## 1 Introduction  
The chemical composition of fruit and berries in orchards depends on the species, cultivar (genotype), location, season, temperature and humidity at ripening, irrigation, as well as the use of plant protection products [1]. To achieve higher yields and better quality, it is important to carry out proper plant care, such as fertilization, to ensure that the plant receives the right amount of nutrients [2], and spraying, to protect the plant from diseases, insects, and weeds [3, 4]. During these agricultural technological operations, following safety recommendations and selecting optimal working parameters is crucial. This can reduce negative impacts on the environment and human health. To increase yields, the amount of chemicals sprayed is often increased. However, once they are transferred from the plant to the soil, they hurt the physicochemical properties of the crop and the micro-fauna [5; 6]. Pesticides can diffuse from the soil into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through a variety of ways, including leaching from topsoil, runoff to groundwater, and microbial and plant uptake [7; 8]. Terrestrial animals and plants are exposed to pesticides through direct or indirect contact [5; 9]. In the case of direct exposure, pesticides enter the human or animal body through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion [10]. Indirect exposure is the case of bees, which transport food from pesticide-contaminated plant flowers to the hive, thereby infecting the entire swarm [11]. Pesticides entering the human body can lead to immune deficiencies, hormone disruption, reproductive disorders, stomach aches, skin diseases, asthma, and other diseases [12; 13]. One of the most common routes of entry of pesticides into the human body is through food [14]. Pesticide residues are among the highest chemical contaminants in food of plant origin [15]. Therefore, pesticide residue levels must not exceed maximum residue levels when spraying operations are carried out [9; 16]. One of the causes of pesticide residues in the environment is the rolling down of plant leaves. Plant leaves are saturated with liquid, so spray droplets roll down them and enter the environment [17]. Changing weather conditions and their factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric stability, wind direction, wind velocity, and air turbulence lead to a deterioration in the quality of the application of plant protection products [18; 19]. The most significant negative influence on the coverage of these substances is the wind and, more specifically, the spray drift generated by it. Spray drift is the amount of plant protection substances deflected from the spray zone by the air flow during spraying [20]. Spray drift is also determined by droplet size [21]. The size spectrum of sprayed droplets is wide, and the term volume median diameter (_VMD_) is used to describe it, where half of the droplet sample is composed of droplets with a diameter greater than the _VMD_ and the other half of droplets with a diameter lower than the _VMD_[22]. Droplets smaller than 100 \(\upmu\)m in diameter are more affected by drift [23], while extremely fine droplets (\(<\)50 \(\upmu\)m) are not only more affected by drift but also evaporate more rapidly due to their higher surface area-to-volume ratio [21]. Although larger droplets (\(\geq\)100 \(\upmu\)m) can also evaporate, their evaporation rate is lower. Smaller droplets tend to result in better coverage, as they are absorbed faster and do not roll down the plant [24]. The physicochemical properties of the sprayed solution, such as surface tension, density, evaporation rate, and viscosity, also have a significant influence on spray drift [20]. Another important aspect is the pesticide composition, as part of the sprayed liquid may evaporate from the plant surface to form a gas [25].