## 3 Results
### Circularity Assessment Frameworks
#### 3.2.2 Design-Support Tools for Whole Buildings
Circularity inclusion within BREEAM covers requirements on energy, water, materials, waste, reuse, and recycling within construction, refurbishment and fit-out, in-use, home quality mark, and CEEQUAL schemes. The circularity measures taken into consideration by BREEAM developers include resource reuse and efficiency, consideration of renewable resources, designing for disassembly, reuse and recycling, durable and adaptable design, material banking, and passports [62]. LeED  
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a renowned green building certification system. The Materials and Resources (MR) credit category in LEED associates the implementation of circular economy principles with higher credits reward. Circularity measures include optimized use of buildings, building products, and materials throughout the project life cycle, from construction and demolition, waste management planning to product selection and ongoing sustainable procurement. The latest versions of LEED keep advancing the circular economy. Circularity-related concepts have been introduced into the rating system, such as whole-building life cycle assessment and material ingredient reporting and optimization, which demand quantification and perception of the impacts of material use on human and environmental health. These new concepts harmonized with long-standing LEED sustainability criteria for construction waste management and responsible sourcing of materials. A novel scheme of LEED was released to advance circularity in existing buildings' operation and maintenance to support the decision-making regarding purchasing, maintenance, waste diversion, and recycling [63]. The Level(s) framework is developed to be a common EU framework for a holistic approach towards sustainability assessment in new and existing, mainly office and residential buildings. The framework is designed in view of the circular economy action plan adopting a lifecycle thinking from cradle to cradle reflected in the utilization of value and risk rating system [64]. The core sustainability indicators constituting Level(s) primarily focus on the environmental performance of buildings along their lifecycle. However, the framework also addresses some other aspects concerning comfort and health as well as lifecycle costs. The framework adopts six macro-objectives translated into nine measuring indicators contributing to EU target areas, including energy, resource use, waste production water, and indoor comfort. The framework can be used to report building performance at multiple project stages: design, implementation, completion, and operation, supporting three levels of performance assessment, common, comparative, and optimized, that allow a progression in terms of accuracy and expertise. From a resource efficiency perspective (macro-objective 2: resource-efficient and circular material life cycles), the concept of adaptability is considered by Level(s) as an essential lifecycle tool addressing the aspects of design optimization and aiming at supporting circular flows and extending system, component and material utility. Macro-objective 2 generally proposes three strategies called scenarios for assessing a building's long-term potential and future performance. The three scenarios are:  
* Scenario 1: Building and elemental service life planning. * Scenario 2: Design for adaptability and refurbishment. * Scenario 3: Design for deconstruction, reuse, and recyclability. These scenarios are not indicators by themselves. Instead, they are tools that simulate future possibilities at the end-of-life of buildings. Furthermore, they are important to determine several other indicators such as indicator 1.2 Life cycle global warming potential and 2.3 Construction and demolition waste. Each scenario has different impacts on input and output flows along a building's lifecycle. Evaluating the three scenarios enables comparisons in terms of resource efficiency and allows defining advantages and barriers for each and identifying potential trade-offs.