# Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Comparison with Non-Genetic Algorithm-Based Protocols  
DSR protocol is based on the link-state algorithm in which each node would store the route to a destination. EPAR is a developed version of the DSR where the optimized route is the one that will consume less energy in the transmission of a data packet. EPAR-BFS proposes to enhance EPAR in the sense of selecting routes that pass through nodes with the minimum consumed energy. AODV is a single path protocol that selects the route with the minimum number of nodes and it is a hop-by-hop routing protocol. On the other hand, AODDV is a multi-path routing protocol as an extended version of the AODV algorithm. As indicated earlier, the FF selects the routes that have the minimum consumed energy at  
Figure 10: Throughput vs. mobility speed. Figure 9: Energy consumption vs. mobility speed. the nodes. Therefore, GA-AOMD basically employs two criteria for the route selection: the smallest number of nodes (achieved by the AOMDV algorithm) and the least energy power used at the nodes (achieved by the GA algorithm). In this paper, it is worth comparing our GA-AOMDV with all these protocols to examine the performance of the network. When the number of nodes increases beyond 40, the AOMDV route discovery phase in addition to the GA process will take a longer time resulting in producing additionally available routes. Moreover, when a channel disconnects or a node fails, triggering alternative route is processed. In all these cases, an excessive amount of energy is consumed as shown in Figure 12. However, GA-AOMDV has the minimum used energy as other efficient routes likely exist whenever are needed. We can observe that GA-AOMDV lessens the energy consumption with a range of 6% to 35% over other protocols. To better understand the saving in the energy consumption that GA-AOMDV can achieve compared to other protocols, we present in Table 4 data for results shown in Figure 12. Applying Equation (5) produces negative values which indicate the energy saving. Figure 11: Packet delivery ratio vs. mobility speed. Figure 12: Energy Consumption vs. No of Nodes. In Figure 13, GA-AOMDV outperforms other protocols. Our mechanism returns an array of energy-efficient routes so, in case of a link failure, alternative routes are always available without the need to go through the route discovery phase. When increasing the number of nodes particularly more than 40, more traffic problems such as congestion and data collision may arise and as a result, a lower amount of data is delivered to the final destination successfully. GA-AOMDV achieves a gain in packet delivery ratio with a range of 7% to 27% over other protocols. To better understand the gain in the packet delivery ratio that our method can achieve compared to other protocols, we present in Table 5 the data for results shown in Figure 13. Applying (5) produces positive values which indicate the gain in the packet delivery ratio obtained through using GA-AOMDV. When the number of nodes increases, more data traffic issues arise. In this case, data packets retransmissions are invoked and accordingly RTT increases as shown in Figure 14. This in turn reduces the data delivery as shown in Figure 13; however, our protocol has the least RTT and this reflects the efficiency of the network performance utilizing our protocol. During the data transmission, a node may die because of losing the whole of its energy. In this case, the destination node will not receive the data packet and, therefore, the data acknowledgment will be delayed until the source node retransmits the data packet. This in turn will extend the RTT. Our protocol avoids such cases as the route will be selected based on the nodes with high residual energy. Therefore, the faulty node scenario will be avoided and hence the data packets likely arrive at the destination node promptly and RTT will be minimized. Reducing RTT is quite needed in data communications in FANETs which are sensitive to time in different military and civil applications. Particularly, small RTT is