## 4 Results and Discussion
### PlanetiQ-COSMIC Profiles Comparison
#### 4.2.2 Multi-Profile Comparison
According to [35], comparing two years of COSMIC-2 measurements with radiosonde observations over the Asian summer monsoon region, which is highly active in monsoon activity and serves as a gateway for stratospheric pollutants, revealed a very good agreement in temperature measurements. Specifically, the absolute mean difference between COSMIC-2 and radiosonde-measured temperature was less than 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a standard deviation of less than 2.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
For WVP, the profiles indicate a maximum difference of 0.3232 mb, a mean difference of \(-0.005\) mb, and a maximum RMSE of 0.9 mb. The altitude corresponding to the maximum mean difference is 3.0 km, while the maximum RMSE occurs at 3.5 km. The mean difference percentage at the altitude of maximum RMSE is 1.65%. Notably, the difference percentage for WVP appears to be relatively larger than that for the other variables, reflecting the sensitivity of the observation values in relation to the differences. Figure 12: Boxplot for RMSE values for groups 1, 2, and 3 for each variable. Figure 14 presents a detailed comparison of G2 data from PlanetQ and COSMIC for the key atmospheric variables: pressure, refractivity, temperature, and WVP. Pressure profiles indicate a maximum difference of 2.55 mb, a mean difference of \(-\)0.07 mb, and a maximum RMSE of 9.3 mb, with notable variations at 11.9 and 3.6 km altitudes. The refractivity profiles reveal a maximum difference of 0.72, a mean difference of \(-\)0.01, and a maximum RMSE of 6.2, with significant disparities at 3.3 and 3.6 km altitudes. Temperature profiles display a maximum difference of 1.06 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a mean difference of 0.02 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and a maximum RMSE of 3.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with distinct variations at 40.0 km altitude. The WVP profiles indicate a maximum difference of 0.2 mb, a mean difference of 0.01 mb, and a maximum RMSE of 0.96 mb, with notable differences at 3.3 and 3.6 km altitudes. Overall, these findings underscore significant disparities in the atmospheric variables between the PlanetQ and COSMIC datasets, which emphasize variations in mean difference, RMSE, and percentage of mean difference across different altitudes. Figure 15 provides an extensive overview of mean differences, RMSE, and percentages of mean differences for significant atmospheric variables such as pressure, refractivity, temperature, and WVP within G3 data. For pressure, the profiles indicate a maximum difference of 1 mb, a mean difference of \(-\)0.29 mb, and a maximum RMSE of 6 mb, with significant variations at altitudes of 34.5 and 10.9 km. The refractivity profiles show a maximum difference of 1.76, a mean difference of \(-\)0.12 (unitless), and a maximum RMSE of 10.7, emphasizing disparities at 3.1 km and 3.0 km elevations. The temperature profiles display a maximum difference of 1.66 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a mean difference of 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and a maximum RMSE of 7.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with significant differences at 33.6 km and 17.8 km altitudes. WVP profiles reveal a maximum difference of 0.28 mb, a mean difference of \(-\)0.04 mb, and a maximum RMSE of 2.75 mb, highlighting variations at 3.1 and 3.0 km altitudes. These outcomes underscore substantial differences between the PlanetQ and COSMIC datasets, accentuating the impact of larger disparities in time and location on observed variations in atmospheric variables. In concurrence with the present findings, Ref. [13] similarly assessed the precision of GPS RO data obtained from the COSMIC mission by comparing it with radiosonde observations. Their analysis revealed robust agreement, especially evident in refractivity profiles up to 30 km altitude. They concluded that the accuracy of COSMIC RO data is comparable to that of radiosonde data, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower  
Figure 13: Mean diff., mean diff.% and RMSE between PlanetQ and COSMIC profiles for G1 for all variables. stratosphere, highlighting its utility for climate monitoring, especially in polar regions and over oceans.