## 3 Results and Discussion
### Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC)
expansum_ & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ _G. trabecularum_ & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ _C. puttama_ & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ _C. versicolor_ & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\)0.03% (\(v/v\)), followed by _G. trabeum_, with MIC values ranging from 0.05 to 0.03% (\(v/v\)). Meanwhile, _P. placenta_ and _C. putteana_ were most resistant to the wood rot fungi studied. Based on the results obtained, the Artemisia herba-alba essential oils of September and June are potentially active against most of the microorganisms tested compared to that of March. In fact, this potent antimicrobial activity could be correlated to their chemical compositions, characterized by the high content of oxygenated hydrocarbons, including cis chrysanthenyl acetate (27.63, 26.73%), \(\beta\)-thujone (15.36, 12.85%), chrysanthenone (13.98%), 1,8-cineole (11.71, 11.77%), trans \(\beta\)-dihydro terpineol (6.85, 7.18%), and camphor (5.8, 14.31%) during the periods of September and June, respectively, and which are known for their signifcant antimicrobial power [16; 17; 70; 85; 86]. Artemisia oils rich in camphor, 1,8-cineole, and terpine-4-ol have previously been reported to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. It has been suggested that triterpen derive their activity from their ability to cross or damage bacterial cell membranes, and a variety of acids could inhibit the growth of bacterial and fungal cells [83; 84; 87]. According to the above-mentioned studies and those carried out by [PERSON] et al. [88], the various biological activities found are correlated to the presence and effect of polyphenols. The biological activities of the A. herba-alba plant collected during different periods showed a significant variation in bioactivities, which could be attributed to the variability in the content of active molecules according to the seasons [18]. Thereby, the antimicrobial activity difference between the three essential oils tested in this study could be assigned to the variability of change in their qualitative and quantitative chemical composition, which depend on many factors, such as growth stage and extraction conditions, enabling the determination of the plant's chemotaxonomy [89]. The essential oil isolated from the seeds of _Artemisia campestris_ L. growing in the wild in eastern Morocco indicated that good antibacterial activity was due mainly to the monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxygen compounds [90; 91]. Indeed, sesquiterpene lactones are one of the main defense mechanisms of plants against microbial attacks. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of a microbe--an effect attributable to polar groups on these antimicrobial compounds disrupting the phospholipid membrane [92]. In addition, oils from different species of the genus Artemisia have shown strong antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic agents and insecticidal activity against harmful insects [7]. In general, the plant does not contain an immune system, so it synthesizes bioactive organic compounds, antifungal proteins, and peptides to defend against pathogens such as fungi [93]. According to the references cited, it is clear that the compounds, such as 1,8-cineole, cis-chrysantenyl acetate, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, and thujone, were known by their interesting antimicrobial activity, [17; 70; 85; 86].