esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
Compared to other flood maps available online and offline, the study highlighted how comprehensive the methodology is. Government agencies' flood maps consider only one to two criteria (hazard, susceptibility, or only topographical related data) that limit the assessment's accuracy. For this research, several social, economic, environmental, and technical factors were considered to develop a comprehensive flood risk map. Future studies could be performed to improve this risk map where environmental quality could be incorporated [70], such as flooding, was found to be correlated with the increasing concentration of manganese in Marinduque. Considering environmental quality in risk assessment would be useful.
# Linewidth Measurement of a Narrow-Linewidth Laser: Principles, Methods, and Systems
###### Abstract  
Narrow-linewidth lasers mainly depend on the development of advanced laser linewidth measurement methods for related technological progress as key devices in satellite laser communications, precision measurements, ultra-high-speed optical communications, and other fields. This manuscript provides a theoretical analysis of linewidth characterization methods based on the beat frequency power spectrum and laser phase noise calculations, and elaborates on existing research of measurement technologies. In addition, to address the technical challenges of complex measurement systems that commonly rely on long optical fibers and significant phase noise jitter in the existing research, a short-delay self-heterodyne method based on coherent envelope spectrum demodulation was discussed in depth to reduce the phase jitter caused by \(1/f\) noise. We assessed the performance parameters and testing conditions of different lasers, as well as the corresponding linewidth characterization methods, and analyzed the measurement accuracy and error sources of various methods.  
narrow-linewidth laser; delayed self-heterodyne; Brillouin; linewidth +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Influence of Printing Angulation on the Flexural Strength of 3D Printed Resins: An In Vitro Study
## 4 Discussion
In the present research, the same post-processing protocol was applied to all the specimens to standardize the protocol, but this can be more suitable for some of the tested resins and less favorable for others, resulting in different degrees of conversion between the specimens and, consequentially, in different flexural strength values [47]. It should be noted that the flexural strength values obtained by these recently released 3D-printable materials tested in the present study are higher than the ones obtained in previous papers, highlighting a rapid evolution of additive manufacturing materials [16; 37; 48]. Because of the high values of flexural strength obtained from this in vitro study, higher resistance under masticatory forces and higher wear resistance are expected. Clinically, 3D-printable resins could be proposed for definitive or long-term restorations such as onlays, inlays, or single crowns in patients without signs of parafunctional activities. The use of 3D-printed materials for fixed restorations could fasten the production process, lower its cost, and decrease the waste of materials compared to subtractive manufacturing [4]. Mechanical properties can be enhanced by the reinforcement of the printed resin, but the latter can affect resin color, fluidity, or light penetration depth, so these new materials should be evaluated carefully under in vitro conditions [48]. This in vitro study has limitations. As stated before, to standardize the procedure, the same printing thickness and the same post-processing protocol have been used for all the samples, but different parameters should be investigated as well. Additionally, the samples were stored in distilled water only for 24 h before the flexural strength test. Long-term studies or the use of thermocycling to imitate resin aging are needed to better understand the changes in flexural strength over time. In order to validate the materials for clinical use for medium- and long-term restorations, additional tests should be carried out, such as surface hardness tests, impact strength tests, and color stability evaluations, but mostly dimensional stability tests.
# A Framework for Assessing the Interference from NGSO Satellite Systems to a Radio Astronomy System
## 4 Simulation Results
### Beam Activation Probability  
The distribution of user requirements for communication resources can impact the allocation of beam resources, which can in turn affect the interference experienced by an RAS telescope. To account for this, we introduced the concept of beam activation probability, which reflected the likelihood that a beam would be used in a given location. We explored three methods of beam activation probabilities, with the third method combining the number of visible satellites and population density to more accurately represent the interference experienced in real-world scenarios. The left side of Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of the population density and the number of visible interfering satellites at different latitudes, while the right side shows the beam activation probabilities for each of the three methods. By processing the data from List of countries and dependencies by population in wikipedia, we obtained the variation of actual population density with latitude. In polar regions, where the population is sparse and communication needs are low, fewer beam resources are required. Conversely, in the midlatitude belt, where the majority of the population is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the greatest demand for communication resources exists.  
According to the above figures, less than one percent of the total global population is located above the latitude of 70 degrees, while the polar regions have the largest number of visible interference satellites. Based on the definitions of user beam activation probabilities presented in Section 3, the number of visible interfering satellites, and the human population density, we obtained the distribution of the three beam activation probabilities in the right-hand side of Figure 8.  
Figure 8: Beam scheduling of the NGSO satellite: (**a**) number of interfering satellites and human population density versus satellite latitude; (**b**) beam activation probabilities versus satellite latitude.  
