esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental results
### Dataset description  
Experiments were carried out using a set of five days of temperature readings obtained from a 54 Mica2 Dot sensor deployment at the Intel research laboratory at Berkeley [35]. The sensors \(5\) and \(15\) were removed as they did not provide any measurement. The readings were originally sampled every thirty-one seconds. A preprocessing stage where data was discretized in thirty second intervals was applied to the dataset. After preprocessing, the dataset contained a trace of 14400 readings from 52 different sensors. The code associated to the preprocessing and the network simulation was developed in R, an open source statistical language, and is available from the authors' web site [36].  
Examples of temperature profiles and dependencies between measurements are reported in Fig. 4 and 5, respectively. The sensors 21 and 49 were the least correlated ones over that time period, with a correlation coefficient of \(0.59\). They were situated on opposite sides of the laboratory. Temperature over the whole set of data ranged from about \(15^{\circ}\)C to \(35^{\circ}\)C.
## 1 Introduction
Employing the SCL method based on the observations from the National Lightning Detection Network, it was only possible to ascertain the geographic coordinates for a small fraction, less than 10%, of the events detected by the FORTE satellite [11; 12]. This manuscript introduces an innovative approach for pinpointing the geographical locations of the events detected by a single satellite, leveraging cluster analysis and data from the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). This technique is referred to as the cluster analysis locating (CAL) method. Specifically, the temporal and spatial detailsof an event detected by the satellite are initially utilized to compile a dataset that derives from the WWLLN observations and aligns with the stipulated time conditions and spatial criteria, as further explained in the subsequent analysis. This dataset is then subjected to clustering analysis to identify potential radiation-source locations. The singularity of the radiation source is ultimately confirmed by evaluating the \(STEC_{dec}\) of the detected event. This paper further investigates the impact of the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), the K-means, and the mean shift (MS) algorithms on the accuracy of the CAL method [13; 14; 15]. Building on these insights, an enhanced mean shift denoised (MSDN)-CAL method is introduced. The method in question achieves the most favorable comprehensive score for locating error, which stands at 56.06 km. This metric is indicative of the method's precision, with lower values being more desirable (see below for details). In comparison, the other three CAL methods yield comprehensive scores of 58.51 km, 100.24 km, and 80.16 km, respectively. The MSDC-CAL method demonstrates superior precision and dependability compared to the other three CAL methods. Ultimately, using the method successfully determines the two-dimensional locations for 81.15% of the detection events, with horizontal inaccuracies ranging from 10 to 100 km. This success rate represents an approximate eightfold enhancement over the SCL method, effectively addresses the limitations of the SCL method, and establishes a solid groundwork for future research endeavors.
# Bi-Stability in Flexure Beams: Introducing a Setup for Experimental Characterization
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of the Flexure Beams under Cyclic Loading
#### 3.3.2 Snap-Through Point  
In contrast to the critical force, which decreases greatly after the first load, the snap-through points remain consistent. Figure 9a-d shows the STP of each load per sample. The standard deviation confirms that the variations are never bigger than \(\pm\)1.00 mm, which suggests that the snap-point is reached at a similar distance regardless of the cycle load. This aspect evokes predictable behavior that could provide the system with reliability for real-life purposes.
# Investigating a Toolchain from Trajectory Recording to Resimulation
###### Abstract  
The growing variety of transportation options and increasing traffic congestion pose new challenges for road safety. As a result, there is an intensified focus on developing automated driving features and assistance systems aimed at minimizing accidents caused by human errors. The creation of these systems requires a substantial amount of testing kilometers, with estimates suggesting that around 2.1 billion kilometers would be necessary to ensure that each situation pertinent to the driving function is encountered at least once with a probability of 50%. This paper advances the microscopic simulation of traffic scenarios beyond linear patterns, utilizing the open-source environment openPASS. It addresses the research question of whether existing microscopic simulations are able to realistically represent non-linear traffic scenarios. A comprehensive toolchain integrates simulation with video recordings and laser scans. The study compares recorded traffic flow data with simulations at a T-junction, assessing the realism of vehicle models and trajectory representation. Three scenarios are analyzed, considering vehicles and pedestrians. The 3D geometry of the scene was captured with a laser scanner, enabling the mapping of recorded video data onto a geo-referenced environment. Object trajectories were extracted using an \"Regions with Convolutional Neural Networks features\" object detector. While openPASS simulated vehicle and pedestrian behaviors effectively, limitations in trajectory variability and reaction times were observed. These findings highlight the need for more realistic behavior models. This research emphasizes the necessity for improvements to accommodate complex driving behaviors and pedestrian dynamics.  
