esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Measurement of Visible Radiation through a _Sansevieria cylindrica_-Based \"Living Sensor\"
## 1 Introduction
In this context, the literature presents few papers on soil and soil-plant systems used as living sensors: for example, in [32], the author demonstrated with a characterization the possibility of using soil as a self-generating sensor for temperature measurements obtaining, by using two implanted electrodes in the soil, a sensitivity of about \(-8.96\times 10^{-4}\) V/\({}^{\circ}\)C and a resolution of about 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C with an operative range of 0-50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Various studies have subsequently been carried out in order to analyze and investigate the transduction principle by varying the bacteria and the enzymatic activities driven by the X-ray source and temperature variations as a function of various observation time [33]. In ref. [34], the authors presented a soil-plant system in order to implement a living sensor for the measurement of UV-A band radiation (315-400 nm). A _Dimorphotheca eckonis_ was used as a plant with electrodes placed inside the soil to minimize invasiveness for the plant itself by using the soil as a decoupling component. The metrological characterization was accomplished in order to validate the working principle of the sensor which presented a sensitivity of about 6.6 mV/mW/cm\({}^{2}\) and a resolution of about 0.13 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) with an operative range reaching up to 0.6 mW/cm\({}^{2}\). This manuscript improves the state of the art, presenting a sensor based on _Sanseviera cylindrica_ to measure the intensity of visible light (Vis-light). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a living sensor realized by using a soil-plant system based on _Sanseviera cylindrica_ with electrodes installed in the soil with the following intriguing characteristics: self-generating, simple, low-cost, non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. All the aforementioned features arouse interest in order to contribute to decarbonization, due to their innovative nature that goes beyond the paradigm of classic silicon-based sensors. It is worth noting that, due to its mimetic property, the proposed solution is suitable in various fields, with a focus on indoor and outdoor applications for cultural heritage, security, smart home, smart city, and smart agriculture. The obtained materials and methods are presented in Section 2 together with the working principle and the characterization setup. Section 3 presents the results, and, in particular, it includes the analysis and spatial distribution of the applied illuminance, the selectivity achievement of the proposed living sensor, and the metrological characterization with the features of the device. The concluding remarks are given in Section 4.
## 4 A Survey on Cognitive Radio Implementation Research
### Motorola WSD device  
The Motorola WSD platform can operates on channels 21-51 (512 MHz-698 MHz) and includes capabilities for geo-location and sensing of digital TV signals. The system consists of a Cognitive Radio Rack and a laptop computer host connected via Ethernet. The rack consists of a UHF radio and two PRO-3500 carrier boards co-located in a compact Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) chassis. The cognitive engine runs on the lower board [113].  
This WSD implements a geo-location-based approach as its primary method for the determination of occupied TV channels with a spectrum-sensing capability used to refine the results of the geo-location solution and to prioritize those channels found to be available. This WSD exhibited the fastest scan execution time of 0.1 s/channel [112; 113].  
In DYSPAN 2008, Motorola WSD platform's demonstration shows that individual video streams from Client Cognitive radio as transmitter to Master Cognitive radio and displayed on a local terminal. Each of the radios uses a non-proprietary 802.11 MAC/PHY that has been rebanded to UHF. Figure 21 shows the TV white space cognitive radio demonstration architecture.
