# Ontology-Based Context Event Representation, Reasoning, and Enhancing in Academic Environments
## 2 Related Work  
In this section, we present the works related to event enhancing, context modeling in intelligent environments, and the use of ontologies for them. The goal of an intelligent environment is to improve the user experiences, for which several pieces of contextual information are characterized and depicted from a domain in perspectives as follows. In [9], a formal context model based on Ontology Web Language (OWL) was proposed. The main aspects to consider were semantic context representation, context reasoning, knowledge sharing, and context classification. The authors affirm that a great benefit of the model is the ability to reason about various contexts. They consider the following modules of context in a home environment: Location (indoor and outdoor spaces), person, activity (scheduled or deduced activities), and entity (devices, networks, agents, and applications). The authors of [10] identify human behavior through an ontology that combines low-level primitives of behavior, namely activity, locations, and emotions, as context information. Meanwhile, [11] established the context knowledge as the following modules: Activity (action, event, task, process), location (buildings, indoor spaces, regions, outdoor spaces), profile (users, services, devices), environment (conditions, social, regulations), role (social roles, civilians, owners, providers), status (biological, cognitive, current, past), time (date and time zone), and agents (organisms, groups, commercial agents). The ontology-based context modeling was validated in several environments and the definitions of context information were consolidated in [12]: Smart parking, smart city, smart home, smart business office, and smart healthcare. However, in the academic domain, the model was not validated. Ontology-based context-aware access control (OntCAAC) is a generic framework that models dynamic contexts and access control policies [13]. The aim is to use a policy model for specifying and enforcing context-aware access control. The OntCAAC provides the capability to control access for software services and resources by taking into account the context information. This ontology defines as general context the following entity classes: User, role, source, owner, relationships, place, person, and device. The authors of [14] propose an ontology-based modeling of a smart living room environment and their contextual information for enabling a common understanding of context and enhancing. Based on this concept, modeling a smart room starts by specifyingthe services that each piece of equipment can provide and the set of information that triggers the service. The authors of [15] present an ontology network for a mobile environment that consists of eleven modular ontologies: User, role, environment, location, time, service, provider, device, interface, source, and network. This ontology covers a wide range of concepts related to context representation. A user profile model for context-aware application personalization is explained in [16]; the authors concentrated on concepts to model a dynamic context: User time, user location, user activity, and user context. In [17], an architecture for the development of context-aware services based on ontologies is proposed, which is composed of three main elements: A meta-model of context, an ontology for the meta-model, and a reasoning engine. Reference [18] exposes an ontology-based context model to capture general concepts about users and business. An ontology-based model and rules to classify the users context and business are presented. Their ontology describes general concepts: Space, matter, object, event, and action. The domain particularizes the vocabulary and properties related to a generic domain by specializing terms in the upper ontology. This model is composed of three sub-models: User context, business context, and information feature model. Reference [19] presents a context-aware system with context management and reasoning.