esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measures
#### 2.4.2 Secondary Outcomes  
The following standardized tests were used to assess the secondary outcome measures. 'Word and pseudo-word reading test' [39]. Additional reading tasks were used to collect further measures of the reading subprocesses. More precisely, the test included 4 lists of 30 words, varying according to length and frequency of use, and 2 lists of 30 non-words, varying according to length. Reading speed (as number of seconds) and accuracy (as number of errors) z-scores were computed.  
'Rapid Automatized Naming test (RAN)-Figures' test [40]. In this test, rapid and sequential naming of 50 black and white figures (i.e., pear, train, dog, star, hand) is recorded. RAN speed (as number of seconds) z-scores were considered.  
'Phonemic awareness task-Phonemic elision' [41]. In this task, the participants listen to 40 words pronounced by the examiner. For each word they are instructed to omit a given phoneme from the word and to pronounce the resulting non-word. Scores are expressed in total number of errors.  
'NEPSY-II-Visual Attention Test' [42]. In this cancellation test participants are required to mark out all visual targets distributed on a paper sheet among similar stimuli (i.e., black and white cartoon faces) within 180 s. Accuracy standard scores were computed by subtracting the number of commission errors (i.e., marked distractors) from the number of correctly detected targets.  
'Rhythm reproduction task' [43]. In this task participants are instructed to reproduce a sequence of rhythmic patterns, composed by 3-8 beats of increasing complexity, by tapping a pencil on the desk, after the examiner's presentation. Accuracy scores are recorded as number of errors.  
'Tapping and Continuation Task (TCT)' [44]. In this computerized tapping task, participants are instructed to tap along with an isochronous rhythm for 15 s and to continue tapping at the same tempo (ISI = 500 ms) for 15 s after the rhythm stops, using a computer mouse. A tapping variability score is calculated as the average SD of the inter-tap intervals (ITIs) synchrony across six trials, dived by the average ITI.  
Unfortunately, it was not possible to administer the complete battery of additional tests in the follow-up assessment session for organizational reasons. More precisely, the Visual attention and Tapping scores were collected only for the first two time-points (pre- and post-training).
# Review of the Main Mechanical Testing Methods for Interlayer Characterization in Laminated Glass
## 2 Test Methods for LG Interlayers Characterization  
Over the last years, many procedures have been developed and they can be classified in different ways, namely based on:  
1. Type of specimen: only interlayer or laminated glass;
2. Type of load: static or dynamic;
3. Type of stress: tension or shear;
4. Duration of load: instantaneous or creep behavior;
5. Temperature effects: test conducted at different temperatures or at ambient temperature.  
Although the characteristics of the interlayer itself are very important (e.g., evaluated according to ISO 6721-1), the process of lamination at high pressure/temperature could change the mechanical properties of the material [21; 25]. For this reason, to evaluate the shear modulus, which is the most important parameter to assess the structural behavior of LG, laminated specimens should be preferred. In addition, for design purposes, both creep and temperature effects are crucial. Therefore, designers need the shear modulus under different conditions (e.g., wind gust load, snow load).  
The main test procedures available in the literature are summarized in Table 1, on the basis of the above-mentioned classifications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  
More details about the tests listed in Table 1 are discussed, considering the numerical simulation to show the state of stress in the interlayers in each case. In all cases, the float glass and PVB were adopted. The float glass was modeled using an eight-node linear brick, incompatible elements (C3 DBI), and an eight-node three-dimensional cohesive element (COH3D8) was adopted to model the viscoelastic behavior of PVB. The adopted values of the mechanical properties of the glass and interlayer are reported in Section 3.2.1. It should be noted that ABAQUS/Explicit was used for the analysis of the case of the uniaxial tensile test and dynamic torsion tests due to the fact that in such tests, displacement (or angle) control was adopted and it is much easier to use ABAQUS/Explicit to define quasi-static condition or dynamic condition by changing the applying time, and static/linear perturbation was adopted to analyze the modal tests. ABAQUS/Standard was applied in other cases.  
The numerical simulation was conducted to show the stress distribution in the interlayer under the diverse test setups. The different stress fields obtained were illustrated accordingly to show: (i) the normal stress (tensile) for tensile tests (Sections 2.1 and 2.2); (ii) the Von Mises stress to describe the stress distribution of specimens under torsion, because the interlayer was under a complex stress state (not uniaxial state or under pure shear dominated state); (iii) the shear stress in other cases, because the shear stress is the fundamental component in these cases.
