# Implementation of Efficient 5G AKA Protocol for Light-Weight Environment
## 1 Introduction  
According to the investigation report published by the Global System for Mobile Communication Association (GSMA) [1], over 5.2 billion people subscribed to mobile services by the end of 2019, accounting for 67% of the global population. As shown in Figure 1, GSMA also predicted that by 2025, approximately 20% of all mobile service subscribers would use 5G. 5G mobile communication is a next-generation wireless technology that represents a complete transition of communication through innovative changes in data transmission speed, delay rate and number of device connections compared to conventional mobile communication. 5G users are estimated to increase because of the use case scenarios that 5G can provide. According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the use case requirement comprises three things: enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications and ultra-reliable and low latency [2]. If these use case requirements are satisfied, 5G can implement a number of use cases, including voice calls and simple data communication, as well as self-driving vehicles, augmented reality and smart cities connected with the Internet of Things (IoT). If they are implemented, it is expected that more IoT devices will be connected and a large amount of data will be delivered. The provision of various services can increase user convenience, but it can also simultaneously put them at risk because of increased attack surfaces [3]. IoT devices are often unable to provide the computing power to ensure sufficient security protocols. Since attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to carry out Denial-of-Service attacks, network operators and standards organizations must operate the network considering low-level IoT devices. The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project(3 GPP), which is a standardization body, emphasizes that sensitive information such as subscribers' identifiers, locations and data is stored and transferred over network, and that presenting standards that protect users' privacy in various ways is important for the operation of secure 5G networks [4]. Currently, studies on the 6G standard are underway. The 6G white paper emphasizes the importanceof developing technologies that not only meet users' requirements as they shift to the next generation, but also provide protection. In 6G, the network is more expansive than the previous generation, and privacy protection technologies must be developed accordingly. For the development of standards for these privacy protection technologies and regulations, it is critical to consider how 5G technologies can affect the next generation. If a technology with a vulnerability is inherited, it could lead to more serious consequences in the future [5]. Furthermore, technologies that consider IoT environments should be considered for network expansion. Mitigating IoT-related security threats in 5G is one of the main goals in 6G standard studies, as recommended by the existing standards, because previous generations of vulnerability continue to threaten the network [6]. To avoid this risk, studies have been conducted to improve security in various ways, which include creating secure, efficient connections and trust models from an IoT perspective, improved related algorithms and secure architectures [7; 8; 9]. Improving standards in consideration of low-level devices helps develop sustainable technologies. Increasing the performance of the standard, considering only security, may prevent devices from operating, in the worst case scenario. To prevent this, standards should be improved in an efficient way that is fast and low consumable [10]. These improvements can be driving the development of sustainable technologies. Vulnerabilities had been identified in the 5G key agreement protocol, which is an important element of the 3 GPP's standards [11; 12; 13]. The protocol had several problems in the previous generation of 5G but was not properly modified, inheriting vulnerabilities and affecting the 5G. [PERSON] et al.