# Advanced Strategies for Mitigating Particulate Matter Generations in Poultry Houses
## 4 Impacts of PM on the Health and Welfare of Chickens and Farm Workers
### Poultry Production  
Air quality is essential to increase production and plays an important role at an early stage of development. According to [PERSON] et al. (1987), birds grow faster in a less dusty indoor environment than in a higher dust environment ([PERSON] et al., 1987). Birds' body weight was recorded as 45 g and 165 g heavier at four and seven WOA in the less dusty environment than in the dusty environment. A dusty environment with high PM concentration can affect BW gain, reduce production performance, and cause specific humoral immune responsiveness in broilers ([PERSON] et al., 2009; [PERSON] et al., 2011; [PERSON] et al., 2012). According to [PERSON] et al. (2009), a high level of dust-containing pathogens can cause a decrease in body weight gain, alter heart morphology, and increase immune reactivity ([PERSON] et al., 2012). Similarly, increased inhalation of PM causes lesions in the respiratory tract, which provides space to cause pathogenic effects of microorganisms ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012). With increased pathogenic effects of microorganisms, birds' growth rate decreased and even increased the chances of mortality. Thus, poor air quality directly harms production and increases economic loss.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**PM Sizes/Types** & **Effects of PM on Health, Behavior,** & **References** \\  & **and Welfare** & \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & Greater risk to human health & ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & Damage human alveolar epithelial cells (A549 & [95] \\  & cells) and cause an inflammatory response & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & Increases the risk of cardiopulmonary mortality & ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ (long-term exposure) & & \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 24\% increase in cardiovascular events and a 76\% & \\ (10,000 mg/m\({}^{3}\)) & increase in mortality & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & Premature death in humans with heart or & \\  & lung disease & \\  & Nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeats, & \\  & aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, & \\  & irritation of the airways, coughing or difficulty & \\  & breathing & \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & Affects the respiratory system, liver, kidneys, & \\  & and nervous system, and may even enter & ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012) \\  & the bloodstream & \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & Respiratory problems & \\  & Increased mortality and morbidity rates & ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & Chronic bronchitis, asthma-like symptoms, & \\ (High concentration) & cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, COPD, and & ([PERSON] et al., 2012; [PERSON] et al., 2012) \\  & pneumonia lesions. & \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & & \\ (every increase in & 33\% increase in COPD incidence & ([PERSON] et al., 1987) \\  & 7000 mg/m\({}^{3}\)) & \\ \hline TSP & Higher asthmatic (42.5\%) and nasal (51.1\%) & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\  & symptoms & \\ \hline TSP & Over-shift increase in respiratory symptoms and & \\  & a decrease in pulmonary function tests were & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\  & found. Causes harmful effects on the bronchi & \\ \hline PM \(>\) 0.1 mg/m\({}^{3}\) & Coughing, chronic phlegm, and bronchitis & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline Organic dust & Acute inflammation and chronic bronchitis & ([PERSON] et al., 2012) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Effects of different PM sizes on health, behavior, and welfare of caretaxers.