esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Neural Network-Based Bilingual Lexicon Induction for Indonesian Ethnic Languages
###### Abstract  
Indonesia has a variety of ethnic languages, most of which belong to the same language family: the Austronesian languages. Due to the shared language family, words in Indonesian ethnic languages are very similar. However, previous research suggests that these Indonesian ethnic languages are endangered. Thus, to prevent that, we propose the creation of a bilingual dictionary between ethnic languages, using a neural network approach to extract transformation rules, employing character-level embedding and the Bi-LSTM method in a sequence-to-sequence model. The model has an encoder and decoder. The encoder reads the input sequence character by character, generates context, and then extracts a summary of the input. The decoder produces an output sequence wherein each character at each timestep, as well as the subsequent character output, are influenced by the previous character. The first experiment focuses on Indonesian and Minangakabat languages with 10,277 word pairs. To evaluate the model's performance, five-fold cross-validation was used. The character-level seq2 seq method (Bi-LSTM as an encoder and LSTM as a decoder) with an average precision of 83.92% outperformed the SentencePiece byte pair encoding (vocab size of 33) with an average precision of 79.56%. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of the neural network model in finding the pattern, a rule-based approach was conducted as the baseline. The neural network approach obtained 542 more correct translations compared to the baseline. We implemented the best setting (character-level embedding with Bi-LSTM as the encoder and LSTM as the decoder) for four other Indonesian ethnic languages: Malay, Palembang, Javanese, and Sundanese. These have half the size of input dictionaries. The average precision scores for these languages are 65.08%, 62.52%, 59.69%, and 58.46%, respectively. This shows that the neural network approach can identify transformation patterns of the Indonesian language to closely related languages (such as Malay and Palembang) better than distantly related languages (such as Javanese and Sundanese).  
natural language processing; low-resource language; Indonesian ethnic languages; bilingual lexicon induction; sequence-to-sequence model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Stress Characteristics of the Pipeline End  
According to the experimental design, the stress scatter diagram at both ends of the pipeline after applying a uniform load is shown in Figure 8. With the increase in the applied load, the force at both ends of the pipeline gradually increased, and the two were positively correlated. Through correlation curve fitting of the force at the end of the pipeline, it was found that the load applied in the middle of the pipeline and the load at the end of the pipeline showed a quadratic correlation, and the fitting degree was 99.7%. The fitting equation is Formula (1):  
\[y=-480+0.94x+7.97x^{2} \tag{1}\]  
In the formula, \(x\) is the load applied to the middle of the pipeline in N; \(y\) is the force load at the end of the pipeline in N.
# A High-Level Representation of the Navigation Behavior of Website Visitors
## 2 Identification of Rules in Each Class of Visitors
### Selection and Implementation of the Compression Algorithm
#### 2.2.2 Sequitur algorithm  
Sequitur finds repetitive sub-sequences in a sequence by identifying rules. It creates a grammar based on repeated sub-sequences. Then, each repeated sub-sequence becomes a rule in the grammar. To produce a concise representation of the sequence, two properties must be met [48; 49]:  
* \(p1\) (digram uniqueness) : there is no pair of adjacent symbols repeated in the grammar.
* \(p2\) (rule utility): every rule appears more than once.  
To clarify the operation of Sequitur, we will use the following definitions:  
* Sequence: a string of symbols, e.g., \"aghhhhbfabdRchdtttttyhhs\".
* Rule: a sub-sequence that appears twice or more in a sequence and its minimum length is 2. The rules obtained with the Sequitur algorithm may be defined in terms of other rules.
* Base rule: a rule that does not contain other rules, e.g., rule 1 = \"a b\", rule 2 = \"d c\".
* Nested rule: a rule composed of base rule(s), e.g., if rule 3 = \"f 1 1 2 h\", it is a nested rule defined in terms of the base rules 1 and 2.
* Expanded rule: the result of recursively unfolding all the rules that are contained in a nested rule, e.g., the nested rule \"f 1 1 2 h\" is expanded as \"f a b a b d c h\".  
