# Review of Magnetic Properties and Texture Evolution in Non-Oriented Electrical Steels
## 6 Typical Chemistries and Processing Paths  
Efforts to achieve better magnetic properties through the influence of chemistry and processing paths for NGO electrical steels have been underway for many years. [PERSON] [58] studied the conventional processing path (thick slab casting, slab reheating, hot-rolling, cold-rolling, and final annealing) for NGO electrical steels (3.0 wt.% Si, 0.004 wt.% C, and 0.55 wt.% Mn). Samples were tested by hot-rolling at different temperatures, cold-rolling by different strains, and finally annealed at 1020 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] [58] finally reported that the best magnetic properties can be achieved by hot-rolling at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C and cold-rolling with a 64.3% reduction. At the final thickness of 0.5 mm, the tested P\({}_{15/60}\) (core loss at a condition with induction 1.5 T and frequency 60 Hz) was less than 3.0 W/kg. [PERSON] et al. [87] also reported the application of a CaO and CaF\({}_{2}\) slag desulfurization process in steelmaking to decrease the influence of S. The NGO electrical steel (3 wt.% Si, 0.6 wt.% Al, C \(<\) 30 ppm, S \(<\) 50 ppm, N \(<\) 40 ppm), hot-rolled strips were normalized at 900\(\sim\)1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2-5 min. Then, they were cold-rolled 70-80% and annealed at 1000-1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1-2 min. The P\({}_{15/50}\) was reported to be less than 2.5 W/kg. Using 2-stage annealing, core loss was further decreased. The material was first annealed at 850-1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1-3 min, and then annealed again at 1000-1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for less than 1 min, with a reported P\({}_{15/50}\) of 2.30 W/kg. With 1-1.3 wt.% Al, it is easier to get a larger grain size. This high Al is also helpful to avoid the harmful influence from the elements Ti, Zr, Cr, and V. The normalized 2 mm thickness strips were single stage cold-rolled to 0.5 mm. Then, they were annealed at 1050 \({}^{\circ}\)C for a short time. The final average grain sizes were 110-140 \(\upmu\)m, and the surface grain size (surface to 80 \(\upmu\)m depth) was greater than 30 \(\upmu\)m. The final P\({}_{15/50}\) was 2.5-2.37 W/kg, and B\({}_{30}\) was 1.68 T [84]. NGO electrical steels can also be produced by a twin-roll strip-casting process, providing opportunities to process steels with higher Si contents than conventional processing allows. Some favorable textures can be generated in the as-cast condition [85, 86]. [PERSON] studied the strip-casting process using the directionally solidified method. Herein, a large initial columnar grain structure for 3 wt.% Si steels in the as-cast condition was observed, along with a desirable {001}\(<\)0 vw\(>\) texture for electric motors [88, 89, 90, 91]. Because the ideal texture in the as-cast condition is altered through the rolling and annealing processes, texture control in thermomechanical processing is still of great importance. [PERSON] [58] studied the production of 2.75 wt.% Si NGO electrical steels by twin-roll strip-casting process. After hot-rolling, strips were rapidly cooled to a temperature below 540 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Then, they were cold-rolled to 0.45 mm, and finally annealed at 843 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min. The resulting P\({}_{15/60}\) was 4.8 W/kg. In the past few years, with the rapid development of electromobile market (high speed motors), the importance of NGO electrical steel strength, heat conduction, and magnetic properties under high frequencies (400-10,000 Hz) has increased. Many new works have also been undertaken to achieve better magnetic properties under high frequency conditions. [PERSON] et al. [83] reported the application of Nb to improve NGO electrical steel strength without sacrificing magnetism. With lower temperature partial recrystallization annealing to the 0.2 mm thick cold-rolled strip, a good strength without sacrificing magnetism was reported. The B\({}_{50}\) is 1.572 T, P\({}_{1.0/400}\) is 33.26 W/kg, yield strength about 600 MPa. This strength is attributed by multiple strengthening mechanisms including dislocation, precipitation, and grain refinement strengthening. [PERSON] et al.