esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Systematic Survey on 5G and 6G Security Considerations, Challenges, Trends, and Research Areas
## 4 Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)  
Traditional network security focuses on perimeter defense, aiming to protect a network by preventing external access to network resources. However, this approach becomes ineffective once external actors gain a foothold within the network. Once this occurs, assets and resources within the network may no longer be protected. Zero Trust is the concept of transitioning from this perimeter-based static security toward a focus on securing individual assets, resources, and interactions within a network. With a Zero Trust Architecture, even after gaining access to a network, a malicious actor will still have to gain individual access to any resource within a network. The authors of [13] establish the following four pillars for ZTA:  
Trust Evaluation: Access requests are considered untrusted. Trust analysis and risk reviews are conducted in an ongoing manner, and reviews may have changing requirements depending on a network's status.  
Least Privilege: If a request is granted access after trust evaluation, the grant only encompasses the lowest level of permissions required to complete the specific requested task within the network. To ensure the security of other network resources, permission should only be granted to the required resources and no other resources.  
Dynamic Policy: A network's access policy and trust evaluation should be changed depending on the network's behavior and security status.  
Integrity Monitoring: Individual devices' security status and network asset activity patterns should be thoroughly evaluated by the architecture. Previously trusted activity should not be assumed safe for all network operations.  
While these additional security measures can improve a network's response to malicious activity, there are trade-offs in network complexity and latency. To increase the speed of trust evaluation, the authors of [14] propose an intelligent ZTA (i-ZTA) to enhance the real-time processing of big data that will be present in 5G/6G networks. For military-specific applications, additional security metrics for trust evaluation were proposed in [103] to support the needs of tactical edge networks. The authors of [38] present a virtual evolvedpacket core and virtual software-defined perimeter for the 5G core using machine learning. This method proved effective for trust evaluation in detecting denial of service attacks.  
AI was also leveraged to create a Self-Driving Network (SelfDN) in [39] to evaluate network performance with telemetry data. In a large-scale deployment, a framework for federated learning was proposed to monitor network performance as a whole. To aid with the computational complexity of a ZTA, the authors of [104] propose dividing the concepts of Zero Trust into modules that can distribute the computational load throughout the network.
## 4 NDPA Simulation Results  
Through the analysis in Section 3, this work designs a four-stage NDPA, the gate width of which is 1.88 mm. In order to trade-off chip size and gain, the actual design gate width is 1.46 mm. The final design total area is 1.6 \(\times\) 2.5 mm\({}^{2}\). Figure 15 shows the final layout of the NDPA.  
Figure 14: Layout simulation results: (**a**) Sensitivity analysis of key components, (**b**) Monte Carlo simulation of the length of L3.  
Figure 15: Schematic diagram of NDPA layout.  
In the electromagnetic simulation, the gap from the ideal is fully considered and a harmonic simulation is carried out. Harmonic simulations were performed with a drain bias of 28 V and a drain current of 335 mA. The small-signal data diagram of the layout simulation is shown in Figure 16a. The electromagnetic simulation S-parameter results show a typical small-signal gain of 9.1 dB to 11.6 dB in the 2-16 GHz frequency range and output return losses of 5-15 dB. Figure 16b plots the large-signal characteristic output power and PAE of the electromagnetic simulation. In addition, the input power is stable at 25 dBm to measure the output power. In the frequency range of 2-16 GHz, the PAE is 16.6-27% and the output power is 35 dBm-37 dBm.  
Figure 17a shows the Monte Carlo analysis of the small-signal gain S21 of the amplifier. The ADS Monte Carlo simulation is used to sample 2000 points. The median S21 is 12.5 dB and the variance is 0.5216 at 12 GHz, so the design has a good robust effect. Figure 17b shows the group delay simulation curve of the NDPA. It can be seen that the group delay is about 75 ps in the working band. The maximum is about 123 ps and the minimum is about 48 ps, so this work has good delay characteristics.  
Figure 16: Electromagnetic simulation results: (**a**) Results for small signal, (**b**) Results for large signal.  
Figure 17: Layout simulation results: (**a**) Monte Carlo simulation results of S21, (**b**) Simulation results of distributed amplifier group delay.  
Table 2 presents the performance of the NDPA compared with other published circuits at similar frequencies. The NDPA structure is widely used in the design of UWB PAs, but the problem is that it is difficult to achieve high efficiency over such a wide bandwidth. Of the reported circuits, only that reported here and those from [2,8] exhibit a wider bandwidth. In [29], a harmonic suppression method based on a distributed architecture was proposed. Compared to the results in [29], this work achieves a wider bandwidth. Compared to the listed references, this work achieves the minimum area.
