esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Literature Review
### Experiences from Greece and Italy  
An analysis of factors impacting the adoption of bikes as a standard transportation means in Greece suggested that women's eco-cyclist inclination tends to make them ask for bike delivery services more often than men [40]. Nonetheless, the existing literature about the Greek scenario sheds light on how the gender factor is mitigated by other variables--i.e., demographic, economic and environmental--and gender may play a varying role depending on the relative significance of such factors interacting with it [40]. Demographic and cultural ones--e.g., marital and education status--often have a low impact, while age may be associated with environmental concern [41]. Finally, low income has been shown to be the most relevant economic aspect affecting the demand of bike delivery services, thus giving policy makers and managers a relevant insight into unexploited targets for new mobility solutions in Greece [40].  
In Italy, factors such as the network and the topological shapes of many cities made it necessary to test several pilots which emphasize the environmental and social benefits of such initiatives [42]. These Italian projects build on previous research, which has already demonstrated that 51% of all trips for goods transportation in European cities can be realized by bike, and 19% to 48% of the overall mileage currently performed by combustion engine vehicles can be done by cargo bike [7; 43]. In this context, the main factors determining the success or failure of pilots were the size and weight of goods to be delivered compared to the load capacity of cargo bikes; the relevance of time windows for the delivery; the impacts on brand image and corporate social responsibility; cost levels; availability of a supporting network and reliability of enabling technologies [42]. Finally, the cycle logistics scenario in Italy proves to be primarily affected by the social (e.g., visibility and green image, low energy consumption, service quality and coverage), physical (e.g., load capacity vs. goods size, weight and number, technological reliability and battery duration) and political (e.g., better quality of life for citizens, re-use of public facilities and incentives) factors of the socio-ecologic model proposed by [16].
## 5 Conclusions  
The lithium-ion battery models are generally divided into electrochemical mechanism models and equivalent circuit models. The representative first-order RC model and second-order RC model commonly used in the literature are studied comparatively in this paper, and the following main conclusions are achieved:  
1. The ECM has a very large advantage in computation time in contrast to electrochemical models; the simulation time based on the electrochemical model was as long as 9600 s [13], while the simulation time based on equivalent circuit model in this paper was negligible.
2. The maximum relative errors of the two RC models under the two representative operating conditions were all less than 2%, which can generally satisfy the precision requirements for the practical engineering calculation, such as algorithms based on ECM for advanced BMSs.
3. The second-order RC model improved the output error in contrast to the first-order RC model in both simple and complex discharging conditions, but did not improve much. Therefore, for ordinary applications such as portable consumer electronics, the first-order RC model could be the preferred choice. However, for stringent applications such as automotive and aerospace, the second-order RC model could be the preferred choice. The results are of great instructional significance to the application in practical control systems for the equivalent circuit modeling of lithium-ion batteries.  
This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016 YFF0203804), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51775037), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China (No. FRF-TP-14-061A2). Also, thanks to [PERSON] for his English editing.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; and [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Model Type** & **The Area Surrounded by the Discharge Curve (Vs)** \\ \hline The first-order RC model & 15,896 \\ The second-order RC model & 15,875 \\ Experimental data curve & 15,873 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The area surrounded by the discharge curve of the first-order and the second-order models for UDDS cycle.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Type** & **Maximum Absolute Error (V)** & **Maximum Relative Error** & **RMS Error (V)** \\ \hline The first-order RC model & 0.0695 & \(1.88\%\) & 0.0298 \\ The second-order RC model & \(-0.0628\) & \(-1.69\%\) & 0.0282 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The output error of the first-order and the second-order models for the UDDS cycle.
## 3 Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM)
### Advantages of Using DDPM in Biomedical Image Segmentation
#### 3.4.5 Integration with Advanced Computational Techniques  
DDPM can be seamlessly integrated with other advanced computational techniques, such as deep learning architectures. The combination of DDPM with deep neural networks enables the development of hybrid models that leverage the representational power of deep learning and the probabilistic reasoning of DDPM. This integration often results in more accurate and robust segmentation outcomes [13; 35].
# Field Pull-Out Tests of Percussion Driven Earth Anchors (PDEAs)
## 2 Background on PDEA  
Percussion driven earth anchors (PDEA) are mechanical soil anchors driven into the soil with desired depth using percussion forces and load-locked by pulling the anchors to the required tension load. PDEAs have recently been widely used for slope stability and other applications in the transportation industry. However, limited information exists on design methodology, including pull-out capacity and performance data of such anchors as it relates to slope stability applications, especially the one used in this study, the DB 138 II PDEA anchor. Typical components of a percussion driven earth anchor (PDEA) are an anchor head with lower termination, wire tendon/rod, and top termination with a top accessory plate. Figure 1 shows the typical PDEA components.  
