that returns the same result without halting operation, which is then exposed through the native interface.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] _et al._ estimated the LAI, height, and biomass of maize using single-temporal environment and disaster monitoring satellite constellation (Huanjing (HJ)-1A/B) and RADARSAT-2; the results showed that this integrated method of determining VIs were well correlated with the LAI, height, and biomass near the maize heading stage [24]. However, few studies have combined the optical and SAR data based on multi-temporal images for estimating the LAI and biomass of winter wheat. Winter wheat is a main crop in Shaanxi Province. The accurate estimation of LAI and biomass for this crop is important for agricultural management and production in this region. HJ-1A/B data provides ground surface spectral information at a 30-m spatial resolution with a two-day revisit frequency (see Section 2.3.1). Compared with other satellite data, HJ-1A/B data is a very good solution to balance the problems of spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, the HJ-A/B data with high spatial and temporal resolutions can offer an opportunity to monitor winter wheat growth status efficiently and objectively over large areas. In this study, the integration of high resolution SAR (RADARSAT-2) and optical image data (HJ-A/B) based on multi-temporal images data was further used to boost the estimation power of the LAI and biomass of winter wheat without adding to the concept of optical-SAR fusion. The major objectives of this study were the following: (i) to investigate the relationships of LAI and biomass with several optical spectral vegetation indices (OSVIs) and radar polarimetric parameters (RPPs), (ii) to estimate LAI and biomass with combined OSVIs and RPPs (the product of OSVIs and RPPs (COSVI-RPPs)), and (iii) to test and compare multiple stepwise regression (MSR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) methods for estimating and improving the estimation accuracy of LAI and biomass of winter wheat based on the OSVIs, RPPs, and COSVI-RPPs. This study provides a good guideline for winter wheat field management.
## 4 Results
### Soil Salinity Severity Classification and Geologic Unit  
The overlay analysis between soil salinity severity classification of two measuring modes and the geologic unit map of DMR in 2007 [67] is reported in Table 19.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Sub-District** & **Non-Saline** & **Slightly** & **Moderately** & **Strongly** & **Very Strongly** & **Area** \\  & & & **Saline** & **Saline** & **Saline** & **Saline** & **(sq km)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**HH measuring mode**} \\ \hline
1 & Thanon Pho & 0 & 0 & 0.0000 & 32.4704 & 0.6866 & 33.1570 \\
2 & Makha & 0 & 0.4167 & 11.1162 & 45.0964 & 0 & 56.6292 \\
3 & Sai O & 0 & 0 & 9.9876 & 17.3978 & 4.7656 & 32.1510 \\
4 & Non Thai & 0 & 0.4974 & 11.5480 & 20.1519 & 36.3514 & 68.5488 \\
5 & Dan Chak & 11.2399 & 9.2927 & 14.9194 & 12.3948 & 0.3894 & 48.2362 \\
6 & Banlang & 0 & 1.7333 & 18.8250 & 26.4437 & 39.4505 & 86.4525 \\
7 & Ban Wang & 0.0135 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 37.5298 & 37.5433 \\
8 & Khang Phlu & 0 & 0 & 1.5886 & 7.3508 & 75.6213 & 84.5607 \\
9 & Samrong & 0 & 0.5892 & 7.6590 & 13.7380 & 23.9276 & 45.9137 \\
10 & Kampang & 0 & 0 & 1.6854 & 8.5215 & 43.2276 & 53.4345 \\ Non Thai District & 11.2533 & 12.5293 & 77.3292 & 183.5651 & 261.9499 & 546.6268 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**VV measuring mode**} \\ \hline
1 & Thanon Pho & 0 & 0 & 0 & 8.8110 & 24.3460 & 33.1570 \\
2 & Makha & 0 & 0 & 9.2531 & 22.3810 & 24.9950 & 56.6292 \\
3 & Sai O & 0 & 0 & 2.5328 & 27.1664 & 2.4518 & 32.1510 \\
4 & Non Thai & 0 & 0 & 6.1917 & 13.5755 & 48.7816 & 68.5488 \\
5 & Dan Chak & 0.5437 & 2.6374 & 18.9128 & 14.4940 & 11.6484 & 48.2362 \\
6 & Banlang & 0 & 0 & 15.7470 & 31.8759 & 38.8296 & 86.4525 \\
7 & Ban Wang & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.0116 & 37.5317 & 37.5433 \\
8 & Khang Phlu & 0 & 0 & 0.7626 & 7.5340 & 76.2641 & 84.5607 \\
9 & Samrong & 0 & 0 & 0.1738 & 16.2430 & 29.4969 & 45.9137 \\
10 & Kampang & 0 & 0 & 0 & 3.4798 & 49.9547 & 53.4345 \\ Non Thai District & 0.5437 & 2.6374 & 53.5738 & 145.5722 & 344.2998 & 546.6268 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 18: Area of soil salinity severity classification with a suitable method in the two measuring modes by sub-district and district.  
