## 2 A2S Integrated MIoT
### Key Technologies of the MIoT
MIoT devices can communicate with networks on land via satellite. SC has wide area coverage and global characteristics, suitable for MIoT applications far from land and ocean navigation. * Radio-frequency identification (RFID): RFID technology uses radio-frequency signals to identify and communicate with items or devices. In MIoT, RFID tags can be attached to goods, equipment, or individuals to transmit relevant information to data collection systems by interacting with RFID readers [56]. This CT is widely used in supply chain management (SCM), ship tracking, and item security [57]. * Wireless sensor network (WSN): A WSN is a technology that enables the widespread deployment of sensor devices in the MIoT. The WSN uses wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to connect sensor devices to a network for communication and data transmission among devices. These sensor devices can self-organize into networks that transmit data via repeaters to BSs or data collection systems. * Submarine optical cable (SOC): An SOC is a CT that enables communication among devices by transmitting optical signals in an undersea cable. This CT is characterized by a high data transmission speed and reliability, and is suitable for MIoT applications that require large bandwidth and long-distance communication. SOCs are commonly used to connect MIoT devices to terrestrial networks and enable data transmission and remote control [58]. The application of these communication technologies in the MIoT depends on the specific needs and environment, and can be selected and combined according to the actual needs to meet the communication needs of the MIoT. 3. Data processing and storage Data acquisition, processing, and storage in the MIoT are complex and critical processes. MIoT systems typically consist of sensors and devices that monitor and collect various maritime environmental data, such as meteorological conditions, marine life, vessel status, etc. [59]. Data collection is the first step in the process. Sensors and equipment measure and monitor environmental parameters at sea and transmit these data to a central data processing system [60]. These sensors can be mounted on boats, buoys, pontoons, and even marine organisms to enable comprehensive data collection [61]. Once the data has been collected, the next step is data processing. This includes cleaning, validating, converting, and correcting the original data. The cleansing process helps remove noise and outliers from the data, ensuring the data's accuracy and reliability [62]. The checksum remediation process is used to handle erroneous data caused by sensor failure or other problems. The conversion process may include data format conversion, unit conversion, and data standardization for further analysis and application. Once data processing is complete, the next step is data storage. Data in the MIoT are often large-scale and real-time, requiring robust storage systems to house and manage these data [63]. Cloud computing platforms and distributed storage systems are among the commonly used solutions, which can provide highly scalable storage and processing power [64]. In addition, data backup and redundancy mechanisms are also indispensable to ensure the security and durability of data [65]. In MIoT systems, data collection, processing, and storage need to consider factors such as resource constraints, data transmission, and security. In order to achieve effective data utilization, data analysis, and mining, visualization and monitoring operations are also needed [66]. The combination of these steps can help to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the offshore environment and support decisions. 4. Security and hidden dangers When it comes to the MIoT, security and privacy issues are important issues to be seriously considered. The following lists some challenges and privacy issues that may be faced in the MIoT and provides some solutions, which can be seen in Table 2[67]. 5.