# Applications of Deep Learning to Neurodevelopment in Pediatric Imaging: Achievements and Challenges
## 3 Results
### Predicting Brain Age
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Year** & **Population** & **Technique** & **Preprocessing** & **Method** & **Results** \\ \hline
[84] & 2017 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 115 infants (gestation age \\ 24-32 weeks ) \\ \end{tabular} & DTI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & MAE 2.17 weeks \\ \hline
[130] & 2019 & \begin{tabular}{c} 317 MRI images of 112 \\ infants age 2 weeks (8 to \\ 35 days); 12 months (each \\ \(\pm\)2-weeks) and 3 years (each \\ \(\pm\)4-weeks). \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI & \
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & 3D CNN &
\begin{tabular}{c} Accuracy 98.4\% \\ classifying three \\ age groups \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[131] & 2019 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} PNC Dataset: 857 subject \\ (age 8–22 years) 20\% as children 20\% as young adult \\ \end{tabular} & rs-fMRI & SPM12 & MLP &
\begin{tabular}{c} Accuracy 96.64\% \\ predicting children \\ and young adult \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[132] & 2020 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ABIDE II dataset 382 \\ subjects ADHD200 \\ consortium 378 subjects \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI & SPM12 & 3D CNN &
\begin{tabular}{c} MAE 1.11 years \\ (ABIDE II dataset) \\ 1.16 years (ADHD200 \\ consortium) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[127] & 2020 & 220 subjects (age 0–5 years) & sMRI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & MAE 2.26 months \\ \hline
[129] & 2020 & \begin{tabular}{c} PNC Dataset: 839 subject \\ (age 8–21 years) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} sMRI, \\ rs-fMRI, \\ DTI \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} SPM12, \\ PPARSE, \\ PANDA \\ \end{tabular} & MLP &
\begin{tabular}{c} MAE \\ 0.381 \(\pm\) 0.119 years \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[128] & 2021 & 161 subjects (age 0–2 years) & sMRI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & MAE 8.2 weeks \\ \hline
[133] & 2021 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 84 infants \\ (age 8 days–3 years) \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & Accuracy 90\% \\ \hline
[134] & 2021 & 119 subjects (age 0–2 years) & sMRI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & MAE 0.98 months \\ \hline
[135] & 2021 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 220 fetuses (gestation age \\ 15.9–38.7 weeks) \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI &
\begin{tabular}{c} In-house \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & MAE 0.125 weeks \\ \hline
[136] & 2021 & \begin{tabular}{c} 167 patients with Rolandic \\ epilepsy \\ (age 9.81 \(\pm\) 2.55 years), \\ 107 HC \\ (age 9.43 \(\pm\) 2.57 years) \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI & \
\begin{tabular}{c} CAT12, \\ SPM12 \\ \end{tabular} & CNN &
\begin{tabular}{c} MAE 1.05 years for \\ HC 1.21 years \\ for patients \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[137] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} 524 infants (gestation age \\ 23–42 weeks ) \\ \end{tabular} & sMRI, DTI & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Neonatal \\ specific segmentation \\ pipeline \\ \end{tabular} & CNN &
\begin{tabular}{c} MAE 0.72 weeks \\ (term-born) \\ 2.21 weeks (preterm) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Predicting brain age.