esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 CIE Standard Sky Classification in Burgos between 1 April 2019 and 21 January 2020  
The Normalization Ratio (NR) introduced by [PERSON] [44; 45] in the original Standard Sky Luminance Distribution (SSLD) method [46], detailed and described in a previous paper [42], was used to determine the CIE standard sky types over Burgos between April 2019 and January 2020. The Frequency of Occurrence (FOC, %) of each sky type during the period under study is shown in Figure 3. As can be seen, all types of CIE standard skies can be found in Burgos. Sky types 11, 12, and 13, corresponding to CIE standard clear sky categories, had FOCs of around 10% (sky type 11) and 14.5% (sky types 12 and 13), followed by sky type 14 (FOC 8.4%). FOCs of around 7% were accounted for by sky types 1, 7, 8, and 15. The appearances of sky types 5, 9, and 10 were anecdotal in Burgos in the period under study, with FOCs of less than 3%. When only three sky categories were considered, the sky conditions in Burgos were predominantly clear, with FOCs of almost 62%, while the FOCs of overcast and partial cloudy conditions were 23.96% and 22.92%, respectively, as shown in Figure 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **SR11** \\ \hline ISO classification & first class \\ Spectral range & 300 to 2800 nm \\ Irradiance range & 0 to 2000 W/m\({}^{2}\) \\ Sensitivity & \(15\times 10^{-6}\) V/(Wm\({}^{-2}\)) \\ Calibration uncertainty & \(<\)1.8\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Pyranometer technical specifications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **ML-020P** \\ \hline Measurement Range & 0–3000 \(\mu\)mol\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) \\ Spectral range & 400 to 700 nm \\ Operating temperature & \(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Temperature response & \(\pm\)1\% \\ Sensitivity & \(0.15\times 10^{-6}\) V/\(\mu\)mol\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Photon-meter technical specifications.  
Figure 5 shows that overcast sky conditions predominated in November and January and clear skies predominated from May to October in Burgos during the experimental campaign. Figure 6 reflects the predominance of clear skies in all hourly intervals of the day, from sunrise to sunset, at which point the standard CIE tends to classify the skies as partially overcast.  
Figure 4: Frequency of occurrence (FOC, %) of CIE Cloudiness classification in Burgos, Spain, between April 2019 and January 2020.  
Figure 5: Monthly frequency of occurrence of clear, partial, and overcast sky conditions in Burgos between April 2019 and January 2020.  
Figure 3: Frequency of occurrence (FOC, %) of CIE standard sky types in Burgos, Spain, between April 2019 and January 2020.
## 4 Discussion
This is in line with the conclusions of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [99], who observed that DC-accelerated chloride-induced corrosion is generally more uniform, impacting the entire surface of the rebar, whereas natural corrosion is typically more localised, particularly in RC. Additionally, they argued that DC-accelerated corrosion produces corrosion products that may differ chemically from those formed during natural corrosion. Moreover, in their literature review regarding different methods of accelerating chloride-induced corrosion, [PERSON] et al. [96] reached a similar conclusion to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [99], arguing that high corrosion current densities may result in more unstable corrosion products with smaller volume than in the case of natural corrosion. Since the lateral pressure exerted by corrosion products directly influences corrosion-induced crack formation (which exposes more of the rebar area to corrosive agents and affects corrosion evolution), the use of DC complicates the evaluation of performance between RC and RR-FRC elements, since fibres alter the damage progression dynamics. Furthermore, fibres influence both the state of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) by mitigating damage through a more even distribution of internal stresses and the cracking pattern by promoting greater uniformity, which in turn leads to more uniform corrosion damage. This intricate interaction, where both DC (if water electrolysis occurs) and fibres affect the ITZ and corrosion patterns, complicates comparisons between RC and RR-FRC and makes it challenging to quantify the contribution of fibres when using DC to accelerate corrosion in RR-FRC elements. In this regard, the application of natural corrosion, or wetting and drying cycles to accelerate corrosion, reduces the complexity and the need to decouple the effects of DC from those of fibres and may therefore lead to more representative results. Moreover, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [95], the use of multiple techniques, rather than a single one, to study the state of ITZ, especially when DC techniques are used to accelerate corrosion, might help in better understanding the role of ITZ, the effects of using DC, and ultimately, the interplay between fibres and DC. In the context of this study, all of the reviewed campaigns [73; 82; 86] where controlled voltage was used to accelerate corrosion applied values above the threshold of 1.3 V, ranging between 3 V and 13 V. Similarly, in studies where controlled current was used [67; 72; 74; 75; 89], the resulting current density was above 10 \(\mu\)A/cm\({}^{2}\), ranging between 200 \(\mu\)A/cm\({}^{2}\) and 1300 \(\mu\)A/cm\({}^{2}\). However, it is important to note that the use of accelerated corrosion (both DC and wetting and drying cycles) and natural corrosion exposure in studies still demonstrates consistent trends. Namely, lower degradation of the load-bearing capacity is observed in RR-FRC compared to RC, regardless of the methodology used.
