## 2 Impedance Spectroscopy
### Scopes of Application
#### 2.1.2 Is Applied in Forest and Agriculture Management
IS Used on the Development/Optimization of Materials for Corrosion Processes Assessment  
Metal surface protection systems (or anticorrosive coatings) are required to prevent the corrosive action of the medium (generally oxygen in the air or water) in which the metal is located. In this context, Impedance Spectroscopy is an effective tool for monitoring and preventing the degradation that metal materials can experience. [PERSON] et al. [93] used EleIS for characterizing the corrosion-protective performance of organic coatings on metals (impedance was acquired using a capacitor-type sandwich cell in the frequency range of 0.05 to 50 kHz, with an AC voltage possessing an amplitude of 20 mV). [PERSON] et al. [94] developed an epoxy varnish to protect carbon steel. The corrosion experiments were carried out in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride; EIS evaluation demonstrated that the study of the mobility of epoxy protection in this environment was essential for analyzing its barrier property against carbon steel corrosion (measurements were performed with a conventional three-electrode cell, where a REF201 Red-Rod saturated KCl served as reference electrode, and a graphite rod was used as a counter-electrode, in the frequency range of 10\({}^{-2}\)-10\({}^{5}\) Hz, with a voltage of an amplitude of 1 V, RMS). [PERSON] et al. [95] applied EIS to study 4 types of steel protective coatings of a cathode material soaked in artificial seawater, seeking to develop a new construction material (experiments were performed with an AC voltage of 15 mV of amplitude, a frequency interval ranging from 0.05 Hz to 10 kHz, and in a three-points standard cell arrangement). The temporal evolution of the EIS spectra of the samples was directly related to the corrosion rates and allowed for the distinction between samples with and without coating protection. The Soic group [96] contributed to this research topic, developing a new type of electrolytic cell by applying a conductive paste in a two-electrode system, which was used to evaluate the effect of organic protective layers on bronze. EIS assessment showed the system's sensitivity for monitoring and preventing corrosion in metal (the frequency range used in the measurements was between \(10^{-1}\) and \(10^{5}\) Hz, and an AC voltage signal of 10 mV of amplitude, in a three-points standard cell where a single carbon-based polymer electrode acted as a counter and reference electrode simultaneously). [PERSON] [97] recently proposed a new environmentally friendly, low-cost coating for protecting mild steel in acidic media (1 M HCl). The coatings were produced with shrimp shell waste and polystyrene without additives. The results of the EIS measurements confirmed that the alternative coating material efficiently protected steel in acidic environments (measurements were conducted in a conventional three-electrode cell configuration consisting of the proposed modified electrode as working electrode, Ag/AgCl as reference electrode, and a platinum wire as counter electrode in the frequency range from 1 to \(10^{5}\) Hz, with an AC voltage of 0.05 V of amplitude).