## 1 Introduction
### Modern Platforms for Robotics Positioning and Communications
False transmitter can be attached to a UAV and may send fake instructions, in addition to this UAVs can become a luring target for physical attacks [39; 41]. In such instances, an attacker can dissemble the captured UAV to get access to internal data via interfaces and USB ports. GPS spoofing, see e.g., [38] is another major security threat for small UAVs. An adversary can transmit fake GPS signals to an intended UAV with enlarged power than the actual GPS signals. Thus, localization system must verify actual positions of neighboring UAVs and associated distances in order to avoid the GPS spoofing attacks. The detection and identification of vulnerabilities for UAVs refers to popular short-range wireless networking technologies like Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), LoRaWAN, and Sigfox [38; 42], differing by the range and the throughput for licensed or unlicensed spectrum types. Wi-Fi provides a set of specifications for radio bands of 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz. IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac is the first choice to provide the transmission of medium size video and images for distances of approximately 100 m, but unlicensed versions can provide up to few hundred meters. A multi-hop networking scheme may expand the transmission range to kilometers. An alternative to Wi-Fi is the use of low-cost and low-power methods like Bluetooth and ZigBee. Bluetooth (IEE 802.15.1) is a low cost and low power variant, which operates in an unlicensed band of 2.4 GHz with a contact range of 10 to 100 m and uses a distributed frequency-hopping transmission spectrum. Licensed 5G and 6G generation technologies are expected [38] to offer improved data rates and coverages in linking of FANETs, to provide high device mobility and integration of a massive number of UAVs in an ultra-reliable way, to serve multi-access edge computing, and to incorporate cloud computing. Low-power wide area networks (LPWAN) can be another good option for UAVs which consumes less energy and offers a wide range of connectivity. LPWAN allows transmitting data for a longer duration of time and without much loss of energy resources. For IoT users, LoRaWAN [43] has been designed as a technology for the management of low energy consumption transmissions, using a novel network paradigm for bidirectional connectivity, localization, and mobility management. It provides a new framework for LPWAN execution, providing long-range communications in the band 868/900 MHz with data rates ranging from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps and network coverage from 5 to 15 km. Sigfox, similar to LoRaWAN, is a low-speed, but low-power and long-range solution for UAVs, it supports open-sight up to 30 km of range in the same band as LoRaWAN. Another modern trend for enhancement of data privacy and integrity in UAV communication networks is the aerial blockchain, especially supported by 5G and 6G [38; 44]. Blockchain-based software for UAV is expected to provide flexibility, dynamics, and on-the-fly decision capabilities. UAVs can be integrated potentially into the Internet network, providing access to cloud computing and web technologies for the realization of smart IoT systems.