## 5 Discussion  
In this qualitative research, the SEM-VALTM model was developed, emerging as the most effective model due to its strong validity and marked improvement over previous models. This model meticulously accounts for both direct and indirect effects, precisely defining the relationships and their magnitudes, thereby avoiding misleading results. The findings align seamlessly with the research hypotheses and exhibit high quality and practical relevance. Additionally, the SEM-VALTM model facilitated new insights from quantitative data, demonstrating that the economic sector exerts the most significant influence on changes in the environmental sector. These changes, driven by economic activities, have a substantial negative impact, escalating environmental degradation. Furthermore, the environmental sector was identified as having the slowest recovery rate, often failing to adapt to balance, which intensifies the damage. The research also highlights the inefficiency of Thailand's past sustainability policy implementation, calling for the government to adopt innovative governance strategies. These strategies should integrate proactive and reactive measures to stabilize the economic sector and ensure sustainable progress towards Thailand 5.0. The findings further reveal that the SEM-VALTM model is highly effective in analyzing long-term greenhouse gas emissions (2025-2037) in alignment with designated carrying capacity thresholds. When a new scenario policy was introduced, greenhouse gas emissions in Thailand were significantly reduced, growing only to 55.04 Mt CO\({}_{2}\) Eq. during 2025-2037, well below the standard carrying capacity of 60.5 Mt CO\({}_{2}\) Eq. The analysis  
Figure 5: The forecasting results of greenhouse gas emission from 2025 to 2037 in Thailand. showed full alignment with the research hypotheses: the economic sector has the greatest direct negative impact on the environmental sector, indicating that rapid economic development increases ecological damage. Similarly, the social sector has an indirect negative effect on the environmental sector, and the economic sector also indirectly impacts the environment through its influence on the social sector. These findings highlight the risk of pursuing rapid economic growth under Thailand 5.0 policies, as such efforts could further exacerbate environmental damage. To counteract this, the government must urgently implement new scenario policies emphasizing renewable energy and clean technology. These measures are vital for strategic planning and sustainable national development, ensuring ecological balance. Notably, the SEM-VALTM model demonstrated minimal error in the environmental sector, underscoring the sector's difficulty in achieving equilibrium. Once disrupted, ecological systems are challenging, if not impossible, to restore. However, the findings of this research indicate that the changes in exogenous latent variables and endogenous latent variables exhibit both the magnitude of influence and the direction of relationships at a statistical significance level of \(\alpha=0.01\). These findings align with the hypotheses established in this research, which are as follows: (1) the economic sector influences changes in the environmental sector in an inverse direction; (2) the social sector influences changes in the environmental sector in an inverse direction; and (3) the economic sector influences changes in the social sector in the same direction. Additionally, it was found that the economic sector has an indirect effect on the environmental sector through the social sector. This research has developed the SEM-VALTM model, which proves to be highly valuable and serves as a critical tool for advancing the sustainable governance of Thailand towards Thailand 5.0, especially in long-term national management. Key findings from this study include:  
1. The environmental sector has the slowest adjustment capacity to equilibrium.