We will use the sequence aghdfghmadfgh as an example to describe the operation of the Sequitur algorithm. For each symbol in the sequence, Sequitur verifies the properties of digram uniqueness and rule utility. In Table 1, in each row, we show the resulting grammar and the expanded rules, as each new symbol is reviewed. In the column \"Resulting grammar\", 1 to n are the found rules, and 0 is the result of using those rules in the original string. Grammar 0 is not expanded in the last column because it is not a rule. However, if we expand Grammar 0, we obtain the original string. We can see that Sequitur does notfind any rule from rows 1 to 7. That is because there are no pairs of symbols that appear twice or more in the string. In row 8, the pair of symbols \"gh\" appears twice, so it is added to the grammar as rule 1. In row 11, the pair of symbols \"aa\" appears twice and it is added to the grammar as rule. In row 13, the pair of symbols \"df\" appears twice and it is added to the grammar as rule 3. In row 15, the rule \"df\" becomes a nested rule because \"dfgh\" is found twice, but the pair \"gh\" is already rule 2, so rule 3 changes from \"df\" to \"df 2\". All of the rules added to the grammar met properties \(p1\) and \(p2\).
# A Systematic Mapping Study in Cloud for Educational Innovation
## 4 Research Questions
### Topics and Types of Innovation Dealt With
#### 4.1.1 RQ1--What Topic Is Covered in the Paper?  
This question aims to highlight the possible existence of one or more topics shared by researchers in the sector or to verify the existence of a common research agenda. To this end, the taxonomy envisaged by [PERSON] et al. [20] was adopted, as follows:  
* _Cost Saving_: cost reduction, economic aspects of the introduction of cloud computing in training institutions.
* _Collaboration Platforms_: virtual collaborative environments that can increase the effectiveness of distance education processes by exploiting cloud technologies as well.
* _New Learning Environments_: proposals, solutions, architectures, platforms, etc., based on cloud technology, to integrate, improve, share resources, educational activities, etc., in training processes.
* _m-Learning platforms_: aspects of mobile learning and its integration with cloud computing.
* _Virtual Laboratories_: systems for creating and managing virtual remote laboratories aimed at improving the way in which experiments and practical exercises are conducted.
* _Content Innovation_: cloud-based solutions to more effectively structure content oriented to students with different characteristics.
* _Content Sharing_: specific issues related to content federation between different courses, different universities, etc.
* _Security_: improvement of end-to-end security in order to preserve user privacy and ensure the integrity of stored and/or exchanged information.  
Figure 1: Research method.  
* _Campus Management_: integration and/or migration of IT-infrastructure or non-IT components into IaaS systems and solutions to make global university resources more accessible to a wider audience.
* _Digital Divide Reduction_: reduction of educational and training gaps in specific geographical areas also with the aim of reducing the digital divide.
* _High Performance_: execution of complex applications that require large calculation capabilities but for short times.
* _Storage Sharing_: specific proposals related to the large amounts of storage that are required for storing training modules and support materials.
* _Student Response System and Evaluation_: interaction between students to improve their learning experience.
* _Games_: systems to create and manage the learning process in which learners are called to move in-game dynamics, following precise rules, and covering defined roles.  
The question provides that each paper can be assigned more than one topic.
# Discrimination Accuracy of Sequential Versus Simultaneous Vibrotactile Stimulation on the Forearm
## 5 Discussion
### Potential Applications to Braille Presentation  
Our ultimate aim is to develop a wearable device for presenting Braille with vibrotactile stimulation. While our current experiments involved the performance of collegestudents without prior Braille literacy, they are a necessary first step in this development. It is important to obtain reliable results for our equipment before engaging with a more specific and sensitive population. During this initial phase of our research, we therefore focused on the ability to reproduce vibrotactile patterns, irrespective of Braille expertise. We also aimed to assess the basic functionality and reliability of the wearable, ensuring that it can be a versatile tool in a wide range of scenarios beyond Braille reading.  
One of our next steps is to test the performance of actual Braille readers with this device. Notably, visually impaired individuals often have an acute sense of touch, and there is good evidence of neural reorganization and enhanced abilities following sensory impairment [40].  
For example, there is evidence that Braille reading recruits the visual cortex of blind individuals [7; 41; 42]. It will furthermore be of future interest to investigate the relation between such neural reorganization and the age of onset of sensory impairment in the context of our device. Other factors to consider include investigation into the biocompatibility of the vibrotactile stimulation system, cross-modal plasticity, innervation, skin composition, skin thickness, and individual variations in sensory processing.  
