esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Investigations on Interface Shear Fatigue of Semi-Precast Slabs with Lattice Girders
## 4 Fatigue Tests on Semi-Precast Slabs with Lattice Girders  
### Introduction  
To extend the limited data basis and to verify the investigations from literature, 14 test specimens with two sub-tests have been conducted with semi-precast slab sections under cyclic loading [43; 61; 62]. The specimens were designed as single-span slabs and were tested in four-point bending tests (Sub-Test I) and three-point bending tests (Sub-Test II), respectively (Figure 11).  
In three test series with lattice girders KTS [38] and EQ [39], the test parameters were varied in the range of the technical approvals. The parameters were slab thickness (16-36 cm), amount of lattice girders (two rows for low interface reinforcement, three rows for medium interface reinforcement, and four rows for high interface reinforcement ratios) and concrete strength (C25/30 and C50/60). Additionally, the influence of the interface roughness has been investigated (very smooth to rough). An overview of the test program is given in Figure 12.  
The realization of the required rough interfaces is difficult to implement in the pre-fabrication plants, especially for large interface reinforcement ratios. Thus, in order to investigate the effect of untreated interfaces, concrete surfaces were tested without mechanical post-treatment to be very smooth and oiled or left as cast with a roughness depth of \(R_{\text{t}}\) = 0.4 mm. Achieving the minimum roughness depth of a rough interface according to the regulations in [29] with \(R_{\text{t}}\geq\) 1.5 mm without mechanical post-treatment is difficult  
Figure 11: Schematic test setup of fatigue tests: Sub-Test I (**a**) and Sub-Test II (**b**).  
Figure 12: Overview of test specimens and test parameters [43].  
to implement. Therefore, a smaller limit of a rough surface in accordance with [63] with \(R_{\rm t}\) = 0.9 mm ('rough') without mechanical post-treatment has been investigated. For comparison, also a rough interface with slightly roughening after concrete casting was provided.  
To verify the surface quality of the precast slabs, the roughness of the interface was measured by the sand-patch method according to [PERSON][64] and in most cases by laser triangulation with a laser system [65]. The determined mean values of roughness depth according to both methods are listed in Section 4.3. More details are published in [66]. Since the applied lattice girders KTS and EQ may also be accounted as shear reinforcement, the shear capacity has been investigated during the research program. The test results considering the shear resistance can be found in [43].
## 3 Case Study
### Denoising of Prototype Dam Displacement Data  
In this study, the prototype dam displacement data were denoised using the method proposed in Section 2.1. The implemented process is as follows:  
Step 1: Divide the data into 60% training sets and 40% testing sets.  
Step 2: Use the CEEMDAN to decompose the training set data, and then the method introduced in Section 2.1.2 is utilized to judge which of the decomposed IMF sequences are noisy sequences and remove them.  
Step 3: The displacement data are denoised and reconstructed according to the calculation results of the training set.  
Figure 4 exhibits the decomposition results of the E04 test set deformation, and the calculated sample entropy and the SMSE values of IMFs are listed in Tables 1 and 2. The magnitude of the sample entropy and the SMSE values can measure the complexity of IMFs. When the sample entropy value is large and the SMSE value is small, the corresponding IMFs sequence is determined as a noise sequence. Accordingly, IMF1 is identified as a noise sequence and eliminated. Moreover, to verify the applicability of the proposed denoising method, the deformation sequences before and after denoising are plotted in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, the denoised sequence trends are generally consistent with the original sequence while having a higher smoothness, which reveals that the proposed  
Figure 3: Project example chart.  
denoising method can better remove the redundant information while preserving the original sequence features.  
Figure 4: The decomposition results of the E04 test set deformation via CEEMDAN.
_Article_  
Multi-Objective Climb Path Optimization for  
Aircraft/Engine Integration Using Particle  
Swarm Optimization  
[PERSON] *, [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
Propulsion Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University,  
Cranfield MK43 OAL, UK; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.P.)  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +44(0)-1234-754-640  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
Received: 29 January 2017; Accepted: 26 April 2017; Published: 30 April 2017  
In this article, a new multi-objective approach to the aircraft climb path optimization problem, based on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, is introduced to be used for aircraft-engine integration studies. This considers a combination of a simulation with a traditional Energy approach, which incorporates, among others, the use of a proposed path-tracking scheme for guidance in the Altitude-Mach plane. The adoption of population-based solver serves to simplify case setup, allowing for direct interfaces between the optimizer and aircraft/engine performance codes. A two-level optimization scheme is employed and is shown to improve search performance compared to the basic PSO algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a hypothetic engine upgrade scenario for the F-4 aircraft considering the replacement of the aircraft's J79 engine with the EJ200; a clear advantage of the EJ200-equipped configuration is unveiled, resulting, on average, in 15% faster climbs with 20% less fuel.  
