## Materials and Methods
### Chemical Analysis  
For the analysis volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS), 3 g of ground coffee was transferred to a 20 mL headspace vial (ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 3 mL of NaCl saturated solution was added to enhance the volatile organic compounds in the headspace and to inhibit any enzymatic reactions. The headspace vials were sealed with crimp-top caps with TFE-silicone headspace septa (ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Each vial was incubated for 20 min at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After that time, the solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber Divinylbene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (50 \(\upmu\)m DVB/30 \(\upmu\)m CAR/30 \(\upmu\)m PDMS) was exposed for 15 min (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) at the headspace of the sample to perform the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) extraction of volatile organic compounds. Further, the extracted volatile organic compounds were desorbed for 7 min from the fiber coating into the gas chromatograph (Trace 1310 GC, ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) injection port set at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The volatile organic compounds were separated using a DB-WAX capillary column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d. \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness, J & W Scientific Inc., Folsom, CA, USA). Ultrahigh-purity helium was used as a carrier gas at a linear velocity of 1 mL-\(\min^{-1}\). The oven temperature program was as follows: initial temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, heated to 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a rate of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C-\(\min^{-1}\), increased to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a rate of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C-\(\min^{-1}\), and then held for 7 min. Mass spectra were recorded in electron impact (EI) ionization mode at 70 eV using a mass spectrometer (TSQ 9000 MS, ThermoFischer Scientific, TSQ 9000 MS, ThermoFischer Scientific USA). The quadrupole mass detector, ion source, and transfer-line temperatures were set at 150, 230, and 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Mass spectra were scanned in the range of \(m/z\) 50-450 amu. VOCs were identified by comparing the mass spectra with the NIST 14 database system library and linear retention index. The criteria for compound identification required a mass-spectrum matching score of \(\geq\)80%. The results were expressed as a percentage of the relative peak area of a peak for each coffee sample, calculated by dividing the peak area by the total peak area of all identified peaks in each chromatogram. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of each sample was used for peak-area integration. The minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and P) were measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (Optima 5300 DV, ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) after digestion in a closed-vessel Xpert system (Berghof, Eningen, Germany). Ground coffee-bean samples of 500 mg were digested using 5 mLHNO\({}_{3}\) 65% and 5 mL H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) 30% in polytetrafluoroethylene digestion vessels, using a four-step digestion program (145 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C--heating; 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C--cooling) for a total digestion time of 25 min. Afterward, the vessels were cooled down, and the volume was made up with ultrapure water to 25 mL. The calibration standards were prepared from ICP multi-element standard solution IV, 1000 mg/L (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), excepting P, for which a mono-element standard solution, 1000 mg/L (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), was used. All chemicals used were of analytical grade and were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Ultrapure water from a Purelab flex 3 system (Buckinghamshire, UK) was used to dilute the samples and prepare the standard solutions. The total carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) content was carried out using a Flash 2000 CHNS/O analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).