esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
This article presented a viable three-dimensional solution to augment eMBMS architecture to carry out service-less multicast in a 5G network for distance learning. We presented a network architecture that enables on-the-fly multicast transmission by using VNF-AS that can reduce the traffic burden on different levels of the 5G cellular technology without changing the major building blocks of existing standard eMBMS architecture. We conducted experiments on a real-world edge network dataset for a 720p video streaming to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed architecture in terms of bandwidth consumption, QoE, and resource utilization. Moreover, we debated the feasibility of EI-enabled predictive multicast and edge caching to further alleviate the burden on 5G networks due to increasing distance learning activities. Proactive edge caching can facilitate users with limited network connectivity to watch the video stream with D2D transmission. We aim to investigate user-session information at the MNO core to cluster unicast sessions for predictive multicast and edge caching.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, K.B.; methodology, J.S.; software, A.E. and W.A.; validation, K.B. and E.A.; formal analysis, J.S.; investigation, K.B.; resources, A.A.; data curation, K.B.; writing--original draft preparation, J.S. and K.B.; writing--review and editing, A.A. and A.E.; visualization, K.B.; supervision, W.A.; project administration, E.A.; funding acquisition, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under project no. R-2022-32. This publication was made possible by NPRP-Standard (NPRP-S) Thirteen (13 th) Cycle grant #NPRP13S-0205-200265 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The findings herein reflect the work and are solely the responsibility, of the authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# New Compact Wearable Metamaterials Circular Patch Antennas for IoT, Medical and 5G Applications
## 6 Metamaterial Wearable Double Layer Circular Patch Antennas  
A Metamaterial Wearable Double Layer Circular Patch Antenna is shown in Figure 21. The circular patch and the antenna feed network are etched on a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and 1.6 mm thick, see Figure 21a. The circular resonator diameter is 36.3 mm. The circular radiator is etched on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and 1.6 mm thick, see Figure 21b. The circular radiator diameter is 39.3 mm. The radiating element consist of a circular patch with eighteen CSRRs, the maximum number of CSRRs. The Double Layer Circular Patch Antenna is shown in Figure 21c. The spacing between the resonator may be varied from 0 mm to 8 mm to get wider bandwidth from  
Figure 19: Receiving Circular Patch antenna: (**a**) Matching network; (**b**) S11 of the active antenna.  
Figure 20: S21 of an Active Stacked Circular Receiving Patch antenna.  
5% to 10%. The diameter of the circular antenna with CSRR is smaller by 25% than the diameter of the circular antenna without CSRR. The CSRR outer diameter ring is 5.2 mm, see Figure 21d. The width of the CSRR strip is 0.15 mm. The antenna S11 parameter is presented in Figure 22. The antenna beam width is 82\({}^{\circ}\). The antenna gain is around 8.5 dBi as presented in Figure 23a. The antenna efficiency is around 92%. The gain and directivity of the circular patch antenna with CSRR is higher by 2.5 dB than the circular patch antenna without CSRR. The 3D radiation pattern of the Double Layer Circular patch antenna with CSRR is shown in Figure 23b.  
Figure 21: Metamaterial Wearable Double Layer Circular Patch Antennas (**a**) Resonator; (**b**) Metamaterial Radiator; (**c**) Metamaterial Wearable Double Layer Circular Patch; (**d**) CSRRs Photo.
# Fast Deployment of a UWB-Based IPS for Emergency Response Operations
## 3 System Design
### Anchor Self-Location with GNSS-RTK  
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) [53] provides continuous geo-spatial positioning over the Earth. Its most-known satellite-based radionavigation system is GPS, though it also includes other systems such as Glonass, Galileo, and Beidu. The arrangement of satellite constellations guarantees the visibility of at least four satellites from any point on the planet. In this way, GNSS receivers can solve the navigation equations, obtain their coordinates (latitude, longitude, altitude), and provide accurate velocity and time. The accuracy of standard GNSS positioning ranges from a few meters to 20 m, making it infeasible for systems where accuracy is essential.  
However, there are augmentation methods [54], such as differential GNSS (DGNSS) or real-time kinematic (RTK), that improve the navigation performance and enhance the accuracy. These techniques use ground-based reference stations to broadcast differential information to the GNSS unit, also called the _rower_. This information aims to cancel or reduce GNSS signal-processing errors such as satellite clock bias and satellite orbital error, as well as ionospheric and tropospheric delay, which are correlated between two nearby GNSS units.  
