## 4 Results  
Five different species of production animal were used as experimental models: eight studies involved broilers or laying hens, eight used dairy cows, four used pigs, two used goats, and one used buffalo. Six different mycotoxins were used at different concentrations for the intoxication studies; as some of the articles reported the use of more than one mycotoxin, a total of 28 experimental intoxications were analyzed. AFB\({}_{1}\) was the most used mycotoxin (18 times); DON was used three times; OTA, T-2, and ZEN were used twice; and HT-2 was used once. Seventeen different adsorbents were used. Five of them were made up of a single material: bentonite (used nine times), HSCAS (five times), montmorillonite (once), and zeolite and aluminosilicate clay (once). An adsorbent with 95% activated sulfur bentonite and 5% phytogenic substances (organic material) was also included in this group, given it was mostly made up by a single mineral adsorbent. Activated charcoal was also used as an adsorbent (two times), as well as mixtures of mineral adsorbents at different proportions. These mixtures were as follows: montmorillonite 50% + diatomite 50% (used once); sepolite 44.44% + bentonite 55.56% (used once); and talc 69.4% + China clay 30% (used twice). Eight different mixed adsorbents were also used. These were commercial products made up mineral adsorbents and biological decontaminants, such as yeasts, yeast cell walls, or mannan-oligosaccharides and additives (preservatives, antioxidants, etc.). Essent\({}^{\circledR}\) S (Innovad SA, Essen, Belgium) and Solis Molis (Novus International Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used twice. All other mixed adsorbents were used only once: MMDA (Patent Co., Misicevo, Serbia), Toxy-Nil (Nutriad Animal Feed Additives, Dender  
Figure 1: Methodology of identification, selection, and inclusion of articles based on the PRISMA flow diagram. monde, Belgium), Unique Plus (Nutriad Animal Feed Additives, Dendermonde, Belgium), MTB-100(r) (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA), and other two mixed adsorbents that were not commercial products. In total, 16 different biomarkers were used from the 44 analyzed in the studies. AFM\({}_{1}\) was used 15 times, and was the most frequent biomarker in the studies, followed by AFB\({}_{1}\), used 9 times. ZEN, T-2, HT-2, OTA, DON, and deoxynivalenol 3-glucuron (DON-GlcNAc) were used twice. Deoxynivalenol-sulfate (DON-S), zearalenone- glucuronide (ZEN-GlcNAc), aflatoxin B\({}_{1}\)-lysis (AFB\({}_{1}\)-lysin), AFB\({}_{2}\), AFG\({}_{1}\), AFG\({}_{2}\), and total aflatoxin and aflatoxin (AFL), were each used in only one study. For the detection of these biomarkers, 53 samples of 18 different types were used. Samples may be divided in four large groups: viscera, serum, animal products, and excreta. Among viscera, the liver was the most common sample in biomarker detection (used seven times), followed by kidneys (four times) and spleen (two times). Samples of the genital tract, heart, lungs, stomach, muscle, brain, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and small intestine were used only once. Serum was used seven times. Among animal products, milk was used 11 times, and was the most common substrate in the analysis of biomarkers in this systematic review. Eggs were used once. Among excreta samples, urine was used five times, poultry excreta were used four times, and feces was used three times. Seven different methods were used for the detection and quantification of biomarkers in the selected samples, divided in two main categories: chromatography (used three times) and immunoenzymatic methods (four times). Among chromatographic methods, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the most common form of biomarker detection (used nine times); high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used four times, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used twice.