# An Overview of Fog Computing and Edge Computing Security and Privacy Issues
## 4 Security and Privacy Issues of Fog Computing
### Attacks in Fog Computing  
Fog computing technology has set new records in the modern communication world by resolving the major technical issues and complexities of cloud computing. However, this technology is also prone to numerous security and privacy threats related to data and services. Due to the varying characteristics of fog computing such as geo distribution, mobility and heterogeneity, the existing security and privacy techniques of cloud computing cannot operate in a fog computing network. Hence, new state-of-the-art security mechanisms are required to deal with the security and privacy issues of fog computing. Though, fog computing provides a number of advantages as compared to cloud computing systems, but there exist some security issues which can generate hindrance in the path of deploying modern systems using fog computing. There are many literature works proposed by different authors stating the security issues prevailing in fog computing. In some research papers, various security concerns are addressed whereas in others only a particular aspect of fog applications/architecture security is discussed. The author of [19] briefly discussed different security issues and tried to find out the various challenging aspects related to the solutions of the fog environment with focus on data computation issues in fog environment. In research work [20], the author presented and analyzed the prevailing security and trust challenges with countermeasures proposed for those challenges. The author of [6] stated the common security gaps in fog computing network by comparing different surveys. In [21], author presented various security and privacy issues. Various intrusion detection and authentication techniques are discussed by the authors of [22]. The author of [23] gave a comprehensive overview of various trust management techniques to verify their suitability with future IoT devices. In paper [24], author gives an overview of the prevailing security issues and challenges in fog computing. In [25], author discusses the various security and privacy issues in cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing technologies. The following are the main security threats that affect Fog computing:  
1. Forgery: It is a type of security threat where the attacker copies someone else's identity and behavior to deceive a security system or other people by producing fake information. Due to its fake data packets, it can also degrade the network performance by using network resources such as energy, storage and bandwidth. 2. Tampering: In this security attack, the attackers of the network mischievously alter the data to be transmitted. It is difficult to detect this attack since the mobility of user and the wireless nature of the transmission medium may lead to failure or delay in the data transmission. 3. Spam: Spam refers to the unwanted data that is generated by the attackers including fake data gathered from users and extra information. Spam leads to consumption of important network resources, privacy breach and misleading. 4. Sybil: Sometimes, the network attackers use fake identity to control the effectiveness and performance of fog computing and affect the reliability of the nodes. This is called Sybil attack. The attackers create such fake crowd-sensing reports which are completely untrustworthy. Moreover, they are also able to expose the personal information of a legitimate user. 5. Jamming: In this type of attack, the network intruders generate a huge amount of data packets to jam the transmission channels and occupy the resources for a longer time period in order to prevent the legitimate users from having access to a reliable and efficient transmission medium. 6. Eavesdropping: In eavesdropping, the attacker listens to the confidential data of genuine users from the transmission channel without them knowing. This attackis very common if the encryption technique applied over the confidential data is not efficient. 2.