## 3 Results  
_The Israeli Green Pass Policy--Design and Implementation_  
The GPP was announced in Israel on 16 November 2020, a month before the vaccination rollout began, and went into effect on 21 February 2021 [12]. At that point, about 65% of the population for whom the vaccine had been approved (those aged 16+) had received a first dose of the vaccine and 45% had received a second dose [13] (see Figure 1). By 1 May 2021, of 9.3 million Israeli residents, five million fully vaccinated and another 830,000 recovered were issued a GPP, representing about 63% of the entire population, and 91% of the population aged 16+.  
At that point (May 2021), the Green Pass was an official document only for internal use in Israel and applied solely to non-essential services. The Ministry of Health (MoH) issued it to any individual who had a vaccine or disease-recovery certificate seven days after the second dose to any vaccinated resident, after a PCR test confirming recovery from a COVID-19 infection, or a positive serology test result. All GPP documents are valid until the end of 2021. Children, as well as adults with vaccine contraindications, could enter GPP-required places with a negative diagnostic PCR test that was performed up to 72 h prior to entrance.  
The GPP regulations developed and changed according to the risks (see Table 1). On 1 May 2021, the GPP allowed entrance to indoor public places and businesses mandated by the GPP requirements: university lecture halls, gyms, swimming pools, cultural and sporting events (and venues), restaurants, hotels, and clubs. The policymakers who developed the GPP considered the risk of infection and differentiated between seated events with no food served and events in which there was changing or mixing of crowds, or where food was served (such as weddings, clubs, standing concerts, public sporting events). Stricter occupancy limits applied to the latter. The use of face masks and physical distancing was still mandatory, even with the Green Pass. The GPP was coercive, as only those who had it could enter the designated places. Outdoor public spaces, malls, libraries, and museums did not require the GPP but operated according to limited occupancy and density. Houses of worship could voluntarily choose to adhere to the GPP since they were considered an essential service.  
The GPP was implemented through a certificate that was easily accessible to residents who could not speak Hebrew, and could also be issued in Arabic, Russian or English. It was also accessible to technology-disadvantaged residents and could be issued by phone, email, post, or fax, as well as through the MoH's website ([[https://corona.health.gov.il/en/green-pass/](https://corona.health.gov.il/en/green-pass/)]([https://corona.health.gov.il/en/green-pass/](https://corona.health.gov.il/en/green-pass/))) (accessed on 18 October 2021). Nonetheless, the certificate could and was mainly used as a mobile phone app developed by the MoH and based on its vaccination database. The app showed the certificate as an \"animation\" (moving image). Since it was not a static form or a Quick Response (QR) code, it was difficult to forge.  
Figure 1: Vaccination rollout, hospitalized, prioritisation, and implementation of the Green Pass. (Sources: authors’ own compilation based on [[https://datadashboard.health.gov.il/COVID-19/general](https://datadashboard.health.gov.il/COVID-19/general)]([https://datadashboard.health.gov.il/COVID-19/general](https://datadashboard.health.gov.il/COVID-19/general)), accessed on 18 October 2021 and [12]; Note: vaccination rates for the population aged 15+ for whom the vaccine was approved by the manufacturer.