## 9 Metabolic Features and By-Products from _Candida stellata_ Activity
### Biotechnological Application of Extracellular Enzymes Secreted by Candida stellata
#### 9.3.4 Glycosidases  
The organoleptic characteristics of beverages (taste and aroma) can be enhanced by glycosidases that hydrolyse odourless and non-volatile glycosidic precursors of the fruits [111]. Glycosidase activities comprise \(\beta\)-d-glucosidase, \(\beta\)-d-xylosidase, \(\beta\)-d-apiosidase, \(\alpha\)-l-rhamnosidase, and \(\alpha\)-l-arabinofuranosidase. The bound aroma complex includes glucosides and diglycosides, and compounds such as terpenols, terpeno, benzene diols, benzene derivatives, aliphatic alcohols, phenols, and C-13 norisoprenoids; additionally, the enzymatic hydrolysis of these sugar-conjugated precursors releasedvery aromatic volatile monoterepenes (aglycons) through two-step reaction [112]. Numerous works have been based on glycosidase activities in yeasts of an oenological origin; in particular, some of them have observed \(\beta\)-glucosidase activity in _C. stellata_ strains possibly related to the fruity and floral aroma found in the wines elaborated with these strains [4; 87; 113; 114; 103]. [PERSON] et al. [115] had already documented the terpen production (\(\beta\)-myrcene, limonene, linalool, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, and farnesol) of _C. stellata_. Another study using one _C. stellata_ strain isolated from Denomination of Origin (D.O.) \"Vinos de Madrid\" showed the highest concentration of \(\beta\)-phenylethyl alcohol (roes) in wine compared to other _Saccharomyces_ and non-_Saccharomyces_ strains analyzed [87]; the flowery and fruity aroma of pure culture with this _C. stellata_ strain could be related to \(\beta\)-glucosidase activity previously documented by [PERSON] et al. [103]. Similar results were obtained by other authors [105; 116]; they concluded that the use of _C. stellata_, alone or combined with _S. cerevisiae_, enhanced the final quality and complexity of wines.
## 7 Discussion
While developed regions can adopt modern technologies more easily, many developing countries struggle with the financial burden and lack of technical expertise required to implement smart systems. In regions where water scarcity is a pressing issue, the focus is often on basic water access rather than advanced leak detection technologies. Future research should prioritize the development of cost-effective, scalable solutions that can be implemented globally. Hybrid systems that combine affordable traditional methods with AI-driven data analysis might offer a feasible solution for regions with limited resources.
# A Survey of Algorithms and Systems for Evacuating People in Confined Spaces
## 3 Evacuation Wayfinding Algorithms
### Off-Line Evacuation Wayfinding Algorithms
#### 3.1.2 Social Force Model-Based Algorithms  
The research in [45] first proposed that the motion of a crowd of pedestrians was subject to \"social forces\"; in the social force model, the motion of a pedestrian is mainly affected by the destination, the repulsive forces from other objects (e.g., the pedestrian keeps a certain distance away from other pedestrians or obstacles) and the attractive forces from other objects (e.g., the pedestrian is attracted by friends or window displays); a \"direction dependent weight\" was introduced into the model since the objects behind a pedestrian had a weaker effect on the pedestrian; a \"fluctuation effect\" was also integrated into the model to simulate the random movement behaviours or deliberate deviations from usual motion rules. The study in [66] combined the social force model with a counter-propagation neural network model [67] to mimic crowd behaviours in a panic; the personality of evacuees was expressed as impatient and patient. the velocity and the action of evacuees was determined by the social force model and the neural network model, respectively; the neural network had four inputs: the personality of an evacuee, the deviation between the desired speed and real speed, the space on the left side of the evacuee and the space on the right side of the evacuee; the output of the network was the action of the evacuee: follow the person in front, evade the front person from the left side and evade the front person from the right side. The research in [46] utilised the social force model to investigate the pedestrian evacuation dynamics in a room with an exit; experimental results showed that if evacuees moved at the low desired velocities, the faster the evacuees moved, the faster they would evacuate the room; however, if evacuees moved at the high desired velocities, the \"faster is slower\" effect, that the faster the evacuees wish to move the slower they can escape from the room, was observed and analysed.
