## 2 Background and Paper Contribution
### Heterogeneous Sensors in Precision Agriculture  
To achieve the objectives and benefits outlined in the previous subsection, it is essential that different working environments are monitored using IoT devices. Often, the use of IoT devices involves placing heterogeneous sensors at strategic points dedicated to monitoring specific parameters, such as soil moisture levels, temperature, humidity, and crop health. _Temperature sensor_: Temperature sensors are fundamental in two key categories of smart agriculture: environmental condition monitoring. Ice wine harvesting, for instance, is conducted within a specific temperature range, typically when ambient temperatures fall between \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-12\)\({}^{\circ}\)C at the beginning of the harvest season [27]. For the ice wine industry, highly accurate sensors for temperature and humidity, coupled with reliable predictive temperature forecasting, are indispensable [28]. In addition to monitoring the environmental conditions of the physical space, temperature sensors are vital for numerous applications in the monitoring and management of smart agricultural resources. _Soil moisture sensor_: Soil moisture plays a crucial role in defining the water availability for crops. Abnormal soil moisture levels, whether too high or too low, can disrupt the healthy growth of crops above ground. Maintaining an appropriate level of soil moisture is essential to balance root water uptake and leaf transpiration, which together support the optimal development of crop roots [29; 30]. _Soil Composition Sensor_: Nutrient availability is just as vital for plant growth. Indeed, to maximize a plant's growth potential and ensure high-yield production, it is essential to develop a thorough and quantitative understanding of the soil conditions that support agricultural output [30]. The soil morphology and the presence of fertilizers can be analysed by measuring electrical conductivity, volumetric water content, soil water potential, and oxygen levels [31]. IoT-enabled sensors, such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (NPK) sensors, are critical for soil analysis in precision agriculture. These sensors provide critical feedback on nutrient deficiencies in the soil or the presence of undesirable chemicals. Additionally, they enable smart agriculture to track soil pH and nutrient level fluctuations on daily, weekly, monthly, and annual scales, offering valuable insights to further educate the agricultural sector [28]. Discussing the integration of data from these sensors into the proposed architecture highlights its potential to enhance comprehensiveness and applicability in supporting precision agriculture practices. _Light Sensor_: The application of light sensors in greenhouse plantations can help growers accurately understand the laws of the duration of sunlight, the point of saturation of light, and the point of compensation of light for plant growth [32]. This enables them to adjust their light preferences through manual control technology to manage and enhance the scientific growth of crops for higher yields. Crops constantly absorb CO\({}_{2}\) from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, a process that produces nutrients essential for their growth and development. Research indicates that higher atmospheric carbon dioxide levels substantially boost the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants [33; 34]. _Atmospheric Parameters_: Agricultural weather stations are autonomous units that are placed in various locations within growing fields. These stations are equipped with a combination of sensors suitable for the local crops and climate [35]. Data such as air temperature, soil temperature at different depths, precipitation, leaf moisture, chlorophyll content, wind speed, dew point, wind direction, relative humidity, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure are collected and logged at set intervals. This information is then transmitted wirelessly to a central data logger at regular intervals.