# Metamaterial Based Ku-Band Antenna for Low Earth Orbit Nanosatellite Payload System
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper presents a non-deployable circular polarized antenna for the Ku-band 1 U nanosatellite communication system, which is highly mechanical robust with 1 U structure. The antenna prototype has been designed, fabricated, and measured. By adopting AMC metamaterial layer with reflector wall technique, the antenna achieves circular polarization with a realized gain of 6.69 dB with 1 U nanosatellite structure. Therefore, an extensive and comprehensive performance analysis of the proposed antenna shows its suitability with a nanosatellite environment.  
Conceptualization, T.A. and M.T.I.; formal analysis, T.A., M.S.J.S., M.L.H., M.S., M.S.I. and K.H.A.; funding acquisition, M.T.I., M.S.I. and R.W.A.; investigation, T.A., M.L.H. and M.M.S.; methodology, T.A., M.S.S. and M.S.J.S.; supervision, M.T.I.; writing--original draft, T.A.; writing--review and editing, T.A., M.L.H., M.S.I., R.W.A., K.H.A., M.S.S. and M.T.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, grant number RG-48-135-42.  
The data presented in this study are presented in this article.  
The authors are grateful to The National University of Malaysia and Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering (LaSEINE), Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **Antenna Type** & **Size** & **Substrate** & **Resonant** & **Bandwidth** & **Gain** & **Gain** \\  & & & & **Frequency** & **(GHz)** & **(dBi)** & \\ \hline
[8] & Patch-dipole & \multirow{2}{*}{10 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 1.524} & \multirow{2}{*}{TSM-DS3} & 16.5 & 15.9–17.7 & \multirow{2}{*}{6.8} & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\  & antenna & & & 32.5 & 31.4–34.4 & & \\ \hline  & Circular slot & \multirow{2}{*}{40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 1.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR-4} & 2.4 & 2.10–2.70 & 2.35 & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\
[9] & rectangular patch & & 5.0 & 4.82–6.10 & 4.41 & \\  & and an inverted-L & strip & & 15.5 & 12.73–18 & 4.71 & \\ \hline  & Circular slot patch & \multirow{2}{*}{40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 1.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR-4} & 2.4 & 2.02–2.62 & 2.27 & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\  & and parasitic & & 5.0 & 5.08–6.27 & 4.02 & \\  & inverted L-shape & & & 11.97–18 & 5.05 & \\ \hline  & Arrow Shaped & \multirow{2}{*}{10} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR-4} & 2.4 & 2.10–2.70 & 2.35 & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\
[10] & microstrip Patch & & 5.0 & 4.82–6.10 & 4.41 & \\  & Antenna & & & 15.5 & 12.73–18 & 4.71 & \\ \hline  & Modified multi-slot & \multirow{2}{*}{36 \(\times\) 36 \(\times\) 0.762} & \multirow{2}{*}{Duroid-5880} & 10.8 & \multirow{2}{*}{9.8 to 17.55} & \multirow{2}{*}{5–12.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\
[28] & Defected ground & \multirow{2}{*}{20 \(\times\) 20 \(\times\) 1.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR-4} & 12.38–14.40 & 11.69–13.24 & \multirow{2}{*}{1.6–4.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\  & antenna & & 13.67–15.07 & 13.72–15.07 & & \\ \hline  & Hexa-decagon & \multirow{2}{*}{40 \(\times\) 48 \(\times\) 1.59} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR4} & 13.67 & 13.179–14.033 & 8.01 & \multirow{2}{*}{CP} \\  & antenna with DGS. & & 15.28 & 14.58–15.724 & 6.01 & \\ \hline  & Defected ground & \multirow{2}{*}{20 \(\times\) 20 \(\times\) 1.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR4} & 11.40–12.91 & \multirow{2}{*}{2.08–6} & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\  & and multiple slots & & & 13.86–14.53 & 17.20–17.86 & \\  & antenna & & & 13.72–17.86 & & \\ \hline  & Antenna based on & \multirow{2}{*}{80 \(\times\) 80 \(\times\) 14.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{FR4} & 11.42–14.13 & 14.2 & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} \\
[11] & single layer meta-surface & & & & \\ \hline proposed & \multirow{2}{*}{AMC base patch  antenna} & \multirow{2}{*}{14.22 \(\times\) 14.22 \(\times\) 4.83} & \multirow{2}{*}{Duroid-5880} & 12.1 & 11.18–13.05 & 6.8 & CP \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison with the existing antenna.