esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology
### Border Loss Function Improvement  
We use SIoU as the bounding box loss function to achieve a more accurate loss calculation between the predicted frame and the real frame in the traffic sign detection task. IoU (intersection over union) is the intersection over union ratio of the predicted frame and the real frame, which is used to measure the accuracy of the predicted frame. As in Equation (7), the closer its value is to \(1\), this indicates that the model is more effective and closer to the true value.  
\[IoU=\frac{|A\cap B|}{|A\cup B|} \tag{7}\]  
In YOLOv5-7.0 version, CIoU is used as the loss function by default. It is compared with GIoU and DIoU, which consider the overlap area, center point distance, and aspect ratio at the same time. And SIoU further considers the vector angle between the real frame and the predicted frame, and redefines the related loss function, which contains four parts: angle loss, distance cost, shape cost, and IoU cost [21]. SIoU is defined as follows:  
\[LOSS_{SIoU}=1-IoU+\frac{\Delta+\Omega}{2} \tag{8}\]  
where \(\Delta\) is the distance loss, and \(\Omega\) is the shape loss.  
SIoU speeds up the convergence of the network because it aids the calculation of the distance between the two frames by introducing the concept of angle between the real and predicted frames. In the case of comparable computation, SIoU can better accelerate the network convergence and achieve better results.  
The flowchart of the improved YOLOv5 method is shown in Figure 3. The improved YOLOv5 can perform mosaic data enhancement on the input images and compute the adaptive anchor frame, and use \(k\)-means clustering to obtain \(n\) anchor frames. Then, the image is sent to the focus structure for a concat operation. Then, a series of convolution and pooling are carried out, and the obtained results are sent into the REF + SPPF module to enlarge the receptive field. Next, the slim-neck module is introduced to better balance the accuracy and speed of the model. Finally, coordinate attention mechanism is used to capture location information to improve the accuracy of the model.
# A Predictive Method for Temperature Based on Ensemble EMD with Linear Regression
## 5 Experimental Procedures
### Assessment of Experiment Result of Other Methods
#### 5.2.3 Svr  
NuSVR, short for nu support vector regression, is a specialized automated learning model for regression tasks. Derived from support vector machine (SVM), NuSVR seeks the hyperplane that best fits the training data and has minimal errors. It introduces a unique parameter, \"nu\", to regulate support vectors, which enhances its outlier handling compared to traditional SVM. NuSVR excels in managing high-dimensional datasets and resisting overfitting, and shines in scenarios with nonlinear feature-target relationships. It is a favored choice for small-to-medium-sized datasets, offering adaptability and robustness, which are crucial for effective regression analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Parameter** & **Optimal Value** & **Search Space** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{EEMD} & Noise Std & 0.25 & 0.1–0.3 \\  & Max IMFs & 9 & 8–12 \\  & Ensemble Trials & 400 & 100–500 \\  & Time Steps & 128 & 24–168 \\  & Units & 128 & 32–256 \\  & Learning Rate & \(1\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1\times 10^{-4}\)–\(1\times 10^{-2}\) \\  & Dropout & 0.3 & 0.2–0.5 \\  & Batch Size & 64 & 32–256 \\  & Epochs & 100 & 50–200 \\  & Regularization & L2 & L1 (Lasso)/L2 (Ridge) \\ LR & alpha & 0.01 & \(1\times 10^{-5}\)–1.0 \\  & Scaler & StandardScaler & StandardScaler/MinMaxScaler \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The hyperparameter settings of the LSTM, LR, and EEMD methods.
## 2 Analysis of Signal Power and Noise  
It can be expected that varying the height of E14 and E18 satellites should influence satellite signal strength and may lead to some modifications of its stochastic properties. Thus, in this work the positioning performance was preceded by evaluation of phase and code observational noise for GPS and Galileo measurements, with special attention to E14 and E18 satellites. In order to ensure full coverage of elevation angle domain by observations, raw data with 1 s interval were processed during a period of two weeks (3-16 October 2017). The noise analysis involved stations used subsequently for evaluation of precise positioning, i.e., BYCE, CHLE, IAWA and OLSZ. The experiment was based on data collected at four sites in Poland (Figure 1). All these sites are equipped with Trimble NETR9 receivers. Three of them are equipped with geodetic TRM115000.00 antennas, whereas the last one (OLSZ) uses a choke-ring TRM59900.00 antenna.
