esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluated RTK Receivers  
Four receivers were selected to be evaluated in this study: Receiver A, Receiver B, Receiver C and Receiver D. It is noteworthy that these selected devices differed in terms of their acquisition costs. The cheapest receiver, Receiver D, had an approximately seven times lower acquisition cost than Receiver C (both were delivered in pairs), an approximately fifteen times lower acquisition cost than Receiver B and more than thirty times lower acquisition cost than Receiver A. Table 1 summarises the essential properties of the selected RTK receivers.  
Receiver A and Receiver B, containing an IMU unit, were located directly on the trolley. Receiver C and Receiver D were located on the mounting area near the centre of the MRA (yellow boxes in Figure 2). For the GNSS signal reception of the evaluated RTK receivers, one NovAtel GNSS-850 antenna was used. The antenna (the phase centre of the antenna) was placed clockwise in the rear part of the trolley (\(P_{R}\)). This signal was further divided to all RTK receivers using active splitter Antcom 4G1215S-XT4-P1. This solution made it possible that, to evaluate all of the four RTK receivers, one MRA reference trajectory was used. To determine the orientation (heading), Receiver A used the second antenna located in the front part of the trolley (\(P_{H}\)). The heading was not evaluated in this study.  
The computer ADLINK MXe-5400 served as the NTRIP client to receive the correction VRS signal from the provider geoorbit.cz. A virtual base station placement was located in the centre of the MRA rotation axis. The correction signal was distributed via the serial interface to all the RTK receivers. The power circuit of all the RTK receivers and the computer were galvanically separated from the MRA system power circuit.  
The RTK receivers sent data in NMEA sentences in GGA format to the same computer, ADLINK MXE-5400, via another serial interface. The log periods for Receiver A, Receiver B and Receiver C were set to a frequency of 20 Hz. For Receiver D, the frequency was set to 5 Hz due to technical limitations. For each GGA sentence, the validity of the control check was verified, and the included geographical coordinates were converted to Cartesian coordinates of the ENU system with the selected start in the MRA rotation axis. A UTC time stamp in seconds of the days was assigned to each coordinate, including information on the status of solving of the carrier phase number ambiguity (system status).
# Issues with Modeling a Tunnel Communication Channel through a Plasma Sheath
## 1 Introduction  
A communication channel through the plasma sheath can solve the blackout problem for re-entry of spacecrafts [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The essence of this problem is that a supersonic flying vehicle in the atmosphere is inevitably covered by a weakly conducting ionized gas, which is opaque for electromagnetic waves in the frequency range 100 MHz-10 GHz (the most important range for current telecommunications). The tunnel communication channel method remains one of the most promising solutions [12]. The implementation consists of covering of the antenna surface with a dielectric layer that will act as a resonator (potential well in terms of quantum-optical analogy) and provide effective tunneling of the signal through the plasma for input radiation frequencies coinciding with the eigen resonator frequencies [12, 13, 14].  
But will the proposed concept work in practice? To answer this question, it is necessary to simulate the transmission of telemetry data through the proposed tunnel communication channel. To carry out the simulation under consideration, we have to improve the model of interaction of electromagnetic waves with the plasma sheath in order to analyze the case of an arbitrary polarization and incident angle. We also have to find a way to take into account the presence of an antenna in the dielectric layer of the considered resonator.  
As a result, the structure of the article is as follows. In Section 2, we describe a theoretical model for analyzing the incidence of so-called transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) waves on the plasma layer around the re-entry spacecraft. We show how to achieve signal transmission even at large angles of incidence on the plasma sheath. In Section 3, a mathematical model for a resonator with a bolometric antenna covered withan additional protective layer is presented. Here, we determine the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the proposed receiving system. In Section 4, we discuss the results of modeling for data transmission through a tunnel communication channel.
# HarmoDehazeDiffusion: Multi-Scale Spatial Fusion Network for Dense Haze Removal
## 3 The Method  
In this section, we introduce HarmoDehazeDiffusion, a haze removal model based on a conditional diffusion model, as shown in Figure 1. HarmoDehazeDiffusion involves proposing a novel Depth Fusion Diffusion Model (DFDM), which incorporates image depth information to robustly remove haze even from images with significant variations in depth. Additionally, we propose a multi-scale feature spatial fusion network to replace the traditional U-Net denoising network in the diffusion model. This network constructs a hierarchical progressive interaction architecture between the deep and shallow features, along with multi-scale feature extraction layers, to achieve dynamic adaptive fusion of the cross-scale features.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Workflow
#### 3.4.2 Training Procedures and Cross-Validation  
This study also implements the transfer learning (TL) paradigm using the weights of eight well-known CNN architectures, which not only saves the computational time but also produces higher performance outcomes. The major benefit of using TL comes into practice when the available dataset is not sufficiently large, whereas the performance also remains considerable on small datasets. For the classification problems, applying a pretrained model seems more rational rather than developing a model from scratch. This approach is also referred to as TL because the pretrained models' weights are transferred to other models to address the similar image classification problems.  
