## 1 Introduction  
Successful implant osseointegration requires maximal bone-implant interaction for promoting de novo bone formation on the surface through a continued recruitment and migration of differentiating osteogenic cells to the implant site during the contact osteogenesis. An involvement of the immune system during the osseointegration process was reported by [PERSON] et al.; the activation of type 2 macrophages (M2-macrophages) tended to facilitate the osteogenic behavior of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) and attract fewer inflammatory cells improving the clinical performance of the dental fixtures manipulating the balance of bone regeneration/absorption [1]. The increase in macrophages secretion of macrofage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), IL-18, IL-6, osteoprotegerina (OPG) and transforming factor beta (TGF-8) indicated that the activation of the osteoblast can be induced by immunological factors secreted by macrophages and MSCs. [PERSON] et al. reported the effects of some surface parameters on the inflammatory response of the macrophage immune cells and bone MSCs [2]. The author suggested that understanding and monitoring the profile of cytokines secreted by macrophages and the retroregulative cytokines released by MSCs can provide a framework for systemically analyzing and predicting the performance of a fixture [2]. Many studies reported the improvement of the bone-implant interface and the titanium bioactivity by modifying the surface roughness, hydrophilicity and wettability [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Implant surface treatments (acid-etching, grit-blasting, a combination thereof, Ti plasma spraying) were suggested in order to obtain a rough surface increasing the contact with the peri-implant bone [11; 12]. However, the ideal value of the micro-roughened profile is still controversial, many investigations reported a real improvement of the osseointegration with an arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile (Ra) ranging between 1.0 and 2.0 \(\upmu\)m [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. The Ti surface modification promoted the enhancement of regenerative cell adhesion that leads to reduction of the ability of bacteria to form biofilms and, as consequence, triggers infection [18; 19]. This requires the recruitment of MSCs able to adhere to the implant surface, the consequent chemokines and growth factors release and their osteoblast differentiation [18; 20]. Adipose-derived stem cells taken from Bichat's buccal fat (BFP-MSCs) demonstrated their osteogenic differentiation when used in maxillofacial surgery with a regenerative aim [21]. Since they demonstrated a substantial capacity for bone formation, they are an excellent model to evaluate cell-implant connection [15; 19]. Whether BFP-MSCs preserve their viability and secretory functions in the presence of Ti disks is unknown. Thus, the aim of the current work was to evaluate the effect of three different Ti dental implant surfaces on the viability and release of multiple cytokines, chemokines and growth factors by human mesenchymal stem cells obtained from a Bichat fat pad. This is a novel approach since it will provide new knowledge regarding the interaction between Ti implants and local or injected BFP-MSCs.