# A Study on Technology Competition of Graphene Biomedical Technology Based on Patent Analysis
## 4 Analysis
### Patent Analysis
#### 4.1.3. Patent Hotspots and Fronts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**7 Derwent** & **Technological Field** & **Centrality** & **Frequency** & **Biomedical Application** & **References** \\ \hline B12-K04 & Diagnosis and testing & 0.20 & 456 & Respiratory diseases, and cancer diagnostics & [64; 65; 66] \\ E05-U05C & Nanofilm & 0.15 & 188 & Disease diagnosis, bone regeneration, glucose detection, artificial kidneys and dialysis & [67; 68; 69] \\ L03-A02B & Nonmetal conductors—carbon and graphite & 0.14 & 54 & Interactions with biological components (issues, cells, and proteins), and integrated circuits in biomedical fields & [33; 70; 71] \\ A12-V01 & Medicines, pharmaceuticals & 0.13 & 297 & Drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine & [72; 73; 74; 75] \\ B14-S18 & Drug combination & 0.11 & 126 & Charrier of photosensitive and chemotherapeutics for the drug combination therapy & [76; 77; 78] \\ B05-B02C & Silicon (SB), Selenium (SE), Tellurium (TE), Boron (B) Inorganic, Inert gases & 0.10 & 100 & 100 & biomedical field, nucleic acid & [79; 80; 81] \\ B05-B02C & Elemental C or S & 0.09 & 233 & & & \\ B05-C06 & & & & & & \\ B05-U03 & Carbon only nanotubes & 0.09 & 96 & & & \\  & Testing and detection & & & & \\ D05-H09 & (Except Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses) & 0.08 & 487 & Testing and detection in proteins, ATP, glucose & [33; 89; 90; 91] \\  & Protein/polypeptide of & & & & & \\ B04-N04 & undefined origin (No sequence) & 0.08 & 178 & Protein/polypeptide detection, delivery of proteins & [92; 93] \\ B04-C03 & Polymers (General) & 0.07 & 245 & Biosensing, neural interfacing and tissue engineering & [94] \\  & Animal & & & Animal protein/polypeptide detection, delivery of animal proteins & [95] \\ B04-N02 & protein/polypeptide (No sequence) & 0.07 & 128 & Fabrication of bio-composite, thin films, and biosensors & [96; 97] \\ A08-S02 & Solvents, swelling agents & 0.07 & 101 & Diagnosis of diseases, pathogens, and biomolecules & [98] \\ S03-E03C1 & Biosensors & 0.06 & 294 & Glucose biosensing, enzyme engineering & [99; 100] \\  & (Immunolished) Enzymes & & & & \\ A12-W11L & or microorganisms, microbiology (Polymer use) & 0.06 & 276 & Drug/gene delivery, phototherapy, bioimaging, interfacial biointeractions, tissue engineering & [101] \\ A12-W14 & Nanotechnology & 0.06 & 259 & Biomolecule detection and DNA sequencing, bio-sensors, and bio-chips & [102] \\ A12-E13 & Instrumentation; measuring & 0.06 & 201 & Biosensor in clinical diagnosis for detection of proteins, nucleic acid, small molecules, and pathogens Targeted delivery, gene regulation, intracellular detection, biosensing, DNA recognition & [104; 105] \\ A12-E13 & testing-electrical & 0.06 & 201 & Cellular functions, pathology, drug discovery, toxicology, and disease diagnosis & [106] \\ B11-C08B & Testing/detection by & & & & \\  & potentiometry, polarography & & & & \\ B04-E01 & Nucleic acid general and other & 0.05 & 287 & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ B11-C12 & Nanotechnology & 0.03 & 437 & & \\  & (General) & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Top 20 patent hotspots and fronts of graphene biomedical technology. technological fields listed in the table. Graphene, a two-dimensional atomic crystal made up of carbon atoms, possesses superior properties to enable diagnosis and testing, especially applications in respiratory diseases, cancer diagnostics, etc. [64]. These extraordinary properties include the thinnest material, a high quantum capacitance, high carrier-phonon, and large interfacial area [65]. B12-K04 (diagnosis and testing) belongs to the section of diagnostics, respiratory active type. Currently, the methods for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases are limited in characterizing the nature and degree of airway inflammation, and require costly, bulky equipment that patients cannot easily keep with them. There's an urgent need for improved, minimally invasive methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases.