## 3 Results and Discussions
### Measurement Results
Through the seamless integration of ring resonators, RF switches, redundancy in operating bands, and an omni-directional radiation pattern, the proposed design represents a notable advancement in addressing the demands of modern communication environments. This allows the antenna to adapt to various operating conditions and optimize its performance in different wireless communication applications. To emphasize the novelty of this antenna, Table 3 is provided to make a comparison with the other frequency-reconfigurable antennas in the literature. Figure 12: The comparisons of the simulated and measured reflection coefficients (S11) of the proposed frequency-reconfigurable antenna for the states (**a**) ON-ON, (**b**) OFF-OFF, (**c**) ON-OFF, and (**d**) OFF-ON. The findings of this study have significant implications for real-world applications and the potential for improving wireless communication in different weather conditions. Firstly, the proposed designs of frequency-reconfigurable antennas incorporating ring resonators and switches offer enhanced functionality, versatility, and adaptability in wireless communication systems. By controlling the states of the switches and the existence of the ring resonator, the resonant frequencies and bandwidths of the antenna can be adjusted, allowing it to adapt to different communication standards, frequency bands, and system requirements. This adaptability is crucial in real-world applications where wireless communication systems need to operate in various frequency bands and environments. The study also highlights the compactness and space-saving nature of the proposed designs, making them suitable for applications with size constraints as tabulated in Table 3. This is particularly important in scenarios where there is limited physical space for antenna installation, such as in small devices or urban environments. Moreover, the integration of ring resonators enables precise frequency control, further enhancing the adaptability and performance optimization of the antenna. This capability is valuable for improving wireless communication in different weather conditions. For example, in adverse weather conditions where signal interference or attenuation may occur, the ability to adjust the resonant frequencies and bandwidths of the antenna can help mitigate the impact of these conditions on wireless communication. Additionally, the study demonstrates the radiation pattern reconfigurability feature of the proposed antenna at different frequencies and angles. This feature can be utilized to optimize the beamforming capability of the antenna, which is crucial for improving wireless communication in different weather conditions. By adjusting the radiation pattern, the antenna can focus the transmitted or received signals in specific directions, enhancing signal strength and reducing the impact of weather-related signal degradation. Overall, the findings of this study open new possibilities for optimizing antenna performance and addressing the challenges associated with frequency reconfigurability in wireless communication systems. The proposed designs offer promising solutions for future wireless communication technologies and have the potential to improve wireless communication in different weather conditions by providing adaptability, compactness, and radiation pattern control.