# High-Tech Defense Industries: Developing Autonomous Intelligent Systems
## 4 Results
As far as mechanical intelligence is concerned, humans are likely to start losing control of these military operations to machines. Building upon the previous arguments, the next natural step is to define the construction elements of different types of weapons, as suggested by [PERSON] et al. [74], in order to produce autonomous systems suitable for users. * Mode 2. Partially autonomous operation (the human has some kind of control over the operation, or the system assists humans and vice-versa). Mode 2 is suitable for the operational level of warfare, as humans generally need to make semi-structured decisions with a medium level of responsibility. In this case, machines are recommended to take control over military operations, albeit with some kind of human control. An example of Mode 2 was also obtained from Scopus. In a first stage, it was possible to ascertain that in the context of the naval defense situation, awareness of the battle space is mission-critical. According to [PERSON] et al. [75], in platform-centered warfare, each combat unit keeps an individual situational awareness that is limited by a geographical area due to the limited range of the sensors (e.g., radar, optical and infrared sensors, sonar). The authors also refer that it is possible to achieve a shared battlefield awareness by connecting combat management systems on warships with command and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Nodes of Autonomous** & **Description** & **Levels of War** & **Decisions Type** & **Types of Artificial** \\
**Intelligent Systems** & & & & **Intelligence** \\ \hline Mode 1–Fully autonomous operation & The human has no control over the operation & Military tactical & Structured decision & Mechanical intelligence \\ Mode 2–Partially & The human has some kind of control over the operation, or the system assists humans and vice-versa & Military operational & Semi-structured decisions & Thinking intelligence \\ Mode 3–Smart autonomous decision-making & The intelligent system supports humans in case of need & Military strategic & Unstructured decisions & Feeling intelligence \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Modes of autonomous intelligent systems in the defense industry. control systems. Therefore, they proposed a communication mechanism for integrating data distribution service systems in real-time, where a combat management system could support military personnel on a warship with two main functions: (1) creating awareness of the battle space in real-time; (2) eliminating enemy forces using onboard weapon systems. According to [PERSON] et al. 's [75] research, a combat management system generates a tactical image with tracking data from various sensors and using data fusion algorithms. Subsequently, the collected information is sent to the weapon systems at high frequencies to engage enemy forces. These systems are generally used at an operational and strategic level, helping commanders to accomplish the security mission. Briefly, and as can be seen in Table 3, military operations are partially autonomous. These are carried out at the operational level of war and where semi-structured decisions are made. These levels/decisions result in the domain of thinking intelligence, as mentioned by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25; 32]. This type of intelligence applies to complex tasks based on well-defined rules. Therefore, it is likely that humans will also lose some control of these military operations to the machines or to models which support decision making [76; 77; 78]. Typically, artificial intelligence algorithms are used to simulate the human analytical, cognitive, and intuitive components. * Mode 3. Smart autonomous decision-making (the intelligent system supports human decision). Mode 3 is suitable for strategic military operations, as humans are usually required to take complex and unstructured decisions with a high level of responsibility. In that regard, autonomous defense systems advise and support the human decision-making process, but do not replace humans in their decision.