## 5 Challenges and Future Development of the MIoT  
### Technical Security and Sustainability Challenges for the MIoT  
The MIoT, while connecting ships, buoys, sensors, and shore-based infrastructure, faces a series of challenges in terms of technical security and sustainability. To ensure the reliability of data transmission, exchange, and communication, as well as the sustainability of the system, comprehensive solutions are required. The current technical security and sustainability challenges facing the MIoT mainly include the following aspects:  
* Technical security challenges: MIoT systems involve a large amount of data transmission and information exchange, including sensitive fishery resource data, vessel positioning information, and more. Protecting these data from threats such as hacking, data tampering, or data breaches is a significant challenge. * Communication reliability challenges: The MIoT relies on the wireless communication technique for DT, but in the offshore environment, factors including waves, weather conditions, and other factors can interfere with the transmission of wireless signals. Ensuring the stability and reliability of communication networks is a key challenge. * Energy supply and sustainability challenges: MIoT devices operate for long periods of time and are often located far from land, so providing a stable energy supply is a challenge. At the same time, in order to achieve sustainability MIoT devices also need to be designed to be energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. To address the technical security and sustainability challenges of the MIoT, we can consider the following research directions. 1. Reliability of data transmission and communication
* Adopt encryption technology: Implementing robust encryption algorithms during data transmission effectively prevents unauthorized access and tampering with data. This helps to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of information, ensuring its protection during transit. * Establish multi-path communication: Implementing multi-path communication mitigates potential failures and interruptions associated with a single channel. This can be achieved by utilizing satellite communication, cellular networks, and other communication means to enhance overall communication redundancy. * Implement fault-tolerance mechanisms: Introducing fault-tolerance mechanisms safeguards continuous operation in the face of faults or attacks. This includes employing redundant devices, alternate pathways, and automatic switching mechanisms to enhance the system's resistance to errors and interference. 2. Security of data exchange
* Utilize secure protocols: Employ secure communication protocols such as TLS (Transport Layer Security) and DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) to ensure data are appropriately protected during transmission and exchange. * Authentication and authorization: Enforce authentication and assign proper permissions for each device and user. This helps restrict access to critical information, ensuring data can only be accessed by authorized entities. * Implement blockchain technology: Blockchain technology provides a decentralized, tamper-proof data storage method, enhancing data security and transparency, reducing risks during data exchange. 3. System sustainability
* Energy efficiency and management: Adopt energy-efficient devices, optimize device management, and implement energy recovery technologies to ensure the systems in the MIOT efficiently utilize energy during prolonged operations, reducing the need for frequent maintenance of sensors and devices. * Regular updates and maintenance: Provide timely updates to software and firmware, and patch potential vulnerabilities to ensure the system operates at the latest securityand reliability standards. Regular maintenance and monitoring are crucial to ensuring the system's sustained normal operation.