Keywords:traffic simulation; machine learning-based trajectory extraction; vehicle-pedestrian interaction; behavioral models +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences
## 3 Results and Analysis  
### Albedo-NDVI Feature Space Analysis  
The ROI function in ENVI was used to randomly select 1600 sample points distributed at various desertification levels across the study area. After normalizing the data of the two periods, the NDVI and Albedo values were extracted from the 1600 sample points, and a linear regression equation was constructed between them. The regression equations and linear correlations in the study area for 2010 and 2020 (Figure 3) were as follows:  
\[\text{Albedo}=-0.1505\text{NDVI}+0.3855\Big{(}R^{2}=0.7004\Big{)} \tag{18}\]  
\[\text{Albedo}=-0.098\text{NDVI}+0.2190\Big{(}R^{2}=0.7033\Big{)} \tag{19}\]  
As illustrated in Figure 3, the Albedo-NDVI feature space is trapezoidal, and the R\({}^{2}\) coefficients of linear regression equations are all greater than 0.7, and Albedo\({}_{\text{max}}\) is significantly negatively correlated with NDVI. Meanwhile, as the vegetation index gradually increases, its surface albedo decreases, demonstrating a strong linear negative correlation between the vegetation index and surface Albedo.
## 4 Real-Time Implementation and Experimental Set-Up
### Real-Time PMSM-SCS Based on DTC Strategy Using Constant Flux  
Using the Simulink model for monitoring the real-time signals from the LAUNCHXL-F28379D development board, a series of experimental tests were carried out by applying acceleration and deceleration steps to the PMSM rotor speed reference. The graphs obtained for the main parameters of interest of the sensorless PMSM control system based on the DTC strategy are presented below.  
For example, Figure 19 shows the real-time rotor speed evolution for PMSM-SCS based on the DTC strategy at constant flux. Figure 19a shows the real-time speed response when using the PI-EOA controller and Figure 19b shows the real-time speed response when using the FOPI controller. It can be seen that the performance of the PMSM-SCS based on the DTC strategy with the PI-EOA controller is very good in real-time implementation. Small inherent differences with the numerical simulations are observed, but, from a practical point of view, we can say that the control system offers good performance even for applications where high accuracy is required; in this sense, an argument is that the steady-state value error is less than 0.2%. In addition, the settling time is 70 ms and the overshoot is less than 2%, which is good performance for real-time systems. Performance is enhanced by the use of the FOPI controller, which achieves 1% overshoot and a settling time of 60 ms.  
The real-time evolution of the stator currents \(i_{a}\) and \(i_{b}\) is shown in Figure 20a for the case of using the PI-EOA controller, and in Figure 20b for the case of using the FOPI controller. A reduction in the current values during the transient regime is observed when using the FOPI controller in the PMSM control structure. In addition, the following graphs show the real-time evolution of some parameters of interest to the control system. Thus, Figure 21a shows the real-time evolution of the flux reference and flux feedback (estimated  
Figure 18: Experimental setup image for real-time implementation of PMSM-SCS based on DTC strategy.  
flux given by the flux observer); the real-time evolution of the electromagnetic torque is shown in Figure 21b, and the detail of the real-time evolution of the PMSM rotor position is shown in Figure 21c.  
Figure 19: Real-time speed evolution for PMSM-SCS based on constant-flux DTC strategy: (**a**) PI-EOA controller; (**b**) FOPI controller.  
Figure 20: Stator currents \(i_{\text{a}}\) and \(i_{\text{b}}\) in real-time evolution for PMSM-SCS based on constant-flux DTC strategy: (**a**) PI-EOA controller; (**b**) FOPI controller.  
The graphical representation of the FD of the real-time speed signal for the PMSM-SCS based on the DTC strategy in the case of constant flux is depicted in Figure 22a depicts the FD of the real-time speed signal in the case of using the PI-EOA controller, and Figure 22b depicts the FD of the real-time speed signal in the case of using the FOPI controller.
## 7 System Architecture and Implementation
### CSP Solver Module  
The CSP solver is modeled using the csp_solver class, where different algorithms for constraint propagation and solution search can be implemented. By establishing a connection to the CSP object, it is possible to solve the formalized CSP using the implemented algorithms. A combined solution strategy is used, which first constrains the domains by applying constraint propagation to ensure edge consistency. Here, the AC-3 algorithm is used to check the consistency of the binary constraints [43; 44; 45]. However, higher order constraints are not considered in this strategy. Since no unary constraints are provided by the presented constraint modeling strategy (see Section 4), an examination of node consistency was not performed. After the domains have been constrained, a concrete solution search is performed using a backtracking algorithm that is implemented recursively. Alternatively, a forward checking algorithm is available for the solution search, which has a higher performance. With this implementation of the CSP solver it is also possible to realize parallel solution processes by creating multiple solver objects.
