esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Study of Green Synthesis of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Using _Citrus Sinnensis_ [PERSON]
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a green synthesis method with _C. sinensis_ peel extract was used to synthesize AuNPs by two different synthesis routes following the previous research. The results indicated that the AuNPs, with better morphological features than those produced from fruit juices/extracts, could be synthesized form fruit waste (_C. sinensis_ peel) extract ultra-small AuNPs (1.75 \(\pm\) 0.86 nm) were first synthesized by biowaste (_C. sinensis_ peel), which is smaller than those (2.6 \(\pm\) 1.1 nm) obtained from fruit extract (_M. acuminate_) in our previous experiment. More importantly, the major functional groups that are responsible for the production of the AuNPs, as well as the possible mechanism of the synthesis and stabilization, were investigated by FTIR spectra. Above all, carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide groups in _C. sinensis_ peel extract may participate in the process of nanoparticle synthesis, and carbonyl groups helped to stabilize the size of AuNPs. Carboxyl acid and ester in the _C. sinensis_ peel extract could protect AuNPs from aggregation before pH is adjusted to 11 and will be consumed in strongly basic solution.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.Y. and C.Q.; methodology, B.Y.; software, J.T.; investigation and data analysis, B.Y. and J.T.; resources, J.T. and F.Q.; data curation, T.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, J.T. and B.Y.; writing--review and editing, B.Y. and F.Q.; supervision, C.Q.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Key Laboratory Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department, grant number 14J8085, and was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China, grant number 2016 ZX05040-003.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors acknowledge the technical support from [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], Electron Microscopy Core, University of Missouri.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A High-Utility Differentially Private Mechanism for Space Information Networks
## 3 Proposed Mechanism  
Differentiating privacy strategies are applied to address the privacy leakage issue brought on by a minor change in the data source. It should consider that the nodes in SINs are exposed to an open space environment and produce a significant quantity of remote sensing data. Owners of satellites, observers, and attackers may mine and analyze the remote sensing data to get important information. However, remote sensing data may include sensitive user information, and for end users, the danger of acute information exposure or leakage emerges if the info above affects privacy or security. Therefore, preventing the leakage of remote sensing data while allowing for data sharing after differential privacy processing may promote remote sensing data mining. Therefore, this section elaborates the proposed mechanism. First, the simplified system structure of Space Information Network is introduced. Then, the proposed mechanisms is elaborated. Finally, analyses of privacy guarantee are given.
###### Abstract
Deep knowledge of technical terms and a comprehensive understanding of the legal language is required by the translator to achieve high-quality translations, and as powerful documents that are tools for encouraging innovation, patents require excellent language pair expertise. Compromising on the accuracy of machine translation used for patent documents can create a case for fraudulence or can interrupt the patent filing process, which may lead to other consequences such as theft of inventions, expenses, and delays, among many others [5]. The challenges of patent document translation from English to Japanese are detailed in Section 3. These challenges have called on machine learning specialists to develop novel solution ideas that go beyond the attempt of replicating and automating steps that are used by expert human translators, especially for special-domain translation tasks such as patent translation. The latter is the aim of this paper. The paper will cover the challenges of translating patents from English to Japanese using machine translation, current applications of machine translation, and commonly used evaluation metrics in the field of NLP. These sections lead to the proposed methodology as well as the findings of the experiments conducted. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows:  
* To solve the problem of translating technical multi-domain patents, from English to Japanese, the performance of different MT models with varying parameters are evaluated. * Start from the best-performing model to develop and implement a novel multi-step approach to fine-tune models to improve accuracy in patent translation. * The offered model is able to overcome consistent problems for the problem at hand, including lexical ambiguity and sentence structure challenges, as indicated by superior BLEU score performance compared to previous solutions to this problem.