Keywords: aircraft/engine integration; trajectory optimization; multi-objective optimization; particle swarm optimization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
###### Abstract  
Falls are the leading cause of injury and mortality among older adults--one in four individuals 65 years old and above experiences falls. Thus, balance training interventions that improve balance ability and reduce the risk of falls are of critical importance. Through two complementary interventions, our research sought to determine the effects of Virtual Reality (VR) compared to Robotic-Assisted Balance Training (RABT) on balance ability and balance confidence in older adults. The VR intervention utilized Oculus headsets to create immersive balance exercises, while the RABT employed a multidirectional overground robotic system (NaviGATfor). Participants (aged 60-85 years old) underwent a 6-week training protocol consisting of two 30 min sessions per week. Balance ability was quantified using center of pressure (COP) parameters and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), while balance confidence was measured using the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the training methods. However, the RABT group showed trends toward enhanced balance performance, with observed decreases in mediolateral (ML) maximum displacement during wide stance conditions and reductions in BESS errors on both firm and foam surfaces. The VR group demonstrated significant changes in ML RMS values during tandem stance (\(p\) = 0.045) and improved participants' relationship with perceived and actual balance ability (increased correlation between BESS errors and ABC scores from R\({}^{2}\) = 0.00 pre-training to R\({}^{2}\) = 0.65 post-training). Balance confidence did not significantly increase in either group. These findings suggest that while RABT may trend toward improvements in objective balance parameters, VR training appears to enhance participants' perceptual accuracy of their balance capabilities.  
aging; elderly; virtual reality; balance training; balance confidence; falls Article
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Adsorption Experiments  
The effects of pH (2-10), contact time (10-180 min), initial dye concentration (10-80 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), adsorbent dose (0.005-0.08 g), and temperature (25-55 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for IV2R removal were examined. The particular conditions are cited in the related plots. The tests were conducted in triplicate by the batch technique to gather equilibrium data. The reaction mixture containing 50 mL of the dye solution and the solution were shaken at room temperature (25 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C) at a speed of 110 rpm under fixed conditions in an incubator shaker. The pH value was adjusted by HCl or NaOH before adding the adsorbent. After shaking, the concentration of IV2R dye was determined in a clear supernatant at any time at 550 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Concentrations of dye in a solution can be assessed quantitatively, as stated by the Lambert-Beer law, by linear regression equations, achieved through plotting a calibration curve for the concentration ranges of dye.  
The adsorption capacity (\(q_{e}\)) and dye elimination percentage were calculated using Equations (1) and (2), as follows [29]:  
\[q_{e}=\frac{\left(C_{i}-C_{f}\right)\times V}{W} \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{Percentage removal }(\%)=\frac{\left(C_{i}-C_{f}\right)}{C_{i}}\times 100 \tag{2}\]  
where \(C_{i}\) and \(C_{f}\) (mg L\({}^{-1}\)) are the primary concentration at the initial time and the final concentration of IV2R at a certain period, respectively, while \(V\) represents the volume of the dye mixture (L) and W relates to the weight of the dry adsorbent (g).
## 2 Miniaturized X-ray/Gamma-ray Imaging Payload
### X-ray Optics Collimator  
Observing hard X-ray and cosmic gamma rays is a challenging task. High-energy photons penetrate many materials relatively easily and therefore cannot be focused in the focal plane of the device using conventional optical mirrors or lenses. Customized optical elements and relatively complex mathematical image deconvolution procedures are used to determine them.  
The selected approach consists of an array of collimators manufactured from high-Z material (tungsten) closely coupled to the imaging detector. The purpose is to perform as a highly integrated X-ray/Gamma-ray optical element-collimator for both hard X rays above few keV and gamma rays below 500 keV. The principle of operation is illustrated in Figure 2. The task of the wide-angle metal element is to track the Sun, as well as potential bright triggers (both of space and of Earth origin) in hard X-rays and serve as a directional screen.  
Figure 1: The X-ray and Gamma-ray imaging payload consisting of the pixel detector Timepix, optics-collimator element and bias voltage and readout electronics.  
Figure 2: Focusing-collimating principle scheme of the X-ray/Gamma-ray optics-collimator. The imaging detector, provided by the pixel detector Timepix, is located closely behind in the focal-plane. The transmission and registration of three sources is illustrated along the lateral view (**left part**) and front side (**right part**).  
The X-ray/Gamma-ray optical element-collimator, shown in Figure 3, is divided into 4 segments or quadrants (each 7 mm \(\times\) 7 mm) of distinct response:  
1. ROI = 1: open quadrant with wolfram cross frame
2. ROI = 2: horizontal 1D segment
3. ROI = 3: vertical 1D segment
4. ROI = 4: combined 2D segment.  
The segmented arrangement represents an integrated and combined concept which makes use of the detector high granularity and size (active sensor area 14 mm \(\times\) 14 mm = 2 cm\({}^{2}\)) together with the highly-sensitive detection of quantum-imaging response (described below).
