## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Metal**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Zn**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cu**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(F\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Roadside**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-10}  & **Roadside** & & & & & & & & **Roadside** & **Urban** & **Rural** & \\ \hline TF (R-S) & 1.11 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.53 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.28 \({}^{\ast}\) & 7.88 & 0.006 \({}^{\ast\ast\ast}\) & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\ast}\) & 2.22 & 0.12 \\ TF (S-L) & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.52 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.52 \(\pm\) 0.41 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.24 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.56 & 0.6 & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.38 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.10 & 0.63 \\ TF (L-F) & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.56 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\ast}\) & 2.94 & 0.02 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.89 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.07 & 0.31 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Metal} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Pb} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Cd} \\ \hline TF (R-S) & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.14 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\) & 2.07 & 0.08 & 1.89 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.18 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.14 \({}^{\ast}\) & 2.13 & 0.23 \\ TF (S-L) & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.08 & 0.53 & 2.70 \(\pm\) 0.28 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.34 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.56 & 0.57 \\ TF (L-F) & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\ast}\) &(clay, silt, and sand), organic matter, electrical conductivity, biomass, cover, and available water. Roadside sites are present at the bottom left side of plot and rural areas lie at the bottom right side, while urban areas are present between roadside areas and rural areas. The first quadrant (on bottom left) of the PCA biplot indicated that roadside areas were mostly gathered under the influence of metal concentrations of soil, biomass, phosphorus, pH, and height of plants, while in the second quadrants (on bottom right), most of the environmental variables are clustered around electrical conductivity, potassium, and evenness index. Furthermore, the third and fourth quadrants of the PCA biplot elaborated that urban areas were assembled under the influence of diversity indices, nitrogen, organic matter, and cover of plants (Figure 4). The percent cumulative variance from the PCA shows 100% of the variance. Table 6 shows the variance extracted from the first 14 Axis where the Axis 1 shows 31.375% of the total variance, which gradually decreased to 0.332 for Axis 14. HM accumulation in the soils and plant were compared with other studies conducted in Pakistan and other countries with guideline values. Cu and Cd concentrations in soil (15.24, 3.69) of roadside areas were higher due to vehicular emissions as compared to urban and rural areas. The result of the present work in comparison with Egypt [29] except the railway station, the thermal power plant area in India [46], and Riyadh and Ghaza [9], showing higher concentrations of HMs in soil and _C. procera_. Compared to Pakistan [47], Qatar [30], and India [31], all HM concentrations in addition to Pb and Zn (6.08, 32.18) were higher in the roadside areas. Similarly, Cd concentrations were higher compared to those found in roadside soil of India. Cu concentrations of the present study were  
Figure 4: PCA-biplot of 15 contaminated sites superimposed with the corresponding influencing factors.