## 2 Material and Methods
### Case Study of Famagusta  
The use of a single case study methodology, which is typical in the field of urban planning and design, enables the scholars to develop a thorough studying of the case by understanding it in detail [45]. This research explores Famagusta city as a case study. Famagusta, located on the eastern shore of the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the second-largest city of Northern Cyprus. According to [46], \"Famagusta is one of the most precious specimens of medieval fortification left in the world\". What makes Famagusta distinctive among the world cities is its dual characteristics of historical grace and modern development. On the one hand, it is a richly layered historic urban place of extraordinary cultural and traditional heritage. On the other hand, it is surrounded by Varosha and a port which have the great strategic and potential socio-economic value. As one of the cities in Cyprus, Famagusta's urban character and function have significant effects on urban spatial evolution, which makes the development pattern of Famagusta different from other Cypriot cities to some extent. Figure 2 represents the location of Famagusta and its spatial structure according to the new development. The socio-economic transformation of the city around the nineteenth century accelerated its expansion beyond the city walls. In recent years, the city has expanded to the northwest due to military-controlled areas, the Varosha closed area (southeastern neighboring region), and the establishment of the Eastern Mediterranean University. The Varosha region, located southeast of the walled city, is a vast district that has been off-limits to the population since 1974. This district contained 143 administrative offices, 60 hostels, 45 hotels, 21 banks, about 3000 commercial entities, 99 recreation centers, 24 theaters/cinemas, 4649 residential houses, and 380 incomplete constructions, all left \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c} \hline \hline
**Predicting the Density for Points and Lines** \\
**The Predicted Density at a New (x, y) Location Is Determined by the Following Formula:** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Formulas and illustration for calculating kernel density [44]. empty and unused since 1974 [47]. After the war in 1974, after the island's segregation into two regions (Turkish in the north, Greek in the south), Famagusta lost its dominant position, and Varosha became a \"ghost town\" that is completely uninhabited, empty, and entombed. This also affected and put pressure on the walled city, which was the commercial and trading center of Famagusta. In the last 30 years since the inauguration of the Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta's rapid urbanization has contributed to the transformation of urban development and significant changes in the urban spatial structure. Precisely, in the last 15 years, the growth of urban areas and the evolution of urban morphology have become an important symbol of urban development. Parts of the city are physically divided due to the Cyprus conflict since 1974 [47]. Varosha is surrounded by barbed wire and entry is prohibited. Buildings and streets are empty. However, it has recently reopened for visiting. Famagusta is a worthy case study due to the diversity of civilization and the evolution of urban patterns over historical periods. The medieval city of Famagusta is enclosed in the modern town and surrounded by its circuit of basions and walls built by the Venetian rulers in the sixteenth century, the old town partly survives to this day [49]. The history and development of the urban center of Famagusta and the walled city as a unique region of the city date back to the first century A.D. This city has developed throughout seven particular periods: the initial eras (648-1192 AD- the base of the city); Lusignan period (1192-1489); Genosee period (1373-1464); Venetian period (1489-15071); Ottoman period (1571-1878); British Colonial period (1878-1960); period of Republic of Cyprus 1960-1974; and after the war in 1974 [50].