esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fabricating a Novel Three-Dimensional Skin Model Using Silica Nonwoven Fabrics (SNF)
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) Analysis  
Total RNA was isolated from the models using QIAzol lysis Reagent (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The RNA concentration was measured using an ultra-trace spectrophotometer (NanoDrop One, Thermo Fisher Scientific K. K., Tokyo, Japan). First-strand cDNA was synthesized using 0.5 \(\upmu\)g of total RNA with ReverTra Ace(r) qPCR RT Master Mix with a gDNA Remover kit (Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) using a thermal cycler (Mastercyler(r), Eppendorf Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). RT-qPCR was performed with the THUNDERBIRD(r) SYBR(r) qPCR Mix (Toyobo, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) using a thermocycler (CFX Connect(tm) Real-Time PCR Detection System,Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., CA, USA). RT-qPCR conditions were as follows: 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C (60 s), 40 cycles of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C (15 s), and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (60 s). We used 10 gene primers for the gene expression analysis (Table S1 and Figure S1). Data were normalized to _GAPDH_, and evaluated by relative mRNA abundance as determined by the \(\Delta\Delta\)Ct method. Melting curve analysis was conducted after the amplification step to eliminate the possibility of amplification of nonspecific amplification or primer dimer formation.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Spatial Overlay Analysis Method  
Spatial overlay analysis refers to the overlay of multiple data layers of the same area through operations under a unified spatial coordinate system to generate multiple attribute feature data or establish new spatial correspondence. It can solve the work of information extraction, element update, multiple attribute analysis, dynamic change of spatial features, and quantity statistics. The spatial overlay analysis establishes new topological and property relationships through the process of geometric intersection finding and property determination. According to different data attributes, it can be divided into overlay analysis based on vector data and raster data. The overlay method and illustration are shown in Figure 3. The spatial expression and attribute judgment of polygon overlay are shown in Table 1. A and B are both polygons containing different attributes, and Area() is the area function.
## 3 Results
### Experimental Results
#### 3.2.2 Stiffness of TSF Configuration  
The configuration of the TSF resulting from the number and positioning of stiffeners, such as half-pins and wires, has an immediate influence on the mechanical characteristics, specifically the frame stiffness. Consequently, it is the stiffness of the device that regulates the amount of vertical displacement under axial compression and determines contact or non-contact conditions of upper and lower bone parts, leading to premature callus formation. It is therefore important (including for clinical practice) to evaluate the influence of specific elements on the stiffness of the TSF frame.  
Pre-tensioned Kirschner wires had an immediate effect on uniaxial compression stiffness due to the axial resisting forces they exerted on the bar (bone in the actual TSF) when bent, whereas half-pins contributed to both the bending and uniaxial compression stiffness, since they resisted both the axial and bending deformation of the bar. The influence of specific TSF element configurations on stiffness was examined by performing separate compression tests after removal of either the Kirschner wire from the upper ring or a half-pin from the lower ring.  
Figure 5: (**A**) Undeformed and (**B**) deformed state of polyethylene bar axis at upper support, showing the development of angle \(\Theta\) during uniaxial compression.  
Figure 6: Locations of asymmetric gap closure (solid circles) of (**A**) polyethylene bars and (**B**) bone surfaces, resulting from the same rotation direction about the half-pin support points (dashed circles).  
