## 3 Results
### Characteristics of the Studied Groups
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **PCOS** & **HC** & **HAC** & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ \\  & **N = 34** & **N = 11** & **N = 8** & **PCOS and HC** & **PCOS and HAC** & **HC and HAC** \\ \hline Age (years) & 16.0 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 15.3 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 16.1 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 0.161 & 0.836 & 0.216 \\ \hline Weight (kg) & 71.9 \(\pm\) 15.8 & 72.6 \(\pm\) 16.7 & 61.2 \(\pm\) 14.6 & 0.902 & 0.107 & 0.154 \\ \hline Height (cm) & 161.8 \(\pm\) 7.6 & 165.1 \(\pm\) 5.9 & 159.4 \(\pm\) 10.0 & 0.190 & 0.469 & 0.136 \\ \hline BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 27.5 \(\pm\) 6.4 & 26.6 \(\pm\) 5.4 & 24.0 \(\pm\) 4.6 & 0.636 & 0.171 & 0.305 \\ \hline WC (cm) & 85.0 \(\pm\) 16.0 & 84.7 \(\pm\) 19.6 & 78.3 \(\pm\) 10.7 & 0.958 & 0.368 & 0.514 \\ \hline SBP (mmHg) & 117.2 \(\pm\) 12.7 & 120.3 \(\pm\) 9.9 & 114.7 \(\pm\) 4.9 & 0.445 & 0.616 & 0.180 \\ \hline DBP (mmHg) & 77.0 \(\pm\) 8.6 & 78.7 \(\pm\) 10.8 & 73.1 \(\pm\) 6.9 & 0.597 & 0.271 & 0.244 \\ \hline Hirustism (\%) & 88.0 & 9.0 & 29.0 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.307 \\ \hline FGS (points) & 15.1 \(\pm\) 6.8 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 7.3 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 8.1 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.018 & 0.807 \\ \hline Acne (\%) & 74.0 & 42.0 & 57.0 & 0.048 & 0.398 & 0.541 \\ \hline Seborrhoea (\%) & 74.0 & 50.0 & 29.0 & 0.141 & 0.022 & 0.390 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **PCOS** & **HC** & **HAC** & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ \\  & **N = 34** & **N = 11** & **N = 8** & **PCOS and HC** & **PCOS and HAC** & **HC and HAC** \\ \hline FBG (mmol/L) & 4.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 4.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 0.507 & 0.185 & 0.105 \\ \hline Cholesterol (mmol/L) & 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 4.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.779 & 0.727 & 0.457 \\ \hline TG (mmol/L) & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.359 & 0.212 & 0.547 \\ \hline HDL (mmol/L) & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.067 & 0.134 & 0.981 \\ \hline LDL (mmol/L) & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.354 & 0.826 & 0.319 \\ \hline Insulin (\(\mu\)IU/mL) & 22.8 \(\pm\) 17.6 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 10.2 & 8.6 \(\pm\) 5.6 & 0.231 & 0.042 & 0.086 \\ \hline HOMA-IR & 4.9 \(\pm\) 4.4 & 3.6 \(\pm\) 2.7 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 0.333 & 0.061 & 0.085 \\ \hline CRP (mg/L) & 2.7 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 0.348 & 0.908 & 0.492 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Metabolic and hormonal parameters of PCOS patients and control groups (HC and HAC). A multigroup comparison was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc tests. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **PCOS** & **HC** & **HAC** & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ & _p-Value_ \\  & **N = 34** & **N = 11** & **N = 8** & **PCOS and HC** & **PCOS and HAC** & **HC and HAC** \\ \hline FBG (mmol/L) & 4.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 4.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 0.507 & 0.185 & 0.105 \\ \hline Cholesterol (mmol/L) & 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 4.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.779 & 0.727 & 0.457 \\ \hline TG (mmol/L) & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.359 & 0.212 & 0.547 \\ \hline HDL (mmol/L) & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.067 & 0.134 & 0.981 \\ \hline LDL (mmol/L) & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.354 & 0.826 & 0.319 \\ \hline Insulin (\(\mu\)IU/mL) & 22.8 \(\pm\) 17.6 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 10.2 & 8.6 \(\pm\) 5.6 & 0.231 & 0.042 & 0.086 \\ \hline HOMA-IR & 4.9 \(\pm\) 4.4 & 3.6 \(\pm\) 2.7 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 0.333 & 0.061 & 0.085 \\ \hline CRP (mg/L) & 2.7 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 0.348 & 0.908 & 0.492 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Anthropometric parameters and clinical characteristics of PCOS patients and control groups. A multigroup comparison was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test.