esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Infrared Ship Target Detection Based on Dual Channel Segmentation Combined with Multiple Features
###### Abstract  
In infrared images of the sea surface, apart from the complex background of the sea surface, there are often sky and island backgrounds. The disturbances caused by sea wind and the reflection of intense sunlight on the sea surface increase the complexity of the background, which seriously hinders the detection of targets. To achieve the detection of dark-polarity ship targets in such environments, a dual-channel threshold segmentation method based on local low-gray region detection and geometric features judgment is proposed in this paper. In one channel, adaptive threshold segmentation is performed on the low-gray regions of the acquired image and combined with geometric features to obtain a finer segmentation result. In the other channel, adaptive segmentation is performed on the preprocessed image, and potential backgrounds that may be finely segmented as targets are filtered out based on an area threshold. Finally, the results of the two channels are multiplied and fused to obtain an accurate segmentation result. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the comparison algorithm in subjective and objective evaluations. The proposed algorithm in this paper not only achieves a low false alarm rate but also exhibits a higher detection rate, and the average detection rate in the test sequence surpasses 95%.  
complex sea background; infrared ship detection; low grayscale region detection; dual-channel segment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Non-Optical Applications of Functional Materials with 3D Periodic Nanostructures
### Thermoelectric Materials  
A thermoelectric generator is a solid-state device that converts temperature differences into electrical energy through a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric generators can be utilized to harvest auxiliary power by using the waste heat that is inevitably generated from various power facilities. The key to thermoelectric generators is to improve the thermoelectric power, which is mainly governed by a property of thermoelectric materials called figure-of-merit (zT). The materials having high Seebeck coefficient (S), high electrical conductivity (\(\sigma\)), and low thermal conductivity (\(\kappa\)) generally show high zT. Therefore, while maintaining the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, selectively lowering the thermal conductivity is a good strategy to improve zT, but these properties are interrelated and are very difficult to control individually. However, it is possible to decouple interconnected thermoelectric parameters through the introduction of well-designed nanostructures. For example, taking into account the phonon and electron mean free paths of the thermoelectric material, embedding artificial interfaces (e.g., grain boundaries, defects, and nanostructures) of a certain physical scale within the material can selectively increase the phonon scattering. Optical 3D lithography has the potential to create useful nanostructured thermoelectric materials because it allows the precise control of pore size and alignment at the nanoscale. Recently, [PERSON] et al. developed a 3D nanostructured bicontinuous composite thermoelectric material made of a Bi-Sb-Te ternary alloy and epoxy, produced by combination of PnP and electroplating (Figure 7g,h) [38]. The sample was prepared by electroplating a Bi-Sb-Te alloy into a polymer template with a 3D periodic nanostructure defined by PnP. The fabricated 3D nanostructure had a body-centered-tetragonal (BCT) symmetry, and the size of the thermoelectric strut of the unit cell was \(\sim\)140 nm. A flexible thermoelectric monolith was separatedfrom the substrate by etching a sacrificial layer and carefully transferred onto a MEMS platform to measure the thermoelectric properties. The measured thermal conductivity was only \(\sim\)0.89 W mK\({}^{-1}\) at 350 K due to increased phonon boundary scattering. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were well maintained, so the calculated zT was 0.56, \(\sim\)50% higher than that of a solid film with the same elemental composition (Figure 7i). As such, the 3D nanostructured flexible nanocomposite could lead to a new class of thermoelectric materials, potentially used in wearable energy harvesting systems. Pursuing other thermoelectric materials such as Si and controlling structural parameters could be a promising future research.
# Satellite IoT Edge Intelligent Computing: A Research on Architecture
## 3 Satellite IoT Edge Intelligent Computing Architecture
### Distributed Intelligent Computing Architecture in Satellite IoT Edge Computing  
Satellite IoT edge computing is the basis for edge intelligence computing for the satellite IoT. Currently, the training and reasoning required for deep-learning models has been deployed in terrestrial cloud computing data centers. In the future, satellite IoT sensors have a large amount of image data to inference every day. And we know that the cost of image inference requires up to gigabit floating point  
Figure 1: Cloud-edge layered satellite IoT edge computing system.  
arithmetic. If all the image data are moved to the ground data center for reasoning, the calculation and storage pressure of the ground cloud computing center will increase greatly.  
