## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytokine Secretion (Production)
#### 3.6.3 IL-1\(\upmu\)  
IL-1\(\upmu\) is a multifunctional cytokine and an inflammatory modulator alongside IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\). At a low concentration, IL-1\(\upmu\) engages in cell growth or homeostasis in the body, with a central role in the immune defense of the host and the response to wounds. IL-1\(\upmu\) is mostly produced by macrophages, and IL-1\(\upmu\) overproduction causes various diseases. LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells showed an increase in the production of TNF\(\alpha\), IL-6, and IL-1\(\upmu\), while the treatment with varying concentrations at 0, 30, 50, 100, and 300 \(\upmu\)g/mL) of each organ of the ice plant led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1\(\upmu\) production (Table 8). A study by [PERSON] et al. [44] confirmed that the concentration of IL-1\(\upmu\), from ethanol extracts from water parsley, decreased significantly depending on from concentrations of 62.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL. However, in this study, IL-1\(\upmu\) production was shown to be inhibited at 300 \(\upmu\)g/mL by approximately 31% and 40% from the stem and shoot of the ice plant, respectively, and by 13% of the cotyledon stimulated macrophages. In addition, at a concentration of 300 \(\upmu\)g/mL, IL-6 production was inhibited by approximately 35%, 15%, and 11% for the cotyledon, stem, and shoot, respectively.  
Results indicated that the inhibition of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-1\(\upmu\) was the highest at 300 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration of the ice plant shoot, whereas the inhibition of IL-6 was the highest at 300 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration of the ice plant cotyledon. The inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\) exhibit a diversity of immune functions and interact with the target cells [45] while mediating and modulating inflammation. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three different organs of the ice plant were verified by the concentration inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concentration** (\(\upmu\)g/mL) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Organs of M. _crystallization_ **(Mean \(\pm\) S.D.)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F-Value (\(\upmu\))**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-5}  & **Cotyledon** & & & **Shoot** \\ \hline
0 & 95.11 \(\pm\) 2.79 \({}^{\text{D}}\) & 95.11 \(\pm\) 2.79 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 95.11 \(\pm\) 2.79 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 0.000 (0.100) \\
10 & 96.11 \(\pm\) 1.14 \({}^{\text{D}}\) & 102.12 \(\pm\) 3.25 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 98.29 \(\pm\) 5.95 & 1.762 (0.250) \\
30 & 95.72 \(\pm\) 0.31 \({}^{\text{D}}\) & 98.86 \(\pm\) 2.41 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 98.04 \(\pm\) 4.32 & 0.968 (0.432) \\
50 & 89.47 \(\pm\) 3.70 \({}^{\text{AC}}\) & 101.59 \(\pm\) 3.38 \({}^{\text{bB}}\) & 99.85 \(\pm\) 2.51 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 12.283 (0.008) \({}^{**}\) \\
100 & 78.81 \(\pm\) 4.93 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 94.68 \(\pm\) 2.54 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 97.37 \(\pm\) 4.68 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 17.186 (0.003) \({}^{**}\) \\
300 & 62.94 \(\pm\) 3.00 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 82.65 \(\pm\) 9.52 \({}^{\text{BA}}\) & 88.58 \(\pm\) 8.47 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 9.462 (0.014) \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline F-value (\(\upmu\)) & 56.027 (0.000) \({}^{***}\) & 6.990 (0.003) \({}^{**}\) & 1.817 (0.184) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Means with different letters in each column (common letter (a–c): the level of significance for each organ) and row (capital letter (A–E): the level of significance for each treatment with \(\upmu\)g/mL) are significantly different by [PERSON]’s multiple range test (\(\upmu<0.05\)). Values are mean \(\pm\) SD (n = 3).
* \(\upmu<0.01\), *
* \(\upmu<0.001\) compared to the control by ANOVA.  
\end{table}
Table 8: Effects of ethanol extract according to the organ of the ice plant on IL-1\(\upmu\) levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.