# The Contribution of Near-Surface Geophysics for the Site Characterization of Seismological Stations
## 5 Results and Discussion  
In this study, the results of the applied geophysical methods that have been employed to determine the essential key parameters for the site characterization of the selected seismological stations have been presented. Certain parameters are directly determined by the processing results (e.g., \(V_{S}\) and \(V_{S30}\)) or can simply be calculated; the seismic bedrock \(h_{seis}\) is derived from the equation \(h_{seis}=V_{S}/4\,f_{0}\), where \(V_{S}\) is the average shear-wave velocity in the sediment layer and \(f_{0}\) is the fundamental frequency [82]. Other parameters are provided based on the classification of the calculated parameters (e.g., soil type based on \(V_{S30}\)) or may need further interpretation (e.g., subsurface geology). Therefore, for the required parameter of the subsurface geology at each seismic station, the results of the SRT and ERT techniques (Figures 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20) have been interpreted and are discussed below for each station. Taking into account the calculated \(V_{S30}\) values, the corresponding ground-type classification of each site has been determined (Table 5), based on Eurocode 8 [58]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Station Name** & **Geological** & **\(V_{\text{P}}\) (m/s)** & \(V_{S}\) (m/s)** & **Density** & **\(\sigma\)** & **\(G\) (GPa)** & **\(E\)** & **\(K\) (GPa)** & **\(\rho\)** \\
**MDRA** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dolostones \\ (TRm) \\ \end{tabular} & 3300 & 1860 & 2.69 & 0.27 & 9.31 & 23.59 & 22.31 & 9000 \\ \hline
**VILL** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dolostones \\ (TRm) \\ \end{tabular} & 2100 & 1160 & 2.66 & 0.28 & 3.58 & 9.17 & 9.05 & 8000 \\ \hline
**LOUT** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Talus cones \\ (Q.cn) \\ \end{tabular} & 1330 & 500 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 2.30 \\ [62,63] \\ \end{tabular} & 0.42 & 0.58 & 1.63 & 3.64 & 100 \\ \hline
**THAL** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Marls \\ (Pl-Pt.m) \\ \end{tabular} & 1600 & 250 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 1.72 \\ [62,63] \\ \end{tabular} & 0.49 & 0.11 & 0.32 & 4.32 & 50 \\ \hline
**ATAL** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Limestones \\ (li-m kD) \\ \end{tabular} & 3300 & 1940 & 2.81 & 0.24 & 10.58 & 26.14 & 22.67 & 9000 \\ \hline
**EPID** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Trachytes \\ and \\ tractytic \\ tuffs (\(\tau\), tf) \\ \end{tabular} & 950 & 350 & 2.04 [67] & 0.42 & 0.25 & 0.71 & 1.65 & 250 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Seismic velocities and calculated elastic moduli of the geological formations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Station Name** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Fundamental** \\ **Frequency,\(f_{0}\)** \\ **(Hz)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Seismic** \\ **Bedrock** \\ **Depth, \(H_{seis}\)** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \(V_{S}\) (m/s)** & \(V_{S30}\) (m/s) & **Soil Type** & **Subsurface Geology** \\ \hline
**MDRA** & - & - & 1830–2500 & 1877 & A &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dolostones, dolomitic limestones, and limestones \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**VILL** & 10.4 & 13.0 & 1160–1500 & 1217 & A &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dolostones, dolomitic limestones, and limestones \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**LOUT** & 2.7 & 30.0 & 300–900 & 638 & B &
\begin{tabular}{c} Old talus cones and scree formation, \\ shales–chert, and limestone \\ formations \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**THAL** & 1.4 & 54.0 & 200–420 & 300 & C &
\begin{tabular}{c} Marine-brackish marls and \\ conglomerates \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**ATAL** & - & - & 1930–2350 & 2016 & A & Limestones and dolomites \\ \hline
**EPID** & 7.1 & 12.0 & 320–460 & 393 & B &
\begin{tabular}{c} Quaternary sediments, \\ tractytes/trachytic fulfs, and chert \\ limestones \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Key parameters for site characterization of seismic stations. The geophysical measurements at the seismological stations _MDRA_ (Figure 5) and _VILL_ (Figure 8) have been carried out on the same geological formation, which is dolostones, dolomitic limestones, and limestones of the Upper Triassic (_TRm_).