The force-displacement behavior of the TSF was linear up to a value of 3.5 mm vertical displacement, as shown in Figure 7. The response was elastic, as confirmed upon unloading. From Figure 7, the measured stiffness of the reference TSF configuration (TSF1), described in Section 2.2 and calculated as the slope of the force-displacement curve, was 32 N/mm. In the same figure, the stiffness of the reference TSF configuration (TSF1) is compared against the stiffness of the device when removing the wire (TSF3) or removing a half-pin (TSF2). Removal of either the wire or a half-pin reduced the original stiffness of 32 N/mm to 27.5 N/mm (14% reduction) and 25.5 N/mm (20% reduction), respectively. Removal of one half-pin or one wire with regard to TSF1 corresponded to an increase in relative displacement between the two bone parts of 0.6-0.7 mm, under a constant compressive load of 100 kN.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physical and Electrochemical Properties  
Table 2 lists the physical and electrochemical properties of the cation exchange alloy membrane (CAM), and the commercial heterogeneous membrane (QHC) and homogeneous membrane (CMX). Among the three membranes, CAM had the highest _IEC_ (2.18 mmol/g), which partly contributed to the slightly higher water content (35.5%) compared to CMX (28.9%). With respect to the dose of inner compaction, the semi-interpenetrating network structure of CAM was relatively close to the homogeneous structure of CMX, but obviously denser than the heterogeneous structure of QHC. As a result, its apparent transport number (0.962) exceeded 0.95 and, thus, had a remarkable increase compared to QHC (0.908). Reducing the CAM's thickness (e.g., to 0.25-0.3 mm) might reduce the area electric resistance, but also undoubtedly would decrease the mechanical strength (bursting pressure) and the apparent transport number. Furthermore, we had found that it was very difficult to control the membrane's thickness below 0.3 mm. In the thermoforming process of alloy membranes, the space between two rollers of the open-mill machine should not be less than 0.2 mm, in order to avoid frequent mechanical collision and abrasion. On the other hand, the extensibility of the sulfonated polystyrene/PVDF alloy particles was still not enough at 170-180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but a higher temperature or longer hot-pressing time would cause the decomposition of sulfonic acid groups [24]. These two aspects of the operating factors limited any further decrease of the alloy membrane's thickness.  
Figure 8: 3D changes of dry alloy membrane in various solutions.  
The overall running electric resistance in an electrodialysiser not only directly depends on the intrinsic area electric resistance of the ion exchange membranes employed, but also is related to other system factors, including the material and quantity of clapboards, the electrolytic solution system and the degree of turbulence in the compartments. To compare the relative values of the area electric resistances, we carried out constant test conditions, only replacing the kind of cation exchange membranes and altering the voltage. Consequently, the running electric current through the electrodialysiser increased almost linearly with the increase of the imposed voltage, as shown in Figure 9, in which the running electric resistance was roughly equal to the reciprocal value of the linear slope. Therefore, the _I-V_ curves once again confirmed that the area electric resistance of the tailor-made alloy membrane was much lower than the commercial heterogeneous, but relatively close to the homogeneous membrane (also see Table 2).
## Instrument Description
### RF Receivers
#### 2.2.2 Power Measurement System  
Due to the one-bit per sample quantization, the amplitude information of the recorded signals is lost [12]. In order to be able to recover this information, the root mean square (RMS) total power of the signals is measured by the circuit. It consists of an analogue multiplier that squares the signal, followed by a low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of approximately 2 Hz. The resulting low-frequency  
Figure 2: Block diagram of the RF receivers of SPIR.  
voltage, which is proportional to the RMS power of the signal, is digitized using 16 bits and sampled at a 1 Hz rate.
# A Controller Switching Mechanism for Resilient Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks
## 4 Controller Switching Mechanism
### Network Scheduling with Controller Switching  
Here, we discuss network scheduling for controller switching algorithms. In the scheduling algorithm for controller switching, the only difference compared to scheduling without switching is the addition of a slot to transmit to the backup controller. This slot is only allocated, and transmission does not occur if the controller operates appropriately. The slot assignment for the switching algorithm is illustrated in Figure 6. The backup controller can receive sensor information from the plant by using a previously assigned slot for the controller (slot k). Unlike WirelessHART's TDMA, the LWB can receive sensor information from the plant, although the distance between the controller and backup controller is large. The backup controller monitors communications between the controller and the plants to detect controller misbehavior. In the event of an anomaly, the backup controller operates on behalf of the original controller, and the backup controller also notifies the host node so that the network can be reorganized.  