# Numerical Simulation on Dynamic Response of Drilling Parameters in Loaded Rock Mass
###### Abstract
[16; 23] used the numerical simulation method to analyze the drilling characteristics of roof rock in a coal roadway and found that the drilling process was categorized as discontinuous 'jumping'. They determined the relationship between the drilling rate and the resistance of different rock types and found that the average drilling rate can be used as a better index to measure rock types. In summary, these research results provide an important basis for the development of technology for measurement while drilling in coal roadways from different angles. However, in the study of the response law of drilling parameters and rock mass mechanical characteristics, the existing research is mostly carried out under relatively single or simplified working conditions. In the process of an actual coal mine drilling operation, drilling is not only faced with complex and changeable geological conditions but also with various factors such as different drilling process combinations, which are intertwined with each other. At present, the response law between drilling parameters and rock mass mechanical characteristics under the coupling of these multiple factors needs to be further studied. Therefore, the response law between the drilling parameters and the mechanical characteristics of rock mass based on the engineering site still needs to be further explored. This paper takes the pressure relief drilling in Guotun Coal Mine as the engineering background and carries out a field test of the rock mechanics parameters while drilling. ABAQUS2023 software was used to carry out mesoscopic numerical simulation tests of rock identification while drilling under different drilling parameters and stress states, to explore the influence of different types of rocks and different stress states on drilling parameters, to clarify the variation information regarding the drilling parameters while drilling in rock surrounding a coal roadway under different control conditions and to reveal the dynamic response law of drilling parameters and rock mass mechanical characteristics. The research results provide a scientific basis for the in situ measurement technology of rock mechanics parameters for coal and rock mass and have important academic value for promoting the safe and efficient development of coal mining.
# Impact of Patient Size and Positioning on Radiation Dose in Multiphase Liver CT Examinations
## 5 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates that patient size--particularly BMI, body weight, and maximum transverse dimension--has a significant impact on radiation dose metrics (total DLP and liver phase DLP) and on tube current settings during multiphase liver CT examinations. Among these parameters, maximum body width, extracted from scout images, shows a strong correlation with radiation dose, highlighting the relevance of direct geometric measurements alongside commonly used anthropometric indices.  
Our results further indicate that patient size influences X-ray tube output parameters, especially tube current (mA), with more pronounced effects observed in extended scan protocols (abdomen + pelvis). While tube voltage (kV) remained largely unaffected, the data suggest that exposure control systems adjust mA in response to patient geometry, thereby contributing to higher doses in larger individuals.  
In contrast, vertical positioning relative to the scanner's isocenter showed no statistically significant effect on radiation dose or X-ray tube exposure settings in our cohort. Although patients positioned at the isocenter exhibited less variability in dose, this did not translate into a meaningful reduction in exposure, suggesting that--within routine abdominal protocols--minor positioning inaccuracies may play a limited role compared to patient size.  
These findings support the need to incorporate patient body geometry--not only BMI or weight--into CT dose optimization strategies. Even in patients with normal BMI, a larger cross-sectional width in the scanned region may require individualized protocol adjustments to avoid unnecessary radiation. The integration of patient-specific metrics, automated exposure modulation, and positioning aids may contribute to more consistent image quality and improved radiation safety in routine practice.  
Conceptualization S.M. and J.K.; methodology S.M. and J.K.; software M.R.; validation S.M. and J.K.; formal analysis S.M. and J.K.; investigation A.M., N.D., M.R., M.A., M.J. and M.B.; resources N.D., M.R., A.M., M.A. and M.J.; data curation A.M., N.D., M.A. and M.J.; writing--original draft preparation S.M., N.D., M.R., M.A., A.M., M.J., M.B. and J.K.; writing--review and editing S.M., N.D., M.R., M.A., A.M., M.J., M.B. and J.K.; visualization A.M., N.D. and M.B.;supervision S.M. and J.K.; project administration N.D. and J.K.; funding acquisition S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Energy Efficient GNSS Signal Acquisition Using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
## 4 Simulation and Performance
### Performance Metrics
#### 4.1.1 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)  
The signal to noise ratio is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power. A higher SNR means the signal quality is better. It is measured in decibels (dB). The signal to noise ratio is defined by:  
\[SNR=10\:log_{10}\left[\frac{\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x(n)^{2}}{\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}\left[x( n)-y(n)\right]^{2}}\right] \tag{20}\]  
where \(x(n)\) is the original signal, \(y(n)\) is the compressed and recovered signal, and \(n\) is the length of the signal. The low SNR levels, especially below 20 dB, have a significant impact on the sparse approximation process, and the higher measurement noise contributes to either low peak sharpness or inaccurate recovery [38]. For this research, a SNR above 20 dB after signal recovery is considered successful.
