esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Easing DApp Interaction for Non-Blockchain Users from a Conceptual Modelling Approach
## 5 Middleware to Ease DApp User Interaction
### Enabling Users to Change their Passwords  
As aforementioned, the authentication mechanism of a blockchain is the public and private key pair. This fact makes it impossible to change the private key of an address. Moreover, if the user wanted a different identification id, (i.e., a new address), the funds on the old wallet would have to be manually transferred to the new one. This action, that would have a cost in gas, would generate a new private key. Moreover, all the data in the smart contract related to the old address would remain assigned to it. Hence, these data could only be migrated to the new address if the smart contract implemented a transfer data mechanism, which would probably result expensive as far as gas is concerned.  
However, thanks to our middleware, a user does not have to deal with this problem since an email can always be changed in the Firebase database, thus generating a new login id that is independent of the address and, consequently, independent of its funds and stored data.  
The problem comes when dealing with password changes. The user's wallets are physically located in the Ethereum node when using our middleware and encrypted by using the users' password. Nevertheless, the Web3 library does not provide the functionality to re-encrypt such wallets by using a new password. Because of that reason, we propose the direct interaction with Geth, the command line interface for Ethereum nodes implemented in Go [31]. Thus, when a user wants his/her password to be changed, he/she will ask the DApp for it, thus receiving an email with a link which will enable the user to do so. Therefore, when the user provides the new password, the DApp will invoke a middleware RESTful method which, in turn, will connect to Geth via Secure Shell (SSH) and change the password accordingly. Finally, the new password will be re-hashed and stored in the database to enable the user to log in again by using the new credentials.
# A Study on the Remaining Reserves of the Weiyuan Shale Gas Block in Three-Dimensional Development
## 3 Evaluation of Remaining Reserves
### Calculation of Static Geological Reserves  
Shale gas is stored in the shale section in a state of adsorbed gas and free gas; the sum of the geologic reserves of free gas and adsorbed gas is taken as the total geologic reserves of shale gas. The vertical calculation unit of geological reserves in the Weiyuan shale gas block is Class I+II reservoirs in the Wufeng-Longyi 1 subsection. The calculation unit on the plane divides the built-up area into the peripheral zone (3\(\sim\)4 m thickness of Longyi\({}_{1}\)1 layer I reservoir), sub-core zone (4-5 m thickness of Longyi\({}_{1}\)1 layer I reservoir), and core zone (>5 m thickness of Longyi\({}_{1}\)1 layer I reservoir), based on the thickness of Longyi\({}_{1}\)1 layer I reservoir. After determining the size of each production area, based on the results of logging and fine interpretation of 26 evaluation wells and 18 guide wells, the thickness of Class I + II reservoirs, adsorbed gas content, shale mass density in each area, effective porosity of shale in a single well, gas saturation, and natural gas volume coefficients measured in the laboratory were taken as the basic data points, referring to the results of seismic reservoir prediction, adopting the area-weighted method and the arithmetic average method of well points, drawing contour maps of each parameter of Wufeng-Longyi 1 subsection Class I + II reservoirs in each constructed production area, and establishing a three-dimensional geologic model, the final calculation of the Weiyuan block's geologic reserve is 3200 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) m\({}^{3}\).
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Robocasting of Lattice, Dense and Bi-Layer Parts
#### 3.1.7 In Vitro Bioactivity Test  
Figure 13 shows the SEM images obtained from a bi-layer sample after a preliminary bioactivity test. The newly deposited layer was observed on both dense and porous sections confirming in vitro bioactivity of the samples. However, as can be seen, in the dense sections (image A) some areas were not completely covered by the new layer. On the other hand, on the porous sections, entire filaments were covered by a newly formed thick layer (image B and C), suggesting higher bioactivity of the porous section compared to the dense one. The morphology of the deposited crystals was observed as rod-shaped or needle-like, in agreement with previous literature [60; 61], and was distributed evenly on the surfaces (image D).  
