esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Pseudolite-Based Positioning System for Legacy GNSS Receivers
### System Configuration
#### 3.1.1 Pseudolites  
In this system, pseudolites generate simulated GPS L1 signals and transmit them for users. The necessary information for the simulation is provided by the Data Server. Using the simulation scenario, pseudolites generate one channel signal of the simulation scenario. Figure 2 shows the structure of the pseudolites used in this system. The CPU controls overall components of the pseudolite according to the simulation scenario received from the data server. The Digitally Controlled Oscillators (DCO) is the clock source of the pseudolite. By providing control inputs to the DCO, the timing of the transmission of the pseudolite signal can be controlled. Also, the timing of the signals of the plural pseudolites can be synchronized by providing proper control inputs to each pseudolite. Generation of the clock control input for the synchronization of the pseudolites will be described later.  
Figure 1: Illustration of proposed system.  
Figure 2: Pseudolite structure.  
As described, the pseudolites in this system do not provide any information about themselves (pseudolites) in their signals. They just broadcast simulated GPS signals as there were no pseudolites. The reason of using this kind of pseudolites is to make the legacy GPS receiver process the pseudolite signals without any modifications.
# An Improved Cutting Force Model for Ultrasonically Assisted Grinding of Hard and Brittle Materials
## 2 Model Development
### The Axial Force from the Diamond Grains in the End Face  
#### 2.3.1 Equivalence Relation between \(F_{a1}\) and \(F_{e1}\)  
The diamond grains in the end face of the tool are not in continuous contact with the work-piece due to its oscillatory motion. Figure 8 shows the trajectory of an abrasive grain during one cycle of ultrasonic vibration. In one period of oscillation, the diamond grain makes contact with the workpiece during the effective cutting time (\(\Delta t\)). The maximum impact force (\(F_{e1}\)) is generated while the active abrasive grain reaches its maximum depth (\(\delta\)) [21]. The maximum force can be calculated as follows:  
\[F_{e1}=2 tan\beta(2+tan\beta^{2})\,H_{V}\delta^{2} \tag{7}\]  
The effective cutting time can be calculated through the following equation [9; 15]:  
\[\Delta t=\frac{1}{\pi f}\bigg{[}\frac{\pi}{2}-arcsin\bigg{(}1-\frac{\delta}{A} \bigg{)}\bigg{]}\approx\frac{\delta}{2 fA} \tag{8}\]  
The maximum impact force produced by each abrasive grain in the end face of the tool is assumed to be the same. Based on the impulse theory, the impulse in terms of the cutting force produced by the abrasive grains in the end face during one cycle of ultrasonic vibration is [15]:  
\[I_{e}=\oint I_{e1}dN_{e}=N_{e}F_{e1}\Delta t \tag{9}\]  
Figure 8: Trajectory of a diamond grain during one cycle of ultrasonic vibration.  
Figure 7: Illustration of cracks induced by a diamond grain.  
where \(I_{e1}\) is the impulse in terms of the cutting force produced by one abrasive grain, \(I_{e1}=\oint F_{e1}dt\approx F_{e1}\Delta t;N_{e}\) is the number of active abrasive grains in the end face of the tool [20], \(N_{e}=CA_{0}=C\Big{(}\pi\Big{(}(R_{o}-r_{c})^{2}-R_{i}{}^{2}\Big{)}\Big{)}\),\(C=\Big{(}\frac{0.88\times 10^{-3}}{(\sqrt{2}/3)^{b}\rho}\frac{C_{e}}{100} \Big{)}^{2/3}\); \(A_{0}\) is the area of the abrasive grains distribution; \(\rho\) is the density of diamond material, \(\rho=3.52\times 10^{-3}\) g/mm\({}^{3}\); \(C_{a}\) is the abrasive concentration, \(C_{a}=100\%\); \(R_{o}\) is the outer radius of the tool, Ri is the inner radius of the tool.  
