## 3 Results
### Non-Contact Boxing Training Outcomes
#### 3.2.4 Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Responses  
The RPE results indicate that PDCI participants perceived themselves to be exercising close to maximum effort despite having lower HR responses than PD non-CI participants and controls (Figure 3). In session one, the RPE was similar between all groups (\(p\geq 0.05\)), while in session two, PDCI participants reported a significantly higher RPE in rounds three and four (\(p\) = 0.02, \(p\) = 0.01) than the controls, and in round three compared to PD non-CI participants (\(p\) = 0.03). The RPE (\(p\) = 0.90) was not significantly different between boxing sessions one and two for all participants.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **PDCI** & **PD Non-CI** & **Control** \\  & **(_n = 11_)** & **(_n = 14_)** & **(_n = 14_)** \\ \hline VO2 avg (mL/kg/min) & & & \\ Round 1 S1 & 19.3 \(\pm\) 1.07 [17; 21] * & 22.5 \(\pm\) 0.88 [21; 24] & 25.1 \(\pm\) 0.86 [23; 27] \\ Round 1 S2 & 20.7 \(\pm\) 1.27 [18; 23] * & 22.2 \(\pm\) 0.98 [20; 24] * & 26.0 \(\pm\) 0.99 [24; 28] \\ Round 2 S1 & 19.5 \(\pm\) 1.12 [17; 22] * & 22.9 \(\pm\) 0.88 [21; 25] * & 25.7 \(\pm\) 0.86 [24; 27] \\ Round 2 S2 & 20.7 \(\pm\) 1.29 [18; 23] * & 22.2 \(\pm\) 0.98 [20; 24] * & 25.7 \(\pm\) 0.99 [24; 28] \\ Round 3 S1 & 20.5 \(\pm\) 1.12 [18; 23] * & 23.0 \(\pm\) 0.89 [21; 25] * & 26.6 \(\pm\) 0.86 [25; 28] \\ Round 3 S2 & 20.2 \(\pm\) 1.29 [18; 23] * & 21.6 \(\pm\) 1.00 [20; 24] * & 25.3 \(\pm\) 0.99 [23; 27] \\ Round 4 S1 & 20.5 \(\pm\) 1.12 [18; 23] * & 22.2 \(\pm\) 0.91 [20; 24] & 24.2 \(\pm\) 0.86 [22; 26] \\ Round 4 S2 & 19.6 \(\pm\) 1.31 [17; 22] * & 21.2 \(\pm\) 1.00 [19; 23] * & 24.8 \(\pm\) 1.00 [23; 27] \\ \% VO2 peak & & & & \\ Round 1 S1 & 69.2 \(\pm\) 3.84 [61; 77] * & 80.3 \(\pm\) 3.11 [74; 86] * & 91.1 \(\pm\) 3.07 [85; 97] \\ Round 1 S2 & 74.5 \(\pm\) 4.48 [65; 84] * & 80.1 \(\pm\) 3.47 [73; 87] * & 93.6 \(\pm\) 3.54 [86; 101] \\ Round 2 S1 & 70.7 \(\pm\) 3.98 [62; 79] * & 82.1 \(\pm\) 3.11 [76; 88] * & 93.2 \(\pm\) 3.07 [87; 99] \\ Round 2 S2 & 74.8 \(\pm\) 4.54 [66; 84] * & 80.2 \(\pm\) 3.47 [73; 87] * & 92.7 \(\pm\) 3.54 [86; 100] \\ Round 3 S1 & 74.5 \(\pm\) 3.98 [66; 82] * & 82.1 \(\pm\) 3.15 [76; 88] * & 96.3 \(\pm\) 3.07 [90; 102] \\ Round 3 S2 & 72.5 \(\pm\) 4.54 [63; 82] * & 77.7 \(\pm\) 3.53 [70; 85] * & 91.7 \(\pm\) 3.54 [85; 99] \\ Round 4 S1 & 74.2 \(\pm\) 3.98 [66; 82] * & 79.3 \(\pm\) 3.22 [73; 87] & 88.3 \(\pm\) 3.07 [82; 95] \\ Round 4 S2 & 70.3 \(\pm\) 4.60 [61; 79] * & 76.6 \(\pm\) 3.53 [69; 84] * & 89.4 \(\pm\) 3.56 [82; 97] \\  & PDCI & PD non-CI & Control \\  & (\(n\) = 8) & (\(n\) = 11) & (\(n\) = 13) \\ _Energy expenditure (kcal)_ & & & \\ Boxing session 1 & 196 \(\pm\) 16.2 [162; 229] * & 238 \(\pm\) 14.7 [208; 269] & 256 \(\pm\) 13.1 [229; 283] \\ Boxing session 2 & 204 \(\pm\) 16.4 [170; 237] & 230 \(\pm\) 14.4 [200; 259] & 258 \(\pm\) 13.2 [231; 286] \\ \hline \end{tabular} All values are in mean \(\pm\) SE [95% confidence interval]. VO2 avg: average oxygen consumption per round; %VO2 peak: average oxygen consumption per round as percentage of peak oxygen consumption obtained from the cardiopulmonary exercise test. * \(p\leq\) 0.05 vs. control; \(p\leq\) 0.05 vs. PD non-CI; \(\#\)\(p\leq\) 0.05 between sessions. Energy expenditure (EE) refers to data of those participants who completed all four rounds during the sessions.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Metabolic responses per rounds during the first and second boxing sessions.