# Problems and Design of a Powered Mechanism-Based Car Child Restraint System
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Requirements and Standards  
A research study of actual regulations and standards was conducted to design a proper car seat mechanism for a child restraint system. The homologation and certification of the CRS focuses on testing, mainly on the safety of the transported infants during a traffic accident and the protection in case of injuries occurring during a traffic accident. Currently, there are standards and organizations dedicated to CRS research in different countries, the most common of which are as follows [18].  
In Table 2, the most used and strict regulations and standards are described. The JIS D 0401 standard is the oldest but maintains the main characteristics of the infant's weight and size. The AS/NZS 1754:2024 regulation specifies the elaboration and materials used in the CRS in the USA, with FMVSS No. 213 and FMVSS No. 213a. European UN/ECE Regulation Nos. 44 and 129 are the most current and manage the main importance of height, followed by weight and age, for the correct choice of a CRS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Regulation and Standard** & **Organism** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AS/NZS 1754:2024} & Australian and New Zealand & - Safety and effectiveness of CRSs. \\  & regulations on CRSs in motor vehicles & - Specific design and construction requirements. \\  & (Committee CS-085) & - Impact and strength testing. \\  & [19] & - Specific safety requirements for the Japanese market. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{JIS D 0401} & Japanese standard for CRSs & - Specific safety requirements for the Japanese market. \\  & (Japanese Industrial Standards Committee) [20]. & - Crash tests to ensure child protection. \\ \cline{1-1}  & USA regulations for CRSs & - Standards for installation and use. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{FMVSS No. 213 and FMVSS No. 213a} & USA regulations for CRSs & - Performance and testing requirements for CRSs. \\  & (U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) & - Standards to protect children in different types \\ \cline{1-1}  & Administration (NHTSA) [21]. & of crashes. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{UN/ECE Regulation No. 44} & Side impact regulation for CRSs & - Side impact test requirements. \\  & (Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations) [22]. & - Design standards to ensure side impact protection. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Regulation on the approval of & - Approval and certification procedures. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{UN/ECE Regulation No. 129} & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Regulation on the approval of \\ enhanced CRSs in vehicles \\ (Economic Commission for Europe of \\ the United Nations) [14]. \\ \end{tabular} } & - Advanced safety requirements \\ \cline{1-1}  & Regulation on the approval of & - Inclusion of front, side, and rear impact tests. \\ \cline{1-1}  & enhanced CRSs in vehicles & - Standards for the use of ISOFIX. \\ \cline{1-1}  & (Economic Commission for Europe of \\ \cline{1-1}  & the United Nations) [14]. & - More stringent certification procedures to ensure child safety. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Description of the regulations and standards of a CRS.  
Figure 3: The patent entitled child restraint system with automation equipment: (**a**) patent scheme of invention; (**b**) kinematic diagram of a central and guide sliding crank-type mechanism (A, B and C are reference points).