## 2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanofibers
### Factors Affecting the Formation of HNFs  
HNFs' morphology and performance are influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, time, metal ions, and enzyme concentration during the preparation process. Therefore, when using this method to immobilize enzymes, it is generally necessary to systematically optimize these conditions to achieve the best results. However, there are relatively few reports on strategies for the controlled synthesis of HNFs. [PERSON] and colleagues reported \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Enzyme** & **Metal Ions** & **Applications** & **Improved Performance** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Polyketone reductase and glucose dehydrogenase & Ca\({}^{2+}\) & \begin{tabular}{c} Synthesize \\ (R)-(-)-pentolactone \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced stability and \\ reusability \\ \end{tabular} & [64] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Galactose oxidase and \\ horseradish peroxidase and \\ \end{tabular} & Mn\({}^{2+}\) & Detection of glutamic acid & Enhanced reusability & [65] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Horseradish peroxidase and \\ glucose oxidase \\ \end{tabular} & Cu\({}^{2+}\) & \begin{tabular}{c} Degradation ofridine and \\ wastewater treatment \\ \end{tabular} & Enhanced pH stability & [66] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Nucleoside kinase and \\ polyphosphate kinase \\ \end{tabular} & Cu\({}^{2+}\) & Generation of nucleotides & Enhanced reusability & [67] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Glucose oxidase and lipase \\ \end{tabular} & Cu\({}^{2+}\) & Epoxidation of alkenes & Enhanced reusability & [68] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Streptavidin and \\ horseradish peroxidase \\ \end{tabular} & Cu\({}^{2+}\) & \begin{tabular}{c} Colorimetric sensor for \\ alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) \\ detection \\ \end{tabular} & Enhanced storage stability & [69] \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Glucose oxidase and \\ horseradish peroxidase \\ \end{tabular} & Cu\({}^{2+}\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Counting the number of \\ living bacteria in urine \\ \end{tabular} & Enhanced thermostability & [70] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._the preparation of a series of HNFs [chloroperoxidase (CPO)-(Cu/Co/Cd))\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)] and their application in crystal violet decolorization (Figure 2). They introduced an excess of chloride ions during the preparation of HNFs to form [MCl\({}_{4}\)]\({}^{2-}\) complexes, which slowed down the precipitation of phosphates and simultaneously promoted the coordination of M\({}^{2+}\) with amide groups. This affected the growth process and morphology of the nanoflower [75]. [PERSON] and colleagues reported a method for preparing size-controlled lactose-copper phosphate composite material (Lac@Cu\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)) (Figure 3). using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating compound. Lac@Cu\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) was employed for the rapid and sensitive detection of phenol in water, exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and reusability. In terms of activity, Lac@Cu\({}_{3}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\) was 7-11 times higher than free lactose [76]. The reusability of HNFs has been shown to be improved by changing the type of metal ions. [PERSON] and colleagues immobilized lac  
Figure 3: Controlled synthesis of the 3D flower-like laccase copper phosphate composites with tunable sizes in the presence of different concentrations of EDTA and the detection of phenol by the laccase microflowers immobilized on membrane [76]. Figure 2: The growth mechanism of hybrid materials [75]. phosphate buffer solution. The hybrid Cu/Zn ion HNF formed a novel multi-metal HNF system, Cu/Zn Lac, showing higher catalytic activity and reusability. The kcat/Km was enhanced 3.2-fold through the multimetal hybrid Cu/Zn-Lac compared with values of 2.1- and 2.4-fold with Cu-Lac and Zn-Lac over the free enzyme (71.0 s-1 uM-1). The results indicate that multi-metal HNF are more beneficial than single-metal HNFs and can be used to immobilize various enzymes for sustainable applications [77].