esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mining Sequential Patterns with VC-Dimension and Rademacher Complexity
## 4 Rademacher Complexity of Sequential Patterns  
In this section we introduce the Rademacher complexity of sequential patterns. We propose a method for finding an efficiently computable upper bound to the empirical Rademacher complexity \(R_{\mathcal{D}}\) of sequential patterns (similar to what has been done in Reference [5] for itemsets) and a method for approximating it. In the true frequent pattern mining scenario, these results will be useful for defining a quantity which is an upper bound to the maximum deviation \(\sup_{p\in\mathbb{U}}|t_{\pi}(p)-f_{\mathcal{D}}(p)|\) with high probability.  
The introduction of the Rademacher complexity of sequential patterns requires the definition of a set of real-valued functions. We define, for each pattern \(p\in\mathbb{U}\), the indicator function \(\phi_{p}:\mathbb{U}\rightarrow\{0,1\}\) as:  
\[\phi_{p}(t)=\begin{cases}1&if\ p\sqsubseteq t\\ 0&otherwise\end{cases}, \tag{21}\]  
where \(t\) is a transaction. Given a transaction \(t\) of a dataset \(\mathcal{D}\) with \(n\) transactions, \(\phi_{p}(t)\) is \(1\) if \(p\) appears in \(t\), otherwise it is \(0\). We define the set of real-valued functions as the family of these indicator functions. The frequency of \(p\) in \(\mathcal{D}\) can be defined using the indicator function \(\phi_{p}\): \(f_{\mathcal{D}}(p)=\sum_{t\in\mathcal{D}}\phi_{p}(t)/n\). The _(empirical) Rademacher complexity_\(R_{\mathcal{D}}\) on a given dataset \(\mathcal{D}\) is defined as:  
\[R_{\mathcal{D}}=\mathbb{E}_{\sigma}\left[\sup_{p\in\mathbb{U}}\frac{1}{n}\sum_ {i=1}^{n}\sigma_{i}\phi_{p}(t_{i})\right], \tag{22}\]  
where the expectation is taken w.r.t. the Rademacher r.v. \(\sigma_{i}\), that is, conditionally on the dataset \(\mathcal{D}\). The connection between the Rademacher complexity of sequential patterns and the maximum deviation is given by the following theorem, which derives from standard results in statistical learning theory (Thm. 3.2 in Reference [3]).  
**Theorem 5**.: _With probability at least \(1-\delta\):_  
\[\sup_{p\in\mathbb{U}}|t_{\pi}(p)-f_{\mathcal{D}}(p)|\leq 2R_{\mathcal{D}}+\sqrt{ \frac{2\ln\left(2/\delta\right)}{|\mathcal{D}|}}=\frac{\mu_{R}}{2}. \tag{23}\]  
The naive computation of the exact value of \(R_{\mathcal{D}}\) is expensive since it requires to mine all patterns from \(\mathcal{D}\) and to generate all possible \(2^{n}\) combination values of the Rademacher variables for the computation of the expectation. In the next sections we present an efficiently computable upper bound on the Rademacher complexity of sequential patterns and a simple method that approximates it, which are useful to find, respectively, an upper bound and an approximation to \(\mu_{R}/2\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Hydrological Monitoring  
Flood-PROOFS also allows to monitor the event. When rainfall starts, it is possible to use meteorological observations to guide hydrological modeling and monitor the space-time evolution of the effects of the meteorological event. In the run with the observations, the hydrological simulation is performed using only observed meteorological variables. Figure 7 shows the severity of the event expressed as return period of the discharge estimated according to model climatology. The model's climatology was conducted by performing a run of the hydrological model on an historical period (2007-2020); then, maximal annual discharge values were extracted from the simulation results, and the statistics were calculated. Flood-PROOFS highlighted the most severely affected areas--including the Catanian plain, the villages of Scordia and Ogliastro (panel A), and Messina and Reggio Calabria (panel B). Many basins hit by intense precipitation (in the night between 24 and 25 October 2021) achieved a return period of the discharge around 20-50 years, highlighting the most severely affected areas. A good agreement between the forecast (Figure 5) and the monitoring tool (Figure 7) is observed. The areas hit by the most intense part of this event (high return period in the monitoring tool) are the same red sections pointed out by the forecast.  
Figure 7: OCTOBER 25 at 09:30 UTC: FloodPROOFS—Event severity expressed as discharge return period estimated according to model climatology. This monitoring tool of the modeling chain highlights the most severely affected areas (run on observations). (**A**): Catanian plain, Scordia, and Ogliastro (Catania). (**B**): Messina and Reggio Calabria.  