Due to the improvement of the hardware level, the computing and storage capabilities of the satellite nodes are greatly improved. While the satellite local control is satisfied, some remaining computing and storage capabilities are not fully exploited. When there are remaining computing and storage resources, the satellite IoT edge nodes can cooperate with the satellite IoT cloud nodes, take advantage of satellite edge computing to undertake a certain amount of deep-learning tasks. Therefore, the extension of cloud intelligence to edge intelligence has become an inevitable trend. In general, satellite edge intelligent computing is the analysis of data at the source of satellite sensors rather than sending data to the ground cloud for analysis. It will become a key driver for the realization of intelligent satellite IoT.
## 6 Conclusions  
The best result of the GIC diagnostics from ground-based magnetometer data is provided by regression methods or ANN using the variability of the \(Y\)-component of the geomagnetic field (d\(Y\)/d\(I\)). Verification tests showed that the ANN-based approaches provide a slightly higher diagnostic accuracy (MSE = 0.119 A\({}^{2}\)) compared to the regression methods (MSE = 0.122 A\({}^{2}\)). However, the ANN methods are less interpretable and require more computational power when implemented. The MSE of the obtained relationship for the GIC diagnostics is \(\sim\)7.5 times lower than the MSE of similar expressions obtained  
Figure 5: Estimation of  
previously in [12]. This advancement has been achieved thanks to a detailed analysis and careful selection of feature objects, comprising statistical analysis of heavy tails, pairwise correlation analysis, and assessing the quality of the regression model's feature objects, etc.  
The proposed approach to the GIC monitoring can be used for the diagnostics of extreme GIC values at a transformer substation, when the results of direct GIC measurement in a given region are not available. This kind of GIC monitoring can significantly reduce the risks associated with failures of power transformers during periods of extreme geomagnetic activity. However, to maintain the high-quality metrics of the regression model, a periodic updating (recalculation) of the regression model coefficients is required.  
Conceptualization, A.V. and V.P.; methodology, A.V. and A.S.; software, A.V. and G.V.; validation, A.V., V.P. and A.S.; GIC data from VKH station: Y.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 21-77-30010).  
We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array: Tromse Geophysical Observatory of UiT the Arctic University of Norway (Norway), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory of the University of Oulu (Finland), and Polar Geophysical Institute (Russia). The electrojet indicator data, IL, IU, IE, are available at [[https://space.fmi.fi/image/www/il_index_panel.php](https://space.fmi.fi/image/www/il_index_panel.php)]([https://space.fmi.fi/image/www/il_index_panel.php](https://space.fmi.fi/image/www/il_index_panel.php)) (accessed on 11 November 2021).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Experimental Study on Vibration Control of
## 5 Experiment of Piping System Vibration Control
### Control Performance of Free Vibration
#### 5.1.2 Free Vibration with PTMD  
Figure 9a illustrates the free vibration of the piping system with spring steel-type PTMD control. The displacement of the pipe is quickly reduced to a very small level compared to the case of without control. The time taken for suppressing displacement from 20 mm to two mm reduces from 26.5 s (uncontrolled) to 1.6 s, and the damping ratio of the system is correspondingly increased from 0.06% to 10.4%. The free vibration result for the simple pendulum-type PTMD is shown in Figure 9b. It takes 2.85 s for the displacement to decay to two mm, and the damping ratio increases to 5.6%. Two PTMDs demonstrated good performance under free vibration, and the decay times of the same displacement reduces to 6% and 10.8% of the free vibration without control. The spring steel-type PTMD adds nearly twice the damping as the simple pendulum-type PTMD, and suppresses the free vibration more efficiently.  
Comparing the free vibration experiments between TMD and PTMDs, it can be observed that the PTMDs can mitigate the vibration of the piping system far more effectively than TMD. If the damping ratio of a TMD is smaller than that of the piping system, it will not suppress the vibration or may even prolong the vibration. However, both PTMDs can increase the damping ratio of the piping system significantly and stabilize the vibration within a short time.
