# Security and Independence of Process Safety and Control Systems in the Petroleum Industry
## 4 Technological Trends, New ICT Systems, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Solutions
### Industry 4.0  
The term Industry 4.0 [11] describes the fourth industrial revolution, or rather an evolution in which the internet merges with production and products. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a main driving force in this development, bringing the physical and digital world together, and it consists of four main parts: things, internet connections, data, and analytics.  
In connection with Industry 4.0, new platforms are being explored for the seamless interconnection of equipment and data sharing. Industry 4.0 originated in the German manufacturing industry; however, the concept has gained acceptance worldwide as part of the general digitalisation trend.  
With increased demand for efficiency within the oil and gas industry, technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, and IoT, are gradually being applied, replacing, or evolving traditional industrial production technologies. To enable this transition, the oil and gas industry needs to embrace the nine pillar technologies of Industry 4.0: autonomous robots, digital twins, cloud computing, 3D printing, augmented reality, big data, the industrial internet of things (IIoT), cybersecurity, and system integration [12].  
Initially, the petroleum industry emphasized the development of cloud solutions where large amounts of data from facilities are collected and shared, but this has been done without major changes in the underlying networks and systems in OT. At the same time, new initiatives are being launched that target both the design of OT networks and equipment, both from German and global organizations. This includes requirements and solutions for integration and data exchange between field equipment, controllers, operator stations, servers, and clients for various applications.  
At the core of the digitalisation process for Industry 4.0 lies the Reference Architecture Model (RAMI4.0), which describes how an asset can be converted into a digital representation and processed in the digital world [13]. While RAMI 4.0 provides the overall framework for how system integration should occur, there are several competing platforms that describe how this can be solved practically within both OT and the IT network, including, for instance Open Process Automation (OPA), Modular Type Package (MTP), and Namur Open architecture (NOA). Namur is covered in more detail in Section 4.3.  
In summary, great expectations have been created for the gains by using Asset Administration Shell (AAS), which is the implementation of a digital twin to realize RAMI 4.0. At the same time, this raises concerns that the traditional divisions built into networks and between systems may be erased. Both tools and code, for example for AAS, are published and further developed through open websites (github) as a kind of industry effort. Despite the fact that the various platforms (OPA, MTP, NOA, and AAS) claim to safeguard cybersecurity, the solutions also represent the risk of new vulnerabilities through new network structures and ways of exchanging data.