The Flood-PROOFS results are uploaded on the MyDewetra platform to be easily accessible and visualized. The platform is updated in near real time whenever new observations or modeling results become available during the event to help the Italian Civil Protection monitoring system. All the figures are screenshots from MyDewetra. Comments on the performances of the streamflow forecast are in the next section, where the hindcast experiment is introduced.
## 1 Introduction
However, the asynchronous motor itself is a high-order, nonlinear, time-varying system with strong coupling, and the longitudinal load  
Figure 1: The five landing stages of helicopters. of the motor is time varying during the working process of the ASIST system, which makes it difficult for the conventional PID controller to achieve a better control effect. With the development of intelligent control technology, more and more intelligent controllers have been designed and used for motor control in recent years. Among them, Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) has both the powerful knowledge expression ability of Fuzzy control and the self-learning ability of Neural Network, which effectively solves the control problems of complex, uncertain systems [22; 23; 24]. The ANFIS controller has been applied in the DC motor field, and it has been proved that the ANFIS controller has significant advantages over the traditional PID controller [25; 26; 27; 28]. Because of the above reasons, this paper uses the ANFIS controller as the speed controller of the asynchronous motor and combines it with the vector control algorithm to get a better speed control effect. Power bond graph theory is a system dynamics modeling method proposed by American Professor [PERSON] in the early 1960s [29]. After years of development and improvement, it has been applied in various research fields, especially in electromechanical integration systems [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. This method can precisely extract the critical parameters according to the characteristics, which helps obtain the system state equation more intuitively [35; 36; 37; 38]. Therefore, it is always used to establish the dynamic model of the transmission system. In this paper, firstly, the working conditions of ASIST are analyzed. The asynchronous motor was selected as the power source, and an implementation scheme of Electrical Aircraft Ship Integrated Secure and Traverse System (EASIST) transmission system was proposed. On this basis, the key characteristics of EASIST are analyzed, and the capture trajectory planning is carried out. The maximum force of EASIST in the traction stage is also obtained by force analysis. Finally, the dynamic model of the transmission system is established by power bond graph theory, and the simulation test is carried out. The results show that EASIST can reduce the capture time and capture speed while keeping the applied sea conditions unchanged, and the ANFIS controller has a good speed control effect when towing the helicopter. The research results of this paper make ASIST compatible with small shipborne aircraft and are of great significance to improve traction efficiency. More importantly, the all-electric transmission scheme of EASIST will be cleaner and more environmentally friendly.
## 2 Related Work
[23] proposed an analysis model that utilizes the \(M\) time-scale Markov decision process, in which the SON decisions made for every time scale all take into account the network effects of SON decisions made for other \(M\)-1 time scales, and they applied the Q-learning algorithm to learning history and experience in order to implement a stable control strategy. The simulation results of that study showed that the proposed SON coordination solution improves network performance with respect to various quality of experience requirements, while also ensuring the stable operation of wireless networks. All of these studies [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23] have provided alternatives for enhancing specific aspects of system performance and thus contributed significantly to the development of 5G network systems. Nonetheless, none of them have managed to provide a comprehensive investigation of potential means for implementing SBS selection and handover with a focus on resource management and a fixed-rail transportation setting. The accelerating pace of technological progress has made fixed-rail transportation the commuting mode of choice for many people as it is fast and convenient, and with the ubiquity of smart handheld devices in our daily lives, commuters on fixed-rail transportation now spend most of their commuting time using their phones or sending and receiving messages on their phones. These trends, coupled with the gradual adoption of 5G SBS networks and various emerging applications, have made seamless mobility a primary concern for many people. In light of these considerations, it is crucial that we design an effective resource management mechanism for improving fixed-rail transportation mobile terminals and enabling effective transmission and handovers in SBS networks. For these reasons, it is necessary to further examine this topic.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study is undertaken to provide a cost-effective modeling and simulation method for the elastic mechanical properties of pressureless micron silver sintered joints based on microstructure reconstruction and analyzing the cause of its elasticity degradation in a deep space environment. The following conclusions are drawn:  
1. A simplified statistical reconstruction method based on JQA is proposed, which takes the random morphology and distribution characteristics of the real pores into account, and applied to reconstruct the microstructure of micron silver sintered joints under thermal shock test conditions and transferred into an FEA model. The comparison of autocorrelation functions characterizing morphology features of SEM images and reconstructed models proves this method is feasible.
2. A simulation process based on the reconstructed model is proposed to obtain the effective elastic modulus of sintered joints. Through comparing the result with that of analytical models and nanoindentation tests, the relative error (less than 15%) indicates the rationality of this method.
3. The microstructural evolution is quantitively characterized by autocorrelation functions. In the simulative deep space environment, with increasing thermal shocks, the average micron-silver particle size and hydraulic diameter decrease, while the specific surface goes up, resulting in the increase in porosity and dispersion of silver grains.  
