# GIS-Based Solar Radiation Mapping, Site Evaluation, and Potential Assessment: A Review
## 4 Solar Potential Assessment Using GISs
### Shading Analysis Tool
For this purpose, two-step shading analysis, including local shading analysis and detailed field investigation, were conducted. In the first step, the study area was represented in 3D using a DEM with 10 m grid spacing in ArcGIS. To assess the shading effects on the surface of the tailing embankment for a conservative perspective, the daily hours of sunshine on the surface were analyzed at the winter solstice using the DEM and solar radiation analysis tool in ArcGIS. The number of sunshine hours was found to range from 6.1 h/day to 7.9 h/day without interference from shadows (Figure 9). In the second step, the detailed shade effects associated with nearby light barriers such as trees and plants were evaluated by performing a field investigation. By using a fish-eye lens camera, a skyline image at the solar site was captured, and the image was used to analyze on-site barriers to light reception (Figure 10). From the results generated by checking the distribution of light obstructions from on-site barriers, a shading matrix was generated (Table 4). The shading matrix stored  
Figure 8: Shadow analysis. (**a**) Satellite image of the study area; (**b**) Shadow analysis of the overall study area; (**c**) Satellite image of a building; (**d**) Shadow analysis of the rooftop area of a building (modified from [PERSON] and [PERSON] [78]). month-by-hour shading data for the shading elements surrounding the solar site, expressed by values ranging from 0.0 (complete shielding of direct radiation from the PV system) to 1.0 (no shading effects). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Month**} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Time**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **12** & **13** & **14** & **15** & **16** & **17** & **18** & **19** \\ \hline January & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.63 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.96 & 0.72 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 \\ February & 0 & 0 & 0.04 & 0.64 & 0.99 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.99 & 0.44 & 0.06 & 0 \\ March & 0 & 0.10 & 0.56 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.84 & 0 & 0 \\ April & 0 & 0.09 & 0.83 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.92 & 0.03 & 0 \\ May & 0 & 0.24 & 0.92 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.33 & 0 \\ June & 0 & 0.25 & 0.92 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.65 & 0 \\ July & 0 & 0.15 & 0.89 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.69 & 0 \\ August & 0 & 0.10 & 0.84 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.99 & 0.21 & 0 \\ September & 0 & 0.17 & 0.84 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.73 & 0 & 0 \\ October & 0 & 0.04 & 0.64 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.26 & 0 & 0 \\ November & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.54 & 0.98 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.97 & 0.60 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ December & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.01 & 0.61 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0.89 & 0.42 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Shading matrix generated from the onsite solar assessment ([PERSON] and [PERSON] [79]). Figure 10: Results of shading analysis using a fish-eye lens camera (Sun Eye 210) ([PERSON] and [PERSON] [79]). Figure 9: Daily sunshine hours on the surface of the tailing embankment on the winter solstice ([PERSON] and [PERSON] [79]). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [80] performed shading analysis to identify the area suitable for installing a floating PV system on a mine pit lake in Korea. A four-step procedure was suggested to assess the potential of a floating PV system, including solar site assessment, design of the PV system, simulation of the PV system, and evaluation of economic feasibility. In the first step, shading analysis was performed in a GIS environment using a method similar to that described above. The maximum amount of sunshine was 6.5 h/day. The area of the pit lake surface with more than 6 h/day of sunshine was found to be 87,650 m\({}^{2}\), accounting for 38.9% of the total water surface area. Moreover, small obstructions around the pot lake were captured from the east and west of the skyline images. Based on these results, a month-by-hour shading matrix was generated.