# Adjuvant Effects of _Lavandula angustifolia_ Oil in Experimental Carrageenanan-Induced Thrombosis
## 1 Introduction  
Thrombosis involves the activation of platelets, secretory function, and the activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation systems. Thrombosis can develop in arteries (e.g., ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke) or veins (e.g., deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) [1, 2]. Two thromboembolic conditions, ischemic heart disease and stroke, accounted for one in four deaths worldwide in 2010 [3]. In the United States, the mortality rate from pulmonary embolism increased slightly from 2008 to 2018 withan average annual percentage change of 0.6% (95%CI 0.2 to 0.9) [4]. In Europe and the USA, venous thromboembolism affects one to two individuals per (VTE) [5], with a slight increase over time [6]. Venous thromboembolism occurs four times more in high-income countries compared to low-income [7], is associated with a risk of recurrence (up to \(\sim\)40% after 10 years [8]), and has a higher fatality rate among people with pulmonary embolism (PE, 9.7%) compared to deep-venous thrombosis (DVT, 4.6%) [9]. Inflammation plays a role in the initiation and development of thrombosis. Tissue factor (TF), also called factor III, is a Orthrombotic mediator found in leukocytes that activates thrombosis in inflammatory status. By activating TF expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\(\alpha\)), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), it can trigger the procoagulant state. Additionally, inflammation promotes the expression of procoagulant factors, enhancing the activation of the coagulation system. Inflammation can simultaneously inhibit the expression of natural anticoagulants. In addition, chronic inflammation can cause endothelial damage by impairing the anti-aggregate, anticoagulant, and vasodilatory properties of the endothelium and reducing the expression of anti-thrombotic factors [10]. Antiplatelet drugs act to stop or minimize the activation and aggregation of platelets and reduce the activation of coagulation. Aspirin, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor are common antiplatelet medications. Anticoagulant medications reduce the body's production of coagulation factors, thinning the blood and reducing the risk of stroke and other diseases associated with blood clots [11]. Nadroparin calcium (Fraziparine) is a low molecular weight heparin obtained from porcine heparin by depolymerization with nitrous acid [12]. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is an anticoagulant compound, manufactured using unfractionated heparin (UFH) by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization, with an approximate molecular mass of 5000 Da. Activation of antithrombin is the primary mechanism by which LMWHs exert their anticoagulant effect. A unique pentasaccharide sequence facilitates their interaction with antithrombin. This association induces a structural alteration in antithrombin, enhancing its ability to block the activated factor X [13; 14]. Given the intricate nature of inflammation and thrombosis and the interplay between these processes, the treatment of thrombosis could be enhanced by the administration of anti-inflammatory agents that do not have side effects or bleeding risks. Lavender belongs to the _Lamiaceae_ family and consists of around 50 species. Many of these species serve as decorative plants, culinary herbs, and precursors of essential oils. Lavender oil (LO) comprises over 100 distinct chemical components (such as monoterenes, sesquiterpenes, and diiterpenes) with linaly acetate and linalool being the main compounds [15]. Chemical composition of _Lavandula angustifolia_ depends on the geographical origin of cultivation [16] as well as on the timing of preparation (before or at the end of the flowing period) [17]. _Lavandula angustifolia_ oil has antibacterial (e.g., eucalypt, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and \(\alpha\)-terpineol), anti-inflammatory (e.g., 1,8-cineole, borneol, and camphor), antioxidant (e.g., phenolic compounds), and analgesic effects [18; 19; 20; 21].