# Operationalisation of Building Inspections and Repair: Systematisation-Based Approach
## 3 Results
### Most Common Types of Repair Techniques
#### 3.2.3 Repair Techniques in Floorings  
In Table 19, the most relevant inter-defects correlations in floorings are presented, namely, between defects \"A-A3 Dirt and accumulation of debris\", \"A-A4 Colour changes\", \"A-A5 Spalling/peeling/exfoliation and pop-outs\", \"A-A6 Cohesion loss/disaggregation and chalking\", \"A-C1 Mapped cracking\", \"A-C2 Oriented cracking on the current surface\", \"A-C4 Cracking and/or splintering adjacent to joints/edges\", \"A-C6 Scratches/grooves and deep wear\", \"A-C9 Detachment\", \"A-D6 Degradation of the filling material of current joints\", and \"A-D7 Absence/loss of filling material in connecting elements or current joints\". According to the data of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defect **A-D6** is the most common in **adhesive ceramic tiling** (in 57% of inspected elements). Then, defects **A-A3 and A-A4** (55%), together, represent the second most common occurrence (staining, change in colour or brightness). Moreover, cracking (**A-C1 and A-C2**) is present in about 50% of inspected surfaces. As for **natural stone claddings**, according to the data of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50], adapted to the harmonisation \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Life-Cycle Stage**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Facade Claddings**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Applicable?** & **Resource** & **Amount** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Transport to the building site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Transportation of construction workers & Depends on the location of the construction site \\ \cline{3-4}  & & and bleach & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Installation into the building**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Water and bleach & \multirow{2}{*}{0.3 L/m\({}^{2}\)} \\  & & solution at 10\% & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Water & 1 L/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Construction worker 1 & 0.055 h/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Construction worker 2 & 0.055 h/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 17: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Life-Cycle Stage**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Natural Stone Claddings**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Applicable?** & **Resource** & **Amount** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Raw material extraction and**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Depends on the ingredients of the colourless & Depends on the formula \\  & & water and oil repellent & of the colourless water \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & and oil repellent \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Transport to the manufacturer**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Transportation using a vehicle and the & \multirow{2}{*}{-} \\  & & respective energy & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Manufacturing**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Colourless water and oil repellent & Depends on the formula \\  & & & and oil repellent \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Transport to the building site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Transportation of construction workers and the & Depends on the location \\  & & colourless water and oil repellent & of the construction site \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Installation into the building**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Water-repellent, colourless, water-based alkyl & \multirow{2}{*}{-} \\  & & alkoxysilane impregnation, without solvents, & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & with an average penetration depth of 6.8 mm, & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & repellent to water and dirt, with thixotropic & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & properties, permeable to water vapour, anti-bark & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & and anti-green, with efflorescence prevention & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & effect and resistant to UV rays and alkalis. & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Painter & 0.197 h/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 18: Resources involved in the use of repair technique “R-A2 Application of a protective coat (..., water-repellent,...)” from category “R-A Surface of the cladding” in the scope of facade elements/claddings—an approach based on a cradle-to-gate approach of LCA [38]; resources data from CYPE Ingenieros S.A: [39].