## 3 Evaluation II: Factors Affecting the Evaluation of Signs
### Results of Evaluation II
#### 3.3.3 Analysis of Causal Relationships between Factors by Multiple Regression Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Unstandardized**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Standardized**} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coefficients**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coefficients**} & \\ \hline
**Model** & **B** & **_St. Error_ & **_Beta_** & **_t_** & **_p_** & \\ \hline Constant & 0.696 & 0.129 & & & 5.386 & 0.000 \\ Comprehensibility & 0.795 & 0.038 & 0.825 & 21.035 & 0.000 ** & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Overall Model Test**} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_R_**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_R_**2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_Adjust R_**2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_F_**} & _df/1_ & _df/2_ & \(p\) \\ \hline Model & 0.825 & 0.681 & 0.680 & 442.460 & 1 & 207 & 0.000 \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Unstandardized**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Standardized**} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coefficients**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coefficients**} & & & \\ \hline
**Model** & **B** & **_St. Error_ & **_Beta_** & **_t_** & **_p_** & \\ \hline Constant & \(-0.719\) & 0.174 & & & \(-4.141\) & 0.000 \\ Harmonicity & 0.556 & 0.071 & 0.393 & 7.825 & 0.000 ** & \\ Clarity & 0.354 & 0.059 & 0.326 & 6.043 & 0.000 ** & \\ Visibility & 0.316 & 0.054 & 0.269 & 5.844 & 0.000 ** & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Overall Model Test**} & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_R_**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_R_**2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_Adjust R_**2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_F_**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_R_**2**} \\ \hline Model & 0.863 & 0.745 & 0.742 & 206.755 & Model & 0.863 & 0.745 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \"_p_ \(<\) 0.01.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: The results of the modified multiple regression analysis. Figure 11: Path diagram for the multiple regression model. Evaluation of the signs is strongly influenced by “Comprehensibility” and less influenced by other factors. The results show that the coefficient of determination and the multiple coefficients of determination were \(R^{2}\) = 0.681 and 0.745, respectively, and all the standard partial regression coefficients were significantly different at the 1% level. Therefore, it is considered that the modified model can explain the evaluation structure of the participants' impressions. This indicates that the evaluation of signs is based on the evaluation of \"Harmonicity\", \"Clarity\", and \"Visibility\", and that these evaluations affect the evaluation of \"Comprehensibility\". In addition, the standard partial regression coefficients of \"Harmonicity\", \"Clarity\", and \"Visibility\" indicated that the effects of all the items on \"Comprehensibility\" were similar. 3.4 Analysis of the Relationship between Individual Factors and Evaluation Using Analysis of Variance  
In order to analyze the relationship between individual factors and the evaluations, an analysis of variance was conducted with \"Good-Bad\" as the dependent variable and \"Gender\" and \"Native language\" as the independent variables. The results showed a significant trend in the interaction between gender and native language, indicating that the evaluations of Japanese-speaking women were lower than those of non-Japanese-speaking women (F (1, 208) = 3.307, \(p\) < 0.10). The results for each native language and gender are shown in Figure 13.  
Figure 12: Modified path diagram for the multiple regression model. The evaluation of the signs is strongly influenced by “Comprehensibility”, and other factors had the same level of influence on the “Comprehensibility” of the sign. Figure 13: Comparison of sign evaluation by gender and native language. The evaluations of Japanese-speaking women were significantly lower than those of non-Japanese-speaking women. Since the results of the analysis of variance indicated that Japanese-speaking females had a lower evaluation of signs, the effect of sign factors on the evaluation structure by gender was analyzed. For each of the males and females, an analysis of variance was conducted with the three factors of \"Harmonicity\", \"Clarity\", and \"Visibility\" as dependent variables and \"Amount of text\" and \"Pictogram presence\" as independent variables.