esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Columns
## 6 Conclusions  
The performance of built-up columns composed of four cold-formed steel tubes assembled by several connectors were experimentally and numerically investigated. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. The experimental results showed that the built-up columns composed of four cold-formed thin-walled steel square tubes failed in flexural buckling.
2. It has no effect on improving the mechanical performance of built-up columns to change spacing between tubes and to replace the C-shaped connectors with loops formed by steel strip as well as to install a transverse diaphragm. However, the performance can obviously be improved by the change of number of connectors and ratio of web height of connectors to spacing between tubes as well as the installation of connectors at column ends. For the built-up column with length of 3000 mm, it is suggested that the web height/spacing ratio should be 0.4.  
3. The increase in the number of connectors can improve the economic performance of longer columns but reduce the economic performance of shorter columns. In addition, the performance of the built-up column can be improved by mounting connectors at the column ends without changing the spacing between connectors. However, on the premise of the same number of connectors, it has a more obvious effect on improving the mechanical performance to reduce spacing between connectors than to install connectors at column ends.
4. The current AISI-S100-12 code does not provide a good prediction to the novel built-up columns composed of four cold-formed steel tubes.  
In further study, the influence of the number of screws connecting the tubes and connectors on the combination action between tubes will be investigated.  
Conceptualization, X.C. and J.X.; software, X.C. and R.M.; validation, X.C. and B.X.; formal analysis, X.C.; investigation, X.C., B.X. and R.M.; Funding acquisition, J.X.; writing--original draft preparation, X.C.; writing--review and editing, X.C. and J.X.  
This research was funded by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018 ZDPY04).  
The authors wish to thank the reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions that have helped to improve our manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Flickering-Free Distance-Independent Modulation Scheme for OCC
###### Abstract  
Communications for IoT sensor networks in Smart City applications are demanding new technologies to avoid the radio frequency spectrum saturation and support the massive nodes situation required in this kind of network. Visible Light Communications are gaining interest as an alternative scheme for solving this problem. In particular, Optical Camera Communication (OCC) takes advantage of the presence of cameras in a wide range of devices (smartphones, surveillance systems). Several transmission and modulation schemes, specifically developed for OCC, have been proposed but they present different problems as the communication range, the flickering effects in the transmitted signal, or the system complexity. In this work, an Optical Camera Communication modulation scheme that addresses the considerable variability of the transmitter-receiver distance is proposed. As will be shown, the modulation scheme works properly independently of this separation for a wide range of distances. Additionally, it performs a flickering free transmission to avoid undesired blinking effects for humans and uses a simplified transmission and reception scheme, reducing the system complexity and cost. Results of the modulation's performance for short (<20 m), medium (20-60 m), and long (>60 m) ranges are presented in the paper, showing a 16 bps transmission rate with Bit Error Rate below the Forward Error Correction (FEC) limit (\(3.8\cdot 10^{-3}\)).  
visible light communications; optical camera communications; modulation scheme; flickering free; distance independence
# Multi-Path Routing Algorithm Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for SDN
## 5 Results and Validation
### Performance Comparison
#### 5.3.8 Multi-Path Routing Performance  
In Figure 9, we executed a comprehensive evaluation of the multi-path routing performance of the TBPPO algorithm. This assessment involved an investigation into the effectiveness of TBPPO under various output settings, specifically producing 3, 4, and 5 route paths. We employed a range of essential performance metrics including but not limited to average delay, average trust value, delay variation, and node diversity.  
In Figure 9a, in terms of the average delay performance, three routes achieved the best average delay at 500 milliseconds, which was 100 milliseconds faster than the 600 milliseconds of four routes. On the other hand, five routes were slower than four routes by about 200 milliseconds at 800 milliseconds. Both three routes and four routes achieved convergence, with similar convergence speeds. However, under five routes, the algorithm exhibited larger fluctuations but still showed some degree of convergence.  
In Figure 9b, regarding the trust value performance, three routes continued to achieve the best trust value at around 0.7, while four routes closely followed with 1.2. In contrast, five routes had the poorest performance, with a trust value of around 1.5. The convergence performance among these three scenarios exhibited slight variations.  
In Figure 9c, in terms of the delay variation performance, four routes showed similar results to three routes, with both achieving an average delay variation of around 60 milliseconds with clear convergence trends. However, five routes did not converge to the same extent, resulting in an average delay variation of around 100 milliseconds.  
