# Assessment of Smart Mechatronics Applications in Agriculture: A Review
## 2 Literature Review
A number of these emerging agricultural technologies are described in sections A-S below:  
(A) Autonomous farm machinery  
Modern autonomous machines and equipment that can be used in agriculture with little or no human intervention have been developed and commercialized. They are based on robotic technology and can process real-time farm data and then carry out the corresponding agricultural process, which includes cultivation, planting, seeding, weeding, fertilizing, and spraying, among other tasks. Revolutionary technological developments, from autonomous agricultural machines to the use of digital agriculture, include: GPS-enabled tractors, which can be used in modern agriculture to achieve controlled cultivation that provides a uniform land area for uniform planting and/or seeding, and uniformly applied fertilizer and crop sprays. In addition, these tractors have an advanced mechanism  
Figure 3: Automation and robotization agriculture system [35]. Figure 2: Hardware and software of smart agriculture systems [35]. that allows independent control of engine and machine speed and a GPS-based remote-controlled robot that integrates built-in autonomous navigation software [41; 42; 43; 44]. (B) Drone-supported farming  
In drone-supported farming, aerial photography can be carried out with IoT-compatible aerial drones to create agricultural vegetation indices, field mapping, and remote farm monitoring. Drones can also integrate IoT sensors to provide highly accurate and real-time farm data on parameters such as weather, crop height, water saturation, pest and weed detection, etc., which are important for crop growth stages, zoning, and crop classification, monitoring, seeding, and spraying [45; 46; 47; 48; 49]. (C) Smart dairy farming  
A smart dairy farm with automated milking, feed mixing, feed wagons, manure handler, and animal monitoring can be achieved with the following mechatronics systems: an automatic milking system (AMS), which creates a faster and more convenient milking regime, combined with real-time quality and quantity data collection. The milk analysis parameters displayed on the screen can be very important in monitoring the daily nutrition of the cows and also provide an assessment of the general health status of the cows and their milking pattern [50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. (D) IoT-enabled livestock monitoring  
This is achieved by fitting cattle with ear tag chip sensors that collect data on, e.g., body blood pressure, pulse, temperature, and rumination activity. Animal health can then be analyzed by algorithms to identify potential individual herd infections and recommend potential treatment options. In this way, the farmer can improve the health status of the herd. One such system (Zoetis, Troy Hills, NJ, USA) implemented chip placement using Smartbow technology [55; 56; 57; 58; 59]. (E) Smart poultry farming  
This includes automatic egg collection, automatic distribution of food and water, and an automatic monitoring system that precisely maintains the desired environmental conditions on the poultry farm. The main technological applications on smart poultry farms include (1) IoT sensors that monitor real-time environmental conditions, including ammonia gas, humidity, light, temperature, etc. ; (2) an integrated GPRS module that provides convenient remote monitoring; and (3) GSM modules so that the grower can monitor developments in a timely manner and receive intruder warnings if possible [60; 61; 62]. (F) Smart greenhouses  
The latest greenhouse technology can be integrated with new IoT-based solar energy smart greenhouse systems.