## 3 Results and Discussion
### Acetylcholinesteraseerase Inhibitory Activity
Therefore, any AChEI with NO production inhibitory effect will be beneficial to decrease inflammation observed during the pathogenesis of AD. Crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested at 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and all three crude extracts and globimetulin B (**5**) had a good NO production inhibitory effect (at least 50% inhibitory effect) (Figure 3A). The results of the IC\({}_{50}\) values obtained from these active samples are presented in Table 1. The seed extract of _T. bangwensis_ (MSTB) had the highest AChE inhibitory potential and also exhibited the highest NO production inhibitory potential \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**IC\({}_{50}\) Values**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Extracts and**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AChE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**15-LOX**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(\upmu\)**g/mL** & \(\upmu\)**M** & \(\upmu\)**g/mL** & \(\upmu\)**M** & \(\upmu\)**g/mL** & \(\upmu\)**M** \\ \hline
**3** & 25.06 \(\pm\) 1.56 b  & 57.81 \(\pm\) 3.59 b  & \(>\)100 & \(>\)230.69 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)230.69 \\ MEGD & 142.61 \(\pm\) 13.45 c  & N/A & 27.85 \(\pm\) 0.20 b  & N/A & 36.96 \(\pm\) 8.71 b  & N/A \\
**4** & \(>\)100 & \(>\)130.94 & \(>\)100 & 130.94 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)130.94 \\
**5** & 33.59 \(\pm\) 2.80 d  & 76.34 \(\pm\) 6.36 c  & 67.64 \(\pm\) 4.25 a  & 153.72 \(\pm\) 9.65 a  & 7.14 \(\pm\) 0.53 c  & 16.22 \(\pm\) 1.20 a  \\
**6** & 24.64 \(\pm\) 4.06 b  & 36.18 \(\pm\) 5.96 a  & \(>\)100 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)146.84 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)146.84 \\ MSTB & 48.97 \(\pm\) 3.53 a  & N/A & 24.02 \(\pm\) 2.27 b  & N/A & 56.93 \(\pm\) 4.78 a  & N/A \\
**7** & \(>\)100 & \(>\)171.52 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)171.52 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)171.52 \\
**8** & 87.47 \(\pm\) 11.54 e  & 161.98 \(\pm\) 21.37 d  & \(>\)100 & \(>\)185.18 & 23.31 \(\pm\) 3.77 c  & 43.16 \(\pm\) 6.98 b  \\
**9** & 6.92 \(\pm\) 1.75 f  & 13.89 \(\pm\) 3.51 e  & 1\(\pm\) 100 & \(>\)200.80 & \(>\)100 & \(>\)200.80 \\ Eserine & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.09 g  & 4.47 \(\pm\) 0.32 f  & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A \\ Quercetin & N/A & N/A & 12.51 \(\pm\) 0.51 c  & 41.12 \(\pm\) 1.69 b  & 23.97 \(\pm\) 2.78 c  & 79.37 \(\pm\) 9.20 c  \\ \hline  & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular} Data are presented as the means of triplicate measurements \(\pm\) standard deviation; superscript letters *-8 represent statistical difference between data obtained, and for each column of the above table, data with same letters are statistically not different while data with different letters are significantly different at \(p<\) 0.05. IC\({}_{50}\); concentration required to inhibit the biological effect by 50% compared to untreated controls. MLC: methanol leaf extract of _P. capitalta_, MEGD: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) entire plant extract of _G. dinkageI_, MSTB: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) seed extract of _T. bangwensis_. Compounds (**1–9**) were isolated from the above-mentioned plant extracts. IC\({}_{50}\): 50% inhibitory concentration. AChE: acetylcholinesterase, NO: nitric oxide, 15-LOX: 15-lipoxygenase. N/A: Not Applicable.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 2: Acetylcholinesterasesterase inhibitory activity of active extracts and compounds at different concentrations. Eserine was used as a positive control. Data are presented as the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation of three independent experiments. MLPC: methanol leaf extract of _P. capitalta_, MEGD: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) entire plant extract of _G. dinkagei_, MSTB: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) seed extract of _T. bangwensis_. Compounds (**2**), (**3**), (**5**), (**6**), (**8**) and (**9**) were isolated from the above-mentioned plant extracts. (IC\({}_{50}\) of 24.02 \(\upmu\)g/mL). The combination of these two biological activities within the same extract confirms the medicinal use of _T. bangwensis_ for the management of brain dysfunction-related diseases and in our case, its efficacy as a potential treatment of AD.