## 3 Results
### Land Use Changes for Bethlehem
#### 3.4.3. Experiments 3 and 4 Bethlehem: Conversion of Forest to Lawn and Impervious  
In the third (F2L) experiment for the city of Bethlehem, forest area was converted to lawn area by 10, 25, and 50% to simulate deforestation. The LULCC resulted in decreases in the carbon stocks and vegetation and ecosystem carbon fluxes (Figure 5, Table 6c). The percent decrease (Table 6c) for all the regions in vegetation carbon is similar for each case. However, the absolute values show that North Bethlehem decreased the most in vegetation carbon, NPP, and carbon storage due to the region having the highest proportion of forest. Experiment four (F2I) produced similar results in carbon to experiment three, except the decreases in GPP and NPP are larger. (Figure 5, Table 6). For F2L, soil moisture and ET increase, while in F2I, they decrease, and runoff increases in both cases, but much more so when converting to an impervious surface, while lawn irrigation leads to an increase when converting to lawn. Cumulative NEP and NCE are significantly positive or negative for all regions for both F2L and F2I.  
Figure 5: Bar charts showing the percent change for 50% land use changes in Bethlehem. Within each subgroup, the bars represent West, South, North, and East Bethlehem, respectively. From left to right, the groups are lawn to forest (L2F), impervious to forest (I2F), forest to lawn (F2L), and forest to impervious (F2I). Post hoc ANOVA testing is displayed adjacent to the error bars, indicating which experiments are statistically different from each other in each subgroup. Bold letters indicate if the run was statistically significant compared to its control value, as described in Figure 2. (**a**) Vegetation carbon, (**b**) soil carbon, (**c**) GPP, (**d**) NPP, (**e**) cumulative NEP, (**f**) cumulative NEC, (**g**) ET, (**h**) runoff, (**i**) soil moisture.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**L2F** & **Region** & **VegC** & **SoilC** & **GPP** & **NPP** & **NEP** & **NCE** & **Soil Moist** & **ET** & **Runoff** \\ \hline
10\% & West & **4.49** & \(\mathbf{-3.88}\) & 1.56 & 1.99 & 12.41 & 12.41 & \(-0.77\) & \(-0.22\) & \(-0.25\) \\ \hline
10\% & South & **7.07** & \(\mathbf{-5.04}\) & 2.00 & 2.65 & 21.90 & 21.90 & \(-0.42\) & \(-0.33\) & \(-0.05\) \\ \hline
10\% & North & **3.53** & \(\mathbf{-3.49}\) & 1.33 & 1.68 & 10.00 & 10.00 & \(-0.76\) & \(-0.16\) & \(-0.34\) \\ \hline
10\% & East & **3.41** & \(\mathbf{-3.32}\) & 1.31 & 1.64 & 10.79 & 10.79 & \(-0.61\) & \(-0.13\) & \(-0.18\) \\ \hline
25\% & West & **11.27** & \(\mathbf{-9.66}\) & **3.97** & **5.05** & 31.18 & 31.18 & \(\mathbf{-1.90}\) & \(-0.49\) & \(-0.64\) \\ \hline
25\% & South & **18.22** & \(\mathbf{-12.51}\) & **5.44** & **7.09** & 56.23 & 56.23 & \(\mathbf{-0.99}\) & \(-0.61\) & \(-0.14\) \\ \hline
25\% & North & **8.84** & \(\mathbf{-8.70}\) & **3.35** & 4.21 & 25.04 & 25.04 & \(\mathbf{-1.90}\) & \(-0.39\) & \(-0.86\) \\ \hline
25\% & East & **8.58** & \(\mathbf{-8.31}\) & **3.33** & **4.16** & 27.12 & 27.12 & \(\mathbf{-1.51}\) & \(-0.29\) & \(-0.45\) \\ \hline
50\% & West & **22.52** & \(\mathbf{-19.28}\) & **7.95** & **10.10** & **62.35** & **62.35** & \(\mathbf{-3.79}\) & \(-0.97\) & \(-1.28\) \\ \hline
50\% & South & **36.76** & \(\mathbf{-24.95}\) & **11.14** & **14.48** & **113.27** & **113.27** & \(\mathbf{-1.95}\) & \(-1.06\) & \(-0.30\) \\ \hline
50\% & North & **17.69** & \(\mathbf{-17.40}\) & **6.70** & **8.43** & 50.11 & 50.11 & \(\mathbf{-3.80}\) & \(-0.78\) & \(-1.72\) \\ \hline
50\% & East & **17.15** & \(\mathbf{-16.58}\) & **6.68** & **8.3