## 2 Literature Review
### Overview of Cybersecurity  
Cybersecurity is a critical field dedicated to safeguarding computers, networks, programs, and data from unauthorized access, alteration, or destruction [43]. It encompasses a wide range of strategies, technologies, and processes aimed at defending systems and data against cyber threats. These threats include malware, phishing, ransomware, and advanced persistent threats (APTs), all of which pose significant security risks in today's digital environment. Malware refers to malicious software designed to harm or exploit systems, while phishing involves fraudulent attempts to acquire sensitive information through deceptive communications. Ransomware is a form of malware that encrypts data and demands payment for its release. APTs, on the other hand, are long-term, targeted attacks in which adversaries gain unauthorized access to networks and remain undetected for extended periods to steal information or disrupt operations. As digital infrastructures become increasingly essential to both business and personal activities, the importance of cybersecurity has grown, driven by the rising sophistication and frequency of cyberattacks [44].  
One of the primary challenges in cybersecurity is the ever-changing nature of security threats. Emerging technologies frequently introduce new and complex vulnerabilities, making them attractive targets for cybercriminals. Furthermore, the increasing volume of data generated by both individuals and organizations broadens the range of potential attack vectors that must be secured. This requires adaptive, dynamic, and continuously updated security strategies to protect sensitive information and ensure the integrity of systems [45].  
Cybersecurity covers several critical domains: Network Security focuses on safeguarding data as it travels across networks [46]; Application Security seeks to protect software and devices from threats by ensuring secure development practices; Information Security ensures the integrity and privacy of data both at rest and in transit [47]; Operational Security involves the procedures and decisions related to managing and protecting data assets; Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity planning addresses how organizations respond to cybersecurity incidents or events that disrupt operations or result in data loss; and End-User Education reduces risks by training users in security best practices.  
To confront these challenges, a range of cybersecurity techniques and technologies are utilized. Cryptographic methods, such as encryption, are employed to secure data both at rest and in transit [48]. Access control systems verify users' identities and ensure they have the appropriate permissions to access resources. Malware protection tools detect and eliminate malicious software [49]. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems provide real-time analysis of security alerts generated by network hardware and applications [50]. Additionally, firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) serve as defensive barriers against external threats and monitor network traffic for signs of suspicious activities [51].  
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are reshaping the implementation of cybersecurity defenses. These technologies enable the prediction of emerging threats, detection of malware through behavioral analysis, and automation of response strategies, allowing for the swift analysis of large data volumes. The incorporation of AI has become a critical element in the development of next-generation cybersecurity solutions [52].