esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
[25] studied the effect of the boundary conditions, elastic foundation, and pore coefficient on the vibration characteristics of functionally graded porous graphene platelet reinforced composite (FGP-GPLRC) based on the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) cylindrical shells. There are two types of theories used in composite shell theory: classical shell theory and shear deformation theory. The classical shell theory is based on [PERSON]'s hypothesis, and it has high computational accuracy in thin shells. However, its applicability gradually decreases with the increase of shear deformation in medium and thick shells. The shear deformation theory is based on the Reissner-Mindlin displacement hypothesis, which fully considers the effect of shear deformation and has high accuracy in the calculation of medium and thick shells. Shear deformation theory includes first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). Compared to FSDT, HSDT has a higher computational accuracy but requires relatively more computational cost. On the other hand, FSDT has a more simplified computational process but requires the introduction of correction factors. The advantage of HSDT over FSDT is that it effectively avoids the frequent changes of the shear correction factor when analyzing multi-layered compressed shells. However, for single-layer medium-thick composite shells, this often incurs a huge computational consumption, and in such cases, the first-order shear deformation theory is used to formulate the theoretical model. Despite the increasing maturity of research on the damping and damping characteristics of metal rubber, there are still relatively few studies that examine the dynamics of composite structures composed of or dominated by metal rubber. Furthermore, only a limited number of articles consider the boundary layer effect of metal rubber. In this paper, the effects of various preload states and boundary conditions on the dynamic properties of MRSCs are analyzed using the classical cylindrical shell structure as the basis of the study. The paper is organized as follows: in the second part, admissible functions are constructed using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonal polynomial to enhance the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The kinetic equation of MRCSs is established based on the linear theory of FSDT and viscoelastic materials. Additionally, the IHP model is introduced to predict the mechanical property parameters of MR, and polynomials are utilized to describe the functional gradient of MR, taking into account the computational cost. Section 3 verifies the convergence and validity of MRCSs' dynamic model, and discusses the effects of the boundary conditions, preload state, and Pasternak elastic foundation on the vibration characteristics of MRCSs. In the fourth part, the accuracy of the calculation is verified through experimental methods. Finally, in Section 5, some important conclusions are summarized.
# Semantic Distributed Data for Vehicular Networks Using the Inter-Planetary File System
## 5 Usage Scenarios
### Node Discovery  
This first scenario introduces peer discovery, especially for vehicles. Discovery is the first step needed by all the nodes before connecting to a P2P network. IPFS already provides several alternatives for establishing the first connection to another node:  
1. Bootstrap configuration peer list. The configuration file usually includes a list of peers with permanent and stable addresses. This list is used as a first connection attempt when a node is started.
2. External discovery tool: Multicast DNS (mDNS) protocol. This IP-based discovery protocol can be used to detect other IPFS nodes in a local network. It does not work through NAT (network address translation), and therefore, it has a very limited reach capacity.
3. Other external discovery tools using the IPFS application programming interface (API).  
Once connected, the peers share information about other peers, which allows nodes to find any node of the network, despite its location. The bootstrap list is perfectly valid for RSUs due to the immobility of these nodes. RSUs should not have any issue connecting to a list of stable nodes and discovering the rest of the RSUs through these initial nodes. Although the vehicles could also use these initial lists to connect to the network, they can hugely benefit form the usage of external discovery tools.  
Vehicles, initially disconnected from the IPFS network, have the opportunity to use a specific discovery protocol to find the peer IDs of the nearest RSUs. Although mDNS is an option, it is relatively slow and not designed for vehicular networks. Therefore, other protocols are desired. The most appropriate protocol would depend on the lower layers' technologies. In case of using 4G or 5G V2X communications, vehicles could discover nearby IPFS nodes thanks to short-range sidelink communications [42]. Vehicles and RSUs would only need to include their IPFS addresses (a combination of their IP addresses and peer IDs) in the broadcast messages. These messages have a convenient short range that would avoid the unnecessary detection of IPFS nodes that are too far away to be useful.
