## 9 Challenges
### Regulations  
The topic of regulations surrounding the IoV and the Internet of Flying Vehicles (IoFV) has several aspects that need to be taken into consideration. This primarily includes existing road traffic regulations, aviation frameworks, and broader legal considerations. Currently, traditional road traffic regulations form the foundation, especially when it comes to autonomous vehicles, for the IoV governing how vehicles move, traffic flows, and vehicle behavior [186]. However, with the integration of the IoV and IoFV, traditional regulations face challenges. Additionally, existing aviation regulations designed for aircraft need to be adapted to accommodate aerial vehicles (UAVs) and urban air mobility (UAM) systems in the IoFV [187].  
One important aspect is how road and air traffic regulations converge due to the mobility paradigm introduced by the IoFV. Navigating through airspace effectively requires an approach that combines ground and aerial regulations [188]. This ensures that flying vehicles can seamlessly integrate into existing traffic frameworks. At the same time, clear guidelines must be established within environments to address airspace management issues, flight corridors, and integrating takeoff and landing zones [189].  
Current aviation regulations primarily cater to manned aircraft and struggle with adapting to the increasing number of autonomous flying vehicles. The regulatory discussion focuses on matters such as air traffic control, collision avoidance, the certification of systems, and vehicle registration [190]. The evolving landscape of the Internet of Flying Vehicles (IoFV) requires an evaluation of the existing regulations to determine their adequacy and relevance.  
When it comes to cybersecurity, it becomes more critical in the IoFV compared to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Aerial vehicles face cyber threats, so regulatory frameworks must address not only data protection and encryption but also the vulnerability of flying systems to hacking and unauthorized access. This involves creating rigorous cybersecurity protocols for flying vehicles to ensure operations within the IoFV [191].  
In some jurisdictions, regulatory bodies are taking steps by exploring ways to integrate flying vehicles into urban areas through pilot projects and regulatory sandboxes. These initiatives provide controlled environments for regulators to test and refine their approaches,thereby fostering an atmosphere that promotes experimentation learning and the iterative development of regulations that can effectively accommodate the IoFV [192].  
International collaboration plays as much of a role in regulating the IoFV as it does in regulating the IoV. Since flying vehicles operate beyond national boundaries, collaborative efforts between regulatory bodies, aviation authorities, and international organizations are essential in establishing unified frameworks for governing the IoFV [127]. This collaboration goes beyond managing airspace. It also includes aspects such as interoperability between countries having standardized certification processes and dealing with legal and liability issues in the case of incidents involving aerial vehicles [193].  
To conclude, the regulations for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and the Internet of Flying Vehicles (IoFV) require an approach that takes into account existing road traffic rules, adjusts aviation frameworks, and addresses the challenges presented by flying vehicles. As technology progresses and changes how we travel on both land and in the air, regulatory frameworks must adapt dynamically to find a balance between innovation, safety, and societal impact. The coexistence of vehicles and flying vehicles creates a regulatory environment that requires ongoing dialogue, adaptation, and international collaboration.