## 4 Discussion
### The Shortcomings of This Method  
In this study the real 3D model of a pit rim structure was rebuilt by combining UAV-LiDAR technology and UAV images, and a 3D point-cloud was obtained using LiDAR to rapidly build a high-precision DEM. The qualitative and quantitative geomorphological feature analysis was visualized and refined using a 3D model and high-precision DEM. However, the following three problems remain. (1) The UAV-LiDAR system requires considerable time to construct a 3D model using UAV images, and the quality of local edge areas is poor. The problem of further optimizing the route planning parameters or integrating a 3D point-cloud to reduce data redundancy and improve the efficiency and quality of large-scale 3D model reconstruction should be studied and validated in depth. (2) The distribution of vegetation also makes a difference to the distribution of geomorphic types and topographic features, and vegetation point-cloud is not easily adopted due to the lack of information on vegetation types and basic features in the study area. Moreover, the unpublished hydrogeological, geological structure and fault data are key analysis factors. If these parts of the data are combined, the richness and accuracy of geomorphological feature analysis will be further increased. (3) Theoretically, this method can be employed for geological hazard investigation and monitoring as well as geomorphological evolution analysis in the same complex environment, whereas the specific applicability should be practiced in depth.
## 2 Method for Clock and Data-Acquisition Synchronization  
In this section, we explain the proposed algorithm used for the simultaneous synchronization of clock and data acquisition. First, we describe a method for clock synchronization. Next, we propose a method for data-acquisition synchronization.  
Figure 1 shows a sequence diagram of the proposed method. For simplicity, a system with a master and a single slave is assumed. Each sensor on the network system is connected to a corresponding PC that can perform the clock and data-acquisition synchronization.
# Structural Topology Design Optimization Using the Binary Bat Algorithm
###### Abstract  
In this study, the binary bat algorithm (BBA) for structural topology optimization is implemented. The problem is to find the stiffest structure using a certain amount of material and some constraints using the bit-array representation method. A new filtering algorithm is proposed to make BBA find designs with no separated objects, no checkerboard patterns, less unusable material, and higher structural performance. A volition penalty function for topology optimization is also proposed to accelerate the convergence toward the optimal design. The main effect of using the BBA lies in the fact that the BBA is able to handle a large number of design variables in comparison with other well-known metaheuristic algorithms. Based on the numerical results of four benchmark problems in structural topology optimization for minimum compliance, the following conclusions are made: (1) The BBA with the proposed filtering algorithm and penalty function are effective in solving large-scale numerical topology optimization problems (fine finite elements mesh). (2) The proposed algorithm produces solid-void designs without gray areas, which makes them practical solutions that are applicable in manufacturing.  
structural topology optimization; bit-array representation; binary bat algorithm; filtering algorithm; solid isotropic microstructure with penalization method
# Grid-Connected PV Systems Controlled by Sliding via Wireless Communication
## 4 Experimental Results
### Practical Cases  
To evaluate the operation of the grid-connected PV system controllers through Wi-Fi, a set of experiments have been carried out. To do that, sudden changes in the irradiance have been considered since it changes from 921 W/m\({}^{2}\) to 550 W/m\({}^{2}\) at 6.8 s and then it changes again to reach an irradiance of 908 W/m\({}^{2}\) at 12.2 s, as Figure 10 shows. It also depicts the temperature that remains almost constant, with a value approximately of 38.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
When the changes happen, the other signals are measured and controlled to validate the appropriate operation. Thus, the current at the DC/DC converter input and output are presented in Figure 11. The values of the current vary when the irradiance changes. In this case, due to the location of the MPP, the currents drop when the irradiance decreases its value, and the values of the current rise when the irradiance increases. The signals that are shown are the DC/DC converter input current, the buck-boost converter output current, and the inductor current.  
The DC/DC converter output and input voltage and the reference one are depicted in Figure 12. The output voltage decreases when the irradiance is lower and increases when the irradiance is higher. Regarding the input voltage, it tracks the reference voltage with an efficiency of about 99%. In addition, the current at the inverter output is also depicted in this figure and it is a sinusoidal waveform that drops at low irradiance and rises at high irradiance.  
The transfer of power is presented in Figure 13, since the input and output power at the DC/DC converter are shown. When the irradiance is higher, the input and output power differ about 1 W (in the first interval of time from 0 to 6.8 s) or 2 W (in the third interval of time from 12.2 s to 20 s) whereas that difference drops to 0.5 W when the irradiance is lower. Thus, the efficiency of the DC/DC converter is calculated, and it has a value that ranges from 9% to 98.4%.  
Figure 10: Evolution of the environmental conditions: (**a**) temperature; (**b**) irradiance.  
Figure 11: Evolution of the current at the DC/DC converter.  
