esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Approach  
Many factors influence SER accuracy in a cross-corpus and multilingual context. The dataset utilized, the features extracted from the speech signals, and the neural network classifiers implemented to identify emotion are all essential aspects that may significantly impact the results. Our SER method is summarized in Figure 1. We use four corpora (ASED, RAVDESS, EMO-DB, and URDU) to test SER in Amharic, English, German, and Urdu, respectively.  
One difficulty faced with this research is that datasets use different sets of emotion labels, as can be seen in Table 2. Following previous work [25; 26], we address this by mapping labels into just two classes, positive valence and negative valence, as indicated in the table. For example, ASED uses five emotions. For this dataset, therefore, we map the two emotions Neutral and Happy to positive valence, and the three remaining emotions, Fear, Sadness, and Angry, to negative valence. Analogous mappings are performed for the other datasets.  
Further details are provided below concerning the chosen datasets, the feature extraction approach, and the classifiers used.
# Ambiguity-Resolved Model Tests for Carrier-Phase GNSS
###### Abstract  
Although the theory of mixed-integer inference is well developed for GNSS parameter estimation, such is not yet the case for the validation and monitoring of mixed-integer GNSS carrier-phase models. It is the goal of this research to contribute to this field by introducing a class of mixed-integer model (MIM) tests for carrier-phase GNSS. Members from this class and their distributional properties are worked out for different model validation applications relevant to GNSS, such as detection, identification, significance testing, and integer testing. The power performance of the various tests is characterized, thereby showing how they are capable of significantly outperforming the customary ambiguity-float tests.  
GNSS; mixed-integer model (MIM) test; integer ambiguity estimation; ambiguity success rate; generalized Chi-squared distribution; significance test; integer test; highest-density (HD) test; likelihood-ratio (LR) test; partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) Article
## 6 Discussion and Limitations
### Trigger Set Generation Strategies  
While trigger sets are predominantly used in black-box watermarking where verifiers lack access to model parameters. Various methods have been proposed for trigger set generation in the literature, particularly for out-of-distribution scenarios and could be used in this work as well:  
* **Random database selection**: Images chosen randomly from public databases or images with added patterns [30; 67; 68] (e.g., company logo).
* **Diffusion-based generation**: As demonstrated in [69] for image watermarking, where trigger images begin as noise (similar to DICATION) with patterns added to their Fourier transform domain.
* **Cryptographic primitives**: Methods like [70] that generate random images and labels serving as seeds for trigger set generation using a customized hash function.  
The latent space approach of DICATION eliminates the need for storing specific trigger images while providing unlimited trigger generation capability, representing a significant advancement over traditional methods.
# Evaluating MPTCP Congestion Control Algorithms: Implications for Streaming in Open Internet
### Related Works  
An overview of recent research on MPTCP and its CC algorithms is given in Table 2. The table lists key findings, investigated algorithms, and applied metrics. The current state-of-the-art in the MPTCP CC studies shows a global interest in exploring the multifaceted dimension of the problem. At the heart is the work by [PERSON] and [PERSON], who have meticulously examined the performance limitations of MPTCP coupled CC algorithms, especially regarding disjoint paths [37]. Their insights set the stage for [PERSON]'s comparative analysis [38]. Drawing a contrast between MPTCP and its single-path counterpart, [PERSON] highlighted the superior performance of MPTCP in heterogeneous networks, with a particular recognition of the LIA and BLIA algorithms. The recognized the limitations of standard MPTCP CC algorithms motivated [PERSON] and [PERSON] to search for new formalized solutions. Using the principles of discrete-time dynamic systems modeling, they proposed new flow control algorithms for MPTCP based on the concept of discrete sliding modes in [39]. In this way, they offered a fresh perspective on optimizing MPTCP's performance in networking