esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design of a Device Based on an LED Matrix for Water Sterilization
## 3 Results
### Design of LED Matrix Prototype  
An LED matrix prototype was developed to be immersed directly in water for sterilization purposes. The objective was to create a lightweight and flexible device capable of emitting UV-C light uniformly. Flexibility enables its insertion into any container without the need for specific designs beyond size. As previously mentioned, LED 2 was chosen as the optimal candidate for constructing the matrix prototype due to its bactericidal properties and low cost. The device was engineered to sterilize water volumes of up to 5 L, utilizing 18 LEDs with a sterilization capacity of 277 mL each. Flexible LED strips with  
Figure 5: Influence of sample volume on the sterilizing capacity of LED 2. (**A**), _E. coli_; (**B**), _K. pneumoniae_; (**C**), _E. faecalis_; (**D**), _S. enterica_; (**E**), _C. perfringens_. Tests were carried out under static conditions (black, solid lines) or with stirring (gray, dashed lines). All tests were performed in triplicate.  
Figure 6: Influence of the volume of a suspension of _E. coli_ at 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) CFU/mL on the sterilizing capacity of LED 2. (**A**) Test carried out under static conditions. (**B**) Test carried out in stirring. All tests were performed in triplicate.  
a 33.3 mm LED spacing were utilized, soldered in series, and encapsulated as described earlier. The prototype had final dimensions of 300 mm \(\times\) 200 mm (Figure 7). The encapsulation conditions designed allowed the devices to pass the degradation test successfully under humidity exposure. There was no delamination of the assembly, and the LED strips functioned perfectly, confirming that there were no water leaks inside.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Load\(-\)Displacement Curve of Different\(-\)Aged Specimens  
Figure 5 depicts the load\(-\)displacement curves of NSPE\(-\)ECC and DSPE\(-\)ECC specimens in the uniaxial tensile test. The fiber and matrix were subjected to the same stress during the specimen's elastic stage. When the load did not reach the matrix's cracking load, the surface remained unchanged, and the displacement was minimally altered. When the load reached the matrix's cracking load, the matrix developed a thin crack at its weakest point. The friction bond force of the fiber matrix at the section was substantially greater than the matrix's cracking load; hence, the fiber supported the tension necessary to separate the surrounding matrix or the weak area of the matrix at other locations. The formation and contraction of the matrix crack constituted a fluctuating strain\(-\)hardening stage on the load\(-\)displacement curve. Figure 5a,e shows that the cracks of DSPE\(-\)ECC at an age of 3 days were considerably less than those of NSPE\(-\)ECC and that the failure mode had poor ductility. Although the displacement of DSPE\(-\)ECC at 28 days was less than that of NSPE\(-\)ECC, it exhibited excellent multi\(-\)crack steady\(-\)state cracking and ductility, as shown in Figure 5d,h.  
Figure 4: Damage section of specimens: (**a**) damage cross\(-\)section of NSPE\(-\)ECC; (**b**) damage\(-\)cross section of DSPE\(-\)ECC.  
Figure 3: Damage to specimens: (**a**) damage to NSPE\(-\)ECC; (**b**) damage to DSPE\(-\)ECC.  
Figure 5: Load\(-\)displacement curves: (a) 3 d, (b) 7 d, (c) 14 d, (d) 28 d of NSPE\(-\)ECC, (e) 3 d, (f) 7 d, (g) 14 d, (h) 28 d of DSPE\(-\)ECC.  
Table 6 shows that the cracking and ultimate loads increased with age. NSPE\(-\)ECC had a higher ultimate load and better tensile properties than DSPE\(-\)ECC. The ultimate load of DSPE\(-\)ECC at an age of 3 days was considerably lower than that of NSPE\(-\)ECC. However, the ultimate load of DSPE\(-\)ECC at 28 days was slightly lower than that of NSPE\(-\)ECC with increasing age. This result showed that DSPE\(-\)ECC hydrates more slowly than NSPE\(-\)ECC, which affects the tensile load of DSPE\(-\)ECC. Moreover, the cracking loads of DSPE\(-\)ECC at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days were 16.72%, 28%, 23.23%, and 10.05% higher than those of NSPE\(-\)ECC at the same age, respectively.
# A Stay Cable Icing Identification Method Based on the Fusion of U-Net and ResNet50
## 3 Two-Stage Model
### The First-Stage Model: U-Net  
U-Net is a semantic segmentation network based on FCN, and its network structure is similar to that of FCN. The input of the network is 512 \(\times\) 512 three-channel images. The network as a whole can be constructed as an encoding-decoding architecture or as a contraction path plus expansion path. Each step of the contraction path is composed of two 3 \(\times\) 3 convolutions for feature extraction. Each step of the expansion path includes the up-sampling process of the feature map, which is matched and fused with the feature map from the contraction path. The network uses jump connection technology to connect the corresponding layers between the down-sampling and up-sampling parts to help the network better learn the detailed information in the input image. The network inputs the cable icing image and extracts the features through downsampling to obtain the abstract features. The down-sampling abstract features are restored by upsampling, and the segmentation result of the same size as the input image is generated; that is, the cable icing mask and the segmented surface ice and icicles can be used as the basis for the cable icing positioning, as shown in Figure 9.
# Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton-like Designs for the Disposal of 2-Phenylphenol from Water
###### Abstract  
The hunt for efficient and environmentally friendly degradation processes has positioned the heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes as an alternative more interesting and economical rather than homogenous processes. Hence, the current study lies in investigating the efficiency of different heterogeneous catalysts using transition metals in order to prevent the generation of iron sludge and to extend the catalogue of possible catalysts to be used in advanced oxidation processes. In this study, nickel and zinc were tested and the ability for radical-generation degradation capacity of both ions as homogeneous was evaluated in the electro-Fenton-like degradation of 2-phenylphenol. In both cases, the degradation profiles followed a first-order kinetic model with the highest degradation rate for nickel (1 mM) with 2-phenylphenol removal level of 90.12% and a total organic reduction near 70% in 2 h. To synthesise the heterogeneous nickel catalyst, this transition metal was fixed on perlite by hydrothermal treatment and in a biochar or carbon nanofibers by adsorption. From the removal results using the three synthesized catalysts, it is concluded that the best catalysts were obtained by inclusion of nickel on biochar or nanofibers achieving in both with removal around 80% before 1 h. Thus, to synthetize a nickel electrocatalyst, nickel doped nanofibers were included on carbon felt. To do this, the amount of carbon black, nickel nanofibers and polytetrafluoroethylene to add on the carbon felt was optimized by Taguchi design. The obtained results revealed that under the optimised conditions, a near-complete removal was achieved after 2 h with high stability of the nickel electrocatalyst that open the applicability of this heterogeneous system to operate in flow systems.  
nickel; zinc; 2-phenylphenol; heterogeneous; Fenton-like Article
# Nanoencapsulation of Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview
## 1 Introduction  
In recent decades, the global food loss caused by microbial spoilage has increased year by year [1]. Moreover, the recent outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with _Escherichia coli_ O157:H7, _Salmonella Saintpaul, Listeria monocytogenes_, and so on, have made microbiological safety a priority, especially during food processing and storage [2].  
Food antimicrobial agents are chemicals which can prevent and inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and they are usually used in conjunction with other preservation procedures to extend the shelf life of foods. Currently, the main preservatives used in the food industry are chemically synthesized ones [3]. As consumer awareness increases, there is a growing concern of the potential carcinogenic and mutagenic risks associated with chemical preservatives like nitrites and parabens. \"Fresher\", \"more natural\", and \"minimally processed\" food is being demanded. In this sense, the development of alternative natural and low-toxic antimicrobial agents to replace traditional synthetic antimicrobial substances has received a lot of attention.  
Essential oils (EOs) are volatile and aromatic secondary metabolites of plants, which are mainly developed for their flavor, fragrances, and biological properties. In recent years, EOs and their biologically active compounds have been widely explored for their antibacterial and antifungal efficacy against foodborne pathogens (bacteria, molds, and related toxins) [4]. However, the use of EOs in food preservation is often limited because oftheir processing costs and other disadvantages, such as their low efficacy as compared to synthetic antimicrobial agents, their intense aroma, and their instability or insolubility in water. Therefore, an effective intervention system is necessary to preserve the activity of natural food antimicrobials when using them in the food industry. Nanotechnology has proven to be a useful tool for this purpose, which could provide the protection of natural antimicrobial agents against degradation, and improve the bioavailability and the target delivery of antimicrobial agents, thereby decreasing the amount of antimicrobials required for effective food preservation [3]. Hence, the application of nanotechnology in the food industry has been one of the fastest growing fields in the past few years.  
Based on what has been learned so far, the aim of this review is to summarize the up-to-date account and advances concerning the potential of EOs as food antimicrobial agents. Meanwhile, the strategy for nanoencapsulation of EOs and its application in food are also discussed.
## 4 Conclusions  
The precise and highly detailed virtual representation of cultural heritage objects remains a challenge, even with the rapid development in computer graphics. The combination of photogrammetry and VR offers great possibilities in new ways for interactive visualization of cultural heritage. However, incorporating photogrammetry in the VR scene is not easy and the preparation of a scene for an interactive virtual walk can take a long time. This is why it is important to develop a method for connecting photographs as input data and 3D VR interactive scene as a result.  
