## 4 Discussion
We also demonstrated that the growth of phytopathogens _Fusarium oxysporum_ f. sp. _Icyopersici_ (KACC 40032), _Fusarium oxysporum_ f. sp. _Iactucae_ (KACC 42795), _Pythium ultimum_ (KACC 40705), and _Pythium_ sp. (KACC 40581) were highly suppressed by _Streptomyces sasae_ St-3 after three days of incubation at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This confirms that St-3 is a potential candidate for targeted anti-fungal treatment for crops. The in vitro antibiosis of _Streptomyces violacaustiger_ G10 against _Fusarium oxysporum_ f. sp. cubense race 4 was demonstrated by inhibition zones formed in the cross-plug assay plates [50]. The in vitro antagonistic effects against the pathogen appeared to be caused by the antifungal metabolites produced by strain G10 in liquid media, leading to swelling, distortion, and excessive branching of hyphae and inhibition of spore germination. The chitinase enzyme produced by _Streptomyces griserorubens_ E44G might play a role as an antifungal agent against _F. oxysporum_ f. sp. _lyopersici_, digesting the fungal cell wall composed of chitin [51]. _Streptomyces sasae_ TG01 can inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi _Fusarium solani_ and _Fusarium oxysporum_ by producing secondary metabolites including 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane as the major constituent [52]. The two most effective bioactive root symbiont _Streptomyces_ strains (H2 and H3) were selected based on in vitro petri plate seedling bioassays (IPSB), effectively controlling the damping-off disease caused by _Pythium apanidermatum_ as well as behaving as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria able to increase the fresh and dry weight of tomato plants [53]. The use of SCGs extracts to grow beneficial bacteria may allow a circumvention of this by-product disposal, producing a negative environmental impact as well as resulting in the loss of a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds [54]. Recent research proved that _Bacillus_ fermented SCGs extracts exhibited increased phenolic- and flavonoid-related antioxidant activity [54]. A recent article reported that the GI of wheat seeds grown in the extract of the vermicomposted SCG (10%, _w/w_) showed 205% [55]. In this study the _Bacillus_ sp. strains (SB-3 and SB-4) grown on the SCGs extracts (10%, \(w/w\)) showed higher germination indices (GIs) (231% and 246%) (Figure 2a). This non-cytotoxic effect by coffee-derived extracts was correlated with the coffee roasting level and the presence of chlorogenic acids and melanoidins [56]. The moisture content of all the composts was adjusted to 50-55% to maintain sufficient microbial activity for composting. Temperature, which is one of the key indicators of composting, determines the rate of many biological processes and plays a significant role in the evolution and succession of microbiological communities [57]. Rice bran addition in Tr_4 and Tr_5 (50%, \(w/w\)) generally enhanced the germination index and the growth of radish and pepper. [PERSON] et al. [58] reported that the GI of radish seeds for compost with the chicken manure was 130%. The GI of radish seeds for Tr_5 in this study was much higher (297%). The n-hexane, acetone, and water-soluble fractions obtained from rice bran were more effective on seed germination [59]. The addition of biochar during the composting process provided some benefits by helping to retain useful nutrients in the biochar. Biochar can also favor the creation of humic acids over fulvic acids during the composting of the rice bran and can alleviate nitrogen loss in the mature composting products. The addition of biochar during composting reduced the time required to enter the thermophilic phase and helped generate a higher temperature and longer duration in the thermophilic stage [60]. At laboratory-scale composting, the _Bacillus coagul_ group, _Bacillus thermoamylovorans_ group, and _Olivibacter oleidegradans_ became dominant after the addition of functional microbes (strains SB-3, SB-4, and St-3).