# IPCB: Intelligent Pseudolite Constellation Based on High-Altitude Balloons
###### Abstract  
IPCBs (Intelligent Pseudolite Constellations based on high-altitude balloons) are a novel type of air-based pseudolite application with many advantages. Compared with ground-based pseudolites and traditional air-based pseudolites, IPCBs have a wider coverage and a lower energy requirement. Compared with LEO satellite constellations, IPCBs have a stronger signal, a lower cost, and a shorter deployment period. These merits give promising potential to IPCBs. In IPCB applications, one of the key factors is geometry configuration, which is deeply influenced by the balloon's unique features. The basic idea of this paper is to pursue a strategy to improve IPCB geometry performance by using diverse winds at different altitudes and balloons' capability of altering flight altitude intelligently. Starting with a brief introduction to IPCBs, this paper defines an indicator to assess IPCB geometry performance, an approach to adjust IPCB geometry configuration and an IPCB geometry configuration planning algorithm. Next, a series of simulations are implemented with an IPCB composed of six pseudolites in winds with/without a quasi-zero wind layer. Some IPCB geometry configurations are analyzed, and their geometry performances are compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the influence of the quasi-zero wind layer on IPCB performance.  
intelligent pseudolite; constellation; high altitude balloon Article IPCB: Intelligent Pseudolite Constellation Based on High-Altitude Balloons  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], H. IPCB: Intelligent Pseudolite Constellation Based on High-Altitude Balloons. _Electronics_**2024**, 13, 2095. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112095](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112095)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112095](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112095))
# A Fuzzy-Logic-Based Load Balancing Scheme for a Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network
## 3 Results
### Performance of the Fuzzy-Logic-Based Loading Balancing Scheme  
In previous subsections, the performances of the two parts of the FL-LB were evaluated. Combining the two parts, the performance of FL-LB is evaluated in this subsection. Different access algorithms and offloading algorithms were paired to obtain the following four baseline joint schemes. BCA\(\sim\)RSRP means to access based on BCA and offload based on RSRP. BCA\(\sim\)FL-OL means to access based on BCA and offload based on FL-OL. FLRL-AC\(\sim\)RSRP means to access based on FLRL-AC and offload based on RSRP. Finally, FLRL-AC\(\sim\)FL-OL is the FL-LB proposed in this paper, which means to access based on FLRL-AC and offload based on FL-OL.  
Results in Figures 10 and 11 show that BCA\(\sim\)RSRP had the worst performance with all user numbers because it does not consider any dynamic changes in the environment. FLRL-AC\(\sim\)RSRP performed better with smaller numbers of users, and BCA\(\sim\)FL-OL performed better with larger number of users. This is because in the two parts of the FL-LB, the access algorithm plays a more important role when the number of users is small. No matter how good the access decision is, overloading will occur when the number of users is too large. Therefore, a better offloading algorithm should be used for the overloading cells in time. This is the reason why the FL-LB proposed in this paper retains the reactive load balancing part. Finally, FL-LB had the best performance with all user numbers. Therefore, FL-LB can effectively reduce the occurrence of overloading in a longer term and improve QoS for users in STIN.  
Figure 9: Average rate with different algorithms.
