esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Evolution of Wireless Communication Technology (1G-6G)
### First Generation (1G) Technology  
The first generation (1G) communication system was introduced in 1978 in the United States based on the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) [22]. The AMPS is an analog cellular system allocated with 50 MHz bandwidth with a frequency range of 824-894 MHz [23]. The bandwidth in the AMPS is divided into sub-channels of 30 KHz, each using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for multiple users to send data. In 1979, 1G was commercially launched in Japan by the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Work**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Approach**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Evolution of Wireless Communication**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**AI-Enabled 6G**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology-Enabled Applications in 6G**} \\  & & & **Technology** & & **Networks** \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} [16] \\ [17] \\ \end{tabular} & Top-down & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} [18] \\ [20] \\ [19] \\ \end{tabular} & Down-Top & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\ \
\begin{tabular}{c} [21] \\ \end{tabular} & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} This paper \\ \end{tabular} & Holistic & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of related surveys.  
Figure 2: Evolution of wireless communication technology from 1G to 6G.  
(NTT) DoCoMo Company. In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) standard for 1G was developed by the Nordic countries such as Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Finland, and Sweden. In 1983, the AMPS was commercially launched in the United States and was later used in Australia. The Total Access Communication Systems (TACS) standard was introduced in the United Kingdom for 1G [24]. First generation technology supported voice calls with up to 2.4 Kbps of bandwidth within one country. However, the underlying technology could not handle international voice and conference calls, and other applications such as messaging services, emails, and accessing information over a mobile wireless network. In addition, being an analog system, 1G suffered from bad voice quality and poor handoff reliability. Furthermore, 1G was less secure. To overcome these shortcomings, the 2G network generation was introduced.
###### Abstract  
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals arrive at the Earth in a nonlinear and slightly curved way due to the refraction effect caused by the troposphere. The troposphere delay of the GNSS signal consists of hydrostatic and wet parts. In particular, tropospheric wet delay prediction and interpolation are more difficult than those of the dry component due to the rapid temporal and spatial variation of the water vapor content. Wet delay estimation and interpolation with a sufficient accuracy is an important issue for all parameters obtained by GNSS positioning techniques. In particular, in real-time positioning applications, errors caused by interpolation of the wet troposphere delay are reflected in the height component of about 1 to 2 cm. Furthermore, the amount of water vapor in the troposphere is very important information in weather forecast applications obtained as a function of wet delay. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the troposphere can be achieved with a higher resolution and accuracy by utilizing neural network models for interpolation of the wet tropospheric delay. In addition, in the absence of the GNSS station, wet delays can be interpolated by means of the surrounding stations to the desired location. In this study, a back propagation artificial neural network (BPNN) model based on meteorological parameters obtained from The New Austrian Meteorological Measuring Network (TAWES) was used to interpolate wet troposphere delay. Analysis was carried out at 40 reference stations of the Echtzeit Positionierung Austria (EPOSA) GNSS Network covering the whole of Austria. The interpolation of zenith wet delays based on the artificial neural network was performed by using latitude, longitude, altitude and meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure, weighted mean temperature, and water vapor pressure). These parameters were then subtracted from the artificial neural network model one by one and six different artificial neural networks were designed. In addition, the linear interpolation method (LIN) and inverse distance weighted interpolation method (IDW) were used as conventional interpolation methods. In order to investigate the effect of the network density on interpolation methods, three networks, including 40, 30, and 20 reference stations, were formed and the increased distance effect on interpolation methods was evaluated. In addition, analyses were conducted in winter, spring, and summer to evaluate the seasonal effects on interpolation methods. According to the statistical analysis, the root mean square error (RMSE) values of the IDW, LIN, and BPNN methods were found to be 12.6, 13.4, and 5.9 mm, respectively.  
