## 3 Result and Discussion
(**a**) CPIO and SWT Design Structure. (**b**) CPIO and SWOT Design Structure. (**c**) DCPIO and SWT Structure. (**d**) DCPIO and SWOT Structure. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Design**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**No of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reflectance**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Resonance**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**VSWR**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Bandwidth**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Starting**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ending**} \\  & & **Bands** & & & & & \\ \hline CPIO and & \multirow{2}{*}{7.00} & \(-\)24.78 & 3.33 & 1.15 & 0.02 & 3.32 & 3.34 \\ SWT & & \(-\)11.11 & 3.52 & 2.00 & 0.03 & 3.51 & 3.54 \\  & & \(-\)20.11 & 4.04 & 1.28 & 0.13 & 3.98 & 4.11 \\  & & \(-\)13.64 & 4.37 & 1.73 & 0.01 & 4.36 & 4.37 \\  & & \(-\)13.00 & 4.72 & 1.78 & 0.11 & 4.68 & 4.79 \\  & & \(-\)33.79 & 6.49 & 1.05 & 0.18 & 6.46 & 6.64 \\  & & \(-\)11.17 & 7.89 & 2.06 & 0.07 & 7.85 & 7.92 \\ CPIO and & \multirow{2}{*}{6.00} & \(-\)13.37 & 2.91 & 1.54 & 0.03 & 2.90 & 2.93 \\ SWOT & & \(-\)23.80 & 3.46 & 1.13 & 0.02 & 3.45 & 3.47 \\  & & \(-\)26.30 & 4.05 & 1.10 & 0.11 & 4.00 & 4.11 \\  & & \(-\)12.93 & 4.73 & 1.58 & 0.06 & 4.70 & 4.76 \\  & & \(-\)34.54 & 6.52 & 1.03 & 0.16 & 6.50 & 6.66 \\  & & \(-\)10.00 & 7.71 & 1.96 & 0.02 & 7.70 & 7.72 \\ DCPIO and & \multirow{2}{*}{3.00} & \(-\)12.89 & 3.83 & 3.00 & 0.06 & 3.80 & 3.86 \\ SWT & & \(-\)10.00 & 7.06 & 6.77 & 0.02 & 7.05 & 7.07 \\  & & \(-\)13.79 & 8.83 & 2.33 & 0.51 & 8.54 & 9.05 \\ DCPIO and & \multirow{2}{*}{1.00} & \(-\)10.05 & 8.80 & 5.67 & 0.07 & 8.76 & 8.83 \\ SWOT & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Reflectance plot (\(S_{11}\)), total bands, resonance frequency, VSWR, and bandwidth data representation for the proposed four antenna structures using a substrate of Rogers RT Duroid 5880. Figure 7: Simulated reflectance response analysis using Rogers RT Duroid as substrate. S\({}_{11}\) plot for the proposed four antenna structures for the substrate Rogers RT Duroid 5880. The number of bands for the proposed four structures is 7, 6, 3 and 1. Minimum reflectance responses are, respectively, \(-\)33.79 dB, \(-\)34.54 dB, \(-\)13.79 dB and \(-\)10.05 dB. The resonance frequency is 6.49 GHz, 6.52 GHz, 8.83 GHz and 8.80 GHz, respectively. An antenna's gain refers to how well it focuses or focuses the radio waves in a specific direction. The gain refers to an antenna's efficiency in transforming the electrical power into radio waves in one order. In contrast, the directivity refers to an antenna's capacity to concentrate the radiation in a single directional beam. Since many antennas and optical systems are only meant to emit electromagnetic waves in a particular direction or at a specific angle, the directivity is an essential metric to consider. Increases in directivity indicate that an antenna's emitted signal is being focused or directed more narrowly. Increasing the beam's directivity also increases its range. Since dBi is the standard unit of measurement for isotropic antennas, it is used to depict the antenna's performance, compared to the isotropic antenna [50]. Figure 9 represents the 3D radiation pattern plot for the FR-4 substrate (\(-180^{\circ}\) to \(+180^{\circ}\)). Figure 9a,b shows the maximum directivity of 5.59 dB and the normalized directivity of \(81^{\circ}\) (\(-39\) to \(+42\)) achieved for the CPIO and SWT modes. Figure 9c,d shows the maximum directivity of 3.77 dB and the normalized directivity \(93^{\circ}\) (\(-39\) to \(+54\)) achieved for the CPIO and SWOT models. Figure 9e,f show that the maximum directivity is 3.35 dB and the normalized directivity is 21\({}^{\circ}\) (\(-42\) to \(-24\)), 18\({}^{\circ}\) (\(-8\) to \(+10\)), 13\({}^{\circ}\) (28 to 41) achieved for the DCPIO and SWT modes. Figure 9g,h show the maximum directivity of 3.34 dB and the normalized directivity of 23\({}^{\circ}\) (\(-46\) to \(-23\)), 17\({}^{\circ}\) (\(-7\) to \(+10\)), 14\({}^{\circ}\) (\(+26\) to \(+40\)) achieved for the DCPIO and SWOT models.