# Development of Quantum Private Queries Protocol on Collective-Dephasing Noise Channel
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper mainly studies the quantum private query protocol based on logical Bell state in the environment of collective-dephasing noise. We proposed a new method of quantum oblivious key distribution to develop a new quantum private query protocol based on four qubits logical Bell state. Logical Bell state is used as measurement basis to measure the logical quantum bits. The function of quantum oblivious transmission can be ensured. By mapping one bit \(0(1)\) to multi-bit key \(K(\bar{K})\), multi-bit queries can be implemented in a single query. The complexity of communication can be reduced.  
The method we use to obtain the final key ensures that the whole parity information of \(2l+1\) qubits will not be affected. By analyzing the attack from the user [PERSON] and the attack from the database owner [PERSON], it is verified that this scheme is sensitive to spoofing and can resist the joint quantum state measurement attack effectively. By analyzing third-party attacks, [PERSON] could not obtain valid information in the communication process. Therefore, this protocol cannot only resist the noise influence of the communication process, but also ensure the security of both sides of the communication.  
Methodology, W.Z.; Investigation, W.Z.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, Y.M.; Writing--Review and Editing, X.Z.; Supervision, J.Z. and H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was supported by the Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (Grant No. J18 KZ012), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11975132, 61772295), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. ZR2019 YQ01).  
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Expanded Discussion on Quantum Computing Threats  
The rapid advancements in quantum computing pose a significant threat to widely used cryptographic schemes, including those based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Specifically, Algorithm 1 provides a polynomial-time method for solving the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) on elliptic curves, thereby compromising the security of ECC-based key exchange mechanisms. Given that ECC relies on the computational intractability of DLP in classical environments, the emergence of large-scale quantum computers could render current ECC implementations insecure. Estimates suggest that breaking a 256-bit ECC key (equivalent in classical security to a 3072-bit RSA key) would require approximately 2330 logical qubits using [PERSON]'s algorithm. While quantum computing hardware remains in its early stages, ongoing research suggests that scalable quantum processors could emerge within the next two decades, necessitating proactive cryptographic measures.  
To mitigate the risks associated with quantum attacks, several post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) schemes have been proposed. Among these, two notable candidates--HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic) and BIKE (Bit-flipping Key Encapsulation)--have emerged as strong alternatives to ECC for resource-constrained IoT environments.  
Table 6 presents a comparison of our ECC-based model with HQC and BIKE, considering key security attributes relevant to IoT applications and the neccesary key length.  
Preliminary Considerations for a Hybrid Post-Quantum Approach  
As a transitional measure toward quantum resistance, a hybrid cryptographic approach can be employed, where ECC is supplemented by post-quantum primitives. A promising strategy involves integrating ECC key exchange with lattice-based or code-based encryption schemes to provide forward security in a quantum-threatened landscape.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Attribute** & **Proposed ECC Model** & **HQC (Code-Based PQC)** & **BIKE (Lattice-Based PQC)** \\ \hline Quantum & Vulnerable & High & High \\ Resistance & (Shor’s Algorithm) & (Code-Based Hardness) & (Lattice-Based Hardness) \\ \hline Key Size & 320 bits/160 bits & 3500 bytes/128 bytes & 3000 bytes/128 bytes \\ (Public/Private) & & & \\ \hline Computational & Low & Moderate & Moderate \\ Overhead & & & \\ \hline Energy & High & Lower than ECC & Lower than ECC \\ Efficiency & & & \\ \hline IoT Feasibility & Excellent & Moderate & Moderate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of ECC-based model with post-quantum cryptographic alternatives from minimum key length perspective.  
For instance, a hybrid ECC-HQC model would use ECC for current secure communication while embedding HQC-based key encapsulation to safeguard future key exchanges. This ensures that even if ECC is broken by quantum adversaries, the key encapsulation scheme remains resistant, thereby securing the overall system.
