# Development of a New Rubber Buckling-Restrained Brace System for Structures
## 1 Introduction
The study defined three damage limit states: the activation of post-tensioning bars, maximum base shear or spalling, and near-collapse, developing fragility curves for seismic assessment. Key findings include: (1) BRBs dissipated up to 70% of seismic energy, with significant performance under far-field motions; (2) increased BRB force ratios improved base shear capacity but had minimal impact on drift ratio capacity; (3) a residual drift ratio of 0.5% ensured operational performance post-earthquake. The methodology offers enhanced seismic resilience and functional recovery [62]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) developed a novel timber Buckling-Restrained Brace (T-BRB) combining a low-yield steel core with a mass timber casing for lateral force resistance in mass timber-braced frames. Six full-scale T-BRBs were tested under cyclic loading, achieving stable hysteresis curves, excellent energy dissipation, and cumulative inelastic deformation exceeding AISC 341 standards. The timber casing showed minimal damage, enabling inspection and potential reuse post-earthquake. Compared to composite steel/concrete BRBs, T-BRBs demonstrated superior strain performance (up to 3.9%) and sustainability. Further research is proposed on cyclic tests and analytical modeling for seismic applications in mass timber buildings [63]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2023) discussed critical design issues for Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs), including BRB system capacity under axial compression and out-of-plane deformations, brace inertial effects, gusset plate weld strength, frame element demands, and quality control. They proposed solutions to address these issues, emphasizing the importance of balancing flexibility and stiffness in brace and gusset plate regions to prevent instability or unintended yielding. A simple design method is introduced to ensure BRB stability and proper performance under combined deformation effects, using familiar engineering equations to maintain core yielding within the BRB restrainer/casing [64]. [PERSON] and colleagues (2024) evaluate a seismic-resistant hybrid timber (SRHT) building, combining Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) frames with Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs) or shape memory alloy (SMA) braces. The 12-story structure balances flexibility and seismic performance, meeting code requirements under nonlinear dynamic analysis (NLDA). BRBs provided superior energy dissipation, while SMA braces minimized residual displacements but increased floor accelerations. Both systems are viable, but BRBs may be oversized, suggesting potential optimization in future studies. The study concludes that the proposed wood-based hybrid system exhibits robust seismic behavior and warrants further experimental validation [65]. In addition to the application of Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs), various other vibration dissipation systems have been extensively developed and implemented in structural engineering. These systems include elastomeric isolators, friction dampers, and smart damping technologies. [PERSON] et al. (2022) introduced a novel shell-type dry friction damper with an elastomeric filler, optimizing its strength, rigidity, and energy dissipation capacity [66]. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2023) proposed a dual-rotor-bearing system incorporating active elastic support dry friction dampers, achieving a remarkable 60% reduction in vibration-induced damage [67]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) designed an innovative elastomeric bearing combining silica sand and shape memory polymer, which significantly enhanced shear stiffness and energy dissipation performance [68]. [PERSON] et al. (2024) developed rubber isolators reinforced with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and steel layers for tunnel-form buildings, effectively improving the damping characteristics during seismic events [69]. Furthermore, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) introduced elastomeric bearings with sand or epoxy fillers, achieving improved damping and stiffness, particularly for base isolation applications [70].