# Risk Assessment for the Development of Emergency Scenarios for Tram Driver Training
## 2 Theoretical Background
Also, the duration of time spent in the virtual environment is identified in the literature as a factor influencing the occurrence of simulation sickness. In [36], a clear positive correlation was found between the length of exposure time of virtual environment users and the scores obtained on the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ). Diversified times for individual ground handling tasks may increase simulator sickness under different \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Benefit** & **Characteristics** \\ \hline Engagement & Immersive environments make users more interested and committed to their training. \\ \hline Speed & Participants obtain and remember information attractively and efficiently, thus acquiring knowledge and skills faster. \\ \hline Measurability & Completing tasks in a virtual environment makes it possible to obtain all the statistics required to allow the trainer to assess the participant’s performance. \\ \hline Reduction of work accidents & The possibility of implementing safe scenarios where participants can practice acquiring the necessary skills without risking their own or others’ health and lives. \\ \hline Personalization & Training scenarios can be adapted to the individual requirements of each trainee. \\ \hline Reduction of costs & Reduction of expenses related to the infrastructure, materials, and personnel required for traditional training courses. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key benefits of using VR technology in training programs [27]. scenarios. The longer time spent in virtual reality increases the number of episodes of simulator sickness, resulting in longer adaptation times. [PERSON]'s et al. [36] work also highlighted that exposure time can affect the severity of adverse symptoms. It indicated a strong correlation between negative experiences with simulators and susceptibility to simulation sickness symptoms after exposure to virtual reality. Also noteworthy is the research presented in [37], which evaluated a VR training tool dedicated to firefighters handling transport incidents with dangerous goods. Participants in the experiment were divided into two groups: a beginner group and an expert group. Assignment to each group was based on the self-defined level of experience with the procedures. This research showed that the expert group reported higher levels of overall cybersickness after performing two different scenarios compared to the novice group who performed one scenario. The above research may suggest a higher risk of illness during training on various vehicles and while performing different tasks. Therefore, when deciding on the form of training, one should consider both the benefits of using VR technology and its limitations, which may prevent its full use in improving a given audience. Thus, attention should be paid to the conclusions formulated in [21], according to which VR technology is dedicated primarily to situations in which [21; 28] (1) conducting training in real life is difficult or dangerous (the consequences of participants' mistakes would be too severe); and (2) training exercises would be impractical (emergency exercises) or too costly to be implemented in the real world. For this reason, the research team decided to use virtual reality tools to develop a tram driver training program covering both basic skills training (implementation of standard duties) and behavior in abnormal situations (including dangerous situations). The virtual environment allows the trained personnel to 'get familiar' with an atypical situation, test their body's reactions to emerging emotions (primarily stress), and develop correct attitudes and behaviors in dangerous situations.