## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Panel U-Value Calculation from Steady-State Conditions  
Experimental measurements were carried out after conditioning of each test sample in a closed hot box. Temperatures were measured at least four hours after steady state was reached, i.e., the temperature fluctuations in the range up to 1%. The temperature in the cold chamber--\(T_{\alpha}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C)--was set to \(-\)13 \({}^{\circ}\)C and temperature in the hot chamber--\(T_{ai}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C)--was continuously maintained at 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Detailed parameters from three experimental measurements, including the thermal transmittance and thermal resistance, are given in Table 4. The average thermal transmittance of the whole sandwich insulating panel filled with short-cut rapeseed was 0.308 \(\pm\) 0.019 W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) and the average thermal resistance was 3.255 \(\pm\) 0.217 m\({}^{2}\) K W\({}^{-1}\). The average thermal conductivity of short-cut rapeseed determined under steady-state conditions from all three measurements was 0.048 \(\pm\) 0.003 W m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\). All of the surface temperatures were constant during all three tests, with a maximum difference of 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C on the cold side and 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C difference on the hot side. The hot air temperature fluctuations were approximately \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C for cold air temperature (Figure 6). The laboratory ambient temperature was monitored continuously at 24 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test**} & **Time** & \(\varphi_{1}\) & \(d\) & \(A\) & \(T_{ae}\) & \(T_{se}\) & \(T_{si}\) & \(T_{ai}\) & \(R\) & \(U\) \\  & **(h)** & **(W)** & **(m)** & **(m\({}^{2}\))** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(m\({}^{2}\) K W\({}^{-1}\))** & **(W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline AThe average thermal transmittance of the whole sandwich insulating panel filled with short-cut woodchips was 0.403 \(\pm\) 0.010 W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) and the average thermal resistance was 2.484 \(\pm\) 0.060 m\({}^{2}\) K W\({}^{-1}\). The average thermal conductivity of short-cut woodchips determined under steady-state conditions from all three measurements was 0.065 \(\pm\) 0.002 W m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\). Detailed parameters from three experimental measurements are given in Table 5.  
To compare the results of bio-waste insulation panels, a sandwich panel with mineral wool was measured. The results of the sandwich panel with mineral wool are summarized in Table 6. The average thermal transmittance of the whole sandwich panel was 0.255 \(\pm\) 0.016 W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\) and the average thermal resistance was determined as 3.930 \(\pm\) 0.250 m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)K\(\cdot\)W\({}^{-1}\). The average thermal conductivity of mineral wool was 0.040 \(\pm\) 0.003 W m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test**} & **Time** & \(\varphi_{1}\) & \(d\) & \(A\) & \(T_{ae}\) & \(T_{se}\) & \(T_{si}\) & \(T_{si}\) & \(R\) & \(U\) \\  & **(h)** & **(W)** & **(m)** & **(m\({}^{2}\))** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(m\({}^{2}\) K W\({}^{-1}\))** & **(W m\({}^{-2}\) K\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline C1 & 4 h & 25.85 & 0.174 & 2.89 & \(-\)12.10 & \(-\)10.40 & 22.37 & 23.53 & 3.983 & 0.251 \\ C2 & 4 h & 24.40 & 0.174 & 2.89 & \(-\)11.92 & \(-\)10.99 & 22.38 & 23.60 & 4.207 & 0.238 \\ C3 & 4 h & 28.58 & 0.174 & 2.89 & \(-\)12.12 & \(-\)11.58 & 22.28 & 23.49 & 3.601 & 0.278 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Thermal transmittance and thermal resistance values of sandwich panel filled with mineral wool insulation under steady-state conditions.