# Sensory Acceptance and Characterisation of Turmeric- and Black-Pepper-Enriched Ice Cream
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensorial Characterisation of Turmeric-Flavoured Ice cream
#### 3.3.1 Just-About-Right (JAR) and Penalty Analysis
The aftertaste is the residual taste sensation remaining in the mouth after swallowing food and can be retained in the mouth for a few seconds to several minutes [72; 73]. Since black pepper can have a burning aftertaste [22; 74], the intensity of this attribute was expected to be higher in black pepper samples, but that was not determined by consumers who participated in this study. Probably, this effect is more associated with higher concentrations of black pepper, while in this study the concentration of added black pepper was 0.02%, which may be the cause of the absence of a significant negative difference in the intensity of aftertaste. In our study, a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) was observed only between T0 and T0p in the scores for aftertaste and bitterness, but the sample with black pepper was described as closer to ideal. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Ice Cream** & **Colour** & **Scoopability** & **Melting** & **Taste** & **Sweetness** & **Aftertaste** & **Bitterness** & **Aroma** \\ \hline C & \(-0.12\pm 0.51\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.26\pm 0.69\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.11\pm 0.56\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.11\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.04\pm 0.79\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.20\pm 0.69\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.36\pm 0.68\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.21\pm 0.74\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline T0 & \(-0.46\pm 0.85\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.26\pm 0.69\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.23\pm 0.64\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.19\pm 0.74\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.02\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.22\pm 0.78\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.16\pm 0.62\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.01\pm 0.73\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ T1 & \(0.22\pm 0.92\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.03\pm 0.59\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.22\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.60\pm 0.72\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.16\pm 0.59\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.35\pm 0.79\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.23\pm 0.69\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.29\pm 0.85\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ T2 & \(0.69\pm 0.78\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.21\pm 0.68\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.23\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(1.00\pm 0.84\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.23\pm 0.89\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.92\pm 0.70\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.58\pm 0.80\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.75\pm 0.70\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline T0p & \(-0.49\pm 0.74\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.04\pm 0.59\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.16\pm 0.46\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.03\pm 0.65\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.11\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.12\pm 0.66\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.17\pm 0.62\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.08\pm 0.55\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ T1p & \(0.18\pm 0.68\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.02\pm 0.58\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.19\pm 0.63\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.54\pm 0.76\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.03\pm 0.88\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.60\pm 0.76\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.27\pm 0.63\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.42\pm 0.72\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ T2p & \(0.80\pm 0.76\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.32\pm 0.70\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.21\pm 0.84\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.98\pm 0.90\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(-0.22\pm 0.97\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.95\pm 0.89\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.67\pm 0.83\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.82\pm 0.78\) \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The intensity of attributes evaluated using a five-point JAR scale (\(-2\) too weak, \(-1\) = slightly weak, = ideal/just about right, +1 = slightly strong, +2 = too strong). Values are means \(\pm\) SD (\(n=103\)). Values in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different using the Tukey HSD test (\(p<0.05\)). C—control sample; T0, T1, T2—samples with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of turmeric; p—samples with added 0.02% black pepper.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Just-about-right (JAR) values for the intensity of sensory attributes of the ice cream samples. Penalty analysis was conducted to determine which attributes decrease the acceptability of each ice cream sample. The results of penalty analysis are shown in Figures Figure 2 and S5. Figure 2: Penalty analysis (PA) plot of JAR data. Mean drop in overall liking score for the ice cream samples when intensity of attributes was too low or too strong. The too low intensity of attributes are highlighted with blue (\(-\)), and too strong with orange (\(+\)).