# Smart Handoff Technique for Internet of Vehicles Communication using Dynamic Edge-Backup Node
## 2 Literature Review  
This section provides a background survey of the existing handoff methods and techniques in vehicular networks. For instance, the authors in [10] proposed an adaptive handover prediction (AHP) method for seamless mobility based network that merges the AP prediction model with fuzzy logic and gives the cognitive ability to handover decision making. On the other hand, the study in [11] provides a brief review of the handoff process for VANET over LTE-A wireless networks. This work also discusses some key parameters for handoff scheme. Through studying this paper, new research options can be explored by understanding the gaps in previous studies. Paper [1] presented a handoff protocol, discussed necessities of protocol, improved the vehicular handoff in detail, and analyzed the partner selection problems on VANET by initiating a vehicle link expiration time (VLET) metric. The authors in [12] describe some information about the background of the problem in VANET, and the scheme being used by the authors provides speedy handoff methods by using RFID tags which shortened the handoff latency and minimized the Quality of Service (QoS) of the network. The IEEE802.11p is a [13] draft standard whose aim is to support wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE). The IEEE802.11p is a draft standard intended to support WAV, which operates over a frequency band of 5.9 GHz. WAVE consists of IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.X. The IEEE 802.11p deals with the physical layer (PHY)/medium access layer (MAC) and IEEE 1609.X considers upper layers. In 1609.X standard family, 1609.3 defines network and transport layers and 1609.4 specifies the multi-channel operation. In the multi-channel operation, a WAVE system uses one common control channel (CCH) and several service channels (SCHs). It was reported in the literature to support the flawless handoff procedure for real-time service of the demanding application and decrease the whole time taken by the handoff. The research [14] mainly focused on quick and recent location-based handoff scheme for VANETs. Two schemes are discussed in this paper; one is called detection scheme, and the second one is called the AP selection scheme. The work in [15] reviews the literature related to VANETs, and the authors proposed an efficient proxy mobile IPv6 (E-PMIPv6)-based on handoff management that assured session continuity for urban mobile users. A series of previous studies [16] has indicated that the recent techniques of vertical handoff decision algorithm are used by comparing the multiple parameter values to choose the top available networks. In this paper [17] for fast handoff using AP in VANET, a proactive approach was proposed. For VANETs, previous schemes need to minimize the delay of handoff and for fast handoff, existing schemes are purely based on context transfer. In the literature review [18], the main focus is on the quality of the video streaming which has been downloaded by the moving vehicle. Vehicles move from one road side unit (RSU) to another RSU during the process of video streaming. A more comprehensive description [19] can be found in WAVE, in which handoff is most the repeated in wireless networks. In this paper, a prescanning method and quality scan scheme are proposed for improving the performance of handoff in VANETs. The authors of [20] provide a considerable body of literature in VANET state which consists of wireless local area networks (WLAN) and universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) as they relate to the vertical handoff performance of vehicles. The NS2 simulator is used for implementing the vertical handoff scheme. In [21], there is a brief review on the standard protocols improved by new proposals. For dealing with the handoff problem some standard approaches are used on the basis of new proposals, such as multiway proactive caching, VFMIPv6, and EBR-PMIPv6 to reducing the handover expenses. The authors of [22] give a progressively exhaustive analysis, including the beacon frequency, the speed of the vehicle, and the size of the beacon.