## 2 The Proposed Methodology
### The Construction of Knowledge Graph  
The construction of domain-specific knowledge graphs fundamentally requires precise schema definition. Ontologies serve as foundational frameworks for establishing knowledge graph schemas, essentially creating essential knowledge skeletons that critically guide the systematic development of knowledge graphs. Numerous scholars have conducted extensive investigations into loess geological disaster influencing factors from diverse disciplinary perspectives [30; 31; 32]. However, the existing research exhibits notable heterogeneity in its conclusions, primarily attributable to variations in methodological emphases and analytical frameworks across different academic approaches. The ontological construction of factors affecting loess slope stability was systematically investigated, with six critical geospatial and geological determinants identified: geological structures, spatial configurations, loess topographic features, lithological compositions, stratigraphic architectures, and physical/hydraulic/mechanical properties. Advanced domain ontology modeling methodologies were employed, and the unified formalization of these multi-dimensional factors was conducted, with domain knowledge concepts being translated  
Figure 1: Overall process of the knowledge graph construction. into machine-interpretable ontological representations. This process established a robust framework for constructing geohazard knowledge graphs, with particular emphasis on developing a sophisticated geospatial ontology. The meticulous integration of spatial relationships and material properties within this ontological framework plays a critical role in enabling the computational analysis of slope stability mechanisms, thereby advancing the transition from traditional empirical assessments to data-and-knowledge-driven geohazard evaluation paradigms. The ontology modeling process adopted in this study was improved based on the Stanford \"Seven-Step Method\" and incorporated the handling of specific domain knowledge: (1) The knowledge scope of each aspect of the influencing factors was determined according to the six dimensions, thereby delineating a knowledge system and scope that clearly expressed and explained various phenomena, concepts, and specialized terminology related to the influencing factors and their interrelationships. (2) The important concepts, terms, and relationships within the subdomain ontologies of each aspect were organized. This primarily includes the geographic spatial relationships of loess disaster concept entities, the classification and categorization system of loess landforms, and the quantitative representation of landform shapes. The properties of the geotechnical mass, including lithological characteristics, rock physical properties, and degree of weathering, were examined. The degree of development and distribution patterns of bedding, joints, cleavages, and fractures within the geotechnical structure were analyzed, along with the cementation of structural surfaces, weak planes, and the relationship between fractured zones and slopes. The morphology of geotechnical interfaces, their spatial relationships with slope direction and slope angle, and their impact on rock strength and joint/fracture development were considered. The concepts and indicators of the physical, hydraulic, and mechanical properties of loess were also addressed. (3) The hierarchical relationships of various concepts were defined, including those between rock stratigraphy, rock types, and spatial locations. (4) The characteristic attributes of measurable concepts were defined, including geotechnical properties, mechanical indices (such as moisture content, internal friction angle, cohesion, plasticity index, etc. ), slope features (slope height, slope angle, and slope type), and rock layer attitude. The relationships between these attributes were established, assuming that these features were independent and setting the range for their attribute values.