# Application of Polymers as a Tool in Crystallization--A Review
## 4 Summary and Conclusions  
This short survey aimed to demonstrate the importance of a better understanding of the impact of polymer presence on the nucleation process and subsequent growth of crystals. Such influence can manifest in the course of crystallization and properties of resulting solid product. The possibility to retard or stop the crystallization process is of great importance in many cases. However, mutual interactions between polymers and crystallizing solutions are very individual in character and each case should be treated separately. Firstly, papers discussing attempts to elucidate different aspects and mechanisms of polymer-induced and polymer-control crystallization are presented. Another chapter concerns papers reflecting the aim to improve the properties and behavior of the crystallizing drug via polymers' application. Finally, works focused on the preparation of advanced materials such as polymer electrolytes, antiscalants, biologically sustainable nanomaterials, perovskite semiconductors and composite materials of different applications, are reported. In order to facilitate the reading of this text and to simplify the search for desired informa  
Figure 2: Utilization of polymers in drug amelioration and new material preparation. tion, the tables comparing the polymer-crystallized substance systems are placed below. Table 1 is dedicated to confined crystallization, Table 2 presents the research concerning crystallization with use of polymeric surfaces, and Table 3 refers to crystallization within free polymer solutions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type of Process** & **Polymer Used as Tool** & **Crystallized Substance** & **Reference** \\ \hline Alginate & CaCO\({}_{3}\) & [12] \\ \hline Silk fibroin & CaCO\({}_{3}\) & [13] \\ \hline Gelatin & CaCO\({}_{3}\) & [14] \\ \hline Alginate, xanthan & CaCO\({}_{3}\) & [15] \\ \hline Polyacrylamide & Ca\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) & [16] \\ \hline Biopolymer & TiO\({}_{2}\) & [18] \\ \hline Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate & Aspirin, paracetamol & [19] \\ \hline Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate & Aspirin, paracetamol & [20] \\ \hline Glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan & Zeolite & [21] \\ \hline homopolymers and copolymers of & & \\ methylmorpholine methacrylamide and & Ibuprofen & [45] \\ \(N\),\(N\)-dimethylacrylamide & & \\ \hline Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate & Paracetamol & [57] \\ \hline Alginate & Fenofibrate & [72] \\ \hline Alginate & Paracetamol, fenofibrate & [73] \\ \hline Alginate & Fenofibrate & [74] \\ \hline \(2H\)-benzo[4]1,2,3-triazole derivatives & Theophylline, sulfathiazole, & \\ sulfararazine and nifulamic acid & [79] \\ \hline Tannic acid-TiV metallogel & Caffe, carbamazepine, & [83] \\  & piroxicam & \\ \hline Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate & Carbamazepine, 5-methyl-2-[(2- & \
itrophenyl)amino]-3- & [84] \\  & thiophenecarbonitrile & \\ \hline Agarose, tris-amide of trimesic acid with & & \\ L-valine methyl ester, 3,3′-((Benzen-1,3,5- & Copper(II) isonic Titan-\(N\)-oxide & \\ tricarbonyl)]tris(azanediy))tris-(pyridine & complex, Cu(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\cdot\)3H\({}_{2}\)O & [106] \\  1-oxide) & & \\ \hline Open cell polyurethane foam composites & Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), MgSO\({}_{4}\)-7H\({}_{2}\)O, and their & [109] \\  & mixture & \\ \hline Polymer gels from urea, aluminum nitrate & & \\ nonahydrate, tetraethylorthosilicate & Mullite & [110] \\ \hline Poly(ethylene glycol) & Ca\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) & [111] \\ \hline Stomatocytes & KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), NaCl, NaCl\({}_{3}\), & [112] \\  & (NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Confined crystallization: Polymers and crystallized substances.