###### Abstract  
Clarifying the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in Liaoning's ecological restoration zones is crucial for strengthening the positioning of ecological restoration zones and optimizing ecosystem services. This study is based on \"Liaoning Provincial Land Spatial Planning (2021-2035)\" and divides the area into ecological restoration zones. We utilized the InVEST model, ArcGIS Pro, and Geoda in this study to quantify five ecosystem services (Soil Conservation, Carbon Storage, Habitat Quality, Water Yield, and Food Production) and constructed an evaluation framework to assess the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services at both global and local levels. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The global relationships among ecosystem services in different ecological restoration zones are ranked as: strong trade-offs (35.51%) > weak trade-offs (33.17%) > low synergies (29.09%) > high synergies (2.24%); (2) The area exhibiting synergistic relationships between pairs of local ecosystem services in ecological restoration zones is larger than the area exhibiting trade-offs; (3) The strongest synergy is observed between water yield and soil conservation, while the most significant trade-off occurs between food production and soil conservation. These relationships exhibit similar spatial characteristics in the WSFR, SWCR, and WCR zones; (4) The proportion of areas showing trade-offs and synergies differs between global and local scales. ecosystem service; spatial overlap; correlation analysis; trade-off; synergy; Liaoning Province 2024 14 14021. 14021.  
of others [17]. In detail, a compensation happens when the increase in one service detrimentally affects another, whereas a mutual enhancement is observed when several services amplify or decline in unison [18]. The overarching aim of managing ecosystems is to foster simultaneous advancements and mutual enhancements in ecosystem services, navigating the challenges posed by the variety of service types, their functional intricacies, spatial variability, and uneven distribution [19; 20; 21]. Therefore, the interactions among ecosystem services manifest as spatially nonlinear and evolve dynamically over time [22; 23]. In recent years, examining the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services has emerged as a key research area within the fields of ecology, geography, forestry, and biology. For global assessments and simulations of ecosystem services, [PERSON] et al. (1997) evaluated the economic value of global ecosystem services [6]. Focusing on ecosystem services at the national scale, [PERSON] et al. conducted an assessment of China's ecosystem services [24]. At the regional scale, researchers pay more attention to specific ecological regions or watersheds, such as the assessment of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Basin [25]. Local-scale studies typically concentrate on ecosystem services in urban or rural areas, such as the study by [PERSON] and [PERSON], who evaluated the ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces [26]. The research by [PERSON] et al. targets specific ecosystems, such as the assessment of ecosystem services in forests, wetlands, or grasslands [27]. Scholars have utilized a variety of methods, including spatial overlay analysis [28; 29], comparative analysis [30], root mean square error [31], pixel-wise correlation analysis [32], and scenario simulation [33; 34], to explore the extensive trade-offs and synergies across ecosystem services, assess the variability in spatial interactions, and generate significant insights. Despite the utility of these methods, they present certain challenges. Spatial overlay techniques often fail to discern the subtle distinctions between stable, beneficial, and adverse relationships [35]. Comparative methods may neglect the spatial dynamics between ecosystem services, occasionally resulting in diminished or contradictory trade-offs and synergies.