# Novel Techniques for Microbiological Safety in Meat and Fish Industries
## 5 Novel Thermal Practices
### Ohmic Heating
#### 5.1.1 Basic Principle of Ohmic Heating Fundamentals of Electrical Circuitry  
The working for any electrical circuit is usually fabricated by the existence of three physical entities, namely average, voltage, or resistance. Volts (voltage) is an electric pressure contributed by the main AC supply, batteries, alternators, and generators. Resistance (i.e., ohms) is the opposition of the flowing current created by the circuits, e.g., wires, food or electrical components (whether in ohmic heating), whereas average (i.e., amperes) is the flowing current passed by the wires, electric components, and food. The mathematical equation between these three basic electrical sums (applicable in circuits with just resistive elements (i.e., no coils)) is the most significant, following the usual laws of electricity, or is called as Ohms law:  
\[\text{V}=\text{I}\times\text{R}\]  
Here, V is the voltage or volts, I is the amperage or amperes, and R is the resistance or ohms (\(\Omega\)) [36]. Mechanism of Ohmic Heating  
In order to heat a material ohmically, it should be equipped for directing an electrical flow. For a material to be named as a conductor, electrical charges should have the option to move starting from one point then onto the next inside it to finish an electrical circuit. Meat and meat items, mostly containing high degrees of water, are viewed as solid materials. With regard to conducting electricity, solids, for example, metals, for the most part show metallic conduction because of the moderately free development of electrons through metallic grids. At the point when an electrolytic arrangement is put in contact with a couple of terminals to which a DC source is associated, versatile positive particles present in the item (for example Na1) move towards the negative electrode (cathode), and portable negative particles (for example Cl2) push toward the positive terminal (anode). At the negative terminal (which has an abundance of electrons), the positive particles receive electrons and are decreased, while at the positive anode (which has an insufficiency of electrons), the negative particles surrender electrons and are oxidized. In the event that the current inventory utilized in ohmic heating was DC, terminal polarization would quickly happen. Subsequently, to prevent this, AC current is utilized, as the cyclic change (for the most part low recurrence 50 Hz in Europe or 60 Hz in USA) in current heading permits deficient time for obvious polarization to happen as the electrochemical responses depicted above are viewed as undesirable in ohmic heating. As a further precaution measure against this event, anodes are frequently built from titanium or titanium covered with colloidal stores of \"platinum dark\" to work with the adsorption of the tiny amounts of terminal response items [37]. At the point when a meat product conducts power by electrolytic conduction, the moving particles inside it collide into different atoms, and these collisions lead to forcible movement of these atoms, which in turn expands their motor energy, accordingly heating the item. A study expresses that the cooperation between the local field strength and local electrical conductivity will administer the local generation of heat rate. \[\text{Q}=\text{E2 k}=\lambda\,\text{J2}\]  
Here, Q is the generated heat rate per unit volume (W m\({}^{-3}\)), E is the electrical field strength (V cm\({}^{-1}\)), k is the electrical conductivity (S m\({}^{-1}\)), \(\lambda\) is the resistivity (\(\Omega\) m) and J is the current density (A m\({}^{-2}\)). The actual heating rate for the substance is measured by the equation stated below:  
\[\text{dT}/\text{dt}=\text{Q}/(\rho\,\text{C})\]  
Here, \(\rho\) is the density (kg m\({}^{-3}\)) and C is the specific heat capacity (kJ kg\({}^{-1}\)\({}^{\circ}\)C\({}^{-1}\)). \(\rho\)C is usually called as the volumetric heat capacity (i.e., the amount of heat energy that is needed to elevate the heat of one cubic meter of the substance by 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [38].