# A Long-Distance WiFi Network as a Tool to Promote Social Inclusion in Southern Vercarruz, Mexico
## 2 Theoretical Framework
### WiFi Antennas  
Antennas are devices designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves in free space. A transmitting antenna transforms electrical energy into electromagnetic waves, and a receiving antenna performs the reverse function. There is a great diversity of antenna types for different applications such as connectivity for cell phones, TV, radio, etc. [34]. Nowadays, antennas occupy a physical and visual space in our environment, creating visual noise, which is why efforts are being made to integrate them into other objects so that they are not perceived. Several projects have focused on minimizing the visual impact of antennas on the environment [35; 36]. This project focuses on the field of WiFi technology used to design antennas with minimal visual impact and good integration with the environment. The design of antennas adapted to the environment allows them to take advantage of the occupied surface, allowing their integration into elements of the sectors such as wearable textiles [37], automotives [38], aeronautics [39], the military [40], and rural areas [41]. There are two types of antennas used in WiFi devices. 1. Omnidirectional. These radiate the radio frequency signal in all directions (360\({}^{\circ}\)). These types are the most widely used in WiFi devices and are the ones we can find in laptops, smartphones, routers and access points. Its coverage area is usually reduced compared to that of the directives. 2. Directional: these antennas radiate the radiofrequency signal in one direction (whose emission angle is approximately 30\({}^{\circ}\)) or towards a particular sector (with an irradiation angle of approximately 60\({}^{\circ}\)). In these, we can find several types, such as parabolic, grid, yagi, or panel (sectoral). These are usually used for point-to-point links, providing the possibility of giving a broader coverage, of the order of kilometers, and for this reason, they are usually used for long-distance links. In wireless applications, the Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is a type of antenna that utilizes a dielectric resonator as its radiating element. A Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is a type of antenna that utilizes a dielectric resonator as its radiating element. It is commonly used in wireless applications where compact size, high efficiency, and wide bandwidth are required. The dielectric resonator used in a DRA is typically made of a high permittivity material such as ceramic or composite materials. It is designed to resonate at a specific frequency or a range of frequencies. When excited with an electromagnetic wave, the resonator stores energy and radiates it into space, generating an electromagnetic field. DRA antennas offer several advantages for wireless applications. Firstly, they have a compact size, making them suitable for integration into small devices or systems where space is limited. Secondly, they can achieve high radiation efficiency, which means they can convert a significant portion of the input power into radiated energy, minimizing energy losses. Thirdly, they can provide wide bandwidth, allowing for communication over a range of frequencies [42; 43; 44]. DRA antennas can be designed in various shapes, such as cylindrical, rectangular, or spherical, depending on the application requirements. They can be used in wireless communication systems, including cellular networks, satellite communications, radar systems, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Overall, DRA antennas offer a combination of compact size, high efficiency, and wide bandwidth, making them a suitable choice for wireless applications where performance and space constraints are important factors. Researchers are currently exploring the capabilities of DRA technology as an alternative to traditional antennas. The initial focus of this program has been on studying the fundamental properties of DRAs with various simple shapes and feed configurations.