# Assessment of Smart Mechatronics Applications in Agriculture: A Review
## 2 Literature Review
Soil management: Tillage (ploughing intensity/depth) can be optimized based on soil properties. Irrigation: Precise irrigation according to soil water status. Yield mapping: For quality control, management decisions, and yield maximization. Documentation: All actions can be documented precisely for each management zone, including information about the total amount of materials and working hours. The smart mechatronics systems currently used in farming and agricultural processing to increase efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in food production are of several different types, such as precision agriculture, smart irrigation, biotechnology, and automation. Furthermore, there have been significant technological advances in areas such as indoor vertical farming, livestock technology, modern greenhouse production, artificial intelligence, and block chain. Figure 2 depicts the total software architecture and its joint hardware design. It is made up of three primary parts. The creation of a graphical user interface (GUI) is the initial step in controlling and managing the farming robot. The user and the agricultural robot are connected via a cloud service rather than directly. The Network Platform for Internet of Everything (NETPIE) offers several functionalities. As a result, NETPIE is used to transfer instructions from the user to the agricultural robot. There are two basic parts of the farming robot. Raspberry Pi, which serves as a server, is the first. To communicate, clients can establish a connection to Raspberry Pi's IP address. The farming robot's second component, the Arduino, which controls motor movements, receives commands from Raspberry Pi. The simultaneous control of all four linear bipolar motor drivers is made possible by the Arduino board. Watering and seeding tools can be carried by the universal tool mount, which can be moved to any desired location. Additionally, Arduino is in charge of operating a vacuum pump for the seeder and solenoid valves for the watering tool. The application first establishes a link between Raspberry Pi and Arduino. Through serial communication, these two boards talk to one another. Arduino's port is defined once the Python serial library is added, which creates the connection. The Raspberry Pi then has an IPv4 address and functions as a server. The server and port 8000 are given IP addresses by the application. The server has the capability to connect to a number of clients at once. The client is prepared to communicate with Raspberry Pi across the local network once the connection has been made. The server is made to accept commands from clients iteratively by utilizing a loop, as otherwise, the server can only accept one command and approach. The inputs are encoded using \"UTF-8\" Unicode character encoding [31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Figure 3 illustrates future farming technologies. The technology is made up of three components: a front node (an IoT ECO box), edge computing (an IoT gateway), and cloud computing (big data analysis). ZigBee, LoRA, and WiFi are used to connect the front node to edge computing, while 5G/4G LTE and an RJ-45 1G WireLAN connector are used to connect edge computing to cloud computing in order to efficiently complete tasks. Components of the front node include various controls, sensors, devices, and environmental elements, such as water, plants, soil, moisture, temperature, light, and cameras. Smart planning, controller, monitoring, and communications are all linked with edge computing. Virtual store appliance H261-H61 and database analysis are two components of cloud computing. Overall, smart agriculture technology controls the environment right away to provide plants with the best possible conditions for growth. If the scenario allows, remote monitoring through mobile application, using the remote control for manual processing, it  
may gather environmental data and perform big data analysis using the cloud database server to offer better agricultural growing circumstances [36; 37; 38; 39; 40].