DGNSS broadcasts as corrections the range error of the measured pseudoranges (i.e., the distance from the GNSS unit and each satellite) based on pseudo-code measurements and provides accuracy on the order of 1 m. On the other hand, RTK uses code and carrier phase measurements, which have a higher frequency and smaller noise, thus reaching centimeter-level accuracy. However, processing of the carrier measurements is subject to the carrier-phase ambiguity, that is, an unknown integer number of wavelength cycles. Still, the integer ambiguity problem can be fixed as long as dual-frequency GNSS receivers are placed less than 20 km away from the reference station [55]. Depending on the solution of the carrier-phase ambiguity, the estimated positions have a quality parameter value: DGNSS, FLOAT, or FIXED (ordered from less to more accurate).  
In the proposed UWB-based IPS, GNSS-RTK is used for the self-location of the IPS reference nodes (i.e., the UWB anchors). Usually, when performed manually, the positioning  
Figure 2: Architecture of the proposed UWB-based IPS.  
of reference devices is prone to become ill-posed and the performance and reliability of the positioning algorithms are inevitably influenced [56; 57]. In our case, GNSS-RTK not only permits a fast and precise deployment of the UWB anchor network [58], but could even extend global positioning into an indoor scenario if applying the corresponding coordinate conversions.
# Readiness of Enterprises in Czech Republic to Implement Industry 4.0: Index of Industry 4.0
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Sharing and Using Data with Suppliers and Customers  
Enterprises face a precarious environment and strive to achieve greater cooperation in the supply chain to leverage the resources and knowledge of their suppliers and customers [74]. In such a chain, this cooperation takes place through electronic data interchange (EDI) [53]. Using and evaluating multidimensional process knowledge is considered an effective strategy to improve the competitiveness of the enterprises [75]. Sharing forecasting information helps supply chain parties better match demand and supply [76]. The information is used to update variations in seasonal product demand [77]. Information needs to be shared to achieve an efficient supply chain [78]. Optimum supply chain performance requires manufacturers to truly inform other partners of their original forecast [79]. By [PERSON] and [PERSON] [80], it is useful for the enterprises to share sales data (POS -- Point of Sale materials), especially to reduce the bullwhip effect. [PERSON], in connection with data sharing and supplier and customer integration, discussed \"demand chain management\", linking supply chain management with marketing, bringing agile and lean properties to chains [81]. Demand chain is defined by (1) managing integration between demand and supply processes, (2) managing the structure between integrated processes and customer segments, and (3) managing the working relationship between the marketing and supply chain [82]. In addition, the enterprises are able to share product life-cycle information and focus on product design [83]. In practice, it is the co-design, visualization and production analysis, and joint research and design [84]. This creates a variety of systems for exchanging and sharing product information between users and platforms [85; 86].
## 2 Research on the Configuration of Failsafe Closing and Low-Power Holding Mechanism
The locking process of the low-power holding mechanism is completed when the locking tabs fully enter the actuator working cavity and make contact with the slope of the spring support cylinder to block the cylinder moving back. After the locking process, the holding process of the low-power holding mechanism is started. In the holding process, the locking tab and the spring support cylinder constrain each other, and the position of the locking tab is restricted by the locking ring, to ensure that the valve remains open with the minimum power consumption. When a valve fail-close occurs, the electromagnetics are de-energized, thereby the position of the locking tab is not restricted by the locking ring. The unlocking process is opposite to the locking process, and the closing spring force is the driving force for the unlocking process. The closing spring drives the  
Figure 2: The locking and holding process of the low-power holding mechanism. locking tabs to move outward through the slope of the spring support cylinder. Meanwhile, the locking tabs drive the locking ring to rotate backward through the cam-like notch surface, and the locking ring pushes the locking ring sleeve downward through the spiral groove. The unlocking process is completed when the locking tab and the spring support cylinder are separated. After the unlocking process, the closing spring continues to release rapidly and drives the spring support cylinder and the valve stem upward until the valve is fully closed. The proposed low-power holding mechanism converts the axial force of the closing spring into the circumferential force by the spiral groove and the cam-like notches, which substantially reduces the output force required for the driving element of the low-power holding mechanism and increases the feasibility and reliability of the holding mechanism. In addition, different from the form of [PERSON]'s \"clutch\" motor, the proposed low-power holding mechanism is driven by the electromagnet, which effectively reduces the number of the actuator's control cables. When a fail-close occurs, the maximum load produced by the high-pressure fluid which the all-electric subsea gate valve actuator can oppose depends on the force of the closing spring. According to the configuration of the low-power holding mechanism, the maximum load of the closing spring is related to the size of the low-power holding mechanism. However, the permissible stroke of the locking tab also depends on the size of the low-power holding mechanism and needs to be larger than the given working stroke, which will form a constraint for the optimization of the locking and holding ability of the low-power holding mechanism. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the mechanical and kinematic models of the low-power holding mechanism in detail.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hydraulic and Economic Analysis
