# Integrative Factors of E-Health Laboratory Adoption: A Case of Indonesia
## 1 Introduction
The e-health system has also begun to develop in Indonesia mainly related to the implementation of ICTs to support the management of healthcare facilities [13]. One of the health services that has also begun to develop is an e-health laboratory examination service which is marked by the emergence of various e-health laboratory service sites such as Pesan lab, Caya Laboratorium, Lab test online, Lab-on-line, Laboratorium Patologi Veter, Prodia.co.id, and Lab Cito.co.id. This service is expected to continue to grow along with the increasing percentage of internet user growth in Indonesia by 10.12% per year [3]. However, studies related to the adoption of e-health laboratory services have not been found, including in Indonesia. Most researchers focus more on the internal perspective of health facilities (administrative officers and medical personnel) such as the adoption of e-health in healthcare facilities to improve service efficiency, to reduce duplication of services, to improve data confidentiality, to improve the quality of care among populations [14], to increase the speed of medicine delivery, and to prevent excessive use or dangerous medicine interactions [15; 16]. Other studies were conducted on eHealth adoption for coordination between health organizations, ranging from the smallest units such as public health center to hospitals [17]. E-health adoption research is used for information exchange among health organizations [18]. Another example of e-health adoption is related to electronic records for medical documentation in primary health care that allows doctors to access patient records in a fast and simple way [19] on health record [9; 20]. Another e health adoption study summarizes the experience of e-health cases related to organizations, business models, operations, competencies, and other unexpected functions [15]. Furthermore, the studies related to e-health in Indonesia are still largely from the internal perspective of health facilities [21]. These studies mostly rely on theories such as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27] Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [28; 29], Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) [30], Human-Organization-Technology (HOT)-Fit [31], and so on. Unfortunately, e-health adoption research (especially e-health laboratories) from a patient's perspective is still not widely found in the literature. Some studies on issues from the patient's perspective, such as hospital service quality that focuses on responsiveness, assurance, professionalism, reliability, empathy, and tangibility, are only analyzed from a technological perspective [32]. From these conditions, several gaps have been found: (1) Research related to online adoption of laboratories has not yet been conducted in Indonesia, (2) Integrative studies related to the factor of e-health adoption by patients including in Indonesia are still few. Therefore, we are interested in conducting research primarily to analyze the characteristics of e-health laboratory systems and their correlation with behavioral adoption of technology, especially the factors related to the task, technology, and humanity that encourage the adoption of e-health laboratories. Some research questions that will be answered in this study are: (1) What are the determinants that influence e-health laboratory adoption, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use for users in Indonesia? (2) Do Task Technology Fit (TTF), technology-driven, and human-driven have a direct effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on e-health laboratory adoption? (3) Do perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use affect the adoption of e-health laboratories? To answer these questions and provide a better understanding of the integrative factors of e-health laboratory adoption in Indonesia, we developed a theoretical model that combines the DeLone & McLean (D&M) model and the TTF model.