esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Predictive Techniques, and Control Strategies of Rockburst
## 3 Technologies and Methods for Rockburst Research  
Ground conditions in underground excavations can be managed more effectively with the help of advanced support systems, thanks to advancements in equipment and materials and increased understanding of ground failure modes. Underground operations in rock masses with high in-situ stress, such as rockburst-prone and squeezing ground, pose  
Figure 2: Classification of rockburst mechanisms [52].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Characteristic**} & **Tensile** & **Tensile** & **Tensile** & **Buckling and** & **Tensile Cracking** & **Tensile** \\  & **Cracking and** & **Cracking and** & **Toppling** & **Sliding** & **breaking** & **and Toppling** & **Cracking and Sliding** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Structure of rock masses} & Existing & & Layered or & & & & \\  & micro-fractures & Layered & massive with & Layer or & & & \\  & parallel to the & structure & an existing & layer-like & & & \\  & free surface & & fracture zone & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cracking property} & \multirow{2}{*}{Tensile} & \multirow{2}{*}{Tensile} & Tensile and & Tensile & Tensile, shear, and & Tensile and \\  & & & shear & & tensile-shear & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Failure plane} & Flat or & & & & & & \\  & conchoidal with & Irregular or & Stepped or & Stepped or & & & \\  & step-like & stepped & curved & conchoidal & & & \\  & boundaries & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Energy release} & Negligible & Little & Moderate & Moderate & Large & & \\  & & & & & & & very large \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Rockbursts and their properties [58].  
challenges. There is no universal standard for determining ground support needs, as each design must be tailored to the specific site, its ground conditions, excavation method, and regulations. The interplay of the tube, rock mass, and excavation is complex, making tunnel support design a challenging task [14; 60; 61]. Rockburst technologies and methodologies can be categorized into theoretical research, numerical modeling, physical model testing, and in-situ monitoring.
## 9 Estimation of Mechanical Parameters Based on RQD Value
### Estimation of Compressive Strength Based on RQD Value
#### 9.2.1 Linear Equation  
According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57], the strength of the rock mass (\(\sigma_{\rm cm}\)) can be estimated as a first approximation using the strength of the intact rock (\(\sigma_{\rm c}\)) and the RQD value. It was assumed that the ratio of the strength of the rock mass to that of the intact rock was 0.33 and 0.8 in the cases of RQD being 70% and 100%, respectively. This means that, if the RQD value is more than 70%, the following equation can be used:  
\[\sigma_{\rm cm}/\sigma_{\rm c}=1/3\ (0.037\rm RQD+1.6) \tag{40}\]  
Likewise, the deformation modulus of the rock mass from the AASHTO [47] was calculated, and the following expression was proposed to estimate \(\sigma_{\rm cm}\):  
\[\sigma_{\rm cm}=\alpha_{0}\ \sigma_{\rm c} \tag{41}\]  
\[\alpha_{0}=0.0231\ \rm RQD-1.32\geq 0.15 \tag{42}\]  
Note that the limitations of this equation have already described for the deformation modulus applied here, too [48].
# Fourier Singular Values-Based False Data Injection Attack Detection in AC Smart-Grids
### Motivation and Main Contributions of the Paper  
In this paper, FDI attack in an AC-ISMG and a new detection layout based on singular values of fast Fourier transform (FFT) coefficients are introduced. This detection plan is merged benefits, and also applications of FFT and singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed method is presented to draw out the system state traits in a period of time in this study. Signals of Voltage and current are measured at the point wherein the relay is located. In another phase, the switching surface (error waveforms on the basis of main signal) is computed according to sliding mode controller, and then investigated by Fourier transform, and the detailed coefficients are retrieved. In this paper, the SVD technique is recruited to calculate the singular values of the coefficient's matrix that is applied to detect cyber-attack.
