# Sustainability with Changing Climate and Extremes
###### Abstract  
Climate change and extreme events are receiving increasingly more attention in the global sustainable development sphere. Identifying the impacts of climate change and extreme events is not only important in terms of natural processes, such as heat waves and earthquakes, but also in terms of societal processes and the societal consequences of natural disasters. Over the past two years (2021 and 2022), extreme events have occurred across the globe. The February 2021 North American cold wave led to widespread power outages for millions of people in Texas, USA. Another remarkable extreme event, the recent Coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), is shaping the entire environmental and societal sustainability situation worldwide. In 2022, persistent heatwaves have been affecting Europe, causing evacuations and heat-related deaths with a maximum temperature of 47.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C reported in Pinhao, Portugal, on 14 July. The flood in Pakistan, the deadliest one in worldwide since 2017, has killed more than 1300 people since 14 June 2022. With the intensity and magnitude of climate change and extreme events being unknown, neither the changes themselves nor the corresponding impacts are clear under the current circumstances. Therefore, we organized this Special Issue under the theme of sustainability with respect to the changing climate and extremes. We will briefly discuss the contributions of the 34 published papers in this Special Issue in the following four sections. 202220202022  
where they occupied the largest plantation area of potatoes in China. They obtained the annual average climate production potential for potatoes in Inner Mongolia, which was 19,318 kg/hm\({}^{-2}\). Over the past 61 years, the climatic production potential exhibited an insignificant linear decreasing trend under the changed climate. The main finding of their study lies in their identification of precipitation as the main impact factor for the productive potential for potatoes in Inner Mongolia. Maize (_Zea mays_ L.) is one of the most important crops in the global and national economies and is the third highest yielding form of crop production in China. In China, the Huanghuaihai plain is the largest summer maize-producing area with a wheat-maize cropping system. The ongoing process of global warming increases the risk of high-temperature injury to maize. In addition, previous studies have shown that the inter- and mixed-cropping of maize varieties with different genotypes is one way to effectively alleviate high-temperature injuries during the flowering period. In this study, [PERSON] et al. (Contributor 3) investigated the response of five main genotypes of maize to high temperatures and different crop models during the flowering period. The main findings revealed that inter- and mixed cropping effectively reduced the impact of high temperatures during flowering, demonstrating that even the genotypic varieties can make significant differences in the yields. In addition, the diurnal temperature range (DTR) is also an important meteorological variable affecting maize yields. [PERSON] et al. (Contributor 4) evaluated the ability of 26 CMIP6 models to simulate DTR from 1961-2014 and projected the DTR under different shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios from 2015 to 2050. The main findings of their study included: (1) CMIP6 models can generally reproduce spatial distribution, especially in the maize cultivation areas; (2) The DTR remains stable from 2015-2050 under SSP245, while a significant decreasing trend is found under SSP585. This study implied the efficiency of the application of DTR in the accurate prediction of maize yield prediction. The dry-hot wind is a type of severe agricultural wind disaster with high a temperature and low humidity. Dry-hot winds can reduce wheat production by up to 30%. In China, Shandong Province has the greatest agricultural growth value among all of the provinces and is also the most affected by dry-hot winds. [PERSON] et al.