## 3 Results  
### Sequential Extractions  
Before the sequential extraction procedures, As total amount was determined by ICP-MS. 30 soil samples, corresponding to 6 depth levels (0.0-1.0, 1.0-1.5, 1.5-2.0, 2.0-3.0, 3.0-4.0, and 4.0-5.0 m) of 5 cores withdrawn from S53 sampling site and its close surroundings, were analyzed. Comparing S53 core results with the data reported by \"Sviluppo Italia\" (Table 2), we can note that As concentrations are significantly lower than amounts initially detected. In the superficial levels As amount determined by us (19.21) is similar to As concentrations reported by \"Sviluppo Italia\" (17.90 ppm), whereas between 1 m and 2 m of depth we reported lower As concentration values (11.89 and 15.23 ppm instead of 1520 ppm). In the depth level 2.0-3.0 m we detected 44.51 ppm instead of 84.30 ppm reported by \"Sviluppo Italia\" and in the deepest levels (3.0-4.0 and 4.0-5.0 m) As concentrations were slightly higher than \"Sviluppo Italia\" data (21.13 and 25.78 ppm instead of 15.90 and 9.89 ppm, respectively). The results of As amount in the 5 cores of S53 sampling site (S53/1 core) and its close surroundings (S53/1A, S53/1B, S53/1C, S53/1D cores) are summarized in Table 3. In general, As showed a tendency to accumulate in the deepest soil levels. In fact, only for the core S53/1A was the highest As concentration detected on the surface, whereas the highest average value (\(\sim\)32 ppm) was detected in the 2.0-3.0 level. The results of As sequential extractions are summarized in Table 4. For each soil sample, the sum of the As amount in the six fractions is compared with the total As concentration previously determined and it ranged between \(-\)12% and +8%. On average the most abundant amount of As was obtained from the residues of the sequential extraction procedures (44.1%) and it ranged between 25.0% (S53/1A core, depth 4.0-5.0 m) and 57.6% \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Total [As] (ppb)**} \\ \hline
**Sampling Point** & **Depth (m)** & **U. S.** & **S. L** \\ \hline  & 0.00–1.00 & 19.21 & 17.90 \\  & 1.00–1.50 & 11.89 & \\  & 1.50–2.00 & 15.23 & 1520.00 \\
**S53** & 2.00–3.00 & 44.51 & 84.30 \\  & 3.00–4.00 & 21.13 & 15.90 \\  & 4.00–5.00 & 25.78 & 9.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison between the results relating to the determination of the total As reported by Sviluppo Italia (S. L) and to the survey carried out by the University of Salento (U. S), in the sampling point S53. (S53/1A core, depth 2.0-3.0 m). As in the last residue was the most abundant fraction of total extracted As in 22 of the 30 soil samples (more than 73% of all samples). Also by comparing the average values of the 6 As fractions in the 6 depth levels, the last residue resulted the most abundant fraction 5 times out of 6: in fact, only in the level 4.0-5.0 m the most abundant As amount was obtained from the 5 th step of the sequential extractions (Figure 2).
## 5 Case Studies  
### Parameters Setting  
A multi-energy complementary demonstration park in Guizhou is used to test the proposed model. As shown in Figure 2, the park is a nine-node system consisting of a wind farm, a photovoltaic plant, a hydro-pumped storage station, three thermal power generators, and two batteries. The hydro-pumped storage station has three pumped storage units, and the rated power and capacity of each unit are 50 MW and 950 MW-h, respectively. The rated power and capacity of each battery is 25 MW and 105 MW-h, respectively. Parameters of thermal power units are shown in Table 1 (\(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) are the fuel cost coefficients of (2) cited from [24]). The actual and forecasted multi-time-scale wind-photovoltaic power load demand are given in Figure 3. Specifically, Figure 3a completely presents the day-ahead forecasted load demand (DFLD) with an hourly resolution, the short-term forecasted load demand (SFLD) with a 15-min resolution, the ultra-short-term forecasted load demand (UFLD) with a 5-min resolution, and the actual load demand (ALD) at nodes 5, 7, and 9, respectively; Figure 3b shows the day-ahead, the short-term, the ultra-short-term forecasted, and actual wind power at node 7, while Figure 3c gives the day-ahead, the short-term, the ultra-short-term forecasted, and actual photovoltaic power at node 9.  
