## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a method for numerically simulating the entire process of typhoon-induced collapse in a large-scale cooling tower. It is based on the WRF-CFD-LS/DYNA nesting technology and numerically reproduces the entire process of wind-induced collapse of the highest super-large cooling towers in the world (220 m). Based on this, the force characteristics and mechanisms of wind-induced collapse in such super-large cooling towers are studied comparatively, providing a theoretical basis for the wind-resistant design of large-scale cooling towers based on structural robustness. The research shows that the numerical method described in this paper can effectively simulate the whole process of typhoon-induced collapse in large-scale cooling towers. The main research conclusions are as follows:  
1. The Rammasun typhoon wind speed profile obtained based on the WRF model is considered. The fitted value of the typhoon ground roughness index is 0.087, which is 27.5% less than the normal wind speed profile index of Type A, and the basic wind speed of Typhon \"Rammasun\" is 16.59 m/s, which is increased by 13.6% compared with Type A wind. 2. The pressure at the typical area (15 m below the throat) under typhoon loading is significantly greater than that under the normal wind. The maximum increase in average pressure coefficients at the windward side and side wind surfaces of the cooling tower is 46.8% and 34.6%, respectively. There is a larger amplitude in the 3D aerodynamic distribution of the tower and more severe airflow vortex shedding and turbulence under typhoons. 3. The weak points in the process of wind-induced collapse are located in the high-stress ratio area (40-120 m above the \(\pm 62^{\circ}\) meridians of the tower) and the fold area, which is prone to shear failure. The maximum displacement of the cooling tower first appears above the throat. With the progression of collapse, it moves down to the throat and, finally, quickly moves to the tower's top rigid ring area after the rigid ring breaks. The typhoon-induced collapse process begins with a large deformation of the throat, which shows folds within the \(\pm 62^{\circ}\) meridians on both sides, eventually leading to collapse due to uncoordinated deformation. 4. The wind-induced collapse mechanism can be divided into two types: an arch mechanism and a suspension line mechanism. In the elastic phase of low deformation, resistance to structural collapse mainly comes from the bending bearing capacity of the arch-shaped thin shell. After entering the plastic phase of large deformation, a plastic hinge is formed at the windward point of the tower top and the structure's continuous collapse is resisted by the axial tension of the tower. Conceptualization, S.K. ; methodology, H.W. ; software, F.W. ; validation, F.W. and W.W.; formal analysis, H.W. ; investigation, W.W.; writing--original draft preparation, H.W. ; writing--review and editing, H.W. ; visualization, H.W. ; supervision, S.K. ; project administration, S.K. ; funding acquisition, S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was jointly funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (51878351, 51761165022, U1733129), the Jiangsu Outstanding Youth Foundation (BK20160083). Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The authors declare no conflict of interest. * [PERSON] et al. (1989) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] The static and buckling analysis of reinforced concrete cooling tower under considering geometric and material nonlinearities. In Proceedings of the 3 rd International Symposium on Natural Drought Cooling Tower, IASS, Paris, France, 24-26 April 1989; pp. 259-271. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2014) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Concrete material models in ls-dyna for impact analysis of reinforced concrete structures. _Appl. Mech. Mater._**2014**, _566_, 173-178. * [PERSON] et al.