esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanical Properties  
Flexural strength at 7 and 28 days is presented in Figure 10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Concentration mol/L** & **Density (g/cm\({}^{3}\))** & **Porosity (\%)** \\ \hline
12.9 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 33 \(\pm\) 1 \\
15.6 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 32 \(\pm\) 2 \\
19 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 30 \(\pm\) 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Density and porosity of the 3D-printed specimens.  
Figure 9: SEM\(-\)EDX analysis of sample printed with 12.9 mol/L NaOH concentration.  
The results suggest that flexural strength varies with NaOH concentration and curing time. Higher NaOH concentration results in a lower flexural strength. The samples printed with a 12.9 mol/L NaOH concentration show an increased flexural strength by 13.4% from 7 to 28 days of curing. The results of flexural strength can be related to the penetration dynamics of the NaOH solution, which in turn is dependent on its rheological properties. The rheological behavior of a solution, including its properties of flow and viscosity, makes it more challenging to penetrate directly into a powder bed, as represented by the equation derived from Hagen\(-\)Poiseuille's law [29]:  
\[v=\frac{d(l)}{d(t)}=\frac{r\;\gamma cos\varphi}{4\;\mu\;l(t)} \tag{6}\]  
where \(v\) is the penetration velocity, \(l\) penetration length, \(r\) is the pore radius, \(\gamma\) the surface tension of the air\(-\)liquid interface, \(\varphi\) the contact angle between the solid and liquid particles, \(\mu\) the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, and \(t\) is the time.  
Equation (6) suggests that the penetration velocity \(\
u\) is inversely proportional to the length \(l(t)\) and the solution's viscosity. From Figure 3, it is obvious that the 12.9 mol/L NaOH solution has the lowest slope, which means the lowest viscosity. Low viscosity is desirable for penetration into the powder bed as it can flow into fine pores and capillaries easily.  
The gain in strength is minimal when the results of printed samples cured after 7 and 28 days are compared. This suggests that the mechanical properties are influenced by the NaOH concentrations, capillary-driven penetration, and curing dynamics. The properties of the printed specimens can be further optimized using these factors.
# A Polarization-Based Method for Maritime Image Dehazing
###### Abstract
To address the limitations of the existing approaches in identifying \(A_{\infty}\) in sea fog environments, a new method tailored specifically for sea scenes is proposed. Considering the characteristics of marine imagery and the appearance of dark patches in maritime areas after conventional polarimetric dehazing, an improved polarimetric dehazing technique based on polarimetric segmentation is suggested. We conducted comparative experiments with existing methods on sea fog images containing ships and distant coastal scenes. The results show that the image information entropy of the segmentation process improves by more than 6% compared to that of alternative methodologies, and the local contrast of the image is increased by more than 30% compared to that of the original foggy image.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of the Fiber Media Filter  
The fiber media filter (see Table 3 for characteristics of the filter) used in this investigation was purchased from Hyosung Green Tech (Hyosung Green Tech, Ansan, Republic of Korea), and the basic characteristics of the filter were produced. For further determination of the physiochemical properties exhibited by the filter, the inner surface morphology of the filter used in this study was analyzed via high-quality field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; Hillsboro, OR, USA). The surface charge (zeta potential) of the filter was measured with a streaming potential instrument (SurPASS, [PERSON], Graz, Austria) using a 10-mM NaCl solution. The water contact angle of the filter was evaluated using the sessile drop method (phoenix-300 analyzer with video capturing equipment; SEO Corporation). The results were determined as the average of at least seven tests performed on each sample.
## Abstract  
Due to the complexity of pile-soil interaction, there is little research on active-passive piles that bear the pile-top load transmitted from the superstructure and the pile shaft load caused by the lateral soil movement around the pile simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to analyze the displacement and internal force of active-passive piles. Most of the pile design codes in China use the elastic resistance method to describe the relationship between the lateral soil resistance and the horizontal displacement of the pile, but this is not accurate enough to analyze the internal force and deformation of the pile when the pile displacement is large. For this case, the passive load on the pile shaft caused by the adjacent surcharge load can be described in stages, and the \(p\)-\(y\) curve method can be used to express the relationship between the lateral soil resistance and the horizontal displacement of the pile. Additionally, taking both the active load (vertical force, horizontal force, and bending moment on the pile top) and the passive load into account, the deflection differential equation of the pile shaft is herein established, and a corresponding finite difference method program is implemented to obtain the calculations pursuant to the equation. The correctness of the analysis method and program was verified by two test cases. The results show that our calculation method can effectively judge the flow state of the soil around piles and accurately reflect the nonlinear characteristics of pile-soil interaction. Moreover, the influence depth of the pile displacement under the passive pile condition caused by the adjacent load is significantly greater than that under active pile condition, and the maximum pile-bending moment appears near the interface of soft and hard soil layer.  
