esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optimization for an Indoor 6G Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer System
###### Abstract  
Antenna beamforming for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in an indoor 6G communication system is presented in this paper. The objective function is to maximize the total harvesting power for the SWIPT and WPT nodes with the constraints of the bit error rate and minimum harvesting power. In the study, the power-splitting ratio between harvesting power and decoding information can be adjusted for the SWIPT node. Due to the non-convex problem, we use Self-Adaptive Dynamic Differential Evolution (SADDE) to optimize the designed multi-objective function. We use a symmetric antenna array to study three situations of distance--closer, farther, and similar--between the transmitting antenna and the individual SWIPT and WPT nodes in this paper. Experimental results show that the overall harvesting efficiency is improved, especially in the case of SWIPT nodes closer to the transmitter. The total harvesting power can be improved by 86.7% in the total short-distance case, and by 7.87% in the total long-distance case.  
6G communication system; Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT); Wireless Power Transfer (WPT); Self-Adaptive Dynamic Differential Evolution (SADDE); multi-objective function +
Footnote †: journal:
# A Review of Nanomaterials' Effect on Mechanical Performance and Aging of Asphal Mixtures
## 5 Aging Resistance
### Asphalt Mixtures
#### 5.2.3 [PERSON] et al. [100] studied the effects of aging in the indirect tensile strength (ITS), in dry and wet (water sensitivity conditioned) conditions, of the asphalt mixture using the LTOA and TEAGE methods. The TEAGE method [132] was used to simulate seven years of field aging in the region of Lisbon. The authors determined an aging index, ratio between aged, and unaged values, and concluded that for both conditions, dry and wet, and under both aging methods, LTOA and TEAGE, the modification with 4% nanoclay bentonite presented less aging (Figure 19).  
[PERSON] et al. [131] studied the effects of aging in an asphalt mixture modified with 4% nanoclay bentonite, using the TEAGE method, tuned to simulate seven years of field aging in the region of Lisbon.  
Figure 19: Aging index of the parameters considered in the study [100].  
Figure 18: Aging sensitivity of the parameters considered in the study [62].  
The aged mixtures were tested for indirect tensile strength, stiffness modulus and fatigue. The modified mixture presented lower aging sensitivity in indirect tensile strength and fatigue resistance, and higher in the case of stiffness modulus. Nevertheless, as fatigue resistance is the most critical parameter under aged conditions, the results are a positive indication of enhanced aging resistance (Figure 20).  
The number of studies about the effects of nanoclay modification in the aging of asphalt mixtures is still limited. Nevertheless, the results found in literature gave a positive indication of enhanced aging resistance, as in most cases, the asphalt mixtures modified with nanoclay presented lower aging sensitivity if compared to the correspondent control mixture.
# Control Strategy of Multiple Battery Energy Storage Stations for Power Grid Peak Shaving
## 2 Methodology
### Constraint Conditions  
(1) BESS capacity constraints:  
\[SOC_{\min}\leq SOC(t)\leq SOC_{\max} \tag{7}\]  
where _SOC_ is state of charge, which indicates the ratio of the battery's current remaining usable capacity to its maximum usable capacity when fully charged. This constraint ensures that the energy stored _SOC_(_t_) in the BESS at any given time t must be between its minimum allowable capacity _SOC_\({}_{\min}\) (usually greater than 0 to prevent deep discharge damage to the battery) and maximum allowable capacity _SOC_\({}_{\max}\) (to prevent overcharging).  
(2) Charging and discharging power limits:  
\[\left\{\begin{aligned} & P_{charge}^{\max}\leq P_{charge}(t)\leq 0\\ & 0\leq P_{discharge}(t)\leq P_{discharge}^{\max}\end{aligned}\right. \tag{8}\]  
this constraint limits the charging and discharging power _P_(_t_) of the BESS at time \(t\). The charging power is negative, and the discharging power is positive. _P_(_t_) must not exceed the rated power capacity of the equipment to prevent damage to energy storage equipment due to over current and ensure that power conversion equipment operates within safe limits.  