## 4 Results  
### S-N Curve  
VHCF results of Inconel 718 at 20 kHz are shown in Figure 6. The number of cycles corresponds to the total fatigue lifetime, which was counted from when the test device started until when it stopped due to the frequency loss when fracturing. Surface temperature recording allowed us to determine the transition from initiation to propagation due to the high elevation of thermal dissipation. Crack propagation duration continued from several to tens of seconds depending on the total life and it was always less than 1% of the total fatigue life.  
Figure 5: Specific geometry of Inconel 718 specimen tested at 20 kHz.  
It is clear that Inconel 718 specimen still broke after the traditional endurance limit (\(10^{7}\) for ferrous alloys and \(10^{8}\) for nonferrous metals). For age-treated material, fatigue life was sensitive to loading levels. A difference of 100 MPa was found, corresponding to the fatigue life between \(10^{6}\) and \(10^{9}\) cycles, as well as for the DAHQ material. Fatigue life appeared largely scattered. It covered three orders of magnitude at 720 MPa loading stress. Moreover, both DAHQ and aged curves showed a similar slope, which perhaps indicated the same mechanism of fracture. Fatigue strength of the high-quality edition improved 200 MPa more than the common edition, which we treated ourselves.  
The scatter of the fatigue test results is now accepted to be an experimental and physical fact [37]. It is generally far too difficult or expensive to entirely remove the experimental error. This is why statistical methods have to be used to experimentally determine the characteristics of the fatigue phenomenon [37]. Basquin model without horizontal asymptote was chosen to fit the test data, as given as Equation (1):  
\[Log_{10}N=\mathrm{a-b}S \tag{1}\]  
The original Equation (1) is always rewritten as Equation (2) in order to make the loading stress present in ordinate axis Y. Meanwhile, the common logarithm of the fatigue life presents in abscissa axis X.  
\[S=AlgN+B \tag{2}\]  
where \(S\) is the loading stress amplitude, \(N\) is the number of life cycles to failure, and \(A\) and \(B\) are fitting constants.  
Fitting parameters of the \(\mathbf{S}\)-\(\mathbf{N}\) curve of Inconel 718 at 20 kHz are given in Table 3, assuming that the distribution of the loading stress for a given fatigue life cycle follows the normal distribution, also called Laplace Gauss distribution, and the fitting line happens at the 50% probability \(P\) of fatigue fracture [38]. Therefore, the prediction of the \(\mathbf{P}\)-\(\mathbf{S}\)-\(\mathbf{N}\) curve (for example, \(P=84\%\) and \(16\%\)) can be obtained through addition and subtraction of one standard deviation (SD), shown as the dotted line in Figure 6.
# A QUBO Model for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows
## 2 Related Work
### Previous Work on TSPTW  
Many researchers have studied the classical Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows (TSPTW). The relevant literature provides exact algorithms for solving the TSPTW. [PERSON] et al. [68] introduced a flow formulation of two elements, which can be extended to the classic \"makespan\" problem. [PERSON] et al. [69] used a dynamic programming approach reducing trials, which improved the performance and scaled down the search space, in advance and during its execution as well. Since TSPTW is an NP-hard problem, in practice, it is necessary to use a heuristic able to solve effectively realistic cases within reasonable time. [PERSON] et al. [70] proposed an insertion heuristic, which gradually builds the path to the construction phase and improves the refinement phase. [PERSON] et al. [71] proposed a two-stage heuristic, based on VNS. In the first step, a feasible solution is manufactured using VNS, wherein the mixed linear, integer, objective function is represented as an infeasibility measurement. In the second stage, the heuristic improves the feasible solution using the general version of VNS (General VNS - GVNS).  
[PERSON] et al. [72] developed a metaheuristic based on conventional principles for finding feasible solutions for the TSPTW within a short period of time. Subsequently, a novel quantum-inspired unconventional metaheuristic method, based on the original General Variable Neighborhood Search (GVNS), was proposed in order to solve the standard TSP [73]. This quantum inspired metaheuristic was applied to the solution of the garbage collection problem modeled as a TSP instance [18]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [74] applied this quantum-inspired metaheuristic to the practical real-life problem of garbage collection with time windows. For the majority of the benchmark instances used to evaluate the proposed metaheuristic, the experimental results were particularly promising. Towards the ultimate goal of running the TSPTW utilizing pure quantum optimization methods, we focus here on its QUBO formulation. This present article is an attempt in that direction.
