# Formal Modeling of IoT-Based Distribution Management System for Smart Grids
## 1 Introduction  
The traditional power grid has been in place for more than a century, with little modification in its fundamental architecture despite the fact that energy demand has risen dramatically in recent decades, necessitating large-scale control of electricity supply and consumption. The smart grid is a modern way of power transmission in which user safety should be on top of the list during the checking and updating of the grid. With the increasing evolution of smart sensors and information and communication technologies, the conventional power system has come forth with the advancement of the smart grid. IoTdevices are installed at each stage of the smart grid for monitoring the grid statistics and competent delivery of electricity. According to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), a smart grid consists of seven domains [1]; these are illustrated in Figure 1.  
The smart grid is an upgraded electric grid that is comprised of a modern energy system, advanced metering infrastructure, distributed generation resources, smart metering, sensors, smart protection, and smart communication. The progressive development of the power system framework would enable us to manage power generation and its transmission and distribution in large amounts. It also offers the opportunity to coordinate with electric power markets, control center operators, power consumers, and service providers and also to reduce the greenhouse effect and raise the power quality. The functions of the smart grid conceptual model domains are outlined as follows:  
**Customers**: Customers are the people who utilize power. Energy may also be generated, stored, and managed by the customers. Residential, commercial, and industrial customers are conventionally addressed, each with its own domain. **Markets:**: The participants and operators of the power sector. **Service providers:**: Industries that provide services to consumers and utility companies. **Operations:**: Manager in charge of the flow of power. **Generation:**: It is possible to store energy for later use. Traditional sources (also known as \"generation\") and distributed energy resources (DERs) are included in this area. On a logical level, \"generation\" refers to coal, nuclear, and large-scale hydroelectric power plants that are typically connected to transmission. Customers and distribution-domains provide  
Figure 1: NIST conceptual domain model of a smart grid. generation and storage; service-provider-aggregated energy resources are all included in the generation domain. **Transmission:** The long-distance carriers of bulk power. It is also possible to store and generate power. **Distribution:** Power suppliers who provide and receive electricity from clients. It is also possible to store and produce power. Distribution networks become more decentralized and bilateral when distributed generation resources, microgrids, and energy storage technologies are integrated, allowing for device reconfiguration and network self-healing. There are so many conflicts associated with this new adverting touch, which include managing the bidirectional transfer of power voltage in the network. Many forms of network faults such as source and load side faults, transmission line faults, Internet-of-Things protocol breakdown, and smart meter faults may occur in these cases, which makes them difficult to handle, monitor, and regulate. The key factor of smart grid reliability is in detecting and isolating faults at the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption levels. The faults in the distribution network disrupt the supply of electricity to end-users, and, sometimes, these faults cause longer durations of outages. If the necessary monitoring and mitigating measures are not taken, the faults will trigger network instabilities and other serious issues.