## 1 Introduction
As clarified by DAMIP and other climate researches, natural forcing (NAT) is known to not affect much of climate change compared to anthropogenic forcing, but GHG dominates the increases in global temperature and precipitation amount, and AER tends to counteract these increases [6; 8; 9; 10; 11]. However, their effects on other meteorological variables or subsidiary processes (e.g., land surface and dust processes) are not adequately discussed yet. Land surface is a key component of the Earth's system, as it exchanges heat, water, and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere [12; 13]. Changes in land surface such as vegetation and land use by either seasonal or anthropogenic activities can markedly affect land surface processes [14; 15]. Moreover, anthropogenic emissions from the land are known to significantly influence future climate, raising many concerns of climate change by scientists and communities. Variable land fluxes interacting with climate change have manifested as extreme events, although an increase in severe events remains controversial [16; 17; 18]. Future climate changes and the variations in energy and water exchanges at the surface will affect both land conditions and lives (including plants and human lives). Water and food are essential to life, but their safety is threatened by rapidly changing environments and prediction uncertainty. In preparation for future risks, we need to research the potential consequences of climate change [19; 20; 21]. In planning future scenarios, the impact of anthropogenic emissions on factors other than climate such as land surface processes should not be ignored. Planning must consider the atmosphere, land, and their interactions. The change of climatological variables driven by anthropogenic forcing can affect land surface processes. For instance, rising global temperature and extreme precipitation can change the water cycle and photosynthesis, but land surface processes can be more directly (and possibly irrevocably) affected by human-driven emissions (e.g., aerosol can reduce the net radiation). Eco-hydrological resilience and ecosystem shifts, which are highly linked to both climate and land surface processes, have raised great concern. Ecosystem shift is also related to crop productivity [21; 22]. Other sources such as solar energy are also highly affected by aerosol [23]. The many possible consequences from future scenarios on the land surface warrant an investigation of the DAMIP results. Compared to the land surface DAMIP study, similar MIPs and land-surface-related projects have existed, such as the Coupled Climate-Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (CAMIP, [PERSON] et al. [24]), the Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP, [PERSON] et al. [25]), the Carbon-Land Model Intercomparison Project (CLAMP, [PERSON] et al. [26]), the International Land Model Benchmarking Project (ILAMB, [PERSON] et al. [27]), and the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP, simip.org, accessed on 28 October 2021). These projects provided the impact of greenhouse gases and conducted model validations regarding land surface processes. C4 MIP-related studies proved that increasing CO2 triggers global warming and amplifies climate change [28]. On land, it showed that elevated CO2 stimulates vegetation growth and increases terrestrial carbon stock [24; 29]. Here, this large feedback from each land surface model is sensitive to CO2 change, and this revealed the necessity of the model's inter-comparison study (e.g., CLAMP, ILAMB, and ISMIP) with MIPs [24]. However, C4 MIP only focuses on CO2 variations. The other forcings (e.g., AER and NAT) follow CMIP historical values. Moreover, LUMIP focuses on land-use change. CLAMP, ILAMB, and ISMIP are utilized for inter-comparison between land-surface models. We need to note that they have some similarities compared to our study, but they are not identical. CMIP6 DAMIP fully separates three major forcings. Moreover, most of the DAMIP studies have focused on atmospheric impacts such as precipitation and temperatures.