scenarios where robustness becomes a primary issue, e.g., in industrial communication systems. As the world gravitates toward the next generation communication systems, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] turn their attention to 5G and 4G networks in [40]. The conducted study unveils the potential of the BLEST \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Characteristics** & **Strengths** & **Weaknesses** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LIA} & Balances the congestion & Fairness across paths, & Might not be as aggressive \\  & windows at different paths & efficient utilization & as other algorithms \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{OLIA} & Dynamic adaptation to & Better throughput and & More complex \\  & network conditions & fairness & implementation \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{BALIA} & Focuses on balancing & No path is overly & \\  & congestion windows & congested, overall & Might not be as fast as \\  & & network performance & other algorithms \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{wVegas} & Delay-based, monitors & Low latency, suitable for & Might be less aggressive in \\  & delay on each path & real-time applications & high-speed networks \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: MPTCP CC Algorithms Comparison. scheduler when paired with the BALIA CC algorithm, hinting at the optimal throughput and minimized delay in the 4G/5G environments governed by MPTCP. The landscape of MPTCP research is not restricted to traditional algorithms and network comparisons. A more avant-garde approach has been presented by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] in Wang (2019). By integrating Deep Q Networks into the TCP CC, they designed TCP-DQN,
###### Abstract  
Aims: In the last decade, the use of smartphones, computers and devices has progressively increased, and prolonged use of technology and the internet has generated new arenas (and tools) for victimization. The first aim of this study was to analyze the use of coping strategies in young adult self-declared victims of cyberstalking. The coping strategies were categorized as proactive behavior, avoidance tactics and passivity. To better understand these strategies, they were analyzed in light of the experience of victimization in terms of incurred misconduct. The second aim was to analyze the coping strategies and the consequences (in terms of depression and anxiety) that occurred in victims; a comparison was made between males and females. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to over 433 young adults living in Italy. The questionnaires were filled out by 398 (92%) subjects, 41% males and 59% females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 30 years (M = 23.5, SD = 2.76). Respondents took part on a voluntary basis and did not receive any compensation (or extra credit) for their participation. Results: Findings from this investigation confirmed that among victims, females were more prone than males to experience cyberstalking (respectively, 65% and 35%), with females experiencing a higher percentage of more than one form of cyberstalking behavior than males. Young adult male victims used the internet principally for online gaming, and for this activity, they experienced more cyberstalking behavior than females. In most cases, the perpetrator was a male, and the victim-cyberstalker relationship was a friendship or an acquaintance. For the coping strategies adopted, the findings indicated that the victims were more prone to use avoidance tactics than proactivity behavior and passivity strategies. Young adults involved in this investigation mainly used avoidance tactics to cope with the stressful situation, which implies that they preferred to decrease the use of the internet or stop online contact than collect evidence and try to contact and reason with the cyberstalker or increase the misuse of alcohol of psychotropic substances. Moreover, females were less prone to use proactive behavior than expected. Our findings suggested that males were more prone than females to adopt passivity strategies, while females were more prone to adopt avoidance tactics. Moreover, the data showed that proactivity behavior was adopted more in the case of online contacts and online identity fraud, while passivity strategies were adopted in the case of online threats. Conclusion: Findings from this investigation show the importance of improving the knowledge about the coping strategies that could be suggested to victims and the impact on their psychological health.  