(3) Energy conservation constraints:  
\[SOC(t+1)=SOC(t)+\left({\eta_{charge}\cdot P_{charge}(t)-\frac{P_{discharge }(t)}{\eta_{discharge}}}\right)\cdot\frac{\Delta t}{E_{N}} \tag{9}\]  
this constraint ensures that the model accurately reflects the actual energy flow and losses during the charging and discharging processes of the BESS, forming the basis for precise scheduling and state estimation.  
Under the constant power strategy, the charging and discharging power of the BESS remains constant. The rated power of the energy storage device should be less than the difference between the peak-shaving and valley-filling reference lines to avoid repeated judgments. At the same time, the rated power must be greater than the maximum value of the load peak-to-valley difference before and after the energy storage action to prevent the BESS from acting multiple times. When calculating the energy storage capacity, a certain margin should be retained for the battery state.  
In the variable-power strategy, the charging and discharging power of the energy storage device adjusts according to load changes, so there is no need to consider the scenario where the load curve exceeds the peak-shaving and valley-filling baseline after the energy storage device operates. Additionally, since the power is variable, the battery capacity should be calculated based on the actual power.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### WE Category  
As shown in Table 4 In both the northern and southern European countries, achievements in one WE credit were similar, whereas achievements in two credits were different. Achievements in WEc1 Water Efficient Landscaping were high but different in the four countries. In particular, Sweden's achievement was better than Finland's, and Spain's achievement was better than Turkey's. In WEc3 Reducing Water Use, Finland's achievement was higher than Sweden's, whereas Spain's achievement was higher than Turkey's. Eventually, similar high achievements were revealed only for WEc2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies (WEc2).  
It should be noted that for earlier reported WE achievements for other nations, the U.S. and the entire world were approximately 60% [8]. However, in the northern and southern European countries analyzed in our study, the WE category achievement was higher (80-120%), demonstrating that water resources were an important issue in these countries.  
In this respect, despite both groups of countries, especially Finland and Sweden, having large amounts of water resources [32; 33], each of the two groups of countries will have different vulnerabilities to climate change in the near future. In northern Europe, climate change could change the precipitation pattern (the total precipitation volume could increase by 40% during winter while decreasing by 20% during summer). As a result, it was predicted that a water shortage will not be a problem in this region in the near future [33].  
However, for the southern Europe group, a high vulnerability to climate change was predicted [34; 35] to increase in future decades. Specifically, climate change could damage water resources in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. According to hydrological models, in the Mediterranean region, total yearly precipitation volumes could decrease due to increasing ambient temperatures [34; 35]. In particular, high water stress in Turkey could be a problem for the western and southern parts of the country, which are located in the Mediterranean basin [34]. In Spain, unequal water distribution and water scarcity throughout the entire country have been reported, but high water scarcity is predicted in its Mediterranean area [35].
# High-Speed Photodetectors for Microwave Photonics
## 1 Introduction  
High-speed high-power photodiodes are critical components in microwave photonics applications including radio-over-fiber, low-phase-noise microwave signal generation, antenna remoting, and arbitrary waveform generation [1; 2; 3; 4]. These applications require high power handling capability and high linearity of the photodiode (PD) to maintain high radio frequency (RF) gain and large spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), respectively [5]. To achieve large RF output power at microwave frequencies, several PD structures have been reported, among which the uni-traveling carrier (UTC) PD [6; 7; 8] has demonstrated large bandwidth and a high saturation current. In an UTC PD, photons excite electron-hole pairs in an un-depleted absorption layer. Since only electrons are injected into the transparent drift layer, the transit time is shorter and space charge screening is reduced, compared to a conventional p-i-n PD, which has both electrons and holes in the drift region. Over the past few years, the University of Virginia (UVA) has developed InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP modified uni-traveling carrier (MUTC) PDs that achieved a high bandwidth >105 GHz, high responsivity, and low dark current [9]. Similar to UTC photodiodes, MUTC photodiodes include an InGaAs un-depleted absorber and a depleted InP drift layer. By adding a depleted InGaAs absorber with an appropriate thickness between the un-depleted absorber and the drift layer, the responsivity can further increase. This layer also maintains a high electric field and thus facilitates electron transport at the heterojunction interface. To increase RF output power and avoid saturation, the drift layer is lightly n-type doped for charge compensation. The charge from the ionized donors pre-distorts the electric field and can counteract the space charge screening effect at a high current [10]. A critical factor that limits the RF output power is Joule heating in the junction. Previously, it had been shown that significantly higher RF output power could be achieved by flip-chip bonding the PD onto a substrate with high-thermal-conductivity such as AlN or diamond [11].
