# Text Analysis Methods for Misinformation-Related Research on Finnish Language Twitter
## 4 Results
### Word Count Analysis and Clustering  
The results of the word count analysis carried out in Atlas.ti and clustered in the Excel spreadsheet are presented in Tables 6 and 7. In Table 6, the main 22 clusters of 88 are presented. First, the five keywords are presented, together with the cluster of related words, such as lie, waddle, truth, and fact. Second, the 16 main theme word clusters, which include more than 200 manifestations in tweets, are presented.  
The \"Media\" and \"Social media\" clusters included mention of various media and social media producers: newspapers and television channels, certain journalists, as well as general terms regarding news, such as news in Finnish \"uutinen\". The \"Finland\" cluster included various Finland-related issues, such as words referring to the country Finland, and also Finns and Finnish language. Similarly, the \"Country and world\" cluster contains words that refer to the country (Fin. maa) and the world (Fin. maailma). The \"Animals\" cluster comprises various animals. \"Children and young people\" cluster consists of words referring to child or children (Fin. lapsi, lapset) or young people (Fin. nuoret). The \"Police\" and \"Researcher and Research\" clusters include words referring to those occupations. \"Opposition\" (Fin. vastasiusus) and \"Hate speech\" included words referring to those terms.  
Figure 2: Topic model of Top-10 most salient terms in tweets. * Anonymized Twitter account of a politician, ** anonymized Twitter account of a student.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Main Clusters in English**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Quantity of Word**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Manifestations**} \\ \hline
**Keyword clusters** & \\
1. Propaganda (Fin. propaganda) & 5706 \\
2. Fake news (Fin. valeutunen or fake news) & 2119 \\
3. Disinformation (Fin. disinformaatio) & 1991 \\
4. Hoax (Fin. nutisankka) & 256 \\
5. Misinformation (Fin. misinformaatio) & 198 \\
6. Lie, Waddle, Truth, Fact (Fin. vale, valhe, huuhaa, totuus, fakta) & 1274 \\
**Theme word clusters** & \\
7. Media & 5692 \\
8. Politics & 3821 \\
9. Foreign countries & 2769 \\
10. Politician & 2101 \\
11. Finland & 1601 \\
12. Health (corona, vaccination, virus) & 1538 \\
13. Social media & 1416 \\
14. Animals & 520 \\
15. Children and young people & 507 \\
16. Movements (Qanon, Isis, Elokapina) & 453 \\
17. Country and World & 340 \\
18. School & 290 \\
19. Police & 253 \\
20. Researcher and Research & 247 \\
21. Opposition (Fin. vastasiusus) & 228 \\
22. Hate Speech & 201 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Result of word count analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**The Content of Three Main Clusters in English**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Quantity of**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Manifestations**} \\ \hline
**Clusters** & 3821 \\
**Politics** & 848 \\ Finns Party (Fin. persu, persuien, persut, vihreat, vihreiden, vihreilit  
In Table 7, three of the main clusters are examined in more detail. The results comprise the most manifested words in the clusters \"Politics,\" \"Politicians,\" and \"Foreign countries\". The cluster of \"Politics\" included general terms of politics, such as politics (\"politikka\" in Finnish) and government. Furthermore, there were words referring to two parties (Finns Party and The Greens), and the political spectrums of right-wing and left-wing, and even the political ideology of communism. The elections were also presented among the most manifested words.  
The two most manifested in the Politicians clusters were the Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior with various terms. Their manifestations were 75% of the total number in the Politician cluster. In the foreign countries cluster, Russia was the most manifested. However, EU, USA, China, Sweden, and even the Soviet Union were also manifested in the tweets. Presidents [PERSON] and [PERSON] were manifested highly in Finnish tweets regarding misinformation.