## 2 Literature Review  
Special attention has been given to studying intersections and their effects on efficiency and safety in recent decades. If the intersection is not well designed, pedestrians will wait too long for the green light and, as a result, may cross during the red light or in the middle of the street, creating an unsafe situation [7]. Other authors [8; 9] argue that it is more effective to focus on reducing waiting times and improving the design of pedestrian spaces at intersections. Shortening pedestrian wait times reduces the temptation to cross at unsafe moments, decreasing risky behavior. Additionally, better-designed spaces like wider sidewalks, visible crossings, and marked pedestrian zones improve safety and accessibility. These improvements allow for more efficient crossings and enhance visibility, helping both pedestrians and drivers make quicker, safer decisions. Together, these measures reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts and improve overall traffic safety. According to [10], older individuals are at a higher risk of being involved in traffic accidents due to various factors associated with aging, such as physical, cognitive, and perceptual declines. Studies have shown that, in general, older people are less likely to engage in risky behaviors such as crossing during a red light or rushing across the street. Their increased awareness of the risks associated with traffic may make them more inclined to wait for the proper signal before crossing, which can ultimately reduce their chances of being involved in an accident. For example, ref. [11] found that older pedestrians often require additional time to cross intersections due to their slower walking speeds. This can create challenges in completing crossings within the allotted signal time, especially in busy or high-traffic areas. Other authors, such as [12], have conducted studies on pedestrian speed and step length when implementing Shibuya-type crossings, analyzing the differences in behavior based on factors such as gender and age. These studies are important because they shed light on how various demographic groups navigate intersections differently and how these differences impact the effectiveness and safety of pedestrian facilities. However, research specifically focused on children's behavior at crossings is limited. [PERSON] et al. [13] identified that young children's cognitive abilities are not fully developed, which affects their decision-making capabilities at intersections. These cognitive limitations mean that children are at a higher risk of making poor judgments when navigating traffic, increasing their chances of accidents. Since children typically do not have the ability to assess risks and make safe crossing decisions as adults do, they are more vulnerable in traffic environments. More recent studies, such as those conducted by [14], have found that parents perceive the speed of vehicles as a significant barrier to their children's safety at intersections. Most parents considered intersections to be particularly dangerous for children or teenagers traveling to school, noting that high vehicle speeds and the lack of adequate safety measures increased the likelihood of accidents. Addressing these concerns is essential to reducing the risk that children face while navigating intersections, ultimately making the transportation system safer for all age groups. Culture and gender are also related to efficiency and safety at transport infrastructures such as intersections. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] found that African Americans and Chinese individuals were more aware of pedestrian safety and laws than their Caucasian counterparts. Additionally, ref. [16] discovered that Arabic- and Chinese-speaking parents considered the street environment less dangerous for their children (ages 4 to 12) compared to Vietnamese- and English-speaking parents. [PERSON] et al. [17] found that men and women differ in their body dimensions and the force they exert at intersections.