# Durability of Textile Reinforced Concrete: Existing Knowledge and Current Gaps
## 3 Factors Influencing the Durability and Mechanical Performance  
### Short Fibres  
There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of adding short fibres to TRC composites. It is known that adding short fibres can enhance the cracking strength, crack patterns, crack spacing and mechanical performance of mortar [5; 13; 26], but in the case of TRCs, the field is still very limited. The vast literature in the field of strain hardening composites can be used in this field to enhance the service performance of these composites. Among the few existing studies, it has been observed that short fibres can reduce the transport properties and shrinkage of concrete [43]. Resistance against frost attack or high-temperature has also been reported to be improved [41] when fibre volume fraction is at an optimum level as high volumes of short fibres can adversely affect the viscosity of concrete, the distribution of fibres in the matrix, the workability of concrete, and its porosity [44; 45]. Further investigations on the optimum amount of fibres to be used, the type of fibres and its effects on mechanics and durability of TRC composites is needed and proposed for future studies.
# Bar-Wave Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
###### Abstract  
This study extended a bar-wave calibration method for acoustic emission (AE) sensors. It combined laser interferometer displacement measurements and the wave propagation medium of a long bar, excited at its end with an ultrasonic transducer driven by a pulser. Receiving bar-wave sensitivities of 16 types of AE sensors were measured and compared to their receiving sensitivities to normally incident waves. The two types of the receiving sensitivity always differed for a given AE sensor. The bar-wave sensitivities of R\(\ddot{\mathrm{o}}\)a sensors resembled their surface-wave sensitivities, indicating that the bar-wave sensitivities can represent the surface-wave sensitivities in typical AE applications. Some bar-wave modes were identified by comparing peaks found on observed Choi-Williams transform spectrograms with the positions on the dispersion curves for bar waves, calculated with the SAFE procedure. However, numerous bar-wave modes prevented exact identification, especially above 500 kHz  
information and the accuracy of the calibration cannot be assessed since no standardized procedures have been established. These manufacturers cite ASTM E-976 [3] as the basis for the face-to-face calibration, but this guide contains no description of the face-to-face method. In the case of normally incident waves, two recent studies [4; 5] have utilized laser interferometer measurements to determine the characteristics of reference transducers and to calibrate the sensitivity of an SUT. It was shown that typical commercial sensor sensitivities are over-estimated by 10-15 dB [4]. Also demonstrated was that the so-called reciprocity AE sensor calibration procedures [6; 7] have no theoretical foundation and cannot be utilized [5].  
In many AE measurements, waves travel along shell or plate structures with limited dimensions in one direction. Sometimes, only the length direction is large in comparison to the wavelength. Consequently, in such test conditions, AE sensors detect only guided waves since the surface waves require thickness of three to five times the wavelength. This thickness requirement for surface waves is not fulfilled in most structures subjected to AE testing. A previous study [8] combined laser interferometer measurements and the wave propagation medium of a long bar. It was called a bar-wave calibration method. In the present work, this method is further refined and extended. Calibration results are compared between bar-wave calibration and face-to-face calibration. Typical calibration curves for sixteen types of AE sensors are obtained to provide a guide in selecting appropriate sensors. Implications are also discussed.
## 4 The Relationship between the Interpretation Process and Scale
### The Entropy Reduction Process
Again, as reasoned for Case 1, if the symbols \(Y_{j}^{\prime}\) and \(Y_{j+1}^{\prime}\) had existed before, they would likely appear as minimal entropy symbols \(Y_{j}\) and \(Y_{j+1}\), prior to the boundary drifting. Thus, for Case 2 we can use \(V=D+2\) as the symbolic diversity for this message interpretation. **Example 5 (E5). **_Take \(Y_{1}=\{\mathcal{O}abc\}\) and \(Y_{2}=\{de\}\) from the interpretation of the Example (E3). Then we see the sequence \(Y_{1}Y_{2}\) (\({}^{\prime}\mathcal{O}abcde^{\prime}\)) as the sequence of two new symbols \(Y_{11}=\{^{\prime}\mathcal{O}ab^{\prime}\}\) and \(Y_{21}=\{^{\prime}cde^{\prime}\}\), leaving the original message intact. The emergence of symbols \(Y_{11}=\{\mathcal{O}ab\}\) and \(Y_{21}=\{cd\}\) may compensate for frequency reduction of symbols \(Y_{1}=\{\mathcal{O}abc\}\) and \(Y_{2}=\{de\}\), which may extinct after the replacement of these instances. In any case, after each symbol boundary drifting step, the resulting symbol diversity will remain the same or increase at most from \(D\) to \(V=D+2\). In this Example, the resulting symbol set probabilities are:_  
\[P\big{(}Y_{1}={}^{\prime}\mathcal{O}abc^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{4\cdot 4}{35}, \ P\big{(}Y_{2}={}^{\prime}de^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 2}{35},\ P\big{(}Y_{3}={}^{ \prime}\mathcal{O}ab\mathcal{a}^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 4}{35},\ P\big{(}Y_{4}={}^{ \prime}b^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 1}{35},\]  