In Table 19, it can be seen that the most dominant soil salinity severity classification of two measuring modes over two main geologic units, the Maha Sarakham formation and Quaternary sediments, are strongly and very strongly saline classes. They cover areas in the HH and VV modes, about 81.48% and 89.62%, respectively.
## 7 Fault Location Method Based on Similarity of Voltage Signals
### Post Fault Traveling Waves
#### 8.2.3 Post Pole to Pole Fault  
In pole to pole fault, sequence components are observed before and after faults to examine the change in voltage values. This change is used to evaluate the behavior of fault resistance under fault conditions. This study is used to determine the variations of traveling waves.  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\Delta u_{fa0}=\ u_{fa0}=0\\ \Delta u_{fa1}=\ u_{fa1}-u_{a1}=\frac{2\sqrt{2}U_{d_{+}}Z_{1\Sigma}}{R_{g}+2Z_ {1\Sigma}}\end{array}\right. \tag{76}\]  
and  
\[\left\{\frac{\Delta u_{fa0}}{\Delta u_{fa1}}=0\right. \tag{77}\]From Equation (77), it is concluded that initial value of positive to zero sequence voltage for double pole is smaller than that of line to ground fault.  
Maximum possible variations in the amplitude of voltage wave is observed at the instant of origination of first traveling wave due to fault. Therefore, it is essential to observe first travelling wave because maximum information of fault can be extracted from it.
# The Design and Deployment of an End-To-End IoT Infrastructure for the Natural Environment
## 4 Design and Deployment
### Sensor Inputs  
As animal tracking is, in general, an area of scientific study that requires less fine detail than soil science, we had fewer technological constraints here coming from the requirements of the animal behaviour scientists. However, this was still a highly challenging design due to the interaction of technology with animals. We considered a large range of options for sensing animal location, from RFID tags on the animals with readers positioned around the field of study to GPS units that would require more power and so a heavier overall node for animals to carry, and the use of web cameras sited at high points around the field of study (e.g., in trees) combined with image processing in the cloud as an approach that would completely avoid attaching equipment to animals. We settled on the GPS option as it would provide the most flexibility in what we could potentially do with our data streams, including the easy identification of individual animal behaviour. We chose to augment this with accelerometers as a way to potentially understand behaviour in a more detailed way.
# Sketch-Guided Topology Optimization with Enhanced Diversity for Innovative Structural Design
## 2 Related Works
### Human Control in Topology Optimization
The sensitivity numbers of BESO within the affected regions of drawn strokes were adjusted, while the sensitivity numbers could also be globally adjusted according to manual scoring feedback. Overall, length-scale control of geometric features has been enabled by several existing methods with its effectiveness and reliability validated, while guidance with specific geometric patterns is relatively immature. A proper length-scale control method can be selected according to customized design requirements for a specific TO framework, such as a density-based solid isotropic material, with penalization (SIMP) or BESO algorithms. The key challenge here is to properly determine the length-scale parameters [14; 16]. For guidance with specific geometric patterns, existing studies can be divided into two categories: leveraging domain knowledge, or reference designs based on similarity constraints. Methods of the first category are sensitive to the application scenario and highly dependent on expertise, which limits their usability. Methods of the second category encounter inevitable conflicts between the similarity constraint and other objectives like mechanical performance optimization. Current methods tackle this only by a single weight coefficient of the similarity constraint, which is insufficient to reach a proper balance. To enhance the flexibility of human control over TO solutions and better balance the various design factors, this paper combines sketch-based constraints with length-scale control. The sketches are decomposed into stroke elements and closed-shape elements, with different constraint terms and penalty weights assigned, respectively, to enable fine-grained control of different structural features. As studies on TO solution diversity and the impact of human controllability on diversity are lacking, this paper fills this gap as well.
