## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & **All Players** & **HT** & **LT** & _p-Value_ \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Abduction \\ (\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \end{tabular} } & Dominant & 137.1 \(\pm\) 11.3 & 136.4 \(\pm\) 11.1 & 138.0 \(\pm\) 11.6 & 0.57 \\  & Non-dominant & 140.2 \(\pm\) 12.1 & 139.4 \(\pm\) 11.6 & 141.0 \(\pm\) 12.8 & 0.60 \\  & Difference & 3.0 \(\pm\) 8.8 & 3.0 \(\pm\) 8.8 & 3.0 \(\pm\) 8.9 & 0.99 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Horizontal adduction \\ (\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \end{tabular} } & Dominant & 99.7 \(\pm\) 7.1 & 98.8 \(\pm\) 6.4 & 99.8 \(\pm\) 8.1 & 0.57 \\  & Non-dominant & 102.5 \(\pm\) 8.6 & 104.1 \(\pm\) 8.7 & 100.8 \(\pm\) 7.4 & 0.11 \\  & Difference & 2.8 \(\pm\) 8.8 & 5.3 \(\pm\) 9.3 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 6.4 & 0.03 * \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Mean values are expressed as the mean \(\pm\) SD. The independent _t_-test was used to determine significant differences (* \(p\) \(<\) 0.05). N = 33 and 30 in the high torque (HT) and low torque (LT) groups, respectively. Difference: non-dominant shoulders’ ROM – dominant shoulders’ ROM.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Shoulder range of motion measurements. Evaluating the effects of ball velocity on elbow torque is controversial. Asymptomatic collegiate pitchers were evaluated by motion analysis and no association was found between ball velocity and elbow valgus torque [41]. However, an association between fastball velocity and elbow stress was found by evaluating high school pitchers without injuries using motion analysis [42]. There have been several other reports of ball velocity being associated with medial elbow torque and elbow injuries [14; 20; 22; 43]. Similar to those results, higher elbow valgus torque was significantly associated with increased ball velocity in this study. Pitching mechanics constitute a complex movement that generates significant forces and places a great deal of strain on the soft tissue restraints of the upper extremity [5]. In correlations between pitching mechanics and elbow valgus load, increased elbow valgus stress during pitching has been observed in baseball pitchers with larger maximum shoulder external rotation angles, smaller elbow flexion at peak valgus torque, and side throws [44]. [PERSON] et al. found that among youth and adolescent baseball pitchers, increased BMI and decreased arm slot were predictors of medial elbow torque measured by the wearable sensor (PULSE THROW), whereas increasing age were protectors against elbow torque [14]. As for BMI, Tresca stress has been reported to increase with a higher BMI category [45], but there is no detailed discussion of the relationship between pitching biomechanics and BMI. [PERSON] et al. also demonstrated that age and height were predictors of medial elbow torque using the same sensor [22]. In this study, in junior high school pitchers, increased age, height, body weight, and BMI were associated with higher elbow valgus torque evaluated by the same wearable sensor while pitching mechanics, including arm slot, shoulder rotation, and arm speed were not significantly related to elbow valgus torque. This study is not without limitations. First, it is impossible to determine whether the torque measured medially at the elbow using wearable sensors during the throwing motion is a true measure of stress on the UCL during pitching. However, relative values measured indirectly by gyrometers and accelerometers are useful in clinical and research settings and can be reliably measured using this device, as shown in previous studies and this study [14; 22; 27]. Further research will accumulate pitching data using this wearable sensor, and if it is possible to determine the average pitching elbow torque for each age group and the cut-off value at which pitching elbow injury can occur, this sensor may be used to prevent pitching injury.