## 3 Results
### Physicochemical Properties of EHN/SVO Double Blends and D/EHN/SVO Triple Blends
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Property**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Blend**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**EHN (\% by Volume)**} & \\ \cline{3-10}  & & **0** & **15** & **30** & **50** & **60** & **65** & **70** & **75** & **80** & **100** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Kinematic viscosity (cSt) \\ \end{tabular} } & EHN/SO & 37.80 \(\pm\) & 30.54 \(\pm\) & 14.69 \(\pm\) & 7.55 \(\pm\) & 5.70 \(\pm\) & 4.31 & 3.96 \(\pm\) & 3.10 & 2.80 \(\pm\) & 1.57 \(\pm\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & EHN/CO & 0.36 & 0.29 & 0.08 & 0.15 & 0.23 & 0.09 & 0.08 & 0.03 \\ \cline{1-1}  & EHN/CO & 226.20 \(\pm\) & 164.35 \(\pm\) & 39.33 \(\pm\) & 13.19 \(\pm\) & 8.89 \(\pm\) & 6.71 & 5.30 \(\pm\) & 4.79 & 3.37 \(\pm\) & 1.57 \(\pm\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.64 & 0.28 & 0.12 & 0.15 & 0.11 & 0.11 & 0.14 & 0.14 & 0.12 & 0.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* To study the triple mixtures with fossil diesel, we selected the double blends with the highest SVO content that still comply with the viscosity values set by the European standard EN 590 ISO 3104. Specifically, we used the mixtures containing 65% of EHN solvent for sunflower oil and 75% for castor oil. The viscosity values of these triple blends, along with other key physicochemical properties such as density, cloud point, pour point, calorific value, and flash point, are presented in Tables 3 and 4 for D/EHN/SO and D/EHN/CO, respectively.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Kinematic viscosity (cSt) at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C of EHN/SO and EHN/CO blends, with increasing EHN proportions. Values are averages of three measurements, with errors expressed as standard deviations of 75% for SO and 80% for CO. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Name** \\ **(\% Biodiesel)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**D/EHN/SO**} & **Density** **(kg/m3)** & **Kinematic Viscosity (cSt)** & **Cloud Point** & **Pour Point** & **Calorific Value (MJ/kg) 1** \\ \hline Diesel & 100/0/0 & 820 \(\pm\) 6 & 3.30 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \(-6.0\pm 1.0\) & \(-16.0\pm 1.2\) & 35.1 \\ Bio20 CO & 80/13/7 & 830 \(\pm\) 3 & 3.60 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \(-12.6\pm 0.8\) & \(-13.4\pm 2.7\) & 34.8 \\ Bio40 CO & 60/26/14 & 840 \(\pm\) 6 & 3.70 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \(-10.0\pm 1.6\) & \(-13.2\pm 3.0\) & 34.4 \\ Bio60 CO & 40/39/21 & 850 \(\pm\) 4 & 3.90 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \(-9.7\pm 1.0\) & \(-15.5\pm 2.5\) & 34.1 \\ Bio80 CO & 20/52/28 & 890 \(\pm\) 6 & 4.20 \(\pm\) 0.07 & \(-8.5\pm 1.1\) & \(-15.5\pm 3.2\) & 33.8 \\ Bio100 CO & 0/65/35 & 910 \(\pm\) 1 & 4.30 \(\pm\) 0.10 & \(-8.0\pm 0.7\) & \(-15.7\pm 2.3\) & 33.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The flash point values were calculated by using Equation (1).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Viscosity at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (cSt), cloud point, pour point, and calorific value of D/EHN/SO blends. Errors are calculated as the standard deviation from the average of three measurements. significant enhancement of \(-6\)\({}^{\circ}\)C relative to fossil diesel. This improvement suggests better usability in colder climates, as a lower cloud point reduces the risk of wax crystal formation at lower temperatures. However, pour point values remain largely unchanged, varying only within \(\pm 2\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, indicating that while initial cold flow performance is improved, further enhancements in pour point may be necessary for optimal performance in extremely cold environments. Additionally, calorific values were similar for all the blends, with variations within \(\pm 1.5\) MJ/kg, regardless of composition. This is important because calorific values indicate the energy content of a fuel, suggesting that all studied blends have comparable energy values to fossil diesel. Nevertheless, considering the physicochemical properties presented in Tables 3 and 4, which include higher densities and relatively similar heat content values, it is essential to experimentally evaluate the engine performance using these different blends.