coping strategies; cyberstalking; young adults; harassment; gender difference; depression; anxiety
## 4 A Cheap Solution: The Use of Inorganic Nanoparticles to Improve Mechanical Properties
A similar comparative study among SiO\({}_{2}\), TiO\({}_{2}\) and CaCO\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles was conducted with [PERSON] [52] who confirmed that the major effect was found with nanosilica, probably due to its higher specific surface and lower density (which probably gives a higher volume fraction in the bitumen at parity of _w/w_%). In this scenario, an interesting class of nanosilicates is surely nanoclays. They are hydrated silicates with a sheet-like geometry. For this reason, such hydrated silicates are generally known as phyllosilicates [56] (from the Greek _phillon_, leaf). Phyllosilicate sheets are made up of repeating units of six-membered rings, in turn made up of the SiO\({}_{4}\) tetrahedral units. Each ring is shared with the other three oxygen atoms [57]. It is a low-cost material, in fact easily available as residual clay (originated from the surface erosion of rocks or sedimentary rocks) or as transported clay (that is, due to atmospheric agents, removed from the original deposit site and transported far away) [56]. For this reason, clay has always been one of the most used materials in construction. In this context, it was found that bitumen can be reinforced with nanoclay particles since they confer increased stiffness and resistance against aging as well as improved elastic properties [58]. Due to the generally high costs involved in the use of nanoparticles, a brilliant idea is that of [PERSON] et al. [59], who wanted to reuse the waste from the ceramic material industries as possible modifiers for bitumen. They crushed the powder, sieved it at 75 \(\upmu\)m, and heated it for 30 min at 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C for water elimination, and finally grounded it using a milling bowl. Consistently with other authors, they found that the presence of nanoparticles caused a decrease in penetration, an increase in softening temperature and an improvement in resistance to rutting. However, due to the nanoparticles' high surface energy, the authors found that their agglomeration is favoured. This aspect has been shown from a theoretical point of view, using simple chemical reasoning, in Section 2.4 entitled \"A Problem Arises: Nanoparticles Tend to Aggregate\".
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Flow Duration  
Flow duration analysis plays a crucial role in evaluating the real-time communication performance within 5G infrastructures, particularly given the distributed nature of processing units at vehicular edge nodes. In our implementation, flow duration served as an important metric for assessing the SDN Controller's efficiency in managing vehicular traffic while maintaining the required QoS. Because we modelled the system manually to simulate the behaviour of real-world sensors, measuring flow duration helped to validate traffic flow patterns and detect bottlenecks during live data transmission.  
As illustrated in Figure 7, Camera and LiDAR sensors consistently recorded shorter flow durations at the SDN gateway compared to RADAR sensors. This pattern remained stable across all three test phases, with average flow durations decreasing over time for all sensor types. Specifically, flow durations for Camera and LiDAR dropped from 840 s in Test 1 to approximately 292 s in Test 3, while those of RADAR decreased from 1221 s to 406 s. These improvements suggest increasing efficiency in the SDN Controller's scheduling and pre-processing logic.  
Figure 5: Average packets transmitted by a vehicle to the gNB.  
Figure 6: Packet transmission vs. reception.  
Notably, despite transmitting the smallest volume of data, RADAR sensors experienced the longest flow durations. This was due to their lower packet sizes and transmission rates, which increased the queueing and wait times at processing units. In latency-sensitive 5G VANET environments, such delays could compromise real-time applications, such as obstacle detection or braking response, underscoring the importance of prioritised scheduling for RADAR sensors in future implementations.
# Improvement of ANFIS Model for Prediction of Compressive Strength of Manufactured Sand Concrete
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Sensitivity Analysis  
In this section, the influence of Principal Components (PCs) as well as inputs on the prediction of compressive strength of MSC is analyzed. The influence is characterized by the sensitivity index (in %), which was calculated based on various levels of variables from quantiles 0 to 100%. Details of the calculation could be found in the literature [61; 92]. Figure 4a, 4b show the sensitivity index of 11 PCs and inputs, respectively, in a descending order. All explicit values are indicated in Table 5. It should be noticed that the contribution of each inputs on PCs was indicated in Table 2.  
Figure 4: Sensitivity index of (**a**) PCs and (**b**) Inputs.  
Figure 4b shows that the most three distinguished important input are curing age (I\({}_{3}\)), following by fineness modulus of sand (I\({}_{6}\)) and maximum diameter of crushed stone (I\({}_{4}\)). The sand ratio (I\({}_{10}\)), compressive strength of cement at 28 days (I\({}_{1}\)), water to cement ratio (I\({}_{8}\)), tensile strength of cement at 28 days (I\({}_{2}\)) and water to binder ratio (I\({}_{7}\)) form the second group of degree of importance. The last three inputs, such as slump (I\({}_{11}\)), stone powder content in sand (I\({}_{5}\)) and water (I\({}_{9}\)), each contributes at least 5% for the compressive strength of MSC.
