# Survey on Power-Aware Optimization Solutions for MANETs
## 3 Analysis of Power-Aware Optimization Solutions in MANETs
### Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy Conservation in MANETs
#### 3.8.3 Cross-Layer Schedulers for Power Control  
In the previous sections, we discussed how an important aspect is the energy efficiency of power-aware routing in MANETs [27; 210; 211; 212]. Scheduling policies can contribute to this aspect. In particular, suitable periodic scheduling can reduce energy consumption and, as a result, conserve the battery power of MANET nodes to a great extent [213]. The cross-layer design framework in [214] considers the next neighbor node transmissions and eliminates multiuser interference. A node can only relay (send) data packets if the Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (SINR) is an acceptable SINR level (i.e., single-hop transmission requirements). So, this framework increases single-hop throughput and reduces power consumption. Thus, it preserves battery power as much as possible. The framework includes two main algorithms: (1) the scheduling algorithm that synchronizes the transmissions of independent users (nodes) to eradicate strong levels of interference, such as self-interference; (2) the distributed power control algorithm that decides the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Ref.** & **Contribution** \\ \hline
2014 & [198] & A CLD among PHY, MAC, and network layers. The CLD uses the RSS information as a CLI parameter to provide reliable route discovery, stable links with strong connectivity, and energy conservation in transmitting data in a shadowing environment. \\ \hline
2015 & [193] & A CL optimization framework combines the PHY layer for controlling the transmission power, and the MAC layer for retrieving information about the RSS of a node. The change in transmission power enables the node to adjust the transmission range dynamically at the PHY layer. Optimal transmission power and reliable communication range \\ \hline
2016 & [49] & A cross-layer multipath routing protocol is efficient and fault-tolerant in a variety of application environments. The protocol is adaptive as it exploits those routes which are capable of providing more data rates with less PLR. \\ \hline
2016 & [199] & A cross-layer routing protocol for a hybrid MANET uses a fuzzy-based mechanism for all layers by employing two input parameters: energy and mobility. The fuzzy mechanism offers a better quality of network resources and enhanced network lifetime. \\ \hline
2016 & [200] & A cross-layer routing protocol considers power control and rate adaptation by using a delay-based non-selfish cost function with a multi-agent Q-learning coordination mechanism. \\ \hline
2017 & [201] & An energy-efficient cross-layer design to AODV (CLEE-AODV) adjusts the transmission power of the nodes to an optimal power level. \\ \hline
2017 & [202] & An energy-efficient cross-layer routing protocol (ATEER) for heterogeneous cluster-based WSNs. ATTER assigns a node as CH using the concept of weighted probability that is calculated based on the average energy of the whole network divided by the residual energy of every single node. \\ \hline
2018 & [204] & The CLMR approach enhances the QoS using a tree-based multicast routing protocol. This approach optimizes the tree operations and tree management cost to obtain QoS. CLMR exploits the functionality of the PHY, application, and routing layers for QoS-oriented communication. \\ \hline
2019 & [205] & A mechanism controls the transmission power of a node based on the detection of its neighbors. The mechanism is based on a cross-layering criterion to allow for the coordination, interaction, and exchange of information between the PHY layer and the Network layer. \\ \hline
2020 & [206] & A cross-layer based lightweight reliable and secure multicast routing protocol for cluster-based MANETs. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._admissible power vector (if one exists), that can be used by the scheduled users (nodes) to assure their single-hop transmission requirements. Moreover, the power control algorithm can cooperate with two types of wireless ad hoc schedulers: TDMA and TDMA/code-division-multiple access schedulers.