As shown in Figure 16, the pairwise correlation coefficients among the selected hydraulic and economic parameters are depicted. Red color indicates a strong positive correlation (close to +1), while blue indicates a strong negative correlation (close to \(-1\)). Colors closer to white indicate weak or no correlation (close to 0). A strong positive correlation between length and cost is apparent, which is expected since cost is modeled as proportional to the product of pipe cross-sectional area and length. Additionally, the correlation matrix reveals that the friction loss and local loss are highly correlated with the total head loss, indicating that both frictions along the pipes and losses at fittings drive the cumulative hydraulic losses. This insight helps in validating the model assumptions and highlights which variables exert the greatest influence on overall system performance. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the Reynolds number and parameters such as flow rate and friction loss elucidates the influence of flow regime on hydraulic performance. The observed moderate or weak correlations indicate that although turbulence contributes to energy dissipation, other factors--namely, pipe geometry and material properties--play a more dominant role in determining losses. These insights are critical for refining design strategies and ensuring that the optimization model faithfully represents the behavior of the water distribution network. By identifying variables that are strongly correlated with key performance indicators, such as total head loss, we can pinpoint the factors that most significantly impact system performance. The behavior of the fluid flow plays a key role in the head loss calculations. Figure 17 demonstrates the Reynolds number for each pipe in the three networks. The Reynolds number is computed using the flow rate, pipe diameter, and water viscosity. The plot reveals variability in Reynolds numbers among pipes, which results from the flow rate assignment that decreases with pipe order. This variation is crucial because it confirms that while most pipes exhibit turbulent flow (Re > 4000), there is a spread in the local flow conditions--a key factor when verifying the validity of the head loss calculations. Figure 16: Unveiling key influencers in the performance of WDNs under hydraulic and economic parameters.
# Forward Link Optimization for the Design of VHTS Satellite Networks
## 4 Proposed Methodology
### Algorithm for Cost Optimization: KPIs and Trade-Offs  
The algorithm for the optimization of the cost per Gbps in orbit, as well as the calculation of KPIs and trade-offs for the design of the VHTS satellite network, is shown in Figure 3. The minimization of the cost of Gbps in orbit for the maximum capacity is obtained by the maximum \(CINR_{b}\) depending on the number of beams, the user _G_/_T_, and for the required link availability using Equation (16).  
The results of this stage are the optimal number of beams and the user station _G_/_T_ for a required link availability that minimizes the cost of Gbps in orbit. The results include the number of gateways, the total system cost, the capacity per beam, and the total satellite capacity.  
Figure 2: Proposed methodology diagram.  
Figure 3: Flowchart for cost optimization, Key Performance Indicator (KPIs), and trade-offs.
## 2 Review the Literature of the Studies  
For some time, researchers have been dealing with analyzing structures utilizing and modifying numerical methods such as the force method and stiffness matrix method. [PERSON] [2], and [PERSON] [3] described the use of the SM in detail to analyze tensile structures (most of the members of tensile structures are in tension). The method was used for various purposes, such as for stability analysis of complex structures [4; 5], for dealing with self-stress states and mechanisms of structures [6], and for the design and detailing of hogging moment regions in reinforced concrete flat plates [7]. Furthermore, SM has been used to find the response of prestressed pin-jointed structures due to loading and to change the stiffness of tensegrity structure (tensegrity structures consist of continuous tension members and discontinuous compression members) in two ways; namely, altering bar length and reorientation of internal forces [8; 9]. At the same time, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] formulated the stiffness matrix to show that the equilibrium matrix and stiffness matrix are equivalent in analyzing linear structures. Moreover, the effect of the elastic stiffness and internal force of each cable on the total stiffness of the structure is detailed by [PERSON], et al. [11], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12].  
In terms of complex and non-linear structures, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13], and [PERSON] [14] used the linear force method to obtain stress and deflection in complex structures by partitioning the structure into several substructures. Meanwhile, the linear force method for the purpose of analyzing statically and kinematically indeterminate structures has been used by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15]. [PERSON], et al. [16] used unbalanced force iteration, based on both equilibrium and stiffness equations, to remove the unbalanced force and make the structure feasible for prestressing. Furthermore, [PERSON], et al. [17], [PERSON] [18], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] developed their non-linear techniques from linear methods to analyze cable structures. Non-linear structures might not be accurately analyzed by direct linear methods [19], and most non-linear methods are not straightforward.  