We believe that Braille conveyed through tactile stimulation can offer significant benefits over other presentation methods. Consider the scenario of a blind person navigating an unfamiliar city. While audiobooks and voice-based navigation apps undoubtedly provide valuable information about their surroundings, the integration of tactile Braille patterns through a wearable device can complement and enrich their experience in several ways.  
In densely populated urban environments, audio cues can be challenging to discern and may even become drowned out. In such instances, tactile Braille can convey directions or street names to the skin. This hands-free approach not only obviates the need to carry and operate additional devices but also ensures privacy and discretion. The tactile feedback can also serve as a tactile map, allowing users to better comprehend intricate environments such as subway systems or train stations.  
Moreover, the benefits of tactile Braille may extend to situations where rapid responses are needed. In such scenarios, tactile alerts delivered to the skin can provide immediate guidance, allowing the visually impaired to react swiftly.  
The implications of our research can also be extended to other uses, including haptic communication, assistive technologies, and virtual and augmented reality systems, where the effective presentation of vibrotactile stimuli is crucial.
###### Abstract  
High-concentration polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) wastewater from 3D printing applications presents significant treatment challenges due to PVA's water solubility, chemical stability, and resistance to biodegradation. In this study, we investigated the enhanced removal of high-concentration PVA (3-7 g/L) using a modified ferrite process with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) pre-oxidation, while simultaneously exploring the formation and properties of magnetic precipitates. The effects of PVA concentration, reaction conditions, and thermal treatment (100 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 650 \({}^{\circ}\)C) on the magnetic precipitates were studied through XRD, TEM, FTIR, and magnetic measurements. Results showed that H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) pre-oxidation effectively maintained the system pH and improved PVA removal efficiency, achieving a COD reduction of 83% after two-stage treatment for 7 g/L PVA solution. XRD and TEM analyses revealed that precipitates formed at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C consisted of dispersed Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles within PVA fibrous networks, while calcination at 650 \({}^{\circ}\)C led to the formation of rod-like structures and agglomerated particles. The magnetic properties varied significantly with treatment conditions, exhibiting the highest saturation magnetization of 10.30 emu/g for sample calcinated at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This study demonstrates the potential of the modified ferrite process for treating high-concentration PVA wastewater while producing recoverable magnetic nanoparticles, providing a dual-function approach to address environmental challenges posed by the 3D printing industry.  
Keywords:magnetic nanoparticles; ferrite process; H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) pre-oxidation; polyvinyl alcohol; wastewater treatment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Mesh Twisting Technique for Swirl Induced Laminar Flow Used to Determine a Desired Blade Shape
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Swirling Flow  
In swirling flow, two velocity components are of main interest, the tangential \(v_{\theta}\) and the axial \(v_{z}\). [PERSON] et al. [17] found the ideal velocity profile for the tangential velocity for laminar swirl flow. This velocity profile can be seen in Figure 2. Finding the swirler that will behave optimally is finding the one that produces tangential velocity that is as close to this ideal velocity profile as possible.  
Figure 1: Typical velocity profiles in a swirling flow inside a circular pipe with \(D=2R\), represented by (**a**) tangential velocity (left) and (**b**) axial velocity (right).  
The swirl number is defined as the ratio of angular momentum flux to axial momentum flux and thus represents swirl intensity (see [21]). A few slightly different versions of the swirl number exist [22], each able to highlight various aspects of the swirl flow. In this paper, the following definition of swirl number, \(S\), is used  
\[S=\frac{\int_{A}rv_{\theta}v_{z}dA}{R\int_{A}v_{z}^{2}dA}. \tag{5}\]  
[PERSON] et al. [1] found that the swirl number is dependent on Re for laminar flow but not for turbulent flow. They further concluded that the structure of the velocity profile has the same dependency, which was confirmed in [17].  
