# Electricity Losses in Focus: Detection and Reduction Strategies--State of the Art
## 4 Methods to Reduce Energy Losses
### Technical Energy Losses
In [62], the authors proposed a methodology for analyzing power flow in distribution networks and introduced a particle swarm optimization approach with the central objective of minimizing transmission losses. The implementation of the analysis was based on the analysis of variables such as the power generated by the existing power plants, the magnitude of the voltage recorded at the substations and transformer substations, and the transformer plot positions suitable for each load scenario. Particle swarm optimization is thus performed to optimize an intelligent method to solve these problems. The efficacy of the proposed methodology was assessed through a trial implementation in a power system comprising 30 bus lines. The experimental results substantiated the effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm in mitigating power losses. In a separate scientific study, [PERSON], [PERSON], and colleagues [63] integrated a specialized line conditioner for active power, enabling the implementation of series and shunt power converters on the DC side. The study under scrutiny emphasizes the reduction of losses through parallel paths, i.e., based on parallel transformers. The objective of implementing a series power converter is to proactively regulate the power flow, thereby leading to a reduction in losses within the distribution system. The shunt component of the converter is employed to efficiently compensate for reactive power. The findings of this analysis demonstrate the feasibility of eliminating harmonic currents and sensitive nonlinear loads in networks, in addition to reducing power losses. In contrast, the authors in [64] adopted a different approach, integrating an expert system for analyzing distribution systems. The objective of the study was to analyze the networks when they become highly loaded and the line is interrupted due to a fault, forcing distribution operators to supply the respective network by another route. The study proposes and analyzes a method to ensure the continuity of power supply in the event of a fault. This method involves the development of an online-operable expert system designed to support distribution operators through SCADA. The implemented expert system has been developed in Prolog, tested, and validated, and the obtained results demonstrate high efficiency in analyzing electrical networks, thereby reducing energy losses. In accordance with the regulations established in this study, the recently incorporated expert system provides a knowledge base for system operators to optimize the areas in the network where additional zone loads are recorded. The validity of this approach has been substantiated through the execution of computer simulations for diverse configurations. Furthermore, the potential challenges associated with the integration of the expert system into SCADA systems, including limitations in computing power and the necessity for adequate storage memory, have been thoroughly examined. The study's execution also revealed challenges related to interface and computational speed issues. The reconfiguration of power supply systems plays a pivotal role in the process of minimizing power losses. In [65], researchers addressed the reconfiguration of radial-type networks in terms of optimal power flow. In this case, the branch states (open or closed) were analyzed as continuous-type functions. Additionally, a network analysis technique was employed to ascertain the loops where switches can be opened to facilitate optimal power supply to the connected consumers. A list containing all available switches is displayed, and it is constantly updated based on system data. This process is repetitive until all loops are broken, generating a radial system. The results obtained demonstrate an efficient enhancement in power flow optimization, achieving a substantial minimization of active power losses. The reduction in power losses in transmission and distribution networks has been demonstrated to contribute to a significant enhancement in the efficiency of power system supply.