# Research Progress in the Construction and Application of In Vitro Vascular Models
## 3 Application
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Construction Methods** & **First Author/Year of Publication** & **Main Conclusion** & **Applications** & **Advantages and Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Template} & \multirow{7}{*}{[PERSON]/2013} & \multirow{7}{*}{This model was used to study} & Endothelial structure and barrier function; mechanisms and related factors of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis; and the effects of vascularogenesis & Simple operation and structure; easy to construct circular channels. \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Soft lithography and self-assembly} & \multirow{7}{*}{[PERSON]/2013} & \multirow{7}{*}{The system has} & Exposure to higher interstitial flow promotes rapid formation of a vascular network, demonstrating perfusion of dynamic network of dynamic human capillary networks in a microphysical system. & Endothelial structure and barrier function; mechanisms and related factors of angiogenesis and vascularogenesis; in the human complex vascular blood; difficult to control the blood–brain barrier; orscan-on-a-chip; drug screening and evaluation. & Physiological functions are similar to those of blood vessels in the human complex vascular blood; difficult to control the direction of vascular network. \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Laser degradation} & \multirow{7}{*}{[PERSON]/2017} & \multirow{7}{*}{[PERSON]/2017} & By utilizing image-guided laser ablation techniques, a more complex human vascular network can be directly generated through selective photothermal degradation in cell-loaded hydrogels. & Endothelial structure and barrier function; complex vascular structures such as cancer and blood–brain barrier, drug screening and evaluation. & High resolution; expensive; time-consuming. \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Three-dimensional bioprinting} & \multirow{7}{*}{[PERSON]/2018} & The constructed vessels possess normal vascular functions such as selective permeability, antiplatelet/leukocyte adhesion, and response to physiological shear forces. & Endothelial structure and barrier function; complex vascular structures such as cancer and blood–brain barrier; drug screening and evaluation. & High precision and biological activity; complex printing process. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Research progress on constructing in vitro vascular models [105; 106; 107; 108]. opment of personalized vascular models and serving as a preferred method for studying vascular development or angiogenesis. It can also be used to investigate the effects of mechanical stress and chemical factors on vascular formation, as well as the morphological characteristics of vessels near abnormal sites such as tumors. The template method involves casting material (such as hydrogel) around appropriately sized stainless-steel needles or fiber rods, allowing it to solidify before removing the template to form hollow channels [85]. This approach can also use models to prepare two semicircular microchannels, which, when aligned and cross-linked, form a seamless closed circular microchannel [88]. By optimizing the cell seeding concentration and sequence, ensuring complete coverage and normal arrangement of underlying cells, the physiological similarity and functionality of the model are enhanced. The template method allows for direct formation or assembly of models, with channel cross-sections resembling the circular structure of natural blood vessels--closer to the physiological structure of real vessels--which is challenging to achieve with microfluidic technology. However, due to manufacturing limitations, the template method is only suitable for constructing simple branch, narrow, or straight blood vessel structures and cannot be used for constructing complex vascular networks.