## 2 Literature Review
### The Connection between BIM Application and OPS  
In the earlier period, scholars evaluated the efficiency of construction project management in facilitating the accomplishment of construction projects. However, recognizing the project's victory was contingent on the practical approach to assessing the project. BIM is the tool that contributes to the project's success. It was determined that BIM had achieved a degree of maturity where the content and format of the workshop findings were adequate [45]. According to [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON], the dynamic nature of projects in recent years necessitates new and novel concepts that rely on the collaborative efforts of project participants to increase the project's value [46]. BIM may decide and manage forthcoming issues for these project innovations to prevent disputes and strengthen their concepts [47].  
Regarding overall performance and project completion, the influence of BIM on workers and enterprises varies from the prior research. In other words, BIM may have a systemic impact on the effectiveness of businesses by identifying the ideal value [48].  
Prior research has examined the correlation between BIM and the efficacy of construction endeavors. Numerous scholarly investigations have examined the potential advantages of implementing BIM, including enhanced collaboration, improved project coordination, and decreased instances of errors and rework [2; 3; 39; 49]. The studies mentioned above have yielded encouraging findings, indicating that BIM has the potential to exert a positive influence on project outcomes [6; 25; 49].  
The significance of researching the relationship between BIM implementation and OPS stems from the study's contribution to the existing body of information on the issue in a newly uncharted situation. In addition, to the finest of our knowledge, such empirical research is one of the first conducted inside the construction environment. The research also sheds light on the effect of BIM operations across the various stages on the OPS in the construction sector. As stated by [PERSON] and [PERSON], one method to explain the relevance of a study's contribution is to throw additional theoretical insight into the phenomena under examination, such as BIM, in a new national setting, such as BIM [50]. Nevertheless, the current research distinguishes itself through its unique methodological approach. The present study employs an SEM methodology to comprehensively analyze the association  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cost** & **Time** & **Quality** \\ \hline Enhance the project’s profitability & delivering the job on schedule & Improve conformity to specification \\ \hline Increase the financial flow of the project & \begin{tabular}{c} Delivering on time reduces variation \\ order implementation time. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Availability of means to meet a certain \\ quality standard \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Reduce costs of order variations & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Increase resource availability as expected \\ across the project duration \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} delivering projects following the quality \\ of raw materials and equipment \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Project success factors.  
between BIM and the achievement of project success. SEM enables the comprehensive analysis of intricate associations among multiple variables concurrently, thereby facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced comprehension of the impact of BIM on the success of construction projects. This study seeks to utilize SEM to examine the complex relationships among different factors related to BIM and the achievement of project success [2; 3]. This approach effectively responds to the necessity for a more thorough examination. It substantially contributes to the current body of knowledge in the realm of construction project management and BIM implementation. Figure 1 depicts the conceptual model demonstrating the investigation's proposed route (H1).