# Plasmonic Tweezers towards Biomolecular and Biomedical Applications
## 4 Outlook
### Multifunctional PTs  
Since PTs are based on conductive materials, electrophoresis (EP) [81] and dielectrophoresis (DEP) [82; 83; 84; 85; 86] can be applied to transport particles from the far field to the optical near field to feed PTs [87; 88]. Using this combination, no extremely long waiting time is needed when extremely low concentration solutions are used. Another advantage of this combination is that comprehensive information can be detected for the particle [89]. Usually, when a dielectric particle is trapped in the aperture, the electrical current is decreased, and this difference can be used to characterize the size of the particle.  
It is also intriguing to use 2D materials for PTs. Graphene is considered as a good plasmonic materials with an extremely high intrinsic electron mobility [90; 91], high transparency in a broad spectrum [92; 93], and high thermal conductivity [94]. A nanohole in graphene was proposed for PTs and compared to the same design based on gold thin films [95]. To our knowledge, there is currently no experimental work on nanoscale bioparticle trapping using graphene based PTs.  
Dynamically tuning the plasmonic resonance is another important characteristic for the future PTs. The carrier density of the graphene that decides the resonance frequency can be externally controlled by a gate voltage [96; 97]. Dynamically tuning the resonance frequency alters the local field enhancement and the force applied on the particle [95]. With this feature, particles can be trapped and released by slightly tuned the gate voltage theoretically.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Geometry** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Wavelength** \\ **(nm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nanoparticle** \\ **(Diameter)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Trap Stiffness** \\ **(fN/nm)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Scaled Trap** \\ **Stiffness (fN/nm)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & 1D silicon photonic & 1548.15 nm & 200 nm & Radical & 2.86 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & crystals (2010) [77] & & Polystyrene & 2.86 & \\ \hline
2 & 1D silicon photonic & 1064 nm & 22 nm & Lateral & 0.13 \\  & crystals (2012) [78] & & Polystyrene; & 0.17 & \\ \hline
3 & Silicon nano-antennas &
\begin{tabular}{c} 20 nm \\ (2018) [25] \\ \end{tabular} & 1064 nm & 20 nm & Lateral & 0.10 (estimated) & 0.10 \\ \hline
4 & Plasmonic nano pillar &
\begin{tabular}{c} 200 nm \\ (2008) [28] \\ \end{tabular} & 1064 nm & 200 nm & 0.013 & 0.013 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline
5 & Gold nanblock pairs & 1064 nm & 100 nm & Lateral & 0.01 \\  & (2013) [79] & & Polystyrene; & 1.86 & \\ \hline
6 & Double nanhole &
\begin{tabular}{c} 20 nm \\ (2014) [60] \\ \end{tabular} & 820 nm & 20 nm & 0.1 & 0.1 \\ \hline
7 & Connected circular \\  & holes (2018) [45] & 980 nm & 30 nm & Polystyrene; & 0.84 & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
1-3: Nanotweezers based on dielectric materials; 4-5: PTs based on protruding designs; 6–7: PTs based on nano-aperture designs.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Trap stiffness comparison among nanotweezers.
## 1 Introduction  
Assessment of adequate depth of anesthesia in equine patients during general anesthesia protocols, especially with the use of balanced anesthesia that combines inhalation and intravenous drugs, is still a challenge. The lack of neurologic-based research causes anesthetists to base their decisions regarding the quality of anesthesia upon hemodynamics, respiratory, and other parameters (e.g., muscle tone, eye reflexes).  
Electroencephalography is known as a non-invasive technique of measuring the electrical potential and, therefore, the awareness of the Central Neurological System [1,2]. In horses, it has been used primarily in studies concerning sleep and neurological disorders [3, 4, 5]. Recently, it has been presumed to be possibly the most objective method for anesthesia depth assessment in medicine [6,7] and in veterinary medicine [8, 9, 10]. To date, there have been several studies performed to investigate this potential in horses [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. These, however, did not investigate intraoperative analysis of the raw EEG wave. The only algorithms (mathematical analysis of EEG that transformed the raw EEG into a unified number) available, which could work during anesthesia, were adapted from human medicine, and were subsequently confirmed in research as not applicable for horses [16, 17, 18]. Possibly, the most interesting for the equine practitioner might be the recording of the spectral edge frequency of EEG waves for the left and right hemisphere. Quite promising are also the results of studies recording the DSA (density spectral area), which show the changes in the power of EEG waves in different frequency bands (delta (\(\delta\)) 0.1-4 Hz, theta (\(\theta\)) 4-8 Hz, alpha (\(\alpha\)) 8-12 Hz, beta (\(\beta\)) 12-25 Hz, gamma (\(\lambda\)) >30 Hz) with colorful diagrams. The presence of waves of a certain frequency reflects the awareness; the main rule describes the lowest awareness with a presence of low-frequency waves [13,19,20].  