###### Abstract  
The assessment of systemic congestion in acute heart failure (AHF) remains clinically challenging, particularly across different left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) phenotypes. This study aimed to evaluate whether differences exist in the degree of congestion, assessed through a multimodal approach including physical examination, biomarkers (NT-proBNP, CA125), and point-of-care ultrasound using the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) protocol, between patients with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We conducted a prospective observational study involving 90 hospitalized AHF patients, 80 of whom underwent a complete VExUS assessment. Although patients with HFrEF exhibited higher levels of NT-proBNP and CA125, and more frequent signs of third-space fluid accumulation such as pleural effusion and ascites, no statistically significant differences were found in VExUS grades between the two groups. These findings suggest that the VExUS protocol provides consistent and reproducible information on systemic venous congestion, regardless of LVEF phenotype. Its integration into clinical practice may help refine congestion assessment and optimize diuretic therapy. Further multicenter studies with larger populations are warranted to validate its diagnostic and prognostic utility and to determine its potential role in guiding individualized treatment strategies in AHF.  
heart failure; left ventricular ejection fraction; Venous Excess Ultrasound Score; congestion; biomarkers; NTproBNP; CA125
## 1 Introduction
### Declaration  
A small section of this paper addressing only the CoPSA for SBSs operating at a single-band, has been submitted to the IEEE GLOBECOM 2019 Workshop on Advancement in Spectrum Sharing, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 09-13 December 2019. Particularly, in contrast to a single-band enabled SBSs addressed in the conference article [21], this paper addresses the multiband enabled SBSs to realize numerous widely recognized spectrum sharing access techniques, including dedicated access, CoPSA, LSA, and LAA in [21].  
Figure 2: An example multiband enabled small cell configuration with major attributes for the realized spectrum access methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Abbreviation** & **Explanation** \\ \hline
3D & 3-Dimensional \\
3 GPP & Third Generation Partnership Project \\
5G & Fifth Generation \\ ABS & Almost Blank Subframe \\ APP & ABS Pattern Period \\ ASA & Authorized Shared Access \\ BS & Base Station \\ CA & Carrier Aggregation \\ CoPSA & Co-Primary Shared Access \\ CoRS & Common Resource Scheduler \\ CSI & Channel State Information \\ DedA & Dedicated Access \\ DySP & Dynamic Spectrum Sharing by Pooling \\ EE & Energy Efficiency \\ elCIC & Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination \\ FCC & Federal Communications Commission \\ FD & Frequency-Domain \\ ICIC & Inter-Cell Interference Coordination \\ ISD & Inter-Site Distance \\ ISD & Inter-site distance \\ ISM & Industrial, Scientific, and Medical \\ J/b & Joules/Bit \\ LAA & Licensed Assisted Access \\ LBT & Listen-Before-Talk \\ LOS & Line-of-Sight \\ LSA & Licensed Shared Access \\ LTE & Long-Term Evolution \\ MBS & Macrocell Base station \\ MNO & Mobile Network Operator \\ NRA & National Regulatory Agency \\ PBS & Picocell Base Station \\ PF & Proportional Fair \\ QoS & Quality-of-Service \\ RB & Resource Block \\ SBS & Small Cell Base Station \\ SE & Spectral Efficiency \\ SPS & Space Satellite System \\ St\&R & Static Spectrum Sharing by Renting \\ TD & Time-Domain \\ TTI & Transmission Time Interval \\ UE & User Equipment \\ ULS & Unlicensed Spectrum \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of acronyms.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Notation** & **Definition** \\ \hline \(\sigma_{\text{MNO},1}^{\text{MC},\text{WIM}}\) & The aggregate capacity of all \(N\) macro UEs for \(M_{\text{MNO},1}\) RBs, \(Q\) TTIs, and \(L\) = 1 \\ \(\sigma_{\text{MNO},1}^{\text{SD},\text{DGA}}\) & The system-level capacity of MNO 1 for the dedicated access technique \\ \(N\) & Number of macro UEs of MNO 1 \\ \(\varphi\) & ABS pattern \\ \(T\) & Simulation run time \\ \(Q\) & Maximum number of TTIs in \(T\) each lasting 1 ms \\ \(T_{\text{ABS}}\) & A set of ABSs in \(T\) \\ \(t\) and \(i\) & Index of TTIs and RBs respectively \\ \(\rho_{t,i}\) & Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at RB = \(i\) in TTI = \(t\) \\ \(H_{t,i}\) & Link loss at RB = \(i\) in TTI = \(t\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: List of notations.