Figure 12: Voltage and current evolution: (**a**) voltage signals at the DC/DC converter and reference voltage; (**b**) AC current.  
In Figure 14, as with the previous signals, the control signal changes with the irradiance and the discontinuous control effect of the non-lineal controller is also shown. The noise appears due to the wi-fi communication, although it does not affect the correct operation of the system.  
Table 1 summarizes the main values of the signals shown in the previous figures. It also presents the rms voltage value, 39 V, and the THD with a value of 1.9%. In addition,  
Figure 14: Control signal evolution.  
Figure 13: DC/DC converter power.  
the efficiency of the DC/AC converter is presented in the different intervals of time, being the mean value about 94%.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determination of Photoluminescence Quantum Yield  
The quantum yields of the prepared CDs were determined by comparing the photoluminescence properties of the CDs with that of quinine sulfate using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer for absorbance measurement and a Tecan Multimode reader for the fluorescence measurement [1, 26, 76]. The quantum yield obtained for the CDs-EDA was 13.5% with a concentration of 50.1 mg/mL, and CDs-LPh was 8.6% with a concentration of 10.0 mg/mL. The gradient of the plot of integrated fluorescence intensities of quinine sulfate, CDs-EDA, and CDs-LPh against their absorbances is shown in Figure 5. The quantum yield (QY) of CDs-EDA and CDs-L-Ph obtained in this study was also compared with other synthesized CDs. The QY of CDs got from other natural sources are Ginko fruit (3.33%) [47], mangosteen pulp (1.09%) [77], prawn shell (9%) [78], _Pyrus pyrifolia_ or apple juice (4.27%) [79]. glucose (2.4%) [80], sugar cane bagasse (12.4%) [81], banana juice (8.95%) [43], microcrystalline cellulose (51%) [74], and _Acacia concimina_ seed (10.2%) [82]. The obtained QY of 8.5% and 13.7% for the CDs shows that PKS biomass is a source for producing good quality and high QY CDs for optical imaging and other applications.
## 4 IoMT Authentication Taxonomy
### Authentication Procedures  
The authentication in IoMT systems can be classified based on the direction of authenticating entities. The authentication procedure in the IoMT system can be one-way, two-way, and three-way [7]. Figure 11 shows the authentication procedure in the IoMT system.  
Only one of the communicating entities is authenticated in a one-way authentication procedure. In other words, only one entity is identified to the other entity [83; 84; 85]. [PERSON] et al. [36] improved an authentication scheme where doctors authenticate themselves through the IoMT server to access patients' data. In studies [33; 76; 77], the researchers are concerned about the authentication of patients to the IoMT system through their biometric data.  
Two-way authentication refers to the need for authenticating both entities to establish a communication channel [86; 87; 88; 89; 66; 70; 87; 86; 88; 69]. The communicating entities are identified to each other to accomplish the authentication process. This authentication procedure is also known as mutual authentication. [PERSON] et al. [90] designed a two-way authentication protocol for communicating between devices and users where the change of biometrics and password is allowed without the involvement of a third party. [PERSON] et al. [91] developed a mutual authentication between a user and smart gateway within the Constrained application protocol (CoAP).  
Both entities are authenticated using a third trusted entity in the three-way authentication procedure. The third entity can be centralized to establish authenticity of the system's various entities. These are called authentication servers [92; 93; 94; 95; 21; 96; 97; 92; 98; 99; 20; 95]. The third entity also can be decentralized for authenticating a group of the system's entities [96; 52; 98].
## 5 Experimental Setup and Verification Analysis
### Voltage Measurement  
By analyzing the natural frequency of the system, it can be deduced that when exciting the first three modes, the revolutions per minute (RPM) of the rotating shaft are approximately 175 RPM, 645 RPM, and 1800 RPM, respectively. After establishing the rotating shaft speeds for the first three excitation modes and introducing a 5-g mass to the end of the lever with a 54 K-ohm resistance as the load resistance, the voltage of the root-slapping wind-driven power generation system is determined through experimental testing. Following the experiment, the output voltages for the first three modes were measured, as shown in Figure 26. The results obtained from five experiments are summarized in Table 5. Examining the voltage diagrams for the first three modes reveals an increase in power generation voltage with each successive mode. This increase in output volts aligns with the trend predicted through theoretical voltage projections. To emphasize the practical applicability of this model, this study presents cumulative measurements of the energy collected over a specific period of time, allowing the reader to gain a comprehensive understanding of the system's performance. We summarize the power generation and voltage output data for 60 s in the experiment in Table 5. The last two rows of Table 5 show the overall harvested energy, providing a comprehensive reference emphasizing the practical application of the model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Case**} & **Mode 1** & **Mode 2** & **Mode 3** \\  & **Voltage (V)** & **Voltage (V)** & **Voltage (V)** \\ \hline
1 & 1.662 & 2.238 & 2.251 \\ \hline
2 & 1.781 & 2.184 & 2.211 \\ \hline
3 & 1.801 & 2.174 & 2.226 \\ \hline
4 & 1.739 & 2.169 & 2.226 \\ \hline
5 & 1.649 & 2.156 & 2.233 \\ \hline Average (V) & 1.726 & 2.184 & 2.229 \\ \hline mW & 0.552 & 0.884 & 0.921 \\ \hline Overall Volt. (V) & 103.56 & 131.04 & 133.74 \\ \hline Overall power (mW) & 33.12 & 53.04 & 55.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Experimental voltage and power output of the first three modes.  