## 3 Key Parameter Design
### Power Transformer Parameter  
The number of turns on the primary side of the transformer is:  
\[N_{p}=\frac{V_{in}}{K_{f}fB_{W}A_{e}} \tag{18}\]  
where \(K_{f}=4.0\) is the waveform factor of the square wave; \(f=100\) kHz is the switching frequency; the type of magnetic core is TPW33-UYF36 series; \(B_{w}=150\) mT is the magnetic flux density; and \(A_{e}=130.98\) mm\({}^{2}\) is the effective cross areas of the core. Therefore, \(N_{p}=4.16\). Taking an integer value, that is \(N_{1}=N_{2}=5\).  
The number of turns on the secondary side of the transformer can be calculated by  
\[N_{s}=\frac{N_{p}V_{o}}{2V_{in}}=583.4 \tag{19}\]  
In this case, \(N_{3}=584\).  
The general design rule of the power transformer parameter is that the equivalent primary leakage inductance, \(L_{p}\), and the winding capacitance of the transformer, \(C_{p}\), should be suitable. The practical measurements of these parasitic parameters: \(L_{p}=0.6\) uH and \(C_{p}=9\) nF. If \(L_{p}\) is different from the design value, a switch frequency of \(f=100\) kHz can be achieved by adjusting the value of the buck capacitance, \(C_{b}\), according to \(f=\frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{L_{p}C_{b}}}\). If the sum value of \(C_{p}\), \(C_{Q}\), and the external parallel capacitance is about 10 nF, ZVS and ZCS are realized in the two-stage converter.
## 4 Satellite Precision Orbit Determination and Accuracy Analysis
### Analysis of Orbit Accuracy
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**SLR** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HY-2B**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HY-2C**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HY-2D**} \\ \cline{2-13}
**Station** & **R** & **T** & **N** & **3D** & **R** & **T** & **N** & **3D** & **R** & **T** & **N** & **3D** \\ \hline
7090 & 0.82 & 1.32 & 0.83 & 1.76 & 1.36 & 1.79 & 1.32 & 2.61 & 1.27 & 1.56 & 1.54 & 2.53 \\
7105 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & 1.89 & 2.43 & 1.75 & 3.54 \\
7110 & - & - & - & - & 1.89 & 2.49 & 2.05 & 3.74 & 1.45 & 1.98 & 1.51 & 2.88 \\
7237 & 1.73 & 2.36 & 1.68 & 3.37 & 1.97 & 2.35 & 1.65 & 3.48 & - & - & - & - \\
7810 & 0.86 & 1.22 & 0.79 & 1.69 & 1.01 & 1.35 & 1.22 & 2.08 & 0.92 & 1.35 & 0.91 & 1.87 \\
7825 & 1.45 & 1.98 & 1.13 & 2.70 & 0.94 & 1.68 & 1.12 & 2.22 & 1.01 & 1.48 & 0.97 & 2.04 \\
7838 & - & - & - & - & 1.76 & 3.01 & 1.65 & 3.86 & - & - & - & - \\
7839 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & 1.54 & 2.08 & 1.62 & 3.05 \\
7840 & 1.15 & 1.38 & 1.43 & 2.30 & - & - & - & - & 1.37 & 1.54 & 1.68 & 2.66 \\
7841 & 0.87 & 1.29 & 1.10 & 1.91 & 1.23 & 1.10 & 0.92 & 1.89 & 0.98 & 1.25 & 1.11 & 1.94 \\
7941 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & 1.54 & 2.15 & 1.48 & 3.03 \\
8834 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & 1.62 & 2.39 & 1.85 & 3.43 \\ Total & 1.20 & 1.65 & 1.20 & 2.37 & 1.50 & 2.06 & 1.46 & 2.94 & 1.39 & 1.87 & 1.48 & 2.76 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Summary of SLR 3D validation results (cm).
