## 2 Constructing the Evaluation Index System
### Selection of Evaluation Factors
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Data Type** & **Evaluation Factor** & **Effects on Landslides** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{topography} & \multirow{3}{*}{slope} & \multirow{3}{*}{slope} & \multirow{3}{*}{Steep slopes are more prone to destabilization and landslides, usually happening between 10\({}^{\circ}\) and 45\({}^{\circ}\).} \\  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{exposure} & \multirow{3}{*}{Different slope orientations receive varying levels of solar radiation and weathering, affecting slope stability accordingly.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{relief} & \multirow{3}{*}{The greater the terrain’s undulations, the more concentrated the stress is at the base and valley floor of slopes in that area. This leads to lower safety coefficients for slopes, making landslides more likely to occur [31].} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{surface curvature} & \multirow{3}{*}{Research shows that landslides are more likely to occur when the curvature is greater than 0, indicating a convex slope shape [31].} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{rainfall} & Rainfall catalyzes the occurrence of landslide geological disasters, leading to slope instability and landslide formation [32]. \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{distance to water bodies} & \multirow{3}{*}{Increased soil moisture in areas traversed by water bodies leads to the softening of rock formations, reducing the stability of both the soil and rock. This greatly increases the likelihood of landslides.} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{geology} & \multirow{3}{*}{distance to faults} & The formation of faults disrupts the original shapes of rock and soil formations. Structural effects directly control the occurrence of geological disasters at both individual and regional levels. \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{lithology} & \multirow{3}{*}{Different types of rock and soil formations have varying degrees of influence on landslide development. They not only affect the extent of landslide development but also determine the type and scale of landslides.} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{distance to roads} & Existing research indicates that landslides are more concentrated along the sides of roads, and the density of landslide distribution decreases as the distance from the road increases [8]. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{3}{*}{vegetation cover} & Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) & Vegetation cover has complex effects on slope stability. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Relationship between each evaluation factor and landslides. systems [35]. Vegetation coverage is commonly represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which ranges from \(-1\) to \(1\). Values of less than 0 represent water bodies or snow-covered areas, a value equal to 0 indicates bare rock or soil, and values greater than 0 represent vegetated areas, with higher values indicating denser vegetation. The impact of vegetation coverage on landslides varies in different regions. More vegetation does not necessarily mean fewer landslide disasters. Just as observed by [PERSON] [36] in Baiyun District, Guangzhou City, the current study found a positive correlation between the number of collapse landslides and the NDVI (Figure 1). Regions with higher NDVI values are associated with more human activities, which tend to create steeper slopes, thereby leading to collapse or landslides.