## 4 Mitigation Methods for Disinfecting AMR Pathogens and Genes in Wastewater Treatment
### Electro-Oxidation
Few authors used nanosilver and silver ions to eliminate ARGs from wastewater and other authors report the use of Titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) nanoparticles through photocatalysis, combined with the use of chlorination and UV, to inactivate ARGs in WW [128]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON], (2013) [124], colloid silver, metallic silver and salt silver inhibit antibiotic resistance genes in water. [PERSON] et al. have reviewed the ability of surface-modified silica dioxide nanoparticles and sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron in the uptake and degradation of ARGs in wastewater. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has gained more attention for eliminatingcontaminants/pollutant in the last two decades. It is relatively inexpensive, eco-friendly and has a strong reducing capacity (Fe\({}^{2+}\) + 2e\({}^{-}\)\(\rightarrow\) Fe(s), E\({}^{0}\) = \(-\) 0.44 V) [129]. It is able to bring about physical damage and oxidative stress to bacteria [130,131] through the FeO core simultaneously oxidizing to iron oxides and hydroxides [132]. As a nanoscale material, S-nZVI may provide a cost-effective way for ARG removal [133]. Very few nanomaterials amidst the vast ocean of nano particles have been reported or demonstrated against ARGs. This is a huge gap concerning this area of research. While nanotechnology has always had plenty to offer, the restricted use of nanoparticles in an aspect ideally close to human welfare and the environment is seen as a lacuna that calls for immediate attention. Options such as carbon-based nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes, could effectively remove pathogens from WW due to their antimicrobial properties [134,135]; thus, they are promising materials for targeting ARGs owing to their remarkable pore structure, which facilitates effective adsorption and retention. The application of the wide range of options that carbon nanomaterials have to offer, including buckyballs, nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, grapheme, GO, carbon nanodots, and the like, is essential. [PERSON] et al. [128] have evaluated the application of novel nanomaterial-based micro/nanoparticles and polymer films for ARG applications. Polymer-based composite nanomaterial options are also versatile options, yet only a couple of reports exist on their application to ARGs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-imprinted polymer films (LPS-MIP) and quaternary ammonium-functionalized-kaolin microparticles (QAS-K), which were designed for specifically targeting GNB and GPB, respectively, were demonstrated for their utility against ARGs [128]. This polymeric nanocomposite was deployed for ARG mitigation in a wastewater treatment plant. It could successfully lead to the specific recognition and capture of whole bacteria [136, 137, 138] and was effective against ARGs [139]. Furthermore, the lack of quality data and efforts in removing antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their genes compared to the abundance of data on the prevalence or incidences of these substances in wastewater is something that was noticed through the survey performed to compile this review. On the whole, it is high time that well-structured and strategized mitigation methods are investigated and real-time solutions are provided. Figure 3: Mitigation methods currently in practice and future recommendations. Given the fact that so many lethal ARGs are floated into the environment, more than mitigation efforts, careful monitoring and stringent measures need to be enacted to stop the release of these ARGs into the environment in the first place.