active-passive pile; adjacent surcharge load; passive load on pile shaft; \(p\)-\(y\) curve; nonlinear
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the dispersion effects in an OCDMA system combined with a microwave optic fiber network using OFDM and polarization multiplexing technology. In the system architecture presentation, the encoding and decoding architecture utilized arrayed waveguide grating to code the frequency domain amplitude. Subsequently, the design parameters of the arrayed waveguide grating were changed to change the bandwidth and frequency and thus enable the system to transmit two different signal formats (i.e., unilateral and bilateral optical carriers). In addition, polarization multiplexing technology was added into the BS and receiver architecture to suppress interference caused by phase-induced intensity noise and thus enhance the system's overall effectiveness. In addition, when the two signals were separately transmitted through the optic fiber in a situation where only influence from attenuation factors was considered and the BER equaled 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), the transmission distance could reach 80 km.  
When the long distance transmission dispersion effect was added, the signal could no longer be restored after a 10-km transmission. In this study, an ideal effect was initially investigated, and DCF plus with electrical equalizer was used to compensate for dispersion. After the dispersion effect was fully compensated using the DCF, the simulation results indicated that the signal could be restored effectively and that the BER equaled zero when the transmitted data length was 32,768. When the DCF is unable to completely compensate for the dispersion, the received signal will still be affected by small amounts of dispersion and therefore the cluster points in the constellation diagram will exhibit phase shifting, causing the system's effectiveness to decline. In this situation, the present system utilized OFDM equalizer technology to insert pilot symbols to perform estimation and compensation on the fiber channel. The simulation results showed that this method can effectively suppress interference of the signal from remaining dispersion when the DCF could not attain complete compensation. The method also enables effective restoration of the transmitted signal and enhancement of overall system effectiveness.  
This study was supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology 104-2221-E-150-044-.  
[PERSON] performed the simulations and algorithm analysis, and contributed to a main part of manuscript writing. [PERSON] contributed in conceiving and the corresponding data analysis. All authors contributed to the writing of the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Conclusions  
TMD is widely applied in the pedestrian-induced vibration control of pedestrian bridges and its parameters are very important. A new TMD optimization method based on the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) is proposed in this paper, which takes primary structural damping into consideration. The optimization goal is to minimize the maximum dynamic amplification factor of the primary structure under external harmonic excitation, and the resultant optimized TMD has a smaller maximum dynamic amplification factor and better robustness. The optimum TMD parameters table for a damped primary structure with different damping ratios and different TMD mass ratios was presented. At last, as a case study, the application of an optimized TMD based on AFSA for a pedestrian bridge was proposed. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. The fitting formulas of the optimum TMD frequency ratio and the optimum TMD damping ratio agree well with Table 1. Optimum TMD parameters can be obtained from Table 1 or calculated from Formulas (3) and (4). Consequently, the design procedure is very simple.
2. The novel optimization method proposed in this paper has a smaller maximum acceleration dynamic amplification factor than the classic [PERSON] method and the Ioi and Ikeda method.  
Figure 6: The comparisons of structural responses under 2.00 Hz human-induced excitations. (**a**) Under 2.00 Hz walking excitation; (**b**) Under 2.00 Hz running excitation; (**c**) Under 2.00 Hz jumping excitation.  
The optimized TMD has a good effect in controlling human-induced vibrations at different frequencies for a pedestrian bridge, indicating its good robustness.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51478361) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Government Supported Universities.  
