# Towards Mitigating Jellyfish Attacks Based on Honesty Metrics in V2X Autonomous Networks
## 1 Introduction  
V2X (vehicle-to-everything) networks are wireless communication networks that enable vehicles to communicate with other vehicles, infrastructures, pedestrians, and devices in their vicinity. These networks are a critical component of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and are expected to play a significant role in the development of autonomous vehicles [1, 2, 3]. V2X networks can use different types of wireless technologies, such as dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs), cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). DSRCs use a dedicated frequency band, while C-V2X uses existing cellular networks to enable communication between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructures [4, 5]. V2X networks can provide a wide range of services, such as collision avoidance, traffic management, and cooperative driving. For example, V2X technology can alert drivers to potential collisions, provide real-time traffic information, and enable vehicles to work together to optimize traffic flow. In addition to improving safety and efficiency on the road, V2X networks can also reduce traffic congestion, reduce emissions, and enhance the overall driving experience. As a result, V2X networks are expected to become increasingly important in the future of transportation [6, 7]. Routing in V2X networks is the process of selecting the best path for transmitting data between vehicles, infrastructures, and other devices in a network. The goal of routing in V2X networks is to ensure that data are transmitted efficiently, reliably, and securely [8]. There are several routing protocols that can be used in V2X networks. Topology- and location-based routing protocols are the two main categories of routing protocols in V2X networks [9]. Due to the high mobility of vehicles, location-based (or geographic) protocolsalso outperform traditional ad hoc routing protocols [10; 11]. The most important aspect of vehicle knowledge is location. Every node is effectively required to keep track of both its own location and that of its neighboring nodes [12]. In order to find a route to a destination, geographic routing systems use the geographic coordinates offered by a positioning system, such as the geographic positioning system (GPS) [13]. Among these protocols is the greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (GPSR) [14], which is one of the most well-known and researched geographic routing methods. It assumes that every node is aware of its own location coordinates and periodically broadcasts them to its one-hop neighbors. GPSR uses perimeter forwarding and greedy forwarding strategies to route packets to their intended destinations. The next-hop neighbor node closest to the destination is chosen by the forwarding mechanism using a greedy algorithm. When greedy forwarding fails to route packets, perimeter forwarding will be used to forward packets [15]. In this context, security is a critical aspect of routing in V2X networks. Since V2X networks transmit sensitive information, such as location data and vehicle status, it is important to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this information. Traditional solutions, such as the use of encryption and decryption, may be able to prevent external malicious attackers from accessing sensitive data on networks; however, networks can be attacked by legitimate members, making nodes unable to protect communication from internal threats [16; 17]. Networks can be easily disrupted by attackers through jamming, causing congestion, manipulating network routes, delaying or reordering packets, etc. In fact, denial of service (DoS), Wormhole attacks, Blackhole attacks, Grayhole attacks, and Rushing attacks are just some of the attacks that might disrupt networks [18; 19]. Jellyfish attacks are a specific class of DoS attacks that are hard to detect and have a negative impact on overall network performance [20].