# Towards Improving the Durability and Overall Performance of PV-ETICS by Application of a PCM Layer
## 2 En-ActivETICS as a Proposed Solution for Active External Walls
### Climate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Abbreviation** & **Country/City** & **K-G-P** & **K-G-S** \\ \hline
1 & VNA & Austria, Vienna & DM & Dfb \\
2 & MSK & Belarus, Minsk \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & EL & Dfb \\
3 & PRG & Czech Republic, Prague & DM & Dfb \\
4 & TLN & Estonia, Tallinn \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & EL \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Dfb \\
5 & HLS & Finland, Helsinki & EL & Dfb \\
6 & PRS & France, Paris & DM & Cfb \\
7 & BRN & Germany, Berlin & DM & Dfb \\
8 & DBC & Hungary, Debrecen & DM & Dfb \\
9 & ROM & Italy, Rome \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & DM \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Cas \\
10 & AMS & Netherlands, Amsterdam \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & DM & Cfb \\
11 & BRG & Norway, Bergen & EL \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Dfc \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\
12 & LDZ & Poland, Lodz & DM \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Dfb \\
13 & LSB & Portugal, Lisbon \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & DH & Cas \\
14 & BCR & Romania, Bucharest & DM & Cfb \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\
15 & BRT & Slovakia, Bratislava & DM & Dfb \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\
16 & MDR & Spain, Madrid \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & DH \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Bsk \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\
17 & STK & Sweden, Stockholm & DL \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Dfb \\
18 & GNV & Switzerland, Geneva \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & EM & Dfc \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\
19 & KEV & Ukraine, Kiev \({}^{\text{ne}}\) & DM \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Dfb \\
20 & LND & United Kingdom, London & DM \({}^{\text{*}}\) & Cfb \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\text{ne}}\) additional locations without confirmed ETICS potential. \({}^{\text{*}}\) Cities located close to the boundary of zones.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Analyses locations and Köppen-Geiger classifications. The second parameter that significantly affects the surface temperature is solar radiation. The climatic data were processed to calculate the maximum daily sum (E\({}_{\text{max}}\)), and the daily sum of the total solar irradiance on the horizontal surface (E\({}_{\text{DA}}\)) was averaged. Figure 3: Ambient temperature statistics for analysed locations (see Table 2). Figure 2: Locations of the cities selected for the analysis. Comparison of the temperatures shown in Figure 3 revealed that the maximum ambient temperatures occur in Madrid (above 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Madrid has the largest daily difference in ambient temperatures (over 12 K). In 5 cities in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (Minsk, Tallinn, Helsinki, Bergen and Stockholm), the maximum temperature does not reach 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Cities with the highest extreme temperatures also have maximum daily average temperatures. Minimum temperatures were recorded for Scandinavian cities but also for central Europe (Debrecen, Bucharest and Bratislava). For passive cooling systems working on a 24 h cycle, the key parameter is the temperature difference between daytime and nighttime (T\({}_{\text{AAD}}\)). The highest values of T\({}_{\text{AAD}}\) were noted in Madrid and Bucharest (above 10 K). The minimum value was registered in Bergen (below 5 K). In locations with the highest values of maximum ambient temperature, solar radiation is also very high, giving the highest values of the average daily sum of solar energy available on a horizontal surface (Figure 4). Southern locations in Europe are characterized by the maximum sum of solar radiation on the horizontal plane. The lowest values were recorded for Scandinavian cities. The highest values of E\({}_{\text{DA}}\) index were observed for the cities characterized by the highest values of maximum ambient temperature and high solar radiation (Figure 4). The lowest values were observed for Nordic cities, while the highest were for southern cities.