If the swirler does not cover the entire length of the pipe, swirl decay will be experienced. Swirl decay is often assumed to be exponential downstream of the swirler exit, i.e.,  
\[S=\beta e^{-\alpha\frac{z}{R}}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\beta\) and \(\alpha\) are flow dependent constants, \(z\) is the axial distance from the exit of the swirler and \(R\) is the radius of the pipe. This assumption is valid for swirl numbers below 0.2 [23], as usually experienced in pipe flows. More accurate approximations of swirl decay in laminar flow can be found in [24]. There, the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) coefficients of Equation (6) depend on Reynolds number. Finally, Figure 3 shows the movement of a single streamline through a swirler, and how the rotational movement decays as suggested in [23]. Figure 3 also shows how a twist angle for the mesh is defined.  
Figure 2: Axial and tangential velocity profiles and optimal theoretical fundamental swirl mode when \(S=0.2\), with the deviation angle between the two velocity components included. Note that the radial velocity component is generally small, as shown in [17].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Saturation on the Electrical Resistivity of Single Size Fraction of Calcareous Sand
The fitting results are shown in Table 4.  
Figure 11: Relationship between structure factor \(F\) and saturation of calcareous sands of different size fractions: (**a**) 1–1.5 mm; (**b**) 1.5–2 mm; and (**c**) 2–2.5 mm. Figure 12: Relationship between porosity and fitting parameter \(A\) of calcareous sands of different size fractions. Table 4 shows that all the fitting correlation coefficients were greater than 0.96, and a stronger correlation could be obtained by using the power function relationship. For sandy soil, when the porosity \(n\) was 0.12-0.50, the coefficient m was between 1.3 and 2.8 [16; 26; 27]. Compared with sandy soil, the coefficient m of calcareous sand was larger, indicating that the resistivity of the calcareous sand used in this study decreased rapidly with increasing porosity, which may have been related to the pore structure of the calcareous sand itself. The relationship between the structure factor and saturation of the three size fractions is shown in Table 5 by incorporating the above results into Formulas (5) and (6). According to the relationship shown in Table 5, the saturation and void ratio jointly affected the structure factor, and there was a complex coupling relationship between them. Under the condition of low saturation, the pore ratio had a slightly greater impact on the structure factor, so the next step was to further study the impact of the pore ratio (relative density) on the resistivity of single size fraction of saturated calcareous sand.
## 1 Introduction  
Wine industry by-products amount to roughly 5-7 million tons each year worldwide [1], with France, Italy, Spain, and the United States, in that order, being the biggest producers [2]. Within the wine brewing process, grape pomace is the major by-product and consists of peels, seeds, and a small amount of grape pulp, remaining after the work is separated. Traditionally, part of the grape pomace generated is distilled to produce different local spirits; otherwise, it is dumped or used for animal feed or compost [3]. Nevertheless, grape pomace is rich in fibers and polyphenols; it is estimated that during wine brewing, roughly 60-70% of the total phenols, which include proanthocyanidins and a diversity of anthocyanin glycosides, remain in the pomace [4].  
Such compounds could be extracted and recovered, although this would lead to more by-products. Hence, for its valorization, strategies that take into account a zero-waste approach, considering a qualitative and quantitative recovery optimization, should be preferred.  
Several studies evaluated the effect of grape pomace addition to bread, pasta, cookies, muffins, dairy, and meat and fish products, yet all concluded that the fortification, especially if at high percentages, causes notable undesirable rheological and organoleptic changes [5]. Among the valorization strategies, fermentation, which is often used to improve the nutritional, functional, and technological properties of food and food by-products [6], might fit sustainability criteria. Few studies explored the possibility to ferment grape pomace with yeasts or edible fungi, yet very little can be found about the valorization strategies that use lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [7; 8]. As a matter of fact, grape pomace, similar to grapes, can generate a hostile environment for the development of lactic acid bacteria, due to the low pH and high number of phenolic compounds, which are toxic for LAB [9; 10]. Indeed, in winemaking, LAB species belonging to the genera _Pediococcus_, _Leuconostoc_, and the former _Lactobacillus_ genus dominate grape must at the early stages of the fermentation, yet as the process goes on, most of them do not tolerate such conditions, and _Oenococcus_ species mostly carry out the rest of the fermentation [9]. For this reason, it is imperative, when fermenting grape pomace, that an appropriate starter selection is performed, and the fermentation conditions optimized.  