During one cycle of ultrasonic vibration, the impulse of the axial force \(F_{a1}\) can be obtained in the following:  
\[\frac{F_{a1}}{f}=I_{e} \tag{10}\]  
then:  
\[F_{a1}=N_{e}F_{e1}\frac{\delta}{2A} \tag{11}\]
# Application of Polymers as a Tool in Crystallization--A Review
## 2 Basic Research
### New Materials
#### 3.3.2 Organic(-Inorganic) Electronics  
[PERSON] et al. showed that metastable polymorphs of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethylynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene), obtained in the presence of conjugated polymer additives such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3 HT) and regiorandom pentacenebithiophene polymer (PnBT-RRA), can provide a novel design strategy for attaining high device performance in organic electronics [102]. [PERSON] et al. prepared perovskite films of high electronic quality by using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a template to control nucleation and crystal growth [103]. [PERSON] et al. reported the preparation of perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr\({}_{3}\) film (used in photovoltaic devices) of improved quality via the introduction of PEG into solution [104]. [PERSON] et al. prepared cadmium sulfide nanodots using crystallization in a polyacrylamide colloidal reactor [105]. The obtained small cadmium sulfide crystals displayed the desired property of photocatalytic degradation. [PERSON] et al. reported the crystallization of three forms of the copper (II) isonictinate-N-oxide complex and their phase interconversion via solvent-mediated crystal-to-crystal transformation [106]. [PERSON] et al. tried to explain the retardation mechanism on cement hydration using a highly carboxylated polystyrene latex [107]. [PERSON] et al. studied the influence of the horizontal distribution of two polymers on the dispersion and crystallization of commonly used organic semiconductor--pentacene [108]. They found that the distribution of polymer phases is advantageous for the evolution of two-dimensional stacking of functional crystals. [PERSON] and [PERSON] tested a combination of porous polyurethane foam sheets and saturated inorganic salt solution as latent heat thermal storage systems [109]. [PERSON] et al. reported the study of the effect of urea on mullite crystallization, synthesized through the colloidal and polymeric sol-gel processes [110]. The urea addition in colloidal gels led to materials with higher concentrations of orthorhombic mullite and, as a positive effect, mullite crystallized at lower temperatures. However, a negative effect was observed when urea was added to polymeric gels.
## 3 Innovative SHM Techniques
### Distributed Sensors
#### 3.1.2 Piezoelectric Sensors  
The recent developments in \"smart\" piezoelectric materials have inspired researchers to establish new non-destructive methods and SHM systems, obtaining flexible, cost-effective, robust, wireless, and mobile software/hardware solutions. Piezoelectric technology is based on different sensing modes, from electromechanical impedance and elastic waves to electrical signals [133]. Besides using the traditional piezoelectric accelerometers previously discussed, limited studies have applied novel piezoelectric systems for monitoring CHS.  
[PERSON] et al. [134] and [PERSON] et al. [135] investigated the applicability of piezoelectric bolt sensors, initially designed for vibration measurements, to detect the development of cracks up to failure during compression tests of brick masonry specimens. By comparing the experimental results with FEM analysis, they concluded that this type of sensor is appropriate for predicting the crack evolution of brick masonry structures caused by compressive loading. Thus, it can potentially be used for the SHM of the masonry in existing historic structures.  
[PERSON] [136] proposed the application of a radio frequency identifier (RFID)-based sensor equipped with a piezoelectric sensor able to detect crack evolution and to communicate recorded measurements to a remote reader within an operative range of a few meters (Figure 9a). The system's efficacy was experimentally assessed in a real scenario for monitoring several cracks in a 110-year-old masonry building, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed system.  
Recently, [PERSON] et al. [137] conducted tests on twelve masonry specimens to assess two innovative piezoelectric stress sensors (ceramic and capacitive sensors, Figure 9b) embedded in mortar joints for detecting compressive loading variation. It was concluded that both devices could be reasonably implemented in the SHM of new masonry structures. However, further investigations are needed to explore the potential use in existing masonry structures, including CHS. The major key challenges are understanding the effect of existing stress on the masonry and how to install sensors in already built walls. Indeed, this kind of sensor can be used in local rebuilding using the so-called \"scuci-cuci\" repairing technique [138] to restore structural continuity along cracks or to recover heavily damaged areas of masonry walls.
