# A Component-Based Approach to Early Warning Systems: A Theoretical Model
## 1 Introduction
### Early Warning Systems
According to the report, the highest level of implementation is in the Europe and central Asia region, with 60% of countries, while the lowest is in the Americas and the Caribbean region, at only 40%, and in the African region, at 50%. This report also outlines EWS implementation results according to its core components. Among all countries that reported having an EWS, 91% had implemented the Warning Dissemination component. However, the lowest level of implementation was recorded for the Disaster Risk Knowledge component, fundamental to every aspect of EWSs, which had been established in only 58 countries (49%). The coverage of Disaster Risk Knowledge is lowest in the Americas and the Caribbean (20%) and in Africa (20%). However, Africa is the only region that reported zero countries having a comprehensive capability for this component. The Arab States have increased their reporting on this component from 9% in 2023 to 27% in 2024. The highest reporting is in the Asia-Pacific region, where over 40% of countries reported having some capability [11]. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction defines an EWS as \"An integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assessment, communication and preparedness activities, systems and processes that enables individuals, communities, governments, businesses and others to take timely action to reduce disaster risks in advance of hazardous events\". An MHEWS is defined as follows: \"Multi-hazard early warning systems address several hazards and/or impacts of similar or different type in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simultaneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects\" [15]. Definitions of EWSs can also be found in several scientific studies. According to [PERSON] et al. (2022), \"an early warning system is a climate change adaptation measure that utilises integrated communication technologies to assist communities in preparing for potentially dangerous climate-related events. A successful EWS protects lives and livelihoods, as well as land and infrastructure, and contributes to long-term sustainability. Early warning systems help to reduce economic losses and mitigate the number of injuries or deaths from a disaster, by providing information that allows individuals and communities to protect their lives and property. Early warning information empowers people to take action when a disaster closes to happening\" [16]. [PERSON] (2022) characterises EWSs based on their technical and technological components. \"Early Warning Systems (EWS) may consist of set of equipment, sensors, simulators, dissemination protocols, communication satellite and wireline and wireless terrestrial communication systems & communication links, a wide range of ICT tools, simulators, and prediction models, firmware, technical human resources and standard operating procedures and guidelines\" [17]. From the perspective of EWS components, other factors, such as monitoring and warning, are equally important. This includes risk assessment and evaluating potential impacts on the population and infrastructure, which in turn highlights the need for developing crisis response plans [18]. Several authors describe EWS components in their studies, with classifications that are either identical or similar to those defined by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [19; 20; 21]. Other studies focus on EWSs from the perspective of individual components, such as Risk Knowledge [21], or on technological solutions aimed at optimising EWSs [22; 23; 24]. Further research explores EWSs for specific hazards, including floods [25; 26; 27], wildfires [28; 29], earthquakes [29], and landslides [30; 31; 32].