esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Towards Efficiently Provisioning 5G Core Network Slice Based on Resource and Topology Attributes
## 3 Problem Description and System Model
### System Model  
#### 3.2.1 5G Core Infrastructure  
The 5G core infrastructure topology is represented by a weighted undirected graph \(G^{I}=(V^{I},E^{I})\), where \(V^{I}\) is the set of physical nodes and \(E^{I}\) is the set of physical links. For each physical node \(v^{I}\in V^{I}\), its initial total and available computing capacities are represented as \(c_{0}(v^{I})\) and \(c_{a}(v^{I})\), respectively. Its location is denoted by \(loc(v^{I})\), which is represented as Cartesian coordinates, i.e., \(loc(v^{I})=(x(v^{I}),y(v^{I}))\). The distance of the physical link with physical nodes \(v^{I}_{i}\) and \(v^{I}_{j}\) as endpoints is the Euclidean distance between them, expressed as \(\phi(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\). For each physical link \(e^{I}\in E^{I}\), its initial total and available bandwidth are represented as \(b_{0}(e^{I})\) and \(b_{a}(e^{I})\), respectively. The set of all loop-free paths in the infrastructure is denoted as \(P^{I}\). \(P^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\) represents the set of loop-free physical paths between \(v^{I}_{i}\) and \(v^{I}_{j}\). For each path \(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\in P^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\), \(L(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j}))\) is the set of links in \(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\). Then, the bandwidth of \(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j})\) is defined as \(b(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{j}))=\min\limits_{e^{I}\in L(p^{I}(v^{I}_{i},v^{I}_{ j}))}b(e^{I})\).
# Resilience Evaluation of Multi-Path Routing against Network Attacks and Failures
## 4 Evaluation
### Effectiveness of MMP on Transit-Link DDoS Attack under Large Scale  
To measure the effectiveness of MMP under higher latency when using MMP probably increases additional latency by selecting the appropriate paths, we used a larger topology shown in Figure 4 with 6 countries and 18 SCION ASes participating in it. We then used the Google Cloud Platform Computing Engine (GCE) virtual machine as a test client. The following routes \(R_{src-dst}\) using the pair of core ASes are used for an evaluation:  
* Korea core
- Switzerland core
- Switzerland client],
* Korea core
- US core
- US client],
* Korea core
- Germany core
- Germany client],
* Switzerland core
- US core
- US client],
* Switzerland core
- Germany core
- Germany client],
* US core
- Germany core
- Germany client].  
We measured the loss rate of an FMP path and three MMP paths for each \(R_{src-dst}\) described above. After the \(R_{src-dst}\) is selected, 30,000 SCMP packets with an interval of 0.001 s were sent from one client to another. The test was completed with six \(R_{src-dst}\).  
Table 3 shows a summary of the test results. From each route \(R_{src-dst}\), the FMP path \(p_{0}\) passes the transit-link directly connected between the selected core source and destination ASes, and MMP paths \(p_{1}\), \(p_{2}\), and \(p_{3}\) are alternative paths not passing the transit-link. The numbers in each table show the loss rates of FMP/MMP paths \(p_{0-3}\) under a transit-link DDoS attack. From all routes \(R_{src-dst}\), FMP path \(p_{0}\) that passes the transit-link is affected by 14-32% (average of 19%) significantly by a transit-link DDoS attack, but the other alternative MMP paths show no difference under a DDoS attack and operates properly with MMP routing. Figure 9 shows the average loss rate under bandwidth-based attack. The loss rate of FMP is dramatically increased by the traffic congestion and has 42% when the attack bandwidth is 700 Mbps. However, MMP is stable within 1% loss rate and manages the path to mitigate the congestion.
# Docker Performance Evaluation across Operating Systems
## 2 Docker Architectures
### Docker on Linux
#### 2.1.1 PID Namespace  
The namespace mechanism was introduced in the Linux kernel version 2.4.19. The first implementation included Process ID namespaces. PID namespace creates the illusion that processes in a given namespace are the only ones in the system. Each process namespace comes with its own PID set.  