# Influence of Sulphate Attack on Properties of Modified Cement Composites
###### Abstract  
Monitoring the condition of building structures based on composite materials in aggressive environments shows that the deterioration of basic properties occurs under the influence of various factors such as temperature and humidity changes, in addition to changes in the chemical composition of air environment. In addition, the composite materials during the operation must retain not only the mechanical properties laid down at the design stage, but also the electro-physical characteristics, regardless of the type of destructive effects. In the current study, the quantitative assessment of the result of the interaction of an aggressive sulphate-containing medium with composites modified with conductive and dielectric additives was carried out. The effect of sulphate attack on the specific electrical conductivity of cement composites was studied. The nature of the interaction was evaluated by changing the properties of the samples of the developed compositions under the influence of a single-normal solution of sodium sulphate. The analysis was carried out by means of potentiometric titration using the exchange interaction method by fixing the degree of absorption of sulphate ions and determining the concentration of calcium ions in the solution. The measurement of the solution potential allowed determination of the quantitative indicators of the rate of calcium hydroxide leaching from the sample structure, which is necessary to assess the intensity of the destruction process and determine the nature of the change in strength properties. Measurements of the electrical resistivity of samples under the constant influence of sulphate aggression were taken during 28 days of observation. A method for quantifying the effect of a sulphate medium on a cement matrix was proposed that enables the material durability to be predicted. The features of changes in the morphology of structural components after exposure to aggressive solution were determined by physical and chemical methods.  
concretes; mechanical properties; sulphur compounds; sulphate attack resistance; impedance; electrical properties; sulphate attack +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
In this manuscript, a resonator layer is presented for the purpose of reducing the mutual coupling effect between each antenna element of a cross dipole antenna. In design processes, an artificial neural network approach was used for various resonator designs. In the operating frequency band of 2.2-2.7 GHz, 48 different \(6\times 6\) resonator layers were created and integrated into the cross dipole antenna to reduce transmission and improve isolation between each antenna elements. Moreover, when training an artificial neural network in the Matlab program, 48 different resonator layers were used with the return losses and transmission values of cross dipole antenna elements. After training process, eight unknown resonator designs were tested and accurate results were obtained. Finally, one of the resonator planes, which was obtained from the artificial neural network, was fabricated and experimentally tested, then an accurate result was obtained. This study provides a good solution, especially for improving isolation in multiport antenna systems, using an artificial neural network approach.  
cross-dipole antenna; artificial neural network; isolation improvement; wireless communication +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Methodology
### Post-Processing  
The in situ as well as the satellite derived values (all pixel values overlapping with the CALM grid, in total 22 pixels) have been averaged for the comparison with in situ measurements for the end of thaw season from multi-annual measurement sites over the CALM grid. This includes subsidence as well as depth of active layer.  
Precipitation data as well as ASCAT backscatter have been post-processed for the 20 days preceding the start of near surface freeze-up (as defined in [PERSON] et al. [46]) as determined by borehole data for all years. Precipitation has been summed up and backscatter averaged.
# Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Dilated Convolutions and Feature Fusion
###### Abstract  
Depth estimation represents a prevalent research focus within the realm of computer vision. Existing depth estimation methodologies utilizing LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology typically obtain sparse depth data and are associated with elevated hardware expenses. Multi-view image-matching techniques necessitate prior knowledge of camera intrinsic parameters and frequently encounter challenges such as depth inconsistency, loss of details, and the blurring of edges. To tackle these challenges, the present study introduces a monocular depth estimation approach based on an end-to-end convolutional neural network. Specifically, a DNET backbone has been developed, incorporating dilated convolution and feature fusion mechanisms within the network architecture. By integrating semantic information from various receptive fields and levels, the model's capacity for feature extraction is augmented, thereby enhancing its sensitivity to nuanced depth variations within the image. Furthermore, we introduce a loss function optimization algorithm specifically designed to address class imbalance, thereby enhancing the overall predictive accuracy of the model. Training and validation conducted on the NYU Depth-v2 (New York University Depth Dataset Version 2) and KITTI (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute) datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms other algorithms in terms of various evaluation metrics.  
