## 1 Introduction  
In 2004, [PERSON]'s team and [PERSON]'s group conducted experiments leading to the creation of a novel type of bioactive glass known as mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) [1]. MBG is derived from the SiO\({}_{2}\)-CaO-P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) system and features a well-ordered porosity with uniformly sized pores ranging from 2 to 50 nm. Specifically, the 80S (80 SiO\({}_{2}\)-16 CaO-4P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\)) MBG composition offers numerous advantages, including heightened biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and the controlled release of calcium and phosphate ions, which are essential for bone mineralization and regeneration. In addition, its mesoporous structure provides an extensive surface area and facilitates efficient ion exchange, bioactivity, and cell adhesion for bone growth [2, 3]. These characteristics make it a favored choice for applications in bone tissue engineering and regeneration, aligning it closely with the natural bone environment and contributing to favorable outcomes in bone healing and reconstruction procedures [4]. In recent years, various metal ions, including silver, cerium, copper, gallium, and zinc, have emerged as therapeutic agents that can stimulate bone growth, angiogenesis, and antibacterial effects [5, 6, 7]. However, these metal ions have limitations, such as unstable ionic states and potential toxicity when directly consumed [8]. To address these challenges, substrates like zeolites, hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglass, silica, and carbon fibers have been employed to harness their antibacterial properties. To improve the stability of ionic states and enable a gradual, sustained release of metal ions over an extended duration, extensive research has concentrated on developing antibacterial drugs where metal ions are bound to a substrate [8]. Drug-resistant infections pose a significant global health threat, an examination of their burden and treatment challenges. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have escalated to a critical level, with estimates indicating that by 2050, AMR could lead to 10 million deaths annually worldwide, surpassing current mortality rates from cancer or road traffic accidents [9; 10]. Factors contributing to this trend include overuse and misuse of antibiotics, inadequate infection control practices [11], and a lack of new antimicrobial agents [12]. Additionally, the economic impact of these infections is significant, with potential direct healthcare costs of up to USD 2.9 trillion and a projected loss of USD 100 trillion in global economic output by 2050 [13; 14]. Therefore, understanding the burden of drug-resistant infections and their treatment challenges is crucial for developing effective interventions and policies. The alarming and rapid growth in drug-resistant microbial-related illnesses has motivated researchers to focus their attention on developing innovative therapies for bacterial infections [15]. Notably, _Staphylococcus aureus_ (_S. aureus_), a Gram-positive bacterium, frequently colonizes both human skin and mucosal surfaces. The capacity of the bacterium to induce post-surgical and wound infections can be attributed to an array of virulence factors, such as adhesins, toxins, and mechanisms for immune evasion [16]. _E. coli_, on the other hand, has emerged as one of the most severe and drug-resistant infections globally [17; 18], giving rise to various ailments such as post-surgical infections, wound infections, sepsis, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, and specific forms of diarrhea [19]. Consequently, drug-resistant infections are now recognized as severe concerns that can lead to a multitude of repercussions, including prolonged hospital stays, increased readmission rates, elevated pharmaceutical expenditures, lost workdays, post-discharge care, and even fatalities, as reported by the World Health Organization [1; 18; 20].