## 3 Results  
Before the presentation of the results, we discuss the data, methods and parameters of the comparative, and validation measurements.  
\(\circ\)_Data_: We use the public image sequences of the Chroma Video Segmentation Ground Truth (cVSG) [17], a corpus of video sequences and segmentation masks of people. Chroma based techniques have been used to record Foregrounds and Backgrounds separately, being later combined to achieve final video sequences and accurate segmentation masks almost automatically. Some samples of the  
Figure 4: **(a)** Samples of the cVSG corpus and **(b)** UBDataset image sequences, and **(c)** HumanLimb dataset.  
sequence we have used for testing are shown in Figure 4(a). The sequence has a total of 307 frames. This image sequence includes several critical factors that make segmentation difficult: object textural complexity, object structure, uncovered extent, object size, Foreground and Background velocity, shadows, background textural complexity, Background multimodality, and small camera motion.  
As a second database, we have also used a set of 30 videos corresponding to the defense of undergraduate thesis at the University of Barcelona to test the methodology in a different environment (UBDataset). Some samples of this dataset are shown in Figure 4(b).  
Moreover, we present the Human Limb dataset, a new dataset composed by 227 images from 25 different people. At each image, 14 different limbs are labeled (see Figure 4(c)), including the \"do not care\" label between adjacent limbs, as described in Figure 5. Backgrounds are from different real environments with different visual complexity. This dataset is useful for human segmentation, limb detection, and pose recovery purposes [18].  
\(\circ\)_Methods_: We test the classical semi-automatic GrabCut algorithm for human segmentation comparing with the proposed ST-GrabCut algorithm. In the case of GrabCut, we set the number of GMM components \(k=5\) for both foreground and background models. Furthermore, the already trained models used for person and face detectors have been taken from the OpenCV 2.1.  
We also test the mesh fitting and body pose recovery methodologies on the obtained segmentations. The body model used for the pose recovery was taken directly from the work of [8].  
\(\circ\)_Validation measurements_: In order to evaluate the robustness of the methodology for human body segmentation, face and pose fitting, we use the ground truth masks of the images to compute the overlapping factor \(O\) as follows  
\[O=\frac{\sum M_{GC}\cap M_{GT}}{\sum M_{GC}\cup M_{GT}} \tag{13}\]  
where \(M_{GC}\) and \(M_{GT}\) are the binary masks obtained for spatio-temporal GrabCut segmentation and the ground truth mask, respectively.  
Figure 5: Human Limb dataset labels description.
# Genetic Algorithm as a Tool for the Determination of the Self-Stress States of Tensegrity Domes
## 5 Conclusions  
The aim of the paper was to investigate the application of the genetic algorithm to find a suitable self-stress state of tensegrity structures. Two approaches are used: the spectral analysis of the compatibility matrix and the genetic algorithm. In response to the questions posed in the introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
* the genetic algorithm is an effective method of the identification of the self-stress states, especially in the case of the structures with complex designs. The procedure proposed in this paper is relatively simple in mathematical description, uses an open-source Python library and can be used for structures for which the spectral analysis of compatibility matrix generates many self-stress states. In such situations, the self-stress states must be superimposed to obtain the one that identifies struts and cables properly,
* the genetic algorithm leads to the satisfactory results; i.e., the obtained self-stress forces provide relatively small value of the equilibrium of nodes. The accuracy of solutions highly depends on the values of the population size and the number of generations; increasing these values leads to a more precise solution but requires more computational power. As the comparisons with the self-stress state presented in the literature show, the forces are not always accurate. It should be noted that the appropriate solution has to satisfy the stable equilibrium (the equilibrium of nodes needs to be close to zero).