GNSS meteorology; artificial neural network; interpolation; climate; troposphere +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci. 2019, 9, 4688; doi:10.3390/APP9214688
## 6 Benefits, Challenges, and Limitations of CFD in the Food Industry  
### Economic and Technological Benefits  
The implementation of CFD in the food industry is often constrained by significant cost and hardware requirements. High-performance computing (HPC) systems are necessary for simulating complex food processes, especially when dealing with large 3D models or transient phenomena. The computational power required for these simulations translates to increased costs in terms of software licensing, the maintenance of hardware infrastructure, and energy consumption [151]. Additionally, advanced CFD software often requires expertise in both food science and computational modeling, necessitating specialized training and technical support. For smaller food manufacturers, these costs may present a barrier to entry, limiting the widespread adoption of CFD tools in the industry [112; 152].
# Tuberculosis Vaccines: An Update of Recent and Ongoing Clinical Trials
## 3 TB Novel Vaccines
### Recombinant Live Vaccines
#### 3.2.3 Ad5 Ag85A  
Adenovirus, as a vector, is also being used to develop vaccines for TB. Ad5 Ag85A is an adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing Ag85A [22]. Initially, animal models with Ad5 Ag85A demonstrated better protection over the BCG vaccine alone, with immunization via the respiratory passages, providing better immunity [22]. In phase I human trials, intramuscular vaccination was observed to be safe and immunogenic, stimulating polyfunctional T cell responses [22]. Currently recruiting is a phase I trial involving healthy volunteers previously immunized with BCG (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02337270). The trial intends to evaluate the safety and immune responses in the blood and the lungs after administration by aerosol of Ad5 Ag85A, with completion estimated in 2021.
## 4 Mathematical Modeling and Analysis
### Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) Model  
This section defines the SINR of a target DUE-Rx that suffers from interferences caused by CUEs. Regarding the D2D communication scheme, the interference to a target DUE-Rx comes from co-channel DUEs and other DUE-Txs in the same cell or neighboring cells. Therefore, the SINR of DUE-Rx \(j\) from DUE-Tx \(i\) with the conventional FFR can be expressed as follows:  
\[SINR_{FFR}^{D2 Dn}=\frac{P_{i,j}^{D2D}}{\gamma^{2}+\sum_{k\in C_{tx}^{n},k\
eq i }P_{k,j}^{D2D}+\sum_{k\in C^{n}}P_{k,j}^{CUE}}\bigg{|}_{i\in Fn}. \tag{3}\]  
Similarly, the SINR of CUE with the conventional FFR can be defined as:  
\[SINR_{FFR}^{CUEn}=\frac{P_{i,c}^{CUE}}{\gamma^{2}+\sum_{k\in C_{tx}^{n}}P_{k, c}^{D2D}+\sum_{k\in C^{n}}P_{k,c}^{CUE}}\bigg{|}_{i\in Fn}. \tag{4}\]  
In the proposed FFR-ABS mode, DUE-Rx does not suffer from CUEs whose distance to DUE-Rx is less than \(D_{max}^{ABS}\) because those do not transmit data simultaneously through the ABS method. Thus, the SINR of DUE-Rx \(j\) from DUE-Tx \(i\) in the FFR-ABS can be defined as follows:  
\[SINR_{ABS}^{D2 Dn}=\frac{P_{i,j}^{D2D}}{\gamma^{2}+\sum_{k\in C_{tx}^{n},k\
eq i }P_{k,j}^{D2D}+\sum_{k\in C^{n},k\
otin\mathcal{ABS}_{j}^{CUE}}P_{k,j}^{CUE}} \bigg{|}_{i,j\in Fn}. \tag{5}\]  
Note that CUE \(k\) does not interfere with DUE-Rx \(j\) in \(\mathcal{ABS}_{j}^{CUE}\). In the same way, the SINR of CUE in the FFR-ABS can be described as follows:  
\[SINR_{ABS}^{CUEn}=\frac{P_{i,c}^{CUE}}{\gamma^{2}+\sum_{k\in C_{tx}^{n},k \
otin\mathcal{ABS}_{c}^{CUE}}P_{k,c}^{D2D}+\sum_{k\in C^{n}}P_{k,c}^{CUE}} \bigg{|}_{i\in Fn}. \tag{6}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fluorescence Results
#### 3.2.4 Effect of Water Treatments  
At the outlet of the pre-settling basin (site E), HA-L and Try-L scores remained constant with respect to site D, indicating the negligible effect of FeCl\({}_{3}\), PAICl\({}_{3}\), or PAC on fluorescent DOM. However, regarding total DOM, from site D to E, an UVA reduction of 51 \(\pm\) 32% was observed (Figure 2A), thus indicating colloidal organic matter and/or only the non-fluorescent DOM is removed by sedimentation process, which is in line with the observations reported by other authors [40,41].  
