## Results and Discussions: The Influence and Benefits of PPGIS
### Enhancing Competence  
PPGIS can improve the capacity of stakeholders; in other words, it can help stakeholders access geospatial information and improve their participation in communications and negotiations, according to References [31; 70].  
Using the free and easily accessible Google Earth, the academic team worked with WRCEA volunteers to collect information about bird distribution, wetland elevation, and interactions with the tides. Such information, together with the information about the zoning of this wildlife refuge and land use in the surrounding areas, played a key role in the discussion about refuge management and governance.  
With 3-D and high-resolution display capabilities, Google Earth positively helped the stakeholders participating in the platform meeting to easily and clearly understand the dynamics of environmental resources within and nearby the refuge, thereby improving communication efficiency. The PPGIS not only transformed the monitoring data into a Google Earth 3-D environment but also improved management discussions by overlaying high resolution aerial photographs and other geospatial information (e.g., zoning, peripheral water systems, and hot spots of birds). The comparison of these geospatial data also allowed stakeholders to examine the integration of different management objectives from a more holistic perspective, thereby mitigating the management risk of uncertainty.  
\"After having a comprehensive view of the substratum elevation, everyone will be better off figuring out how to dredge, and then, we can avoid the destruction of the bird habitat in the refuge.\" (LC12)  
\"This kind of view makes everything clearer. You can clarify the discussion with the county government, and there will be no discrepancy between the two sides.\" (LP01)  
\"You can zoom in and out on the map very quickly, so we can immediately see that the water in the refuge is flowing from there.... Later, there is some monitoring taking place in that location of the river.\" (LC06)  
\"Using this method of comparison, we can know which part of the area should be dredged and it is also possible to avoid the bird habitats.\" (LC06)  
Community members without any specialized background were able to compare substratum elevation data and silt locations with the visual information provided during the PPGIS workshop. Community members could also identify the location whirlpool and historical remains under water; as a result, they were able to integrate more local perspectives in their reading of the data.  
The PPGIS did not merely contribute to the transformation of the decision-making mechanisms; it also helped local stakeholders effectively persuade government and academic stakeholders during the negotiations over actual management strategies. Through the above procedures, PPGIS improved the effectiveness of the stakeholder negotiations over management and reduced the cost of communication between stakeholders.  
\"This method of communication is very effective because the message is clearly presented and everyone can express what they want and will not be misunderstood..., so much so that it allows coordination.\" (LC08)