# Smart City for Sustainable Development: Applied Processes from SUMP to MaaS at European Level
## 1 Introduction  
Cities are very complex systems due to the concentration of economic activities and social and environmental interactions. For these reasons, cities play a relevant role in the pursuing sustainability goals in the classical components related to social, economic and environmental development. The United Nations estimates that, by 2050, 66% of the world's population will live in cities, and this implies that urban challenges will strongly increase. Then, if the urban challenges are not faced with a correct approach, the sustainability goals cannot be achieved [1]. The United Nations confront this challenge with Agenda 2030, adopted in 2015, to increase \"peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future\" [2]. The agenda sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined by 189 targets and 261 indicators [3] that each state measures by means of national variables (Figure 1). Within the 17 SDGs, it is possible to identify two homogeneous classes that regard specific dimensions of sustainability [4; 5]:  
* \"Vital Needs\" that includes SDGs 1, 2 and 3, referring to basic needs of society to allow for survival (poverty, hunger, health);
* \"Optimal Needs\" that includes SDGs 4, 5 and 6, referring to the needs of education, equity and natural resources for allowing for growth. The smart city concept represents a way to achieve the urban sustainability goals even if the connection between smart and sustainability cities is not obvious [6; 7; 8]. The concept is gaining relevance in research for developing urban theories, in politics for developing urban rules and in real practices for developing urban implementations [9]. The dynamic among theories, rules and implementations represents a further complexity, and the smart city contributes to a positive evolution of this dynamic [9; 10]. For this reason, advancements in the single process and their application require more insights [11]. Urban transport is connected to different sustainable development goals. Challenges of mobility of people and goods are related to the difficulty of reaching a trade-off between \"the right to access and mobility on the one hand, and the right to clean air and living quality on the other hand\" in line with the dilemma described in the \"Tragedy of the Commons\" [12]. \"Individual mobility rather belongs to the private right, a clean and safe environment shall be regarded as a commons to be safeguarded\". In the urban sustainability perspective, the limitation of natural resources represents one of the main challenges in the current and future contexts and it generates the dilemma. For instance, the imbalance between mobility needs and limitation of energy resources is very challenging. Looking for a trade-off to solve this imbalance implies the need to study mobility from different perspectives and point of views. Agenda 2030 dedicates specific attention to urban mobility within specific SDGs, targets and relative indicators. Figure 1 underlines the groups of SDGs and those that can have a positive contribution for sustainable urban mobility. It is possible to individuate the SGDs that provide the following ([5; 13]):  
* A crucial contribution to sustainable mobility: SDG 11 oriented to sustainable cities and communities;  
Figure 1: SDGs related to urban mobility (source: elaboration from UN, 2015 [2]). * A direct contribution to sustainable mobility: SDG 8 oriented to economic growth; SDG 9 oriented to sustainable industrial development and resilient infrastructure; SDG 10 oriented to social sustainability;
* An indirect contribution to sustainable mobility: SDG 7 oriented to the use of renewable energy; SDG13 oriented to climate challenges. This paper proposes an analysis of the advancements on the smart city process at European level, by focusing on the urban mobility development directions determined by the SDGs.