As seen in Figure 1, a PID = 6 process called an unshare [14] command with the PID flag resulted in the creation of a new PID namespace. Two processes with PID of 9 and 10 from the parent namespace perspective are seen as PID 2 and 3 processes (green color) from the child (PID 8) process perspective. PID namespaces can be nested--processes mentioned earlier could also create new namespace; this feature can be used in \"A container inside a container\" kind scenarios.  
When studying PID namespace mechanisms, it is worth mentioning the special behavior that is helpful when implementing container environments. The process with PID = 1--which is called the init process is the parent of all processes running on a Linux machine [15]. For this reason, the init process does not terminate after receiving SIGTERM or SIGKILL signals in most cases to prevent unwanted system termination [16]. This feature is utilized in Docker containers, where in the initial process in the designated namespace, it cannot be easily terminated [17].  
These properties allow Docker containers to isolate container processes from the host, even making Docker container instances not aware that they are isolated by Docker. Each process spawned in a container is in fact spawned at the host machine but in a separate container namespace. A shell running in a container can access only processes in this container, while processes spawned by a Docker container can be seen on the host using ps [18] command. We can observe how the process namespace creates a new PID set, since the same process from the host perspective has a different PID from that one in the container perspective. Later Linux kernel versions brought other namespaces, described in the following.  
Figure 1: Linux PID namespace visualization.
## 2 Displacement Field of Soil Caused by the Excavation of Non-Circular Caverns  
### Equivalent Radius Theory  
Based on the principles of elastic-plastic mechanics and rock mechanics, the stress and displacement fields of surrounding rock show significant stress concentration due to angularity in irregular caverns. Given the current limitations in the development of these mechanics, precise analysis is only feasible for tunnel sections like circular and elliptical caverns. Irregular sections, such as horseshoe and square shapes, lack accurate analysis. The shape effect on stress distribution around irregular sections is concentrated in the corners, minimally impacting the overall stratum's stress and displacement field evolution. Thus, circular quantization of non-circular tunnels is an effective method to consider the size and shape of non-circular tunnel sections.  
For calculating the equivalent radius of the non-circular caverns, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] introduced two different circular quantification standards of the non-circular caverns:  
1. Equivalent radius folding algorithm  
To calculate the stress distribution around deep non-circular caverns, the equivalent radius \(r_{0}\) is replaced by the radius of a virtualized circle with the same area. The equation for this is given below:  
\[r_{0}=k\cdot\bigg{(}\frac{S}{\pi}\bigg{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}, \tag{1}\]where \(r_{0}\) is the virtual circle radius, \(S\) is the actual tunnel section size, and \(k\) is the correction coefficient of the section shape. The correction factor \(k\) is enlisted in Table 1.  
(2) Circumscribed circle method  
The irregular section's circumscribed circle is constructed, and its radius is used to represent the virtual radius of the actual section. This virtual radius can be obtained via geometric graphing or analytical calculation, as shown in Figure 1.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Organic Compounds

Table 4: Effect of underwater aging (S) on the volatile compound composition of wine-based liquureOverall, furans, furanones, and pyranones were more abundant in the underwater-aged samples (S), whereas terpene compounds were higher in the cellar-aged samples (C). Significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) were observed for few VOCs. The S Iqueurs exhibited higher concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4\(H\)-pyran-4-one, and 4-hydroxydihydro-2-(3\(H\))-furanone, which are known to contribute to strawberry, caramel, and roasted odours. Previous studies have reported greater increases in 5-HMF under oxygen-free conditions compared to oxygen-exposed conditions over six months in sweet red wines and over 12 months in sweet white wines [45]. Furans, such as furfural and 5-HMF, tend to increase during the first 12 months of aging, although their concentrations gradually decline as aging progresses [46]. Typically, these compounds are present in relatively low concentrations in wine. However, in the samples analysed in this study, the presence of sugars in the formulation may have contributed to the development of higher amounts of these VOCs, as sugars are known precursors in the formation of furans during bottle ageing, even when stored at relatively low temperatures (e.g., 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C), as previously observed in Port and Madeira wines [47; 48].
