# Incorporating New Technologies in EEIO Models
## 4 Results
### Economy-Wide Impacts  
Here, the objective is to understand how environmental impacts of the U.S. economy change when introducing a new product that will partially substitute a similar product in the current economy. In this case, woody-based biofuels (recall that, here, this represents an aggregated product comprising bio-naphtha, bio-jet fuel and bio-diesel) are introduced to partially substitute fossil fuels. This approach may be considered a type of consequential LCA [1]. From this perspective, the EEIO model can answer questions including (1) When substituting fossil fuel with biofuel equivalents, does the economy decarbonize? Furthermore, to what extent? (2) What is the percentage change in GHG emissions with respect to the percentage of substitution? (3) Which environmental impacts perform better and worse when introducing the new product? Table 1 shows the differences in production indicators between the current scenario and the new technologies scenario for the case study. As expected, the total purchases and  
the total commodity output from Petroleum Refineries, to produce all the commodities in the economy, decreases since it has been partially substituted by woody-based biofuels. Similarly, in the new scenario, there is an increase in purchases and in the total commodity output of woody-based biofuels. Last, an interesting result is that the total purchases required to produce all the commodities in the economy decreases, meaning that less production is required to satisfy the same needs. Regarding environmental impacts, Figure 2 shows the percent change in several impact categories per 1% level of substitution of fossil fuels with woody-based biofuels. See Table 14 for more results. These impact categories correspond to those included in the USEEIO model. For our case study of woody-based biofuels, we can note that the greatest change with respect to 1% substitution is in the renewable energy use of the economy. This can be interpreted in the following way: Renewable energy use will increase 1.5% in US economy per each 1% of substitution of fossil naphtha, jet fuel and diesel with its bio counterpart, compared to an scenario with no substitution. Similarly, land use will increase in 1.005%, and greenhouse gases will decrease in 0.105%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Current** & **With New Tech** & **Difference** \\ \hline Total Purchases- & & & \\ Petroleum Refineries & & & \\ \hline Total commodity & & & \\ output- Petroleum & & & \\ Refineries & & & \\ \hline Total Purchases- & & & \\ Biorefinees & & & \\ \hline Total commodity & & & \\ output- Biorefinees & & & \\ \hline Total & & & \\ production-Whole & & & \\ Economy & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Whole economy economic comparative results with 3.68% substitution. In billion USD. Figure 2: Percent change in impacts per percent level of new product substitution. With these results, the answers will be: (1) with respect to GHG, the U.S. economy decreases its impact from 5.81 Gt CO\({}_{2}\) eq to 5.79 Gt CO\({}_{2}\) eq with a substitution of 20% of fossil naphta, jet fuel and diesel fuel (USEEIO GHG refers only to fossil emissions. Biogenic emissions are not included, neither the uptake nor the emissions. This implies an assumption about carbon neutrality for biomass. This is a feature of the specific USEEIO model version used in the case study and is not endorsed by the authors [39; 40]); (2) the GHG decrease is 0.388% when substituting 3.68% of petroleum refineries products with the modeled biorefineries products; and (3) some environmental indicators performed worse--for example, land use, acidification potential and human health respiratory effects--while other indicators performed better with the introduction of woody-based biofuels--for example, energy use and greenhouse gases. The overall decrease in the U.S. economy's GHGs corresponds to the added effect of some sectors generating more GHGs, with other sectors generating less GHGs and others remaining unchanged.