Moreover, since the manual tuning of parameters is a time-consuming and less efficient process, this study encompasses the grid search to initially select, but later on settles to the learning rate of \(1\times 10^{-5}\), batch size of 32, and number of epochs to 50. Furthermore, a range of optimizers is available which can be selected depending upon the nature of problem; however, in this work, the Adam optimizer is used due to the simplicity and effectiveness on the classification problems. The used loss function was the cross entropy. Additionally, moving towards the train-test split, 5-fold cross-validation with stratification is performed in such a manner that approximately 80% of the data belonging to each class resides in train partition, whereas the remaining 20% dwells in the validation set.
## 4 Buffeting Response Analysis
### Buffeting Response of Integral Structure  
Under the design wind speed at deck height (\(U_{d}\) = 52.9 m/s), the dynamic responses of both the cable schemes were analyzed at three angles of attack: \(-3^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\), and \(3^{\circ}\). Figure 11 illustrates the vertical, lateral, and torsional displacement time histories at the mid-main span. The results demonstrate that stochastic wind-induced vibrations in the turbulent flow field oscillated around the static wind equilibrium position. The equilibrium position responses at mid-span under static wind loads are summarized in Table 3. Benefiting from the smaller diameter of CFRP stay cables compared with their steel counterparts, the CFRP cable scheme exhibited reduced lateral displacements, validating its aerodynamic superiority in suppressing cross-wind oscillations.  
Figure 12 shows the distribution of RMS values for vertical, lateral, and torsional displacement responses along the longitudinal axis of the main girder under the critical 3\({}^{\circ}\) angle of attack for both the cable schemes. The CFRP cable scheme exhibited reduced vertical and lateral RMS displacement values compared with the steel cable scheme. At the mid-span, the vertical, lateral, and torsional RMS responses of the CFRP scheme were reduced by 31.6%, 28.5%, and 20.6%, respectively. Globally, the torsional RMS displacements of the CFRP scheme were smaller across most spans, except near the pylons where they were slightly larger than those of the steel cables. However, the torsional RMS value at mid-span under the CFRP scheme remained significantly lower, demonstrating improved buffeting performance under adverse wind angles.  
Figure 11: The displacement time history of the middle of the main girder: (**a**) vertical displacement; (**b**) lateral displacement; (**c**) torsional displacement.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Equilibrium Position**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**AOA (deg)**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & \(-\mathbf{3}\) & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(\mathbf{3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Lateral (m)} & Steel & \(2.755\) & \(2.669\) & \(2.972\) \\  & CFRP & \(2.578\) & \(2.488\) & \(2.786\) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Vertical (m)} & Steel & \(-0.395\) & \(0.133\) & \(0.546\) \\  & CFRP & \(-0.597\) & \(-0.083\) & \(0.307\) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Torsion (deg)} & Steel & \(-0.218\) & \(-0.119\) & \(0.048\) \\  & CFRP & \(-0.242\) & \(-0.146\) & \(0.008\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Equilibrium position of the middle of the main girder under the design wind speed.  
Figure 12: Buffeting-induced displacement responses RMS values in main girder under AOA of 3\({}^{\circ}\): (**a**) vertical displacement; (**b**) lateral displacement; (**c**) torsional displacement.
###### Abstract  
Plasma modification of soft polymeric surfaces has many prospects in creating biomedical devices. The deformability of the obtained coatings should be studied, as the usage of such materials implies mechanical loads. Polyurethane (a two-phase synthetic polymer) treated in argon/acetylene plasma, with post-treatment in argon plasma, was investigated. A carbon-containing nanocoating (discontinuous mesh-like structures) with structural-mechanical inhomogeneities is formed by the action of Ar/C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{2}\) plasma. The heterogeneities of the coating are due to the complex structure of the initial substrate and short duration of treatment; as the treatment time increases, the coatings become homogeneous, but their stiffness rises. The treated surfaces in the uniaxial tensile state have micro and/or nanocracks in certain cases of plasma treatment. This is associated with an increased elastic modulus of the coatings. The coatings without cracks have regions with sufficiently alternating stiffness. Post-treatment in argon plasma increases wettability and free surface energy, positively affecting the adsorption of albumin. The stiffness of such coatings increases, becoming more homogeneous, which slightly reduces their crack resistance. Thus, plasma coatings on soft polymers operating under mechanical loads without causing damage should have sufficiently low stiffness, and/or structural-mechanical heterogeneities that provide redistribution of stress.  
polyurethane; argon; acetylene; plasma; structure; stiffness; proteins; deformation Article  
Polyurethane Treated in Ar/C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{2}\)/Ar Plasma: Towards Deformable Coating with Improved Albumin Adsorption.  