The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the method of EEG measurements in horses, starting from electrode mounting, checking device data collection in potential clinical conditions (including different positions of a horse during surgery, different anesthesia protocols, and different types of surgeries). Comparisons were also made by using various electrode placement locations and during subsequent anesthesia phases--sedation, maintenance, recovery. This would be used as the basics for further studies including methodical statistical analysis and comparison of these measurements to monitoring techniques commonly used in clinical practice.  
The study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee.
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, expression of TA modules (RelBE, MazEF, DinJYafQ, MqsR, YoeB) were induced in a transcriptome study performed with isolated _E. coli_ persister cells [29]. Although the classical paradigm for TA systems involves adjacent co-transcribed genes encoding a toxin and its specific antitoxin, several studies have described exceptions to this model such as cross interactions between non-cognate pairs [10; 30; 31]. Note that these cross interactions are distinct from TA cascades in which one TA system regulates another as shown with MqsR/MqsA regulation of GhoT/GhoS [32]. Another exception to the general TA concept is the extrinsic regulation of toxins by antitoxins encoded _in trans_. For example, the chromosomally encoded _ccd\({}_{Ech}\)_ antitoxin was shown to act on a plasmid-encoded toxin _ccd\({}_{F}\)_ to protect the cells from postsegregational killing [33]. Furthermore, MazF-mediated toxicity was inhibited by the remotely-encoded antitoxin MrpC in _Myxococcus xanthus_[34]. In addition to these exceptions, toxic endolysin genes are often found in cryptic prophage remnants such as PhyL in _Bacillus anthracis_[35] and LysA in _Streptococcus gordonii_[36] without the antitoxin genes. Along with the consistent high specificity of nearly all toxins for their adjacent antitoxins, all but one of the characterized TA systems consists of two-components with the exception of the three-component system \(\omega\)-\(\varepsilon\)-\(\zeta\) of _Streptococcus pyogenes_[37]. Here, we demonstrate the importance of a one-component system by characterizing a new toxin, YdcX (renamed OrtT for orphan toxin related to tetrahydrofolate) in the chromosome of the model organism _E. coli_ K12. We demonstrate that this new toxin is similar to GhoT of the type V GhoST TA system, but it lacks an antitoxin and is not regulated by GhoS antitoxin; hence, it is an orphan toxin. We also determine that OrtT functions as a toxin by damaging the cell membrane and reducing intracellular ATP level and that OrtT has a distinct physiological role, which is to reduce cellular growth and metabolism in response to the stringent response induced by depletion of THF.
# Impact of Multiple Beams and Mobility-Based Beam Alignment Error on Millimeter Wave Communication +
###### Abstract  
Millimeter wave (mmwave) is a potential technology to cater to the data requirements of future cellular networks through its wider spectrum and directional beamforming. With such directional communication, exact alignment of communicating beams is crucial. In this paper, the directivity gains with an antenna model having a Gaussian main lobe is used and the impact of beam alignment error due to random movement of the user are investigated on the uplink system performance of mmwave cellular network. Using stochastic geometry, we have derived Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) coverage probability. Numerical results show that an optimal number of base station beams exist that maximizes coverage probability at different user velocities and cell radii.  
millimeter wave communication; directional beamforming; beam misalignment +
Footnote †: Copyright © 2022 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/))).
# Optimal Shape Design of Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generator for 1 kW-Class Wind Turbines
## 2 Outer-Rotor Type Generator with AFPM
### Shape Parameters  
At the initial design stage of the outer-rotor type generator with the AFPM, various shape parameters were considered as shown in Figure 4. The inner diameter and length of the stator were denoted by \(D_{i}\) and \(l\), respectively, as shown in Figure 4a. The stator slot had detailed shape parameters, including the slot opening \(b_{1}\), slot width \(b_{2}\), opening height \(h_{1}\) and slot height \(h_{2}\), which were represented by a cross-section view of AA'BB' as shown in Figure 4b. The shape parameters of the permanent magnets were the same as those of the stator, such as \(D_{i}\) and \(l\), while the thickness of the permanent magnets was 10 mm and the distance between adjacent permanent magnets was 3 mm. The air gap clearance between the stator and permanent magnet was set at 1 mm, taking into account the manufacturing cost and maintenance aspects. The initial design stage specifications of the shape parameters and the number of winding coil turns \(N_{ph}\) are summarized in Table 1. Furthermore, the materials used at the initial design stage are listed in Table 2.  