[PERSON] proposed the idea. [PERSON] carried out the parametric study and wrote the paper. [PERSON] conceived the analytical method, provided valuable discussions and revised the paper. [PERSON] carried out case study.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Volatile Compounds** & **\% of Samples** & **Concentration (\(\mu\)g/g)** & **Identification a** \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Farnesene & 100 & \begin{tabular}{c} 3.0 \(\pm\) 2.2 \\ (0.4–11.3) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Muurolene & 70 & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 \\ (0.1–2.7) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 26 & \begin{tabular}{c} 3.2 \(\pm\) 4.1 \\ (0.3–15.2) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline Caryophyllene & 60 & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 \\ (0.1–1.0) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline D-Limonene & 39 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 1.8 \(\pm\) 2.8 \\ (0.3–11.9) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Mycrene & 14 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 1.3 \(\pm\) 1.3 \\ (0.4–4.5) \\ \end{tabular} & MS/IK.DB \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: Volatile profile (%) of extra virgin olive oils considering the main classes of the compounds determined. compounds originate from the LOX pathway. In more detail, (_E_)-2-hexenal, (_Z_)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (_E_)-2-hexen-1-ol come from linolenic acid (C18:3), whereas 1-hexanol comes from linoleic acid (C18:2) [24]. (_E_)-2-hexenal and (_Z_)-3-hexen-1-ol are associated with green aromas such as cut grass, bitter almond, banana, and apple [7; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31], whereas 2-methyl-4-pentenal appears associated with the sensations of bitterness, pungency [30], and the aroma of dry leaves [31]. It should be noted that compounds such as (_E_)-5-octadecene, 3-ethyl-1,5-ocadiene, (_Z_)-2-penten-1-ol, nonanal, nervl nitrile, \(\alpha\)-copaene, \(\alpha\)-farresene, and 3,7-dimethyl-(_Z_)-1,3,6-ocatriene, despite having a reduced concentration, were present in all the samples studied. These compounds are associated with green aromas, almonds, banana, and cut grass for (_Z_)-2-penten-1-ol [30; 32; 33], spicy and wood for \(\alpha\)-copaene [34; 35], and leaves and grass for \(\alpha\)-farnesene [36]. Contrary to this, nonanal is associated with rancid aroma [37; 38] and was quantified in all samples (11.5 \(\pm\) 6.9 \(\mu\)g/g). However, the rancid defect was not detected during the sensory analysis. This fact indicates that the average concentration determined corresponds to a low value, not perceptible to the human nose. Authors state that the detection limit of nonanal is 13.5 \(\mu\)g/g [37; 39], above the average concentration detected in the olive oils studied. The process of rancidity of the olive oil begins immediately after the olive oil extraction process [32], which explains the presence of this compound in all the samples studied.
## 4 Case Study
### Separation of Temperature-Induced Strain  
The measured strain data includes the interaction of live load and temperature effects. Therefore, the separation of temperature strain is a prerequisite for thermal strain response studies. The measured data of the S6 strain measuring point of the bridge on 9 June 2017 is shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 6: _Cont_.  
In Figure 6, the separation of temperature effects is achieved by the wavelet decomposition and reconstruction method [20]. As shown in Figure 6, this method can separate temperature strain effectively. The raw strain data is finally decomposed into temperature-induced strain (Figure 6a, the red line) and live load strain (Figure 6b). It is worth noting that the live load-induced strain in Figure 6b is larger than that in Figure 2b. The reason is the location of sensor S6 is in the center of the bridge where the girder will withstand more vehicle loads.
## 1 Introduction
The aim of this study was to assess to what extent two of the MISR-HR 275 m data products, namely the 36 surface bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF) and the 12 RPV model parameters (\(\rho_{0}\), \(k\), \(\Theta\) in each of the four spectral bands), may be used to estimate forest vegetation structural parameters (i.e., mean tree height and canopy cover) in South African forests, including savannas woodlands, indigenous dense forests, and commercial plantation forests. This study addressed three research questions:  
* Do off-nadir MISR-HR products significantly improve the estimation of structural parameters compared to those obtained with the nadir-pointing camera only? * Which data channels or combinations thereof, have the greatest potential to improve the canopy structure models performance? * Does the performance of predicting structural parameters improve whilst using the MISR-HR RPV model parameters (\(\rho_{0}\), \(k\), \(\Theta\)) compared to the full MISR-HR BRF multi-angle multi-spectral dataset (i.e., 4 spectral bands at nine view angles)? These questions were answered using various scenarios based on MISR-HR data channel combinations elaborated in detail in Section 3.4. The inputs to our predictive models were the MISR reflectance data (BRF) and derived products (the RPV model parameters), which are the explanatory variables, generated by the MISR-HR processing system. High resolution airborne LiDAR data were used to derive the tree height and canopy cover products, which were used as reference data to train and validate the models.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Improved Region Growing Algorithm Based on Vehicle Trajectory Information
#### 3.3.2 Seed Supervoxel Selection  
The improved seed selection method was used to extract seed supervoxels (\(S_{seed}\)) from the supervoxel dataset, which are complete supervoxels on the road surface. The selection of seed points is a crucial step in region growing algorithms. The region growing algorithm segments the point cloud by continuously expanding outward from the selected initial seed points based on the given criteria. The positions of the seed points directly affect the quality of the segmentation results. In this study, the trajectory of the vehicle during data collection using a mobile laser scanning system was utilized to extract seed supervoxels from the road point cloud data after supervoxel segmentation. However, it should be noted that the trajectory data collected using the mobile laser scanning system are not necessarily exactly at the center of the road. Therefore, it was necessary to calculate the curvature residual for the extracted candidate seed supervoxels and perform filtering to select the most suitable seed supervoxels for region growing segmentation. If a seed supervoxel \(S_{0}\) is surrounded by neighboring supervoxels (\(S_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\)) belonging to the same segmentation region and the curvature of \(S_{0}\) is smaller than that of \(S_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\), then \(S_{0}\) is more likely to be chosen as the center of the cluster for the region growing algorithm.  
