## 1 Introduction  
Due to the potential hazard climate change poses to mankind, food security, and ecosystem balance, global warming is becoming an urgent issue for communities all over the world. By absorbing heat emitted from the Earth's surface, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) have increased in the atmosphere, raising global temperatures [1]. With a rise of more than 40% since the beginning of the industrial revolution and more than half of this increase occurring since 1970, human activities, notably the burning of fossil fuels, have considerably contributed to the increase in atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations [2]. Different facets of our globe are showing the effects of climate change. The average surface temperature of the planet has risen by around 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C since 1900, along with other climate-related effects such as warming oceans, rising sea levels, a considerable loss of Arctic sea ice, and an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves [3]. One area that has been significantly impacted by climate change is insect biodiversity [2]. The _Phyllogmathus excavatus_, also referred to as the dung beetle, is one of the insects that is particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Dung beetles are essential for seed distribution, ecological function, nutrient cycling, and environment preservation [4]. They contribute to waste decomposition, boost pasture production by returning nutrients to the soil, and improve soil structure by aerating it, allowing for improved moisture penetration [5]. They also interfere with the breeding cycles of flies and other parasites. The _Phyllogmathus excavatus_ beetle has a wide distribution spanning from the Canary Islands across North Africa, the Mediterranean region, central Europe, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula [6]. Its larval stage primarily resides in compost-rich soil, where it feeds on organic matter. The larva is often observed during the summer months, characterized by its slow-moving, relatively large, and white-bluish curved \"C\" shape [7]. The adult beetle exhibits a red-brown coloration and is easily distinguishable by the small horn on the male's head. It is predominantly nocturnal, and females lay their eggs in organic matter and fresh dung [8,9]. Although specific life cycles and dung preferences may vary among dung beetle species, they all reproduce through sexual reproduction, where males transfer sperm to females. Subsequently, the females lay eggs in dung, and upon hatching, the larvae emerge and feed on the surrounding feces. Eventually, the larvae enter the pupa stage, undergo complete metamorphosis, and emerge as adult beetles, actively searching for dung to feed on and other adults to mate with [10]. Climate change can directly and indirectly influence the distribution and abundance of _Phyllogmathus excavatus_ beetles. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can disrupt their life cycles, alter resource availability, and impact their reproductive success. For example, shifts in rainfall patterns may affect the availability of fresh dung, which is essential for successful reproduction and larval development. Increased temperatures can also affect the timing of dung decomposition and alter the composition of microbial communities associated with dung, which can indirectly impact the survival and fitness of dung beetles [11]. Furthermore, climate change can alter the phenology and geographic range of both the _Phyllogmathus excavatus_ beetles and their food resources. As temperatures warm, the timing of life cycle events, such as emergence, mating, and egg-laying, may shift, which can disrupt synchrony with their host resources. If the timing of dung availability does not match with the life cycle stages of the beetles, it can lead to reduced reproductive success and population declines [12]. In addition to direct effects on the beetles themselves, climate change can also influence their interactions with other species.