## 5 Conclusions  
The findings of this scientific study provide valuable insights that are essential for future in vivo assessment of biomaterials in the context of dental surgery and probable augmentation procedures. The results of the microbiological examination of selected common oral pathogens, including _S. mutans_, _C. albicans_, and _L. rhamnus_, indicated various effects on their inhibition. The values of the _C. albicans_ strains exhibited variation over the initial 24-h period of contact with each of the materials. However, the reduction in microbial count was ultimately observed to be lower in the case of the nFAp samples when compared to both the nHAp samples and the control. Conversely, there was no reduction in the proliferation of _S. mutans_ in the nHAp samples. However, the nFAp material did demonstrate a decline in the microbial count of _S. mutans_. The greatest variation was observed in the _L. rhamnus_ CFU/mL values, which also demonstrated the least reduction in numbers. However, when compared between the materials used in the study, the nFAp material exhibited lower values than the nHAp material. The presence of biomaterials generally caused reduced CFU/mL microbial values. The impact of nFAp and nHAp materials' surfaces on microbial adhesion was observed and assessed. The behaviour of each microbial strain was found to vary depending on the surface with which it interacted. This is a crucial point to highlight, as it demonstrates the intricate nature of biomaterials research, which must withstand a multitude of factors, including the interactions of a vast array of microorganisms. In the end of the carried out scientific study, _C. albicans_ adhered to nFAp at a lower level of CFU/mL than to the nHAp material's surface. On the other hand, _L. rhamnus_ adhered slightly more efficiently to nFAp samples when compared to nHAp ones. The greatest disparity in microbial count was observed in relation to _S. mutans_ strains, whereby its adhesion was markedly reduced in nFAp when compared to the higher count observed in nHAp. The reduced adhesion of microbial strains dependent on the applied biomaterial indicates a potential for the future surgical in vitro use of apatites and their modified forms. The results obtained by the authors indicate that the biomaterials are functioning as intended. It is evident that further research is necessary in order to determine the optimal inhibitory effect of _L. rhamnus_ on these strains. Nevertheless, the outcomes regarding the other two microbial strains, namely _C. albicans_ and _S. mutans_, remain crucial for limiting the potential adverse effects and infections in the surgical area subsequent to the dental procedure. Only the highest concentrations of nFAp lowered the differentiation rate of assessed preosteoblastic cells. Alizarin Red staining confirmed fluorine ion induction of MC3T3 cell differentiation. The utilisation of nanomaterials in the form of nHAp and nFAp to facilitate bone regeneration and modelling in the context of dental surgery is a highly intricate matter. The in vitro studies conducted in this scientific work illustrate the multifactorial nature of this issue and confirm that multiple conditions must be met to enhance bone regeneration while avoiding adverse effects on host cells. The presence of different strains of microorganisms in the oral cavity in varying proportions, coupled with the necessity for these biomaterials to be non-cytotoxic to the host cells, presents a significant challenge from a medical perspective. It is important to underline that the fluorine ions induce differentiation of MC3T3 cells without any supplements. Nevertheless, the in vitro research conducted in this study, encompassing microbiological and cytotoxic evaluations, demonstrates that nHAp and nFAp materials, due to their distinctive properties and optimal proportions, are capable of facilitating bone regeneration and remodelling, which is the most crucial aspect of dental surgery.