# An Analysis of the Altitude Impact on Roots Compressor Operation for a Fuel Cell System
###### Abstract  
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are one of the most promising alternatives to achieve transport decarbonization targets, thanks to their moderately high efficiency and low refueling time, combined with their zero-exhaust-emission operation. In order to reach reasonable power density figures, fuel cell systems are generally supercharged by radial compressors, which can encounter significant limitations associated with surge and choke operation, especially at high altitudes. Alternatively, the current paper explores the altitude operation of a fuel cell system combined with a Roots compressor. First, the balance of the plant model is built in the Simscape platform, combining a physical and chemical 1D fuel cell model for the stack, calibrated against literature data at different pressure and temperature values, as well as the characteristic maps of the Roots compressor. Then, the model is used to explore the balance-of-plant operation in a working range between 10 and 200 kW and an altitude range between sea level and 5 km. The results show that the compressor is capable of operating around the highest efficiency area (between 60 and 70%) for a wide range of altitude and power conditions, limiting the negative impact of the altitude on the system efficiency to up to 3%. However, once the compressor efficiency falls below 60%, the balance-of-plant performance rapidly drops, overcoming the benefits of the working pressure on the fuel cell stack operation and limiting the peak net power produced.  
proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC); altitude; compressor; efficiency; power density; balance of plant; working pressure; operating temperature Article
# Icing Detection over East Asia from Geostationary Satellite Data Using Machine Learning Approaches
## 3 Methodology
### Existing Satellite-Based Lcing Detection Algorithms  
In the US, the FIT algorithm is used to identify potential icing clouds based on the physical properties of the icing [15; 58]. The FIT algorithm consists of condition-based rules using CP and COT to produce a binary icing mask (Table 4). KMA also proposed an icing detection system using COMS MI products over the Northeast Asia region based on the physical characteristics of icing [22]. Similar to the FIT algorithm, the KMA algorithm consists of condition-based rules based on level-1b data and their differences (BTD) (Table 4).
## 2 Structure of the Dynamic Mesh Atomizer and the Theoretical Model of the Atomizing Sheet
### Theoretical Model of the Atomizing Sheet
#### 2.2.1 Atomization Theory of the Dynamic Cone Angle  
During atomization, an alternating current voltage is applied to the atomizing sheet, and the PZT is stimulated by the alternating current signal to drive the metal substrate to move up and down in a reciprocating motion periodically. The angle of the tapered aperture also changes with the vibration of the atomizing sheet, and the periodic change in the angle of the tapered aperture is defined as the dynamic cone angle [28]. Taking the vibration of the atomizing sheet with a single tapered aperture in B00 mode as an example, the shape change of the tapered aperture is shown in Figure 3.  
The whole vibration process is cyclic from \(t_{1}\) to \(t_{4}\), and the angle of the tapered aperture \(\alpha_{i}(i=1\sim 4)\) is cyclic from \(\alpha_{1}\) to \(\alpha_{4}\). The points on the neutral surface do not move; thus, when the atomizing sheet vibrates, the points above and below the neutral surface will produce opposite changes in tension and compression. As a result, the change in the aperture of the upper and lower surfaces of the tapered aperture is the opposite. Periodic changes in the volume of the micro-tapered aperture, coupled with the difference between the forward and backward flow resistance, create a pumping effect that results in one-way flow of the liquid, resulting in atomization.
# Chromatographic Separation of Rare Earth Elements as MGDA Complexes on Anion Exchange Resins
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analytical Methods  
For metal (La, Nd, Eu) analysis in the aqueous phase, the Agilent 7900, Basel, Switzerland, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used. The relative standard deviation (RSD) in ICP-MS measurements was \(\pm\)2%. Measurement of pH was done with Consort multi-parameter analyzer C3010, Turnhout, Belgium, and WTW SenTix Mic pH electrode, Weilheim, Germany. The error estimate for the pH measurements was \(\pm\)0.1%, one digit, according to the specifications of the manufacturer. MGDA as a free, undissociated acid or its corresponding sodium salt form, was analyzed with Agilent 6560 Ion Mobility LC/Q-TOF. The reverse phase column (Waters Acquity Premier HSS T3, Milford, MA, USA) was selected as the solid phase. The chosen column minimally interacts with metal cations, making it easier to detect free aminopolycarboxylic acids (MGDA).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feed Number** & \(\sum\)**(REE) [g/L]** & **pH** & **[REE]:[MGDA]** \\ \hline
1 & 28.4 & 12.20 & 1:1 \\
2 & 29.6 & 12.45 & 1:1 \\
3 & 21.6 & 9.08 & 1:1 \\
4 & 19.5 & 9.81 & 1:4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Compositions of the feed solutions used in the experiments.
