# Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET Using Recoil Technique
## 1 Introduction  
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is infrastructureless wireless type network in which the packet transmission from one node to another takes place without any access point. Therefore, MANET can be deployed in hostile and difficult situations where a wired network is not advisable or possible. Furthermore, it is deployed in adverse situations, where battery replacement in any node is not feasible. Thus, routing protocol plays a pivotal role while forwarding the packet in the network. Moreover, it is necessary to reduce the number of failed transmissions, data redundancies and traffic overhead of mobile nodes, which results in the reduction of energy consumption substantially. The Ad hoc network has many features such as easy deployment, when and where need arises, and hence it is gaining popularity in widespread applications such as in military battlefields to establish information networksamongst the soldiers, weapon systems, command control center and vehicles (Figure 1). The ad hoc network architecture is being used in many real time business applications in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness along with a level of profit optimization at large in the corporate companies. The applications are spread in all dimensions of life and covers many scenarios and services via tactical networks, emergency services, civil/commercial arena, home and enterprise environment, education system, entertainment, sensor network and context aware services (call forwarding, location specific information, time dependent services, etc.). However, there are many challenges which require the attention of research to plug them in efficient manner, such as frequent link failure among the nodes (due to random and dynamic behavior), no central administration without infrastructure, being susceptible to attack, inordinate consumption of power (energy constraint operation), limited bandwidth, network scalability, device heterogeneity, muti-hop routing, self-creation, self-organization and self-administration. The acute problem related to energy consumption and link failure in networks has drawn the attention of many researchers and scientists which led to the development of various tools and techniques based on transmission energy consumption, residual energy consumption or both. One recent advancement in the arena of routing protocol is multipath routing protocol. Still, there are certain issues in multipath routing protocols, one of them is energy consumption in the discovery of an optimal path, rediscovery of path when link failure encounters and retransmission of packets if required. Route discovery involves a reasonable amount of energy when network is small. Subsequently, when the size of the network grows, then route discovery demands huge energy and becomes a problem of sustaining the network for long time, as the gigantic portion of energy is consumed in route discovery itself. As in paper [1], many energy-aware packet forwarding routing protocol have been developed based on the criteria of link cost, link error, residual energy. The on-demand energy-based forwarding strategy (OEFS) enables the node to consume less energy but the route selection criterion is not based on link stability and leads to frequent link error [2]. Further work was extended in FF-AOMDV [3], which is based on calculation of fitness function, while energy level and number of hop count are taken into consideration from source to destination before sending the packets. In the proposed AOMDV-ER protocol the foremost objectives are reduce the power consumption of route discovery, retransmission overhead and transmission failure (due to link failure). All these three issues conserve the battery power for subsequent fruitful transmission of packets, which leads to a better network lifetime. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 focuses on previous work that has been done in this area; Section 3, the proposed work, broadly consists of three subparts.