Figure 2: Wind-photovoltaic-thermal power generator, hydro-pumped storage, and battery combined system.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Generator** \\ **No** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum** \\ **Power** \\ **(MW)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **Power** \\ **(MW)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Cost Coefficient** \\ **(\$/MW)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Start** \\ **(S)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Down** \\ **Cost (S)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **on Time (h)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **off Time (h)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline
1 & 350 & 10 & 0.11 & 5 & 150 & 1500 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\
2 & 500 & 10 & 0.085 & 1.2 & 600 & 2000 & 0 & 2 & 2 \\
3 & 400 & 10 & 0.1225 & 1 & 335 & 3000 & 0 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Thermal power generator parameters.  
Figure 3: _Cont_.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hydrolysis Kinetics  
#### 3.4.1 Kinetic Parameters Estimation  
In order to further understand the hydrolysis behavior of inulin catalyzed by PEK-C-ILs, the kinetic parameters of hydrolysis kinetic model, such as reaction rate constant (\(k\)), activation energy (\(E_{\text{a}}\)) and pre-exponential factor (\(A\)), were obtained by estimating the experimental data. The relationship between the parameters was analyzed and the kinetic model was established to predict the inulin hydrolysis in wider ranges of experimental conditions. Table 3 shows the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of inulin polysaccharide. The activation energy decreased from 89.01 kJ/mol to 82.80 kJ/mol with increasing the PEK-C-ILs concentration from 1.0% to 5.0%, while the pre-exponential factor in ln\(A\) increased from 27.39 to 27.89. The changed activation energy indicates that there exists the different hydrolysis mechanism of PEK-C-ILs powder catalyst in the catalytic progress and the lower activation energy could be beneficial to the conduction of inulin hydrolysis. In the hydrolysis process, the synergistic effect of catalyst dominated gradually as the concentration of PEK-C-ILs increased, while the activation energy reduced. Furthermore, the pre-exponential factor is related to the number of effective active sites [32]. Thus, the lower catalyst concentration is not conducive to the hydrolysis reaction.  
From the corresponding experimental results, the pre-exponential factor \(A\) and \(C_{\text{IL}}\) (Equation (5)) could be stated as the following equation:  
\[k=A\exp(-\frac{E_{\text{a}}}{RT}),\ A=3.88\times 10^{12}C_{\text{IL}}^{0.303} \tag{7}\]  
and the potential relationship (Equation (6)) between activation energy and \(C_{\text{IL}}\) may be further expressed as follows  
\[E_{\text{a}}=13.34\exp(-\frac{100C_{\text{IL}}}{1.02})+81.49 \tag{8}\]
## 3 Results
### Solar Irradiation Simulation Results
This indicates that a wider FoV, although enabling the detection of optical signals over a wider angular range, also allows for more interference, such as solar irradiance. Consequently, as the transmission power increases, the SNR gap between the ideal and illuminated signals narrows, confirming the importance of balancing power and the FoV to mitigate solar interference effectively. Figure 8: SNR graphs for the ideal case and the illuminated case for solar irradiance interference (**a**) across three transmission power levels (0.1 W, 1 W, and 10 W) and (**b**) across three FoV resolutions (1\({}^{\circ}\), 3\({}^{\circ}\), and 6\({}^{\circ}\)).
## 2 Intelligent Processing on Image and Optical Information Vol. III
### CNN Based Object Recognition  
Supervised training requires labeled data consisting of objects of interest and corresponding annotations. Manual annotation of large data sets is a labor-extensive task; weakly supervised learning can alleviate the burden of manual annotation. 'Weakly Supervised Learning for Object Localization Based on an Attention Mechanism' by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] proposes a method for performing object localization tasks without bounding box annotation in the training process by employing a two-path activation-map-based classifier.  
