# Swarm Robotics: A Perspective on the Latest Reviewed Concepts and Applications
## 4 Swarm Robotic Projects
### Robotic Platforms  
In the most recent decades, Swarm Robotics has been the main object of study for academic research and industry sectors. The first projects in 1980s and 1990s established concepts and the basis of this area. Many robotic platforms used in SR investigations in many laboratories are described as follows. In this stage, we feature some of the main platforms developed to research swarm robotics applications throughout the years. 1. _Khepera_ was one of the first robotic projects, developed in the mid-1990 [40]. This robot was created by Ecole Polytechnique Federalede Lausanne--(EPFL, Switzerland). Another version such as _Khepera III_[41] were launched during the next decade with some simulation programs. In a further version, _Khepera IV_ is compounded by Linux Core running 800 MHz ARM Cortex-A8 Processor with 256 MB of RAM, an additional flashcard 512 MB and 8 GB for data and with 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0 EDR, and 20 sensors [42]. 2. _Alice_ was created by [PERSON] at Autonomous Systems Lab at EPFL as an enhancement from _Khepera_. It was a small and independent robot that became very popular due to its size and comparatively low-cost, enabling it possible to produce and manage a group of hundreds of robots concurrently [43; 44]. 3. _Kobot_ was created at the Middle East Technical University, Turkey [45]. _Kobot_ is a movable robot equipped with some sensors. It was drawn to be used in various robotic research jobs, such as guided movement. 4. _E-puck_[46] is a platform created to help engineering students at their class. The robots own an uncomplicated accurate structure effortless to comprehend, manage and preserve. The robots were as versatile, with many alternatives for more improvement and upgrading, whereby sensors, processors, and so on. This device is constantly under upgrade, and its last version is _E-puck_ 2 ([[http://www.e-puck.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=42](http://www.e-puck.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=42)]([http://www.e-puck.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=42](http://www.e-puck.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=42)), accessed on 3 March 2021). _Jasmine_ was a public open hardware robot produced by the University of Stuttgart whose goal was to construct a low-cost and easy microrobot platform [47]. * _Sambot_ is a robotic platform proposed by [PERSON] et al. [48] as self-organizing swarms that link to form new structures. Self-organization happens through a moving docking mechanism. * _I-Swarm_ is a platform created to combine micro robotics and self-organizing swarm robotics with many individuals [49; 50]. * _S-bot_ was a robotic prototype created by [PERSON] et al. [51] to generate a swarm robotics colony named SWARM-BOT. It features an ARM processor running Linux, omnidirectional cameras, infrared proximity sensors, light sensors, accelerometers, and actuators. * _AMiR_ is a platform for research and education on swarm robotics. Its low cost allows the creation of systems with many robots. The prototypes are equipped with infrared emitters and phototransistors to allow stigmergy [52]. * _Colias_ is a small and low-cost platform to enforce research on swarm robotics applications. The communication between individuals happens locally also using infrared [53; 54]. Later, other researchers proposed enhancements to this platform [55; 56]. * _eSwarBot_ is a platform created to allow affordable research and experimentation using real robots. It is based on an Arduino microcontroller and specifically targets the educational and academic environments [57]. * _Pheeno_ is a robot designed for flexible swarm robotics applications. It targets education, research, and outreach activities. This model features a 3-DoF gripper module, and infrared range sensors, a camera, and an Inertial Measurement Unit as sensors [58]. * _Pi Swarm_ is a platform developed targeting research and education in swarm robotics.