# Assessing Abrasion Resistance in Concrete Pavements: A Review
## 5 New Materials and Techniques
The effect of using gilsonite and rice husk ash (RHA) additives on the abrasion resistance and mechanical strength of concrete pavement was assessed by [PERSON] et al. The findings demonstrated that the addition of gilsonite and rice husk ash (RHA) enhanced the resistance to abrasion, i.e., mixtures containing 10% RHA and 5% gilsonite had increased abrasion by about 15%, suggesting potential benefits for regions with minimal traffic areas prone to slippage. Additionally, using RHA has an environmental benefit since it reduces energy usage and may result in emission savings compared to the use of cement [75]. However, further investigations to fully understand the possible trade-offs in durability and compressive strength, especially under high loads, are required. Furthermore, another study showed that adding blast furnace slag (BFS) and gilsonite to concrete mixtures for concrete pavements can improve abrasion resistance with some exceptions of combinations. However, the use of BFS and gilsonite led to a reduction in the compressive strength of the concrete mixtures while some mixes still meet the minimum compressive strength requirements, making its use appropriate for moderate pedestrian and vehicular traffic [76]. High-hardness surface treatment techniques using a polyurea waterproof adhesive (PUA) and an iron sheet (IS) were found to reduce the abrasion due to the high resistance to forces. In comparison to untreated concrete, the abrasion rates of the concrete with PUA and IS at 48 h were 0.04 g/h and 0.03 g/h, respectively, which represent 75% and 81% decreases. The lining effect of surface coating treatments can create a protective layer on the concrete surface, serving as a barrier between the abrasive material and the concrete surface. It was found to increase the flexural strength but reduce the compressive strength due to the size effect [77]. It was discovered that adding latex to mortar greatly increased its abrasion resistance, with further enhancements observed when adding short carbon fibers. This improvement is due to the increase in tensile strength and the consequent resistance to fracture [78]. Researchers also conducted an abrasion resistance test based on ASTM C944 to assess the impact of the use of copper slag (CS) and steel slag (SS) as substitutes for natural aggregate (NA) in concrete pavement. The findings indicated that samples with CS and SS aggregates demonstrated lower abrasion resistance compared to those with NA, primarily due to the greater surface porosity of slag aggregates. Utilizing slag promotes sustainability by conserving natural resources and repurposing industrial waste [79]. [PERSON] et al. [80] investigated the abrasion resistance of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) incorporating coarser aggregates and coal bottom ash. Their study suggested that UHPC with a highly densified matrix offers greater abrasion resistance than UHPC with coarser aggregates, and it can also be more cost effective and offer high abrasion resistance. Even though advancements in the use of new/supplementary material in concrete mixes have significantly improved concrete abrasion and ensured durability, optimizing the material composition alone may not be sufficient for comprehensive wear management. Various research studies on computing techniques have been carried out to predict abrasive wear in concrete structures to improve concrete performance. Some of the studies carried out on the techniques used for predictions based on machine learning have been discussed in successive sections. Linear and nonlinear regression models are the conventional methods used to determine concrete properties. With advancements in computing techniques, new methods such as ANNs, random forests, and decision trees are being widely used to analyze concrete properties [81].