## 1 Introduction  
The primary hazard to human existence is environmental pollution, specifically the contamination of the water supply. Industrialization is increasing pollutants every year, harming the ecosystem. The ecology and aquatic wildlife are seriously endangered when industrial wastewater is improperly dumped into the environment [1; 2; 3]. The process of cleaning up industrial effluent for discharge is complicated. Since certain methods of treating wastewater are too expensive, scientists have been hard at work developing more efficient methods in recent years [4]. One such method is the advanced oxidation process (AOP). Photocatalysis is an AOP technique used to clean water and other environmental contaminants. Recent research has shown that semiconductor photocatalysts can be utilized to degrade organic pollutants in the presence of light irradiation [4; 5; 6]. These photocatalytic methods have excellent efficiency and little impact on the environment. Photocatalysis has been recognized as a green chemistry method since it is not only efficient at converting organic pollutants into non-hazardous molecules but also because of its low cost [7; 8]. Recently, researchers have made great strides in developing extremely efficient and innovative catalytic materials syntheses [9; 10]. Semiconductor photocatalysts have been shown to be effective at degrading organic pollutants, making them a potentially useful tool in the fight against environmental pollution. TiO\({}_{2}\), ZnO, WO\({}_{3}\), ZnS, SnO\({}_{2}\), etc., are just some of the many inorganic semiconductors (metal oxides) employed in the photodegradation process [11; 12; 13; 14]. The photocatalytic destruction of organic contaminants and the solar-powered synthesis of hydrogen from water are two promising new uses for semiconductor photocatalysts that have gained a lot of attention recently [7]. TiO\({}_{2}\) and ZnO, because of their broad bandgap and higher photosensitivity, are the most effective materials for the degradation process [15; 16]. Although both of these semiconductor photocatalysts have been put to use in environmental detoxification, ZnO has been the more popular choice due to its superior degrading efficiency [17; 18; 19], and it has a lot going for it, such as the fact that if's cheap, stable, very active, and its effects vary with size in comparison to other catalysts [20; 21]. When compared to TiO\({}_{2}\), ZnO nanoparticles are more effective in blocking both UVA and UVB radiation [22]. The photocatalytic degradation of various organic molecules by ZnO has been shown to be as effective as that by TiO\({}_{2}\); in other scenarios, ZnO has even been shown to be more active than TiO\({}_{2}\) in this regard [23; 24]. ZnO photocatalysts have only recently been produced through the combination of other semiconductor oxide materials. The photocatalytic efficiency is growing as a result of the support of metal oxides (two or more) that are photocatalytic materials. Because photons form electron-hole pairs that are then separated, and the interfacial charge transfer efficiency is increased [25; 26]. Researchers are drawn to the rare earth metal tungstate compounds because of their unique structure, interesting physio-chemical behavior, and great potential for industry applications [27; 28]. Nano-structured doped metal oxides are growing in popularity due to their enhanced physicochemical properties, according to recent research, in order to tailor the doped metal oxide to a specific application, its physicochemical properties can be doped or co-doped with transition metals at varying concentrations [29; 30]. The exceptional electrical conductivity of rare earth elements can be further enhanced by doping with semiconductor transition metals [31]. In addition, carbon-based materials such as GO have very appealing attributes such as effective surface area, distinctive architectures, and exceptional charge-transfer capabilities [32; 33]. These are only a few of their many advantages.