# Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars
## 3 Results
### Effectiveness of RO and HAP Biochar Treatment of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RO Biochar**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**HAP Biochar**} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Avg \% R \({}^{*}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Avg \% R \({}^{*}\)**} \\
**Gas or Odor** & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(T1/T2/T3) \({}^{**}\)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **First week** & **First 2 weeks** & **First 3 weeks** & **Entire Trial** & **First week** & **First 2 weeks** & **First 3 weeks** & **Entire Trial** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{NH_{3}}\)} & 38 & 30 & 28 & 25 & 30 & 24 & 19 & 16 \\  & (41/28/55) & (33/20/49) & (26/24/34) & (19/21/39) & (8/82/918) & (26/27/14) & (22/23/8) & (18/21/4) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{H_{2}S}\)} & 23 & 26 & 27 & 20 & 16 & 20 & 19 & 16 \\  & (20/37/9) & (23/32/23) & (2/33/25) & (23/19/16) & (10/29/7) & (8/35/14) & (20/22/11) & (22/19/2) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{CH_{4}}\)} & **54** & **33** & \(-\)38 & \(-\)**54** & 5 & \(-\)**27** & \(-\)**69** & \(-\)**52** \\  & (51/57/82) & (26/37/99) & (\(-\)6/\(-\)88/\(-\)20) & (\(-\)26/\(-\)104/\(-\)32) & (13/15/\(-\)38) & (\(-\)30/\(-\)8/\(-\)57) & (\(-\)**35/\(-\)35/\(-\)194) & (\(-\)**55**)\(-\(-\)41/\(-\)**221**) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\)} & 16 & 19 & **16** & **14** & \(-\)**31** & \(-\)**19** & \(-\)**18** & \(-\)**15** \\  & (0/22/25) & (1/24/31) & (0/20/29) & (0/17/25) & (\(-\)26/14/\(-\)114) & (\(-\)15/17/\(-\)80) & (\(-\)11/17/\(-\)61) & (\(2/\)**0**)\(-\(\)57**) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{N_{2}O}\)} & 8 & 0 & 3 & 3 & 9 & 1 & 8 & 23 \\  & (6/11/7) & (5/11/\(-\)10) & (3/8/\(-\)1) & (4/7/\(-\)1) & (1/12/12) & (3/8/\(-\)6) & (1/9/13) & (\(-\)6/3/46) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{Phenol}\)} & 85 & **84** & **84** & **84** & **98** & **98** & **98** & **99** \\  & (-37/91/84) & (8/85/84) & (\(-\)13/83/84) & (13/94/84) & (11/97/89) & (25/96/98) & (26/95/99) & (6/98/99) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(p-\)cresol} & **71** & **79** & **78** & 78 & 94 & **94** & **93** & **97** \\  & (69/43/72) & (2/16/80) & (7/6/49/79) & (7/66/78) & (90/91/95) & (89/91/94) & (89/93/94) & (97/91/97) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Skatole} & **60** & **49** & **48** & **47** & **91** & **91** & **90** & **93** \\  & (70/60/55) & (77/62/7) & (72/62/29) & (72/66/29) & (90/94/90) & (89/95/91) & (88/89/91) & (95/74/93) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathrm{Indole}\)} & **41** & 84 & **82** & 79 & 84 & 93 & 92 & 73 \\  & (-68/69/86) & (2/68/88) & (\(-\)13/74/86) & (\(-\)11/67/84) & (89/90/80) & (81/92/94) & (81/92/92) & (94/92/25) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Isobutyric acid} & \(-\)23 & 18 & 17 & 19 & 31 & 15 & 17 & 61 \\  & (\(-\)61/\(-\)37/19) & (24/\(-\)12/33) & (8/11/28) & (9/18/26) & (32/8/47) & (40/\(-\)44/32) & (39/\(-\)6/**23**) & (88/8/**47**) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Odor} & 12 & 17 & 23 & **22** & **18** & **15** & \(-\)2 & \(-\)30 \\  & (\(-\)132/52/22) & (17/15/19) & (**19**/20/32) & (17/21/30) & (\(-\)1/6/43) & (15/17/11) & (**15**/\(-\)12/\(-\)12) & (\(-\)31/12/\(-\)59) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: First week—an average of \(\approx R\) for Day 1, 4, 5, First 2 weeks—an average of \(\%\) R for Day 1, 5, 8, and 12; First 3 weeks—an average of \(\%\) R for Day 1, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, and 22; Entire trial—an average of \(\approx R\) for Day 1, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26, and 29.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effectiveness of RO and HAP biochar treatment of gaseous emissions from stored swine manure. The effect of time (and therefore the duration of the mitigation effect) is reported as the percent reduction (\(\%\)_R_) of measured concentrations for the first week, first 2 weeks, first 3 weeks, and entire trial, respectively. \({}^{*}\) The average \(\%\)\(\approx R\) (Avg % \(R\)) was estimated based on the average \(\mathrm{C_{Gm}}\) and \(\mathrm{C_{Int}}\) from three trials. \({}^{**}\)T1 = trial 1, 1T2 = trial 2, 73 = trial 3; \(\%\) R was estimated with Equation (1) for each Trial; Bold signifies statistical significance (\(p\leq 0.05\)).