# Characterization of Sidr (_Ziziphus_ spp.) Honey from Different Geographical Origins
## 3 Results

Table 2: Melissopalynological analysis of Sidr honey from different origins. The glucose, fructose, sucrose, diastase activity and HMF levels in different Sidr honey samples are shown in Table 4. Glucose was detected at the lowest level (24.77 \(\pm\) 0.65%) in India Sidr honey, whereas the highest level (28.89 \(\pm\) 0.11%) was observed in Iraq Sidr honey. The level of fructose ranged between 32.79 \(\pm\) 0.64 (India) and 36.01 \(\pm\) 1.05 (Iraq). The sucrose level ranged from 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.37% (Pakistan) to 3.79 \(\pm\) 0.27% (Egypt). Diastase activity had a range of 9.75 \(\pm\) 1.78 D.U. (Yemen) to 17.4 \(\pm\) 2.16 D.U. (Egypt). The lowest HMF (mg/kg) was observed in Libya Sidr honey (11.07 \(\pm\) 4.38), whereas the highest level was detected in Yemen Sidr honey (25.11 \(\pm\) 6.63). Figure 1: Pollen grain images from microscope preparations of Sidr honey from different geographical origins. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Geographical Origin** & **Samples (n)** & **Water Content (g/100 g)** & **Optical Rotation (c)** & **Color** & **Insoluble Solids (\%)** & **pH** & **Acidity (meq/l)** & **Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)** \\ \hline Emirates & 72 & 16.26 \(\pm\) 0.64 & \(-\)1.38 & Light Amber & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 6.5 * \(\pm\) 0.1 & 8.4 * \(\pm\) 0.9 & 1.18 * \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ China & 64 & 15.37 \(\pm\) 0.57 & \(-\)2.42 ** & Extra white & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 6.2 * \(\pm\) 0.6 & 7.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Iraq & 53 & 17.06 \(\pm\) 0.47 & \(-\)1.86 & Amber & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 5.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 9.0 * \(\pm\) 0.8 & 0.93 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ Pakistan & 67 & 14.84 \(\pm\) 0.38 & \(-\)1.92 * & White & 1.36 * \(\pm\) 0.02 & 6.8 * \(\pm\) 0.1 & 10.8 ** \(\pm\) 1.2 & 1.40 * \(\pm\) 0.39 \\ Bashawer & 75 & 14.29 \(\pm\) 1.06 & \(-\)1.79 & White & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 6.1 * \(\pm\) 0.0 & 8.9 * \(\pm\) 0.9 & 0.96 * \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Panjab & 60 & 15.7 \(\pm\) 0.34 & \(-\)1.42 & Amber & 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 6.2 * \(\pm\) 0.0 & 8.8 * \(\pm\) 1.5 & 1.14 * \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ Saudi Arabia & 65 & 14.6 \(\pm\) 0.21 & \(-\)1.36 & Light & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 5.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 10.6 ** \(\pm\) 0.0 & 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Kashmir & 90 & 15.53 \(\pm\) 0.38 & \(-\)1.89 & Extra White & 1.35 * \(\pm\) 0.24 & 3.9 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 8.8 * \(\pm\) 0.9 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\ Libya & 44 & 14.2 \(\pm\) 0.41 & \(-\)1.98 * & Amber & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 5.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 11.3 * \(\pm\) 1.4 & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Egypt & 66 & 14.96 \(\pm\) 0.22 & \(-\)1.13 & Amber & 1.35 * \(\pm\) 0.02 & 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\ India & 75 & 15.78 \(\pm\) 0.52 & \(-\)1.69 & Extra White & 1.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 7.2 ** \(\pm\) 0.1 & 8.6 * \(\pm\) 1.4 & 0.99 * \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ Yemen & 63 & 16.1 ** \(\pm\) 0.53 & \(-\)2.09 ** & Deep Amber & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 7.4 ** \(\pm\) 0.1 & 12.2 * \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.99 * \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Highly significant;  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Physicochemical parameters of Sidr honey samples from different origins. The TPC (mg GAE/100 g honey), TFC (mg RE/100 g honey) and DPPH (mg AAE/100 g honey) content is shown in Table 5. The highest levels for the three parameters were found in Egypt Sidr honey 159.3 \(\pm\) 15.32, 83.1 \(\pm\) 18.33 and 177.8 \(\pm\) 10.51, respectively, whereas the lowest level for total phenolics was detected in Yemen Sidr honey. On the other hand, the lowest levels of TFC and DPPH were detected in China Sidr Honey (35.1 \(\pm\) 7.10 and 75.1 \(\pm\) 7.57, respectively). The antibacterial activity of the Sidr honey from twelve geographical origins was evaluated according to the zone of inhibition. The antibacterial potency of honey was investigated against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. All geographical honey types showed high antibacterial activity against most of the tested bacterial strains.