## 1 Introduction  
Dust emission has significant implications on the earth's systems including atmosphere [1], marine ecosystems [2], and terrestrial ecosystems [3]. Moreover, dust emission is significant for air pollution and human health. The atmospheric PM pollution can increase high above the standard values of air quality [4; 5]. During dust storms, average daily PM10 concentrations can be about 40 times higher than the guideline of WHO (World Health Organization) with PM10 concentration of >2000 \(\upmu\)g m\({}^{-3}\). The impact of dust-PM10 on public health is related to asthma in children [6], cardiovascular morbidity [7], and more. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in quantifying PM emission from dust sources due to anthropogenic activities from environmental quality and human health perspectives.  
Anthropogenic activities in soils such as quarrying, mining, and off-road vehicles traveling, are major concern for dust emission by wind. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) with reference to dust emission in unpaved roads because of vehicle travels [8]. In unpaved roads, dust is released by direct uplift because of the contact between the wheels and the surface, and indirect uplift is caused by turbulence generated by the vehicle [9]. An experimental study showed a linear relationship between unpaved road dust PM\({}_{10}\) emissions and vehicle speed by testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emissions from roads [10]. The PM\({}_{10}\) entrained into the atmosphere and transported over relevant distances should be calculated based on the fluxes of dust emissions [11]. A numerical model was formulated using dust emission parametrizations to present the atmospheric PM dispersion from unpaved roads [12].  
Regardless of the dust emission by vehicle travels, unpaved roads are subjected to dust emission by wind process, and overall these could be a substantial contribution to mass transfer and air pollution. Dust emission by wind depends on the surface characteristics to determine the threshold of wind velocity that will initiate the transport of soil particles [13; 14]. The fine-dust particles are usually held in soil aggregates and thereby are not available for direct lifting at low wind velocities. In this case the emission of the fine particles may be enabled by higher shear velocity or by saltation of sand particles and/or aggregates [15; 16]. The soil aggregates can breakdown to release dust particles either by self-saltating or by the impact of other saltators [13; 14]. Vehicles on unpaved roads alter the surface properties and may amplify dust emission by wind. Pulverization of the top layer by the tires facilitates the emission as it breaks soil aggregates [17]. The disintegration of the soil increases the amount of fine particles in the surface (dust-sized particles) that are subjected to direct lifting at lower wind velocities [14] with expected higher dust fluxes to the atmosphere.  
Dust emission can be reduced by using dust control products. Such products are based mainly on synthetic or natural polymers, which applied by wetting the soil surfaces with the products. Note that this application refers to \"dust control\" in this study rather than \"soil stabilization\" that is typically associated with application of mixing (and packing) the soil layers with products to improve engineering properties. A wide range of dust control products have been tested for dust emission by vehicles traveling in unpaved roads [18; 19]. There is lack of fundamental research examining the efficiency of diverse products in suppression of dust emission by wind. This study aimed to fill this gap by targeted wind tunnel experiments under laboratory and field conditions.