## Problem Description and Modeling
### Basic Formulations about Objective Functions and Constraints  
The objective is to minimize the completion time of the last support activity.  
* Objective function. \[\text{Min}\ F=\text{min}\ (C_{max})\] (1)
* Constraints. \[S_{i1}\ \geq SX_{i},\forall i\in I\] (2) \[E_{ij}\ =S_{ij}+d_{ij},\forall i\in I,\forall j\in J_{i}\] (3) \[S_{ij}\ \geq S_{ih}+d_{ih},\forall(i,h)\in P_{ij},\forall i\in I, \forall j\in J_{i}\] (4) \[\sum_{t=0}^{T}\ x_{ijt}=1,\forall i\in I,j\in J_{i}\] (5) \[\sum_{O_{ij}\ \in I_{t}}rs_{ijk}\leq 1,\forall i\in I,\forall j\in J_{i}, \forall k\in Ks\] (6) \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\ \sum_{j\in I(t)}rp_{ijk}\leq|Lp_{k}|,\forall k\in Kp,t \in[0,T]\] (7) \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\ \sum_{j\in I(t)}re_{ijk}\leq|Lr_{k}|,\forall k\in Kr,t \in[0,T]\] (8) \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\ \sum_{j\in I(t)}rw_{ijk}\leq\Big{|}Lw^{t}_{k} \Big{|},\forall k\in Kw,t\in[0,T]\] (9) \[\sum_{l\in Lr_{k}}Xe_{ijkl}=re_{ijk},\forall i\in I,\forall j\in J_{i}, \forall k\in Kr\] (10) \[\sum_{l\in Lp_{\text{H}}}Xp_{ijkl}=rp_{ijk},\forall i\in I,\forall j\in J_{i},\forall k\in Kp\] (11) \[\sum_{i\in I-r_{\text{H}}}\ \sum_{j\in J_{i}}Xe_{ijkl}+\sum_{i\in I-rp_{ ij}}\ \sum_{j\in J_{i}}Xp_{ijkl}=0\] (12) \[\forall j\in J_{i},\forall k\in Kr,\forall l\in Lr_{k},\forall k^{ \prime}\in Kp,\forall l^{\prime}\in Lp_{k}\]  
Constraint (2) ensures that the first support activity must start before the carrier aircraft is transported up to the flight deck and parked in a permanent position. Constraint (3) defines the relationship between the finish time of each activity with the start time. Constraints (4) ensures the precedence relationship, which means that any activity cannot be started before the completion of its preceding activity. Constraint (5) ensures that each activity is executed only once from one exact period, \(t\). Constraints (6), (7) and (8) represent the capacity constraints for renewable resources (operational space, operational crews, resource stations), respectively. Constraint (9) represents the capacity constraints for the non-renewable resources in each time period. Constraints (10) and (11) represent the allocation of the operational crews and resource stations, which need to be equal to the demand. Constraint (12) represents the support coverage of the operational crews and resource stations.
_Article_  
with an insufficient alveolar bone volume or quality, complications such as implant thread exposure, peri-implantitis, and premature fixture failure may arise [6,7]. In order to provide the ideal environment for augmentation of the alveolar bone, bone grafts such as autograft or xenograft can be used in guided bone regeneration techniques (GBR). Bone grafting with a block-shaped autogenous bone graft has been recommended for alveolar bone augmentation of greater than 2 mm [8]. An absorbable collagen-based membrane is most widely used in bone graft procedures for blocking out undesired fibrous and epithelial ingrowth. [PERSON] et al., published in 2014, showed another function of the membrane-covering graft materials. According to their research, minimizing the movement of grafted material results in maximal bone formation. The membrane should be applied to fix the grafted material [9]. In the case of bone graft for the preservation of the extraction socket, they suggested that applying the appropriate pressure (200 g), together with the membrane, may cause the graft material to condense and form a better quality of bone [10].  