The chemical composition of the precipitated bioactivity layer was examined by EDS analysis. The results, collected in Table 4, suggested a calcium to phosphorous ratio of 1.33 for the precipitated layer, matching the Ca/P ratio of the octacalcium phosphate phase (OCP, Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O). Previous studies have shown that CaP phases such as OCP and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) are kinetically more preferred precipitation phases from supersaturated calcium and phosphorous solutions than HA. Indeed, from the thermodynamic point of view, HA is the most stable phase in SBF, but due to a substantially higher nucleation rate, OCP precipitates earlier than HA in physiological environments [66; 67]. However, OCP is a precursor for the formation of nonstoichiometric biological apatites [68], which in longer times and by increasing the Ca/P ratio becomes more apatitic in nature and finally converts to HA. The stated phenomenon takes place according to the following reaction [65] and has been reported both for in vitro and in vivo tests [67; 68; 69; 70].  
\[5 Ca_{8}H_{2}(PO_{4})_{6}\cdot 5H_{2}O\to 8 Ca_{5}(PO_{4})_{3}OH+6H_{3}PO_{4}+17H_{2}O \tag{4}\]  
Figure 12: Cracks propagations through the microstructure of a porous sample under compressive loading taken by ESEM. (**A**) two parallel cracks propagated in opposite directions, (**B**) progression of the cracks tips by increasing the applied force, (**C**) condition of the cracks just before the final failure.  
Therefore, it can be concluded that the precipitated CaP layer in this work was OCP which would have been transformed to HA if the bioactivity tests had been conducted for longer times.
# Comparison of Analytical Methods for Determining Methylesterification and Acetylation of Pectin
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determination of DM by FT-IR  
In the FT-IR spectrum, the DM content of pectin was found to be proportional to the ratio of the area of the band at 1740 cm\({}^{-1}\) over the sum of the areas from the bands at 1740 and 1630 cm\({}^{-1}\). To calculate the DM content of different pectin samples, standard curves were established based on pectin with known DM content. In this study, HG standards with different DMs (DM = 0.0%, 22.0%, 44.0%, 66.0%, 88.0%) were prepared by mixing appropriate ratios of CP-HG (DM = 0.0%) and CP-HM-HG (DM = 88.0%), which were then detected by FT-IR (Figure 2a). Then, the peak areas at 1740 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1630 cm\({}^{-1}\) were fitted and integrated (Figure 2b). According to the peak area ratio of A1740/(A1740 + A1630) and corresponding DM content of pectin, the calibration curve was made as follows: DM = 0.0095A1740/(A1740 + A1630), R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9941 (Figure 2c). We then used the FT-IR method to determine the DM content of CP (Figure 2d), and the result was 47.6 \(\pm\) 0.67%, which was close to the DM content determined by titration.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Adhesion Test Design
#### 2.3.3 Adhesive Testing Design  
(1) Artificial trampling: The method of artificial trampling is used to simulate compaction or compression situations that may be encountered in the hanging slurry layer in practical applications. Different parameters are tested 10 times, 20 times, and 30 times for each sprayed slurry sample.  
(2) Artificial rainfall: A device for simulating real rainfall conditions is shown in Figure 5. It was found that the maximum rainfall intensity of the revetment section in the past 40 years was 51.8 mm/h. Based on this, two experimental parameters of 55 mm/h and 60 mm/h were added, and the testing time was set to 60 min. Before the experiment, a rain gauge was used to measure the rainfall and calibrate the rainfall intensity. The rainfall uniformity was measured to be around 90%, which meets the requirement of greater than 80% [28].  
(3) Wind resistance test: The historical maximum instantaneous wind speed in the Tarim River section reaches 40 m/s. Test parameters were set at 30 m/s, 35 m/s, and 40 m/s, with a test duration of 60 min. A high-power blower was used to simulate wind conditions, and the wind speed was calibrated using an anemometer before testing.  
(4) After the tests, the adhesion degree S of the sprayed sample (the mass ratio of the sample before and after the test) is used as the basis for judging the adhesion of the sprayed sample, and the adhesion degree of the sprayed sample is calculated according to Equation (1).  
\[S=\frac{\text{m}_{\text{a}}-\text{g}}{\text{m}_{\text{f}}-\text{g}}\times 100\% \tag{1}\]  
In the formula, ma represents the mass of the sprayed sample after testing, mf represents the mass of the sprayed sample before testing, and g represents the mass of the geotextile.
