## 3 Results
### Between-Subjects Analysis
#### 3.2.1 Objective Evaluation Using Light Simulation  
1. Horizontal illuminance in a room area (E\({}_{\text{h-room}}\))--The overview of the results for the mean value of horizontal illuminance E\({}_{\text{h-room}}\) of the calculated sensor points of the room areas at work plane height is illustrated in Figure 6. On average, the rooms received more than 300 lux light under the clear sky condition. Since most of the rooms on the south-east side have two windows, they receive the highest value of illuminance compared to the others. There is no surrounding building on the north side; therefore, this side received the second highest values with low variance for all three sky conditions.
2. Horizontal illuminance in a task area (E\({}_{\text{h-task}}\))--Based on the position of the desk area in each room, one sensor point was selected to calculate the horizontal illuminance incident on task areas. As illustrated in Figure 7, on average, the amount of daylight incident at the task areas is slightly higher compared to the mean illuminance value of the rooms under the clear sky condition.
3. Vertical eye illuminance (Ev-eye)--In the center point of each room with a viewing direction towards the daylight opening, the vertical eye illuminance was calculated under three different sky conditions, and the results are illustrated in Figure 8.
4. Daylight Autonomy (DA) and Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)--The rooms on the north sides had DA values with a mean of (67.2 \(\pm\) 3.5)%. The rooms on the south-east side had a mean DA value of (63 \(\pm\) 13)%. At the north-east side, the mean value of DA was around (31.5 \(\pm\) 9)%. The south-west side had the lowest mean DA value of (20 \(\pm\) 14)%. The average of sDA values of all rooms was lower than 50% of the space area, but there are a few rooms on the south-east side with sDA values of around 70%.
5. Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)--None of the rooms at the north-east, north, and south-west sides exceed 1000 lux for more than 250 h per year for more than 10% of the space area of each room. The mean value of ASE for the rooms at the south-east side, however, received more than 1000 lux for 243 \(\pm\) 156.5 h in a year, which means that some of the rooms on this side are categorized as 'rooms which receive too much direct sunlight during the year' (USG) [23].
6. Daylight Glare Probability (DGP)--The center point of each room with a viewing direction toward the windows was selected for DGP analysis. The results of this analysis show that for all rooms under the 'overcast' and 'intermediate' sky conditions, the DGP value is below the 'perceptible' level (0.30 \(<\) DGP \(<\) 0.35). The DGP values under the clear sky condition for the rooms on the north-east, south-west, and south-east side are in the range of 'intolerable glare' (DGP \(>\) 0.45). For more details, see Figure 9.  
Figure 6: Overview of the results for the mean value of horizontal illuminance of the calculated sensor points of the room areas at work plane height.  
Figure 8: The overview of the results for the mean value of vertical illuminance in the center point of each room with viewing direction towards the daylight opening of the ten rooms under three different sky conditions on 4 June at 10 a.m.  
Figure 7: Comparison of the amount of daylight incident at the task area against the mean value of E\({}_{\text{h-room}}\).  
Figure 9: DGP values under clear sky (**blue**), overcast sky (**red**), and intermediate sky (**green**) conditions: imperceptible level (DGP \(<\) 0.3), perceptible level (0.3 \(<\) DGP \(<\) 0.35), disturbing glare (0.35 \(<\) DGP \(<\) 0.4), intolerable glare (DGP \(>\) 0.45).