In this context, our study aimed at exploiting grape pomace functional potential through fermentation with LAB strains selected for their pro-technological and antioxidant features [11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. A systematic approach, which progressively guided us towards the proper strain and process conditions, was implemented to enhance pomace antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features with the prospect of its application as a functional ingredient in a sourdough bread.
## 4 Orbit Determination Results  
### Processing Cases and Strategies for Autonomous Orbit Determination  
Distributed autonomous orbit determination processing was adopted in this paper to assess the accuracy of the autonomous orbit determination of BDS-3 under different rotation correction methods.  
In the general processing of precise orbit determination, parameters to be estimated include initial satellite position and velocity, solar radiation pressure parameters, clock offset parameters (clock offset and clock speed), as well as other parameters induced by measurements. Targeted optimization was carried out on the autonomous orbit determination algorithm in this paper. Table 3 shows the specific models and relevant strategies adopted in orbit determination. Among them, the Empirical CODE orbit Model (ECOM) was adopted for modeling solar radiation pressure perturbation, and a longer arc segment of the satellite-Earth-satellite joint orbit determination result was used to estimate the solar radiation pressure parameters more precisely. In this way, solar radiation pressure parameters were no longer estimated, thereby ensuring fewer estimated parameters and a smaller computational load.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Direction
### Future Direction  
#### 6.2.1 Information-Theoretic Directions  
In [31, 43], it is assumed that the output follows the i.i.d. distribution for i.i.d. sources. When imposing the perfect realism constraint, the i.i.d. condition is naturally imposed on the output. However, it is unclear whether this assumption is valid or redundant. Therefore, we pose the following conjecture for further investigation.  
**Conjecture 1**.: _Consider the system model in Figure 2 and the \((n,2^{nR},2^{nR_{x}},2^{nR_{d}})\) fixed-length code with encoder and decoder \((f_{n},g_{n})\). For i.i.d. source \(\{X_{i}\}_{i=1}^{\infty}\), suppose that the distortion and perceptual constraints are_  
\[\mathds{E}_{P}[\Delta(X^{n},Y^{n})] \leq D,\] ( **D** ) \[\mathcal{D}(P_{X^{n}},P_{Y^{n}}) \leq P,\] ( **P** )  
_where \(Y^{n}=g_{n}(f_{n}(X^{n},Z^{n},K),Z^{n},K)\). Then, the capacity achieving \(Y^{n}\) is also i.i.d. when \(n\to\infty\) for perception measures \(\mathcal{D}(\cdot,\cdot)\) that belong to the \(f\)-divergence family._  
Analogously to the RD function with the multiple-distortion constraint, we pose the following conjecture.  
**Conjecture 2**.: _For a (not necessarily finite) set of distortion measures \(\{\Delta_{\lambda}(\cdot,\cdot)\}_{\lambda\in\Lambda}\) and a (not necessarily finite) set of \(f\)-divergences \(\{D_{f_{\gamma}}(\cdot,\cdot)\}_{\gamma\in\Gamma}\), suppose that the source \(\{X_{i}\}_{i=1}^{\infty}\) and reconstruction \(Y\) are from the same discrete alphabet \(\mathcal{X}\). Consider the (possibly stochastic) code \((f_{n},g_{n})\); then, the RDP function with unlimited common randomness and unlimited private randomness is_  
\[R(\{D_{\lambda}\},\{P_{\gamma}\})=\inf_{P_{Y|X}}I(X;Y) \tag{26}\] \[\text{s.t.}\qquad\mathds{E}[\Delta_{\lambda}(X,Y)]\leq D_{ \lambda},\qquad\forall\lambda\in\Lambda\] \[D_{f_{\gamma}}(P_{X^{n}},P_{Y^{n}})\leq P_{\gamma},\qquad\forall \gamma\in\Gamma\]  
_where \(\inf_{D_{\lambda}\
eq 0}D_{\lambda}>0\) and \(\inf_{P_{\gamma}\
eq 0}P_{\gamma}>0\)._  
When the realism constraint is defined in terms of weak realism, the conjecture can be proven using the method of types [42]. However, it remains unclear whether the conjecture holds under other realism constraints, such as strong realism, or under a combination of different constraints.