Meanwhile, more than a few methods exist for the static analysis of geometrically non-linear structures, such as Dynamic Relaxation Method (DRM) [18; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25], SM [26], and Minimizing total potential energy [14; 27]. In this study, the Dynamic Relaxation Method [25] and Non-linear approach [18] have been chosen for the purpose of analyzing non-linear structures and comparing the proposed method (simple non-linear technique based on the stiffness matrix method) with them. Moreover, there is a chance to use any other techniques mentioned before in order to calculate displacements of the non-linear geometrical structures. Therefore, a brief introduction of these methods is presented below.
# Phase Portraits of Families VII and VIII of the Quadratic Systems
## 2 Preliminary Definitions
### Phase Portraits on the Poincare Disc  
The _separatrix_ of \(p(X)\) denotes all the orbits of the circle at infinity, the equilibrium points, the limit cycles, and the orbits that lie in the boundary of hyperbolic sectors, i.e., the two separatrices of a hyperbolic sector.  
[PERSON], [11], showed that the set of all separatrices \(S(p(X))\) of the vector field, \(p(X)\), was closed.  
When there is an orientation preserving or reversing homeomorphism, which maps the trajectories of \(p(X)\) into the trajectories of \(p(Y)\), we can say that the two differential systems defined by \(p(X)\) and \(p(Y)\) in the Poincare disc are _topologically equivalent_.  
The _canonical regions_ of \(p(X)\) are the openly connected components of \(\mathbb{D}^{2}\setminus S(p(X))\). The set formed by the union of \(S(p(X))\) plus one orbit chosen from each canonical region is called a _separatrix configuration_ of \(p(X)\). When there is an orientation preserving or reversing homeomorphism, which maps the trajectories of \(S(p(X))\) into the trajectories of \(S(p(Y))\), we can say that the two separatrix configurations, \(S(p(X))\) and \(S(p(Y))\), are _topologically equivalent_.  
The next result is mainly due to work by [PERSON] [12], [PERSON] [11], and [PERSON] [13].  
Theorem 2: _Phase portraits in the Poincare disc of two compactified polynomial differential systems (\(p(X)\) and \(p(Y)\)) with (finitely) many separatrices are topologically equivalent if and only if their separatrix configurations \(S(p(X))\) and \(S(p(Y))\) are topologically equivalent._
# Energy-Efficient BWP Configuration for Multi-Slice Users
## 5 Centralized Approach: Optimization Problem  
In the centralized approach, a central entity takes the decision of the BWP configuration selection for each user by solving an optimization problem corresponding to minimizing the total cost for all users.
# The Protective Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Dry Eye Disease: A Literature Review
## 3 PUFAS Supplementation and DED
### Combined Oral Supplementation of \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 PUFAs for DED  
A clinical trial showed that the oral intake of 2000 mg of sea buckthorn oil, containing both \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 PUFAs, for 3 months improved dry eye symptoms and tear osmolarity during the cold season [64].  
A clinical trial reported that the oral intake of 2000 mg of sea buckthorn oil, containing both \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 PUFAs, improved symptoms of DED and tear osmolarity during the cold season [64]. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported that oral administration of Nutriarm(r) capsules (Laboratoires Thea, Paris, France), a combined \(\omega\)3 (EPA + DHA) and \(\omega\)6 formulation (GLA + LA), for 6 months showed an additional therapeutic effect in improvement of ocular fatigue and TBUT [26]. Another randomized trial revealed that oral intake of combined \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 PUFAs (EPA + DHA + borage oil) can attenuate the expression of HLA-DR, an inflammatory marker, in the conjunctival epithelium in DED patients [13]. [PERSON] et al. [65] also demonstrated that supplemental GLA and \(\omega\)3 PUFAs alleviated ocular irritation, restored ocular surface smoothness, and inhibited HLA-DR expression and dendritic cell maturation in the ocular surface in patients with postmenopausal keratinocytesquinticvitis sicca, indicating an improvement in ocular surface inflammation [65]. A balanced supplementation with \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 PUFAs combined with application of topical cyclosporine was also shown to be effective for the treatment of contact lens-related DED [66] (Table 3).  
Meta-analyses revealed that the combined \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 supplements showed minimal amount of improvement in tear stability, although no influence on tear production was observed [27; 33]. A systematic review concluded that the combination of \(\omega\)3 and \(\omega\)6 supplements can be beneficial in patients with DED associated with certain pathologies, such as contact lens wear or intensive VDT use [33].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Design** & **Level** & **Sample Size** & **Daily Dose** & **Duration** & **Objective and Subjective Study Outcomes** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [21] & & & & & 450 mg EPA + & & \\  & & & & 300 mg DHA + & & & \\  & & & & 1000 mg & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [20] & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of clinical trials on the efficacy of \(\omega\)3 PUFAs on DED.