## 5 Comparison with Flight Data
In fact, for the latter flight (Figure 10), the maximum EDR could still marginally reach 0.8 to 0.9 m\({}^{2/3}\)s\({}^{-1}\), and the magnitude of maximum updraft could be in  
Figure 5: Flight data including eddy dissipation rate (EDR), vertical wind, horizontal wind and altitude from the quick access recorder (QAR) of flight no. A in the period of around 06:54 to 07:02 UTC on 15 March 2025 **(a)**; 1 km height composite EDR image from weather radars **(b)** and 2 km height vertical wind derived from radar-based wind retrieval **(c)** at 07:00 UTC on the same day. The blue circles indicate the magnitudes of EDR and vertical winds **(a)** and roughly the corresponding location of the aircraft when encountering turbulence **(b,c)**. excess of 10 m/s. The turbulent flow appears to be more \"spread-out\" in the time series of EDR and vertical velocity, showing that it is still rather turbulent even in the stratiform rain area behind the fore-front, main body of the squall line. This observation from the aircraft data is confirmed from the radar-based EDR maps and the radar-derived vertical velocity on the right hand panels of Figures 9 and 10. As a result, though the climax of the development of the squall line has passed, the associated rain areas could still be hazardous to the operation of the aircraft. Figure 6: Flight data including EDR, vertical wind, horizontal wind and altitude from the QAR of flight no. B in the period of around 06:53 to 07:31 UTC on 15 March 2025. The corresponding 1 km height composite EDR image from weather radars and 2 km height vertical wind derived from radar-based wind retrieval (at 07:00 UTC on the same day) are the same as Figure 5b,c. Figure 7: _Cont._  
Figure 8: _Cont_. Figure 7: Flight data including EDR, vertical wind, horizontal wind and altitude from the QAR of flight no. C in the period of around 06:50 to 07:37 UTC on 15 March 2025 (**a**); 1 km height composite EDR image from weather radars (**b**) and 2 km height vertical wind derived from radar-based wind retrieval (**c**) at 07:30 UTC on the same day. The blue circles/ellipse indicate the magnitudes of EDR and vertical winds (**a**) and roughly the corresponding location of the aircraft when encountering turbulence (**b**,**c**). _Appl. Sci._**2025**, _15_, 8562  
Figure 8: Flight data including EDR, vertical wind, horizontal wind and altitude from the QAR of flight no. D in the period of around 06:53 to 07:44 UTC on 15 March 2025 (a); 2 km height composite EDR image from weather radars (b) and 2 km height vertical wind derived from radar-based wind retrieval (c) at 07:00 UTC on the same day. The blue circles/ellipse indicate the magnitudes of EDR and vertical winds (a) and roughly the corresponding location of the aircraft when encountering turbulence (b,c). Figure 9: _Cont._  
Figure 4:0 _Cont._  
Figure 4:1 Flight data including EDR, vertical wind, horizontal wind and altitude from the QAR of flight no. E in the period of around 07:25 to 07:34 UTC on 15 March 2025 (**a**); 1 km height composite EDR image from weather radars (**b**) and 2 km height vertical wind derived from radar-based wind retrieval at 07:30 UTC (**c**) on the same day. The blue circles/ellipse indicate the magnitudes of EDR and vertical winds (**a**) and roughly the corresponding location of the aircraft when encountering turbulence (**b**,**c**). A table summarizing the comparison of EDR and vertical velocity for the various flights is given in Figure 4:2 In general, the radar-derived EDR matches rather well the maximum EDR recorded in flight. In severe cases, the maximum EDR can increase to around 1.0 m\({}^{2/3}\)s\({}^{-1}\) (encountered by flight nos. B and D) while the magnitude of vertical velocity can exceed 10 m/s (encountered by flight nos. A, B, C and D). There could be some discrepancies in the maximum vertical velocity, due to the transient nature of the vertical motion. The radar-derived quantities are \"averages\" over the radar pulse volume whereas the measurements onboard the aircraft are essentially point measurements.