# Rapid-Detection Sensor for Rice Grain Moisture Based on NIR Spectroscopy
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, a moisture prediction model of rice grains was established and a rapid-detection sensor of the moisture content in rice grain was designed and developed. An LED with 1450 nm was determined as the light source and the corresponding hardware circuit and software system was designed. The coefficient of determination \(R^{2}\) was 0.936 and the sum of squares for error (\(SSE\)) was 25.47 when detecting the rice grain with 13-30% moisture content. Therefore, the proposed method based on NIR single-band measurement of the moisture content in rice grain achieved good results, which satisfied the practical production demands as well.  
However, there are still several shortcomings of this sensor that need further research and improvement. First, we only studied a grain moisture detection model. As for the stability and transitivity of the model, further experimental exploration and verification are needed. Second, this sensor used a photodiode for optical-electrical signal conversion, while the output signal of photodiode was influenced by the measurement environment temperature and humidity. Thus, the impact of measuring temperature and humidity on the measurement results could be considered in further study, which might improve the detection accuracy to a certain extent.  
Conceptualization, L.L., Y.H., Z.X. and P.N.; Experiment, L.L., Z.X. and T.D.; Methodology, L.L.; Formal Analysis, Y.H., Z.X., K.Z. and P.N.; Data Curation, L.L., Y.H., and S.L.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, L.L.; Writing--Review & Editing, L.L., Y.H., Z.X., K.Z., T.D. and P.N.  
This research was supported in part by national key research and development plan (2018 YFD0700704).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# WPFD: Active User-Side Detection of Evil Twins
## 3 Design Principle and Detection Algorithm
### Packet Retransmission and Packet Forwarding  
In this paper, we utilize the monitor mode of a WNIC to detect the packet forwarding phenomenon and determine whether an AP is an evil twin or not. If an evil twin forwards IP packets directly, an original IP packet and the related forwarded packet are supposed to be almost the same, which is an ideal feature for evil twin detection. However, a WNIC can monitor only one channel at a time. If an evil twin uses a medium different from its good twin's track, and a WNIC cannot switch between these two channels at the right time, the WNIC cannot detect both the original packets and the forwarded packets. Furthermore, even if a solution implements channel switching to collect packages on both channels, the overhead of the channel switching would cause packet loss, which may affect the detection accuracy of the solution.  
This paper utilizes the retransmission mechanism of the TCP protocol to solve the above problems and detect the packet forwarding behavior. The packet retransmission mechanism is a fundamental TCP/IP protocol rule, providing reliable data transmission. It is difficult, if not impossible, for an attacker to intervene in the retransmission mechanism, especially in public hotspots where packet retransmission could happen frequently. The WPFD is based on this unchangeable property, making it hard to evade its detection mechanism. Even if rogue APs could change the content of forwarded packets, they cannot change packages as in a three-way handshake, because changing these packets will destroy the integrity of the TCP connections.
## 4 Validation of the Simulation Framework
### Tuning and Validation Methodology
The online tuning process was applied during the optimization; the simulation time duration was split into variable-sized windows based on the driving cycle. As there were no discernable patterns, the split was made according to different categories of driving, such as constant speed driving or driving with frequent accelerations, as shown in Figure 6. The tuning algorithm assessed various parametric configurations within a window sample to minimize the NRMSE within that window, before applying the best possible configuration to the next window and repeating the process, as in [16].
