## 1 Introduction  
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANETs), and their main motivation is to control accidents and obtain better road safety. VANETsconsist of intelligent vehicles to monitor and control the traffic of intelligent transportation systems, and they concentrate on issues such as accident control, congestion control, traffic patterns, and energy [1]. Here, for connectivity purposes, vehicles are equipped with the onboard unit (OBU). The types of communication in VANETs are vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-Internet, and vehicle-to-infrastructure [2]. VANETs' intelligent vehicles are highly talented at accessing new services to provide road safety [3]. Now, the Internet of Energy (IoE) is newly introduced to compete for the industrial application to satisfy the utilization of energy and demand [4]. For effective communication, delay, and scalability, the dangerous issues this creates cause most of the damage in the network. In this situation, intelligent clustering approaches were introduced into a process that plays a significant role in the vehicular communication system. Clustering represents a grouping of the network based on the similarity according to certain parameters, such as node distance, bandwidth, etc. A cluster is a group of members that selects one among the nodes as the cluster head (CH) and all other nodes are cluster members (CM) [5; 6]. In a vehicular network, cooperative communication is a preferable choice. It examines the V2V links based on VANETs in depth; particularly because the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connections have more difficult mobility contexts than vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Dynamic nature is a crucial property of VANETs; dynamic topology commonly happens and that leads to unreliable communications. Clustering, in reality, makes network structures and communication more reliable, and an adaptable manner and stable power control (RPC) technique could produce higher outcomes even when the mobile channel fluctuates. The joint clustering and RPC techniques are critically based on these findings [7]. VANET categorization is recognized as a critical strategy for improving the network efficiency. It is linked to several different aspects. Stable clustering, for instance, has been evident through strong MAC scheduler efficiency, efficient routing, and, as a consequence, a durable and secure system [8]. There are many different types and classes of clustering in VANET. Both single-hop networks and multi-hop networks are differentiated based on their architecture [9]. In regard to systems, there are centered as well as distributed forms of the present network; there are highway vs. urban models; based on volume, there are dense vs. sparse concepts; and based on capability, there are high vs. slow speed concepts. Morphology statistics, such as the kind of vehicle, driver's goal of moving from one place to another, and so on, and movement knowledge, including direction, velocity, and acceleration, can all be utilized to cluster VANETs [10]. Clustering is scalable and stable network structures provide an easy way for effective communication. Vehicles inside the clusters are CH, CM, and gateway. CH acts as an access point to manage the traffic pattern of the cluster. All of the CM nodes will communicate with the CH, and then inter-cluster communication is initiated to reach the destination. Cluster-based routing improves the network capacity, which leads to efficient data delivery and utilization of bandwidth [11]. In certain protocols, parameter-based CH is initiated, which is based on distance, direction, and speed. Such processes increased the network overhead. Some clustering protocols concentrate on reducing malfunctions and vulnerabilities in the network [12; 13; 14]. Infrastructure-less vehicular communication and group communication is essential in providing effective communication. To improve the security of the network, new methods need to be introduced in VANETs [15; 16; 17].