## 3 Results
### Relationship between the Dietary Vitamin D Intake and MetS  
To examine the relationship between vitamin D intake and MetS, this study examined the correlation between anthropometric and biochemical factors and vitamin D intake calculated using a new established vitamin D DB. In all participants, as shown in Table 5, there found a negative connection between serum LDL cholesterol and vitamin D intake. This phenomenon was observed in women not in men. However, a significant positive correlation existed between weight and waist circumference and vitamin D intake in men. Significance of waist circumference was conserved even after BMI adjustment. \(p-\)values were derived from the results of the complex samples general linear model adjusted by sex, age, education, occupation, region, drinking, smoking, physical activity, dietary supplement, BMI, and intakes of energy, saturated fatty acid, and dietary fiber. For analysis of weight, BMI, and waist circumference, BMI was not included as a covariate. Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Serum 25(OH)D, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CI, confidence interval. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Serum 25(OH)D per 1 ng/mL Increment, Adjusted**} \\ \cline{2-10}
**Variables** & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**All (\(n=2513\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Men (\(n=1145\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Women (\(n=1368\))**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **OR** & **(95\% CI)** & \(p\)**-Value** & **OR** & **(95\% CI)** & \(p\)**-Value** & **OR** & **(95\% CI)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Abdominal obesity & 0.971 & (0.951 0.991) & 0.005 & 0.970 & (0.946 0.994) & 0.017 & 0.980 & (0.949 1.012) & 0.223 \\ Increased blood pressure & 0.991 & (0.970 1.012) & 0.401 & 0.991 & (0.956 1.018) & 0.501 & 0.997 & (0.963 1.032) & 0.865 \\ High blood glucose & 0.998 & (0.979 1.017) & 0.823 & 0.990 & (0.965 1.016) & 0.458 & 1.008 & (0.983 1.034) & 0.527 \\ Increased blood triglycerides & 0.976 & (0.958 0.996) & 0.016 & 0.974 & (0.950 0.998) & 0.037 & 0.985 & (0.958 1.013) & 0.289 \\ Decreased HDL cholesterol & 0.987 & (0.970 1.004) & 0.137 & 0.977 & (0.950 1.006) & 0.118 & 0.996 & (0.975 1.017) & 0.696 \\ Metabolic Syndrome & 0.984 & (0.961 1.008) & 0.196 & 0.981 & (0.947 1.018) & 0.309 & 0.992 & (0.960 1.024) & 0.610 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The information was presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls). Complex sampling design multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded \(p\)-values, adjusted for sex, age, education, occupation, region, drinking, smoking, physical activity, dietary supplement, season of blood draw, intakes of saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, fiber, and energy and BMI (except for analyzing abdominal obesity).Metabolic Syndrome was determined by having three or more risk determinants among those with abdominal obesity (waist circumference greater than 90 cm for men and greater than 85 cm for women), high blood pressure (systolic \(\geq\) 130 mmHg or diastolic \(\geq\) 85 mmHg), high fasting blood glucose of \(\geq\)100 mg/dL, high serum triglycerides of \(\geq\)150 mg/dL, or low HDL (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women). Abbreviation: Serum 25(OH)D, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and associated factors by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and gender.