# A Survey of Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Testing
## 6 End-to-End Testing System Combining Virtual and Real Environments  
From Section 5 we can see that current testing methods are independent and each of them have only one or two testing purposes, so we have proposed an end-to-end testing system combining virtual and real environments which can undertake the test task of the full protocol stack. The testing objects can be application function, protocol conformance, communication performance and etc. The system can be divided into three parts: scenarios, communication and applications.  
The scenarios are the basis of the system and can be virtual, real or mixed. The virtual scenarios are used in the simulators to build the virtual testing environment. The real scenarios mean that the tests will be done in a field. We can use the real-world data to build the scenarios or map virtual objects to real scenarios which we call the mixed scenarios. One or more testing objects will be put into those scenarios. The communication connects all entities in the scenarios. The communication between virtual entities can be simulated by tools such as NS-3. But the communication between a virtual entity and a real entity is hard to handle. We can map the virtual entity to another real entity to transmit data in the real world or map the real entity into the virtual scenery to communicate with a simulator. Thus the communication has only two types: the virtual or the real. We also divided the applications into two types: virtual or real. The virtual application is the algorithm driven by a simulator in the virtual scenarios which can increase the integrity of the scenarios. The real application is one driven in a real device which is usually used as the background object.  
We can combine all types of scenarios, communication or applications to build a test environment. For example, if we want to do a performance test for application layer protocol with low cost, we can choose the virtual communication whose network layer, access layer and physical layer are simulated. And forward collision warning in an on-board unit seen as a black-box can be tested with mixed scenario, real communication and virtual background application shown in Figure 5 which is easy to use and the cost is low.  
Figure 9: S.E.A. Testing Tools.
# Toward High Bit Rate LoRa Transmission via Joint Frequency-Amplitude Modulation
## 3 QR\(-\)LoRa Design
### Minimum Aided Decoding Algorithm (MADA)  
If the noise occurs at the position of the amplitude jump point, as shown in Figure (a)a, it still brings severe interferences to the amplitude demodulation even if processed by the denoising algorithm, as shown in Figure (b)b.  
To address the problem, we propose a Minimum Aided Decoding Algorithm (MADA) based on the fact that the position of the amplitude jump point is also the minimum value of \(A(n)\). Therefore, we can calibrate the denoising results by searching for the minimum value of \(A(n)\). A simulation result shows that MADA can achieve about 20% improvements in Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, as shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 8: Before and after envelope denoising for \(A(n)\).
# A CNN Regression Approach to Mobile Robot Localization Using Omnidirectional Images
## 3 Solving Hierarchical Localization By Means of a Classification CNN and Regression CNNs
### Visual Localization of a Mobile Robot  
In order to solve the localization of the robot, we used a dataset as an input. To obtain this dataset, a collection of images were captured when the robot describes a trajectory in the environment of interest. This environment is an indoor building consisting of several rooms or zones. The coordinates of the position of the robot from which each image is captured are known (ground truth). Then, the localization of the robot is solved hierarchically, as follows:  
1. The robot captures an image from an unknown position (test image);
2. An estimation of the area where the robot is located is performed. To carry out this, we use a CNN trained to solve a classification problem, whose architecture will be detailed in Section 3.2;
3. Restricted to the area extracted in the previous step, the coordinates of the point from which the image was captured are estimated. To this end, a CNN trained to solve a regression problem is used, as described in Section 3.3.  
In this way, in order to solve the hierarchical localization problem, a unique classification CNN is created. Additionally, a regression CNN is created for each room of the environment. When the robot captures a new image from an unknown position (test image), this image is firstly introduced in the classification CNN. As a result, the CNN outputs the room where the robot is located (coarse localization). After that, the regression CNN of that room is selected, the test image is introduced in this CNN and the result is an estimation of the X and Y coordinates of the robot in this room (fine localization).