In this study, a DB-138 II anchor was tested in the field to understand the ultimate pull-out resistance of the anchor in low-plasticity sandy lean clay (CL) soil. This was achieved by installing and testing three instrumented PDEA anchor systems on the IH-20 TxDOT project site in Benbrook, Texas. The measured ultimate pull-out resistance is compared with the prediction from the closest design equation developed for non-PDEA anchors. The performance of PDEA anchors, as described by the Platipus Anchors supplier, is shown in Figure 2. In addition, Figure 2 shows the idealized performance anchor response curve according to the Platipus Anchors brochure.
## 5 Conclusions  
The present paper extends our previous efforts to study and promote the HSE method to non-destructive testing applications: here, we tested its effectiveness for early fault diagnostics in rotating machinery. The main findings can be summarized as follows.  
1. A new convolutional GAN is designed in this paper and applied for EFD in the run-to-failure test of a roller bearing. To boost the learning capacity of the Generator, an Autoencoder-based Generator architecture is designed in this work. Two convolutional blocks are used to extract the local information of the data, and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells are embedded in the bottleneck layer to extract the time-series correlation of the signal.
2. A novel HSE method is introduced in the designed convolutional GAN to establish an ensembled health indicator (EHI). The proposed ensembled convolutional GAN is combined with the AE technique. There have been limitations in the use of AE technology for condition monitoring, partly due to challenges with processing a large amount of data; thus, a smoothing Moving Variance Window (MVW) is used in this work to reduce the dimensions of the raw AE signal.
3. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the HSE method when applied to GAN and EFD problems. Roller fatigue test monitoring by AE sensors was performed to evaluate the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
4. The HSE-based approach benefits from the fact that (i) it does not require extra training costs to generate multiple base models, and (ii) it can be applied to all types of neural networks without tuning the network architecture. Experimental results indicate that not only does the HSE method improve the diagnostics of incipient flaws in specific rolling bearing elements under contact fatigue conditions, but it is also an efficient vehicle to enhance the performance and capacity of convolutional GAN in a general sense.  
Conceptualization, methodology, code, and writing--original draft preparation, Y.W.; supervision, experiment and data acquisition, writing--review, A.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council under RCN Project No. 296236.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this paper can be requested from the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors wish to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] from Kongsberg Maritime AS and [PERSON] from SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, for their generous help with the experiments.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Transmit and Receive Diversity in MIMO Quantum Communication for High-Fidelity Video Transmission
## 3 Methodology
### Quantum MIMO Transmission and Quantum Channel  
The qubit states are transmitted using various MIMO diversity schemes: SISO (\(1\times 1\)), MISO (\(2\times 1\)), and SIMO (\(1\times 2\)). Each link experiences Rayleigh flat fading [46], modeled according to the Equation (10).  
\[y=h\cdot\psi+n_{q} \tag{10}\]  
where \(h\) is a complex channel coefficient, \(\psi\) is the superposition state and \(n_{q}\) represents quantum noise. Rayleigh flat fading is a widely used statistical model that characterizes the impact of multipath propagation in non-line-of-sight wireless environments. Under this model, the channel coefficient \(h\) is treated as a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable with zero mean and unit variance, i.e., \(h\sim\mathcal{CN}(0,1)\). The term \"flat fading\" implies that the fading is frequency non-selective; that is, all frequency components ofthe transmitted signal experience the same channel gain, which is valid when the signal bandwidth is smaller than the coherence bandwidth of the channel.  
The 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO diversity is not considered in this study, as the objective is to independently analyze the impact of transmit (MISO) and receive (SIMO) diversity on the performance of quantum video transmission.  
The channel fading parameters are modeled as follows.  
* Path delays: \(0,3,8,20\) us
* Path gains: \(0,-3,-6,-9\) dB
* Doppler shift: 10 Hz
* Sample rate: 1000 Hz
* SNR range: \(-3\) dB to 19 dB  
To assess the performance of the proposed quantum communication system, simulations are conducted using widely accepted and generalized quantum noise models, including bit-flip, phase-flip, depolarizing, amplitude damping, and phase damping channels. These noise models abstract the most fundamental error types encountered in quantum systems and are commonly used in theoretical and simulation-based studies of quantum communication [47; 48].  
Although more complex hardware-specific imperfections, such as gate errors, leakage, or crosstalk, can affect real-world implementations, they are not considered here. Instead, this work focuses on analyzing the behavior of the core quantum channel under standard noise assumptions to ensure general applicability and theoretical clarity.  
