Xinze Wang  
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.Q. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) Xinze Wang  
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.W.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.Q. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) Xinze Wang  
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.Q. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) Xinze Wang  
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.H.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.Q. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) Xinze Wang  
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L. ); 277353@whut. the current and the power failure event caused by the protection action. For single-phase grounding faults, the fault indicator detects the fault according to the fault-generated transient zero-sequence currents [2]. Currently, the main wireless communication modes configured for the fault indicator are General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and 3G/4G. However, there is limited or no communication coverage in remote mountainous or forest areas. Hence, it is impractical to deploy GPRS-based or 3G/4G-based fault indicators in the power distribution network in the abovementioned areas. It is of paramount importance to deal with this problem. With the rapid growth of the smart grid, the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the power system is currently dynamically developed [3]. At the same time, with the development of fifth-generation evolution (5G), IoT, and mobile computing, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) communication technology has received increasing attention in recent years [4]. Among them, the long-range (LoRa) spread spectrum modulation technology is a new type of wireless communication technology, which combines digital spread spectrum, digital signal processing, and forward error correction coding technology. It increases the link budget and anti-interference capability in the process of data transmission, thus it is suitable for the IoT network with long-distance data transmission, strong anti-interference capability, and low power consumption [5; 6; 7]. The narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology is a communication technology for offering low-data-rate communication services. It can be directly deployed in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) network to reduce deployment cost and realize a smooth upgrade [8; 9; 10; 11]. It can be seen that when LoRa and NB-IoT are combined and applied in the power distribution network, it can be also realized to achieve long-distance data transmission and low power consumption in fault localization [12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] have presented the design and achievement of conventional fault indicators. However, the traditional fault indicator is too lagging, because it only relies on turning over cards during the day and flashing lights at night to transmit fault information. With the continuous development of communication technology, remote communication alarm mode is gradually applied to fault indicators. The expansion of distribution automation with communicating fault indicators can be found in [14]. [PERSON] et al.