## 5 Networking Parameter Adjustment Method for Optimized Systematic Performance
### UWSN State Collection  
According to the analysis above, in the optimal adjustment of the network, the concerned parameters include \(n_{b},p_{b},r_{b},k_{b},d_{b}\) and \(c_{b}\), in which \(n_{b}\) can be obtained by periodically broadcasting messages in the network, namely, it can be obtained by counting the number of times a transmitted key heartbeat message is received and replied to by the active nodes in an interval. The counting waiting time is set as twice the longest delay in the network. The UWSN nodes read \(e_{bi}\) (\(t\)), the remaining energy at \(t\) in every \(\Delta t\) period, and compute the average energy at \(t\) through the expression \(p_{bi}(t)=(e_{bi}(t)-e_{bi}(t-\Delta t))/\Delta t\).  
When the nodes reply to the heartbeat message, the control node collects the average power of all nodes and \(p_{b}\) can be obtained by computing the mean of all average powers. The \(r_{b}\) and \(d_{b}\) can be self-controlled by these nodes, so they can be obtained in time and all of this information can be sent back to the control node. During nodes' data transmission in the way of broadcast, the neighbor nodes of the control node receive the message and record it, and then reply to this message to the original node. The number of nodes is recorded in a period as the number of neighbor nodes. When the node replies to the heartbeat message, the minimal number of neighbor nodes that the control node captures is considered to be \(k_{b}\). In accordance with the network topology, each node collects the state information of all the other nodes in this lattice cell, records the number of active nodes, and transmits the information to the control node. The minimal number of neighbor nodes in all lattices is regarded as the current average coverage degree \(c_{b}\) in this network.
## 5 Conclusions  
The results of the tests and analysis allow the following conclusions to be drawn:  
* The development of compressive and flexural strengths of mortars made with the addition of waste materials., i.e., glass powder and PET, is identical to the development of strength parameters for reference mortars made from Portland cement and silica sand, while the strength values of mortars after the introduction of waste materials are reduced.
* The use of glass powder as part of the binder results in greater decreases in the strength of the mortars made than the partial replacement of the sand volume with PET waste.
* Glass used in an amount of up to 10% by weight of cement does not result in a significant decrease in the compressive and flexural strength, indicating that it can be used as a substitute for cement without compromising the aforementioned characteristics. The glass powder used, despite a fineness of less than 0.063 mm, shows very poor pozzolanic properties.
* PET waste of up to 5% does not significantly reduce the compressive and flexural strength of the mortars made. The contact zone between the PET aggregate and the cement slurry is weakened, which affects the lower strength values recorded.
