# Deep Learning Seehive Monitoring System for Early Detection of the Varroa Mite
## 3 Proposed Varroa Detection System Implementation
### Beehive Camera End-Node  
The beehive camera monitoring module is attached to a plastic beehive frame, and it is placed inside the beehive brood box, as shown in Figure 1. The module includes the following components:  
* The camera module component. There are two camera module components included in the end-node detection module. The first is a 5 MP camera with a fisheye lens of 160\({}^{\circ}\) sighting and manually adjusted focus. This camera is connected to the end node microprocessor using a 15 pin FFC cable. The first camera is located in the middle of the plastic frame (see Figure 1, Camera 1). There is also a second camera attached to the end-node device. This is a 5 MP USB camera located on top of the plastic frame. It is placed on top of a plastic frame covered entirely with a smooth plastic surface to avoid being built or waxed by bees. It is equipped with a small led and a hinged arm that allows the camera to take images above and on top of the frames. Both cameras are connected to a quad-core ARM microprocessor and can be used concurrently to capture bee images inside the brood box.
* The Microprocessor Control Unit (MCU). The MCU is a quad-core embedded 64 bit-ARM microprocessor device operating at 1 GHz, including a 512 MB LDDR2 RAM clocked at 450 MHz. The MCU is responsible for storing camera snapshots to its embedded SD-card and if appropriately configured, uploading them to the cloud, using the Varroa detection service Application Interface (API) is created for that purpose (see Figure 1, ARM end-node CPU).
* The data transmission modules. There are MCU embedded Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.2 with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) capable transponders attached to the MCU. The transponders are used in turn by the two modes of end-node device operations: Online and offline.
* The autonomous device power component. It includes a 20 W/12 V PV panel connected directly to a 12 V-60 Ah lead-acid SLA/AGM battery (see Figure 1). The battery is placed under the PV panel on top of the beehive and feeds the ARM MCU unit using a 12 V voltage regulator with \(2\times\) USB outputs, used to power the end-node device through its micro-USB power port. The battery used is a deep depletion one, since the system might get fully discharged due to its short battery capacity, especially at night or on prolonged cloudy days.  
* The real-time clock module. An Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) DS1307 Real Time Clock (RTC) module is placed at the General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pin of the MCU for the process of keeping track of time if the end-node device is operating in offline mode. Suppose online appropriate Network Time Protocol (NTP) service is automatically used to calibrate time offsets and reset the RTC DateTime.
* The Wi-Fi concentrator. It is used only in the online mode of operation, and it is a Wi-Fi access point device that includes an LTE/3G cellular transceiver. The end-node MCU connects to the concentrator for the process of imagery data uploads to the cloud if the device operates in online mode. For the offline mode, the MCU BLE interface is used, transmitting to a distance up to 4-10 m the detection output of the beehive. The following subsection describes the end-node device's two modes of operation.