monocular depth estimation; convolutional neural networks; feature fusion; end to end  
Fusion. Appl. Sci.2024145833[[https://doi.org/10.3390/app1438833](https://doi.org/10.3390/app1438833)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app1438833](https://doi.org/10.3390/app1438833))
## 3 Numerical Simulations
### Effect of Longitudinal Space Charge  
It has been pointed out that the longitudinal impedance and wake from undulators can significantly affect the performances of current-enhanced SASE schemes [45]. The energy chirp induced by the longitudinal space charge (LSC) field can be estimated [45, 46] by \(E_{z}\approx\frac{Z_{0}I^{\prime}(s)}{4\pi T_{z}^{2}}\left(2\ln\frac{\overline{ \gamma_{z}}\sigma_{z}}{T_{b}}+1-\frac{r^{2}}{r_{b}^{2}}\right)\), where \(Z_{0}=377\Omega\), \(I^{\prime}(s)=\mathrm{d}I/\mathrm{d}s\) is the derivative of the longitudinal current distribution with respect to the bunch coordinate \(s\), \(\overline{\gamma_{z}}=\gamma/\sqrt{1+K^{2}}\), \(\sigma_{z}\) is the rms bunch length of the current peak, and \(r_{b}\) is the beam radius of a uniform transverse distribution. Here, we take \(\overline{\gamma_{z}}=2236\), and the central spike \(\sigma_{z}=51\) nm. Figure 9 shows the accumulated energy modulation due to the LSC effect at a distance of 14.76 m in the FEL undulator. For the central current spike, a strong energy chirp with a peak-to-peak energy variation of about 24 MeV is produced by the LSC effect. Such a large energy spread is much larger than the FEL bandwidth, and can degrade the FEL interaction. However, it has been pointed out in [46] that a properly tapered undulator can compensate for the FEL gain degradation induced by a linearly chirped electron beam. The effectiveness of undulator tapering on compensating the FEL power loss has also been confirmed theoretically [27, 46] and experimentally [28, 47].  
To compensate for the energy loss of the FEL due to the LSC effect, tapers should be applied in the undulators according to [48]. A linear taper of 0.61% is adopted in the radiator, and the length of the radiator remains to be 14.76 m. At the end of the radiator, the  
Figure 8: Gaussian fit of the distributions of peak power and pulse duration at **(a)** 13.65 m in the radiator and **(b)** 0.72 m in the afterburner.  
Figure 9: Electron bunch energy modulation from the LSC field after a distance of 14.76 m. The bunch head is to the right.  
local bunching factor at the peak current is about 0.12, still large enough to initiate coherent radiation in the following afterburner.  
The performance of the FEL in the afterburner is shown in Figure 10. The peak power can still reach 1 GW in the afterburner. The pulse profile at 1.47 m in the afterburner is shown in Figure 10b, where the pulse duration is about 420 as, still much shorter than that in the radiator. Comparing these results with Figure 6, the pulse durations at 1 GW power level are similar. The only difference is that the length of the afterburner needs to be extended to obtain the same peak power when the LSC is considered.
## 3 Results
### Evaluation Scenario 1
#### 3.3.2 Evaluation Scenario 3  
Figures 11-15 shows the throughput in case of moving the safety servers to be connected to the network core (SW5). The results show an average aggregate throughput of 1.251 Mbps for all safety traffic in the case of applying our proposed AQoS algorithm against 1.01 Mbps in the case of a QoS-free model with an improvement of up to 19.26%. Moreover, the results revealed an average aggregate throughput of 2.18 Mbps for all infotainment traffic in the case of applying our proposed AQoS algorithm versus 1.13 Mbps in the case of QoS-free model with an improvement of up to 48.17%.