# Automated Schedule and Cost Control Using
## 3 Methodology
### Methods
#### 3.2.2 Automated Schedule and Cost Control  
To update the project's status in terms of schedule and cost (4D, 5D), the authors developed two algorithms based on the results of the object recognition system. On one hand, Algorithm 3 calculated the 4D updated status based on the BCWS and BCWP estimated from the BIM-planned model and the geometry-based model, respectively, where budgeted unit cost was inserted into the algorithm. The element's color would also determine whether its cost would be included. Then, the schedule performance index (SPI) was calculated automatically to review the schedule status of a project. ```
Input: Structural elements E, Linkstructural elements L\({}_{E}\), Budget unit cost B\({}_{Cost}\)  Concrete Volume V\({}_{c}\) Output: Geometry Model Cost G\({}_{M}\) Cost, BIM-planned model total cost BIM\({}_{M}\) TC, SPI
1 For Each Category in E
2 Get V\({}_{c}\) For category
3 Calculate Category cost From B\({}_{Cost}\) and V\({}_{c}\)  BIM\({}_{M}\) TC = Category Cost
4 End
5 For Each L in Redelement
7 Calculate Red TC From B\({}_{Cost}\) and V\({}_{c\,Red}\)
8 End
9 For Each L\({}_{E}\) in Greenelement
10 Calculate Green TC From B\({}_{Cost}\) and V\({}_{c\,Green}\)
11 End
12 For Each L\({}_{E}\) in Yellowelement
13 Calculate Yellow TC From B\({}_{Cost}\) and V\({}_{c\,yellow}\)
14 End
15\(G_{M}\) Cost = BIM\({}_{M}\) TC \(-\) Red TC + Green TC + Yellow TC
16 SPI = G\({}_{M}\) Cost/BIM\({}_{M}\) TC
17 If SPI > 1
18 Then Print \"Ahead of schedule.\" Else If SPI < 1
19 Print \"Behind schedule.\" Else Print \"Within schedule.\" End
20 End If
21 End
```  
**Algorithm 3**Calculate the automated schedule progress  
On the other hand, Algorithm 4 calculated the 5D updated status based on the BCWP and ACWP estimated from the geometry-based model and the revised BIM-planned model, respectively, where the actual unit cost was inserted into the algorithm. The element's color would determine whether its cost would be included. Then, the cost performance index (CPI) was calculated automatically to review the cost status of the project. ``` Input: Structural elements E, Actual unit cost A\({}_{Cost}\), Geometry Model Cost G\({}_{M}\) Cost Output: Actual Total cost Actual TC, CPI
1 For Each Category in E
2 Get V\({}_{C}\) For Category
3 Calculate Category cost From A\({}_{Cost}\) and V\({}_{C}\)  Actual TC = Category Cost
4 \(CPI\) = G\({}_{M}\) Cost/Actual TC
5 If CPI > 1
7 Then Print \"Under Budget\"

### Case Study

The data comprises a set of four field laser scans obtained from an investment building in The Rawda Administration Center, mainly consisting of reinforced concrete frame structure and Hardy slabs. The project location is [24.795813, 46.839646] beside Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifah Rd, Al Maizilah, Riyadh. The site image of the case study is shown in Figure 2.

The construction site was scanned using Faro Focus3D[47] between 25 December 2020 and 20 January 2021. The weather on the days of the survey was hot; however, with a clear sky and low wind. ## 4 Results and Discussions

### Point Cloud Characteristics

Regarding the evaluation of registration quality, the point cloud characteristics should be thoroughly discussed. Table 3 summarizes the dataset's characteristics in all scans. The findings showed a relatively high average result of RMSE. The first reason behind that is Faro Focus 3D usually has a higher ranging error [+2 mm at 10 m and 25 m each at 90% and 10% reflectivity excluding the noise], according to the data from the manual of Faro Focus3D[47]. The second reason for a higher RMSE is that fewer tie points were not scanned when the scans were conducted initially. As a result, manual point matching was used, leading to a relatively higher registration error, as previously confirmed by [33]. However, the RMSE results in [19] showed a lower RMSE/Scan of 1.68 mm than the registration results conducted in this paper due to the usage of signalized targets on presurveyed site control points. Figure 2: Site Image of the case study.