# A Framework of Wearable Sensor-System Development for Urban 3D Modeling
## 2 Design and Production of Wearable Sensor System
### Platform and Sensors  
The platform and sensors used for building the wearable sensor system were the backpack platform, optical camera, and LiDAR, respectively. The reasons for selecting the backpack as the platform of the system were as follows. First, the backpack platform can accommodate more sensors than other wearable platforms. Also, the backpack-based wearable system was easier to move through various environments, leaving the wearer's hands free. Moreover, it could be used in a variety of ways owing its capacity if necessary to be mounted on a wheel-based platform with a simple modification.  
This study used an optical camera and 3D LiDAR for RGB-D data generation, and the sensor to be used was determined as shown in Table 1. First, fisheye lens cameras were employed to acquire RGB data efficiently. The advantage of a fisheye camera is its ability to acquire data efficiently through a wide FOV compared to a conventional camera. Therefore, the system in this study was developed using fisheye cameras to minimize the number of mounted sensors. The LiDAR sensor was adopted in the system for accurate 3D depth data acquisition. In other words, because 3D modeling using only optical images could result in low accuracy in an environment where feature points were insufficient or similar textures were repeated, in this study a multi-modal sensor system was constructed composed of an optical camera and LiDAR.
# On Mathematical Modelling of Automated Coverage Optimization in Wireless 5G and beyond Deployments
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review  
The literature review in this paper can be split into two parts. First, the models for location covering problems are presented since they represent the basic building blocks for our developed mathematical models. Secondly, we focus on the papers that are dealing with the gNodeB (or eNodeB, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) in older systems) deployment.
# Application of a Real-Time Visualization Method of AUVs in Underwater Visual Localization
## 2 Methodology  
In the underwater stereo visual localization algorithm, both ORB [10] feature points and LSD [13] line features were selected in this study. The system is composed of three main modules, including tracking, local mapping and loop closing. In the tracking thread, the camera's position is estimated and the timing of when to add new key-frames is decided. In the local mapping thread, the new key-frame information is added into the map and it is optimized using bundle adjustment (BA). In the loop closing thread, loops are checked and corrected constantly.
## 3 Results
### Mass Spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS)  
Figure 5 shows the mass spectrum of amoxicillin irradiated with the green photocatalyst. As shown in Figure 5, after 300 min, amoxicillin was completely degraded, evidenced by the absence of the peak at 366.11. The compound at \(m/z\) 366.11 is protonated amoxicillin \([\text{M}+\text{H}]^{+}\). The degradation process produced peaks at 274.39 and 114.06, corresponding to the fragments \([\text{C}_{14}\text{H}_{15}\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{2}\text{S}]^{+}\) and \([\text{C}_{3}\text{H}_{4}\text{NOS}]^{+}\), respectively. These results not only confirm the degradation of amoxicillin but also indicate that the remaining by-products  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Synthesis Method** & **Degradation (\%.)** & **Time (min)** & **Light** & **pH** & **Reference** \\ \hline Sol-gel & 58.61 & 240 & Visible & 3.50 & [42] \\ Microwave & 46.12 & 240 & Visible & 3.50 & [42] \\ Microwave & 69.15 & 300 & Visible & 3.50 & [42] \\ Green synthesis & 80.00 & 300 & UV & 6.00 & This study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparative Analysis with Previous Studies on Amoxicillin Photodegradation by Nanostructures.  
Figure 4: PCA of photodegradation parameters of the pollutant using a green photocatalyst.  
were reduced to just two fragments in the irradiated solution. This outcome highlights the high efficiency of the green photocatalyst synthesized in this study for the degradation of amoxicillin.