We used the MADB as the timeout threshold to identify anomalies of the controller. If the backup controller does not receive an actuation command from the primary controller within a timeout threshold, the backup controller takes over. The pseudocode of the switching algorithm is presented in Algorithm 1. The backup controller increases the count value by 1 if it does not receive a packet from the primary controller's action command in the \(k+1\) slot. In this study, \(T_{round}\) was set to be the same as the sampling interval of the control system. Therefore, if the count value and \(T_{s}\) product are less than the MADB, the backup controller skips this round. The stability of the control system can be ensured by transmitting the slot assigned to the next round. However, if the count value and \(T_{s}\) product are greater than the MADB, the backup controller must transmit on behalf of the primary controller to ensure the stability of the control system. Lastly, when a back-controller transfer occurs, it is passed via piggyback to the host node. The host node then notifies the administrator regarding the failure of the controller.  
```
1:\(count=0\)
2:if actuation command from main controller is missed in \(k+1\) slotthen
3:\(count++\)
4:if\(count*T_{s}>MADB\)then
5: transmit actuation command
6:else
7: skip this round
8:endif
9:else
10:\(count=0\)
11:endif
```  
**Algorithm 1** Pseudocode of switching algorithm in backup controller
# Illuminant Adaptive Wideband Image Synthesis Using Separated Base-Detail Layer Fusion Maps
## 2 Related works  
### Synthesis of Visible and Near-Infrared Images  
The wavelength band of light that can be visually recognized is 400-800 nm, and the wavelength band of nighttime infrared auxiliary light is approximately 800-1500 nm. Near-infrared rays experience a low degree of scattering effect by particles in the atmosphere; therefore, there is a region with strong object contrast and sharpness. Considering these characteristics, both visible-light and near-infrared images can be captured and the improved images may be fused and reproduced. Visible-light and near-infrared image synthesis measures information visibility primarily through the local contrast of visible and near-infrared images and controls the synthesis ratio so that the boundaries and textures of the entire image are maximally expressed. In particular, it can be used to accurately judge the edge of an object by synthesizing visible and near-infrared images not only at right but also in fog, smoke, or shaded areas during the daytime [1; 2; 3; 4; 5].  
Representatively, the visible-light and near-infrared image synthesis algorithm using latent low-rank representation (LatRR) decomposes the fusion process into low-rank parts and saliency parts, which presents global and local structure information. After decomposition, both low-rank and saliency parts are fused by weighted-average strategy with different weighting values. Finally, the fused result is obtained by adding fused low-rank and saliency parts [6]. However, the local edge information of the near-infrared image is not well-preserved, and the color expression is not properly presented, especially in nighttime images.  
In addition, the synthesis algorithm adopted a multiresolution decomposition method, which uses the Laplacian-Gaussian pyramids to obtain the details of the near-infrared image, and measures local contrast, local entropy, and visibility to create a weight map to synthesize the image, followed by color and sharpness correction to synthesize the resulting image [2]. However, the details of the near-infrared image cannot be conveyed reliably during synthesis, and the color information is unnaturally distorted by excessive color compensation and boundary enhancement filters. A method using principal component analysis (PCA) has been proposed to transfer the details more effectively from the near-infrared image and to preserve better color chrominance. A weight map for the detail layer is created from the PCA analysis of the visible and near-infrared scenes including the PCA-skipping mask filter [7]. In addition, the enhanced fusion method for the base layer synthesis proposed the local background tone compression to emphasize the detail layer [8]. However, for night images, the algorithm fails to resolve the color distortion and block noise problems are caused by excessive tone scaling.
## 5 Applications of PCMs in Buildings  
In the past few decades, PCM technologies and the feasibility of their incorporation for thermal energy storage in the building sector have been investigated thoroughly. Thermal energy systems using PCMs are a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution that can definitely diminish the required energy consumption for the provision of comfort conditions of the building envelope. The PCM applications for thermal energy storage in this sector are divided in two categories: active and passive systems [12; 81].  
Active application systems based on PCMs require mechanical equipment or a source of additional energy for their operation, for example electricity to pumps or fans [82]. These systems are more suitable for cases where there is need for more heat transfer performance or better control of the application [64]. Active thermal storage systems with PCMs include systems located inside the building envelope for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and systems that are integrated in the building structure and operating through air or water distribution, as well as systems located outside the building envelope, such as storage containers for domestic hot water, etc. [81; 83]. On the other hand, passive application systems aim to improve the thermal performance of the construction systems such as the walls, the floor, the ceiling, etc. [84]. The most noteworthy passive applications of TES systems in building are presented in this section.
