## 2 Literature Review
### Key Aspects of CAP and Climate Change in European Union and Greece
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Region** & **Key Aspects and Main Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[22]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Greece} & \multirow{8}{*}{Important measures for the environmental protection of agricultural land in the EU countries are accompanied by measures of the reformed CAP. Such measures concern the Reg. 2078/92/EC regarding “crop production methods, compatible with environmental protection and conservation of landscape”, the Reg. 2079/92/EC regarding “farmers” early retirement”, and the Reg. 2080/92/EC (article 31 of the Reg. 1257/99/EC) about “forest measures in agriculture”. In this study it was argued that while several thousand hectares of mixed agroforestry systems were set up in the rural areas of Greece, a high number of farming and non-farming applications within the framework of Regulation 2080/92 were rejected. The present study concerned the evaluation and the application of Regulation 2080/92 in the region of Pella’s Prefecture (Northern Greece), as a representative area, denoting that at the period 1993-1998, 2600 Ha of agricultural land was planted with forest species (mainly _Robitain pseudacacia, Populus sp., Juglans regia_). The study was implemented through analysis of data supplied by the Forest Service and questionnaires filled in by beneficiaries. It was also shown that the 2080/92 Regulation led to the aforesh of 22,777 Ha of broadleaves species at a cost of approximately 22.2 billion dracmas (about 64 mil. euro). \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[23]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Greece} & The efficiency of LEADER+ action plans of seven rural areas in Northern Greece was investigated at this study with a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, based on data from LEADER+ provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. Through the DEA method the relative efficiency of local actions and for the investigation of the inputs and outputs were measured, revealing how the maximization of their relative efficiencies could be achieved through its use. The specifications and the characteristics of the DEA model were adapted to the empirical application of the input-oriented DEA method, showing that some Decision-Making Units could maximize their relative efficiency by making and considering internal adjustments of the input data employed. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[24]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Greece} & Energy crops are subjected to persistent policy support by the EU, despite their limited or even marginally negative impact on the GHG effect. This study approached the optimization of the agricultural income generated by energy crops (created from soybean, sunflower, and corn) in a remote and disadvantageous region of mountainous Greece in alignment with the linear programming. Different policy scenarios they imposed restrictions on the value of the subsidies as a proxy for EU policy tools, the value of inputs (costs of capital and labor) and different irrigation conditions, revealing that corn cultivation contributes the most to income maximization, whereas the implemented CAP policy played an incremental role in choosing an energy crop. A key implication is that alternative forms of motivation should be provided to the farmers beyond the financial ones in order the extensive use of energy crops to be achieved. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[25]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Greece} & The 1992 CAP reforms in Europe shaped the preconditions for a considerable amount of agricultural land to be withdrawn from food production in favor of wood production. Subsequently, productivity-related agricultural activities have lowered their predominant role in developmental processes in rural areas. This study investigated the personal and the social characteristics of poplar investors/cultivators as well as the determining factors of poplar plantations sizes according to the EEC Regulation 2080/92, through questionnaires administered within the Prefecture of Pella. It was reported that farmers constitute the majority of investors/cultivators while large land areas were privately owned. Moreover, the irrigated land size, the participation in European programs and other European regulations they were primary contributing factors of the establishment of poplar plantations. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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