\[P\big{(}Y_{4}={}^{\prime}d^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 1}{35},\ P\big{(}Y_{5}={} ^{\prime}def^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 3}{35},\ P\big{(}Y_{6}={}^{ \prime}f^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 1}{35},\ P\big{(}Y_{7}={}^{\prime}g^{ \prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 1}{35},\]  
\[P\big{(}Y_{11}={}^{\prime}\mathcal{O}ab^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 3}{35},\ P \big{(}Y_{21}={}^{\prime}cde^{\prime}\big{)}=\frac{1\cdot 3}{35}.\]  
_The resulting scale base is \(D=10\) and the computed entropy is \(h\approx 0.785\)._  
_Case 3. Symbols Joining:_ Two adjacent symbols \(Y_{j}\) and \(Y_{j+1}\) are replaced by one larger symbol \(Y_{j}^{\prime}\). Depending on the number of instances of symbols \(Y_{j}\) and \(Y_{j+1}\), the symbolic diversity may reduce by one or two symbols, or may not reduce at all. Thus, the new diversity will be in the interval \(V=[D-2,\ D]\). Starting from the fundamental set of symbols, there are many other ways of modifying the selection of symbols but all of them can be understood as the result of combining Cases 1, 2 and 3.
## 2 The Proposed Method
### DNN Condition Assessment
#### 3.3.2 Assessment and Results  
After getting the optimized and well-trained DNN assessment model, the entire feature dataset composed of feature data of the vibration signals collected under normal condition as well as abnormal condition are used to evaluate the lifelong running condition of the machine.  
Figure 6: The six features in projected feature space.  
Firstly, the 9810 \(\times\) 6 array of six mapping features in the projected space is input into DNN\({}_{1}\) to conduct the assessment experiment, of which the result is shown Figure 7. Then, in order to make a comparison and to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, the 9810 \(\times\) 38 array of thirty-eight original features without feature space conversion were applied to conduct the same experiment, and Figure 8 plots the result, of which the DNN model is constructed as  
\[\text{DNN}_{2}[38;\ 100,\ 50,\ 20,\ 10;\ 1]\]  
By analyzing and comparing the results of these two kinds of features, the following phenomena can be discovered: (1) In a long beginning period during which the bearing runs normally, both the curves show a basically linear trend, but the curve of the mapping features is more stable, while that of the original features fluctuates obviously, which indicates that the former is much more insensitive to noise than the latter. (2) Both of these two kinds of features can detect the serious degradation such as crackle, fatigue spalling, etc., occurred at 7000 th min, however, the original features could not detect the early slight faults of wear, pitting, or overheat began in the vicinity of 5300 th min, while the mapping features performed well on this issue. (3) Additionally, at the end, the second curve changes the direction of the trend and performs very disorderedly, while the first curve shows a good unilateral trend and rises monotonically and sharply after the 9400 th min, which indicates that the bearing got started to deteriorate so violently that it could no longer work.  
Contrast with the actual experimental situation, it can be discovered that the assessment result of the proposed method that transforms the features in original higher dimensional space to projected  
Figure 8: Assessment result of the 38 original features.  
Figure 7: Assessment result of the 6 mapping features.  
lower dimensional space by LE in this study was consistent with the real operation status of the bearings, while the assessment results of the original features without feature space conversion are in great difference with the actual situation.
## 2 Methodology
### The Extended Finite Element Method  
The XFEM-based method executed in the finite element system Abaqus/standard (v.2017) was employed in this survey. This method has appeared as an alternative to the classical finite element method. It is built on the principle of partition of unity (PU) [20], and has the ability to follow the crack without conforming to the mesh; thus, it is not required for this re-meshing operation. The existence of discontinuities in an element is available now with this approach. The idea is to enrich the degrees of freedom by adding a special function of displacement. According to the partition of unity, the nodes corresponding to the elements completely cut by the crack were enriched by the discontinuous shape function; thus, the elements including the crack front were enriched by singular shape functions. The approximation of a displacement field U with the XFEM discretisation is determined as follows:  
\[\text{U(x)}\ =\ \sum\
olimits_{I\ =\ 1}^{N}N_{I}(x)\left[u_{I}+H(x)a_{I}+ \sum\
olimits_{\beta\ =\ 1}^{4}F_{\beta}(x)b^{\beta}_{I}\right] \tag{8}\]  
where \(N_{I}\) is the finite element shape function, and \(u_{I},a_{I}\), \(b^{\beta}_{I}\) represent the classical, discontinuous, and singular degrees of freedom, respectively. \(H(x)\) and \(F_{\beta}(x)\) are the Heaviside enrichment function that returns the displacement jumps through the crack surface, and the asymptotic crack-tip function that captures the singularity near the crack tip field, respectively.  
