# Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET Using Recoil Technique
## 2 Review of the State of the Art and Main Contributions of the Work  
The work in FF-AOMDV [3] is based on the calculation of the fitness function, where energy level and hop count are taken into consideration, between source and destination, before sending the packets. However, each of AOMDV, AOMR-LM and FF-AOMDV has a few shortcomings. For example, AOMDV requires the least energy of the three but throughput and end to end delay was degraded. AOMR-LM has the least end to end delay and a consumption of energy was achieved but also demonstrated the worst performance in packet delay ratio. Protocol FF-AOMDV addressed the problem encountered in discussed protocols, but could not resolve the problem of network lifetime [3]. In Ad-Hoc network, packet transmission is a critical issue which was developed with geographic positioning protocols [4]. Buffer management is taken into consideration [5] as well as the multipath delivery scheme [6]. In the paper [7], the author has proposed an effective position based opportunistic protocol founded on the geographic routing based stateless and the nature of the transmission. This protocol focuses on virtual destination to avoid the communication holes. A multicast data transmission scheme [8] was used in multi-hop wireless networking that avoids support routing cycles or packet duplication. The author presented a table to avoid packet duplication in the routing protocol. It has reached a high speed packet delivery as compared to mesh-based routing. The robust and secure routing scheme is proposed in [9] for highly dynamic ad hoc networks for calculating disjoined path nodes. The author has observed the reliability and security of the path to obtain a highly secure network routing. Based on the information of node location, the transmission overhead had been decreased during path discovery and maintenance. In this path, network progression is not taken into consideration. Based on security improvement mechanism, a secure end-to-end packet delivery was achieved [6]. A stable multicast routing path was established from source to destination expressed in mesh-based multicast routing mechanism [10]. In this work, nodes, which have high stable links, joined together to construct the stable path. In [11], the author has proposed two schemes via a cluster based approach and location based approach, to avoid traffic and define each area of cluster. The relationship between mobile nodes and the appropriate size of the clustering area was determined. The Opportunistic Routing and Encoding based on MAC-independent [12], was introduced to improve reliable communication. Both location information and transmission probability were used for efficient packet distribution. In this scheme, when information updating occurs, each node in the network can have the latest information up to two hop neighbors, when they are updated periodically. A new Improved Distribution Channel Access scheme based on contention algorithm and hub control [13] provides probabilistic and combined QoS support to regulate the controversial window. This scheme offers a traffic differentiation. In [14], a routing scheme based on the stability of the route measurements and residual energy during detection is presented. The estimation of link-connection stability was made based on the received signal strength. Based on location, a new routing scheme is proposed in [15] to reduce the consumption energy. In [16], the Hybrid Delivery Network content system has been proposed to combine routers with the new content overlay server. In [17], the On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol has been developed to build routes and keeps membership of multicast groups. However, the stability of the routes is being overlooked. In the intended approach, the protocol can endure all attacks and environmental defects. In [18], an improved version of topological multicast routing protocol's performance analysis has been proposed.