## 2 Method
### Simulation Software
#### 2.1.2 CFD Model  
In this study, CFD is employed to model the laser melting process in detail. To accurately track the heat transfer, phase changes, and fluid dynamics occurring during the interaction between the laser and the material, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is integrated into the simulation to monitor the evolution of the free surface. This approach enables precise modeling of the dynamic behavior of the molten metal and surface deformations, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the key physical mechanisms involved in the process.  
During the simulation, before the laser melting process begins, the Mo powder bed, created using the DEM, is assumed to be static. In this scenario, no particle movement is anticipated, and the initial conditions are set as a stable powder bed. Upon the application of the laser beam, the material begins to melt due to the high temperature, and the molten pool exhibits specific dynamic behavior. The shape and movement of the molten pool are influenced by various physical processes such as surface tension forces, thermal gradients, and phase transitions.  
The absorption of the laser beam by the surface leads to a temperature distribution within the material, initiating localized melting. Due to temperature differences, heat is transferred between the solid and liquid phases, resulting in thermal gradients. Simultaneously, the flow within the molten metal facilitates the transport of hot metal to cooler regions, while thermal radiation emitted from the high-temperature areas contributes to the energy balance.  
Changes in surface tension due to temperature variations on the surface trigger flow motions within the molten pool, playing a crucial role in determining the pool's width and depth. During this process, a portion of the material may directly vaporize due to the high laser power and temperature, causing dynamic feedback at the molten pool surface. The resulting vapor pressure can lead to side effects such as metal sputtering and micro-crater formation, which may affect the final quality of the structure.  
This modeling approach, by analyzing the complex heat-fluid interactions and phase transformations within the laser melting process, provides valuable insights for quality control and parameter optimization in additive manufacturing processes such as LPBF. The CFD model contributes to a better understanding of the process and helps enhance the production quality [19].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of the Display  
An analysis of the SSQ scores obtained by using different displays revealed that the average SSQ score of the HMD (34.128) was significantly higher than that of the flat-panel display (19.323) (F(1,46) = 14.180, \(p<0.000\)). Without the FCACIS, the average SSQ score of the HMD (41.45) was significantly higher than that of the flat-panel display (24.31) (t(22) = 2.783, \(p=0.005\)). If the FCACIS was activated, the average SSQ score of the HMD (26.80) was still significantly higher than that of the flat-panel display (14.34) (t(22) = 3.54, \(p<0.000\)). However, when the FCACIS was enabled, whether an HMD or a flat-panel display was used, the occurrence of symptoms of cybersickness could be effectively reduced. In terms of effectiveness, the flat-panel display reduced the symptoms of cybersickness by 41.01%, which was higher than the 35.34% of the HMD. In summary, the FCACIS significantly reduced the symptoms of cybersickness for flat-panel displays (t(22) = \(-\)2.174, \(p=0.02\)) and significantly reduced the symptoms of cybersickness for HMDs (t(22) = \(-\)2.706, \(p=0.006\)). The anti-cybersickness effect of the FCACIS on flat-panel displays was better than that on the HMD.  
An analysis of the three major categories of the SSQ (as shown in Figure 12) revealed that the flat-panel display and HMD had the highest rate of oculomotor symptoms compared with other symptoms regardless of whether the FCACIS was enabled. With the FCACIS enabled, the flat-panel display had the greatest reduction in the total score of disorientation (a decrease of 57.14%); the HMD also had the greatest reduction in this score (a decrease of 47.22%). Overall, the FCACIS can reduce cybersickness for both flat-panel displays and HMDs, especially the symptom of disorientation.
