## 3 Experiment  
### Data Analisis  
This study was conducted from May 2022 to August 2023 at the Eulji University Hospital's Department of Otorhinolaryngology sleep study laboratory based on test data from 262 individuals. All data were anonymized and de-identified, and the study received ethical approval with the certification number 2022-03-010-002 from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The definition of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) followed the criteria set by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3 (ICSD-3) [17]. OSA was defined as a condition where, despite the observation of respiratory effort from the abdomen and chest,there are five or more episodes per hour of apnea or hypopnea occurring in the oral and nasal passages, each lasting a minimum of 10 s.  
Data were collected from individuals undergoing polysomnography who voluntarily chose to participate in this study, specifically targeting individuals aged 19 years and older. The exclusion criteria included the following. (1) Individuals under the age of 19. (2) Patients with a total sleep duration of less than 240 min. (3) Individuals with tattoos, pigmentation, or lesions on their wrists. (4) Individuals who are unable to clearly express pain. (5) Individuals suffering from severe anemia, undergoing chemotherapy, experiencing uncontrolled respiratory diseases, or afflicted with blood-related disorders. An overview of the data is presented in Table 1. Table 2 displays the number of respondents who selected either 1 or 0 for each question in the STOP-BANG questionnaire. The diagnostic methodology reported an overall accuracy of 86.52%, indicating considerable reliability in the applied approach. Specifically, the sensitivity for accurately diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with a STOP-BANG score of 3 or higher was ascertained to be 89.92%. This suggested that a significant proportion of patients classified within this score range genuinely suffered from OSA, with only a 10.08% likelihood of misdiagnosing healthy individuals. Conversely, the specificity for individuals with a STOP-BANG score of less than 3--the proportion of healthy individuals correctly identified as not having OSA--was determined to be 61.76%. This indicated a potential for 38.24% of individuals to be erroneously classified as OSA patients at scores below 3 while \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **Value** \\ \hline Age (years) & 45.5 \(\pm\) 13.3 \\ \hline Sex: Male & 195 (74.4\%) \\ \hline Sex: Female & 67 (25.6\%) \\ \hline BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 28.2 \(\pm\) 4.6 \\ \hline Neck circumference (cm) & 39.2 \(\pm\) 3.9 \\ \hline Waist-to-hip ratio & 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ \hline PSQI score & 11.8 \(\pm\) 5.5 \\ \hline ESS score & 8.5 \(\pm\) 3.7 \\ \hline TST (min) & 341.0 \(\pm\) 50.7 \\ \hline AHI (events/h) & 24.2 \(\pm\) 20.0 \\ \hline ODI (events/h) & 26.7 \(\pm\) 23.9 \\ \hline STOP-BANG score & 4.1 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\ \hline SpO2 nadir (\%) & 80.9 \(\pm\) 8.5 \\ \hline Diagnosis: & 53 (20.2\%) \\ \hline Diagnosis: & 209 (79.8\%) \\ OSA (AHI \(\geq\) 5) & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation or n (\%). BMI, body mass index; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale, TST, total sleep time; AHI, Apnea–Hypopnea Index; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; SpO2, oxygen saturation; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Patient demographics (n = 262). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Snore** & **Tired** & **Observe** & **Pressure** & **BMI** & **Age** & **Neck** & **Gender** \\ \hline
1 & 221 & 214 & 158 & 155 & 244 & 145 & 145 & 195 \\ \hline
0 & 41 & 48 & 104 & 107 & 18 & 117 & 117 & 67 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: STOP-BANG (n = 262). accurately identifying non-OSA individuals at a rate of 61.76%. To validate the accuracy of these observations, a comparative analysis with existing research was conducted. A validation study of the STOP-BANG questionnaire in 2021 by [PERSON] et al.