Bengali has a complex curvature of characters and a similar writing style. 'BenSignNet: Bengali Sign Language Alphabet Recognition Using Concatenated Segmentation and Convolutional Neural Network' [7] and 'BengaliNet: A Low-Cost Novel Convolutional Neural Network for Bengali Handwritten Characters Recognition' [8] are presented for Bengali sign language and Bengali handwritten character recognition, respectively. In the former paper, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] addressed a novel method for recognizing Bengali sign language to achieve a generalization property in large datasets. A CNN-based model called BenSignNet was developed to extract the features and classify the sign language alphabets. In the latter paper, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] proposed a low-cost novel CNN architecture for the recognition of Bengali handwritten characters. Its high accuracy will be beneficial for developing automated recognition tools for Bengali handwritten characters.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Health Risk Assessment
This outcome could be translated as 3 to 4 cancer occurrences over 100,000 people living in Eleusis inside Thiriason Plain. The exposure in this area was considered significant as it exceeded the EPA limit of \(1\times 10^{-6}\) and, as it is obvious in Table 8, cancer risks derived from PAHs, PCDD/Fs, and dlPCBs were individually above this threshold, with highest risk derived from PAHs (\(2.4\times 10^{-5}\)). Cancer risks calculated in this study were higher than in the literature [2, 56, 45], but lower than the cancer risk (over \(6.2\times 10^{-5}\)) in Jiangsu Province, China, a place around chemical plants [16]. It has to be clarified here that risk evaluation for PCDD/Fs and dlPCBs may has been underestimated, as some particularly toxic congeners of PCDD/Fs (e.g., 2,3,7,8 TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD) and all dlPCBs are mostly presented in gas phase. Thus, the total cancer risk may be even higher than the calculated one. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **Cancer Risk** \\ \hline \(\Sigma\)Risk\({}_{\text{PAHs}}\) & \(2.4\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \(\Sigma\)Risk\({}_{\text{PCDD/Fs}}\) & \(9.9\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \(\Sigma\)Risk\({}_{\text{IDPCBs}}\) & \(1.6\times 10^{-6}\) \\ Total Cancer Risk & \(3.6\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Cancer risk for PAHs, PCDD/Fs, and dlPCBs and total risk for citizens of Eleusis.
## 4 Parametric Study
### Effect of the Concrete Cover  
In this section, the impact of the concrete cover on the mechanical properties of our model is investigated. A total of three concrete cover sizes are considered: 50 mm, 70 mm, and 100 mm. In Figure 13, the evolution of the bond stress as a function of the corrosion degree for the three concrete covers we chose to work with is presented.  
We can clearly note that the concrete cover affects highly the bond stress in our numerical model. We can also see that the concrete cover doesn't affect the evolution of the bond stress significantly, but the interface is more easily damaged. For a concrete cover of 50 mm, we can see that at a corrosion degree of around 1%, the interface is sufficiently damaged to affect the bond stress between the reinforce and the concrete, whereas with a concrete cover of 100 mm, the interface is damaged at a corrosion degree of around 2.5%.  
We can clearly see that a sufficient concrete cover helps to prevent the early damaging of the bond stress between the two materials. This has been observed in [3,11]. We can also note that with a small concrete cover, 50 mm in our case, the numerical model has significant issues of convergence past the 1.2% corrosion degree. This is due to its extreme state of damaging.
# A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research
## 2 Neurotransmitter Detection Methods
### Electrochemistry  
Electrochemistry-based detection relies on measuring electrical quantities such as current, potential or charge in relation to chemical parameters [169]. It has been extensively used for the study of catecholamines [42], due to their oxidation properties. In vivo measurement of catecholamines in extracellular fluid was achieved with carbon microelectrodes implanted into the brain of a rat [170].  
The direct detection of neurotransmitters in the brain by this technique is very challenging given their very small concentrations, notwithstanding the presence of interfering compounds [171]. For example, the oxidation of ascorbic acid occurs at a voltage that is close to those of catecholamines, thus making their detection in the presence of ascorbate difficult [172; 173]. Next, a description of the three main electrochemistry detection techniques is presented: fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, amperometry and coulometry.