## 2 Materials and Methods
### Investigated Locations Description  
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tram networks given in [26], we decided to perform research regarding dwell times on island stop platforms due to the following reasons: (1) 60% of tram network stops were island platforms, (2) along island platforms, tram stop operation was not affected by individual car traffic, and (3) there was no interference between tram passengers and pedestrians on island platforms. It should be emphasized that the research was conducted during COVID-19 restrictions in the form of limiting the number of passengers in the vehicle to 40% of the maximum vehicle occupancy, and there was a ban on communication with the driver to purchase tickets. As most of the network's island platforms were located outside the city center and the number of passengers decreases as the distance from the city center rises, to ensure adequate numbers of tram passengers for the investigation, the decision was made to investigate island stops near the city center. At such locations, frequent tram passages were expected, but not so many as to cause trans to bunch on stops and intersections, and it was less likely that high variations in passenger volumes would occur during the measurements. A section of the double tram track laid in the separate corridor of one of the city avenues, passing in the E-W direction along the southern edge of the city center, was \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Platform Layout** & **Minimal Value** & **Maximal Value** & **Most Frequent Value** \\
**Characteristics** & & & \\ \hline Height (m) & 0.05 & 0.25 & 0.20 \\ Distance from track & 1.15 & 1.550 & 1.25 \\ centerline (m) & 2.00 & 14.60 & 3.00 \\ Island platform width (m) & 1.60 & 8.00 & 3.00 \\ Sidewalk platform length (m) & 29.90 & 70.50 & 45.00 \\ Island platform length (m) & 27.50 & 102.40 & 45.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Layout characteristics of single-stop platforms. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**A Characteristic Day** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Line Transportation** \\ **Speed (km/h)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Line Turnaround** \\ **Cycle Speed (km/h)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Working day & 14.6 & 12.5 \\ Saturday & 15.9 & 13.5 \\ Sunday and public holiday & 16.3 & 13.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Line speed indicators for tram lines during autumn, winter, and spring months. chosen for use in the investigation. In addition to the central double tram track corridor, the avenue consists of 2 separate carriageways with 3 lanes each. All intersections along the observed section were in level and signalized. We decided to perform the research at stops located after the intersection in the direction of the tram vehicle movement to neutralize the impact of traffic lights on the stop dwell time. To ensure traffic conditions that were as similar to each other as possible, the investigation was conducted at 3 consecutive tram stops located along the avenue's northern tram track (Figure 2). The first one (\"Stop-1\") was located near main PT bus routes connecting the city center with its far south regions, i.e., this was an intermodal stop. There were no distinctive attractors for PT users near the second stop (\"Stop-2\"). Therefore, low passenger volumes were expected. The third stop (\"Stop-3\") was located near several higher education institutions and was expected to be used mostly by younger passengers, probably randomly arriving during the day, i.e., distinctive peak volume hours with a larger proportion of passengers boarding or alighting were not expected at this stop. The basic platform characteristics of all 3 stops are given in Table 3. All 3 stops were located after intersections, i.e., at the far end concerning the direction of travel. The distance between stop signs was 325 m between Stop-1 and Stop-2 and 340 m between Stop-2 and Stop-3. In addition, all 3 stops were equipped with a shelter and a protective glass fence.