# Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Highway Management in Sustainability
## 3 Data, Methods, and Results
### Modeling Relationship between Efficiency and Effectiveness  
#### 3.3.1 Data and Unit of Analysis  
To conduct regression analysis, we collected data regarding state highway management. Highway data came from the highway statistics series by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Financial \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2000**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2005**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2012**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Rank** & **State** & **Score** & **Rank** & **State** & **Score** & **Rank** & **State** & **Score** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Effectiveness indicator} & \(1\) & ND & 3.39 & \(1\) & ND & 2.64 & \(1\) & WV & \(1.53\) \\  & \(2\) & WV & \(1.14\) & \(2\) & WV & \(1.27\) & \(2\) & VA & \(0.90\) \\  & \(3\) & VA & \(0.62\) & \(3\) & VA & \(0.61\) & \(3\) & SD & \(0.81\) \\  & \(4\) & WY & \(0.58\) & \(4\) & MT & \(0.56\) & \(4\) & MT & \(0.73\) \\  & \(5\) & SD & \(0.44\) & \(5\) & SD & \(0.45\) & \(5\) & WY & \(0.72\) \\  & \(44\) & MI & \(-0.44\) & \(44\) & MD & \(-0.42\) & \(44\) & MD & \(-0.34\) \\  & \(45\) & CT & \(-0.46\) & \(45\) & RI & \(-0.43\) & \(45\) & FL & \(-0.36\) \\  & \(46\) & MA & \(-0.56\) & \(46\) & MA & \(-0.53\) & \(46\) & MA & \(-0.44\) \\  & \(47\) & CA & \(-0.60\) & \(47\) & CA & \(-0.58\) & \(47\) & CA & \(-0.52\) \\  & \(48\) & NJ & \(-0.64\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(-0.63\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(-0.55\) \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Road condition} & \(1\) & GA & \(97.18\) & \(1\) & NV & \(92.65\) & \(1\) & GA & \(89.95\) \\  & \(2\) & WY & \(81.06\) & \(2\) & GA & \(92.31\) & \(2\) & NV & \(87.34\) \\  & \(3\) & FL & \(80.95\) & \(3\) & FL & \(82.70\) & \(3\) & FL & \(83.22\) \\  & \(4\) & KS & \(74.32\) & \(4\) & KS & \(81.14\) & \(4\) & TN & \(79.70\) \\  & \(5\) & AL & \(74.24\) & \(5\) & MT & \(77.97\) & \(5\) & AL & \(77.82\) \\  & \(44\) & CA & \(17.31\) & \(44\) & CA & \(31.46\) & \(44\) & CA & \(34.85\) \\  & \(45\) & OR & \(12.21\) & \(45\) & CT & \(24.31\) & \(45\) & MA & \(33.32\) \\  & \(46\) & MA & \(11.05\) & \(46\) & MA & \(23.95\) & \(46\) & NJ & \(32.38\) \\  & \(47\) & MO & \(10.47\) & \(47\) & RI & \(16.16\) & \(47\) & CT & \(31.64\) \\  & \(48\) & NJ & \(9.61\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(12.01\) & \(48\) & RI & \(18.57\) \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Safety} & \(1\) & ND & \(195.52\) & \(1\) & WV & \(187.05\) & \(1\) & WV & \(210.08\) \\  & \(2\) & WV & \(169.81\) & \(2\) & ND & \(136.85\) & \(2\) & VA & \(162.45\) \\  & \(3\) & VA & \(136\) & \(3\) & VA & \(132.17\) & \(3\) & SD & \(135.43\) \\  & \(4\) & NC & \(106.72\) & \(4\) & NC & \(109.94\) & \(4\) & NC & \(132.00\) \\  & \(5\) & ME & \(105.01\) & \(5\) & ME & \(107.31\) & \(5\) & WY & \(129.86\) \\  & \(44\) & MI & \(19.79\) & \(44\) & MA & \(19.81\) & \(44\) & MA & \(27.43\) \\  & \(45\) & AZ & \(16.80\) & \(45\) & AZ & \(15.72\) & \(45\) & AZ & \(23.50\) \\  & \(46\) & FL & \(13.27\) & \(46\) & FL & \(11.71\) & \(46\) & FL & \(17.82\) \\  & \(47\) & CA & \(13.18\) & \(47\) & CA & \(11.68\) & \(47\) & CA & \(17.66\) \\  & \(48\) & NJ & \(11.44\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(11.34\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(14.42\) \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Mobility} & \(1\) & ND & \(0.74\) & \(1\) & ND & \(0.65\) & \(1\) & WV & \(0.16\) \\  & \(2\) & WV & \(0.15\) & \(2\) & WV & \(0.14\) & \(2\) & MT & \(0.11\) \\  & \(3\) & SD & \(0.11\) & \(3\) & SD & \(0.11\) & \(3\) & SD & \(0.11\) \\  & \(4\) & WY & \(0.10\) & \(4\) & MT & \(0.11\) & \(4\) & WY & \(0.09\) \\  & \(5\) & MT & \(0.10\) & \(5\) & WY & \(0.09\) & \(5\) & ND & \(0.09\) \\  & \(44\) & CT & \(0.01\) & \(44\) & MD & \(0.01\) & \(44\) & FL & \(0.02\) \\  & \(45\) & FL & \(0.01\) & \(45\) & FL & \(0.01\) & \(45\) & MD & \(0.01\) \\  & \(46\) & MA & \(0.01\) & \(46\) & MA & \(0.01\) & \(46\) & MA & \(0.01\) \\  & \(47\) & CA & \(0.01\) & \(47\) & CA & \(0.01\) & \(47\) & NJ & \(0.01\) \\  & \(48\) & NJ & \(0.01\) & \(48\) & NJ & \(0.01\) & \(48\) & CA & \(0.01\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Effectiveness Indicators for States’ Highway Management. data are available from the U.S. Census Bureau.