# IoT-Based Patient Movement Monitoring: The Post-Operative Hip Fracture Rehabilitation Model
## 3 Post-Operative Hip Fracture Rehabilitation Model  
Following the hip fracture operation, the patient is required to follow a structured rehabilitation program for the recovery of the affected muscles. Many researchers have evaluated the effect of physiotherapeutic exercises and activity movements following surgery [4,6]. However, the obscurity of the existing rehabilitation care plan and services means that the chances of achieving and improving a patient's recovery outcomes when undergoing rehabilitation remain uncertain. This paper utilizes a generic post-operative hip fracture rehabilitation model that has been previously published [2]. The model, as shown in Figure 1, highlights the key stages involved, the activity types and movements, the required exercises' frequency and duration, with illustrations of the movements to mimic [2].  
The rehabilitation process involves three phases, i.e., supervised rehabilitation at the hospital; unsupervised/guided rehabilitation at home; and unsupervised rehabilitation outdoors. These three phases are spread across four different stages: stages 1 and 2 constitute the first rehabilitation phase which aims to improve a patient's independence through bed mobility and a range of functional motion exercises. These exercises allow the patients to be safe ambulatory within their home environment. Stage 3 refers to the second rehabilitation phase where an exercise program is provided to a patient by a hospital-based physiotherapist. The prime focus here is to improve lower extremity physical ADLs, particularly ambulation. The activity movements involve aids to increase joints' range of motion and muscle strength. Stage 4 is the last stage of the rehabilitation phase which allows patients to ambulate outside the home environment. This phase helps to boost their confidence, improve their mental health, and re-integrate within their local community.  
The main movements of interest, as part of the recognition analysis in this paper, are divided into two categories. The first category involves the static and ambulatory activities, which are the static state (activities such as sitting/standing/lying and holding a single position), as well as slow and fast walking (activities that help pay attention to the movement, improve posture, stride, and motion movements). The second category involves hip joint and related muscle strengthening movements, such as leg movement (straightening knees from 90-degree flexion to fully extended and then returning to flexed); lifting thigh upwards (standing with their feet together, arms holding a fixed object for  
Figure 1: Post-operative hip fracture rehabilitation model illustrating the significance of involved activity movements across different stages of hospitalization, indoor living, and outdoor activities [2].  
support, then lifting one knee up to the waist level); swinging leg to the side (standing with their feet together, arms holding a fixed object and moving their leg out to the side whilst keeping their knee straight); lying on back (flexing their hip and bringing their knee towards chest at no more than 90 degrees and slowly returning their limb to an extended position); and lying on stomach (flexing their knee and bringing their heel towards their buttocks and returning to the extended position).