## 4 Discussion  
In this study, a diabetic male mouse model induced via a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injections with streptozotocin was administered _C. lentiillifera_ extract for 6 weeks, which successfully ameliorated oxidative stress and some cytokine-related reproductive dysfunction. The _C. lentiillifera_ extract contained a high level of carbohydrates. Polysaccharides (a long chain of carbohydrates) are in the major constituent of seaweed, and polysaccharides from marine organisms have been widely used for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications [38]. Seaweed polysaccharides have also been used for the potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), osteoarthritis, and diabetes [12; 30; 39]. The abdominal fat weight in the diabetes (DM) group was significantly increased compared to the control group. The high fat weight observed was the result of rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the CLE treatment significantly reduced abdominal fat weight to a level that was similar to  
Figure 8: The representatives of the seminiferous tubule sections of each group were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) in diabetic mice after treatment for 6 weeks (\(n=1\)). Magnification, 200 \(\times\). DM, diabetes; DM+CLE1, diabetes and 600 mg/kg of _C. lentiillifera_; DM+CLE2, diabetes and 1000 mg/kg of _C. lentiillifera_; DM+Met, diabetes and 200 mg/kg of metformin. Figure 7: The sperm parameters were analyzed by determining the total sperm count, motility, and abnormality of the diabetic mice after treatment for 6 weeks. Data are shown as mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=5\)). The values with different letters (a–b) represent significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) as analyzed by a [PERSON]’s multiple range test. DM, diabetes; DM+CLE1, diabetes and 600 mg/kg of _C. lentiillifera_; DM+CLE2, diabetes and 1000 mg/kg of _C. lentiillifera_; DM+Met, diabetes and 200 mg/kg of metformin. the control group. Previous studies reported increases in the total fat, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat of mice after being fed an HFD [40; 41]. In contrast, total body weight was significantly lowered in the DM group compared to the control and treatment groups. A previous study reported that BALB/c mice do not store excess lipids such as diacylglycerols and triacylglycerlycerols in the liver. This condition is due to differences in lipid oxidation or lipogenesis, which are higher than fatty acid uptake and result in higher body weight [42]. Additionally, early literature also reported that diabetic BALB/c mice showed weight loss 1 week after streptozotocin injection [43]. The present study showed significantly increased levels of fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis measurements of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the diabetes (DM) group compared to the control and treated groups. Type-2 diabetes is characterized by high levels of glucose and insulin resistance, as reported in previous studies [43; 44]. Rising insulin concentrations are recognized as insulin resistance (IR) in type-2 diabetes. HOMA-IR has been used previously for IR estimation [45; 46]. In this study, the levels of glucose and HOMA-IR were reduced after 6 weeks of oral administration of CLE. According to these data, CLE treatments showed a hypoglycemic effect. Previous studies also showed that seaweed extracts possess hypoglycemic effects, such as the extracts of _S. ringgoldianum, S. polycystum_, and _I. okamurae_[19; 20; 21]. Low levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were observed in the DM group compared to the control and treated groups. The DM group also showed high levels of lipid peroxidation products and superoxide anions, as analyzed by malondialdehydedehyde (MDA) and nitro-tetrazolium (NBT) assays, respectively. These conditions proved that diabetes is characterized by increasing oxidative stress. A review study reported that oxidative stress can be induced by high glucose levels (hyperglycemia) in diabetic complications [4].