The method presented here consists of four main steps. The steps, explained through a block diagram, can be used in a similar manner for a wide range of different cultural heritage objects. A VR interactive walk through the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral church of Saint Nicholas in Sremski Karlovci has been made as an application of the created method. The photogrammetric approach is used to create a realistic representation of the iconostasis. Optimization, retopology, control and analysis are used to adjust the 3D model to be applicable in VR. The virtual content is generated by placing the 3D model in the game engine and offering additional content that complements the information about the real environment.  
The VR tour provides the user with an opportunity to view the iconostasis in a way it cannot be seen in real life. The representation of the iconostasis usinga virtual environment presented in this research generates virtual content that offers the users additional content that complements the information about the real environment. In future work, we are planning to investigate the possibilities of creating a more functionally complex scene in the VR environment and apply the method for cultural heritage objects of different sizes and shapes. We also intend to include semantics as a way for developing a strategy of models simplification and use of interaction [14; 15], and that is related to the particular users and application needs.  
Conceptualization, R.O., V.S., M.O., I.V. and J.K.; Methodology, R.O., V.S., M.O., I.V. and I.D.; Validation, R.O.; Formal analysis, R.O. and V.S.; Investigation, R.O., V.S., M.O., I.V., I.D. and J.K.; Resources, R.O. and V.S.; Software, M.O., I.V., J.K.;Writing--original draft preparation, R.O., V.S., M.O., I.V., I.D. and J.K.; Writing--review and editing, R.O., V.S., M.O., I.V., I.D. and J.K.; Visualization, M.O., I.V., I.D. and J.K.; Supervision, R.O. and V.S.; Project administration, R.O.; Funding acquisition, R.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The third author (I.D.) was funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (OII74009). The authors would like to thank the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral church of Saint Nicholas in Sremski Karlovci for the approval for the iconostasis surveying. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Method: Basic Multiple-Valued Logic Model
### Formation of AGA Functions  
For holistic or fragmented MVL modeling, one should use traditional and universal representation of MVL function by the truth table [70] shown in Table 1. MVL function \(y=f(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})\) has the overall number of raws, \(K^{n}-1\), in contrast to Boolean logic, with its only \(2^{n}-1\) rows. The column for the output variable \(f(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})\) should be filled in by logic constants, \(C=\{0,\ 1,\ldots,K-1\}\), according to expert choice or some formal model. Every row of such truth table with the nonzero value of the output variable \(F(\ldots,\ldots,\ldots)\) has equivalent representation by a product term [70], written via logic constants and operators from Eq. (5).  
Any arbitrarily given truth table always guarantees the possibility [70] to obtain correct formal Eq. (3):  
\[\begin{array}{l}y=F(0,0,\ldots,0)*X_{1}(0,0)*X_{2}(0,0)*\ldots*X_{n}(0,0)+\\ +F(0,0,...,1)*X_{1}(1,1)*X_{2}(0,0)*\ldots*X_{n}(0,0)+\\ \ldots\\ +F(K-1,K-1,\ldots,K-1)*X_{1}(K-1,K-1)*X_{2}(K-1,K-1)*\ldots*X_{n}(K-1,K-1).\end{array} \tag{3}\]  
In this equivalent representation of the truth table, every row is represented by the product term F(0,0,...,0)*\(X_{1}\)\((a_{11},a_{11})*X_{2}(a_{21},a_{21})+...*X_{n}(a_{n1},a_{n1})\), containing Literals operators \(X(\ldots,\ldots)\) and their lower and higher indexed parameters, a,b [qurep, Apl Sc]. Notation \(X_{j}(q,q)\) means that this Literal is nonzero only for one natural number \(q=a=b\). In Eq. (3), Literals \(X(\ldots,\ldots)\) are to be filled in by parameters \(a=b\), taken from the corresponding row and column of the truth table. During minimization procedures [70], values of \(a\), \(b\) can be modified. The calculation time depends on the real number of all non-zero parameters \(a\), \(b\).  
For calculations and memory storages, AGA functions can be equivalently written by matrixes Eq. (4), formed by indexed pairs of Literal parameters, \((a_{i},b_{i}),\ i=1,\ldots,n\), and logic constants, \(C=\{0,\ 1,\ldots,K-1\}\):  
\[A=\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&\ldots&a_{1n}\\ \ldots&\ldots&\ldots\\ a_{K^{n}-1,1}&\ldots&a_{K^{n}-1,n}\end{pmatrix},\ B=\begin{pmatrix}b_{11}& \ldots&b_{1n}\\ \ldots&\ldots&\ldots\\ b_{K^{n}-1,1}&\ldots&b_{K^{n}-1,n}\end{pmatrix},\ C=\begin{pmatrix}c_{11}& \ldots&c_{1v}\\ \ldots&\ldots&\ldots\\ c_{K^{n}-1,1}&\ldots&c_{K^{n}-1,v}\end{pmatrix} \tag{4}\]  
Here, \(n\) is the number of input variables, and \(K\) is the number of truth levels. The switching function in AGA guarantees the output only of data, written in the truth table or in equivalent logic expressions, and can output error only if it was illegally or not correctly modified.
