## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results and Discussion Regarding Hypothesis 1
Conversely, if the pH level is too low, the water becomes acidic and may leach toxic metal ions (such as lead, manganese, copper, and iron in large amounts) from pipes, wells, aquifers, and plumbing fixtures that deliver water to you. This can damage certain tissues and may lead to cardiovascular diseases, potentially resulting in a heart attack and even fatal outcomes [29]. Nitrate Presence: A high level of nitrate in groundwater, if consumed, can increase the risk of colon cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, neural tube defects, thyroid disease, methemoglobinemia (particularly in young children), birth defects, and an increased risk of miscarriage. Individuals with low stomach acid or those suffering from anemia, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, acidosis, sepsis, or specific enzyme deficiencies are at a higher risk of methemoglobinemia [30]. Total Hardness: Elevated total hardness in water can pose risks such as cardiovascular disease, growth retardation, reproductive failure, and other health problems. When used for bathing, hard water may lead to skin infections and hair loss. However, when ingested, it can have positive effects on health due to its calcium and magnesium content [31; 32]. Figure 8: Parameter’s sulphate, and alkalinity of the Karol Bagh district for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon period (author’s creation). Figure 9: Parameter’s pH, nitrate, total hardness and chloride of the Okhla Industry Area for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon period (author’s creation). Figure 10: Parameter’s fluoride, TDS, calcium and magnesium of the Okhla Industry Area for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon period (author’s creation). Chloride Levels: High chloride levels in water can corrode and weaken metallic piping and fixtures, giving the drinking water a \"salty\" taste, damaging household appliances and boilers, and inhibiting vegetation growth when used for irrigation. Chloride is generally not considered a health risk, but at relatively low concentrations, it can affect the taste of water. However, a high chloride intake can result in high levels of chloride in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperchopenia [33]. Fluoride Contamination: Elevated levels of fluoride ions in drinking water can cause a range of health problems, including dental and skeletal fluorosis, arthritis, bone damage, osteoporosis, muscular damage, fatigue, joint issues, and chronic health conditions. In severe cases, excessive fluoride exposure can negatively impact the heart, arteries, kidneys, liver, endocrine glands, nervous system, and other sensitive organs [34]. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): Harmful constituents of TDS present in water include aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chlorides, copper, fluoride, lead, nitrates, sodium, and sulfates. Beneficial constituents of TDS include zinc, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. High TDS levels in bathing water can lead to dry and rough skin, hair damage, dandruff, and hair loss. It can also give drinking water a bitter and salty taste. If the TDS level exceeds 500 ppm, drinking water may contain harmful impurities like arsenic, mercury, and fluoride [35]. Low TDS levels, around 100 ppm, may result in a flat or diluted taste, while high levels can lead to various health issues, including nausea, lung irritation, rashes, vomiting, and dizziness. Prolonged consumption of water with elevated TDS can expose the body to chemicals and toxins, potentially causing chronic health conditions,  
Figure 11: Parameter’s sulphate, and alkalinity of the Okhla Industry Area for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon period (author’s creation). weakened immunity, and birth defects in newborns. Some studies suggest that consuming water with low TDS may cause mineral leaching from healthy tissues in the body [36].