# Semantic Modeling Approach Supporting Process Modeling and Analysis in Aircraft Development
## 3 Semantic Modeling Approach for Process Modeling and Analysis
### KARMA Formalisms for Process Modeling
#### 3.2.2 Metamodels Supporting Process Modeling  
The ISO/IEEE 15288 standard provides a common process framework covering the life cycle of complex systems. It is necessary to standardize the work task nodes as metamodel objects to realize the construction of aircraft process models and satisfy the development process of the aircraft avionics system. Through iterative modeling and analysis, a solution that balances key performance indicators, such as cost and time, is ultimately created. BPMN provides a standard notation that is easy to understand for all business stakeholders, including basic elements such as flow objects, connecting objects, artifacts, and swim lanes, and support for technical and business personnel to engage in business process management. Based on the GOPPRRE formalism, a BPD graph is created with references to 15,288 and the BPMN notation specification to support process modeling of the aircraft avionics system.  
As shown in the Table 1, it contains metamodels of the life cycle technology management process and the technology process of the system life cycle. The main purpose of the life cycle technology management process is to build a technical baseline management process for implementing the decision gates at each stage, including nine review processes, such as preliminary design review, system function review, and system verification review. The technical process includes the development process stages of aircraft avionics system: concept stage, development stage, and production stage. In the concept stage, there are eight work tasks, including system engineering program, joint conceptual design, system requirements analysis, and architecture design, and subsystem requirements definition, to support the generation of system architecture solutions. In the production stage, there are \(11\) work tasks, including subsystem development, system integration, system verification, and system security assessment, to produce, integrate, test, and deliver the system. Therefore, considering each work task as a BPD object, a total of 33 BPD objects are created to support the instantiation of the corresponding work tasks. Simultaneously, five objects, including tasks, activities, processes, data objects, and text annotations, are created as general modeling elements to deal with work tasks involved in the avionics system work task modeling. Two objects, the start event and the end event, are created to show the start and end nodes of process modeling. Therefore, 40 object elements are constructed totally to fully describe the aircraft avionics system life cycle development process. Similarly,according to the BPMN specification, six relationships are created, including connection annotation, association, data input association, data output association, information flow, and sequence flow, to express the object connection relation of BPD. In addition, 12 corresponding roles are also created. According to the constraints of objects and relationships, 427 connectors are constructed to indicate each binding. Due to the reusability of the property meta-model, only six basic property metamodels need to be constructed, namely name, purpose, description, start date, the estimated number of days, and daily cost, which can satisfy the addition of each object metamodel. The detailed object metamodels are shown in Table 2.