To understand the behavior of the noise models applied in this study, it is essential to define the Pauli operators [45], which represent the fundamental quantum error operations. These matrices, known as the Pauli-X (Equation (11)), Pauli-Y (Equation (12)), and Pauli-Z (Equation (13)) operators, are used throughout quantum information theory to model bit-flip, phase-flip, and depolarizing errors.  
\[X=\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\ 1&0\end{pmatrix} \tag{11}\]  
\[Y=\begin{pmatrix}0&-i\\ i&0\end{pmatrix} \tag{12}\]  
\[Z=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\ 0&-1\end{pmatrix} \tag{13}\]  
The following subsection describes the various noise models used in this study.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### SDX Transformation Products
#### 3.4.1 Bond Cleavage  
The transformation pathway of the bond cleavage mechanism takes place at the S-N bond and leads to TP156 (C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{10}\)N\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\), \(m/z\) = 156.0769). As mentioned above, TP156 has already been reported, while the cleavage of the sulfonamide bond is a typical case, when it comes to this specific group of contaminants [53; 54; 55]. Successively, TP142 (C\({}_{5}\)H\({}_{8}\)N\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\), \(m/z\) = 142.0612) and TP132 (C\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{10}\)N\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\), \(m/z\) = 132.0770) are formed by bond cleavages in TP156. The fragmentation pattern of TP142 is not available, as its signal was too low to trigger fragmentation, but its identification is based on its parent molecule (TP156) and subsidiary molecule (TP132). This lack of fragmentation data can be attributed to the very low concentration of this molecule in the sample. TP132 provided fragments of very low mass, making it hard to accurately identify its exact structure, thus the proposed structure is just a suggestion.
## 1 Introduction  
Bandpass filter (BPF) is an essential component in transmitters and receivers. For anti-interference, high performance BPF with sharp selectivity as well as wide stopband is important and necessary. Due to limited and crowded spectrum nowadays, there are more and more challenges in designing such bandpass filters in modern wireless systems.  
Traditionally, the selectivity of BPF can be improved by increasing the order at the expense of larger insertion loss. While quasi-elliptic function response can realize the same selectivity with fewer orders and thus quasi-elliptic filter has lower insertion loss with high selectivity [1]. In [2], stub-loaded half-wavelength resonators are electromagnetically coupled to form quasi-elliptic response. In addition to specific response functions, introducing multiple transmission zeros (TZs) near the passband can effectively improve the selectivity [3]. Source-load coupling [4; 5] and mixed coupling [6] are both proved to be useful by introducing TZs at sidebands. In [7], capacitive dominant mixed coupling is used to create a lower stopband TZ while the upper stopband selectivity is enhanced by employing parallel source-load coupling. Mixed coupling is also common when designing high selectivity SIW BPFs [8; 9; 10]. Furthermore, merely several coupled line networks can introduce both transmission zeros and poles. In [11], a high selectivity bandpass filter with 5 zeros and 6 poles is obtained by six pairs of coupled lines. Another way to realize prescribed TZs is synthesis of the coupling matrix to generate the transfer and reflection polynomials for specific class of filter[12; 13], and to simplify the computational complexity and eliminate redundancy, synthesis algorithms are invented to extract coupling matrix from zeros and poles[14; 15].  
In this paper, a multilayer bandpass filter with high selectivity is proposed. The second and third harmonics are eliminated by the quarter-wavelength resonators and discriminating coupling formed by quarter- and half-wavelength resonators respectively, resulting in a wide stopbandas well. This discriminating coupling path has same amplitude as an extra coupled line path between feeding ports but they are out of phase. Thus transmission zeros are produced to not only improve the selectivity but also broaden the stopband performance of the proposed BPF. Furthermore, due to multilayer structure, source-load coupling is easily achieved to improve selectivity as well. Theoretical analysis of the proposed BPF is demonstrated in detail and a prototype is fabricated to validate the design. Both simulated and measured results are in good agreement, showing the good performance of the proposed BPF.
## 4 Results and Discussion
Figure 7: Comparison between the main strains and the equivalent strain during the stretching process on a constant (th = cost) and a variable (r = 80% e r = 90%) thickness sheet in friction conditions with a friction coefficient \(\mu\) = 0.1 due to FEM: (**a**) meridian strain; (**b**) circumferential strain; (**c**) thickness strain; (**d**) equivalent strain. To analyze the obtained results, it is necessary to remember that, in conditions of constant volume, the strain modulus along the thickness is given by the sum of the meridian strain and the circumferential strain, which were the main strains performed in the plane of the sheet. In presence of perfect lubrication, in the region of the sheet pole, the decrease of the thickness reduction r involved a decrease of both the meridian and the circumferential strain values with t more than it happened in a process carried out on a sheet with an initial constant thickness. Conversely, at the edge of the sheet, the decrease of the thickness reduction r involved an increase of the meridian strain. Composing these strains produced a strain along with the thickness (as well as an equivalent strain) that appeared more uniform than that due to a sheet with an initial constant thickness with the decrease of the thickness reduction r.  