Figure 19: Ductile dislocation piling up.  
Figure 18: Dislocation from the perspective of a slip plane.  
4. The FEA simulation results show that, due to the sandwich sample structure, the constrained sintering state makes the sintered silver joints present a slight anisotropy, which is reflected in the differences of displacement, stress and elastic modulus among X, Y, and Z directions. As thermal shock cycles increase, the material densification declines, resulting in the decreased apparent density, a larger displacement field across the local bearing surface, and more likely stress concentrations.
5. Elasticity degradation is noticed during the thermal shock test. The mechanism analysis shows accumulated thermal shocks lead to cyclic shear force in sintered joints, which induces lattice shift and dislocation slip in the microstructure. Furthermore, dislocation piling up causes the effective elastic modulus of sintered joints to decline due to broken atomic bonds.  
Conceptualization, B.W.; methodology, W.G.; software, W.G.; validation, W.G. and B.W.; formal analysis, W.G.; investigation, G.F.; resources, G.F.; data curation, M.Z.; writing--original draft, W.G.; writing--review and editing, B.W.; visualization, W.G.; supervision, G.F.; funding acquisition, M.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was funded by the Equipment Pre-research Fund Project in China, grant number 61400020105.  
The authors would thank the Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences for its assistance in making samples.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Analysis of a Tracked In-Pipe Robot's Obstacle-Crossing Performance
## 2 Materials and Methods  
When operating within pipes, in-pipe robots must confront numerous challenges, such as changes and deformations in pipe diameters as well as obstacles within these pipes [26; 27; 28]. By introducing adaptive designs, robots can better adapt to various complex pipe environments, improving operational efficiency and safety [29; 30]. Secondly, pipe-diameter adaptation mechanisms can adjust the pressure between a robot's drive system and the pipe wall, enabling the robot to maintain an optimal state. This mechanism provides more efficient power for the robot's movement. The tension force generated not only ensures the stability of the robot's movement, but also forms a good grip on the pipe wall. This enhances the robot's driving performance on complex terrains such as slopes and bends, and improves its obstacle-crossing capabilities [31; 32]. To summarize, this paper investigates an improved screw-nut mechanism, which offers the advantages of high transmission efficiency, accurate positioning, stability, and reliability. This variable-diameter structure comprises components such as lead screws, lead-screw motors, supports, and connecting rods, and represents a combination of active and passive variable-diametertechniques. Within this structure, the lead-screw motor drives the lead-screw assembly to rotate, causing the nut on the lead screw to move horizontally left and right. This movement pulls the two-force bar, which is connected to the connecting rod via a hinge. Through the motion of the two-force bar, the inclination angle of the connecting rod is adjusted to accommodate changes in pipe diameters. Furthermore, a preload spring is incorporated between the thread and the nut in this design, in conjunction with the integration of active and passive variable-diameter methods. This approach not only ensures the robot's ability to navigate through pipes, but also enhances the smoothness of its movement. The working principle of this mechanism is as follows: when the pipe diameter experiences minor shrinkage or when obstacles are encountered, the nut-load spring is compressed and moves along the direction of the connecting rod to adapt to the pipe's diameter change. In cases of larger obstacles or significant variations in pipe diameter, the active variable-diameter method of the lead-screw nut is employed. This design effectively minimizes the overuse of the lead-screw nut mechanism, thereby improving the robot's working efficiency. The diameter-changing mechanism is illustrated in Figure 1[33].
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposed using variable segment length for updating noise magnitude and variable thresholds for the determination of speech presence probability to improve the performance of the minima-controlled-recursive-averaging (MCRA) algorithm. Since the harmonic properties of a vowel are considered in the determination of the segment length and speech presence probability, the performance of noise estimation can be improved. The segment length increases and the threshold for speech presence decreases in speech-dominant regions, enabling noise to be underestimated. Therefore, the speech distortion decreases in denoised speech. Conversely, the segment length decreases and the threshold for speech presence probability is maintained at a high level in noise-dominant regions, enabling noise estimates to be updated quickly. The interference noise can be estimated well and can be effectively removed by the process of speech denoising. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the performance of the MCRA algorithm. Consequently, the performance of speech denoising is improved.  
**Acknowledgments: This research was sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, under contract number MOST 104-2221-E-468-007. Our gratitude also goes to [PERSON] (Asia University) for his help in English proofreading.**  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived and designed the algorithms, performed the experiments, and wrote the paper; [PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided valuable discussions, analyzed the data, and revised the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
## 1 Introduction  
Maxillary canine impaction (MCI) is an anomaly that indicates the absence of the dental arch of the dental elements that remain included beyond the physiological age of eruption.  
