# Nanomaterials for Healthcare Biosensing Applications
## 2 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing
### Fullerene Nanomaterials
recently developed a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor by coating GCE with the Ni (II) one-dimensional coordination polymer of methyl pyridine (pMPy) (Ni(II)-pMPy) and C\({}_{60}\)[59]. The C\({}_{60}\) nanocomposite biosensor was able to detect glucose in the concentration range of 0.01-3 mM with a limit of 4.3 uM. Additional examples of fullerene and other carbon allotrope-based electrochemical biosensors are summarized in Table 1.  
\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor Platform/Label** & **Analy** & **Detection Mechanism** & **Detection Range** & **LOD** & **Reference** \\ \hline GCE-Ph-CO-ERC\({}_{60}\) & HVA & CV, SWV, EIS & 0.1-7.2 \(\mu\)M & 0.03 \(\mu\)M & [60] \\ \hline PGE–vinyllic Co\({}_{60}\)-polyMAT & PQ & DPASV, CV & 2.7-848.5 nM & 800 pM & [61] \\ \hline GCE-C\({}_{60}\)-MWCNT & AC & CV, CA, DPV & 0.1-1.5 mM & 0.43 \(\mu\)M & [62] \\ \hline CPE-C\({}_{60}\)-MWCNT–CuNPs & DT & SWV & 4.0-400 nM & 73 pM & [63] \\ \hline GCE-C\({}_{60}\)-CO & DA & CV, DPV & 0.02–73.5 \(\mu\)M & 8 nM & [64] \\ \hline SPCE-AC\({}_{60}\)–PdNPs & DA & DPV & 0.35-133.35 \(\mu\)M & 56 nM & [65] \\ \hline Graphite-SWCNT–TTF-ADH & Glycerol & CV & 0.05–1.0 mM & 18 \(\mu\)M & [66] \\ \hline GCE-Ni(TPA)-SWCNT & Glucose & CV, CA & 20 \(\mu\)M-4.4 mM & 4.6 \(\mu\)M & [67] \\ \hline GCE-CuAu–CNTs-CSs-anti-CEA & CEA & LSV & 0.025–25 ng mL\({}^{-1}\) & 0.5 pg mL\({}^{-1}\) & [68] \\ \hline SCE-3D graphene@Au & & & & & \\ NCS-MWCNTs-NH\({}_{2}\)–ECERAB\({}_{10}\)–sSDNA–BCERAB\({}_{2}\) & MCF-7 & SWV, EIS, DPV & \(1.0\times 10^{2}\)–1.0 \(\times 10^{6}\) cells mL\({}^{-1}\) & 80 cells mL\({}^{-1}\) & [69] \\ \hline SWCNT–SPE-PNA/Biotion PWA & DNA & DPV & 0.25-1.75 nM & 71 pM & [29] \\ \hline GCE–CwFeQ/QKO-AuNPs & Cys & CV, EIS & 0.05-2 mM & 0.383 \(\mu\)M & [70] \\ \hline Au-CDs–ZHtH@MOF–atpäumer & HER2 & EIS, DPV & 0.001–10 ng mL\({}^{-1}\) & 19 fg mL\({}^{-1}\) & [71] \\ \hline SCE–CD–AuNPs-DNA & BCR-ABL1 & DPV & 100 \(\mu\)M-100 nM & 1.5 pM & [72] \\ \hline GCE–CD–AuNPs-CEA & CEA & \(1\times 10^{-9}\)–1 mg mL\({}^{-1}\) & 0.26 pg mL\({}^{-1}\) & \\ \hline Au–ND-LOx & Lactate & CV, DPV & 0.05–0.7 mM & 15 \(\mu\)M & \\ \hline GCE–ND–DHP & COOD & SWV & 0.299–10.8 \(\mu\)M & 54.5 nM & [73] \\ \hline GCE–ND–P68–Tyr & CAT & DPV & 5-740 \(\mu\)M & 0.39 \(\mu\)M & [43] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  Abbreviations: 3D: 3 dimensional: AC: Acetaminophen; AC@0 Activated fullerene; ADH: Alcohol Dabhydrogenase; an: anti- Antibody of; BCR-ABL1: Breakpoint cluster region protein; Abelson murine leukemia homolog 1; BCERAB: Breast Cancer Estrogen Response Antibody; C@0: Fullerene; CA: Chronomomemory; CAT: Catechol; C: Chronocomocomocomocomity; CDs: Carbon; CEA: Carcinomopropopropate; C@C: Carbon nanotube; CO: Code: CHE; CPA: Chronicomemory; Cyc: Cyclic voltammetry; Cyr: Cysteine; Da: Dopamine; D: D: D’Diesel phosphate; DNA: Deoxyphonucle acid; DPASV: Differential pulse anode; stripping voltammetry; DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry; ERC@1: Electronically reduced failure; EIS: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; C@2: Clasty custom electrode; CO: Graphene oxide; HVA: Homomorphic acid; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LD: Levodopa; LD: Lactate oxidase; LSV: Linear sweep voltammetry; MCF-7: Michigan career boundtantom; 70 cell time; MOF: Metal repair timeweek; MWCN: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NP: Nanoparticle; NCs: Nanotubes; ND: Nanodiamond; PGE: French graphite electrode; Ph: Prenyi molification; PNA: Peptide nucleic acid; poly/TAT: poly(2,4,6)-trisacrylamide1,3-5-trisacrylamide, PG: Entasomeup; P: Flarendomet; Post: Pot Potade starch; ROO: Reduced graphene oxide; SCE: Seren printed carbon electrode; SE/NA: Single strand DNA; SWCNT: Single wall carbon nanotubes; SWV: Square wave voltammetry; TRA: Terphthalic acid;