Some preliminary experimental results, carried out on the aluminum alloy AA6060, supported what was observed using finite element analysis. The experimental activity was performed using axial-symmetrical stretching tests at break using both constant thickness sheets and sheets characterized by a value of r = 0.87. No lubricant was used between the punch and the sheet. Therefore, the results obtained were to be considered in friction conditions. Figure 9 shows the comparison between the strains measured along with the sheet thickness at the breaking point. The breaking point of the sheet with an initial variable thickness was reached for a punch stroke value higher by about 10% than that measured in a constant initial thickness test. The comparison of the results highlights greater formability and more uniform thickness distribution of the stretched sheet with an initial variable thickness than that with an initial constant thickness. Figure 9 experimentally confirms what was observed through FEM (see Figures 7c and 8c). The observed trend was qualitatively identical. Figure 8: Comparison between the main strains and the equivalent strain during the stretching process on a constant (th = cost) and a variable (r = 80% e r = 90%) thickness sheet in friction conditions with a friction coefficient \(\mu\) = 0.2 due to FEM: (**a**) meridian strain; (**b**) circumferential strain; (**c**) thickness strain; (**d**) equivalent strain.
# Spectrum Slicing for Multiple Access Channels with Heterogeneous Services
## 2 Related Work
Of special interest for our study, the AoI with a TDMA-like scheme with perfect feedback and immediate retransmissions was compared to that of ALOHA [33]. It was observed that TDMA with retransmissions greatly reduced the AoI when compared to ALOHA. However, the former scheme assumes that the transmissions from all users after a transmission failure are delayed to allow for a retransmission to occur in the next time slot, which is inefficient, as a separate channel is needed for feedback. There are only a few studies on heterogeneity in AoI systems. We mention the work presented in [34], which considered different service classes, and modeled the system as an M/G/1/1 queue with hyperexponential service time. However, only the service rate was different among classes. Then, the classes could adapt the arrival rate to minimize the AoI.
## 5 Comparison of the Pseudo-Dynamic Test Results and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Results
### Comparison of the Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis and Pseudo-Dynamic Test Results
Table 13 compares the maximum response load-displacement relationship between the nonlinear dynamic analysis and pseudo-dynamic tests. Figure 24: Comparison of seismic response load-displacement and displacement hysteresis loops during nonlinear dynamic analysis and pseudo-dynamic tests of the test frame with no reinforcement applied (first floor, 200 cm/s\({}^{2}\)). Figure 25: Comparison of seismic response load-displacement and displacement hysteresis loops during nonlinear dynamic analysis and pseudo-dynamic tests of the test frame retrofitted with NBSD-WSCS (first floor, 200 cm/s\({}^{2}\)). 263.0 kN and 71.9 mm, respectively, in the nonlinear dynamic analysis and 272.5 kN and 70.2 mm, respectively, in the pseudo-dynamic testing (Figure 24 and Table 13). When the input seismic acceleration was 200 cm/s\({}^{2}\), the maximum seismic response load and displacement of the test frame retrofitted with the NBSD system (PD-NBSD) were 419.5 kN and 23.9 mm, respectively, in the nonlinear dynamic analysis and 356.2 kN and 26.4 mm, respectively, in the pseudo-dynamic testing (Figure 25 and Table 13). At a seismic ground motion of 200 cm/s\({}^{2}\), the deviation between the nonlinear dynamic analysis and pseudo-dynamic test results was not significant at 10% or less on average. When the input seismic ground motion was 300 cm/s\({}^{2}\), the maximum seismic response load and displacement of PD-NBSD were 592.9 kN and 46.6 mm, respectively, in the nonlinear dynamic analysis and 584.2 kN and 49.4 mm, respectively, in the pseudo-dynamic testing (Figure 26 and Table 13). The two methods provided very similar results. A similar level of deviation was observed in the seismic response load-displacement relationships obtained from both PD-NBSD and NBSD, as shown in Figure 27. These results confirmed that the nonlinear dynamic analysis model and methodology developed in the present study were able to effectively simulate the NBSD-based seismic retrofitting method and the seismic behavior of RC frames retrofitted with the NBSD system. This led to the conclusion that the seismic retrofitting performance of the NBSD-based system developed in the present study could be effectively evaluated via nonlinear dynamic analysis based on the analytical models and methods established in Section 5.1. Seismic Performance Evaluation of RC Structures Retrofitted with the NBSD-Based Window-Type Seismic Control System