In Figure 9d, with respect to node diversity, four routes exhibited a comparable trend to three routes, with both converging at approximately 50, as opposed to the 40 for three routes. In contrast, five routes ultimately converged at around 80. When comparing their convergence characteristics, three routes and four routes demonstrated a robust performance, indicating strong convergence abilities. On the other hand, five routes exhibited some degree of convergence; however, it displayed a wider range of fluctuations. These findings suggest that TBPPO exhibited good performance with both three routes and four routes displaying strong convergence capabilities. However, its performance declined  
Figure 9: Performance of TBPPO with respect to the quantity of available paths: (**a**)average delay, (**b**)average trust value, (**c**)delay variation, and (**d**) node diversity.  
when using five routes compared to three and four routes. Therefore, we recommend not selecting multi-path routing tasks with more than four routes when using TBPPO.
# Geo-Spatial Context Provision for Digital Twin Generation
###### Abstract  
Light detection and ranging technology allows for the creation of detailed 3D point clouds of physical objects and environments. Therefore, it has the potential to provide valuable information for the operation of various kinds of cyber-physical systems that need to be aware of, and interact with, their surroundings, such as autonomous vehicles and robots. Point clouds can also become the basis for the creation of digital representations of different assets and a system's operational environment. This article outlines a system architecture that integrates the geo-spatial context information provided by LIDAR scans with behavioral models of the components of a cyber-physical system to create a digital twin. The clear distinction between behavior and data sets the proposed digital twin architecture apart from existing approaches (that primarily focus on the data aspect), and promotes contextual digital twin generation through executable process models. A vaccine logistics automation use case is detailed to illustrate how information regarding the environment can be used for the operation of an autonomous robot carrying out transport preparation tasks. Besides supporting operation, we propose to combine context data retrieved from the system at different points in the logistics process with information regarding instances of executable behavior models as part of the digital twin architecture. The twin can subsequently be used to facilitate system and process monitoring through relevant stakeholders and structure context data in a user-centric fashion.  
digital twin architecture; logistics; LiDAR technology; behavior specification; process modeling & execution
# An Overview of GIS-Based Assessment and Mapping of Mining-Induced Subsidence
## 3 Mine Subsidence Susceptibility/Hazard Assessment and Mapping
### Literature Review According to Analytic Methods and Approaches
#### 3.2.6 Sensitivity Analysis  
A sensitivity analysis for GIS-based mapping of the ground subsidence susceptibility near an abandoned underground coal mine was performed to determine the importance of extracted subsidence-related factors [40]. When comparing the combined effects of all factors except one for prediction accuracy, the distance from the lineament and the distance from the drift highly affected the occurrence of ground subsidence, and the groundwater depth, land use, and rock mass rating had the weakest effects.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] considered seven subsidence-contributory factors in susceptibility mapping and the area ratio based on the ROC technique in calculating prediction accuracy as a validation. Then, five other subsidence prediction maps were created using five different combinations of the two factors among the seven factors. The combinations included the depth of the drift and slope (case 1), the distance from the drift and depth of ground water (case 2), the distance from the drift and land use (case 3), the distance from the drift, depth of ground water and land use (case 4), and using geology and land use (case 5). As a result, when all seven influential factors were considered, the prediction accuracy was the highest. On the other hand, the combination of depth of drift and slope showed the worst result of 76.48%.  
