# The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol
## 5 Biological Activity of Cannabigerol
By influencing the functioning of the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid modulates many processes within the body, including immune responses, cancer formation, cardiovascular diseases, and pain perception [41]. By inhibiting anandamide uptake, CBG increases anandamide levels and its action in cells [49]. The neuromodulatory effect observed in terms of modifications in the activity of components of the endocannabinoid system is considered particularly important [7]. The same study reported the ability of CBG to reduce anandamide metabolism. In addition, the ability of CBG to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells (in breast, prostate, colorectal cancers, and gastric adenocarcinoma) through the activation of TRPV1 receptor has been reported [71]. On the other hand, cannabinoid significantly reduces the apoptosis of transformed tumor cells by modulating the levels of Bax and Bcl2 proteins [42], and may thus enhance the development of tumor processes. Moreover, CBG and its derivatives (both natural and synthetic) have been tested in recent years in terms of their potential use in alleviating the negative effects of chemo-therapy, the treatment of mood disorders (including depression), neurodegenerative diseases, and diseases of the nervous system, and for their anesthetic effects [56; 57; 70]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline  & **CBG** & **CBGA** & **VCE-003** & **VCE-003.2** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Activity Area**} \\ \hline
**Receptors** & Agonist: CB1, CB2, PPARY, TRPA1, TRPVV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, \(\alpha\)2-adrenooceptors & Agonist: CB1, CB2, PPARY & Agonist: CB1, CB2, PPARY & Agonist: CB1, CB2, PPARY \\ \hline
**Endocannabinoid** & Inhibition: FAAH, DAGL\(\alpha\), MAGL & Inhibition: FAAH, MAGL, DAGL\(\alpha\) & Inhibition: MAGL & Inhibition: FAH, MAGL \\ \hline
**Redox status and inflammation** & Downregulation: TNF\(\alpha\), NF\(\kappa\)B, IL-18, IL-6, INF-\(\gamma\), PGE\({}_{2}\) & Downregulation: TNF\(\alpha\), IL-18, IL-6, INF-\(\gamma\), PGE\({}_{2}\) & Downregulation: TNF\(\alpha\), IL-18, IL-6, IL-7, INF-\(\gamma\), PGE\({}_{2}\) & Downregulation: TNF\(\alpha\), IL-18, IL-6, PGE\({}_{2}\), Caspase 3 \\  & Inhibition: iNOS, COX-1, COX-2, PLA2 & Inhibition: iNOS, COX-1, PAX2 & Inhibition: iNOS, COX-1 & Inhibition: iNOS, COX-2 \\  & Upregulation: Catalase, SOD-1 & & Upregulation: Nrf2 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Biological activity**} \\ \hline
**antioxidant** & antioxidant anti-inflammatory antibacterial antibacterial neuromodulatory neuroprotective & anti-inflammatory neuromodulatory neuroprotective & anti-inflammatory neuromodulatory neuroprotective \\  & neuroprotective & & & neuroprotective \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline
[21; 57; 58; 59; 62; 63; 64] & [21; 49; 58; 59; 62; 65; 62; 64] & [21; 49; 58; 59; 62; 66; 65] & [57; 64; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70] & [57; 63; 64; 66; 68] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Abbreviation: CBG—cannabigerol; CBGA—cannabigerolic acid; VCE-003—cannabigerol quinone; VCE-003.2—cannabigerol quinone; VCE-003.2—cannabigerol quinone derivative.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Biological activity of CBG and its derivatives.