# Fast and Robust Asynchronous Rendezvous Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks
## 3 Preliminary
### Jump-Stay Algorithm  
[PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2010) proposed the JS algorithm that provides a guaranteed rendezvous for both symmetric and asymmetric models in the CR networks. The considered CRN consists of \(K\) SUs (\(K\geq 2\)), who coexist with several PUs. The licensed spectrum can be divided into \(M\) non-overlapping channels \(C=\{c_{1},c_{2},...,c_{M}\}\), where \(c_{i}\) denotes the \(i\)th channel. Let \(C_{k}\subseteq C\) denote the set of channels available to User \(k(k=1,2,...,K)\) and let \(G\) be the number of common available channels of the users, i.e., \(G=|\bigcap_{i=1}^{K}C_{i}|\). In the symmetric model, all SUs have the same available channels, i.e., \(C_{i}=C_{j}(1\leq i,j\leq K)\). For simplicity, I assume \(C_{i}=C_{j}=C\). Each SU generates its CH sequences in rounds and each round consists of a jump pattern and a stay pattern. To generate the sequences in a round, each SU selects three parameters: \(P\) which is the smallest prime number greater than \(M\), an index \(i_{0}\) from \([1,M]\) for the starting channel index and a non-zero number \(r_{0}\) from \([1,M]\) for the step length parameter. Using this information, each round takes \(3P\) time slots that consists of two jump patterns for \(2P\) time slots and one stay pattern for \(P\) time slots. In the jump pattern, the SU starts with index \(i_{0}\) and keeps jumping in \([1,P]\) with step length \(r_{0}\) by using the modulo operations on \(P\). In the following stay pattern, the SU just stays on channel \(r_{0}\) which is the step length of this round. Every round (i.e., every \(3P\) time slots), step length \(r_{0}\) is changed to the next number in \([1,M]\) in round-robin fashion. The starting index \(i_{0}\) will remain the same in all rounds for the symmetric case but for the asymmetric scenario it will be changed to the next number in every \(6 MP\) time slots. The JS algorithm guarantees the rendezvous and performs well under both the symmetric and asymmetric models. The MTTR values of JS for symmetric and asymmetric models are \(3P\) and \(6 MP(P-G)\), respectively. Figure 1 shows a rendezvous example of the JS scheme, where \(M=4\) and \(P=5\). User 1 starts its sequence with \(i_{1}=2\) at \(t=1\) and jumps to the next channel with the step length \(r_{1}=1\). The other user can start at any time within \(3P\) time slots because there is no time synchronization, thus User 2 starts its sequence with \(i_{2}=3\) at \(t=5\) and jumps to the next channel with the step length \(r_{2}=2\). Therefore, at time slot \(t=8\) the two users jump to the same channel, Channel 4.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Investigation of Peptide Coupling Using UV-Visible Spectroscopy
#### 3.1.2 Stability of Modified Au NPs in High-Ionic-Strength Solutions  
In order to enhance the stability of the Au NP platforms, separate stabilizing ligands were chosen and their stability was evaluated in buffer solutions of varying ionic strengths. The aggregation of Au NPs was used as a means of investigating the stability of the three different platforms (C/G-bifunctionalized ligand, PEGylated ligand, and CALNN-containing ligands). The semi-quantitative measurement of the aggregation process of colloidal NPs was calculated by measuring the variation of the integrated absorbance between 500 and 700 nm [26]. As the absorbance of the Au NP solution shifts to longer wavelengths upon particle aggregation, the flocculation  
Figure 2: Infrared spectra of stabilized ligand GPDCALNNC (**A**) and GPDCALNNC-capped Au NPs (**B**). Functional ligands inside red circles represent the shift in the band position and disappearance of thiol band, suggesting the formation of a thiolate–gold bond.  
parameter increases with the extent of particle aggregation. Figure 3A shows the aggregation parameter as a function of NaCl concentration for different stabilizing ligands.  
