## 4 Simulation Results
### Simulation Setup
In Figure 9b, the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme has a lower grid power consumption for the charging demand of EVs compared with other schemes utilizing the discharging power of EVs for the power management of the MG, since the discharging of EVs is not used for the charging demand of EVs in the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme. Moreover, the grid power consumption does not occur over the time interval 17:00-24:00 as the charging of parked EVs is completed by charging them to target SOC in advance, depending on the EV charging scheduling algorithm. With the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes, the grid power consumption for the charging demand of EVs has a higher trend over the time interval 3:00-9:00, 11:00-13:00, and 16:00-24:00 as the discharging power of EVs can be used to supplement the charging demand of EVs while considering the power management of the MG to reduce the total grid power consumption. In addition, despite higher local load demand over the time interval 17:00-24:00, the grid power is used for the charging demand to charge EVs that do not reach target SOC due to discharging of EVs. Figure 10a,b describe the PV power consumption used for local load demand and charging demand of EVs. The PV power produced from PV system installed at the charging station can also be provided to local load demand and charging demand of EVs. In Figure 10a, a high percentage of PV power is used to satisfy the local load demand, showing small difference between three power management schemes. In the aspect of the charging station operator, the system operator can get a revenue by selling the PV power to electric company at the sum of SMP and weighted REC while supplying the PV power to local load demand of the MG. In Figure 10b, a low portion of PV power is consumed for the charging demand of EVs due to the intermittent characteristics of EVs according to the arrival and departure time in the PV-based charging station. With the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes, more PV power is utilized for the charging demand of EVs over the time interval 7:00-9:00 than the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme, as the charging demand of EVs becomes high due to the discharging of EVs. In addition, by using PV power for charging demand of EVs during 10:00-12:00 corresponding to the high peak periods in the DR program, the operating cost of PV-based charging station can be reduced while reducing the grid power consumption. Figure 9: **(a)** The grid power consumption for local load demand; **(b)** The grid power consumption for charging demand of EVs. The charging and the discharging demand of parked EVs in the PV-based charging station are described in Figure 11a,b. Over the time interval 2:00-9:00 and 11:00-13:00, the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes show higher charging demand of EVs than the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme. It represents that the discharging power from parked EVs can be used for the charging demand of EVs, decreasing the total grid power consumption through the power management of the MG. Around 8:00, the amount of discharging power of EVs that can be used for the power management of the MG with \(PW^{max}\) constraint is smaller in the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme than in the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme as the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme follows the proposed condition \(\sum_{k=0}^{K}(PW_{load}(t+k)-PW_{PV}(t+k))<(K+1)\times PW^{flag}\). Furthermore, the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme has less charging demand of EVs than the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme according to the decreased amount of discharging power of EVs. With the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme, the charging demand of EVs is reduced over the time interval 12:00-14:00 that has high TOU price by focusing on the EV charging in advance around 8:00. In Figure 11b, it is observed that the maximum amount of discharging power of EVs is limited to 12 kW or 2 kW depending on the conditions (9) and (10).