# Assessment of Offshore Wind Resources, Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization
## 4 Prediction Results and Precision Analysis of the Wind Speed
### Training and Simulation
(1) In the Luchao Port of China, the wind power densities under different time spans are approximately 300 W/m\({}^{2}\). Meanwhile, the effective wind energy hours take up about 92%, and the wind direction distribution is stable. The average wind speed is basically greater than 2 m/s, and the maximum one can reach nearly 20 m/s, so there is a better wind energy resource reserve;  
(2) Due to the effects of climate change and pollution, the characteristics of wind speed in a place can change. Specifically, the goodness of fit in 2006 is greater than that in 2005, and the AE, MSE, RMSE and MAPE in 2006 are all less than those in 2005. This indicates that the prediction error of the IPSO-BP model is smaller when the time of training data is closer to the target time. In the future, wind resource assessments can go further in studying how long the time interval between the training set and the testing set is, so as to predict the most accurate effect;  
(3) The percentage of wind energy effective hours in 2005 was the highest, compared to 0.15% and 1.53% higher than that in 2004 and 2006, respectively. As a result, the IPSO-BP model trained using the 2005 data has a better tracking performance for the prediction of the gentle wind speed, and greatly reduces the AE of the extreme value in the prediction of the wind speed. (4) The IPSO-BP model provides significant guidelines for researchers and manufacturers in the aspect of wind speed prediction, for its development. Meanwhile, the progress of wind energy resource assessment can effectively accelerate the development of low-carbon energy and promote the improvement of energy policy. Conceptualization, J.Z. ; methodology, Y.Z. ; software, Y.Z. ; validation, D.C.; formal analysis, Y.Z. ; investigation, J.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Z. ; writing--review and editing, J.Z. ; visualization, D.C.; supervision, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Program of Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (22 dz1206005, 22 dz1204202), National Natural Science Foundation of China (12172228, 11572187), and Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (22 ZR1444400). Not applicable. Authors would like to express their deep gratitude to researchers [PERSON] from Shanghai Electric Wind Power Group Co., Ltd. Special thanks are extended to [PERSON] and [PERSON] from Shanghai Electric Power Industry Co., Ltd. who supported our experiments. We sincerely appreciate [PERSON] for giving formal analysis in the writing process. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this work presented the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of a halogenated and N-H protected indazole (electrophile) with organic boronic acids (nucleophiles), catalyzed by different divalent palladium complexes, with or without imidazolium ionic liquids as functional or recyclable media, eventually leading to three C3-functionalized \(1H\)-indazole derivatives. The series of reaction parameters were fully discussed. In general, the averaged catalytic activity of the Pd catalysts exhibited the order PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dbpf) >PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dppf) >Pd(OAc)\({}_{2}\) >PdCl\({}_{2}\) >Pd(PPh\({}_{3}\))\({}_{4}\). Moreover, using two imidazolium ionic liquids generally improved the yields of cross-coupled products, as compared to those obtained from non-ionic liquid-facilitated reactions. The BMImBF\({}_{4}\) obviously performed better than BMImPF\({}_{6}\) for fresh catalysis and recycling, which could be related to the hydrophilicity of anions such as BF\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\) and PF\({}_{6}\)\({}^{-}\). Meanwhile, use of BMImBF\({}_{4}\) and BMImPF\({}_{6}\) as recycling media could avoid the formation of Pd\({}^{(0)}\) black to a large extent, clearly enhancing the catalyst recovery and recycling. In addition, on the basis of scientific calculations, it was seen that the dppf ligand coming from PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dbpf) had four _tert_-butyl groups, which caused higher energy barriers during formation of the catalytic intermediates compared to those caused by dppf from PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dppf), also illustrating a reason why PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dppf) performed better than PdCl\({}_{2}\)(dbpf). This work put forward some new insights into the interactions of Pd catalysts with ionic liquids and showed the potential for the large-scale production of valuable \(1H\)-indazole derivatives. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13074095/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13074095/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13074095/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13074095/s1)), Section S1: \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectrum of 3-iodo-\(1H\)-indazole (compound **2**) (Figure S1); Section S2: \({}^{13}\)C NMR spectrum of 3-iodo-\(1H\)-indazole (compound **2**) (Figure S2); Section S3: \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectrum of _tert_-butyl-3-iodo-\(1H\)-indazole-1-carboxylate (compound **3**) (Figure S3); Section S4: \({}^{13}\)C NMR spectrum of _tert_-butyl-3-iodo-\(1H\)-indazole-1-carboxylate (compound **3**) (Figure S4); Section S5: ESI-HRMS of _tert_-butyl-3-iodo-\(1H\)-indazole-1-carboxylate  
Figure 6: Selected optimized geometries of **Precatalyst, Int-5**, and **TS-3**. Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees.
