# An Overview of Cooperative Driving in the European Union: Policies and Practices
## 4 Current State of the Art of C-ITS Systems
### C-Roads Pilot Sites
#### 4.1.7 Nordic Countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland)  
Nordic countries are described in a unique, comprehensive framework since they are part of a joint initiative, namely the NordicWay project [85], and C-Roads pilot sites are essentially physically overlapping with those involved in the NordicWay programme. Strictly speaking, other countries are also involved in joint initiatives outlined in formally recognised European projects; however, in such cases, the European project and C-Roads tests differ, thus justifying the choice of describing the countries involved separately.  
In light of the above, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland have a twofold aim: i) connecting their traffic management centres and their backbone road system with the common NordicWay architecture and ii) testing C-ITS applications in use-cases that are particularly relevant to their own national context.  
In Denmark, C-Roads test activities, run by the Danish Road Directorate, are fully included in the NordicWay programme [86].  
Also for Sweden, the limit between the NordicWay programme and C-Roads pilot sites is very vague; however, in this case, some Day-1.5 services (i.e., traffic information and smart routing; connected and cooperative navigation) are also being analysed. Finally, a large number of public and private organisations are involved in test activity under the leadership of the Swedish Transport Administration. Amongst others, we find: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Volvo Car Corporation, Chalmers University of Technology, KTH-Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL), Combitech AB, Triona AB, RISE Interactive Institute AB, Kapsch TrafficCom AB, Mindconnect AB, IBM Svenska AB, Swarco Sverige AB, Technolution AB, and Springworks AB.  
In Norwegian pilot sites, two main goals are pursued under the leadership of Norwegian Public Roads Administration. The first is to test Day-1 and Day-1.5 services on peripheral networks, where rural routes have only poor cellular connectivity and no full access to main power. Moreover, connected and automated driving tasks on major freight routes are investigated. Finally, test activities within the Finnish pilot sites aim to investigate Day-1 and Day-1.5 services on the core network but also test automated driving in snowy and icy arctic conditions. In this case, under the leadership of the public authorities of the Finnish Transport Agency (FTA) and Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi), studies are performed by three coalitions led by the Lapland University of Applied Sciences, Sensible 4 Ltd., and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.  
Obviously, most of the deployment activities aim to achieve a high level of interoperability, among the Nordic countries themselves and with other European countries, by means of numerous cross-border tests. Indeed, as regards the communication technologies analysed, they are essentially cellular-based; however, for those services that can also be implemented with ITS-G5 standards, both technologies are tested in an interoperability perspective. Overall, the Nordic countries have covered all Day-1 applications, except for SWD services. Moreover, the Nordic case represents, among those presented, the first instance in which advanced C-ITS services (i.e., CCRW and CCN) are involved in testing activities. A specific description of C-ITS tasks investigated in every single country will be provided below. Finally, the above-mentioned pilot sites are planned to be operational for the whole of 2019.