## 3 Results and Discussion
2 up & \multirow{4}{*}{Kapton Polyimide, graphene flakes} & \multirow{4}{*}{1–5 GHz} & \multirow{4}{*}{2 GHz} & 2.3 dBi at 4.8 GHz, 56 \(\pm\) 5\% \\  & & to 5 GHz for low-cost wireless communications & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[103]} & CPW-fed & 32 \(\times\) 52 \(\times\) 0.28, UWB antenna for wearable applications & Flexible ceramic substrate, graphene & \multirow{4}{*}{4.1–8.0 GHz} & \multirow{4}{*}{4.45, 5.6, and 7.1 GHz} & 3.9 dBi at 7.45 GHz \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[104]} & CPW-fed & 11.8 \(\times\) 12.2 \(\times\) 0.1, & \multirow{4}{*}{Kapton polyimide, Graphene ink} & \multirow{4}{*}{14.30–15.71 GHz} & \multirow{4}{*}{13.8 GHz} & \multirow{4}{*}{9.28 dBi, 67.44\%} \\  & rectangular slot with charmfer & & (5G) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[105]} & Bow-tie antenna & Optical near-field enhancement & \multirow{4}{*}{Glass graphene} & \multirow{4}{*}{14.3–35.3 THz} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 10.01 GHz, 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 29.6 GHz, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.90 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 10.01 GHz, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.90 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.90 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.90 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for especially medical applications & PLA, graphene filament & \multirow{4}{*}{2–20 GHz} & Antenna-2 9.6 GHz, Antenna-2 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for extremely small \(\Omega\) & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for extremely small \(\Omega\) & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for extremely small \(\Omega\) & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for extremely small \(\Omega\) & Antenna-1 9.10 dBi, Antenna-2 9.10 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi, Antenna-3 8.70 dBi \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} \multirow{4}{*}{This study} & Bow-tie antenna & 44 \(\times\) 88 (outer size), ultra-wideband applications for extremely small \(and \(\mu_{c}\) = 0.175 eV in graphene.