# A Complete Pipeline for Heart Rate Extraction from Infant ECGs
## 2 Materials and Results  
In this section, existing ECG pipelines were applied to datasets containing infants and toddlers. Then, we proposed an adapted ECG pipeline (including two novel preprocessing approaches). Finally, we proposed a HR pipeline designed specifically to deal with long-form and noisy recordings. All coding was done in Python (HeartPy-1.2.6, MatPlotLib-3.7.1 (purely for plotting), Neurokit2-0.2.3, Numpy-1.24.3, PyEMD-1.1.1, Scipy-1.10.1, Seaborn-0.12.2 (purely for plotting)) (Python Software Foundation, Wilmington, DE, USA).  
Figure 2: The proposed new pipeline for processing an infant ECG into a usable heart rate. The ECG pipeline (top row, blue boxes) uses a raw ECG and applies preprocessing. The preprocessed ECG is then passed into the peak-detection step, and then the novel steps of local peak correction and square wave correction (where required by the device). The HR pipeline (bottom row, red boxes) extracts a raw heart rate from the detected ECG peaks and corrects for any obvious mislabelling, while carrying out an SQI calculation to determine the quality of the signal. Adapted from [PERSON] et al. [13] to represent an infant-specific pipeline.
# Hybrid Empirical and Variational Mode Decomposition of Vibratory Signals
## 3 Hybrid Methodology EMD-VMD
### Step 2: Detection of Mode Mixing and Calculation of Gain \(k\)  
A known limitation of EMD is mode mixing, where different frequency components are combined within a single IMF. To detect mode mixing, we analyze each IMF by comparing the number of maxima \(N_{\text{max}}(c_{i})\), minima \(N_{\text{min}}(c_{i})\), and zero crossings \(N_{\text{cz}}(c_{i})\):  
\[\Delta N_{\text{ext-cz}}=|N_{\text{max}}(c_{i})+N_{\text{min}}(c_{i})-2N_{ \text{cz}}(c_{i})|\]  
When this equation exceeds a predefined threshold, it indicates mode mixing in the IMF. The gain \(k\) is then calculated to adjust the number of modes for VMD:  
\[k=k_{\text{EMD}}+\Delta N_{\text{ext-cz}}\]  
where  
* \(k_{\text{EMD}}\) is the initial number of IMFs extracted by EMD;
* \(\Delta N_{\text{ext-cz}}\) represents the detected degree of mode mixing.  
This equation is crucial for informing the VMD process, ensuring an appropriate number of modes for accurate signal decomposition.
###### Abstract  
The concern about the large amount of weathered bottom ash (WBA) produced in waste-to-energy plants (WtE) has caused an increased search for alternatives to reduce their environmental impact. The present study aims to provide an added value through the WBA valorization from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) for its use as a sole precursor for developing alkali-activated binders (AABs). Alkali-activated weathered bottom ash binders (AA-WBA) were formulated with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1.0 and using sodium silicate (80 wt.%) and NaOH (20 wt.%) at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8M) as alkali-activator solutions. AA-WBA were cured at room temperature to extend their applicability. The effect of the alkali-activator solution molarity on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evaluated. The physicochemical characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SEM evidenced the presence of the typical phases (calcium silicate hydrate and gehlenite) of C-(A)-S-H gel. Leading concentrations of As, Cu, and Mo exceed the acceptance in landfills for inert waste, while the leaching concentration of Sb exceeds the one for non-hazardous waste. The structure of the binders depends on the alkalinity of the activator, obtaining better results using NaOH 6M in terms of microstructure and compressive strength (6.7 MPa). The present study revealed that AA-WBA for non-structural purposes can be obtained. The AA-WBA formulation contributes to the WBA valorization and development of low-carbon cements; therefore, it is an encouraged alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Considering the amounts and costs of the WBA, sodium silicate, NaOH, and water, the total cost of the developed formulations is comprised in a range between 137.6 and 153.9 \(\upmu\)C/Tn.  
waste recycling and management; valorization; weathered bottom ash; municipal solid waste incineration; alkali-activated binder +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences