## 3 Results
### Effects SHE on the Weight Loss, Gut Length, Spleen, and Histological Score of DSS-Treated Mice  
The therapeutic effects of low- and high-dose SHE intake on experimental colitis were evaluated (Figure 4A). The experimental treatments were administered to mice for 4 weeks, and 2.5% DSS administration began on the fourth week (Day 22). Mice treated with DSS experienced weight loss, a short colon, diarrhea, and bloody stools at the onset of colitis. The second day after DSS administration, one of the mice had diarrhea. On Day seven, seven out of eight mice in the DSS group developed diarrhea, and four had bloody stool. The body weight of mice in the control group increased, whereas that of mice in the groups receiving DSS significantly decreased (Figure 4B). The weight change was calculated by dividing the weight gain from Day 0 to Day 28 by the initial body weight. At 4 weeks, mice in the control group gained 106.16% of their body weight, whereas mice in the DSS group gained only 102.19%, indicating a significant difference (Figure 4C). DSS-SHE-L and DSS-SHE-H increased by 99.43% and 104.26%, respectively, indicative of the severity of colonic inflammation. Colon length was shorter in the DSS group compared to that in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Compound Name** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Molecular** \\ **Formula** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Molecular** \\ **Weight** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Retention** \\ **Time (min)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Calcd. m/z [M + H]\({}^{*}\)** & **Content \({}^{*}\)** \\ \hline
1 & Fucoxanthin & C\({}_{42}\)H\({}_{89}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 658.9 & 1.036 & 659.3 & 9.47 \\
2 & Salicortin & C\({}_{20}\)H\({}_{24}\)O\({}_{10}\) & 424.4 & 1.335 & 425.3 & 8.78 \\
3 & Feruloylquinic acid & C\({}_{17}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{8}\) & 368.3 & 1.335 & 369.2 & 8.78 \\
4 & Lolololide & C\({}_{11}\)H\({}_{16}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 196.2 & 10.262 & 197.1 & 16.52 \\
5 & Vitexin & C\({}_{21}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{10}\) & 432.4 & 14.234 & 433.2 & 1.40 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) Fucoxanthin/mg extract.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Representative LC-MS chromatogram of _S. horneri_ extracts. control group but increased by 28.19% in the DSS-SHE-H group compared to that in the DSS group (Figure 4D,E). The weight of the spleen and degree of inflammation did not change significantly (Figure 4F). Histological images of the colon tissue were graded on a 0-6 point scale after staining with H&E. DSS-SHE-H scored considerably lower than did the DSS group (DSS, 5.81; DSS-SHE-L, 4.85; DSS-SHE-H, 4.61; Figure 4G). In DSS mice, crypts of epithelial cells were damaged, resulting in extensive ulceration and infiltration of inflammatory cell (neutrophil). In contrast, mice treated with SHE showed gradual repair of the damaged crypts and decreased inflammation (Figure 4H). Figure 2: Effects of _S. horneri_ extract (SHE) on LPS-treated RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells. (**A**) The cytotoxicity of SHE (0–50 mg/L) on RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells was estimated. (**B**) Levels of TNF-\(\alpha\) and (**C**) IL-6 production in conditioned medium of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS (50 mg/mL) for 4 h (TNF-\(\alpha\)) and 20 h (IL-6) with SHE (0–40 mg/L). Gene expressions of (**D**) _Occhudin_, (**E**) _Claudin1_, (**F**) _Zo-1_, (**G**) _P13k_, (**H**) _Akt_, (**I**) _Mtor_, and (**J**) _S6k_ mRNA in LPS (2 ug/mL)-treated Caco-2 cells with SHE (0–50 mg/L). All data are expressed as means \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 4). \({}^{*}\)\(p\) < 0.05, \({}^{**}\)\(p\) < 0.01, \({}^{***}\)\(p\) < 0.001, \({}^{***}\)\(p\) < 0.0001, significantly different compared with PC by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. NC: negative control; PC: positive control. Figure 3: Effects of _S. horneri_ extract (SHE) in a co-culture model of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. (**A**) Co-culture system. Caco-2 cells were pre-seeded on the apical side for 21 days. The day after RAW264.7 cells were pre-seeded, they were incorporated into transwell plates containing Caco-2 cells.