# A Review on the Lifecycle Strategies Enhancing Remanufacturing
## 3 Strategies Enhancing Remanufacturing
### Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC)  
The supply chain in its classical form (forward supply chain) is a combination of processes that meet customer requirements, including all possible entities such as suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and the customers themselves [70]. Reverse supply chains, on the other hand, usually begin from the collection of end-of-lifeproducts, which are later reintegrated into the supply chain or disposed appropriately [71]. End-of-life products can be returned to the supply chain through value retention processes such as re-use, repair, refurbishment, recycling or remanufacturing, and our main focus here is the domain of remanufacturing. If both forward and reverse supply chains are considered with the aim of creating value throughout the product's lifecycle, the resulting network leads to a CLSC. The \"design for sustainability\" concept shows the various connections between supply chain management and the environment [72]. The general form of a CLSC is shown in Figure 6. [PERSON] & [PERSON] [73] have described how the various members of a supply chain can work together to ensure the smooth functioning of the supply chain. The evolution of the supply chain has been described by [25].  
A study on the modeling of a reverse supply chain through system dynamics for realization of the transition towards a circular economy has been undertaken by [35]. Electric vehicle batteries were used as a case study, and the study showed how electric vehicles can be moved within a reverse supply chain after reaching their end-of-life, thereby creating a closed-loop supply chain and promoting a circular economy. The environmental and economic sustainability in a closed-loop supply chain have been explained by [36]. There are often uncertainties about the returns for remanufacturing, like the timing, quality and quantity of the returns. The aforementioned uncertainties encountered during remanufacturing can be solved with the CLSC through the collaboration between the forward supply chain and the reverse supply chain. In this case, there is a constant flow of material and the quality, quantity and time of returns are highly improved with the help of good collaboration between the EoL product collectors and the remanufactures. According to [74], there are certain uncertainties that hinder the fluidity of a CLSC, and literatures reviews on closed-loop and sustainable supply chain management have indicated the need for additional uncertainty factors of the CLSC to be systematically studied [75]. There is also a financial problem within the CLSC, whereby some OEMs are unable to meet financial demands, which can then help them form a CLSC, such as by collecting their own products at the end-of-life or by getting involved in remanufacturing. [PERSON] & [PERSON] [33] discussed a way to optimize production by capital-constraint OEMs and the various strategies that can be used to boost their capacities. Proposed solutions to these uncertainties have been well-explained by [76] and could be a breakthrough to ensure the proper functioning of CLSCs, which could in turn solve the uncertainties encountered in remanufacturing.  
Figure 6: Structure of a CLSC.