## 1 Introduction
The main objective of the Lean Satellite Standard is to provide a simple and cost-effective approach to building small satellites within a short time. Unlike traditional satellite design, which often involves complex and expensive systems, the Lean Satellite Standard emphasizes simplicity and modularity. This approach allows for the rapid and inexpensive development of small satellites, making it an attractive option for researchers and organizations with limited budgets and resources[PERSON] Each satellite in the Lean Satellite Standard is made up of a handful of standardized modules, which are then merged and modified with ease. Depending on the unique needs of the mission, this enables the quick and low-cost production of satellites with a variety of capabilities. To achieve low-cost and fast delivery, the satellite's [PERSON] depends on using non-space-qualified Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) components, so the satellite's size eventually decreases. Additionally, using COTS parts means that the Lean Satellite Standard recognizes that there is some risk involved. Moreover, Lean satellite has established testing standards [24]. The test level and test method are established by the environmental standard for lean satellite. Acceptance test (AT) and qualification test (QT) are two test levels frequently used for satellites and their components. Vibration, shock, thermal vacuum, thermal cycling and radiation are the methods used for testing [25]. A new concept of \"Unit QT\" was added to the standard, stating that \"For unit level qualification tests, the standard is meant to provide the minimum guarantee that a given unit sold as \"a satellite unit\" has a certain level of tolerance against the space environment.\" [25]. An example of a LoRa-IoT communication satellite is DEWASAT-1, which is the first utility nanosatellite developed by Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA). It was launched into orbit in January 2022 with the goal of providing advanced communication capabilities for DEWA and other organizations in the UAE. The primary mission of DEWASAT-1 is to provide connectivity using IoT as a primary or backup system for electric and water network devices and increase flexibility in monitoring the network. DEWASAT-1 implements a novel method using the direct-communication-to-satellite (DCTS) technique to eliminate the necessity to include LoRa gateways [26]. DEWASAT-1 is a 3-unit CubeSat at an orbital altitude of 530 km, orbiting the sun-synchronous orbit where the SSO is considered as a high-inclined orbit since the inclination angle is approximately 98\({}^{\circ}\). The payload of DEWASAT-1 is a radio receiver (Satlab Polaris RX) that receives the IoT-LoRa message, stores it and then, forwards the housekeeping data to the ground station. The data is then shared with the end-users to be employed for different use-cases. The access times of DEWASAT-1 in the targeted area of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), are shown in Figure 1 where the total number of passes per day is four. Figure 2 below shows the single access orbit path of DEWASAT-1. The duration of each pass is short and there are significant gaps between each pass. This is not useful for missions that require frequent passes daily, so by decreasing the inclination angle, the contact times and the number of passes could increase. Since UAE is one of the areas that are close to the equator, where the surface of the Earth is closest to the sun, it is desirable to include them in our consideration. These areas, also known as near equatorial regions, which include nations in Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, are typified by high temperatures and high humidity levels. Greater access to the internet and other communication technologies is one way that the influence of IoT and LEO satellites might help nations in the near-equatorial regions.