## 4 Simulation Results  
The validity applying of the proposed approach to CM was evaluated using the modified IEEE-24 bus system, as shown in Figure 5. This system consisted of ten generating plants connected by 11 buses, 38 transmission lines, and 17 loads [27], with bus 13 designated as a slack bus. To solve the P-VSCOPF problem, the maximum number of MOPSO algorithm iterations was set to 100. \(r_{1}\) and \(r_{2}\) were uniform random factors that were assigned values between 0 and 1 both at each step and for each particle in the swarm in order to add randomness to the velocity update. The inertia weight \(W\) was decreased from 0.9 to 0.4 for different iterations. Each of the acceleration coefficients \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) were set equal to 2 in order to achieve a stochastic factor with a mean value of unity. The simulation results were analyzed using the power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) for both MATLAB (version, Manufacturer, City, US State abbrev. if applicable, Country) and GAMS (version, Manufacturer, City, US State abbrev. if applicable, Country) in the optimization package [28].
# Multi-Objective Optimization of Production Objectives Based on Surrogate Model
## 2 Background of Multi-Objective Optimization Based on a Surrogate Model
### DoE--Proposed Experimental Designs  
To construct the metamodel of the production objectives, we were interested in two different experimental designs--the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and Face-Centered Design (FCD). They were selected to explore and compare the suitability of both main types of spherical vs. cuboidal designs for the derivation of a metamodel of a simulation model. After screening experiments, we considered four factors on three levels (-1, 0, 1) in both types of experimental design and four responses \(F_{1}\)-\(F_{4}\), representing the selected production goals (Table 1). The factorial space was a four-dimensional domain, with lower and upper bounds between values 2 and 10 pcs for the lot size and between 5 and 50 min for the product arrival time of both products. As responses, four selected production performance indicators were considered: the total number of products, average flow time, average machine utilization, and average costs per part unit. Both designs required 25 simulation runs each. The values of responses in each of the experimental points were found by simulation in Witness Horizon by Lanner Group Limited, Houston, TX, USA (see Figures 2 and 3, respectively). The BBD design layout for the actual values of the settings factors with the added responses that resulted from the simulation are shown in Figure 2. Similarly, Figure 3 depicts the experimental scheme with an added four responses for FCD.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study introduces a novel ERS-TQZS VI system that offers dual functionalities of low-frequency vibration control and energy harvesting. The magnitude-frequency response equations of the ERS-TQZS VI system are solved analytically by employing the HBM in combination with the PLM. Then, numerical simulations are performed using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to verify the mathematical model of the ERS-TQZS VI system and analytical method. Finally, the effect of the ERS-TQZS VI system mechanical and electrical parameters on vibration attenuation and energy harvesting performance is analyzed. Some conclusions can be given as follows:  
1. The ERS-TQZS VI can effectively attenuate low-frequency vibration while concurrently harvesting energy from these vibrations.
2. The mass ratio and excitation amplitude of ESD-TQZS VI have an opposite influence on both low-frequency vibration control and energy harvesting performance, while a higher damping ratio can effectively attenuate resonance peak but has minimal effect on energy harvesting.
3. The shunt resistance of the ESD-TQZS VI system should not be too large. Higher shunt resistance is not conducive to attenuating resonance peaks and will also narrow the vibration isolation frequency range. However, the shunt capacitor has a negligible impact on both low-frequency vibration attenuation and energy harvesting.  
The optimization and global characteristics analysis of the ERS-TQZS VI system are left as future directions. Future research will focus on developing a robust optimization methodology to enhance the current solution for the ERS-TQZS VI system. Finally, the results will be experimentally validated.  
Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing--original draft, writing--review and editing, funding acquisition, Q.Y.; conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing--original draft, writing--review and editing, Z.M.; resources, supervision, funding acquisition, validation, R.Z.; resources, supervision, project administration, H.P.L.; formal analysis, validation, K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51579242/51839005/52201389, the funders are [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2018 CFB182/2022 CFB405, the funder is [PERSON]), and the China Scholarship Council (202206950004, the funder is [PERSON]).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Studies
### Location Determination in 3D by iaABC
#### 4.2.2 Mathematical Formulas  
The distance (\(\hat{d_{i}}\)) of any target node to the anchor is calculated by the radio irregularity approach (\(\hat{d_{i}}=d_{i}-D_{p}+F\)). This approach based on the RSSI considers the loss of path (\(Dp\)) and fading (\(F\)). Also, \(d_{i}\) is calculated with Equation (10).  
\[d_{i}=\sqrt{(x-x_{t})^{2}+(y-y_{t})^{2}+(z-z_{t})^{2}} \tag{10}\]  
where (\(x_{t}\), \(y_{t}\), \(z_{t}\)) indicates the target node's location and (\(x\), \(y\), \(z\)) indicates the current location of the anchor node.  
