# Effects of Anthropomorphic Driving Vehicles on Traffic Flow
## 1 Introduction
And how much positive impact can they have on traffic congestion? This article explores the impact of anthropomorphic autonomous driving cars on traffic by comparing the traffic volume, travel time, time loss, and average speed of non-autonomous driving cars, autonomous driving cars, and anthropomorphic autonomous driving cars in the same traffic scenario. Among the many differences in driving behaviors between human drivers and autonomous driving vehicles, three have the greatest impact: reaction time, irregular action points [35], and speed maximum longitudinal velocity [36]. The reaction time is affected by factors such as age, gender of the drivers, temperature, altitude of the environment [37], and unexpected situations [38]. However, human drivers' reaction time fluctuates in a relatively small range, from 0.9 s to 1.2 s [38] or 0.5 s to 2 s [39]. For autonomous vehicles, the reaction time is set to 0.5 s [35]. Another important difference between human drivers and machines is the irregular action points of human drivers [35]. The time intervals between the actions (pressing the accelerator and brake pedals) of human drivers follow a very broad distribution, with values between 0.5 and 1.5 s [35]. Another important parameter that distinguishes autonomous driving from human driving is the maximum longitudinal velocity [36]. The purpose of anthropomorphic driving is to incorporate human characteristics into autonomous driving to increase people's comfort and trust. People want to be driven the way they think they drive, regardless of how they actually drive [36]. Consequently, anthropomorphic driving is different from personalized driving. It does not involve driving according to the driving characteristics of each driver, but rather driving in a way that most people think is comfortable. A too-defensive driving style can reduce people's trust and even lead to the rejection of the autonomous driving system [36]. The strict enforcement of road speed limits may increase unnecessary acceleration and deceleration, reducing comfort. Human drivers are not constantly looking at the speedometer and strictly staying within the speed limit. However, autonomous vehicles set the road speed limit as their maximum speed. This study selected a frequently congested intersection and used microscopic traffic simulation to restore the real traffic conditions with high precision. In different scenarios (non-autonomous driving scenario, autonomous driving scenario, and anthropomorphic driving scenario), the travel time, average speed, and waiting time of vehicles were compared to explore the impact of autonomous and anthropomorphic driving vehicles on traffic. We posited that, if anthropomorphic autonomous vehicles could maintain or even improve the positive impact of autonomous driving on traffic, this would be of great benefit to its popularization in autonomous driving. Moreover, we hypothesized that, if our results were to show that anthropomorphic autonomous vehicles could increase traffic volume, reduce travel time and time loss, and increase the average speed compared to non-automated driving vehicles, they could provide a reference value for traffic planning departments' inclination towards anthropomorphic autonomous driving.