# A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure
## 4 Charging Type
### Wireless Charging: Charging Type
#### 4.2.1 Categorization of Wireless Charging Based on the Charging Standards
They performed different experiments to demonstrate the eavesdropping and hijacking attack through adversarial message injection and inductive voltage, thereby affecting the charging time, performance, and efficiency of Qi wireless chargers. They suggested some defense strategies against eavesdropping and hijacking attacks. * SAE wireless charging standard The adoption of the SAE wireless charging standard has been a great advantage for EVs in terms of enhanced charging time and efficiency. SAE International has permitted the SAE TIR j2954 charging standard to be utilized for light-duty EVs for wireless charging. The SAE charging standard offers a better power transfer level than the Qi charging standard. It provides three levels of power supply, i.e., Level 1 (3.7 kW), Level 2 (7.7 kW), and Level 3 (11 kW), facilitating the fast charging of EVs. However, despite of high power transfer, it still needs to be further developed in the future as it only allows unidirectional wireless charging, i.e., from the electric grid to EV. Therefore, the electric grid cannot utilize sufficient energy power from EVs. Moreover, it supports static wireless charging which needs to be changed to dynamic charging due to its extended driving range and better power transfer efficiency [107]. Many companies and manufacturers such as WiTricity, Qualcomm, and Evatran are investing in establishing the SAE wireless charging standard [108]. However, with the static feature of the SAE charging standard, the performance of EV charging is not effective in terms of key metrics such as driving range and power transfer efficiency. To overcome these challenges, many authors have put tremendous efforts to introduce the SAE wireless charging with the improved key metrics. For example, [PERSON] et al. [109] proposed an LCC compensation network to optimize the reactance of wireless power transfer considering the SAE J2954 charging standard. The experimental simulation emphasizes to obtain the improved transfer efficiency of 92%. Further, to enhance the power transfer efficiency, the authors in [110] assessed a 230 V wireless power transfer for EVs based on the SAE charging standard. The research study analyzed the key parameters of wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance coupling. It shows the optimized power transfer and the maximized coupling coefficient between 0.02 and 0.32. * A4 WP wireless charging standard The Alliance for wireless power transfer was developed to provide additional spatial freedom for wireless charging over other charging standards. It is mainly designed to provide a varied power range from a low supply to high supply based on the requirement and charging level of the EVs. For example, Level 1 and Level 2 involve a power supply of 7.5 kW and 12W for wireless charging. On the other hand, Level 3 incurs a high power supply of 3.3 kW for wireless charging. As a result of the high power supply, it utilizes the wider interface for the positioning of the device for charging purposes so that multiple devices can be charged simultaneously through the use of the magnetic resonance coupling technique. It differs from other charging standards due to the advantages of high frequency and the control and management protocol. The frequency of the A4 WP charging standard is \(6.78\times 10^{3}\) KHz, which reduces the probability of overheating issues in wireless chargers more than the Qi and SAE charging standards along with frequencies of 300 kHz and 85 kHz [111, 112]. Many authors have devised integrated circuits with the help of the A4 WP charging standard to enable efficient charging for EVs. For example, [PERSON] et al. [113] designed a 15 W triple mode wireless power transmitting unit integrated with the power amplifier and DC-DC converter.