The etiologic factors may be genetic, systemic or localized. Cephalometric radiographs are indispensable for an orthodontic diagnosis but they also include other important information about craniofacial abnormalities. Different skeletal alterations have been observed, including: puncticulus posticus (PP), atlas posterior arch deficiency (APAD) and sella-turcica bridging (SB) [1]. PP is an abnormal bony bridge that arises from the posterior portion of the superior articular process and the posterolateral portion of the superior margin of the posterior arch of the atlas [2]. It was observed that anomalies of the skeletal atlas posterior arch can be detected in fewer than 5% of patients without any pathology; furthermore, it was stated that it can be linked with different symptoms [3]. SB has a prevalence of 1.1-22% and is defined as the fusion of the posterior and anterior clinoid processes; an increased ossification of the dura mater between the two clinoid processes is often linked to this anatomical variation. Furthermore, it was noticed that an abnormal embryological development of the sphenoid is often associated with this skeletal alteration [4; 5; 6]. SB might be associated with different systemic diseases [7] and tooth agenesis [8]. Some of these skeletal variations and developmental pathologies could be detected in children and adolescents and often precede other skeletal and dental alterations (i.e., dental inclusion) [9]. This is the reason why these characteristics have attracted the attention of orthodontists in order to verify their possible association with some dental problems. Indeed, a higher incidence of SB has been associated with MCI and this association may be caused by activation of neural crest cells or homeobox genes in growing children [10]. In fact, it was found that neural crest cells are involved in dental formation and can determine the alteration of tooth eruption [11].  
SB, PP and APAD have been previously reported in literature for MCI while other skeletal parameters, including sella turcica length, were not associated with MCI, even if some results are partially contradictory in particular for APAD--[PERSON] et al. observed that PP and SB were significantly increased in the subjects with MCI while APAD was not associated with this dental anomaly [5]. However, in a previous study, APAD was significantly associated with palatally displaced canines [1]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. found a posited correlation between dental anomalies including MCI and SB, while the Sella Turcica dimension was not different in patients with MCI [6].  
The purpose of the present retrospective study was to verify a correlation between skeletal anomalies and MCI in adolescents and the novel aspect of the study is that a new parameter was introduced: pterygopalatine fissure morphology. The null hypothesis is that there is no association between skeletal variations and MCI.
# Q-RPL: Q-Learning-Based Routing Protocol for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grids
## 4 Q-RPL: Q-Learning-Based Routing Protocol Design  
Reinforcement Learning [43] stands out as a powerful paradigm particularly suited for scenarios where an agent must make decisions based on interactions with a dynamic environment. Distinguished by its ability to learn optimal actions through trial and error, RL enables agents to adapt their strategies over time, aiming to maximize cumulative rewards. This approach is fundamentally different from traditional supervised learning, as it does not rely on a labeled dataset but instead learns from the consequences of actions taken in a given state. Central to RL is the concept of a learning agent that observes the state of the environment, takes actions, and receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties as shown in Figure 2. This feedback helps the agent understand the effectiveness of its actions and guides it in refining its decision-making process. RL's capacity to continually adapt and learn from ongoing interactions makes it particularly applicable to complex and changing environments, such as those found in network routing protocols. RL offers in this context a promising avenue for developing advanced routing protocols that can dynamically adjust to varying network conditions, thereby enhancing efficiency, reliability, and overall performance.  
Figure 1: Hierarchical routing with RPL.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Advanced Technologies for Removal of Anticancer Drugs
Application of these treatments to remove the anticancer drugs has an outstanding benefit of higher degradability with lower toxicity of the reaction byproducts, but is accompanied by the shortcomings of the undesirable consumption of the oxidizing agents by the associated scavengers in the samples and the possible formation of less biodegradable byproducts and/or conversion into still more highly toxic byproducts. Additional treatments are sometimes still needed to achieve complete mineralization. These processes are thought to be cost-effective and their practical utilization has already started at some model STPs, as described in this article. Removal of the target compounds by adsorption is the simplest, most cost-effective, and versatile way. Various kinds of materials are usable as adsorbents, such as activated carbon, mesoporous silica, zeolite, biochar, carbon nanotubes, clays, graphene oxide, chitosan, biomass wastes, and functionalized resin [90]. In addition, two types of operation systems, batch-wise and continuous, are also available practically. By using the affinity of the special adsorbent for a specific drug, selective removal of recalcitrant drugs could be achieved. This article is concentrated to a specific area in Japan where the population is high. Evidently, there are similar areas in many other countries with a high population and a rather limited flow of streams, where concentrations of anticancer drugs may thus be more or less similar to those presented in this article. Finally, the present article should have value for conducting future ecotoxicity assessments of anticancer drugs and the risks they pose to human health via drinking water.