Figure 7: The CDFs of the EIRP at different azimuth and elevation angles: (**a**) the latitude of the satellite is 0 degrees; (**b**) the latitude of the satellite is 20 degrees; (**c**) the latitude of the satellite is 40 degrees; (**d**) the latitude of the satellite is 60 degrees.  
For the polar orbit constellation, the highest number of interfering satellites is visible in the polar regions of the Earth. In the first method, a large number of beam resources are allocated to the polar regions. The second beam scheduling strategy tends to provide an equal quantity of beam resources for the entire globe. The third beam strategy allocates beam resources on demand, based on population density.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
This section describes the implementation of the two schemes of the monitoring system. In the cooperative scheme, nodes have priority over network tasks. In the collaborative scheme, the network takes precedence over the needs of individual nodes. The implementation of these two algorithms will be highly reflected in the network's performance and, to a lesser extent, in the user's appreciation. The aspects in comparing this proposal's impacts can be energy consumption of the system, resilience of the network and satisfactory and rapid delivery of information. The fundamental contribution of this comparison is to optimize the nature of the algorithm that the same authors have already implemented in previous works [58]. The self-organized wireless network shown in Figure 1 is established through the interaction of multiple radio frequency nodes. These nodes are responsible for efficiently and reliably transmitting real-time data collected by sensors measuring physical and logical variables. These radio frequency nodes are crucial for providing intelligent services and have a range of applications, including industrial process control, public service monitoring and home security. The communication protocol for the self-organized wireless network includes Telematics, Telemetry and Radiofrequency and it is open and easy to implement. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard governs access control to the medium and physical layer of the radio frequency nodes. The distributed sensor network comprises a concentrator or coordinator node (circuit found on the right of Figure 1) connected to a computer via USB, which manages all the information transmitted and received by the network. Additionally, there are three router/sensor nodes (circuit on the left of Figure 1) that can be used to connect various sensors measuring parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity, infrared presence, light and sound. These router/sensor nodes transmit data to the concentrator node via radio frequency and they can also act as signal repeaters. The router nodes are equipped with the IEEE 802.15.4 communication protocol and operate on the 2.4 GHz band. They can function as sensor nodes with various sensor devices for physical variables or act as repeaters for data received from other nodes. Although the hardware and number of ports of these nodes are identical, it is useful to differentiate them with labels to locate them better in the physical and logical network organization. Table 2 shows the technical specifications of our proposed system's sensors. These sensors monitor the main areas of the house in order to know behaviors and be able to send alerts or notifications to the user via email or SMS. The implemented sensors are motion, pressure, temperature and humidity (PTH), noise, light, gyroscope and air quality.
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Robustness Analysis
#### 4.3.3 Robustness of Translation Attack  
Translation is a common operation for BIM data. In actual use, the data often face two kinds of translation attacks: (1) In BIM + GIS application scenarios, BIM data follow the overall translation of the project base point in the map. This does not affect the project coordinate system, so the coordinates of the model within the project do not change, and the watermark extraction is not affected. (2) In the overall translation of the model within the project relative to the project base point, such a translation attack will not only lead to a change in the coordinates of each element within the model but will also cause the automatic deletion of some elements, leading to noise in the extracted watermark image. Therefore, to evaluate the robustness of the algorithm against this kind of translation at-tack, the authors this paper designed a series of experiments with intervals of 100 m, and the results are shown in Table 6 and Figure 8.  
Table 6 and Figure 8 show that the watermark information can still be extracted more completely after translation along the \(X\), \(Y\), and \(Z\) axes. The watermark sequence's NC was higher than 0.95, which is much higher than the threshold value of 0.75 set in this study. This is because the overall translation of the data led to a change in the part before the decimal point of the element coordinates, while the algorithm in this paper carried the watermark information with the part after the decimal point of the coordinates to establish the watermark bit mapping relationship. Furthermore, the algorithm employs the majority principle to determine the watermark value, so local changes, such as the deletion of elements caused by the translation, may not significantly affect the final watermark sequence. In conclusion, the algorithm proposed in this paper exhibited strong robustness against translation attacks on BIM data.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**BIM Data** & **Direction** & **Attack Distance (m)** & **NC Value** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Office building} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(X/Y/Z\)} & 100 & 0.99 \\  & & 200 & 0.99 \\  & & 300 & 0.99 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Gymnasium} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(X/Y/Z\)} & 100 & 0.98 \\  & & 200 & 0.98 \\  & & 300 & 0.98 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Structural model} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(X/Y/Z\)} & 100 & 1 \\  & & 200 & 1 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Results of translation attacks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**BIM Data** & **NC Value** & **Extracted Watermark** \\ \hline Office building & 1.00 \\ Gymnasium & 1.00 \\ Structural model & 1.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Watermark information detection results.