Regarding line Po3, in the samples from the ozonation treatment (site F), a 68% reduction in HA-L score values was observed compared to site E, indicating that O\({}_{3}\) is efficient to remove these types of substances. Contrarily, Try-L scores exhibited a 25% increment compared to site E. Therefore, HA-L oxidation by-products might be similar molecular structure to (or emit in the same region as) Try-L substances, in agreement with an aromatisation decay of DOM, reflected on the observed excitation-emission blue shift [35], which is in line with the BIX results (see Figure 3). The latter blue-shift was not observed with the chlorination process applied at the exit of one of the CYCLOFOC basins (site G), where an overall decay of both PARAFAC components scores was observed (Try-L scores being negligible). Although slightly higher than after the chlorination process, very low score values were also observed at site H (approximately 0.4 and 0.1 for HA-L and Try-L, respectively), in line with UVA results (Figure 2A), indicating that more hazardous NaClO use might be replaced by BAC if the DWTP is re-designed. The treatment line's outlet (site I, which concerns water ready for distribution to the city network and consumption) effectively had negligible levels of fluorescent DOM.  
On the other hand, analysing line Po1/Po2, the water coming from site E to site L (treatment with NaClO and ClO\({}_{2}\)), the score values from HA-L and Try-L decayed 43 and 59%, respectively. Interestingly, when comparing these results with the ones from the ozonation in line Po3, the set of by-products was clearly different: whereas for ozonation a plausible transformation from HA-L to Try-L was observed, in samples obtained from site L, an indistinct decrease for both components was evidenced. These results can be explained by taking into account that ClO\({}_{2}\)/ClO\({}^{-}\) are less selective than O\({}_{3}\), which normally shows a  
Figure 5: Results from fluorescence spectroscopy: PARAFAC components’ evolution along the DWTP: X1 (orange), X2 (red), and X3 (pink, not observable).  
clear preference towards double bonds [42; 43], thus favouring the conversion of HA-L into Tyr-L. At the final stage of this treatment line (site M), the outflow had negligible levels of Try-L substances but considerable for HA-L ones (0.566 \(\pm\) 0.008), contrary to the treatment line Po3's final outflow (site I).
###### Abstract
* Suppose the driver is dispatched to an area where most passengers travel to his/her unfamiliar areas to carry the passengers to their destination. In that case, the taxi drivers may spend more time, despite being guided by GPS. Such taxi driver behaviors will reduce the level of passengers' satisfaction and taxi market operating efficiency. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel model, Deep Wide Spatial-Temporal-Based Transformer Networks (DWSTTNs). Considering long-range modeling dependencies, the transformer becomes more efficient. As compared to the previous state-of-the-art baselines, our proposed model improves the prediction performance of the next drop-off point of a taxi. We take the whole trajectory, as our model considers the individual driver's history. The driver history consists of the most recent visited points, for instance pick-up points and drop-off points. As the geographically next drop-off point of such locations, we take FourSquare to propose the semantic illustration based on LBSN. We tested our model on two real-world datasets belonging to two different cities in the USA: Manhattan and Porto. The dataset of Porto was used with the winning model of the ECML/PKDD 2015. Our model improves on the various settings by 35% compared to the winning model ECML/PKDD. We summarize our contributions as follows:  
* We propose a deep spatial-temporal transformer-based model, DWSTTNs. Our model dynamically captures spatial-temporal-based long-range dependencies. In our approach, we design encoder and decoder units. Both are the primary components of the transformer. Our model improves the prediction performance of the next drop-off point of a taxi. We take the whole trajectory, as our model considers the individual driver's history. With the help of a LBSN API, with data coming from the social website FourSquare, we encode the geographical bases of visited semantic locations. * We design a spatial-temporal-based transformer. The spatial transformer captures the time-varying spatial dependencies dynamically. The temporal transformer captures the temporal dependencies. They work with the transformer's dynamic attention mechanism with feed-forward layers to make more efficient and accurate predictions. * We used two real-world datasets of two different cities, namely Manhattan and Porto. Our model improves the results by a large margin compared to the previous state-of-the-art baselines. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the literature on the next destination problem. Section 3 presents the preliminaries and problem statement. Section 4 presents our proposed architecture with its encoder and decoder units and the spatial and temporal transformers. Section 5 presents the results, dataset description, prepossessing, baseline comparison with the previous state-of-the-art model, experimental setup, and hyperparameter setting. Section 6 is the discussion. Section 7 concludes with future work.