* the results are convergent compared to the exact methods, as is indicated by the comparison with the solutions obtained with the spectral analysis. As mentioned before, the accuracy of the solutions depends on the selected parameters of the algorithm, and higher convergence could be achieved by increasing these parameters,
* it is possible to use the same algorithm parameters for different types of domes with comparable geometry.  
In conclusion, the considerations confirmed the effectiveness of the genetic algorithm for identifying the self-balanced forces of the existing structures. The results of this research can be applied for the considerations of the behavior of tensegrity domes under external load (quantitative analysis). The authors also intend to apply the proposed method to analyze other tensegrity structures, such as bridges or double-layered tensegrity grids.  
Conceptualization, P.O. and M.S.; methodology, M.S. and P.O.; software, M.S. and J.T.; validation, P.O. and M.S.; writing--review and editing, P.O.; visualization, M.S. and J.T.; supervision, P.O.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Delay Bounded Multi-Source Multicast in Software-Defined Networking
###### Abstract  
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the next generation network architecture with exciting application prospects. The control function in SDN is decoupled from the data forwarding plane, hence it provides a new centralized architecture with flexible network resource management. Although SDN is attracting much attention from both industry and research, its advantage over the traditional networks has not been fully utilized. Multicast is designed to deliver content to multiple destinations. The current traffic engineering in SDN focuses mainly on unicast, however, multicast can effectively reduce network resource consumption by serving multiple clients. This paper studies a novel delay-bounded multi-source multicast SDN problem, in which among the set of potential sources, we select a source to build the multicast-tree, under the constraint that the transmission delay for every destination is bounded. This problem is more difficult than the traditional Steiner minimum tree (SMT) problem, since it needs to find a source from the set of all potential sources. We model the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and prove its NP-Hardness. To solve the problem, a delay bounded multi-source (DBMS) scheme is proposed, which includes a DBMS algorithm to build a minimum delay cost DBMS-Forest. Through a MATLAB experiment, we demonstrate that DBMS is significantly more efficient and outperforms other existing algorithms in the literature.  
multicast; software-defined networking; multi-source; steiner tree; routing; bounded delay Article  
Delay Bounded Multi-Source Multicast in Software-Defined Networking
# Hardware-Accelerated Data Readout Platform Using Heterogeneous Computing for DNA Data Storage
## 5 Modules of Hardware Acceleration Kernel
### Index Check Module  
The index check module includes a syndrome calculation unit implemented in combinational logic. This module performs a Hamming code syndrome check on the index sequences, retaining DNA strands that pass the verification and discarding those that fail.  
A shortened systematic Hamming code (24, 19) is implemented as the error correction scheme (Figure 6). The received codeword vector \(r=c+e\) is stored in a register, where \(e\) represents the error vector. The decoder employs a syndrome-based error detection algorithm, computed as \(s=rH^{T}=eH^{T}\). The syndrome is computed by a parallel logic circuit. When both the computed result and the valid input signal are asserted, the valid output signal is asserted through an AND gate.