## 4 Parameter Estimation
### Proposed \(\kappa\) Estimator
#### 4.1.1 Frame Conditional Direct Sound Presence Probability  
Let us assume that the STFT coefficients, \(Z_{d}(k,l)\) and \(Z_{r}(k,l)\), are complex Gaussian variables. Then, applying Bayes rule [8], the conditional direct sound presence probability \(p(k,l)\triangleq P(H_{1}(l)|Z(k,l)\,)\) can be written as Equation (12)  
\[p(k,l)=\left\{1+\frac{q(l)}{1-q(l)}[1+\xi(k,l)]e^{-v(k,l)}\right\}^{-1}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(q(l)\triangleq P(H_{0}(l))\) is the _a priori_ probability for direct sound absence, \(\xi(k,l)\triangleq\frac{\lambda_{d}(k,l)}{\lambda_{r}(k,l)}\) is the _a priori_ signal-to-reverberation ratio (SRR), \(\gamma(k,l)\triangleq\frac{|Z(k,l)|^{2}}{\lambda_{r}(k,l)}\) is the _a posteriori_ SRR, and \(v(k,l)\triangleq\frac{\gamma(k,l)\xi(k,l)}{1+\xi(k,l)}\). Note that \(\gamma(k,l)\) can be calculated directly whereas \(q(l)\) and \(\xi(k,l)\) need to be determined.  
Considering that \(\lambda_{z}(k,l)\) decays frame by frame during periods of direct sound absence \(H_{0}(l)\), the a priori probability for direct sound absence \(q(l)\) can be defined as Equation (13)  
\[q(l)=\frac{1}{K}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K-1}u(\lambda_{z}(k,l-1)-\lambda_{z}(k,l)), \tag{13}\]  
where \(u(\cdot)\) is the unit step function. Then, the _a priori_ SRR \(\xi(k,l)\) can be obtained via recursive average as in Equation (14)  
\[\xi(k,l)=\alpha_{\xi}\xi(k,l-1)+\big{(}1-\alpha_{\xi}\big{)}\max\Bigl{\{} \frac{\lambda_{z}(k,l)}{\lambda_{r}(k,l)}-1,0\Bigr{\}}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(\alpha_{\xi}\) is a smoothing parameter.  
After \(p(k,l)\) is determined, the frame conditional direct sound presence probability \(p(l)\) can be regarded as an average of \(p(k,l)\) over all frequency bins \(p(l)=\frac{1}{K}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K-1}p(k,l)\).
###### Abstract  
An adaptive multi-rate wideband (AMR-WB) code is a speech codec developed on the basis of an algebraic code-excited linear-prediction (ACELP) coding technique, and has a double advantage of low bit rates and high speech quality. This coding technique is widely used in modern mobile communication systems for a high speech quality in handheld devices. However, a major disadvantage is that a vector quantization (VQ) of immittance spectral frequency (ISF) coefficients occupies a significant computational load in the AMR-WB encoder. Hence, this paper presents a triangular inequality elimination (TIE) algorithm combined with a dynamic mechanism and an intersection mechanism, abbreviated as the DI-TIE algorithm, to remarkably improve the complexity of ISF coefficient quantization in the AMR-WB speech codec. Both mechanisms are designed in a way that recursively enhances the performance of the TIE algorithm. At the end of this work, this proposal is experimentally validated as a superior search algorithm relative to a conventional TIE, a multiple TIE (MTIE), and an equal-average equal-variance equal-norm nearest neighbor search (EEENNS) approach. With a full search algorithm as a benchmark for search load comparison, this work provides a search load reduction above 77%, a figure far beyond 36% in the TIE, 49% in the MTIE, and 68% in the EEENNS approach.  
speech codec; vector quantization (VQ); triangular inequality elimination (TIE); immittance spectral frequency (ISF); VoIP +
Footnote †: journal: _Symmetry_
# Numerical Investigation on Novel Shear Connectors in Prefabricated Composite Beams
## 5 Conclusions  
The proposed innovative prefabricated shear studs can successfully achieve the fast installation of precast decks on steel-concrete composite bridges, and reach the construction goal of complete precast prefabricated bridges. The push-out test is performed to obtain the shear behavior, and FEM modeling is also provided. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
* By comparison of the push-out test results of prefabricated studs and conventional studs, it is revealed that for the prefabricated studs, the ultimate capacity is larger and the testing ductility is larger. The main reason for this lies in the fact that the vertical steel plate makes the concrete surrounding the studs become confined concrete.