## 1 Introduction
[38; 39; 40; 41; 42] and implement a control algorithm to improve its performance. The SI black box method is proposed to obtain the position dynamic behaviour of the FBBA and then a PID controller is used to achieve the control objective. The PID controller is chosen due to its ease, dependency, strength, robustness, and high percentage of implementation in the industry [43; 44; 45]. However, one of the main challenges of implementing a PID controller in any system is finding the optimal values for the controller parameters (\(Kp\), \(Ki\), and \(Kd\)) [46]. To address this challenge, the study proposes using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to determine the best PID parameter values. GA is an optimization technique inspired by the process of natural selection and genetic inheritance. GA is a computational technique that iteratively searches for the optimal parameter values by evaluating a measure of quality. In this case, the quality measure is the position control performance of the soft actuator. [PERSON] proposed a new tuning technique that finds the best PID factors through the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method [47]. GA also gives the lowest settling time and lowest value of error when compared to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Ziegler-Nichols Method (ZN) [30]. In this study, the GA technique is used to tune the PID controller guidelines. Overall, the study proposes using the SI method to obtain a position model for FBBA, a PID controller to control the position, and the GA to find the optimal PID parameters. This approach can lead to improved performance of the soft actuator, which can have practical applications in various fields, including robotics, medical devices, and human-machine interfaces. The structure of this paper is as follows: The FBBA system that includes the structure of the FBBA with the experimental setup is shown in Section 2. The system identification process for obtaining the FBBA position model is discussed in Section 3. Meanwhile, Section 4 discusses the control strategy that will elaborate more on PID and GA tuning. In Section 5, the results of the simulation and real experiment used to evaluate the performance of the FBBA are presented, followed by a discussion on the FBBA control system using tuned PID controllers. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions.
# Upmix B-Format Ambisonic Room Impulse Responses Using a Generative Model
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a method for upmixing B-format Ambisonics RIRs using the generative model HiFi-GAN. Unlike previous approaches that focused only on parts of RIRs, HiFi-GAN is capable of modeling complete RIR signals. It effectively learns the temporal-frequency domain characteristics and spatial features of low-order RIRs through a set of discriminators containing multi-scale and STFT discriminators, along with a generator with multiple receptive fields. HiFi-GAN successfully upmixes first-order Ambisonic RIRs to higher orders. The upmixed RIRs exhibit higher reconstruction accuracy beyond the aliasing frequency range compared to the original B-format RIRs. This improvement in accuracy enhances the synthesis of BRTFs, allowing the upmixed RIRs to be used for high-fidelity binaural audio rendering at higher Ambisonic orders.  
All authors discussed the contents of the manuscript. [PERSON] performed the experimental work and wrote the original draft preparation; [PERSON] contributed the research idea and guidance and assisted with the modification of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 62271401.  
Not applicable.  
The data used in this paper was obtained from a third-party database ([[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382405](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382405)]([https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382405](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382405))) or simulated using the SMIR toolbox ([[https://github.com/ehabets/SMIR-Generator](https://github.com/ehabets/SMIR-Generator)]([https://github.com/ehabets/SMIR-Generator](https://github.com/ehabets/SMIR-Generator))).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Deep Learning Model to Forecast Solar Irradiance Using a Sky Camera
## 2 Data and Instrument  
Two instruments have been utilized in this study: a sky camera used to capture the sky image and a pyranometer used to measure the GHI. The instruments were set up on the rooftop at Kookmin University in Seoul, South Korea (latitude: 37.61200\({}^{\circ}\) N, longitude: 126.99770\({}^{\circ}\) E).
## 4 Results  
For the perspectives ranked in Panel 1, safety was consistently rated as the most important at 57% (Figure 5). This was followed by the Economic and Mobility Perspective, both at 15%, with the Environmental Perspective ranked the lowest at 13%.  
With all the weights gathered, they were transformed from a local weight to a global weight. This was conducted by multiplying each local criterion weight by the weight of the preceding perspective.  
The last stage is to find the relative priority of alternatives with respect to the four perspectives and finally to find the global alternatives with respect to the overall goal of the AHP model. The ranking of each policy was calculated by summing all global weights for each alternative as shown (Table 5). The ETPL implementation at 55 mph, with a global priority of 0.479, is the alternative that contributes the most to the goal of selecting the most sustainable autonomous truck policy. The ETPL implementation at 75 mph, with a global priority of 0.373, is the second most favorable alternative. The base scenario has considerably less global priority with a value of 0.149.  