The specific process of extracting seed supervoxels is as follows:  
1. The vehicle's trajectory data and the 3D coordinates of the point cloud are projected onto a 2D plane (XOY) to determine the candidate seed supervoxel dataset \(\{S_{\Delta}\}\), as shown in Figure 5.
2. The supervoxel with the largest number of points and located in the vehicle trajectory data is selected as the seed supervoxel.  
Figure 4: Trajectory data calculation process.
# UV-Induced Aging in Thermochromic Pigment-Integrated Food-Grade Polymers: A Performance Assessment
## 3 Results
### Impact Strength After UV Exposure
These findings are consistent with a transition from ductile to brittle failure mechanisms [92], driven by surface oxidation [93], pigment-matrix interactions [94], and polymer chain scission [85], and emphasize the need for enhanced UV stabilization strategies [95] in thermochromic polypropylene systems intended for extended light-exposed service life. Several UV stabilization strategies could be implemented in future thermochromic polypropylene systems to mitigate the observed degradation effects. These include using hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) to neutralize free radicals [96] and UV absorbers such as benzotriazole compounds [97] to attenuate harmful radiation. Additionally, protective barrier coatings [98] or coextruded layers [99] can shield the surface from direct UV exposure while preserving optical clarity. For thermochromic systems in particular, enhancements in microcapsule design--such as multi-shell encapsulation [100] or incorporation of inorganic stabilizers such as silica [101]--can improve pigment integrity by reducing photodegradation within the dye-developer-solvent matrix. These techniques offer viable pathways to extend the functional lifespan of innovative packaging applications in high-UV environments. One-way ANOVA was conducted separately on both unnotched and notched impact strength values for PP98/TP2 and PP92/TP8 to determine the statistical significance of differences across exposure durations (0, 500, and 1000 h) and UV conditions (RS 559-934 and QUV/Solar Eye). The analysis revealed statistically significant differences for both specimen types (\(p<0.001\)), confirming that UVA exposure had a measurable effect on fracture resistance. Post hoc Tukey HSD tests indicated that all pairwise comparisons between exposure durations were statistically significant (\(p<0.05\)), demonstrating time-dependent degradation in impact strength. To further validate the reliability of impact strength measurements, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the unnotched results. For example, PP98/TP2 exhibited an unnotched impact strength of 85.65 \(\pm\) 2.05 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) (95% CI) after 500 h and 70.54 \(\pm\) 2.31 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) after 1000 h under the RS 559-934 exposure. Under the QUV/Solar Eye, the values declined to 78.41 \(\pm\) 1.80 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) at 500 h and 60.22 \(\pm\) 2.24 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) at 1000 h. The more pigment-rich PP92/TP8 blend showed even greater losses, dropping to 52.37 \(\pm\) 2.45 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) after 1000 h of the QUV exposure. These confidence intervals support the statistical significance of degradation trends and reinforce the greater UV sensitivity of PP92/TP8 compared to PP98/TP2.
###### Abstract  
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder that results in dysfunction and failure of various organs. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of Thymoquinone (TQ), on antidiabetic, oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities in streptozotocinocin (STZ)-induced (55 mg/kg b.w) diabetic rats. TQ was orally given for 8 consecutive weeks at dose of 150 mg/kg b.w. The blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver function enzymes, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were measured accordingly in control, diabetes control (DC), and TQ-treatment groups. These experiments confirmed that TQ conserves the insulin level (0.4 mg/mL vs. 0.23 mg/mL), fasting blood glucose (146 \(\pm\) 7 mg/dL vs. 225 \(\pm\) 5 mg/dL), and HbA1C (7.5% vs. 10.6%) quite considerably as compared to DC animals. Our results also confirmed that TQ treatment conserves the body weight and lipid profile significantly in STZ-treated animals as compared to the DC group. Moreover, the antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, GST, and CAT) levels decreased, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers (TNF-\(\alpha\), CRP, IL-1B, IL-6) increased by STZ treatment, that is significantly restored after TQ treatment. As compared to untreated animals, TQ restored the hepatocytes architectural changes and collagen fibers and cox-2 protein expression in liver tissues as evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemistry staining. Taken together, all these findings indicated that TQ ameliorates glucose level and lipid metabolism. It restores liver function, antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory markers, and maintains hepatocytes architecture in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Here, in this study, we have demonstrated for the first time the role of TQ in the reduction of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and fibrosis formation in diabetic rats. Based on the findings, the study suggests that TQ is a novel natural drug with a wide range of clinical applications including the management of diabetes mellitus.  
thymoquinone; anti-diabetic; oxidative stress; inflammatory markers; immunohistochemistry; streptozotocinomic