* Through the FEM numerical simulation model established by the orthogonal testing method, a complete study is carried on all of the investigated parameters. Comparison between the modeling results of the FEM HS-MS and the testing results indicates the validity of the FEM modeling method.
* Moreover, the orthogonal list of numerically simulated results shows that, as for the three design parameters (i.e., the stud diameter \(D\), the lateral space \(L\), and the concrete strength \(f_{c}\)), the best combination appears when \(D\) = 19 mm, \(L\) = 40 mm,  
Figure 12: Shear capacity varied with \(D\), \(L\), and \(f_{c}\).  
and \(f_{c}=60\) MPa. Therefore, the shear capacity does not always increase with the parameters, so proper values should be selected for the practical requirement.
* The findings are of great significance in the design of prefabricated studs, and also demonstrate the validity of the orthogonal testing method in the study of shear studs.  
Conceptualization: [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]; methodology: [PERSON], [PERSON] and L.F.; software: [PERSON] and L.F.; testing: [PERSON], Y.G. and L.F.; validation: [PERSON] and H.W.; formal analysis: [PERSON] and Y.G.; investigation: [PERSON] and [PERSON]; resources: C.L.; data curation: C.L.; writing--original draft: [PERSON]; writing--review and editing: [PERSON], [PERSON], Y.G. and L.F.; visualization: [PERSON] and H.W.; supervision: [PERSON]; project administration: [PERSON]; funding acquisition: C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research is supported by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (MOT) for the funding of the present research (Grant No. 2013 319 814 040). The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51078373) for the financial support for this research project.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.  
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
# Constellation Encryption Design Based on Chaotic Sequence and the RSA Algorithm
## 4 Experimental Simulation 7
### Chaos of System Parameters  
Lyapunov exponent is a typical analysis method to judge whether a system has chaotic characteristics and the degree of chaos.  
The Lyapunov exponent refers to the two orbits that are not close to each other at the beginning of the phase space. With the continuous advancement of time, the average rate of change of exponential convergence or divergence is used to quantitatively describe the degree of separation of the chaotic system between the orbits of the local system. Its calculation formula is as follows:  
\[\lambda=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\ln\left|\frac{df(x_{k}, \alpha)}{dx}\right| \tag{3}\]  
Obviously, \(\frac{df(x_{k},\alpha)}{dx_{k}}=\alpha-2\alpha x_{k}\), so when \(\lambda<0\), the mapping converges at a certain point; when \(\lambda=0\), the mapping performs periodic motion; when \(\lambda>0\), the mapping is in a chaotic state. The specific diagram is shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 7 is a graph of the Lyapunov exponent under Logistic mapping conditions. It can be seen from the figure that, when \(\mu=1\), \(\mu=3\), \(\lambda=0\), the Logistic mapping chaotic system at this time is in a periodic state. When \(\mu>3.5\), there are system parameters greater  
Figure 6: The simulation curve of the initial value sensitivity of the chaotic sequence, in which (**a**) the initial value of the system is 0.320 and 0.321 and (**b**) are 0.3200000 and 0.3200001.  
Figure 7: Graph of the exponential relationship.  
than zero, that is, the logistic map has system parameters in a chaotic state. Combined with the bifurcation diagram in Figure 1, the system parameter is selected to be four, so that the mapping is in a chaotic state and traverses the entire value range, thereby increasing the confidentiality of the sequence.
# New Quality Control Algorithm Based on GNSS Sensing Data for a Bridge Health Monitoring System
## 3 Bridge Experiment
### Quality Measures
#### 3.2.2 Analysis on Posterior Variance  
As shown in Figure 10, posterior variance was significantly stabilized or decreased by applying the developed quality control algorithm.