Figure 5: Relative importance of autonomous truck policy perspectives.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Economic:** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Safety:**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Environmental:**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mobility:**} \\ \hline Operating Cost: & 28\% & Conflict Points: & 48\% & Air Pollution: & 70\% & LOS: & 40\% \\ \hline Initial/Maintenance Cost: & 40\% & Driver Fatigue: & 18\% & Energy & 30\% & Passenger Delay: & 22\% \\ \hline Goods Cost: & 32\% & Crash Severity: & 34\% & - & - & Truck Delay: & 38\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Weight values for all criteria of Level 3 [1].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tier:**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Criterion:**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Weight:**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Local:** & **Global:** \\ \hline \(1\). & Economic Perspective: & **15\%** & **15\%** \\ \hline \(1\). & **Initial and Maintenance Cost:** & 40\% & 6\% \\ \hline \(1\). & **Goods Cost and Productivity:** & 32\% & 5\% \\ \hline \(1\). & **Vehicle Operating Cost:** & 28\% & 4\% \\ \hline \(2\). & Safety Perspective: & 15\% & 15\%** \\ \hline \(2\). & **Traffic Conflict Points:** & 48\% & 27\% \\ \hline \(2\). & **Truck Driver Fatigue Reduction:** & 18\% & 10\% \\ \hline \(2\). & **Crash Severity:** & 34\% & 20\% \\ \hline \(3\). & Environmental Perspective: & 12\% & 12\% \\ \hline \(3\). & **Air Pollution:** & 70\% & 9\% \\ \hline \(3\). & **Energy Consumption:** & 30\% & 4\% \\ \hline \(4\). & Mobility Perspective: & 15\% & 15\% \\ \hline \(4\). & **Service Flow Rate:** & 40\% & 6\% \\ \hline \(4\). & **Passenger Vehicles Delay:** & 22\% & 3\% \\ \hline \(4\). & **Truck Delay:** & 38\% & 6\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Global and local weight of criteria and sub-criteria [1]. The colors are used to distinguish between tier numbers and their sub-tiers.  
Figure 6: Weight of each criterion in terms of their perspective.
# Collision Avoidance from Multiple Passive Agents with Partially Predictable Behavior
## 6 Implementation and Results
### Collision Avoidance with Multiple Passive Agents
#### 6.3.2 Comparison with GVO  
In Figure 9, a comparison of performance is shown for the proposed \(U_{safe}\) approach and GVO approach. The comparison is made regarding the effect on computation time, success rate, and elapsed time, for varying number of passive agents present. In this comparison 256 control inputs are sampled in admissible control space. In Figure 9, (a) shows average computation time for the two approaches, where computation time for GVO is much higher compared to \(U_{safe}\). (b) shows the comparison of average success rate. The success rate of GVO is much lower compared to \(U_{safe}\), as for GVO approach the robot is frequently trapped by the passive agents. Finally, Figure 9c compares the elapsed time for the two approaches. For \(U_{safe}\), the robot takes a safer path rather than a direct path to reach the goal. Thus, the robot takes a comparatively longer time to reach the goal. In summary, we can conclude that the performance of \(U_{safe}\) is much better than GVO.  
Figure 8: In this graph, the performance of the proposed algorithm for a car-like robot is presented for the set of three parameters, the number of passive agents present, minimum safrey margin \(\beta\), and the length of the time step. The effects on computation time, success rate, and elapsed time, are shown.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Compound Profile  
The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of beer samples were analyzed using the solid-phase microextraction technique applied to the sample headspace (HS-SPME). A divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/Car/PDMS; 2 cm \(\times\) 50/30 \(\upmu\)m, Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) sorbent fiber was used in the analysis. The extraction procedure was carried out according to [19] with modifications. Briefly, 5 mL of beer was added in a 20 mL glass vial, with1.5 g of NaCl and 100 \(\upmu\)L of a 3-octanol internal standard solution (10.8 mg/L). VOCs were extracted at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min, with a previous 10 min of equilibrium time of the temperature without fiber exposition. The fiber was conditioned before the analysis as recommended by the manufacturer.  
The VOCs were then analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) (QP-2010 Plus, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). After the extraction, the SPME fiber was desorbed into the GC injector port at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, in splitless mode (1 min split-valve off, followed by a split 1:5). The analytes were separated on a ZB-Wax capillary column (60 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm; 0.25 \(\upmu\)m stationary phase thickness; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). The oven temperature was initially set at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min, then increased at a rate of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C min\({}^{-1}\) until 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and held for 5 min. The GC/MS interface and ionization source were operated at 230 and 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The mass spectrometer was set to electron ionization mode, and the mass analyzer scanned between 35 to 350 \(m/z\). Compounds positively identified by comparing the retention times and spectra of standard compounds and those identified by comparing the experimental mass spectrum with those found in the NIST 14 spectra library are found in the Section 3. Additionally, the experimental linear retention index of each compound (calculated by a series of n-alkanes under the same sample analysis conditions) was compared with those found in the literature for columns with similar stationary phases. The 3-octanol was used as an internal standard to semi-quantify the compounds, and the results were reported in \(\upmu\)g/L.