[PERSON]
## 1 Introduction
In the same way as the methods in other literature [13; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34], using chaos or high-dimensional chaos for hyperspectral image encryption is also a scheme that uses chaos to generate sequences and then encrypts the pixels one by one, which is quite complicated. The 3D Arnold transform can operate directly on the pixels, eliminating the need to convert the image formats. This paper draws lessons from the integer nonlinear coupled chaos model [35]. In this paper, an optical hyperspectral image cryptosystem is proposed by using the triangular association encryption algorithm(TAEA) model with signature and authentication based on 3D Arnold in the Gyrator domains. Limitations on the dimension of encrypted objects can be overcome by using the block mobile method. The triangular association encryption algorithm is developed, based on 3D Arnold in the Gyrator domains. Only in this way can the advantages of optical encryption be exploited, and the scrambling and diffusion within the bands can be extended to the ones within and between bands. On the basis of these, the algorithm also adds a signature and integrity authentication. It not only improves the security of the algorithm, but also confirms the identity of the other party and prevents tampering attacks. This algorithm is suitable for the transmission of important hyperspectral data, when such transmission needs to confirm the identity of the sender and prevent intermediate attackers from tampering. Compared with the other hyperspectral encryption algorithms, the biggest advantage of the algorithm designed in this paper is that it is not limited to the size of the hyperspectral images. Almost all of the sizes of hyperspectral images can be directly processed by this algorithm without preprocessing. In addition, it adds the functions of signature and digital authentication. The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, the proposed encryption/decryption algorithm is described in detail. In Section 3, the numerical simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Finally, the conclusion is summarized.
## 4 Discussion  
### P. brassicacearum Rsm sRNA Amplification by a Duplication of rsmx  
The evolutionary relationships between the _rsmx_ genes indicate the duplication events that occurred in different _Pseudomonas_ species (Figure 2) with up to 5 copies in _P. syringae_ was reported by [PERSON] et al. [8], who correlated the number of Csr/Rsm sRNAs with the number of Csr/Rsm proteins. In _E. coli_ and in most _Pseudomonas_ species, there are two sRNAs for one or two regulatory proteins. However, three to five RsmA homologs are predicted in _P. syringae_, where up to seven Rsm sRNAs are found [8]. In _P. brassicacearum_, three RsmA homologs are found: RsmA, RsmE and a third putative RsmA-like protein. Recently, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] performed a comparative genomics and evolutionary analysis of Rsm RNAs-binding proteins of the CsrA family in the genus _Pseudomonas_ and suggested that the presence of redundant Rsm proteins that can replace or by-pass each other's activities could help bacteria achieve greater plasticity via post-transcriptional regulation and better noise control in gene expression.  
The amplification of regulatory RNAs is not exclusive to Rsm sRNAs. In _Vibrio cholerae_, four Qrr (quorum regulatory RNA), which are almost 80% identical in sequence and predicted to have similar secondary structures [3], are involved in virulence and biofilm  
Figure 6: Signal molecules analysis. (**A**) Full ICR-FT/mass spectra of the wild type (WT) grown in TSB, tenfold dilutes TSB (TSB/10) and twenty-fold diluted TSB (TSB/20). (**B**,**C**) detection of (p)ppGpp and c-di-GMP compounds as annotated using metabolome database (MassTRIX: [PERSON], 2008).  
formation [38]. Furthermore, five Qrr sRNAs are involved in the _Vibrio harveyi_ quorum-sensing cascade [39]. In different bacterial species, two quite identical sRNAs that control iron homeostasis, as PrrF1 and PrrF2 in _Pseudomonas_[40] and, RyhB1 and RyB2 in _Salmonella_[41].  
Gene duplication is an important feature in evolution because it provides raw material for adaptation to environmental challenges [42]. This phenomenon is also implicated in enabling gene amplification, and allowing cells to proliferate under growth-limiting conditions [43]. Any environmental condition favouring cells with more copies of a gene would permit them to outgrow the rest of the population in a short time; this includes duplications of rRNA genes that might confer a selective advantage under fast growth rate conditions [44]. Other cases of gene amplification are found in response to antibiotics [45].  
