# Stochastic Modeling for Intelligent Software-Defined Vehicular Networks: A Survey
## 5 Performance Evaluation of iSDVN
### Integration of SDN with Other Technologies
Consequently, packet delivery is improved, and packet flow setup delay is reduced. Data from the RSU cloud can be disseminated across the network using the SDN controller. By determining the shortest path and most stable route between communication nodes, this model minimizes the optimal delay in the network. SDN switches are analyzed based on several key factors, including the packet arrival rate, service rate, and waiting time [40]. Next-generation networks have a faster data transmission rate than 4G networks [46]. Network packet loss is caused by dynamic topologies due to their short lifetime links. Dynamically optimized VNC data transfer and service performance were implemented to meet vehicle specifications. Due to the highly dynamic mobility of vehicles, reconfiguration delays can be higher in vehicular networks. To ensure a short recovery time and reasonable packet delivery rates, an SDN controller simulation is utilized to evaluate this architecture. SDN controller performance was modeled and predicted using a wireless network virtualization model in [39; 43]. To maximize reliability and minimize delay, this model was analyzed. Accordingly, the proposed model maximized reliability in SDN-based vehicular networks based on arrival and service rates compared to the analysis in [141]. When communicating packets, OpenFlow switches to reduce maximum load balancing. Data-plane and control-plane traffic flows can also be implemented using queueing theory. The queueing model minimizes latency problems caused by the dense flow of packets. Using OpenFlow controllers and switches also optimizes data traffic forwarding [142]. Controllers and switches deliver the data plane of SD-VANET systems. The authors of [39; 46; 59; 143] have not considered the control of event decisions. Using the multi-server queue technique, SDVN maximizes reliability, minimizes controller response time, and enhances packet flow rules. Compared to existing work, the proposed work shows SDVN's reliability and service level agreement, which are shown in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline
**WorkConducted** & **Reliability** & **Utilination** & **Delay** & **Multigo** & **SDVN** & **Mobility** & **Throughput** & **FlowRate** & **Digital Twin** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [37] & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [3] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [11] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [40] & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [46] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [46] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [59] & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [141] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [142] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [59] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Performance metrics considered in SDVN by most of the researchers. SDN in Heterogeneous Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks_: The purpose of this section is to present an approach to multi-hop cooperative data dissemination in SDHVNs that improves the forwarding of data traffic, the utility of the network, and the reliability of the network. Through the data plane, the SDHVN transmits and receives packets. One of the new emerging technologies in VANETs is SDN, enabling vehicle monitoring. The SDN architecture in VANETs is attracting more research attention. The authors of [37] propose an SDN-based approach for heterogeneous vehicular communications to enable rapid network innovation. Our research has focused on optimizing VANET latency and delay control. It has been proposed to use time constraints to schedule heterogeneous vehicular networks using SDN. LTE-integrated V2V and V2I communications are enabled by IEEE 802.11p/1609. A hybrid V2I/V2V packet-scheduling algorithm enhances cooperative data dissemination in an SDVN [144].