The incorporation of stabilizing groups enhanced the stability of Au NPs, with the highest stability achieved with the C/G-capped Au NPs. The coupling of CALNN ligand separately with the functional biorecognition ligand offered a stable Au NP up to a NaCl concentration of 1 M, with no evident change in the UV-vis absorbance spectrum. NaCl-induced reversible aggregation [27] occurred at 1.25 M NaCl and was more pronounced at 1.5 M, as can be seen in Figure 3B. As predicted, high stability was achieved due to the formation of a compact self-assembled peptide layer [8].  
Figure 3: (**A**) Effect of introducing different stabilizing groups on the stability of Au NPs at different ionic strengths. The aggregation parameter is defined as follows: AP = (A \(-\) A\({}_{0}\))/A\({}_{0}\), where A is the integrated absorbance between 500 and 700 nm of the sample and A\({}_{0}\) is the integrated absorbance between 500 and 700 nm of the initial, fully dispersed solution of NPs. (**B**) UV-vis study of C/G-capped Au NP stability as a function of NaCl concentration. Inset: stability of C/G-capped Au NPs (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10) compared to GPDC-capped Au NPs in NaCl solutions with various ionic strengths. As higher concentrations of the salt were added, a greater screening of charges stabilizing the modified Au NPs occurs, leading to the red shift of the absorption band and band broadening.  
The other systems investigated were GPDCALNNC-capped NPs and PEGylated ligand tagged with the biorecognition element GP, in which good stability was achieved but to a lesser extent than that obtained by the bifunctionalization of the Au NPs.
# Multiple Facies Metamorphic Rocks: A Rare Example from the East Qinling Orogen, China
## 5 Discussion  
### Protolith for Ratile Deposits and Titanium Sources  
Ratile is a known host for high-field-strength elements (HFSEs), such as Nb, Ta and Cr, which are widely used to fingerprint the geochemical processes in the Earth's mantle and crust [5; 29; 30].  
The Cr and Nb contents of rutile allow discrimination between various sources for rutile, such as metapelite and metamafic rocks [29]. Ratile, however, is extremely compatible with Nb compared to most metamorphic phases, and concentrates \(>\)90% of the available Nb and Ti in a metamorphic rock; consequently, the Nb/Ti ratio of the source rock is mirrored in the rutile [31].  
Studies [5; 29; 30; 31] pointed out that rutile samples with Cr < Nb and accompanied by Nb > 800 ppm was derived from a metapelite source, whereas rutile with Cr < Nb and Nb < 800 ppm was derived from a metamafic source. The log (Cr/Nb) value of 0 is  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Spot No.** & **V** & **Cr** & **Zr** & **Nb** & **Sn** & **Sb** & **Hf** & **Ta** & **W** & **T\({}^{  
the boundary between metapelite and metamafic sources for rutile, where positive log (Cr/Nb) values are indicative of a metamafic source, although this method is not reliable for rutile with low Cr and Nb concentrations [32]. The rutile individuals in our samples hold >800 ppm Nb, with the lowest value being 15,000 ppm Nb. The Cr content is less than that of Nb (Figure 7). This indicates that the rutile from the Baishugang-Wujianfang districts derived from metapelitic sources, which is consistent with previous studies [5; 29; 30; 31].  
The reflected light petrological studies and BSE images show that the rutile crystals are mainly concentrated within biotite (Figures 3 and 4). The rutile shows 94.59-98.96 wt% TiO\({}_{2}\), the biotite shows 0.39-1.34 wt% TiO\({}_{2}\) and quartz assays 0.08-0.32 wt% TiO\({}_{2}\) (Table 1). Previous studies reported that biotite and pyroxene are rich in titanium, and the possible mechanism for rutile enrichment could be decomposition of Ti-rich biotite [2; 5]. The biotite contains high TiO\({}_{2}\) content (Table 1), and the rutile occurs along the curved foliation formed predominantly by biotite in this study (Figure 3A). Thus, the titanium sources of rutile are possibly related to rutile-bearing silicate minerals such as biotite from metapelitic rocks in the study area.