## 4 Result
### Spatial Characteristic Analysis of Landslide Hazards  
To gain deeper insights into the spatial distribution characteristics of landslide hazards, this study utilized the ArcGIS spatial analysis platform to systematically examine the relationship between the identified landslide hazard points and key geo-environmental factors within the study area [37]. The main influencing factors analyzed include lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, and distance to river channels. 1. Influence of Slope Gradient on Landslide Hazards Slope gradient is a crucial topographic parameter reflecting terrain undulation and it plays a key role in landslide occurrence. The slope values were categorized into multiple intervals, and the results show that 118 landslide hazard points (accounting for 84.25% of the total) were identified within the slope range of 5\({}^{\circ}\)-25\({}^{\circ}\). This indicates that gentle to moderate slopes are more prone to landslides, as they provide sufficient gravitational driving force while facilitating moisture retention, thereby reducing the shear strength of soil and triggering slope failures (Figure 9a);
2. Relationship Between Slope Aspect and Landslide Susceptibility Slope aspect directly affects rainfall interception, solar radiation exposure, and vegetation growth, which in turn influence slope stability. In this study, slope aspect was classified into eight principal directional categories. Statistical analysis reveals that 71 landslide hazard points (58.28% of the total) are concentrated on north-facing slopes (north, northeast, and northwest). This suggests that these slopes, receiving less sunlight and exhibiting higher moisture content, are more susceptible to landslide initiation (Figure 9b);
3. Correlation Between Landslide Hazards and River Proximity Rivers often exert an erosional force that destabilizes adjacent slopes. The distance from rivers was divided into two intervals, and 42 hazard points (33.07% of the total) were  
Figure 8: Time series analysis of typical landslide hazards. In Figures (**b**,**d**), the colored lines correspond to the legend dot (1, 2, 3, 4), representing the cumulative displacement at different points. identified within 0-500 m of river channels. While most landslide hazards are not situated directly adjacent to rivers, fluvial erosion remains a critical factor, particularly during heavy summer rainfall, which increases the susceptibility of riverbanks to seepage and hydraulic scouring. (Figure 9c); (4)  
Lithological Control on Landslide Hazard Distribution  
Lithology serves as a fundamental geological factor governing slope stability. In this study, the lithological units were classified into four types: collapsible loess, weak rock, moderately strong rock, and hard rock. Through spatial overlay analysis between hazard points and lithological classes, it was found that 63 hazard points (49.6% of the total) are located within areas of collapsible loess. This indicates that collapsible loess, due to its loose structure, water-induced softening, and low bearing capacity, is highly susceptible to slope failure. In contrast, hazard points are significantly less frequent in regions composed of stronger or harder rock, demonstrating higher slope stability (Figure 9d). In summary, the spatial distribution of landslide hazards in the study area is strongly influenced by environmental sensitivity factors. As shown in Table 5, the potential landslide hazard points are primarily associated with collapsible loess, slopes ranging between 5\({}^{\circ}\) and 25\({}^{\circ}\), north-facing aspects, and proximity to river channels and fault lines. The interaction of these factors contributes to the formation of typical landslide-prone zones within the region. The quantitative analysis of these key variables not only provides a theoretical basis for the identification of landslide hazard points but also offers scientific support for subsequent susceptibility assessments and the development of risk mitigation strategies. Figure 9: Key geo-environmental factors.