## 3 System Model  
### Diamond Transmission via Untrusted Relays  
Consider an air-to-ground transmission system, as illustrated in Figure 1. An airborne source, labeled S, intends to communicate with a ground destination, D. Due to geographical and environmental challenges, there is no direct link between S and D. The binary sequences from S, which follow a Bernoulli(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) distribution, are first encoded, modulated, and transmitted via RF to two intermediate nodes (untrusted relays), UR\({}_{1}\) and UR\({}_{2}\). These relays decode the received message and re-encode it for transmission to D. In air-to-ground communications, the limited availability of relay nodes means that UR\({}_{1}\) and UR\({}_{2}\) may be considered untrusted, potentially acting as covert eavesdroppers.  
Figure 1: A two-hop diamond network with two untrusted relays with cooperative jamming.  
Despite imperfections in decoding due to signal degradation, the untrusted relays using LF relaying will always forward the decoded sequences to D. The purpose of utilizing lossy relaying at the untrusted relays is to enhance transmission dependability while ensuring the confidentiality of the message. The sequences received by \(\text{UR}_{1}\) and \(\text{UR}_{2}\) may include errors due to inaccuracies in decoding, which are influenced by the received SNR. Despite these decoding errors, \(\text{UR}_{1}\) and \(\text{UR}_{2}\) proceed to interleave, remote, and forward the received information sequences to D as part of the lossy DF relaying process. Upon receiving signals from \(\text{UR}_{1}\) and \(\text{UR}_{2}\), D performs joint decoding to reconstruct the original information transmitted by S. To decode the messages from \(\text{UR}_{1}\) and \(\text{UR}_{2}\), decoding with an iterated process is applied among the decoders, as outlined in [32].  
The transmission process from S to D is split into two distinct stages. In the first stage, S encodes, modulates, and broadcasts the original binary information sequences, which are i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) following a Bernoulli(\(\alpha\)) distribution, where \(\alpha\) (\(0\leq\alpha\leq 1\)) is the distribution parameter. In the second stage, untrusted relays \(\text{UR}_{1}\) and \(\text{UR}_{2}\) decipher the received information and repeat the information, which is encoded again to D via separate channels, utilizing dedicated time slots for orthogonal transmission. Note that transmitting in different time slots may reduce spectral efficiency, a challenge that could be mitigated through non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) [33, 34]. The optimization of the two time phases in the second stage is an area for the next step of research. During this second stage, S remains inactive.
## 3 Energy Harvesting
### Energy Harvesting Material: MXene-Based Materials  
Transition metal carbides and nitrides in the MXene family have gained attention for energy harvesting. These materials combine excellent electrical conductivity with adjustable surface chemistry and mechanical flexibility [65]. Research on how surface terminations and intercalation influence MXenes' electronic properties has yielded insights into their broader roles in energy technologies [65]. Collectively, these studies highlight MXenes' suitability for use in various energy-harvesting devices, including triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), piezoelectric systems, and supercapacitors [66].  
Researchers have successfully applied the triboelectric effect with MXenes in TENGs. MXenes' high surface charge density and conductivity significantly boost TENG performance [67]. When integrated into flexible substrates, MXenes have produced TENGs that convert mechanical energy into electrical power, offering the potential for wearable electronics and self-powered gadgets [68; 69]. Their versatility also enables them to be combined with other materials, enhancing triboelectric device performance through better charge-inducing and trapping capabilities [70; 71].  
Beyond TENGs, MXenes show strong potential in piezoelectric energy harvesting as well. When they are incorporated into piezoelectric polymers such as poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), MXenes can greatly increase energy-conversion efficiency [72; 73]. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] [74] note, adding MXenes boosts the dielectric constant of PVDF, which in turn enhances its piezoelectric output. MXene-based flexible nanogenerators can, therefore, capture energy from low-frequency vibrations, whether from everyday human activity or environmental movement [74; 75].  
MXenes also contribute to energy storage and harvesting when used in supercapacitors [7]. Their large surface area and rich surface chemistry allow for quick ion transport and efficient charge storage, making them ideal materials for supercapacitor electrodes [76; 77]. Recent studies report that MXene-based supercapacitors reach higher energy and power densities than traditional carbon-based supercapacitors [78; 79]. Additionally, combining MXenes with materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or conductive polymers further improves electrochemical performance and increases energy storage efficiency [80; 81]. Meanwhile, MXene-based membranes can harness salinity gradients to produce electricity, thanks to improved ion selectivity and permeability--an approach especially relevant for regions with abundant saline resources [82; 83; 84].  
