## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lean Design and Its Functionalities
#### 3.2.3 Functionality of Lean Tools in the Building Design Process
A notable consensus was identified between both sources in the evaluation of LPS and BIM, highlighting these tools as having the broadest functionality coverage. However, a slight discrepancy was observed in the case of LPS, with a 4% difference, and a larger one in BIM, with 12%, suggesting that experts attribute more functionalities to these tools than reported in the literature. Additionally, Agile Design Management exhibited a critical difference in opinion, as experts assigned it 19% more functionalities than documented in the literature, indicating a significant gap between theory and practice in its application. One of the tools with the greatest discrepancy between literature and expert opinions is VSM. While the literature attributes it with 46% coverage of functionalities, experts \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Functionality**} & **Tools** \\ \hline Progress evaluation against the schedule & LPS [67] [*], LAP [45; 69] \\ \hline Visual communication & LPS [66], BIM [20; 62] [*], DSM [66], VM [70] [*], VSM [62], \\  & ICE [62], A3 Report [81] [*],5S [77] \\ \hline Optimization of value/cost ratio for the client & TVD [57; 77] [*], SBD [62] [*], BIM [77], IPD [61] [*] \\ \hline Focus on value for the client & TVD [57; 58] [*], SBD [62] [*], CBA [63], BIM [20], \\  & IPD [61; 77] [*], ICE [*] \\ \hline Continuous improvement & TVD [59], SBD [77], ADM [*], LPS [77] [*], BIM [*], LAP [*], \\  & VM [77], IPD [77], VSM [62] [*], A3 Report [*],5S [*],5 Why [*] \\ \hline Prevention of project delays & ADM [*], LPS [77] [*], DSM [*], LAP [*] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Building Design Tools**} & **Functionalities** & **Functionalities** & **Difference Between** \\  & **According to** & **According to** & **Literature and** \\  & **Literature (\%)** & **Experts (\%)** & **Experts (\%)** \\ \hline Last Planner System (LPS) & 65\% & 62\% & 4\% \\ Building Information Modeling (BIM) & 50\% & 62\% & \(-\)12\% \\ Agile Design Management (ADM) & 27\% & 46\% & \(-\)19\% \\ Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) & 15\% & 42\% & \(-\)27\% \\ Visual Management (VM) & 42\% & 38\% & 4\% \\ Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) & 31\% & 38\% & \(-\)8\% \\ A3 Report & 12\% & 35\% & \(-\)23\% \\ Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) & 15\% & 31\% & \(-\)15\% \\ Target Value Design (TVD) & 31\% & 27\% & 4\% \\ Design Structure Matrix (DSM) & 19\% & 19\% & 0\% \\
5 Why & 15\% & 15\% & 0\% \\ Value Stream Mapping (VSM) & 46\% & 12\% & 35\% \\ Set-Based Design (SBD) & 42\% & 12\% & 31\% \\ Choosing by Advantage (CBA) & 23\% & 12\% & 12\% \\ SS & 4\% & 8\% & \(-\)4\% \\ Just In Time (JIT) & 4\% & 4\% & 0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Comparison of Lean Design tools functionalities. consider it to cover only 12%. This disparity is also evident in SBD, where studies indicate a 27% functionality coverage, but experts assign it 46%. Other differences, though less pronounced, were found in tools such as CBA, TVD, and VM, where the literature attributes them with greater functional coverage than perceived by specialists. Conversely, from the experts' perspective, tools like BIM, LAP, IPD, A3 Report, ICE, and S5 are considered more versatile and cover more functionalities than indicated in the literature. Finally, some tools showed total consensus between both sources, notably the Design Structure Matrix (DSM), covering 19% of functionalities, 5 Whys with 15%, and JIT with 4%. When analyzing the tools and their functionalities based on the five management principles, different levels of coverage were identified in each area. In the planning category, the most prominent tools were BIM, LPS, and VM, which covered four out of six identified functionalities. Regarding organization, BIM, ADM, IPD, LPS, and LAP stood out as the most relevant tools. LPS, BIM, and ICE demonstrated greater alignment with the required functionalities in the directing category.