## 4 Mitigation Methods for Disinfecting AMR Pathogens and Genes in Wastewater Treatment
### Electro-Oxidation  
Electro-oxidation is another method that generates hydroxyl free radicals from catalysts in the presence of high-voltage electrodes. As described in the photocatalysis and Fenton process, the free radicals generated through the electro-oxidation process also oxidize the cellular and genomic components, resulting in the inactivation and removal of ARGs [113; 122]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [117] assessed the reduction in quinolone-resistant ARGs such as \(qnA\), \(qnB\), \(qnV\), \(qnD\), \(aac(6^{\prime})\)-\(lb\)-\(cr\) and \(qepA\) from HWW through pre-treatment with electroperoxone followed by a sequencing batch reactor treatment. The maximum reduction in ARGs was reported from samples subjected to 75 min of electroperoxone treatment. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [114] employed an electrochemical oxidation process with a blue TiO\({}_{2}\) nanotube array as the photoanode under UV radiation and validated its efficiency in the removal of ARB and ARGs. This set up was found to possess enhanced efficiency for the removal of ARGs such as \(tetA\) and \(suI\) (carried on a plasmid) and for inactivation of \(E\). _coli_ strains that were resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethax-zole and tetracycline. [PERSON] et al. [123] investigated the inactivation of MDR _Salmonella typhimurium_ and removal of ARGs such as \(tetG\), \(floR\) and \(suI\) through electro-oxidation using a Magneli phase Ti\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{7}\) anode. This method was found to reduce the ARGs contained in the pathogen by \(\sim\)99%. [PERSON] et al. [103] evaluated the performance of an electrochemical membrane biofilm (EMBF) reactor for the removal of sulfonamide resistance genes such as \(suI\) and \(suII\) from wastewater effluents. The % abundance of ARGs found in wastewater after treatment with EMBF reactor was found to be reduced by one-third when compared with that of the conventional membrane biofilm reactor. [PERSON] et al. [118] designed a CeO\({}_{2}\)@CNT-NaClO-based electrified membrane and validated its efficiency in the removal of ARGs from wastewater through the electro-oxidation process. The results showed that the abundance of ARGs such as \(suI\) and \(tetA\) genes were reduced by 4.8 and 1.8 log values in the wastewater sample after treatment with the CeO\({}_{2}\)@CNT-NaClO-based electrified membrane. Figure 3 summarizes these three mitigation methods, unraveling the mechanism behind the mitigation effect. The various ARGs reported in hospital wastewater and municipal wastewater were reviewed and the gravity of the situation was assessed. The existing methods for disinfecting the AMR pathogens and genes in these ecosystems were reviewed. Most of these methods are the conventional ones that possess certain limitations. Their ARG treatment efficiencies in real-scale WWTPs were observed to exhibit a mere 2-3 logs reduction, and in some cases, no reduction at all [124]. Additionally, variable responses to the treatment were also noticed, indicating that only certain types of ARGs were inactivated [124]. Increasing the usage doses of UV light, ozone and chlorine to maximize the efficiency will lead to huge energy costs and an excessive release of hazardous chemical residues. Combining multiple techniques is also a recommendation that will enhance and push the individual performances to break limitations. Adsorption is one of the most explored and studied mitigation technique with respect to wastewater treatment. In spite of the fact that adsorption is one of the most facile, cost-effective, easily scalable and robust techniques, its applicability in the removal of ARB/ARGs from the aquatic environment has been sufficiently put to use. Only a few reports have been published on the utility of adsorption techniques for ARB/ARG reduction [125; 126; 127]. This review prompts more investigations in this aspect in order to harness the full potential of this technique in ARG remediation. With the advancement of nanotechnology, the use of nanomaterials for wastewater treatment has become an attractive option.