Figure 26: Experimental voltage output: (**a**) the 1 st mode was excited, (**b**) the 2 nd mode was excited, (**c**) the 3 rd mode was excited.
## 6 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated a connectorized meter-scale paper-like flexible multimode polymer waveguide film that supports single-lane 100 Gbps PAM4 VCSEL-based transmission for board-level optical interconnects application. The measured BLP of the multimode waveguide is greater than 57.3 GHz-m at 850 nm under the strictest overfilled launch condition with a maximum length of 2.1 m and 10 dB insertion loss. The waveguides are as flexible as regular printing paper and can be conveniently interfaced with standard MT fiber connectors with low loss. The connectorized waveguide has an average insertion loss of approximately 0.042 dB/cm. Furthermore, the inter-channel crosstalk is as low as \(-\)46.4 dB under the overfilled launch condition. The bending loss of the polymer waveguide is less than 1 dB at a bending radius of 1 mm. The polymer waveguide has low polarization sensitivity and good thermal stability. These results show that the meter-scale long paper-like polymer waveguide film has both excellent optical properties and large bandwidth and is suitable for multimode high-speed board-level optical interconnects application with a single-lane data rate of 100 Gbps and beyond.  
Writing--original draft, X.L.; Writing--review & editing, L.M., Y.S., Q.Y., M.K., X.S. and Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants 62275150.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON] was employed by the Crealights Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The [company A-companies in affiliation and funding] had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
###### Abstract  
The multi-focus image fusion method is used in image processing to generate all-focus images that have large depth of field (DOF) based on original multi-focus images. Different approaches have been used in the spatial and transform domain to fuse multi-focus images. As one of the most popular image processing methods, dictionary-learning-based spare representation achieves great performance in multi-focus image fusion. Most of the existing dictionary-learning-based multi-focus image fusion methods directly use the whole source images for dictionary learning. However, it incurs a high error rate and high computation cost in dictionary learning process by using the whole source images. This paper proposes a novel stochastic coordinate coding-based image fusion framework integrated with local density peaks. The proposed multi-focus image fusion method consists of three steps. First, source images are split into small image patches, then the split image patches are classified into a few groups by local density peaks clustering. Next, the grouped image patches are used for sub-dictionary learning by stochastic coordinate coding. The trained sub-dictionaries are combined into a dictionary for sparse representation. Finally, the simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP) algorithm is used to carry out sparse representation. After the three steps, the obtained sparse coefficients are fused following the max L1-norm rule. The fused coefficients are inversely transformed to an image by using the learned dictionary. The results and analyses of comparison experiments demonstrate that fused images of the proposed method have higher qualities than existing state-of-the-art methods.  
multi-focus image fusion; sparse representation; dictionary learning; local density peaks clustering +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-6800-7800]Guanqiu Qi
## 2 Model for Attitude, Antenna PCO/PCV and Its POD Strategies
### Jason-3 Satellite Attitude  
Satellite attitude refers to the orientation of the satellite body system (SBS) in a reference frame, specifically, the coordinate transformation matrix between the SBS and Earth-fixed system or inertial system [12; 30]. The satellite attitude variation can affect non-gravitational perturbation by the changes of satellite force surface, and influence the geometric correction in the POD, specifically the antenna phase center. Large errors in satellite attitude would cause incorrect PCO estimation. Even if the PCO values are accurate, the inaccurate attitude can also cause PCO correction errors, which further generate incorrect orbits.
# Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
## 6 Results and Discussion  
In this section, the results of the existing system and the proposed system are compared using the QoS parameters, including Packet Delivery Ratio, Average Throughput, RTT, and Average Energy Consumption with respect to the number of nodes. In the following, we provide results for two methods categories: methods based on GA and other methods not using GA.