## 3 Digitalization for BIPV
IoT devices have limited processing power, making them inadequate for computationally intensive workloads [36]. Edge computing is a decentralized computing platform that offers cloud computing capabilities to IoT devices at the network edge. However, IoT devices with limited resources can enhance their capabilities by utilizing the resources of edge servers. Latency minimization, network management, cost optimization, energy management, resource management, and data management are the advantages of edge computing implementation [37]. (d) **UAV:** The technology can be customized and used for fast mobile applications that can be employed in a variety of smart city applications. UAV technology is developed to match smart city criteria and functions that will productively connect UAVs to smart cities [38]. By enabling a UAV with monitoring sensors, cameras, as well as software, we can perform smart city infrastructure inspection and control applications [39]. Furthermore, one of the emerging fields of UAVs is their involvement in smart city applications, which results in a variety of benefits. UAVs, as compared to manned planes, can be more cost-effective. They are more adaptable and can function in a variety of environments and settings, including those that are difficult or dangerous to people. Traffic monitoring and management, health emergency services, security and crowd monitoring, UAV-based infrastructure inspections, agriculture management, environmental monitoring, tourism support, and UAV-aided wireless communications are the applications of UAVs [40]. The significant characteristics of digitalization implementation in the BIPV system are illustrated in Figure 7 and are as follows:  
* **Sensing:** Sensing technology enables the establishment of an ecosystem for connecting the physical and virtual worlds. Sensors collect signals, convert them to digital data, and process them. Further, the information on the present status of the physical environment is converted into usable data. * **IoT:** IoT is built on the integration of many standards and supporting technologies such as sensors, communication protocol, storage, computational, and other capabilities. At present, the advancement in sensor technology and communication protocol empowers us to implement IoT in various applications for real-time analysis. The application of IoT in the BIPV system enables us to monitor and control the BIPV system from any remote location in real-time. * **AI:** The implementation of IoT generates a large amount of sensor and visual data. The evolution of AI simulates human intelligent behavior with computers and trains computers to learn human characteristics such as judgment, learning, and decision-making. The application of AI with IoT enables us to predict events based on real-time data. * **Data Analytics:** Advanced data analytics reveals computing approaches, allowing for the interpretation of data. It is critical for converting huge data into usable data for better decision-making. * **Edge Computing:** Data is currently being increasingly generated at the edge of the network, and it would be more effective to handle the data there as well. Edge computing refers to the technologies that enable computation to be conducted at the network's edge, on downstream data for cloud services and upstream data for IoT services. * **Drone Technology:** A drone is a type of unmanned aircraft. A drone is effectively a flying robot that can be operated remotely or autonomously by software-controlled flight patterns in its embedded systems, which work in concert with onboard sensors and GPS. * **Robotics Technology:** An autonomous robot is a system that operates in an unpredictable and partially unknown environment, and it is able to navigate without interruption and avoid any obstacles placed within the mobility confinement. The integration of IoT with robotics enables the realization of the robotics-based automated system for different applications in the BIPV system.