# Compact Bistatic Iterative Passive Radar Based on Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting Signals
## 2 System Model and Scenario
\[\text{where }\mathbf{x}=\left(T_{x}\;T_{y}\;T_{z}\right)^{T}\mathbf{,r}=(dt_{1}\;dt_{2} \;dt_{3})^{T}\mathbf{,}\]  
\[\mathbf{S}= \begin{pmatrix}(Rx_{1}-d_{0})&Ry_{1}&(Rz_{1}-E_{z})\\ (Rx_{2}-d_{0})&Ry_{2}&(Rz_{2}-E_{z})\\ (Rx_{3}-d_{0})&Ry_{3}&(Rz_{3}-E_{z})\end{pmatrix}  \tag{7}\]  
\[\mathbf{z}=\frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix}(Rx_{1}^{2}+Ry_{1}^{2}+Rz_{1}^{2}-d_{0}^{ 2}-E_{z}^{2}-dt_{1}^{2})\\ (Rx_{2}^{2}+Ry_{2}^{2}+Rz_{2}^{2}-d_{0}^{2}-E_{z}^{2}-dt_{2}^{2})\\ (Rx_{3}^{2}+Ry_{3}^{2}+Rz_{3}^{2}-d_{0}^{2}-E_{z}^{2}-dt_{3}^{2})\end{pmatrix}  \tag{8}\]  
Following least-squares (LS) estimation, \(\mathbf{x}\) can be obtained as [31]  
\[\mathbf{\hat{x}}=\left(\mathbf{S^{\prime}S}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{S^{\prime}}( \mathbf{z}+\mathbf{r}R_{t}) \tag{9}\]  
Obviously, \(R_{t}\) cannot be directly calculated but still needs to be estimated. Using spherical interpolation [6], \(R_{t}\) can be estimated, minimizing the norm of the error \(\epsilon\)  
\[\epsilon=\mathbf{z}+\mathbf{r}R_{t}-\mathbf{S}\mathbf{S^{*}}(\mathbf{z}+ \mathbf{r}R_{t})=(\mathbf{I}-\mathbf{S}\mathbf{S^{*}})(\mathbf{z}+\mathbf{r} R_{t}) \tag{10}\]  
where \(\mathbf{S^{*}}=\left(\mathbf{S^{\prime}S}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{S^{\prime}}\). We may the define \(\mathbf{T}=\mathbf{I}-\mathbf{S}\mathbf{S^{*}}\), and since \(\mathbf{T}\) is symmetrical and idempotent:  
\[R_{t}=-\frac{\mathbf{r^{\prime}T}\mathbf{z}}{\mathbf{r^{\prime}T}} \tag{11}\]  
After \(R_{t}\) is estimated, it can be used in Equation (9) to produce the final estimation of the target coordinates. The next section provides a detailed description of the proposed algorithm, which first estimates the total distances to each antenna (\(dt_{i}\)), and then refines the estimation through an iterative procedure.
## 4 Simulation Results
### The First Round Energy Consumed  
Based on the assumption that all nodes start with an equal energy level, we compared the consumed energy of the first round of each approach rather than each round. We thus conducted a simulation to compare each approach the first round consumed energy in terms of the node density. We varied the number of nodes from 100 to 600 to evaluate the impact of node density for the first round.  
**Figure 8.** Number of alive nodes over time. (**a**) A grid of 6 \(\times\)6 cells; (**b**) A grid of 8 \(\times\)8 cells; (**c**) A grid of 10 \(\times\)10 cells.  
As shown in Figure 9, the first round consumed energy of CBDAS goes up quite slowly as the number of nodes increase. Unlike the other approaches, CBDAS builds the transmission path only once in the cycle formation phase. The overhead is only expended subsequently in maintaining the transmission path. The transmission path strategy is helpful to reduce the energy expenditure.
# Multi-Body Model of Agricultural Tractor for Vibration Transmission Investigation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Case Study 1: Tractor Tyres  
The ISO rough track ride was simulated with lowered tyre stiffness and compared to the original simulation. The stiffness characteristic of every tyre was adjusted, corresponding to a decrease in the pressure from 1.6 bar to 1 bar. Lowered tyre pressures result in approximately 60 % of the initially used stiffness. The one-third octave analysis of these two simulations is displayed in Figure 16.  
The case study confirmed that tyres mainly contribute to vibration levels in 1.6 Hz to 2.5 Hz frequency bands. However, even a considerable decrease in the stiffness resulted in a shift of the highest frequency band only by one step from 2.5 Hz to 2 Hz. The total unweighted vibration level was increased from 124.92 dB to 126.15 dB because the most prominent frequency band (at 2 Hz) reached almost 120 dB after lowering the tyres pressures. It can be concluded that by changing the pressure of the tyres in a typical usable region, usually from 0.8 bar to 2.4 bar, we cannot significantly improve WBV levels. The effect of tyres' damping on WBV levels was not studied since the damping values used were validated by comparing them with the experimental measurements, and their modification is not possible in practice.