Collagen-based membranes (CBMs) have similar permissive bone formation capabilities when compared to non-absorbable membranes [11]. CBMs have been classified as non-cross-linked membranes (NCLMs) and cross-linked membranes (CLMs) depending on whether the cross-linking between the collagen fibers was artificially increased. The basic principle of cross-linking is the formation of covalent bonds between collagen fibers. The use of aldehyde and other chemical materials for covalent bonding has been referred to as chemical cross-linking. Carbohydrates such as ribose might also be used in cross-linking. The natural behavior of the collagen membrane depends on the type of material used for cross-linking [12].  
CLMs are less likely to cause an inflammatory reaction than NCLMs and are known to have a favorable effect on bone formation due to the delayed absorption of the membrane. However, the use of CLM does not guarantee better quality bone formation. Additionally, the delayed absorption may also allow the membrane to become exposed in the oral cavity and cause infection [13]. The amount and quality of the bone formed are similar regardless of the type of membrane, but the exposure of the grafted bone to the oral environment during the healing period is known to be an important negative factor [14].  
Previous literature studied the effects of CBMs on the width and height of the generated bone immediately following augmentation [13, 14, 15, 16]. In this current study, radiographic images were used to evaluate the bone resorption profile one year following the installation of implants. Before implant installation, alveolar bone augmentation using an autogenous mandibular block bone and CBMs was performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate bone maintenance between NCLMs and CLMs by comparing bone resorption around the implants.
# Real-Time, Content-Based Communication Load Reduction in the Internet of Multimedia Things
## 4 Results
### Evaluation Parameters
#### 4.2.4 Average Bit-Rate  
The amount of data sent per second was measured as number of bits sent per second. A large bit-rate means more of the data are sent and the quality of information is usually larger. The proposed method aims to control the amounts of data transmitted, which has been shown in Figure 7. However, at the same time, information must be kept complete and accurate without loss of significant data. Figure 10 shows the average bit-rate for the proposed method across the five test video sequences. Lower bit-rates occur according to the extent of motion, the spatial resolution and the behavior upon application of the proposed method. Complete frames, ROMs and empty data bytes are sent in an encrypted form in this study, resulting in an increase in bytes transmitted. Although, the bit-rates increase after encryption, the new bit-rates are still quite low for the proposed method. It is likely that, overall, lower bit-rates do not present a significant loss of information but represent confidential transmission of that information.
# Rotor Fault Diagnosis Method Based on VMD Symmetrical Polar Image and Fuzzy Neural Network
## 3 Model Establishment
### The Basic Principle of Symmetric Polar Image  
The symmetrical polar coordinate method transforms the signal under polar coordination and expresses it in the form of a two-dimensional snowflake pattern. The snowflake image is directly obtained from the time-domain signal, without the need for frequency analysis. In addition, because of the symmetry of the snowflake image, it can show the differences between each other more clearly than the time-domain waveform of the signal, and it is handy to compute. Hence, this method is an ideal image generation method.  
The amplitude of signal \(x(t)\) at time \(i\) is \(x_{i}\), at time \(i+L\) it is \(x_{i}+L\). Figure 2 shows the basic schematic symmetrical polar coordinate method [26,27].  
In Figure 2, \(r(i)\) is the polar coordinate radius, \(\delta(i)\) is the rotation angle in the counter-clockwise direction from the initial line, and \(\theta(i)\) is the clockwise rotation angle from the initial line. By changing the rotation angle of the initial line, a set of signals (\(x_{i}\), \(x_{i}+L\)) can be converted to a hexagonal snowflake mirror symmetric image in polar coordinates. The specific conversion equation is as follows:  
\[r(i)=\frac{x_{i}-x_{\min}}{x_{\max}-x_{\min}} \tag{7}\]  
\[\delta(i)=\phi+\frac{x_{(i+L)}-x_{\min}}{x_{\max}-x_{\min}}g \tag{8}\]  
\[\theta(i)=\phi-\frac{x_{(i+L)}-x_{\min}}{x_{\max}-x_{\min}}g \tag{9}\]  
where \(x_{max}\) is the maximum of the signal amplitude; \(x_{min}\) is the minimum of the signal amplitude; \(L\) is the time interval; \(\varphi\) is the rotation angle of the initial line; \(g\) is the amplification factor of angle. Generally, \(L\) = 3\(\sim\)10, \(\varphi\) = 60\({}^{\circ}\), \(g\) = 20\({}^{\circ}\)\(\sim\)60\({}^{\circ}\) is applicable [26,27].
