## 4 Discussion  
In recent years, a systematic increase in the number of microorganisms resistant to routinely used drugs has been observed. The spread of antibiotic resistance among staphylococci (including coagulase-negative strains) may pose a threat to human health. Many scientists believe that food may be the habitat of multi-drug resistant strains of the genus _Staphylococcus_ and may be the transfer of antibiotic resistance between the environment and people [45]. The substrate for the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be, among others, ready-to-eat, fermented milk products (for the preparation of which unpasteurized milk is used) [46]. Currently, it is methicillin resistance that is considered to be one of the most important problems in the control of staphylococci. Methicillin-resistant species are often phenotypically resistant to other \(\beta\)-lactam antibiotics used so far (including penicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, or cephalosporions) [47]. According to the research conducted  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline Extract and & **Control** & **AC** & **AP** & **EC** & **EP** \\ \cline{2-6} Time (h) & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**pH of _Lactobacillus acidophilus_**LOCK 0928 culture**} \\ \hline
0 & 5.33 \(\pm\) 0.05\({}^{\text{Ca}}\) & 5.29 \(\pm\) 0.04\({}^{\text{ACh}\text{*}\text{\text{\text{\texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext  
by [PERSON] et al. [47], more than 83% of methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus_ isolates (from ready-to-eat food) also showed resistance to tetracycline, rifampicin, and clindamycin. Moreover, the studies by [PERSON] et al. [47] showed that over 30% of food isolates are strains that have experienced multi-drug resistance (antibiotic resistance belonging to three or more classes). Hence, the aim of this study was to understand the anti-staphylococcal properties of four polyphenol-rich extracts from _Rosa rugosa_ Thumb. pseudo-fruit pomace and seven strains of lactic acid bacteria. The tested extracts from the pseudo-fruit pomace of _Rosa rugosa_ Thumb. were characterized by a total content of polyphenols at the level of 8-33 mg per 100 g DM. The content of polyphenols in the extracts of rose pseudo-fruit depended primarily on the species of rose but also on the method of extraction. The extracts obtained from the pomace through the use of various solvents differed in the content of polyphenols. The content of polyphenols in the acetone extracts was higher than in the ethanolic extracts by 1.69 times (crude) and 1.14 times (purified). Ellagitannins and procyanidins dominated in all obtained extracts, and their shares were similar. According to research by [PERSON] et al. [48], the methanol extracts of _Rosa nutkana_, _Rosa piscocarpa_, and _Rosa woodsi_ contained 6-13 mg of polyphenols (GAE equivalent) per liter of extract. On the other hand, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] determined the content of polyphenols in 17 different species of roses (including _Rosa canina_, _Rosa rugosa_, _Rosa villosa_, and _Rosa gallica_). The total content of polyphenols in the extracts was in the range of 6-16% dry matter (which was 5-19 mg of flavonoids per g of dry matter and 9-20 mg of ellagic acid per g of dry matter). The number of polyphenols (and their types) contained in rose extracts is primarily influenced by the part of the plant that was used to produce them. For example, the concentration of polyphenols in the extracts of the _Rosa nutkana_ and _Rosa woodsi_ rose hips obtained by [PERSON] et al. [48] was higher than in the seed extracts. Four extracts of pomace from _Rosa rugosa_ Thumb. pseudo-fruit were used in the study, for which the antagonistic activity against _Staphylococcus_ spp. was tested. The tested extracts, with a concentration of polyphenols ranging from 0.156 to 0.625 mg/mL, effectively inhibited the growth of the tested _Staphylococcus_ bacteria. The research group of [PERSON] et al. [48] investigated the antimicrobial potential of rose extracts (sourced from British Columbia (Canada)).