Overall, MXenes' ability to enable multiple energy-conversion processes makes them promising for a range of energy-harvesting applications. Their unique features enhance technologies such as TENGs, piezoelectric devices, supercapacitors, and osmotic energy harvesting. As research advances, exploring new ways to synthesize and functionalize MXenes will only expand their role in sustainable energy solutions.
## 3 Simulation and Analysis
### Two Satellites under Synchronous Scenarios
#### 3.1.1 Results in Uplink and Analysis  
Regardless of other nuisances, the ranging results of PN code ranging in the uplink of the two scenarios with \(C/N_{0}=45\) dB-Hz are observed continuously at each epoch depicted, as shown in Figure 6. The ranging error will enlarge after adding a Q branch to communication by occupying half of the total power in the uplink intuitively. Hence, the ranging result of ranging only will have a more violent jitter. Thus, the ranging precision is directly related to the equivalent CNR in the I branch, that is, if we decrease the total CNR or adding a Q branch, the ranging performance also decreases.
# Development of a Novel Deployable Solar Panel and Mechanism for 6U CubeSat of STEP Cube Lab-II
###### Abstract  
The structural safety of solar cells mounted on deployable solar panels in the launch vibration environment is a significant aspect of a successful CubeSat mission. This paper presents a novel highly damped deployable solar panel module that is effective in ensuring structural protection of solar cells under the launch environment by rapidly suppressing the vibrations transmitting through the solar panel by constrained layer damping achieved using printed circuit board (PCB)-based multilayered thin stiffeners with double-sided viscoelastic tapes. A high-damping solar panel demonstration model with a three-pogo pin-based burn wire release mechanism was fabricated and tested for application in the 6U CubeSat \"STEP Cube Lab-II\" developed by Chosun University, South Korea. The reliable release function and radiation hardness assurance of the mechanism in an in-orbit environment were confirmed by performing solar panel deployment tests and radiation tests, respectively. The design effectiveness and structural safety of the proposed solar panel module were validated by launch vibration and in-orbit environment tests at the qualification level.  
Development of a Novel Deployable Solar Panel and Mechanism for 6U CubeSat of STEP Cube Lab-II CubeSat; solar panel module; multilayered stiffener; holding and release mechanism; launch vibration Article
# Domain Adaptation for Arabic Machine Translation: Financial Texts as a Case Study
## 4 Results and Discussion  
This section elaborates on our automatic and human evaluations and discusses the results. We also provide a preliminary comparison of the models' performance on domain-specific MT as baseline models and as fine-tuned models. Therefore, we report if they can perform robustly well on domain-specific or even noisy sentences from our collected dataset. Specifically, we focus on the translation robustness of the models in the translation of Arabic financial news. Table 3 shows the main results of the respective testset. The \(\uparrow\) and \(\downarrow\) symbols in the tables indicate which values are better. We analyze the translation outputs by comparing the MT evaluation metrics in each setup. Visual plots of the models' performances in each of the setup are presented in Appendix A.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Model** & **spBLEU \(\uparrow\)** & **chrF \(\uparrow\)** & **TER \(\downarrow\)** & **COMET \(\uparrow\)** & **BERTScore \(\uparrow\)** & **Human \(\uparrow\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & OPUS (bt-big) 1 & 14.58 & 43.93 & 79.59 & 3.89 & 0.89 & - \\  & NLLB 600 M 2 & 14.38 & 42.17 & 77.58 & 2.98 & 0.89 & - \\  & ChatGPT-3.5 & **26.13** & **60.98** & **66.83** & **33.7** & **0.91** & - \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & OPUS (bt-big) FT 3 & 48.83 & 65.11 & 53.18 & 51.12 & **0.95** & 2.7 \\  & NLLB 600M FT 4 & 43.43 & 61.01 & 54.65 & **52.10** & 0.94 & 2.81 \\ \cline{1-1}  & ChatGPT-3.5 FT & **51.15** & **71.28** & **46.47** & 42.90 & 0.94 & 3.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: MT evaluation scores and human evaluation for AR-EN Test dataset (1000 pairs). The best scores are in **bold**.
## 3 Results
### BenPros Suppresses PSA Expression in BPH Rats  
To determine whether BenPros inhibited the induction of PSA during BPH, the effect of BenPros on PSA levels in serum and prostate tissue was investigated. As shown in Figure 3B, while the BPH group showed an increase in the serum PSA level by 2.2 ng/mL compared with the NC group (1.41 ng/mL), treatment with BenPros 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of PSA in serum (0.75 and 0.48 ng/mL). Moreover, PSA expression in prostate tissue also significantly increased in BPH mice, but the BenPros 400 mg/kg group showed a marked reduction in this protein expression (Figure 3C). These results were similar to those of the finasteride group.