* In the systems under consideration, the combined use of PET and glass powder is least favourable due to the deterioration in compressive and flexural strength, while the benefit of their use is associated with an improvement in the consistency of the mortar mixes made and a reduction in bulk density without an increase in the degree of aeration. Therefore, the suitability of mixes with waste for the production of concrete with an increased fluidity and reduced mass can be considered. Due to the lower density of PET compared to silica sand, PET aggregate can be used as a lightweight fine aggregate. The results obtained and the literature study support the hypothesis that grinding the glass below a grain size of 0.063 mm can improve its pozzolanic properties. However, research should be undertaken into the influence of surface-textured PET on the formation of the synthetic aggregate-cement slurry contact zone. Research in this direction can contribute to increasing the disposal of packaging waste without significantly compromising the mechanical properties of mortars and concretes made from it. The authors shall consider adjusting the grain size of the synthetic aggregate to match the grain size of the natural aggregate being replaced in further studies.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON]-S.; Methodology, [PERSON]-S., [PERSON] and J.W.; Investigation, [PERSON] and [PERSON]-S.; Validation, [PERSON]-S., [PERSON] and J.W.; Writing--original draft, [PERSON]-S. and G.M.; Visualization, [PERSON][PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the MEIN subvention nr 02.0.19.00/1.02.001/SUBB.BKTB.23.001.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Proposed Method
### Signal Grid Sampling  
We normalize signal by transformation models, which are widely used in CV. The transformation model is capable of fitting geometric distortions between the source image and the background image by geometric transformation. The transformation models that can be used are as follows: rigid transformation, affine transformation, perspective transformation, and non-linear transformation. To perform the deformation of the input feature map, we apply resampling and transformation by sample point \(\mathrm{T}(\theta)\). In our method, the resampled pixels \(\left(x_{i}^{t},y_{i}^{t}\right)\) form the output feature map \(V\in\mathbb{R}^{M\times N\times 2}\). Based on the analysis of the radio signal characteristics in the previous part, we consider the variation caused by time drift, symbol rate conversion, sample rate offset, and centre frequency offset. Time drift involves shifting the signal with the correct initial amount. This task is similar to translation in the 1D affine transformation. Translation in the time dimension provides correction for time drift. The symbol rate conversion and sample rate offset can be corrected using the correct sample increment resampling and interpolation. This task is similar to scaling in the 2D affine transform. We implement these two changes to approximate the 2D affine transformation in the image. We define the transformation \(\mathrm{T}(\theta)\), consisting of two parts. One is the 2D affine transform \(A_{\theta}\), then there is the frequency and phase compensations \(R_{\theta}\). In this affine case, the pointwise transformation is  
\[\left(\begin{array}{c}{x_{i}}^{s}\\ {y_{i}}^{s}\end{array}\right)=A_{\theta}\cdot R_{\theta}\cdot\left(\begin{array} []{c}{x_{i}}^{t}\\ {y_{i}}^{t}\\ 1\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\theta_{11}&\theta_{12}&\theta_{ 13}\\ \theta_{21}&\theta_{22}&\theta_{23}\end{array}\right)\cdot\left(n\theta_{3}+ \theta_{4}\right)\cdot\left(\begin{array}{c}{x_{i}}^{t}\\ {y_{i}}^{t}\\ 1\end{array}\right),\quad i=0,1,\ldots,M\times N-1 \tag{9}\]  
Figure 3: The bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) structure in the signal parameterized estimation network.  
where \((x_{i}^{s},y_{i}^{s})\) are the target coordinates of the grid in the output feature map. The resampling application applies the parameters we estimated by signal parameterized to the signal transformation.
## 3 Results  
This study analyzed differences in HICS effectiveness according to temporal and spatial conditions. Thus, the effect value was estimated for each scenario established in the previous step. For the spatial condition, changes in HICS effectiveness were compared according to SD. Temporal conditions were the passage of time during the day, and meteorological conditions were low-level cloudiness or MLC; the effects of both conditions on sunshine duration were compared. Observation times during the day were 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, and 17:00. The meteorological conditions were classified as affected by solar radiation or less affected by solar radiation. The SD was divided into five levels in increments of 0.2 based on the SVF: 0.0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, and 0.8-1.0 (Figure 9). As SVF approached 1.0, fewer obstructions covered the sky, resulting in an environment with a low SD [47]. HICS effectiveness was estimated for each of the five levels of SD.  
HICS effectiveness for each temporal and spatial condition was analyzed to determine: (1) differences in HICS effectiveness for each SD at the same TP; (2) the range of variation in cooling effect during the day by referring to the difference between maximum and minimum effect values; and (3) differences in HICS effectiveness between morning and  
Figure 8: Land surface temperature (LST) maps: (**a**) 2022.07.13. at 13:00 and (**b**) 2022.08.23. at 13:00; The spatial extent of the study is inside the red line.  