# Comparison and Combination of Mobile and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Natural Forest Inventories
## 1 Introduction  
Laser scanning (LS) systems have been used to survey forest structures for almost two decades now [1; 2]. Besides airborne laser scanning (ALS) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile laser scanning (MLS) is a comparatively new method that has not much been employed and validated in forestry applications so far. MLS is operated from a terrestrial mobile platform (Figure 1) and consists of one or more terrestrial laser scanners in combination with a positioning and orientation system (GNSS and INS) [3]. If motorized vehicles are used as a mobile platform, MLS yields a corridor-like coverage of the surveyed area due to its kinematic capturing along a drivable path or road. However,the drawback of MLS is that the areas reached depend on the forest path with sufficient visibility on the inventory plot in which dendrometrical parameters are to be measured. Also, the range of the laser pulses is strongly influenced by ground vegetation, low branches and foliage. The achievable point densities rank between full area coverage ALS surveys and plot-based TLS surveys. Therefore, MLS combines benefits from both ALS and TLS, but questions remain regarding the quality of this measurement method for forestry applications.  
The aim of the work presented here was to investigate the suitability of MLS data for the determination of standard forest inventory parameters as well as for the analysis of crown dimensions. Specifically, this article demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of multi-temporal MLS data acquisition compared to usual TLS data acquisition. Furthermore, methods of automatic laser scanner data processing tools for dendrometrical parameters (such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, crown projection area (CPA)) are tested in two sample plots using data from different scanning methods (TLS and MLS) and scenarios of foliation (leaf-on, leaf-off). To allow for further ecological analyses, including tree-tree interactions, individual trees are segmented and quantitative structure models (QSM) are extracted and evaluated.  
In Section 2 we give a short overview on TLS and MLS for vegetation analyses. Section 3 outlines the study area, the characteristics of the sample plots and the measurement technique used. The methods applied to determine DBH, tree height, CPA and the QSMs are presented in Section 4, followed by the presentation of our results and the discussion.
## 4 Security Issues and Solutions for CAVs
### Cyber-Attacks on Inter-Vehicle Systems  
CAVs typically cooperate with each other to form a certain type of driving pattern with some common interests in the traffic, which can significantly improve road capacity and traffic efficiency. The cooperative driving pattern effectively integrates computing, communication, and control technologies to achieve the stability, reliability, and efficiency of the inter-vehicle system. A representative pattern is a platoon, which is shown in Figure 6. Multiple vehicles form a string in one lane; a vehicle follows the preceding vehicle with a small and nearly constant distance. In the early stage, the platoon relies on the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) function, which mainly utilizes local sensor measurements to maintain the string pattern. Currently, the platoon is mainly achieved with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) functions, which enables each vehicle in the platoon to directly obtain state information of the leading vehicle through wireless communication to maintain shorter spaces and stronger string stability of the platoon [95; 96]. Due to the reliance on vehicular communication, the performance of communication, such as delay and packet delivery loss, has a considerable impact on platoon vehicles' dynamics [97]. Therefore, attackers can utilize reliance to impact the performance of a platoon. Typically, cyber-attacks can degrade the string stability and control performance of a platoon by influencing vehicular communication in the platoon. As a result, cyber-attacks can directly damage the mobility pattern and cause unsafe operation of inter-vehicle systems [98]. In this subsection, we use a platoon to illustrate how cyber-attacks impact the performance of inter-vehicle systems by compromising vehicle connectivity.
# Mars to Earth Data Downloading: A Directory Synchronization Approach
## 2 DTNbox  
DTNbox [8] is part of DTNsuite [9], a set of DTN applications developed by the University of Bologna, including DTNperf [17], a performance evaluation tool also used in this paper. These applications are based on an abstract interface to BP, called Abstraction Layer, which is part of the DTNsuite as well. This abstracted API allows DTNsuite applications to be decoupled from the specific BP implementation in use, either DTN2, ION or IBR-DTN, which facilitates maintenance and greatly extends their portability.  
The basic aim of DTNbox is to synchronize two directories on two DTN nodes belonging to a challenged network. The two nodes can be quite distant from each other, such as a node on Mars and another on Earth, as considered later. Communications between them is performed using the Bundle Protocol and may involve multiple DTN hops, with intermediate DTN nodes acting as DTN routers.  
Although inspired by analogous programs on Internet, with which DTNbox shares the aim of directory synchronization, it differs considerably from them because it is peer-to-peer, as it would be impossible to use a centralized server on a challenged network, it does not require direct communication between the two synchronized nodes; it can cope with long delays and link intermittency. DTNbox is released as free software under GPLv3 license.  
The DTNbox basic use is to create bilateral synchronization, thus we will start our description from here.