## 3 Background
This includes, but is not limited, to children, students, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities, as each have unique vulnerabilities and needs. For children, accessible web interfaces can support early learning and development by providing age-appropriate interfaces with visual cues and minimal text adapted to their level. Cyber safety for children involves protecting them from online predators, cyberbullying, and exposure to inappropriate content. Establishing robust, universal child-safety measures on the open web is exceptionally difficult. The key challenges include the following:  
* Content filtering limitations: The automatic detection of harmful or inappropriate content is prone to false positives and false negatives. Advanced AI-driven filters can help but are not faultless. * Parental/guardian involvement: Realistically, adult supervision remains crucial. Technology alone cannot entirely replace oversight and education regarding safe online practices. * Regulatory differences across jurisdictions: legislation, such as the [35] Australian eSafety framework, or the [36] Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) in the U.S., sets stringent compliance rules; however, consistent enforcement and global adoption remain complex. * Balancing privacy and protection: systems designed to protect children must also respect privacy rights and avoid overreaching surveillance. Australia has implemented notable measures through agencies like the eSafety Commissioner [37], which provides resources and guidelines for parents, schools, and online service providers to address cyberbullying, online grooming, and the exposure to harmful content. These initiatives highlight the following:  
* Multi-stakeholder collaboration: government bodies, educational institutions, social media platforms, and parents share responsibility. * Ongoing education and awareness: training, digital literacy programs, and safer online curricula for minors. * Reporting mechanisms: established channels to report illegal or harmful content and rapid response to victim support. Despite these efforts, no system can guarantee 100% safety. Hence, solutions for \"cybersecurity for children\" should be seen as mitigations rather than an absolute remedy. A combination of accessible UI design (e.g., simplified parental controls and clear language usage) and robust security measures (e.g., content filtering and safe-browsing APIs) can significantly reduce risks, but ongoing oversight is still necessary. Another vulnerable group includes students. The educational platforms they access must be accessible so that all of them, including those with disabilities, can fully participate in learning activities. Educational content is made more accessible with features like text-to-speech capabilities, screen reader compatibility, and changeable text sizes. Additionally, to maintain the integrity of students' academic records and protect their privacy, educational platforms need to be secure and resilient against cyberattacks. Accessible online interfaces are crucial for senior citizens to preserve their independence and social connections. Age-related impairments, like low eyesight, hearing loss, or difficulties with motor skills, are common for individuals in this group [38], which can make using typical web interfaces challenging. Accessible design features, such as larger text,voice commands, and simplified navigation, can greatly improve their ability to use digital services. In terms of cybersecurity, seniors are often targeted by cybercriminals due to their limited technical knowledge. Phishing scams, identity theft, and fraud are significant risks. Therefore, implementing strong cybersecurity measures, including robust authentication processes and educating users on threat recognition, are necessary to effectively protect them. UX/UI design is vital for enabling marginalized groups to interact with digital systems in a straightforward, effective, and frustration-free manner.