afternoon TPs for each SD. Using 13:00 as the time when the sun was highest, 09:00 and 11:00 were defined as morning TPs; 15:00 and 17:00 were defined as afternoon TPs. When performing these analyses, the differences in effect for each meteorological condition were compared.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\(\mu\)AUVs Micro autonomous underwater vehicles  
ADC Analog digital conversion  
COFDM Coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing  
CRLB Cramer-Rao lower bound  
DVB-T Digital video broadcasting-terrestrial  
EKF Extended Kalman filter  
EM Electro-magnetic  
FFT Fast Fourier transformation  
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems  
I/Q In-phase and quadrature  
PF Particle filter  
RF Radio frequency  
RSM Range sensor model  
RSS Received signal strength  
SBC Single board computer  
SDR Software defined radio  
UHF Ultra-high frequency  
USB Universal serial bus
# Challenges, Threats, Security Issues and New Trends of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Threats and Challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
### Neglect and Greed  
This attack is a special case of selective forwarding attack, as the malicious attacker may randomly drop the received packets but still acknowledge the source node (Neglect attack), or give excessive priority to its own packets (Greed attack). The protocols which are based on dynamic source routing are the most vulnerable to this attack [36].  
The feasible solution to this kind of attack is to declare alternative routing paths, and using redundant messages is another feasible solution. But in exchange, more energy will be consumed, which is the most severe resource constraints for UWSNs.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antimicrobial Potential  
The in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated through a broth microdilution assay in 96 multi-well microtiter plates, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the samples, defined as the lowest concentration of extract necessary to inhibit microbial growth, was determined against Gram-negative bacteria (_Escherichia coli_ ATCC 29998 TM and _Escherichia coli_ ESA37 cephalosporins-resistant), Gram-positive bacteria (_Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC 43300 TM and _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC ESA111) and the yeasts _Candida albicans_ ATCC 10231 TM and amphoteric B-resistant _Candida albicans_ ESA100. Gentamicin and amphotericin B were used as controls. The cell mass was diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution to reach 0.5 on the \"MacFarland scale\", which was checked at 580 nm for bacteria and 640 nm for yeast. Muller-Hinton broth was used for bacteria or Yeasts Peptone Destrose broth for yeast. Samples were diluted with broth to reach a concentration ranging from 5 to 30 mg/mL. The cell mass (10\({}^{6}\) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) was added to all wells and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h and 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 48 h for bacteria and yeast, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was then determined by adding 20 \(\upmu\)L of 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumchloride (TTC, 5 \(\upmu\)g/mL) solution. In each assay, a negative control (containing only broth), a positive control (inoculated broth) and a DMSO control (DMSO with inoculated broth) were analyzed. The results were expressed in micrograms per milliliter.
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
Ultra-Thin/Wide-Band Polarization Conversion Metasurface  
and Its Applications in Anomalous Reflection and  
RCS Reduction  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 2,*(c)  
1 College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.F.)  
2 College of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W.); 1780921092/@163.com (J.H.)  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
**Abstract:** In this paper, the design of an ultra-wideband polarizer based on a metasurface with high-performance is reported and demonstrated. The polarizer is composed of a dielectric substrate with double semicircular gap patches and a metal film. Multiple strong resonance points enable the design to convert the incident linearly polarized waves into cross-polarized waves in the 14.8-28.0 GHz range, with a fractional bandwidth of 61.7% and a corresponding polarization conversion rate (PCR) above 95%. Further simulated results show that the PCR remains above 87% in the 14.37-24.75 GHz range when the incident angle of the electromagnetic (EM) waves is between 0-30\({}^{\circ}\), and the physical mechanism is explained by the surface current distribution. In addition, the gradient metasurface is designed according to the Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle to achieve anomalous reflection, and the 1-bit metasurface is coded to reduce the Radar Cross Section (RCS). The EM waves reach an anomalous reflection of \(-23^{\circ}\) at 15 GHz normal incidence, and the RCS is reduced by 10 dB in the range of 15.3-28.0 GHz. These findings have potential application value in stealth and antenna design.  
**Keywords:** ultra-wideband; polarization conversion; anomalous reflection; radar cross section reduction