## 1 Introduction  
Molybdenum (Mo), with its high melting point (\(\sim\)2620 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and exceptional mechanical properties, stands out as a critical material for next-generation high-temperature applications. Current nickel-based super alloys used in jet engines operate at temperatures around \(\sim\)1150 \({}^{\circ}\)C (close to 90% of their melting point) and are insufficient for higher temperature requirements [1]. In this context, molybdenum, a refractory metal, has attracted attention as a potential material for use in the plasma-exposed inner walls of fusion reactors [2] and electronic packaging components requiring high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion [3]. However, the traditional powder metallurgy methods for producing molybdenum face several limitations in manufacturing complex geometries and small-scale parts. As a result, the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) method, which allows for mold-free production and the direct fabrication of complex geometries, is gaining increasing importance [4]. Ithas been demonstrated that Mo parts produced by LPBF exhibit high geometric precision, fine-grained structures, and superior mechanical performance compared to conventional manufacturing methods [5]. Nevertheless, due to Mo's high melting point, high reflectivity to laser radiation, and brittle nature, common production defects such as cracking, balling, and porosity are frequently reported in LPBF processes [6; 7]. Furthermore, oxide layers on the surface reduce the wettability of the melt pool, negatively affecting part quality [8; 9]. Strategies to reduce cracking, such as the addition of nanoparticles [10], carbon alloying [11], and preheating the material before processing [12], have been proposed. Recent studies have shown that high-density pure Mo parts can be produced with porosity levels above 99% [13; 14]. However, LPBF processing of advanced alloys such as Mo-Si-B still presents significant challenges. These alloys exhibit excellent mechanical and oxidation resistance at high temperatures but suffer from limited ductility at room temperature and poor oxidation resistance at intermediate temperatures [15]. In this regard, new phase designs and alloying approaches continue to be explored for improvement [16; 17]. Numerical simulation models developed to better understand the LPBF process allow for detailed analysis of critical process parameters such as melt pool behavior, heat transfer, and solidification dynamics [18; 19]. Additionally, high-resolution computational models have been employed to study complex flow regimes and gas void formation during the laser-metal interaction [20; 21]. Recently, the integration of deep learning-based intelligent monitoring systems into LPBF has made it possible to detect manufacturing defects, such as powder spreading issues, in real time [22]. Several studies in the literature have focused on the LPBF processing of molybdenum. [PERSON] et al. [7] achieved over 99% density by optimizing laser parameters but were unable to fully eliminate cracking. [PERSON] et al. [6] concentrated on microcracks and melt pool instability in high-melting-point metals such as Mo and W during LPBF, yet they did not provide a detailed analysis of temperature gradients. [PERSON] et al. [14] evaluated the mechanical and thermal properties of the produced Mo samples, but they worked with a single set of parameters and did not model process dynamics. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [18] conducted simulations on melt pool and heat transfer; however, their study had a limited parameter space, and no correlation was made between model outputs and mechanical defects. [PERSON] et al. [15] provided a comprehensive review of Mo-Si-B alloys but did not address simulation-based solutions for the manufacturing challenges encountered in LPBF processing of these alloys. Thus, the existing literature mostly contains either experimental data or simulations with limited parameter combinations, with very few studies offering comprehensive and direct analysis based on physical results.