# AVSS: Airborne Video Surveillance System
## 5 AVSS Features
### UAV Coordination  
The coordination of UAVs is managed by the GCS. GCS sends global position request to each UAV consistently. Request-reply method is used instead of simply continuous updates because this method allows both the UAV and the GCS to know when the connection is broken. The main target of management of UAVs is the positions. Using the deployment algorithm discussed earlier, GCS sends each UAV where it needs to be. The identification of the UAVs can be conducted with index and IP. The index of a UAV is much like the index of an element in an array list in Java, changing whenever the membership changes. Index method is useful when the importance job priority is highly significant and the high priority jobs must not be disrupted. The IP of a UAV is unchanged even under network failure. UAV comes back to base when the connection is broken while trying to connect to the GCS. IP-based identification turns the UAV back to the previous mission area.
# Application of Sorbent-Based Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis
## 5 Other SBE Approaches in Food Analysis
### Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
Dual-phase SBSE is performed in one aliquot of sample solution whereas two or more stir bars are used sequentially in sequential SBSE for one aliquot under two or more different extraction conditions [146]. The main mode of extraction for SBSE is a direct extraction from aqueous solutions. It was found to be suitable for the analysis of alcoholic beverages, due to the low affinity of PDMS to alcohol and very good efficiency in the extraction of various aroma compounds, and compounds responsible for off odors in alcoholic beverages. On the other hand, especially in the analysis of aroma compounds in food and plant material, extraction was proposed to be performed from headspace [151]. The extraction of aroma compounds from headspace using stir bars is called headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) and has found numerous applications in aroma analysis, especially for analysis of aldehydes, terpen, and alcohols esters, in various food and plant matrices such as fungi, olive oils, wines, vinegar, cheese and garlic [146]. The term high-capacity headspace sorptive extraction (HCSE) is often used synonymously with HSSE, though a stir bar is usually used in the latter approach for the extraction of VOCs from the headspace, whereas HCSE used another type of extraction device when first described. [PERSON] et al. [152] proposed a glass rod covered with PDMS (50 mg PDMS was deposited on a rod of 1 mm i.d.). The rods were placed in the desorption tubes after extraction and subsequently desorbed. A high enrichment factor for highly volatile compounds was achieved, which resulted in the high sensitivity of the proposed method used for monitoring VOCs in bananas or coffee [152]. SBSE was used for the extraction of fruit VOCs in the investigation of the enantiomer composition of aroma compounds. [PERSON] et al. [153], who used SBSE for the extraction of VOCs from the strawberry pulp after homogenization with 20% NaCl, used it in the HSSE mode for the extraction of aroma compounds from intact fruit, but also performed an \"in fruit\" sampling procedure, squeezing a stir bar into an intact fruit for a 3 h extraction. The enantiomeric composition of crucial odorants was performed after thermal desorption into a multidimensional GC-MS system [153]. Another interesting application is the use of SBSE for the in vivo extraction of VOCs released in the mouth during food consumption [154].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of the Climate Change Scenarios for 2050 and 2100