With the treatment of crack initiation and propagation using XFEM, Abaqus offers two types of damage modelling; linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and the cohesive segments approach. In this work, XFEM is combined with the cohesive approach. It is useful and shows great results in the literature [25; 37; 38]. The principle of the traction separation law constructs the cited procedure, and it is a very smart and powerful method to simulate initiation and growth for brittle or ductile fracture.  
Figure 2: Assessment diagram failure.  
The main parameters that constitute this model are the maximum principal stress \(\sigma_{\text{max},ps}\) and fracture energy \(G_{c}\). These damage parameters are used in Abaqus to control the crack.  
In addition, of the cohesive method, numerical modelling of the contact between two bodies is a significant task in computational mechanics and has a vast implementation in engineering [39]. In this field, we selected a contact interaction property that specifies the compressive behaviour of the crack surface [40].
# Waste Silt as Filler in Hot Mix Asphalt: A Laboratory Characterization
###### Abstract  
Several studies aimed to improve both the performance and environmental impact of asphalt pavements using waste and recycled materials as fillers. This study focused on the effect of untreated and thermally treated silt as a filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA). The silt used in the study was a byproduct from a local aggregate production plant in Bologna, Italy. Mineral and chemical analyses revealed that the waste silt required thermal treatment at 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h. The study compared the use of calcined silt, untreated silt, and a common limestone filler in the production of asphalt mastics and HMA specimens. The rheological properties of the mastics were analyzed using frequency sweep and multiple stress creep recovery tests. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the HMAs were evaluated through the air voids content, Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength tests. Additionally, the water susceptibility and thermal sensitivity of the HMAs were evaluated through the indirect tensile strength ratio and indirect tensile stiffness modulus at different testing temperatures. The results showed that the addition of calcined silt had no significant effect on the rheological properties of the mastic or the optimal binder content. However, the samples produced with thermally treated silt showed the highest stiffness and resistance to rutting compared with the other samples. On the other hand, the addition of untreated silt slightly decreased the stiffness value of the samples. In conclusion, the use of waste silt as a filler has potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for HMAs.  
waste silt; calcined silt; filler; silt thermal treatment; recycled fillers +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# 2\({}^{\prime}\)-Hydroxylfavanone: A Bioactive Compound That Protects against Cancers
## 2 Role of 2\({}^{\prime}\)-Hydroxyflavanone in Various Cancers
### Pancreatic Cancer
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cancer Type** & **Inhibition by 2 HF** & **Reduced Expression** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Increased** \\ **Expression** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline Renal cancer & Epidermal growth factor & CDK4 & - & [16] \\ \hline Renal cancer & glutathione S-transferase pi & Cyclin B & - & [16] \\ \hline Renal cancer & Angiogenesis & - & - & [16] \\ \hline Renal cancer & VHL–mutant cancer & - & - & [16] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} intensifies the inhibitory action \\ of imatinib mesylate/Gleevec \\ \end{tabular} & estrogen receptor (ER\(\alpha\)) & - & [21] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & TGF-\(\beta\)1 canonical pathway & \begin{tabular}{c} expression of receptor tyrosine-protein \\ kinase erbB-2 (HER2) gene \\ \end{tabular} & - & [21] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} restricts the transport of \\ doxorubicin in BC cells \\ \end{tabular} & - & - & [13] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} RLIP, KRAS, pP70S6K, pSTAT and \\ pERK. \\ Invasive and migratory power of cells \\ \end{tabular} & - & [26] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & RLIP76 & CD31 & - & [18] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & Angiogenesis & \begin{tabular}{c} vascular endothelial growth factor \\ (VEGF) \\ \end{tabular} & - & [18] \\ \hline Breast Cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} Cell proliferation due to \\ inhibition of switch on of the \\ STAT3 pathway. \\ \end{tabular} & - & - & [22] \\ \hline Lung cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} RPS6K1 (P70S6K), PIK3 CA, \\ CCNB1, CDK4, and AKT \\ signaling \\ \end{tabular} & mesenchymal markers fibronectin and vimentin & E-cadherin & [13] \\ \hline Lung cancer & Outflow of Doxorubicin & - & - & [13] \\ \hline Lung cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} epithelial-mesenchymal \\ transition (EMT) \\ \end{tabular} & - & & [13] \\ \hline Lung cancer & \begin{tabular}{c} Weakens the activation of AP-1 and \\ NF-kappaBB. \\ \end{tabular} & - & [29] \\ \hline Lung cancer & \
\begin{tabular}{c} phosphorylation of p38 \\ mitogen-activated protein \\ kinase (MAPK) \\ \end{tabular} & of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP-2) & - & [29] \\ \hline Lung cancer &
\begin{tabular}{c} extracellular signal-regulated \\ kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) \\ \end{tabular} & urokinase-type plasminogen activator & - & [29] \\ \hline Prostate cancer & Akt phosphorylation & - & - & [33] \\ \hline Prostate cancer & - & androgen receptive (AR) protein & - & [32] \\ \hline Prostate cancer & STAT3 phosphorylation & - & [34] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Modulatory effects of 2-Hydroxyflavanone on the expression of certain genes and proteins involved in carcinogenesis.
# An Insight into the Chemistry of Cement--A Review
## 3 Hydration Step Involving OPC
### Chemical Reactions Occurring during the Hydration Process
#### 3.2.3 Reaction Involving C\({}_{3}\)A  
Tricalcium aluminate (C\({}_{3}\)A, or celite), the most reactive component present in cement, is the third species involved in the hydration mechanism. Its role in the first step of hydration is of paramount relevance as it influences both the mechanical and rheological properties. Furthermore, gypsum can determine the chemistry of the products obtainable through the hydration of celite. Without gypsum, the formation of a gel-like material can be registered at the surface of cement as the first hydration product. Proceeding with the hydration, this material transforms itself into hexagonal crystals of C\({}_{2}\)AH\({}_{8}\) and C\({}_{4}\)AH\({}_{13}\) (or C\({}_{4}\)AH\({}_{19}\)). These products convert into cubic C\({}_{3}\)AH\({}_{6}\). It is important to note that both C\({}_{2}\)AH\({}_{8}\) and C\({}_{4}\)AH\({}_{19}\) are metastable products, whereas the cubic C\({}_{3}\)AH\({}_{6}\) is the calcium aluminate hydrate form stable at RT [57]. The fast precipitation of hexagonal platelets causes the phenomenon defined as \"flash set\". A high temperature of hydration corresponds with a high rate of conversion towards the most stable hydration products. Additionally, at temperatures higher than 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, C\({}_{3}\)AH\({}_{6}\) directly forms from the hydration of C\({}_{3}\)A. Both C\({}_{2}\)AH\({}_{8}\) and C\({}_{4}\)AH\({}_{19}\) are considered as Afm, which indicates a subfamily of mono-hydrated calcium aluminate phases structurally related to hydrocalumite, with the representative formula of [Ca\({}_{2}\)(Al,Fe)(OH)\({}_{6}\)] \(\cdot\) X \(\cdot\) xH\({}_{2}\)O, where X corresponds to an exchangeable anion.  
To prevent the fast setting of the paste, and elongate the period of workability, gypsum is usually added to the clinker. With gypsum, the principal hydration phase is ettringe (or C\({}_{6}\)AS\({}_{5}\)H\({}_{32}\)), which belongs to the Aft group, which indicates a subfamily of three-hydrated calcium aluminate phases with the representative formula [Ca\({}_{3}\)(Al,Fe)(OH)\({}_{6}\)] \(\cdot\) X\({}_{3}\)\(\cdot\) xH\({}_{2}\)O, where X equals a doubly charged anion [58; 59]. If sulfate ions are available in the system, the ettringe phase remains stable. When gypsum is fully consumed, ettringe chemically reacts with further C\({}_{3}\)A, forming Afm. The gradual consumption of ettringe, instead, favors the growth of hexagonal calcium aluminate hydrate, C\({}_{4}\)AH\({}_{13}\)[60].