## 3 Results
### Tests for Inequality of Phenological Parameters  
RStudio performed a two-tailed and two-sample \(t\)-test for each parameter and each developed area as a whole as well as each land cover class separately to see if the mean of the urban area was statistically different from the mean of the exurban area. The \(t\)-test assumed unequal variances in all cases except when the F-test could not show an unequal variance. The tests showed that for the SOS, both the informal and 95% selection criteria show a statistical difference between the urban and exurban areas at the 99.9% level for all areas together and all classes separately, with all observed \(p\)-values of <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\). However, after applying a Bonferroni correction, the 90% selection criteria only shows a 99.9% significant difference for all developed areas, developed medium intensity, and developed high intensity areas, with \(p\)-values of <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\) for all developed areas and medium developed areas and 4.91 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-15}\) for developed high intensity areas. It also shows an insignificant difference in the SOS for both developed open space and developed low intensity with \(p\)-values of 0.0045 and 0.013, respectively. The EOS results were all statistically significant at the 99.9% level, with all observed \(p\)-values of <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\), for the 90% selection criteria. However, they were mixed for both the informal and 95% selection criteria. With the informal selection criteria, both developed areas as a whole and developed open space had an observed \(p\)-value of <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\). After applying a Bonferroni correction for the remaining classes, the results show no statistical difference for EOS in the developed low intensity, developed medium intensity, and developed high intensity classes with observed \(p\)-values \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Years with Earlier Urban SOS** & **Informal Selection** & **95\% Selection** & **90\% Selection** \\ \hline All Developed Areas & 9 & 8 & 7 \\ Developed Open Space & 9 & 8 & 8 \\ Developed Low Intensity & 8 & 8 & 6 \\ Developed Medium Intensity & 10 & 7 & 7 \\ Developed High Intensity & 11 & 8 & 8 \\ \hline Years with Later Urban EOS & & & \\ \hline All Developed Areas & 7 & 6 & 8 \\ Developed Open Space & 9 & 7 & 8 \\ Developed Low Intensity & 6 & 7 & 8 \\ Developed Medium Intensity & 7 & 8 & 9 \\ Developed High Intensity & 3 & 3 & 6 \\ \hline Years with longer Urban LOS & & & \\ \hline All Developed Areas & 7 & 7 & 6 \\ Developed Open Space & 10 & 6 & 8 \\ Developed Low Intensity & 9 & 6 & 6 \\ Developed Medium Intensity & 8 & 7 & 7 \\ Developed High Intensity & 8 & 6 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Frequencies of years where mean SOS was earlier, EOS was later, and LOS was longer in the urban areas according to base pair selection. of 0.448, 0.011, and 0.107, respectively. With the 95% selection criteria, both developed low intensity and medium intensity were statistically significant with \(p\)-values of 6.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) and <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\), respectively, and after the Bonferroni correction developed high intensity was significant at the 99% level with an observed \(p\)-value of 0.000012. There was no significance for the remaining classes after a Bonferroni correction with all developed areas having a \(p\)-value of 0.03 and developed open space having a \(p\)-value of 0.75. The length of season showed the most consistent results with most classes for all methods having an observed \(p\)-value of <2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\) making them significant at the 99.9% level. The only exceptions to this were the developed high intensity results for both the 95% and 90% selection methods. The 90% selection criteria results were still significant at the 99.9% level but the observed \(p\)-value was 1.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-14}\).