However, presumably the possible energy savings achieved with this strategy can be increased by using natural ventilation. In this regard, one of the limitations of the study is that the maintenance of comfort hours is based on the use of HVAC systems. The combined use of adaptive setpoint temperatures with natural ventilation would imply higher savings in the energy consumption of residential buildings. Therefore, the combination of natural ventilation and adaptive setpoint temperatures should be studied in future research studies. Figure 13: Average increase percentage in the energy consumption due to the improvement in the user’s expectations in 0.25 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 2050 and 2100. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tolerance**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Percentage Deviation (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Current**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2050**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2100**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Cooling** & **Heating** & **Total** & **Cooling** & **Heating** & **Total** & **Cooling** & **Heating** & **Total** \\ \hline
0.00 & 68.90 & 26.48 & 38.74 & 62.37 & 26.91 & 41.93 & 53.60 & 26.80 & 43.59 \\
0.25 & 64.32 & 21.34 & 33.67 & 57.68 & 21.00 & 36.92 & 49.43 & 19.46 & 38.90 \\
0.50 & 58.73 & 16.01 & 28.77 & 52.68 & 14.90 & 31.76 & 45.14 & 11.63 & 34.08 \\
0.75 & 52.68 & 10.42 & 23.34 & 47.14 & 8.52 & 26.24 & 40.41 & 3.28 & 28.89 \\
1.00 & 45.89 & 4.58 & 17.65 & 41.14 & 1.93 & 20.45 & 35.37 & \(-\)5.58 & 23.44 \\
1.25 & 38.34 & \(-\)1.47 & 11.70 & 34.65 & \(-\)4.87 & 14.40 & 30.02 & \(-\)14.92 & 17.74 \\
1.50 & 29.93 & \(-\)7.79 & 5.47 & 27.64 & \(-\)11.84 & 8.07 & 24.33 & \(-\)24.73 & 11.76 \\
1.75 & 20.57 & \(-\)14.34 & \(-\)1.03 & 20.06 & \(-\)18.97 & 1.47 & 18.27 & \(-\)34.93 & 5.50 \\
2.00 & 10.09 & \(-\)21.09 & \(-\)7.82 & 11.87 & \(-\)26.23 & \(-\)5.41 & 11.80 & \(-\)45.49 & \(-\)1.05 \\
2.25 & \(-\)1.72 & \(-\)28.06 & \(-\)14.93 & 2.97 & \(-\)33.66 & \(-\)12.64 & 4.87 & \(-\)56.37 & \(-\)7.95 \\
2.50 & \(-\)15.23 & \(-\)35.20 & \(-\)22.40 & \(-\)6.78 & \(-\)41.29 & \(-\)20.26 & \(-\)2.61 & \(-\)67.59 & \(-\)15.22 \\
2.75 & \(-\)31.14 & \(-\)42.59 & \(-\)30.42 & \(-\)17.68 & \(-\)49.10 & \(-\)28.42 & \(-\)10.77 & \(-\)79.34 & \(-\)23.00 \\
3.00 & \(-\)51.01 & \(-\)50.46 & \(-\)39.34 & \(-\)30.39 & \(-\)57.42 & \(-\)37.45 & \(-\)19.98 & \(-\)92.22 & \(-\)31.57 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Percentage deviation between the energy consumption of the adaptive model and the consumption of the static model in the three scenarios. Positive values correspond to a decrease in energy consumption, and negative values correspond to an increase.
###### Abstract  
This paper reports on plasma-enhanced bonding of optics surfaces coated with highly sensitive functional layers using surface preparation by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The samples to be bonded were treated with a DBD in diffuse mode at atmospheric pressure for 30 s which is applied directly to the sample surface, then joined with the aid of de-ionised water and cured subsequently. The plasma treatment itself already increased the shear strength achieved by a factor of two compared to classical wringing or direct contacting, while the curing process led to a further increase by a factor of up to five, depending on curing temperature. The observed enhancement of shear strength can be attributed to DBD plasma-induced cleaning and most likely additional activation of the surface as verified by contact angle measurements. Since the impact of the used plasma on the surface is quite gentle in comparison to other bonding processes or other plasma-based processes reported in the literature, a destruction of the treated functional layer is avoided. This advantage makes it possible to bond even optics surfaces coated with sensitive materials.  
optical contact bonding; plasma processes; adhesion; optics manufacturing; coatings; coated glass surfaces +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B