# Automated Schedule and Cost Control Using
## 2 Previous Studies  
3D sensing technologies are another crucial aspect that improved immensely track and monitor the progress of construction components. These technologies included radio frequency identification (RFID), an ultra-wideband system (UWB), a global positioning system (GPS), image processing methods, and laser scanners (LS) [9]. Previously, researchers managed to assemble \"as-built\" models [10], where a developed as-built model was created to restore, record, and improve historic buildings. Another study investigated integrating BIM and remote sensing instruments where a BIM-based model with a laser scanner was integrated for quality control in real-time to reduce schedule and cost overrun [11].  
Among the 3D sensing technologies, A laser scanner, also known as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), is one of the AEC industry's most recognized technology. Laser scanning aims to map 3D objects into point cloud datasets [12]. Similarly, researchers monitored and controlled the infrastructure components using as-built data using a laser scanner [13]. Laser-based methods have also been used in recognizing construction applications such as workspace modeling, asset management, and worker tracking [14]. Another laser scanner application tracks buildings' temporary or secondary components [15]. Although there are other 3D sensing technologies, laser scanners (LS) are one of the best-fitted technologies to track and monitor the 3D status of projects accurately [16; 17; 18; 19]. In addition, researchers used automated methods as they have lesser limitations and could save much work and time in assessing the progress of construction projects [16].  
3D spatial technologies were used to monitor and control the progress in the CPM domain. Some researchers applied the RFID system to form an as-built model, while others used UWB systems [20; 21]. The image processing technology was also used in the CPM field using digital images or UAVs of construction activities [22; 23]. Point cloud data sets were similarly used to evaluate the progress in construction buildings through laser scanning technology [19; 24]. However, researchers used more than one sensing technology for more robustness and better results; for example, a study conducted by [25] used more than one 3D sensing technology (UWB system and laser scanner). Another study used a combination of RFID and laser scanning technology [26]. Other studies have used a fusion of image processing methods and laser scanners [24; 27; 28; 29].  
Furthermore, some latest review articles discussed different insights to recognize knowledge gaps and recommend future directions in the CPM field. For example, the methodology in [4] applied scientometric analysis to point out a broad picture of CPM. Another example is a systematic literature survey conducted to automate indoor progress monitoring [30]. The 3D model reconstruction and geometry quality inspection were also discussed comprehensively using the point cloud datasets [31]. Meta-analysis was estimated to review the quality of studies of object recognition performance indicators in the CPM field between 2007 and 2021 [32]. Previous studies recommended the usage of 5D assessment for future research to address the gap in the BIM integrated with 3D sensing technologies in CPM applications.  
Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to propose an automated construction progress tracking system for schedule and cost control. The reason behind that is the lack of research on conducting 5D assessment in the CPM domain using EV principles [4; 19; 30; 31; 32]. The proposed system automatically implements a 5D assessment: progress feedback regarding schedule and cost per scan. The 5D assessment enables reviewing the progress and states the project condition through EV principles (schedule performance index, cost performance index). The proposed system outcomes were also compared to the manual system to validate the accuracy of the proposed system.