## 4 Security Threats and Attack Methods in Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management  
The previous section discussed how blockchain technology can enhance the security of traditional supply chain systems. This section, by contrast, focuses on the specific security threats inherent to blockchain-based architectures, examining the unique risks that arise from their decentralized structure. While the integration of blockchain technology into supply chains provides an effective solution to enhance security and transparency, these systems are not entirely immune to malicious attacks. Malicious actors may exploit vulnerabilities within supply chain processes to manipulate data related to product origin, transportation, and storage. Technologies commonly utilized in supply chains, such as IoT devices, RFID tags, or sensors, are particularly susceptible to the risks of data manipulation and unauthorized  
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**Criterion** & **Traditional Supply Chain** & **Blockchain-Based Supply Chain** \\ \hline Transparency [43] & Limited data sharing between actors; potential lack of trust. & Secure and verifiable ledger accessible to all stakeholders. \\ Data Management [44; 45] & Uses centralized databases; data can be altered or deleted. & Immutable records prevent data manipulation. \\ Traceability [46] & Product histories tracked manually or by separate systems; lack of transparency. & End-to-end traceability throughout supply chain; real-time verification of product histories. \\ Data Integrity [43; 47] & Centrally managed data; a single error may impact all processes. & Data immutability ensured through cryptographic signatures and hashing algorithms. \\ Counterfeiting and Manipulation [47] & Possible entry of counterfeit products; manual verifications required. & Tokenization and digital identities verify product origin and history. \\ Security [48] & Vulnerable to cyberattacks; database breaches can lead to extensive data losses. & DLT minimizes central attack risk. \\ IoT Integration [49] & Limited data security with IoT devices; risks of data loss and manipulation. & IoT data securely stored in immutable blockchain records. \\ Smart Contracts [50] & Manual execution of transactions; reliance on third-party validation. & Automated processes through smart contracts reduce human error. \\ Operational Efficiency [51] & Delays due to manual validations and intermediaries. & Automated, reliable, and accelerated transaction processes. \\ Costs [43; 51] & High dependency on intermediaries and manual processes increases costs. & Reduced operational costs by minimizing intermediary reliance. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 3: Comparative analysis of traditional and blockchain-based supply chains.  
access. Attacks targeting these devices can result in the generation of false information or compromise the integrity of the system. Furthermore, blockchain systems themselves may present vulnerabilities. Weaknesses inherent in blockchain code structures or consensus mechanisms could potentially be exploited to alter transaction data or disrupt network operations. Consequently, developing more robust defense mechanisms against these threats is critical for ensuring supply chain security [48]. Figure 4 presents a classification of security threats and attack methods specific to blockchain-based supply chains.