# From Bottom of Sea to Space: Quo Vadis IoT? So What About Security?
## 3 Security Challenges and Mechanisms
### IoT on the Ground
#### 3.2.1 Extensions with Applications in Medicine
They are able to do this through the use of a validation method based on a deterministic policy gradient, which keeps the accuracy of the data intact. The authors believe that most current systems lack the ability to accurately and efficiently validate the large amounts of data caused by the pandemic. * Trust Trust Trust is an important factor in successful communication, especially in the realm of IoMT. The authors of [70] discuss the reasons that trust struggles in current systems. The main attack focused on in this paper is the Sybil attack. The attack creates a fake node in an attempt to infiltrate the system. The proposed solution to the detection of malicious activity is the use of trust management. It allows a system to authenticate its neighboring nodes while neglecting the malicious nodes. The proposed version of trust management focuses on the use of fuzzy logic processing and the fuzzy filter. Most of the sensors in medical devices have a limited amount of resources to implement many proposed protocols to safely authenticate each other. The authors of [71] propose a group key agreement (GKA) protocol to allow for a reduction in computational cost and an increase in the possibility of more dynamic connections between groups of sensors. The GKA would be performed using a physical unclonable function (PUF) to create unique fingerprints. The method focuses on higher security and efficiency. * Attack Resilience As more information and systems are developed in the IoT, there is a growing number of ways for systems to be attacked. A common goal of these attacks is intrusion into a system or attempts to breach data. The authors of [72] propose a method of intrusion detection through the use of a deep learning-based method called the Deep Belief Network algorithm. When tested, the system received a 95% success rating in most classes of attacks. Another common attack on these systems is man-in-the-middle-attacks (MITM). These attacks are especially dangerous because they often do not raise alarms. The authors of [73] propose a framework that is capable of sending a smaller digital signature by creating a key based on the strength of the received signal. When tested, the false alarm rate was low, while its ability to detect MITM attacks was high. * Security Mechanisms
* Authentication As the automation of remote healthcare continues to grow, the need for authentication continues to grow with it. The focus on a trustworthy, efficient, and resourceful system is important to the growth of the industry. The authors of [74] suggest an improvement in the use of a mutual authentication protocol for a Telecare Medical Information System (TMIS) proposed by [PERSON] et al. [75] in 2016. The authors discuss the shortcomings of the current system and suggest the use of smart service authentication. The method better protects patient anonymity and stolen smart device attacks through the use of three stages: initialization by a security authority center, registration by a medical censor, and authentication by a smart device. Smart device authentication makes use of a common key to allow for mutual authentication. When the researchers of [74] tested the method, it showed significant improvements to the [PERSON] et al. [75] method. As discussed previously, mutual key authentication can be a strong tool. One such method for performing this is mutual authentication and key agreement (MAAKA). This is a method of authentication that has been proposed frequently but tends to fall short in the case of being provably secure and lightweight (PSL) solutions. This tends to be a problem as most of the systems are complex and have
a wide variety of requirements. The authors of [76] propose a new solution to create a PSL-MAAKA protocol. The protocol is kept lightweight by using hashing algorithms and XOR operations for authentication. Security is ensured by using a random oracle model.