## 2 Related Work
### End-to-End Network Slicing  
The end to end (E2E) network slicing is a very important use-case to fulfill the requirements for service-oriented 5G networks. Many industrial organizations and standardization bodies related to network communications, such as the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP), the Fifth Generation Partnership Project (5 GPP), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and the Next-Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), also outline the E2E network slicing for future generation networks (FGN). Many systems have been proposed for core network slicing. For example, 3 GPP explains very well slicing the core network, but slicing the access network is a very challenging task for the industry. Moreover, radio access network slicing still fails to provide different isolation levels and sharing to permit the slice owner to customize separated user plane (UP), control plane (CP), and control logic (CL) for specific services. Providing separate resources can also increase the RAN network utilization in terms of spectrum and resource blocks [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Some open-source network orchestrators enable the network operators to slice the core and RAN network resources to achieve the E2E network slicing. ETSI provides an open-source orchestrator for slicing the network, which has been developed based on an NFV specification named OSM [18]. The other open-source solution is ONAP [19] which was developed by the Linux Foundation to provide E2E network orchestration of virtual appliances. Moreover, Cloudify [20] and OpenBaton [21] are also open-source solutions for network orchestration, although Cloudify does not work on the basis of NFV MANO. JOX [22] is another open-source orchestrator developed by EURECOM and MOSAIC5G [23]. It is an event-driven orchestrator for network slicing implemented with JujuCharms NFs. The MOSAIC community [23] has also provided a solution for slicing the RAN resources with the FlexRAN controller. Many research studies related to the slicing of core, RAN, and transport networks are briefly explained below. In this paper, the authors [6] developed an E2E network slicing orchestrator which is capable of slicing the core, RAN, and transport network resources. Further, they have tested the proposed framework with three different case studies such as the eMBB slice in the stadium full of people for a sports event, a URLLC slice for performing remote surgery, and an eMBB slice for power meter reading scenario. The framework performs well and provides isolated resources for each slice successfully. The author [2] presented a complete survey on network slicing and current challenges while slicing the 5G networks. Thus, the outcome of this survey is that efficient resource allocation and management framework is required for E2E network slicing. Another slicing system presented by [PERSON] et al. [24] is known as SliMANO, which is an ETSI-based E2E network orchestrator that can perform commissioning and decommissioning of the network slices. It performs slicing with the help of MANO, an SDN controller, and an RAN controller as well. It can also monitor the slice resources and reconfigure the slices in case of failure. Thus, this system is completely developed based on the NFV and ETSI standards. SliceMano is quite similar to our work but our work is a complete package to automate the configuration procedure of network slices and have deep learning modules for efficient resource management [25]. This article [26] explains the network slicing framework for the 5G networks and describes the basic design challenges for performing RAN slicing. Therefore, a solution has been proposed for the configurations of RAN slices inside the radio protocol layers by defining a well-organized set of policies, descriptors, and resources. This work is well organized and contains a complete analysis that attempts to explain how to slice the RAN resources and how to customize multiple RAN slices. In the end, the applicability of the proposed framework for RAN slicing has been explained.