[PERSON] et al. [24] selected six subsidence-triggering factors to evaluate mine subsidence susceptibility and performed sensitivity analysis for two purposes: to examine how changes in prediction accuracy vary when the input factors are changed, and to generate an optimal prediction map by excluding factors that decrease the prediction accuracy. The prediction accuracies of the subsidence susceptibility maps based on different combinations of factors were calculated using the CFD-AUC technique. As listed in Table 3, the prediction accuracy increased when the slope gradient factor was excluded as an input parameter. This result indicated that the subsidence susceptibility map with five factors (without slope gradient) was the most appropriate model for the study area.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data
The GOSIF can be accessed at [[http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF_v2/Monthly/](http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF_v2/Monthly/)]([http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF_v2/Monthly/](http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF_v2/Monthly/)), accessed on 1 September 2023. Additionally, the RTSIF was reconstructed by TROPOMI SIF under clear-sky conditions using a machine learning approach [34]. TROPOMI, which embarked on the Copernicus Sentinel-5P mission, significantly increased the spatial and temporal resolution of SIF observations. Our analysis hinged on the deployment of eight-day RTSIF data with a 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution. The RTSIF was obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Central, China, and was downloaded from [[https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/2b8](https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/2b8) ffb4-90 ac-4e3d-9 ae4-a8 be31 ae93d4]([https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/2b8](https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/2b8) ffb4-90 ac-4e3d-9 ae4-a8 be31 ae93d4), accessed on 1 September 2023. Finally, the GOSIF GPP data were applied to assess the reliability and consistency of the three SIF datasets. These GPP data were derived through robust linear correlations linking GOSIF with tower GPP measurements [11; 33]. The GPP data were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Central, China, and are available for download at [[http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF-GPP_v2/Monthly/](http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF-GPP_v2/Monthly/)]([http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF-GPP_v2/Monthly/](http://data.globalecology.unh.edu/data/GOSIF-GPP_v2/Monthly/)), accessed on 1 September 2023. We employed monthly GOSIF GPP data with a 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution to verify the reliability of the above three SIF datasets in the context of the TRHR. The grid coordinates of the CSIF data were used as a benchmark in this study. We interpolated the meteorological and SM data uniformly to a 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) resolution using the bilinear interpolation method. The grid coordinates of the GOSIF, GOSIF GPP, and RTSIF data were slightly shifted to align with the corresponding CSIF spatial coordinates. These datasets were spatially processed to streamline spatial computations, validation procedures, and spatial visualizations specific to the TRHR. All data time-series were converted to monthly series to facilitate the calculation of drought characteristics and vegetation photosynthesis capacity in specific months of the year. The area covered by vegetation was defined as an annual GS mean CSIF greater than 0 mW\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)nm\({}^{-1}\cdot\)sr\({}^{-1}\). Subsequent analyses were carried out only for this vegetation area.
# Brake Torque Sensor Calibration Device
## 3 Description of the Measuring Device  
The measuring device intended for measuring the residual torque on the disc brake enables the performance of functional static tests of hydraulic brake calipers. It is a fully automated device that is constructed from several electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic circuits. The device is used for performing tests on hydraulic brakes with fixed or floating calipers. The device consists of the following parts, which are shown in Figure 2:  
* Bases 1 and 2 serve to fix the universal plate and the brake disc. Base 2 is equipped at one end with a simple mechanism for clamping the torque sensor.
* A universal plate serves to fasten the measured brake caliper.
* A brake disc is used for measurements. It is fixed through the flange on base 2.
* Gearbox system with an el. motor, which serves to rotate the brake disc.
* Torque sensor, which is used to measure the residual torque on the brake disc.  
The torque sensor is the most important part of the entire measuring chain, and its accuracy has the greatest influence on the accuracy of the entire measuring device. For this reason, it was necessary to design an accurate, simple, and reliable calibration device that would introduce errors into the measured values as little as possible.  
Figure 3 shows a used torque sensor from HBM. To measure the residual torque of the brake, a sensor with a nominal range of 10 Nm to 20 Nm is used.  
* Type: T4A.
* Accuracy class: 0.1.
* Nominal (measuring) range: 10 Nm; 20 Nm.
* Nominal (measurement) sensitivity: 2 mV/V \(<\pm\)0.2%.
* Amount of rotation at the nominal (measuring) torque: 0.9\({}^{\circ}\) for a 10 Nm sensor and 1.1\({}^{\circ}\) for a 20 Nm sensor.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Standard** & **EURO 1** & **EURO 2** & **EURO 3** & **EURO 4** & **EURO 5** & **EURO 6** & **EURO 7** \\ \hline Valid from & July 1992 & January 1996 & January 2000 & January 2005 & September & September & November \\  & & & & & 2009 & 2014 & 2026 \\ \hline CO [g/km] & 2.72 & 1.0 & 0.64 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ Petrol diesel & 2.72 & 2.2 & 2.3 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 \\ \hline PM [g/km] & 0.14 & 0.08–0.1 & 0.05 & 0.025 & 0.005 & 0.0045 & 0.0045 \\ \hline PdS/km & & & & & & & & \\ Petrol eng. & - & - & - & - & 0.005 * & 0.0045 * & 0.0045 \\ \hline PM [g/km] & & & & & & & & 0.003 EL \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Brakes, tires} & & & & & & & 0.007 CE, & 0.007 HY \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* only for direct injection engines. EL—electric cars, CE—cars with combustion engines, HY—hybrid cars.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Development of emission standards [41; 42; 43].