# Disentangling Director Attributes: Human Capital versus Social Capital of Directors
## 2 Literature Review and Human and Social Capital Determinants  
As a result of the blended line between human and social capital and the increased attention being placed on the value of directors' attributes, it is important to investigate whether there is a relationship between human capital and social capital. One concern is that if human and social capital are interlinked, then identifying the value of social capital requires that we suitably control for human capital and appropriately measure social capital. Initially, studies of social capital focused on board interlocks, the connections between companies created by having mutual directors on each company's board. However, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1983) argue that high human capital directors are in high demand, making them more likely to sit on multiple boards, an argument supported by a considerable amount of literature (see among others [PERSON] and [PERSON] 2007; [PERSON] et al. 2010; [PERSON] et al. 2012; [PERSON] et al. 2013). As a result, it is empirically difficult to separate human and social capital when using interlocks to proxy for social capital. More recently, studies have utilized social network analysis to measure wider connectivity, allowing us to distinguish between human and social capital more easily.  
Another issue in the literature is that studies that posit a particular view on the impact of social capital have only partially controlled for human capital ([PERSON] et al. 2016; [PERSON] et al. 2013; [PERSON] and [PERSON] 2007; [PERSON] et al. 2013; [PERSON] et al. 2014). [PERSON] et al. (2014), for instance, appear to control for the board level human capital using outside CEOs on a board and directors sitting on other boards in the same industry. [PERSON] et al. (2013) control for director buspyness in a study on the connectivity of German firms. To date, the most comprehensive attempts to control for human capital are by [PERSON] et al. (2012) and [PERSON] et al. (2013). [PERSON] et al. (2012) find that social capital is positively associated with firm performance and director compensation in the United Kingdom. With regards to human capital, they control for board experience and director education. [PERSON] et al. (2012) posit a strong argument that human capital is a crucial factor to account for when investigating board connectivity and, that its exclusion may bias findings on the importance of connectivity. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. (2013) find that it is the social capital that is more important than the human capital for gaining additional board seats in the United States.  
Our review of theory and prior literature suggests that there is a strong interrelationship between human capital and social capital, which we will examine in our empirical analysis. To do so, we first discuss how human capital and social capital are determined in our study.
# Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Lower Body Exosuit to Support Ankle Dorsiflexion
## 5 Discussion  
### Exosuit Design  
The purpose of the design approach was to develop a soft and lightweight exosuit, which provides a comfortable wear and actuates the ankle joint while walking. The basic design of human-system and hardware interfaces combined with the flow of forces using artificial tendons proved to be suitable to actuate desired joints. The development of the supporting structure is one key achievement of the current exosuit. When intending to apply forces to the body using soft elements, tensile forces are necessary, which need to be counteracted by a non-slip structure. Most exosuits comprise calf wraps [45, 46], which have to fit tightly on the entire shank. Considering a prolonged use, the surrounding of a body segment using textiles might lead to increased transpiration followed by friction and skin irritations [47, 48]. A smaller area of the human-system interface is possible by transmitting the counterforces onto the muscle body of the m. triceps surea. Nevertheless, the interface needs to be large enough to avoid local pressure points. The used webbing with a width of 5 cm in combination with anti-slip pads maintains an appropriate wearing comfort. Moreover, the slim-line design allows the user to wear the device \"invisibly\" underneath the clothes, which is an important aspect for acceptance, regarding the usage of an aid in public [49]. Nevertheless, a pneumatic actuation system is not always very applicable for everyday life. It provides major advantages, such as excellent dynamic properties, which are essential for a simultaneous supporting function during gait. To overcome the constraint of being reliant on pressurized air, an electro motor with adequate dynamics could be an opportunity and is planned for further development. To keep the weight of the system as low as possible, a twisted string actuation module was shown to be a reliable and lightweight method for activating distal body segments by translating rotational force into desired tensile force [50].  
Although this exosuit was designed with a focus on patients suffering from a dorsif flexion weakness, it could also be used to assist a plantarflexion weakness by adjusting the control algorithm. Moreover, a modification of some parts of the exosuit is conceivable to actuate different joints. For example, to actuate the knee joint, the basic design concept could be used by adjusting the supporting structure to fit at the shank and the thigh. This transfer of the concept to assist different neurological impairments could lead to a system that comprises various modules, which can be combined depending on the desired use.