## 2 Background
### An Overview of Internet of Vehicles
#### 2.1.2 **Internet of Vehicles' Characteristics and Challenges**  
This section elaborates on the characteristics of IoV and discusses various challenges that IoV faces. Compared to other types of networks, IoV networks are distinguished by several qualities. IoV is an evolution of traditional vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and shares many characteristics with VANETs, including dynamic topology, fluctuating network density, high vehicular mobility, and network obstacles [2]. However, IoV networks possess the following additional attributes:  
* Scalability: Compared to traditional VANETs, IoV networks have the capacity to incorporate a significantly larger number of interconnected vehicles, ranging from hundreds to thousands. Furthermore, IoV has the potential to significantly augment the number of interlinked gadgets to a magnitude of millions, depending on the utilized application. * Multiple wireless access methods: The IoV platform supports several types of wireless access methods, including WLANs, WiMAX, cellular wireless, and satellite communications. * Extended network communication: IoV enables a broader range of communication options than conventional VANETs, characterized by their restricted communication capabilities. IoV facilitates vehicle-to-smart object connection, including devices such as smartphones and tablets. * Cloud computing: Unlike VANETs, the activities in IoV mostly rely on cloud computing services. * Predictable mobility: Vehicular networks differ significantly from other ad-hoc network types because vehicles often move quickly and in any direction. Vehicles are predictable in their movement due to the topography, roadway layout, use of signal-received traffic lights, and consideration of other moving vehicles' distance. Therefore, vehicles are predicted to possess integrated GPS systems to ascertain information on their movement. * Highly dynamic topology: A vehicle network's topology exhibits a high degree of dynamism, characterized by intermittent and rapid changes. Hence, the intricate network topology dynamics must be thoroughly analyzed to advance the IoV environment. IoV encompasses a collection of vehicles that exhibit regular variations in both their velocity and trajectory. As a result, the configuration of the moving vehicles' topology likewise undergoes alteration. Therefore, IoV supports a highly dynamic topology, and the routing protocols are designed to consider this [9]. The IoV encounters a multitude of issues that require thorough investigation to enhance communication dependability, robustness, and steadiness, including the following:  
* Fault tolerance: Because the IoV design is built on cloud connections, some vehicles could malfunction; nevertheless, these failures should not influence the functioning of the remainder of the network. * Latency: The term \"latency\" refers to the amount of time that passes while a packet is transferred through a network. Latency must be reduced as much as possible in some mission-critical applications, such as accident warnings, to ensure that messages are transmitted quickly. * Network compatibility: To develop applications and protocols for IoV, researchers must consider the numerous access technologies supported by IoV. This ensures that the networks they create are compatible and allows IoV to function with the various access technologies available today. * Security: The data shared over the IoV network is sensitive and private, which is especially important given that users can access the internet. As a result, the process of protecting these networks is an essential undertaking and a prerequisite for the implementation of IoV. * Connectivity: The rapid movement of vehicles can result in frequent fluctuations in network architecture, impacting connectivity. As a result, a significant portion of the rate at which nodes arrive and leave can be influenced. The need to contend with such a restriction depletes an essential amount of communication overhead.