# A Review of Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Decontamination: Growing Approach to Wastewater Treatment
## 6 Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process
### Regeneration of Adsorbent  
The regeneration of adsorbents will indicate the reuse of adsorbents and will increase the effectiveness of an adsorbent. Regeneration makes the reaction an economic reaction. Regeneration could be done by using solvents such as EDTA, HCl, HNO\({}_{3}\), NaCl solution and NaOH solution are reported in research papers for regeneration studies [102]. Regeneration of chitosan-based adsorbents employed in heavy metal adsorption was reviewed in [103]. The regeneration of a chitosan-based adsorbent for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from the wastewater is shown schematically in Figure 3. The regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of industrial dyes was also reviewed in [104].  
[PERSON] et al. [105] suggested that chelating polymer might be recovered by using 2% thiourea in 0.1 mol/L HCl and the resin could be reused with the same efficiency. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [106] suggested that PHEMA microbeads containing the thiazolline group can be recovered by treating them with HCl (0.05 M), implying that the resin could be used three or four times in adsorption-desorption cycles without losing its sorption capacity. Different techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance  
Figure 3: Schematic representation of regeneration procedure of chitosan adsorbent. Reproduced with permission from [103].  
(ESR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy are being used to provide information about the adsorbent [106].
## 5 Simulation Results
### Case 6: Scheduling of the _EV_ Charging
#### 5.7.1 Evse-2  
In this charging strategy, the EV is charged with the same charger as that of EVSE-1 with an added capability of turning on and off at a particular hour as commanded by the IHEMS. This mode shifts the charging of the EV on the time axis as shown in Figure 11. The charging time is shifted depending upon the utility tariff or status of HES.  
Figure 11 shows that the charging time is shifted from \((T_{I})\) to the low utility tariff window (i.e., 23:00 to 08:00). The EV is charged from 22:00 to 23:00 and then charging is stopped from 23:00 to 02:00 due of the unavailability of surplus power from the RES. Although the RES power is not zero from 23:00 to 02:00, it must meet the demand of critical loads (please refer to Figure 7 for the RES generation and load demand curves). The charging starts again at 03:00 when surplus wind energy is available.  
In this mode of charging, the peak utility loading occurs at 23:00, but this peak is less than the peak observed for EVSE-1 in Case 5. The maximum utility loading of 2.49 kW is noted in this case which is a 17.6% reduction compared to EVSE-1 as shown in Figure 12. The energy cost is $3.30 which is an 8% reduction in comparison to EVSE-1.  
Figure 11: EV charging powers for different EVSE.  
Figure 12: Power purchased from the utility with different EVSE.
## 3 Results
### Measurement Reliability  
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values indicated high measurement reliability: 0.95 for C TW, 0.99 for C DEP, 0.98 for both M TW and M DEP, and 0.94 for hemi-palate matchings, reflecting near-perfect accuracy. Measurement error, calculated using [PERSON]'s method, ranged between 0.13 and 0.16 mm for linear measurements and was 1.18% for hemi-palate matchings.
###### Abstract
Moreover, electromagnetic signals exhibit higher similarity compared to other one-dimensional signals like speech, and the leaked information contains more environmental noise and disturbances. These characteristics demand neural networks with more refined feature extraction capabilities. Additionally, training the attack network model requires a large dataset and consumes a considerable amount of time during the training phase. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a key classification framework based on deep transfer learning. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. We proposed an effective key-oriented experimental design for side-channel analysis, based on the \"divide and conquer\" approach, and designed a key classification method based on semi-byte length. 2. We utilized an adaptive residual convolutional neural network to extract characteristics from side-channel electromagnetic signals, achieving accurate mapping between electromagnetic signals and unique keys. Developed a residual convolutional neural network model based on one-dimensional electromagnetic signals. 3. We introduced a parallel analysis structure with multiple symmetric sub-networks, combined with transfer learning methods to optimize network parameters. Improved processing efficiency at different attack positions with different keys, thus reducing the key enumeration range. Reduced the amount of training data samples, making it more applicable for small sample attack scenarios. The remaining sections of this paper are organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the related work in side channel attack. In Section 3, we introduce the key classification framework based on deep transfer learning. Section 4 describes the highly effective analysis method based on residual neural networks. Section 5 presents the parallel analysis structure with multiple symmetric sub-networks. Finally, in Section 6, we showcase the corresponding experimental results.
## 5 WiFi 7: IEEE 802.11 be
### Multilink Operation  
The IEEE 802.11 be standard operates in 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz bands. Due to frequency selectivity and noncontiguous channels, it is not possible to operate in a wide contiguous bandwidth all the time. Hence, the use of multiple links (multilinks) from different frequency bands is proposed as a solution in IEEE 802.11 be. The multilink operation allows APs or devices to communicate using multiple links, which is beneficial for high-data-rate and/or delay-sensitive applications.