## 4 Content and Results of Research
### Content of Research
#### 4.1.3 Course Flow Design
The advantages and disadvantages of different design schemes can be easily discerned by comparing the parameters and performances of different versions of the digital twin, thus preventing conflicts in design philosophies among different designers. Additionally, comparing different versions of design schemes enriches students' design knowledge and experience, continually enhancing their design capabilities. Digital twin technology significantly enhances communication and collaboration efficiency among students, facilitating real-time information sharing through online collaboration platforms, thereby improving design efficiency and quality. Moreover, the richness and flexibility of digital tools make it easier for students to express creativity and adjust solutions, thereby increasing the innovation and flexibility of design. Figure 11: (**a**) Physical landscape architecture drawing; (**b**) Students use the digital twin learning system to construct virtual landscape buildings; (**c.d**) Students co-design projects on the digital twin learning system. In the courtyard greening plant maintenance and management project, digital twin technology integrates the actual courtyard environment with digital models, enabling digital management and the simulation of plant-growth environments. Initially, students use the digital twin learning platform to practice courtyard landscape design. Subsequently, they select appropriate sensors and plants based on the project's specific needs and the environmental conditions to be monitored. The system offers a wide range of sensors that measure various parameters, such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity. For sensor selection (Figure 13a), students can browse a library containing detailed specifications and usage scenarios. For instance, if a student is researching the impact of soil moisture on plant growth, they can choose soil moisture sensors with varying sensitivities and ranges. For plant selection (Figure 13b), the system provides a comprehensive database of plants, detailing their growth requirements, optimal environmental conditions, and potential challenges. Students can select suitable plants according to project goals and simulate their growth under different conditions. These sensors are connected to the digital twin system, allowing students to monitor plant-growth conditions and environmental factors in real time and receive immediate maintenance guidance and optimization suggestions. Throughout the process, students learn about plant-growth characteristics, pest and disease control, and fertilization and irrigation techniques and participate in actual maintenance work. Additionally, the digital twin technology offers teachers the ability to track students' practical operations and learning progress in real time, enabling them to provide personalized guidance and support. By leveraging digital twin technology, students can evaluate and compare the feasibility of different design schemes, helping them consider and optimize plant-maintenance management strategies from various perspectives. Meanwhile, the system incorporates virtual reality (VR) technology, allowing students to immerse themselves in the plant-growth environment (Figure 14). With VR equipment, students can virtually \"walk\" through their designed landscapes, observing the plants' responses to different environmental conditions in real time. This immersive experience helps students gain a deeper understanding of the plant's lifecycle and the impact of various factors on their growth. VR technology also enhances the learning experience by providing a realistic and engaging way to visualize complex concepts. Figure 12: Collaborative landscape design based on digital twins. In the courtyard greening construction project, students engage in practical greening engineering activities at the training site, integrating the knowledge acquired from the courses on plant cultivation and maintenance.