# Monitoring Technologies for Truck Drivers: A Systematic Review of Safety and Driving Behavior
## Appendix A
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. \\ (2021) [18] \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} Hitachi Ltd., \\ Japan \\ \end{tabular}  } & To analyze the impact of acute stress-induced fatigue on near-end  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Institution, Country** & **Objective** & **Data Collection** & **Data Analysis** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [36]} & University of Wyoming, United States & To assess the visual and cognitive demands of CV-based weather and work zone warnings & DSE and VD & Paired \(t\)-tests, Descriptive statistics, and Chi-squared test & Weather notifications in connected vehicle (CV) systems had minimal effects on truck drivers’ visual workload, while work zone warnings (WZW) significantly increased off-road glances and fragmentation of visual attention. WZW-induced prolonged glances raised distraction risks, prompting design modifications to simplify messages and reduce cognitive demands. \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] (2020) [34]} & Delft University of University of Technology, Netherlands & To compare the effectiveness and acceptance of three haptic lane-keeping assistance designs & Repeated-measures ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc tests, and Descriptive statistics & Continuous haptic lane-keeping assistance for trucks improved lane-centering and was preferred by drivers over bandwidth-based systems. All assistance types reduced lane departures during distraction, but continuous assistance showed higher usability and satisfaction. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) [38]} & Chalmers & To evaluate driver behavior when encountering vulnerable road users (VRUs) at intersections & Paired-samples & Truck drivers reduced speed and \(t\)-test, Descriptive statistics, Gaze analysis, and Time-to-Collision metrics & Truck drivers reduced speed and adjusted glances toward cyclists and pedestrians at intersections, emphasizing ADAS’s potential to enhance VRU detection and warnings. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2021) [42]} & Michigan & To evaluate the unintended unintended consequences of the \multirow{9}{*}{United States} & Difference-in-differences, Regression analysis, and & The electronic logging device (ELD) mandate reduced hours-of-service violations among small carriers by 43–47\%. However, unsafe driving violations increased by 16.7–26\%, with no significant crash reduction, suggesting displacement of risk to unmonitored behaviors. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Michigan & To identify key factors driving fatigue and \multirow{2}{*}{United States} & ND & Machine learning model, SHAP analysis, and \(t\)-test share as key factors. Results support tailored fatigue management strategies. \\ \cline{1-1}  & State & To identify key factors driving fatigue and \multirow{2}{*}{United States} & ND & A machine learning model predicted \(t\)-driver fatigue with 99\% accuracy, identifying employee ID, overtime, and truck state as key factors. Results support tailored fatigue management strategies. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2013) [54]} & Volvo Group & To assess visual attention allocation and brake reactions to \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2013) [54]} & \multirow{2}{*}{To assess visual attention allocation and brake reactions to \multirow{2}{*}{ND}} & \multirow{2}{*}{ANOVA, Descriptive statistics, and Time-based glance behavior analysis} & Brake-capacity forward collision warnings (B-FCW) systems prompted immediate braking and road focus but caused post-threat glances toward the warning source, suggesting redesigns to reduce distractions. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Week & To investigate the impacts of ADAS & One-way ANOVA, Descriptive statistics; Median and average trend analysis & DAAS systems positively impacted truck driver behaviors, reducing lane departures by 28\%, headway violations by 45\%, and speeding alerts by 15\%.