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Metals Determined in Analyzed Products by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry  
The quantification of metal content in the examined products containing _I. paraquariensis_ extracts was accomplished through the application of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (F-AAS). This analytical technique is extensively employed for metal analysis. Table 2 shows the mean concentration of the studied macronutrient (Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in analyzed products P-1-P-10. The concentration of Mg determined in the tested products ranged from 2019 mg/kg for P-2 to 9946 mg/kg for P-5. The content of micronutrients was determined as follows: Zn from 5.7 mg/kg (P-1) to 139.4 mg/kg (P-4); Fe from 0 (P-3) to 207.5 mg/kg (P-5); Mn from 58.7 mg/kg (P-1) to 2898 mg/kg (P-7) and Cu from 0 (P-1, P-2, P-5) to 7.9 mg/kg (P-9). The content of elements varies statistically depending on the product. The highest contents of the tested elements were expected in extracts included in dietary supplements. In practice, however, product P-4, which is yerba mate soluble (instant), turned out to be the best source of Mg and Zn. Statistically significant differences have been determined for the following groups of products: supplements P-1, P-2, P-3; instant products P-4, P-5; raw yerba mate P-7, P-8, P-9, P-10; and yerba mate powder P-6. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of Mn concentrations between raw yerba mate and yerba mate powder (\(p<0.05\)). In general, the following products had a significantly higher content of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mg: instant products, raw yerba mate, and yerba mate powder, whereas dietary supplements containing extracts of _I. paraquariensis_ (P-1, P-2, P-3) were characterized by a lower content of the tested elements. Raw materials after the mineralization process had very high concentrations of the investigated elements, but in reality, there are differences in concentrations of these elements in raw materials and beverages after yerba mate preparation that need to be taken into account. Yerba mate contained a high concentration of Mg and Zn in comparison with other popular drinks such as coffee or tea, and significant amounts of them were found in beverages [13]. Based on the findings of bioelement content in the analyzed products and taking into account the dietary reference intakes (DRIs, mg/d) for these bioelements for males (31-50 years): Mg, 420; Cu, 0.9; Fe, 8; Mn, 2.3; and Zn, 11, and females (31-50 years): Mg, 320; Cu, 0.9; Fe, 18; Mn, 1.8; and Zn, 8, and the elements' concentrations determined, it can be concluded that only yerba mate brew prepared according to the traditional
###### Abstract  
The study investigated the effect of Vinnex(r) (vinyl acetate polymer) and Joncryl(r) (epoxy-based copolymer) as compatibilizers on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA) films. Due to TPS's hydrophilicity and britteless, blending it with biodegradable polyesters like PBAT enhances its properties but may introduce compatibility challenges. This research evaluated three formulations (TPS/PBAT with Vinnex, TPS/PBAT with Joncryl, and TPS/PBAT with both additives) along with the inclusion of a polybutadiene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA) matrix to further improve performance. Mechanical testing (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus) reveals that Vinnex and Joncryl enhance plasticization and polymer compatibility, positively impacting TPS/PBAT's mechanical properties. The introduction of the PBSA matrix further improves tensile strength and elongation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms better additive dispersion and interfacial adhesion within the blend. Complementary analysis includes melt flow index, melt density, DSC, and TGA, providing a comprehensive understanding of how these additives optimize TPS/PBAT compounds for sustainable applications. Mechanically, the compatiabilized blends showed improved performance: Vinnex mainly enhanced stiffness, Joncryl primarily improved elongation, and a synergistic effect was observed with their combination.  
