## 4 Conflict Driver Extraction and Classification
### Data Collection  
The authors collected news articles related to civil infrastructure projects using web crawling. With the digital transformation, the news consumption of modern society has intensified its dependence on digital news aggregators such as portal sites. This study collected news articles through the portal site Naver (www.naver.com, accessed on 31 August 2023). When looking into the Korean domestic internet news channels, 89.8 percent of users access news articles through digital news aggregators, and Naver has the largest share of portal sites in Korea [37]. In order to select the target infrastructure projects, the authors conducted a preliminary investigation considering the level of conflict and the project implementation period. Consequently, this study selected five representative infrastructure projects that experienced nationwide conflicts in the Republic of Korea: the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel (Case #1), Gadeok Island New Airport (Case #2), Ilsan Bridge (Case #3), Jeju 2 nd Airport \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Conflict Driver** & [4] & [5] & [11] & [21] & [22] & [33] & [34] & [35] & [36] \\ \hline D-01 & Communication issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & \\ D-02 & Compensation issue & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-03 & Ecological issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-04 & Economic issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & & & & & \\ D-05 & Facility charge issue & \(\bullet\) & & & & & & & & & \\ D-06 & Facility operation and utilization issue & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & & & & & & \\ D-07 & Opposite movement and response & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & & & & \\ D-08 & Perception and emotional issue & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & & & \(\bullet\) & \\ D-09 & Professional investigation issue & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & & & & & & \(\bullet\) \\ D-10 & Project objective issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-11 & Project organization issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & \\ D-12 & Public-private partnership issue & & & & & & & & & & \\ D-13 & Regional benefit and loss, added value issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-14 & Relevant laws, institution, guideline issue & & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-15 & Residential right and environment issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-16 & Resource procurement issue & & & & & & & & & & \\ D-17 & Technical issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ D-18 & Transparency and legitimacy issue & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Conflict drivers of civil infrastructure projects. (Case #4), and Miryang Transmission Tower (Case #5) projects. This study collected news articles using the five infrastructure project names as queries in Korean (Figure 1). As a result, a total of 50,801 news articles published by 115 news media from 2001 to 2022 were collected (Table 2). The number of published news articles in each case jumped up by year when social issues related to each infrastructure arose. Case #1 and Case #5 suffered from social conflicts at the project initiation stage in 2005 and 2013, respectively. Case #2 attracted public attention ahead of the election as it was mentioned in the election pledges of past presidential candidates in 2016 and 2020.