## 1 Introduction
However, climate can impact on fire activity across multiple timescales. For instance, [PERSON] (2004) [31] found that in southeastern Spain year-to-year variations were anticorrelated with concurrent summer rainfalls and positively correlated with summer rainfalls that occurred 2 years before. Similarly, significant correlation was revealed between forest fire activity and lagged climate variables in several southern European countries [17; 26; 30]. [PERSON] et al. [32], using a large, high-quality database provided by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) [33], analyzed the impact of concomitant drought and previous wet conditions on the summer burned area in Mediterranean Europe by modeling the relationship between the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPE) and the burned area; they found a statistically significant relationship between fire and same-summer droughs, while antecedent climate conditions appear to impact fire activity much less. From the above, it is evident that forest fires represent a complex natural phenomenon that cannot be disentangled by other factors, like climate and weather, anthropogenic activities, and vegetation conditions [15]. Forest fires, as a complex phenomenon, require advanced statistical methodologies to be thoroughly investigated from multiple perspectives. And in this context the objectives of this study are twofold: (1) To integrate different statistical approaches for the analysis of forest fire temporal dynamics, employing a combination of advanced techniques that, to our knowledge, have not been jointly applied in previous researches. While individual methods have been used in isolated cases, this study integrates them to explore the time dynamics of fire sequences and to investigate both short- and long-term relationshipsbetween fire activity and climatic variables, thereby offering a deeper and more holistic understanding of the underlying processes. (2) To conduct a high-resolution, localized analysis focused specifically on the Basilicata region (Southern Italy), representing the first study to investigate the temporal behavior of forest fires and their climatic drivers at fine spatial and temporal scales. Unlike most previous studies that analyze broader areas (e.g., entire countries or ecoregions) and rely on coarse temporal aggregations (e.g., annual or decadal), our study provides a detailed view capable of capturing fine-scale patterns and regional specificities. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the study area, the forest fire dataset, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a well-known drought indicator. Section 3 outlines the statistical methods employed to investigate the fire sequence and its relationship with the SPEI. The results and a discussion of the main findings are provided in Sections 4 and 5, respectively, while the conclusions are presented in Section 6.
## 6 Conclusions  
A healthy infrastructure is the foundation for city operation and economic development. Both natural and human-made factors can lead to the occurrence of geological hazards such as ground subsidence, which can further affect the health of the infrastructure. In this paper, PS-InSAR technology was used to process 99 ascending and 91 descending Sentinel-1 images covering Kunming on the north bank of Dianchi Lake from February 2018 to May 2021. The retrieved displacements were validated by field investigation and cross-comparison of results from different orbits. The reliability of the results was verified. Two deformation areas located near Dianchi and Xiaobanqiao were selected for our study and analysis. The main factors causing surface subsidence in different areas have also been discussed.  
The results show that the deformation areas are mainly concentrated around the Dianchi International Exhibition Center and Xiaobanqiao in the vicinity of large new communities and urban villages. The maximum subsidence rate is approximately \(-18\) mm/a for both the ascending and descending datasets. We further conducted an attribution analysis and found that approximately 5.5% of the settlement was related to the subway. Approximately 29% of the subsidence targets were related to the newly built communities. Approximately 53.5% of the displacement points were located in the urban village area. Approximately 12% of the displacement points were caused by the thermal expansion and contraction of the building structure itself.  
In summary, the surface deformation of urban villages near Dianchi Lake needs to be addressed to avoid greater disasters. PS-InSAR technology provides effective monitoring of regional subsidence and urban infrastructure health in Kunming. This work provides a scientific basis for the construction and development of Kunming. Collecting more geological information and ground measurement data will help to better interpret the surface subsidence in Kunming.  
Conceptualization, J.W. and M.L.; investigation, J.W. and M.L.; data processing, J.W. and M.L.; writing--original draft preparation, J.W.; writing--review and editing, M.L., M.Y.; supervision and project administration, B.-H.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was financially supported by the Supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (Grant NO. 202101 BE070001-037; 202201 AU070104; 202201 AU070014), and the Platform Construction Project of High-Level Talent in KUST.  
Figure 18: Action diagram of the influencing factors in the settlement area.
## 3 Design and Development of the Measuring System  
Measuring the spacing between metal surfaces is the main function of the sensing system introduced in the present work. The system includes hardware and the matched software. The overall framework of the system is shown in Figure 5. The eddy current displacement sensor device transmits the collected displacement data to the upper computer software for processing, showing, and preservation. The software interface would display the distance between the sensors and the metal surface, the spacing between the two metal surfaces at each measuring point, and the flatness of the metal surface to be measured.