## 7 Limitations and Future Research Recommendations  
The present study has several limitations that suggest avenues for future research. First, all participants were conveniently selected from one elementary school in central China, which might undermine the external validity of the research findings with questionable sample representativeness. The regional differences between urban and rural students in entry-level knowledge and pedestrian experiences might also influence the IVR learning outcomes. Therefore, future research should include a diverse population of participants to boost the generalizability of the empirical findings. Second, the learning outcomes were assessed immediately after the debriefing intervention; thus, the impact of debriefing on knowledge retention and behavior sustentation remains largely unknown. Future research should explore the delayed effects of both IVR and debriefing experience on knowledge and behavior learning. Third, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the debriefing strategy in the IVR learning program might vary depending on the subject being taught and school level of implementation. As a result, the findings in this study should be further verified in other educational contexts. Finally, the IVR intervention in the present study places high demands on technology and human resources as it requires plenty of IVR equipment and facilitators for safety supervision and individual debriefing, which reduces the likelihood of the research findings being applied to large-scale educational practice. Future research should explore effective approaches to increase the accessibility and cost-effectiveness of IVR-based instruction for increased educational adoption and sustained impact.  
Conceptualization, H.L. and W.L.; Formal analysis, Q.F. and Y.C.; Funding acquisition, H.L.; Investigation, Q.F., Y.C. and J.Z.; Supervision, H.L. and W.L.; Writing-original draft, Q.F.; Writing-review and editing, H.L. and W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Office for Education Sciences Planning of China, Beijing, China, under Grant BCA190085.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of CENTRAL CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITY (protocol code ccnu-IRB-201910-019, approved on 2019/10/16).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Written informed consent has been obtained from the participants to publish this paper.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are openly available in Mendeley Data at 10.17632/dtbywh96 kf.1.  
**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank the Laboratory of Research and Innovation in Learning (RAIL) in the University of Georgia for their contribution in VR intervention design and development, and all the teachers, students, and research volunteers that participated in this study.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
The research was carried out in 2021 on garlic (_Allium sativum_ L.), cultivar \"Harnas\", grown in an ecological cultivation system (farm located in the Warmirsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship, Lubawa, Poland, 53\({}^{\circ}\)38\({}^{\prime}\)39.2\" N 19\({}^{\circ}\)50\({}^{\prime}\)48.6\" E).  
The fresh material was cleaned and stored in a refrigerator at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 85% relative air humidity for 24 h. One part of the fresh, unprocessed white (WG) garlic was used for physicochemical tests, while the rest was used for the production of black garlic (BG). Black garlic was produced by the thermal treatment of whole garlic bulbs in climate chamber (Humidity Chamber HCP70, Memmert GmbH & Co., KG, Schwabach, Germany) at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature and with 80% relative humidity for 45 days, as previously described [31; 32].  
The flow diagram of the study is presented in Figure 1.  
The black garlic was peeled, the cloves were separated, and all material obtained in this way was divided into three parts (BG-C, BG-P, BG-S). Garlic in the form of cloves (BG-C) was stored in a glass vessel under refrigeration conditions (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 85% relative air humidity) until physicochemical tests were carried out. To prepare the black garlic powder (BG-P), the cloves were ground, homogenized for 1 min (10,000 rpm), (IKA T18 Basic ULTRATURRAX(r), IKA(r) Poland Ltd., Warsaw, Poland), placed in in plastic containers, frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried (Alpha 1-4 LSC, Martin Christ GmbH, Osterodeam Harz, Germany) at a chamber pressure of 10 Pa, a drying chamber temperature of \(-\)50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a shelf of 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 72 h. The freeze-dried black garlic macerate was ground in a laboratory knife mill (Grindomix GM 200, Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany), packed into sterile plastic containers and stored in a \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C freezer until analysis. The black garlic spread (BG-S) was prepared by the fragmentation and homogenization for 1 min (5000 rpm) (IKA T18  
Figure 1: The flow diagram showing the methodology followed in the study.  
Basic ULTRA-TURRAX(r), IKA(r) Poland Ltd., Warsaw, Poland) of black garlic cloves. The macerate prepared in this way was placed in a dark glass jar and then pasteurized (at 70 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature for 15 \(\pm\) 2 min).  
In the research material obtained in this way, i.e., in cloves of fresh, white (WG) and black (BG-C) garlic, in powder (BG-P) and spread (BG-S) of black garlic (Figure 2), the dry matter and moisture content, water activity (aw), pH, soluble solids content (\({}^{\circ}\)Brix), total polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, identification of volatile compounds, taste profile and instrumental color measurement were determined.
