## 1 Introduction  
Remanufacturing is the process of recovering used products to like-new condition. Recently, great attention has been paid by many countries to the remanufacturing industry as it offers advantages both economically and environmentally [1]. Remanufacturing of automotive parts is one of the main remanufacturing activities, as it is closely connected to environmental issues such as CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Nearly a ton of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions can be reduced through the remanufacturing of major vehicle parts. Remanufactured products help automakers reduce waste and minimize the use of raw materials needed to make new products [2]. South Korea's relatively short car replacement cycle is driven by improved economic capacity, rapid technological advancements, supportive government policies, and prevailing social and cultural factors. Rising incomes and accessible financial products enable consumers to purchase new vehicles more easily. Technological innovations offer enhanced fuel efficiency, safety, and convenience, making newer models more attractive. Government measures, such as stricter environmental regulations, tax incentives for new cars, and subsidies, discourage the use of older vehicles and promote their replacement. Additionally, owning a new car is seen as a status symbol, and the well-developed automotive infrastructure supports the maintenance of new vehicles. Older cars are regulated through regular inspections, emission standards, and increased taxes, while environmental policies and scrap car programs further encourage consumers to upgrade to newer models. Thesecombined factors ensure that the car replacement cycle in South Korea remains relatively short, resulting in a steady supply of older vehicles suitable for remanufacturing. Laws and regulations have also been enacted by governments to support the remanufacturing industry. As awareness of environmental issues increases, pressure from the public and government has prompted car makers to take responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products. For example, the European Union (EU) enacted the End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) Directive in 2000, which mandates that the recycling ratio of scrapped vehicles should meet a certain level. The USA has also enacted ELVs, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHs) Directive, and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations as part of the framework for remanufacturing automotive parts [3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. The remanufacturing industry in Korea remains at an early stage compared to those in the USA or EU. Laws and regulations such as the Resource Cyclical Law and the Environmentally Friendly Law were enacted by the Korean government in the late 2000s. These laws have prompted automakers to recycle at least 85% of automotive parts from scrapped vehicles since 2009 [8]. In Korea, the number of registered vehicles reached over 20 million in 2014, and the number of old vehicles aged over seven years among registered vehicles exceeded 10%. This situation provides the remanufacturing industry in Korea with an opportunity to expand its market size. However, the list of remanufacturable automotive parts is very limited in Korea. Only ten types of automotive parts are commonly available for remanufacturing: alternator, starter, CV joints, A/C compressor, injector, brake caliper, shock absorber, lower control arm, turbocharger, and clutch cover. Out of these ten part types, only four (starter, alternator, CV joints, and A/C compressor) have been certified by the government [2; 9]. In this paper, a generalized framework is proposed that can be used for any kind of remanufacturable automotive parts. Additionally, the equations for calculating the total demand for automotive part replacements and the environmental and economic impacts are generalized. If all parameters are provided, the environmental and economic impacts of any kind of remanufacturable part can be evaluated.