# Storytelling with Image Data: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis of Methods and Tools
## 1 Introduction
The current techniques in image processing are incapable of deriving an understanding from various perspectives, and image data analytics is often insufficient. Narratives are effective means of conveying the underlying information in an image and gaining a rich understanding of it. We can effortlessly distinguish between a story and a narrative by shuffling the order of events and generating a new narrative of the same story every time we change the event order. Stories, which are various combinations of narratives, are subjective and assist in understanding images based on an analyst's view. Storytelling with image data and image processing are not the same but are deeply intertwined, since storytelling is integral to analytics. Storytelling with image data is a broad and complicated task; its intention is to collect images most representative of an event. Then, after steps such as curation, enrichment, extraction, summarization, labeling, and narrative construction, a textual story is generated based on the incidents in the images. Storytelling with image data can play a crucial role in preventing tragedies such as the 2016 Brussels airport bombings ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings)]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings)), accessed on 1 December 2022) by using image analysis technology to detect and automatically predict suspicious activities and unattended packages. By extracting information from images and enriching it with external knowledge sources, AI systems can generate detailed narratives that provide context and guidance for security personnel. This enables them to respond quickly and effectively to potential threats, potentially preventing harm to innocent civilians. Figure 1 presents an exemplary end-to-end storytelling scenario that highlights the potential of utilizing image data obtained from cameras installed in airports to gain a better  
understanding of events and activities. In the background, an AI system equipped with image analysis technology constantly scans security camera footage for potential threats. In an image of an airport, various objects can be extracted to detect suspicious activities, these include the following:  
* Unattended bags or packages: these can be detected by analyzing the shape, size, and position of bags and packages in an image. * People loitering or moving in a suspicious manner: this can be detected by analyzing the movements and patterns of people in the image. * Individuals wearing bulky or concealed clothing: this can be detected by analyzing the size and shape of individuals in the image. * Suspicious behavior: this can be detected by analyzing the posture and gestures of individuals in the image. * Abandoned vehicles or other objects: these can be detected by analyzing the position and size of vehicles and other objects in the image. By extracting information about these objects, an AI system can identify potential threats and generate a detailed story that provides context and guidance for security personnel. By enriching these data and linking information items to external knowledge sources, such as social and historical police data, the AI system can generate a detailed story that provides context for the situation. The system can highlight potential warning signs, identify potential threats, and provide guidance on how to respond. Accordingly, storytelling with image data is capable of capturing and representing temporal/sequential order of key events [5]. Moreover, a story can be told at multiple levels, i.e., a very abstract story versus a detailed story, to support the subjective nature of storytelling with data. To the best of our knowledge, no system can interactively generate different narratives from the timeline of events/activities that happened since the crime incident up to the present time. Storytelling with image data can be identified as an analytics approach to turning insights into actions.