thernoplastic starch (TPS); polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT); polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA); blend; compatibilizer Article
## 1 Introduction
The Fourier transform has been extensively utilized in medical imaging to extract global features, capturing frequency-based patterns in lesions for reliable classification [22]. The Mellin transform is often combined with the Fourier transform to improve accuracy by addressing size variations in lesions, introducing scale invariance, and enhancing the overall classification performance [23]. The Hilbert transform complements these by introducing rotational invariance, thus producing unique and repeatable signatures suitable for dermatological classification tasks, as shown in various studies on skin lesions [24]. Recent research has increasingly focused on hybrid approaches that combine multiple transforms to exploit complementary feature extraction strengths. For instance, in dermatology, hybrid techniques integrating texture descriptors, Fourier-based signatures, and ML classifiers have achieved superior classification performance over single-transform approaches by incorporating global and local features [17]. This integration has shown promise for skin lesions, where patterns such as edges, textures, and color gradients contribute significantly to lesion differentiation. Though less commonly applied in dermatology, the Hermite transform has demonstrated potential in other fields, like facial recognition and fingerprint analysis, for its ability to capture fine-grained spatial and textural details. This transform uses Hermite polynomials to decompose images, effectively characterizing localized structures within complex image regions, such as lesion boundaries [20]. While a few studies have applied the Hermite transform to multi-channel RGB images, evidence suggests that color channel-specificinformation enhances image analysis, especially for skin lesions where pigmentation and textural details are critical [25; 26; 27]. This study builds upon these advancements by integrating the Hermite transform with the Radial Fourier-Mellin and Hilbert transform across separated RGB channels to generate comprehensive feature sets for skin lesion classification. We aim to achieve higher accuracy and robust differentiation between lesion types by combining global invariant features and localized structures.
## 4 Conclusions  
This research successfully integrated microwave-assisted colloidal silver into PLA-based nanofibrous textiles using pre- and post-electrospinning techniques to improve the antibacterial properties, with the objective of creating advanced materials for biomedical and protective apparel applications. The primary results included the generation of consistent nanofibers with diameters ranging from 435 to 823 nm, the verification of AgNP incorporation through EDX analysis, improved nanofiber hydrophilicity with the addition of a PEG-PPG-PEG copolymer, decreased crystallinity and lower decomposition temperatures in the hydrophilic samples, similar tensile strengths across the samples with decreased elongation in the post-treated samples, and improved antibacterial effectiveness against various bacterial strains in the AgNP-incorporated nanofibers. Interestingly, even the pristine PLA nanofibers integrated with AgNPs subjected to post-electrospinning treatment displayed antibacterial properties due to the induction of hydrophilicity. This investigation offers valuable insights into the development of AgNP-incorporated PLA-based nanofibrous textiles and their potential applications. These results establish a foundation for additional research and development in this area, facilitating the development of advanced materials with enhanced antibacterial properties for various biomedical and protective applications.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/polym16243613/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/polym16243613/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/polym16243613/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/polym16243613/s1)), Figure S1: FE-SEM images of (a) pristine PLA and (b) PLA/PEG-PPG-PEG NFs at 5000x magnification, and normal fiber diameter distribution with the average fiber diameter of (b) pristine PLA and (c) PLA/PEG-PPG-PEG NFs; Figure S2: XRD results of the pristine PLA and PLA/PEG-PPG-PEG NFs to compared with sample M1, M2, M3 and M4; Figure S3: TGA results of the prepared pristine nanofibrous electrospun clothes.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.R.K.; methodology, M.I.H.S. and M.R.K.; formal analysis, M.O.A.; writing--review and editing, I.A.A. and M.R.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** The authors express their appreciation to the King Salman Center for Disability Research for funding this research through Research Group no. KSRG-2022-125.  
Figure 11: Schematic illustration of how hydrophilic surfaces absorb water and interact with AgNPs to enhance antibacterial properties.
# OpenBIM: An Enabling Solution for Information Interoperability
## 3 Overview of OpenBIM
### OpenBIM Standards
#### 3.1.3 BuildingSMART Related Other Standards  
1. Construction operations building information exchange (COBie)  
The COBie is an information exchange specification for collecting and delivering information required by facility managers during the life cycle of the buildings. COBie can be viewed in design, construction, maintenance software, and simple spreadsheets, and this versatility enables COBie to be used in all projects regardless of project size and technical complexity [9].  
2. LandXML  
LandXML, as an electronic data transfer standard, was developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium in 1994. LandXML schema includes surveying, road design, and digital terrain model (DTM), which is capable of capturing, validating and displaying civil engineering and survey measurement data. Furthermore, infrastructure spatial objects based on the Geography Markup Language (GML) systems have been developed which help to realize the integration and transformation with the LandXML system [10].