Figure 4: Shape parameters of the generator: (**a**) Parameters for outside of stator; (**b**) Parameters for inside of stator at cross-section area of AA’BB’.  
Figure 3: Arrangement of stator windings.
# Tensile Test Analysis of Tire Tread Rubber's Tendency to Resist Cracks
## 2 Theoretical Background  
### Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) and Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOA)  
When a tire rubber with both viscosity and elasticity receives a load from the outside, the deformation of viscosity and elasticity occurs simultaneously. This phenomenon is called stress relaxation. If the body is elastic, it is restored to its original state upon load removal. However, in the case of viscoelastic materials, the restoration occurs gradually. In other words, this is a phenomenon wherein a certain amount of load is instantaneously applied to cause deformation, and when the applied load is removed, the stress maintaining the current strain is gradually relieved over time. Due to these characteristics, the stress relief characteristics of viscoelastic materials can be investigated to better understand the crack progress behavior of tire rubber.  
Figure 1 shows the stress-time graph of a viscoelastic material based on its elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscosity angular characteristics over time. It can be seen that the stress of viscoelasticity gradually becomes relieved over time.  
The crack tip open displacement was proposed by [PERSON] [19]. The CTOD represents the distance between cracks and refers to a phenomenon in which initial cracks are caused by external forces. When this value reaches the material's intrinsic value or a certain distance, the crack begins to grow.  
The governing equation of the above CTOD is as follows:  
\[\delta=\frac{4}{\pi}\,\frac{G}{\sigma_{ys}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\delta\) is the CTOD and is being used as one of the parameters under the international standards. \(G\) is the energy release rate, and \(\sigma_{ys}\) is the yield strength. This study measured the CTOD and analyzed it by using the digital image correlation method.  
In Figure 2, \(\delta\) is the CTOD and \(a_{0}\) is an initial crack.  
Figure 1: Stress relaxation curves of elastomer material.  
The advantage of the CTOA is that it can be determined through simple mathematical calculations and without any complicated theories. In addition, the CTOA reveals the non-linear and discontinuous behavior due to heterogeneity and stress relief properties, which are characteristics of viscoelastic objects. The CTOA is excellent when it comes to expressing this non-linear behavior.  
The governing equation of the above CTOA can be given by  
\[\text{CTOA}(\alpha)=\tan^{-1}\frac{CTOD}{\Delta\mathbf{a}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\alpha\) denotes the CTOA. Viscoelastic and super-elastic rubber occur from microcracks.  
In Figure 3, \(\alpha\) represents the CTOA and \(a_{0}\) denotes the initial crack length.
# Shielding Grounding Optimization Method for Spaceborne Multi-Cable
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a grounding optimization method for spaceborne multi-cable shields is proposed. Firstly, a CST simulation model was established based on the actual cable state, and parameter extremization processing and parameter scan simulations were performed on the model. Secondly, the simulation results were binary-coded using MATLAB, and a truth table was generated. Thirdly, the logical expressions were extracted and simplified using Multisim, and the output logical expressions specified the mapping relationship between the shield ground state and shielding effect. Fourthly, the logical expressions were analyzed and summarized to guide the subsequent termination of the shield of the spaceborne cable. The advantage of this method is that it can output the logical expression of the mapping relationship between the shield grounding state and the shielding effect, enabling the optimal grounding state of the shield to be quickly determined. However, the accuracy of the modeling was reduced because other devices in the system, such as circuit boards and connectors, were not taken into account. Subsequently, finite element software could be used for the modeling analysis of other equipment, and multi-software co-simulation with CST could be carried out to improve the accuracy of modeling.  
Finally, the method was applied to an actual satellite-borne scanner drive control system, and the results show that the method can summarize and organize the 64 grounding states of the cable shield in the system well, which proves the validity and accuracy of the method. Further test results show that the worst shield grounding state leads to too much interference in the system, preventing the scanner from completing the pointing command. Meanwhile, the optimal shield grounding state can improve the angle accuracy of the scanner by 42.5%, which is important for the optimization of the grounding of the spaceborne cable shield and the enhancement of the electromagnetic compatibility of future space electronics systems.  
Conceptualization, Z.G.; methodology, Z.G.; software, Z.G. and H.D.; validation, Z.G., H.D., W.W. and J.T.; formal analysis, Z.G. and H.D.; investigation, Z.G., K.C. and H.D.; resources, Y.L.; data curation, Z.G. and H.D.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing--review and editing, C.J., D.S., K.C. and Y.L.; visualization, Z.G. and H.D.; supervision, Y.L.; project administration, C.J., D.S. and Y.L.; funding acquisition, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42192582), and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022 YFB3902000).