## Hardware and Measurement System
### Interfaces of Measurement System  
An RPC server component is utilized to listen for commands to configure attached sensor hardware, to discover nodes in the mesh network and to control actual measurements. Moreover, rudimentary support to synchronize the system time between nodes is provided using the network time protocol (NTP). Users can select an arbitrary node in the network as the reference time server to which every other node synchronizes its clock. This procedure can be performed prior to measurements to guarantee coherence between time stamps of measurements that are carried out by different sensor nodes at the same time.  
To allow for efficient data handling and administration, several interfaces are provided by the smartphone application. A schematic of the wireless network connection to the wireless sensor mesh network with external sensors, which is realized by an XMLRPC protocol is shown in Figure 5. For the transfer of stored sensor data on the nodes, the common hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is used.  
A measurement using the RPi requires the two devices to establish a network connection. To this end, the dedicated node to establish a portal to the mesh network opens a wireless access point to which the smartphone connects as a client. Within the app, the user is able to discover all nodes of the mesh network that are reachable via this portal node. In order to take a measurement, the desired nodes have to be chosen, which will receive a configuration command with the defined measurement settings for the sensor interface framework to trigger a measurement. The user can define whether the nodes store the measurement data locally or they directly transfer the data to the mobile device. After the completion of a measurement, the app can download the stored data to the internal storage of the smartphone and convert it into the standard protocol format of the application. Depending on the RPi  
Figure 4: Exemplary network topology consisting of four RPi nodes and four smartphones.  
and the sensor configuration, the app allows for the use of several sensors simultaneously. The analysis tool of the application adapts data of external measurements to obtain further results immediately.
# Characterization of Freisa Wines from Piedmont (Italy) by Aroma and Element Profile
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
However, even if we only performed semi-quantitative analysis, we are quite confident that the concentration of this compound was much lower than the odor detection threshold of 8000 \(\upmu\)g/L as reported by [PERSON] [11]. Secondary aromas are the largest class of VOCs in Freisa wines. They are yielded by yeast metabolism and esterification reactions [24]. The most important from the aromatic point of view include the ethylic esters of fatty acids and acetates of alcohols [25]. In terms of primary aromas, the concentration of esters changes during wine aging, but not in a unique way. In fact, according to some authors [26], esters of monocarboxylic acids may undergo hydrolysis with time. Conversely, further esterification reactions take place for dicarboxylic acids, leading to an increasing abundance of esters such as diethyl succinate. This latter compound was one of the four most abundant compounds detected and is responsible for fruit fragrance. The other most abundant ester found was ethyl octanoate, which confers an aroma of grape must. Among acetates, we detected isoamyl (banana scent), ethyl (pineapple), phenylethyl (rose, honey, tobacco), and hexyl (fruity). Hexanol, found among primary aromas, is considered to be a precursor of this latter ester, yielding it via alcohol acetyltransferase [27]. It is worth noting that ethyl acetate, considered an odor suppressor by some authors [28], was detected in limited amounts in the Freisa wines analyzed. As for varietal aromas, no significant differences were found among the overall ester content of the five DOCs, with a slightly higher concentration found for CTF. Among higher alcohols, the two most abundant were isoamyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol. Higher alcohols are responsible for a great variety of scents, and the two alcohols mentioned above contribute to whiskey and floral nuances, respectively. According to [PERSON] et al. [29], the contribution to wine aroma is positive only if the overall concentration of this class of compounds is below 300 mg/L. Again, very similar overall concentration values (about 1.3-1.4 mg/L), far lower this limit, were detected for the present five DOCs, and again, the highest value was found for CT wines (ca. 1.5 mg/L). The two terpene alcohols cyclohexanol, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, cis and trans, could represent good candidates as markers for Asti Freisa wine because they were detected almost exclusively in some of the FA samples analyzed, together with their oxidation product, cyclohexanone, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-. However, further study is necessary to ascertain whether this is not just a case due to the limited number of samples analyzed. Oxidation of alcohols present in wine may lead to the formation of the corresponding aldehydes [30]. However, we only detected two compounds belonging to this class, namely