# Building Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Battlefield Simulation Model
### Related Work on Battlefield Simulations for MANET  
Despite battlefields being one of the most commonly cited application areas for MANET, there is relatively little work published on the modelling of appropriate scenarios. [PERSON] et al. (2003) [166] present a specific military application, focusing on a multilayer heterogeneous network and a protocol for use therein. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2004) [167] claim to have developed realistic military scenarios, but their focus is on the radio technology used. They use the RWP model for the mobility model. [PERSON] et al. (2004) [168] claim to have utilised realistic scenarios based on live exercises, but the actual mobility is a dual counter rotating ring, which is not justified in the paper and does not match any published military tactics. Structured group mobility ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2004, [135]) could be used to simulate military operations and extract the group behaviour and hierarchical group nature of military operations. They cite firefighting as another similar application. This is one of the very few papers that actually makes specific reference to military manuals (US Army, 1996, [169]). [PERSON] (2005) [170] present a large-scale military operation using a combination of unmanned vehicles. He uses RPGM ([PERSON] et al., 1999, [171]) to create the simulations. [PERSON] and colleagues (2005) specify that RWP is not appropriate for the battlefield, and they conduct a comparison of battlefield and rescue operations using RPGM. Other parameters in their models seem to be arbitrary, for example, using five groups of 10 soldiers, rather than the usual army structure of four-man fire teams. [PERSON] et al. (2007) [172] present the reference region group mobility model (RRGM), in which groups of nodes move towards target areas and identify the battlefield as one application area. However, within the regions, nodes use the RWP model. [PERSON] and colleagues (2007) [173] discuss the combined use of ZigBee and 4G technologies in a military environment. However, their focus is entirely on the physical layer communications technology without any experimental or simulation-based evaluation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2014) [174] present a variation of the AODV protocol and its evaluation using simulation. The scenario presented is a small tactical operation, which covers a 1.5 km square with 10 nodes using a \"realistic\" mobility. However, the type of mobility pattern is neither revealed nor further elaborated on. Military aircrafts have been considered in a few studies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2006) [175] present a mobility model for unmanned aerial vehicles on reconnaissance. They produce a weighted model designed to reduce the chance of revisiting recently scanned areas, which is an appropriate strategy for the application. A random model designed to keep within the search area is used for comparison. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) [176] conduct an investigation in an airborne military scenario with the specific goal of finding MANET solutions in this particular application area. The aircrafts fly in a \"rounded\" rectangle, with random distances between them, which seems an unlikely flight plan for a military operation. [PERSON] (2013) [177] considers the possible use of a MANET to facilitate communication between a number of UAVs and presents a mathematical model for locating UAVs. In 2008, a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) sponsored study ([PERSON] et al., 2008, [178]) looks into intrusion detection for MANETs. It presents a realistic scenario wherein a military unit of 15-20 soldiers is deployed to rescue a hostage. The operation area is 300 m \(\times\) 300 m, which is reasonable for the given scenario, but no description of terrain is given. The strategy is the use of a vehicle-based deployment, which acts as a base for communications. The soldiers then move to the operation area, leaving guards at regular intervals to prevent outflanking and provide communications links. The rest of the team then engage the enemy.