## 5 Conclusions  
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of herbicide residues in agricultural soils under different tillage regimes, revealing distinct patterns of persistence and environmental behavior among the tested compounds. Atrazine residues ranged from ND to 21.10 ug/kg (mean: 5.28 ug/kg), while acetochlor showed the highest variability, ranging from 2.29 to 120.61 ug/kg (mean: 25.26 ug/kg). Alachlor was detected at much lower levels (ND-5.71 ug/kg; mean: 0.34 ug/kg). Nicosulfuron and mesoftrone were not detected, indicating rapid dissipation or limited application frequency.  
Soil properties, such as organic matter and pH, were positively correlated with available potassium and acetochlor concentrations, highlighting their role in modulating pesticide behavior.  
Health risk assessments indicated negligible non-cancer risks for both adults and children through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. However, long-term monitoring is still recommended to ensure environmental and public health safety.  
Crucially, this study demonstrates that tillage methods significantly influence herbicide degradation kinetics in soil, thereby affecting their environmental persistence and associated ecological risks. For instance, ST and SS treatment enhanced the degradation of atrazine and mesoftrone, indicating that these management practices may be effectively integrated into residue mitigation strategies for such compounds. In contrast, acetochlor and alachlor exhibited longer half-lives, especially under straw incorporation, likely due to increased adsorption and reduced bioavailability.  
In conclusion, this study emphasizes the pivotal role of agricultural management practices in shaping the environmental fate of herbicides. By integrating tillage and residue management strategies tailored to specific pesticides, it is possible to enhance degradation, reduce persistence, and mitigate ecological and health risks, thereby supporting the long-term sustainability of agroecosystems.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15147840/sl](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15147840/sl)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15147840/sl](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15147840/sl)): Table S1: The values of CDI for five pesticides in three tillage method soils; Table S2: Degradation kinetics of five pesticides in different treatments.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.C. and F.Z.; Data curation, Y.C.; Formal analysis, Q.M.; Funding acquisition, Y.C., F.Z. and Q.G.; Investigation, Y.C.; Methodology, Y.C.; Resources, Q.G.; Software, Q.M.; Supervision, Q.G.; Validation, Y.C., F.Z. and Q.M.; Visualization, F.Z.; Writing--original draft, Y.C.; Writing--review and editing, Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was supported by the research and demonstration of pear tree models for wind erosion prevention and control in sandy soil areas and water use in universities [2022 YFD1500703], the Jilin Science and Technology Development Planning Project [20210203006 SF, 20210203150 SF], and the Sixth Batch of Young Science and Technology Talents Promotion Program of Jilin Province [QT202216].  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article and Supplementary Materials. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.