## 4 Case Analysis
### Initial Network Environment and Parameter Settings
#### 4.1.2 Travel Data Description  
The 84,110 individual travel activities recorded in the Sioux Falls network provide a broad and diverse sample of commuting trips, capturing variability in travel times. This sample size is large enough to represent different commuting patterns, with a particular focus on morning peak hours (07:00 to 08:00). The data includes both private vehicle use and public transportation (bus and metro), enabling the assessment of multimodal travel behaviors under the proposed TRS model. On average, each resident undertakes two daily trips, encompassing both commutes and other travel purposes, reflecting typical travel patterns in a small city. These data, which are detailed in Table 5, highlight the concentration of peak traffic during early morning and late afternoon hours, typical of urban congestion.  
To reflect the heterogeneity in the time value of travelers, this study posited a close correlation between a traveler's time value and their age. Drawing from the research  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Node** & \(d_{\textbf{q}}\)**(m)** & **Capacity** & **Car Free Flow** & **Bus Free Flow** & **Node** & \(d_{\textbf{q}}\)**(m)** & **Capacity** & **Car Free Flow** & **Bus Free Flow** \\  
\hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: The parameters of the same link in different directions are the same. For example, the parameters of link in nodes 1 to 2 are the same as those in nodes 2 to 1.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Link parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Transit Lines** & **Line No.** & **Departure Interval (min)** & **Stop Sequence** \\ \hline Metro lines & 1 & 5 & 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 14, 23, 24, 13 \\
2 & 2 & 5 & 2, 6, 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Person ID** & **Employed** & **Age** & **Origin Node** & **Destination Node** & **Departure Time** \\ \hline
16477\_4 & Yes & 19 & 5 & 9 & 06:24:48 \\
39170\_1 & Yes & 32 & 15 & 7 & 06:27:52 \\
23010\_1 & No & 46 & 16 & 17 & 06:29:54 \\ \(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(\cdots\)\(of [48; 49; 50], we classified travelers' time values into three distinct categories based on age: high, medium, and low. This classification facilitates a discrete approach to handling the concept of time value. The outcomes of this categorization, illustrating the varying time values ascribed to different age groups, are presented in Table 6. This discrete classification method is instrumental in understanding the heterogeneous nature of time valuation among travelers and provides a nuanced framework for analyzing travel behavior across various age demographics.
## 1 Introduction  
The presence of antibiotics in the environment has been widely reported in the last decades and it is a key indicator of the low efficiency of the current effluent treatments in their complete removal. Therefore, several studies have focused on developing techniques to be used as a complement to the actual treatments, allowing the complete removal of this kind of contaminant. Due to the operational simplicity, simple design, and availability of several adsorbents, adsorption is one of the most interesting studies [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. Many adsorbents have been proved to remove antibiotics from water media [6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Among them, clay minerals have low cost and are environmentally compatible materials and, bentonite in particular, have shown to be good adsorbents of many different pharmaceutical compounds [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Nevertheless, the behavior of bentonite suspensions produces some limitations in their separation from the adsorption aqueous medium and a possible solution for this is to modify the natural clay with the aim of increasing its hydrophobicity. From bentonite is possible to synthesize micromesoporous materials with high specific surface areas and permanent porosities regarding raw materials [17]. These materials, named pillared clays (PILC), have shown to be good adsorbents for different organic compounds with the advantage of having higher hydrophobicities than natural clays, which allows for an easier separation of the adsorption media [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25].  
The pillared clays usually studied as adsorbents are aluminum, zirconia, and iron pillared clays. In a previous work, four different PILC were synthetized and evaluated as ciprofloxacin adsorbents from aqueous media [25]. Among them, one silica pillared clay showed to be a good adsorbent of this antibiotic and the results suggest that there exists an interesting relationship between the porous structure of the Si-PILC and its adsorption capacity. Up to now, the silica pillared clays have been used mainly as catalysts but there are no studies about their adsorbent capacities. Therefore, in this work, three silica pillared clays were synthetized and characterized by different techniques with the aim of studying the relationship between their porous structure and their removal capacity for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline from aqueous media.
# A Perspective on Ethernet in Automotive Communications--Current Status and Future Trends
## 2 Current In-Car Network Architectures and Technologies  
Originally, in-car networks had a \"flat\" architecture, as each system was developed independently of the others. Such an unstructured network topology raised some issues, because the network complexity grew with the interdependence of functions, thus making debugging difficult and not allowing for cost optimization.  
Later on, leveraging the concept of functional domains, in-car network architectures turned to structured architectures (as it is shown in Figure 1), also called \"domain-based\", that are still in use today, although there will be a transition to another type of architecture, i.e., the zonal one, in the near future. The various functional domains differ for the functions provided and the constraints of the supported applications.