# A Mobility-Assisted Localization Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Large-Scale UWSNs
###### Abstract  
As one of the important facilities for marine exploration, as well as environment monitoring, access control, and security, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are widely used in related military and civil fields, since the sensor node localization is the basis of UWSNs' application in various related fields. Therefore, the research of localization algorithms based on UWSNs has gradually become one of the research hotspots today. However, unlike terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs), many terrestrial monitoring and localization technologies cannot be directly applied to the underwater environment. Moreover, due to the complexity and particularity of the underwater environment, the localization of underwater sensor nodes still faces challenges, such as the localization ratio of sensor nodes, time synchronization, localization accuracy, and the mobility of nodes. In this paper, we propose a mobility-assisted localization scheme with time synchronization-free feature (MALS-TSF) for three-dimensional (3D) large-scale UWSNs. In addition, the underwater drift of the sensor node is considered in this scheme. The localization scheme can be divided into two phases. In Phase I, anchor nodes are distributed in the monitoring area, reducing the monitoring cost. Then, we address a time-synchronization-free localization scheme, to obtain the coordinates of the unknown sensor nodes. In Phase II, we use the method of two-way TOA to locate the remaining ordinary sensor nodes. The simulation results show that MALS-TSF can achieve a relatively high localization ratio without time synchronization.  
underwater sensor network; underwater localization; time-synchronization-free; three-dimensional; range-free; large-scale +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# A Novel Maneuver-Based Driving Envelope Generation Approach for Driving Safety Assessment
## 2 The Motion Constraints
### The Constraint of Collision Avoidance with Obstacle
#### 2.3.2 The Case of Evasive Maneuver for Static Obstacle  
Assuming that there exists a static obstacle in front of the host vehicle, as shown in Figure 4. The heading angle in the reference frame is \(\varphi\), the lateral position is \(y(t_{0})\), the chosen target lateral position is \(y_{target}\). There are three main steps for calculating the minimum longitudinal safe distance \(D_{safe,static}\) for avoiding the front static obstacle.  
Step I, given the longitudinal acceleration, the current and target lateral position in reference frame, the \(t_{\varphi}\) and \(y_{0}\) for lateral motion are obtained according to the evasive motion model described in Section 2.2. By sampling the starting lateral position \(y_{0}\) of the evasive motion model, the \(t_{\varphi}\) for each \(y_{0}\) can be obtained using Equation (7). By comparing \(y(t_{\varphi})\) (Equation (2c)) with the current lateral position \(y(t_{0})\), the final \(y_{0}\) is determined when \(|y(t_{0})-y(t_{\varphi})|\) is less than an error threshold.  
Step II, the time \(t_{c}\) that the vehicle moves from current lateral position (Figure 4a) to the critical lateral position (Figure 4b) is obtained. Assuming the host vehicle follows the evasive motion model, the critical position is defined as the lateral position when the rear-right vertex of the host vehicle just contacts the rear vertex of the convex bounding box of the static obstacle.  
Step III, given the longitudinal acceleration \(a\), the longitudinal safe distance for the current lateral position is calculated. Since the time for lateral motion is equal to the time for longitudinal motion, the longitudinal safe distance can be obtained based on the time \(t_{c}\) of lateral motion.  
\[D_{safe,static}=v_{M}(0)t_{c}+\frac{1}{2}at_{c}^{2}+\varepsilon \tag{9}\]  
where \(v_{M}(0)\) is the current speed of the host vehicle, \(\varepsilon\) is a constant that compensates for the distance error of the motion model.
## 5 ESEDG Comparison with Existing Routing Protocol
### Performing Assessment  
In this phase, we compared the performance of ESEDG with DSG-DGA (sensor and AUVs oriented), ALP (location predictor and trajectory time of the AUV), SEDG (gateways oriented), and AEDG (PDR, E2E delay, throughput oriented), respectively. The previous section already described the justification of all these protocols above. The realistic simulation parameters are average E2E delay and PDR analysis, network throughput, network lifetime, number of dead nodes, and energy consumption.
## 3 Advances in Control Strategies
### Quantum-Inspired Control Strategies  
Quantum and quantum-inspired computation are emerging as accelerators for complex industrial control workloads. Quantum-enhanced slicing projects a \(\sim\)30% latency drop versus classical 5G NR scheduling [20]. By exploiting advanced quantum algorithms, these approaches address the computational scalability bottlenecks highlighted in Section 4[45]. Preliminary estimates indicate \(\sim\)25% AI-training acceleration relative to GPU-only optimization [20; 37], and early simulations suggest \(\sim\)15% fidelity gains comparable with high-end digital twins [61]. [PERSON] et al. [64] forecast \(\sim\)20% throughput gains over LTE-based synchronization pipelines.  
Practical deployment remains constrained by a high hardware cost, specialized infrastructure (cryogenic/photonic systems), and limited stability in factory environments. Shortfalls in skilled personnel and the absence of standardized development toolchains further slow adoption. Closing these gaps will be essential to move quantum-inspired control from theoretical potential to industrial reality.