# A Comprehensive Review of Indoor Localization Techniques and Applications in Various Sectors
## 3 Methodology and Application of Indoor Localization in Various Fields
### Indoor Localization Applications and Methodologies in Healthcare
#### 3.1.2 Healthcare Facilities System Using Bluetooth  
[PERSON] et al. [17] proposes a BLE-based RTLS designed to track patients, staff, and assets within healthcare environments. The system uses iBeacons and BLE-enabled devices, such as wearable tags or smartphones, to achieve accurate indoor localization. This framework handles the exchange of data between the tracking devices and the central server. Figure 7: Structural design of LoCATE system. BLE-enabled devices (smartphones or wearable tags) collect RSSI values from iBeacons installed in fixed locations. The data are then sent to the server for processing. The system allows users to interact with it via smartphones or other BLE-enabled devices, as shown in Figure 8. Users can receive location information, alerts, or notifications in real time. This framework also supports additional healthcare monitoring functions, such as heart rate monitoring or fall detection, through integrated sensors. The system supports communication across multiple platforms and devices, ensuring compatibility within healthcare settings. This framework ensures that data from various devices (smartphones, tablets, or wearables) can be seamlessly exchanged and processed within the hospital's IoT network [17]. Figure 9 shows the core framework, which focuses on tracking the real-time location of patients and assets. The system uses BLE iBeacons installed at predefined positions. The RSSI values of beacon signals received by the BLE-enabled devices are processed to estimate the user's location using an improved least square estimation (LSE) approach. The system begins with the calibration of BLE iBeacons. During this stage, the RSSI values from each iBeacon are collected and analyzed to establish baseline measurements. This calibration helps improve the accuracy of localization by accounting for signal variations due to environmental factors. BLE-enabled devices carried by patients or staff continuously collect RSSI values from nearby iBeacons, as shown in Figure 10, which illustrates the BLE positioning technology. The frequency of data collection ensures real-time updates, even in crowded or dynamic environments [17]. Figure 8: System architecture of BLE-based indoor localization. The collected RSSI data are processed using an improved least square estimation (LSE) approach. This method refines the position estimates by minimizing the errors introduced by signal attenuation and interference. The system achieves a localization accuracy of up to 12 cm, making it suitable for applications requiring precise tracking. BLE iBeacons are installed at strategic locations within the healthcare facility. Their positions are predefined and used as reference points for localization. BLE-enabled devices capture the RSSI values from the iBeacons and transmit these data to a central server for processing [17]. The server processes the RSSI data using the improved LSE algorithm to estimate the real-time location of the user or asset. These location data are then relayed to a user interface, such as a mobile application or a web dashboard. The estimated locations are displayed in real time on a grid, 2D map, or 3D map. Additional sensor data, such as heart rate or fall detection, can also be processed and displayed to healthcare staff for enhanced monitoring and patient safety. The system can be integrated with additional sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and heart rate monitors, to provide comprehensive healthcare monitoring. For instance, the system can detect falls or monitor vital signs and send alerts to healthcare providers, improving patient safety and response times. This BLE-based RTLS provides a cost-effective and accurate solution for indoor localization in healthcare settings. By leveraging iBeacons and improved LSE algorithms, the system achieves high-resolution  
Figure 10: BLE positioning technology. Figure 9: Tracking workflow for patients and staff in healthcare settings. tracking, enhancing workflow efficiency, patient safety, and resource management within hospitals [17].