The position of the centroid is calculated using Equation (11), which incorporates an AN and the corresponding VNs.  
\[(x_{c},y_{c},z_{c})=\frac{x+\sum_{i=1}^{3}x_{wi}}{4},\frac{y+\sum_{i=1}^{3}y_{ vi}}{4},\frac{z+\sum_{i=1}^{3}z_{vi}}{4} \tag{11}\]  
where (\(x_{c}\), \(y_{c}\), \(z_{c}\)) indicates the coordinates of the center point, while (\(x_{v1},y_{v1},z_{v1}\)), (\(x_{v2}\), \(y_{v2}\), \(z_{v2}\)), and (\(x_{v3},y_{v3},z_{v3}\)) represent the VN coordinates.  
After calculating the centroid, random particles are distributed. The iaABC method is employed to estimate the coordinates of all moving TNs. The estimated coordinates (\(x_{p}\), \(y_{p}\), \(z_{p}\)) are saved.  
\[f(x_{e},y_{e},z_{e})=\frac{1}{M}\sum\left(\sqrt{\left(x_{p}-x_{i}\right)^{2}+ \left(y_{p}-y_{i}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{p}-z_{i}\right)^{2}}-\hat{d_{i}}\right)^ {2} \tag{12}\]  
The fitness value of the solutions is calculated using the mean square error method in Equation (12), which compares the actual coordinates of the TNs with the estimated coordinates.  
\[E=\frac{1}{TNs}\sum\sqrt{\left(x_{t}-x_{p}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{t}-y_{p}\right) ^{2}+\left(z_{t}-z_{p}\right)^{2}} \tag{13}\]  
The localization error of the algorithm is calculated using Equation (13). In this context, the objective is _min(E)_.
# Multi-Wavelength Quantum Key Distribution Emulation with Physical Unclonable Function
### Practical Implementation, Attacks, and Decoy States
#### 1.3.2 B92, SARG04, SSP99, and QKD Protocols after BB84  
Many QKD protocols exist, including B92, SARG04, SSP99, and others that slightly modify existing protocols. The B92 protocol, developed by [PERSON] in 1992, uses two non-orthogonal states as opposed to the four polarization states from two orthogonal bases in BB84 [19; 20]. [PERSON] is able to deterministically obtain information on certain bits, allowing [PERSON] and [PERSON] to calculate matching cryptographic keys [21]. While simpler, the throughput in B92 is halved and is not as efficient as BB84. Another protocol similar to BB84 is SARG04 [21; 22; 23]. Described by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] in 2004, SARG04 is essentially the same as BB84, except the classical communication phase differs significantly. Instead of communicating basis choices, [PERSON] announces one of her pairs of non-orthogonalstates, allowing [PERSON] and [PERSON] to determine specific bits with certainty. While less efficient than BB84, SARG04 has the advantage of countering PNS attacks. Another protocol created by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1999 is called the Six-State Protocol (SSP99) and uses six polarization states on three orthogonal bases [20; 24]. With three bases to choose from, [PERSON] has a less likely chance of choosing correctly; thus, she is more likely to introduce detectable error. In another modification, [PERSON] et al. assign probabilities for basis selection, thus reducing the number of discarded bits [25; 26]. Other protocols aim to correct errors in the final key; in 2003, [PERSON] et al. developed Winnow, which uses Hamming code to correct errors in the key reconciliation phase, but shares more information on the public channel [27; 28]. Reconciliation algorithms have been applied to QKD protocols to increase efficiency during the reconciliation phase [29]. Another protocol that uses the advantage distillation technology in combination with decoy states has been shown to improve transmission distance and maximal error rate tolerance [30]. Finally, some methods of combining QKD with post-quantum cryptography have also been discussed [3]. These QKD protocols and modifications attempt to reduce errors and increase throughput, without sacrificing security.