# PPA-SAM: Plug-and-Play Adversarial Segment Anything Model for 3D Tooth Segmentation
## 3 Methodology
### Dual-Encoder Structure  
The dual-encoder structure comprises the VNet encoder and an improved version of the SAM encoder. The enhanced SAM encoder, based on the Transformer architecture, aids in capturing global information and sequence relationships. VNet is more suitable for processing three-dimensional data in medical images and possesses good local feature extraction capabilities. This dual-encoder structure enables the model to benefit simultaneously from the strengths of both Transformer and convolutional neural networks, enriching feature representation across multiple levels, including global, local, and sequential information. This enhances segmentation accuracy in tasks such as medical image segmentation and improves the model's generalization ability to adapt to a broader range of datasets and scenarios.  
The improved SAM encoder is designed based on the prototype of the Vision Transformer (ViT). During fine-tuning, we freeze the original parameters of ViT and introduce adapters to better adapt to medical image tasks. To reduce the computational burden on the model and ensure adaptability after image feature extraction, we first linearly process the image size to fit the inputs of the improved SAM encoder and VNet, which are (1024 \(\times\) 1024 \(\times\) 1024) and (256 \(\times\) 256 \(\times\) 256), respectively. When inputting into the improved SAM encoder, the process starts with Patch Embedding, dividing the input image into fixed-size blocks and transforming each block into a deep feature vector. Patch Embedding uses a 2D convolution with a kernel size of 16, a stride of 16, and an output dimension of 768, resulting in 64 \(\times\) 64 768-dimensional vectors. Next, we add positional encoding, which provides the model with positional information for each pixel or patch in the image, enabling the model to understand the spatial arrangement of objects in the image more accurately for segmentation tasks. Subsequently, 12 Transformer blocks are applied sequentially, enhancing the understanding and extraction of details in various parts of the image. Finally, we obtain a high-dimensional image embedding. To adapt to the output size of the VNet encoder, we use convolution for dimension reduction and concatenate the feature blocks obtained from both encoders for subsequent data reconstruction and prediction in the VNet decoder.
## 5 Discussion  
Orbital maneuvers can change the accelerations of the LEOs and therefore have an important impact on the accuracy of LEO orbits. Our results show that the maneuver handling based on the spaceborne BDS2 data can eliminate the influence of thrusts to the TH-2 orbits, and the accuracy of the BDS2-based orbits of the TH-2 is at the same level as other missions, such as the Fengyun-3C [9], Fengyun-3D [11], and CSES [12]. After the correction of the pseudorange data, the RMS of the pseudorange multipath for BDS2 is less than that for GPS. Therefore, the BDS2 pseudorange measurements exhibit a smaller PC RMS than the GPS. The LC RMS of the BDS2-based POD is larger than that of the GPS for the TH-2A without maneuver estimation, which may be attributed to the lower precision of the BDS2-based orbits. By using the observations from only six BDS2 IGSOs and three MEOs, the maneuver estimations are on par with those based on global GPS. With the completion of the BDS3, more BDS3 satellites can be used for the POD of LEOs and the further investigation of maneuver estimation. Meanwhile, considering that the BDS3 orbit and clock products are significantly improved, more research is needed on the contribution of BDS3 to the POD of LEOs.  
In the GPS and BDS2 combined processing, due to the differences of the time tag corrections for the GPS and BDS data, we found that it is necessary to estimate the independent receiver clock offsets for each system. The results show that the GPS and BDS2 combined SPP and POD solutions have better precision than the corresponding GPS-only results. However, the combined POD solutions are only assessed by the observation residuals and overlap comparisons, which are both internal evaluation methods. If independent external validations are performed in the future, like satellite laser ranging measurements, it would be good for orbit quality evaluation. In addition, the ISB is usually estimated as a constant in the previous combined POD of LEOs. Such a strategy is effective for GNSS receivers using both the GPS and BDS2 to perform in-orbit positioning [16]. For the GNSS receiver under a single GNSS positioning mode, if the time tag corrections for the different system are inconsistent, the independent clock offsets for each system should be estimated in combined processing.