Gene duplication-amplification is a frequent process in bacterial genomes, that often disappears after only a few generations of growth in the absence of selection pressure. However, gene copy (ies) may be preserved if they confer an adaptive evolution by increasing gene dosage in response to certain environmental constraints. We previously showed the key role of Rsm sRNAs in activating beneficial traits in plant-associated bacteria as well as virulence genes in phytopathogens [10; 18].
## 3 Classification and Frequency Analysis of Alpine Lake Geometries  
A classification of the considered alpine lakes is shown in Figure 2. The figure shows the relationships between water volume (\(V_{w}\)) and lake area (\(A\)) and between water volume and mean (\(d_{w}\)) and maximum (\(D_{w}\)) lake depth (each data point represents a single lake). The data are subjectively grouped and named based on ranges of \(V_{w}\) as follows: small-size lakes (\(V_{w}\) < 1 Mm3); medium-size lakes (\(V_{w}\) 1-100 Mm3); large-size lakes (\(V_{w}\) 100-10,000 Mm3); and very large-size lakes (\(V_{w}\) > 10,000 Mm3).  
Trendlines in Figure 2 quantitatively describe lake extents and water depths relative to water volume. The higher a lake is above the trendline, the larger the volume-normalized extent or the deeper the volume-normalized depth. Conversely, increasing distance below  
Figure 2: Classification of 56 alpine lakes based on water volume, the lake area, and mean and maximum lake depths: dotted blue line is \(V_{w}\) against \(A\); dotted orange line is \(V_{w}\) against \(d_{w}\); the dotted green line is \(V_{w}\) against \(D_{w}\). Trendlines enable a qualitative description of the lakes in terms of their extent and depths relative to water volume. Axes are logarithmic (base 10.).  
trendlines indicates a smaller extent or shallower depth relative to lake volume. Among the 56 lakes considered, 42% and 58% have large- and small-volume-normalized extents, respectively; and 53% and 47% have deep and shallow-volume-normalized depths, respectively.  
Considering a ratio between \(L\) and \(W\), it is possible to differentiate elongate lake shapes (\(L\)/\(W\) > 1.5, about 60% of them; e.g., Lake Achen in Figure 1) from those that are approximately equidimensional (1 < \(L\)/\(W\) < 1.5, about 16%). Other lakes (the remaining 24%) have complex shapes, generally comprising sub-basins (e.g., Lake Lucerne in Figure 1). These are mostly large- and very large-size lakes. Given that sub-basins of complex lakes are themselves either medium or large size and that only a few small lakes were identified, the small-size and very large-size lake classes are not considered further in the analysis. Results of a frequency analysis of lake geometrical characteristics for the medium-size and large-size lake classes are shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Frequency analysis and related histograms of geometrical characteristics (lake width and length, mean and maximum depth) of medium- and large-size lakes.  
Based on the aforementioned classification, different combinations of parameters are subjectively defined to design theoretical lakes that cover the considerable variability of mountain lake configurations in the Alps. Table 1 shows the selected values for the two size classes, resulting in 51 combinations for medium-size lakes and 18 for large-size lakes. These 69 theoretical lakes form the basis for the numerical modeling part of this study (both a complete table with related information and STL files are available in the Supplementary Materials).
## 5 Discussion  
A practical comparison between the three tested configurations (terms A, B, and L) reveals the trade-off between accuracy and computational demand. Term A achieved an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.964 with the shortest runtime. Term B improved the fit significantly (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.994) with a moderate increase in simulation time. Term L reached the best fit (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.997) but required approximately 40% more computational time than term B. These findings suggest that intermediate configurations may provide a good balance between precision and performance, especially for long-term or multi-borehole simulations.
# Performance Optimization of MANET Networks through Routing Protocol Analysis
## 1 Introduction
The change in these parameters' values can cause an increase or decrease in the routing overhead and PDR. If the parameter value changes too far from the default value, the resulting performance is strange. Other studies of ART parameters on AODV protocols were conducted by [23; 27], and research on Delete Period Constant (DPC) parameters was conducted by [24]. All three studies also show that the default values of AODV parameters do not always have optimal performance. The optimal MANET performance is produced with ART values smaller than the default values, the values of which are between 0.5 and 3. As well as DPC parameters, the best performance is produced by values of 6 for Variable Bitrate (VBR) traffic and 3 for Constant Bitrate (CBR) traffic. This study examined the effect of route request parameters such as RREQ_RETRIES and MAX_REEQ_TIMOUT on the AODV protocol, which was then compared with the default AODV performance OLSR routing protocols. The performance metrics used in performance measurement were Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, packet loss, energy consumption, and routing overhead. Network performances are good if they have a high throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) and low packet loss and delay [6].