# Review: Facial Anthropometric, Landmark Extraction, and Nasal Reconstruction Technology
## 2 Anthropometric Measurement Analysis of Different Regions
They conducted a survey on 109 participants who were all ethnic Malay. The scope of the survey focused on patients who were in the area, which is not random in nature, thus, according to the authors, the study should have been conducted with a group of larger sample size. Twenty-three landmarks on the face were detected to measure the ocular dimension, nasal dimension, orolabial dimension, etc. Similar to this approach, [PERSON] et al. [19] analyzed the faces of European adults with 100 participants. The conclusion was that in men the figures were higher than in women in vertical and transversal dimensions, however, the measurements of the upper lip and mandibular prominence were not different in men and women. The survey was conducted with the aid of modern equipment and measured on collected 3D images, however, landmarks and measurements were performed manually. Furthermore, many surveys were carried out to collect anthropometric databases for regions or countries, including [PERSON] et al. [20], who surveyed the Kenyan-African anthropometric baseline measurement; anthropometric data of Italians and Egyptians by [PERSON] et al. [21]; anthropometric data for Chinese [22], Basrah [23], and Greek [24] with 31 landmarks; the study of [PERSON] et al. [25] with 8 facial measurements on Albanians; 21 landmarks and 27 measurements were presented by [PERSON] et al. [26], all with applications intended to build anthropometric databases applied in medicine, cosmetic surgery, and identification. In another study by [PERSON] et al. [27], they presented the anthropometric measurements of the Chinese nose, which are useful documents for doctors in cosmetic surgery with 9 linear measurements, 3 angular measurements, and 7 proportions. Moreover, in some studies conducted to survey the aging of the face, such as the anthropometric study of Icelandic children [28], the boys of northeast Iran [29], etc., the purpose was to create an anthropometric database for various fields; studies in different regions and countries are summarized in Table 1. Measurements were performed manually with the aid of commercially available cameras such as the VECTRA-M5 360 camera (Canfield Scientific Inc, Fairfield, NJ, USA), Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace(r) (Planmeca USA, Inc.; Roselle, IL, USA), 3D stereophotogrammetry system (3 DSS-II; Shanghai Digital Manufacturing, Shanghai, China), or digital camera. Anthropometric data collected by the authors are commendable, however, most of the studies were conducted in a certain area or locality rather than randomly drawn from many places, hence, the other effects of the factors were not considered in these studies. Studies with larger sample sizes are always expected to strengthen the conclusions. In addition, natural or artificial influences (weather, nutrition, etc.) can also be factors affecting anthropometric indices. Most of the studies surveyed the identification of landmarks and anthropometric measurements manually. It increases work pressure for authors and its accuracy cannot be accurately assessed--it only depends on the experience of the operator. Therefore, with the current development of computer vision and machine learning, automatic identifications and measurements are studied, which is reviewed in Section 3. Table 1 summarizes the characteristic parameters for this survey, such as author, location, subjects, number of participants, year in which the study was published, surveyed subjects, and methods. Anthropometry of the Head and Face in Medicine was introduced by [PERSON] in 1981 and was updated in 1994 and consists of 21 facial landmarks [34]. This document has continued to develop and update the atlas as well as released datasets to add new measurements and normative data using a strict measurement technique developed based on the recognition of anthropometric landmarks. To this day, these landmarks and measurements are still used in most of the research in this field, especially in digital human reconstructs.