esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Low-Temperature Crack Resistance  
Previous studies have shown that the crack is one of the most frequent defects of the SBDP in service, which is mainly due to the insufficient low-temperature crack resistance of the asphalt concrete [7]. As a result, it is necessary to focus on the low-temperature toughness of asphalt concrete. Figure 7 displays the beam bending test results for HSACs and ESACs.  
TPS is a modifier that can visibly improve binder performance and has been investigated to support good elasticity to endow concrete with exceptional low-temperature performance [38]. The results in Figure 7 indicated that the \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of HSAC did not show an increasing or decreasing pattern with rising TPS content. \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of HSAC9 was the minimum, 3714 \(\mu\varepsilon\), and \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of HSAC11 was the maximum, 4198 \(\mu\varepsilon\). The specification (JTG/T3364-02-2019) requires the \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of asphalt concrete to be \(\geq\)3000 \(\mu\varepsilon\)[24]. The \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of HSAC was generally remarkably higher than the specification requirements, indicating that it had outstanding low-temperature crack resistance. Its use in the top layer of SBDP could dramatically reduce the occurrence of cracking defects and guarantee safe and comfortable driving conditions. In contrast, the \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of ESAC was apparently lower than that of HSAC, with \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of 3522, 3289, 3104, and 2836 \(\mu\varepsilon\) for ESAC35, ESAC40, ESAC45, and ESAC50, respectively. \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of ESAC had been improved compared with the results of previous studies due to the inherent good low-temperature toughness of SBS-modified asphalt binder. Simultaneously, it was evident that the \(\varepsilon_{\text{B}}\) of ESAC tended to decline continuously as the EP content increased, which was attributed to the cross-linked structural perfection in the ESA binder, which  
Figure 6: Rutting test results.  
restricted the flow of asphalt and negatively affected its toughness, corresponding to a continuous decrease in \(EB\) in the tensile test. Although ESAC was used for the bottom layer in this study, the concrete of the bottom layer was in direct contact with the steel bridge plate. It should have good synergistic deformation capability to prevent the cracking of the pavement top layer due to the occurrence of reflection cracks. Unfortunately, ESAC50 had the best high-temperature deformation resistance, but its low-temperature crack resistance failed to reach the requirements.
# A Systematic Review of Insole Sensor Technology: Recent Studies and Future Directions
## 4 Insole Sensor Technology
### Applications
#### 4.7.2 Performance  
The use and assessment of biomechanical wearables in sports embody a wide range of athletic activities and movements. These devices are applicable to various actions, including running, jumping, throwing, speed, acceleration, balance, lower body symmetry, force, pressure, and impact [2]. The most common on-field application is sports activity recognition. The data acquired related to body posture and limb coordination serves as an important parameter of an athlete's motion [1]. Additionally, the acquisition of temporal-spatial parameters of bipedal human locomotion is fundamental for several disciplines and are essential for balance, postural stability, and athletic performance evaluation [3]. In sports, human gait analysis is used to monitor and improve the performance of athletes [12]. Gait analysis can be performed with vision-based or sensor-based methods. Vision-based requires specialized laboratories and personnel and therefore limits the possible test conditions. In contrast, pressure insoles are less expensive, ensure high-flexibility, and offer the possibility of performing field measurement.  
In sports performance, it is possible to rely on the data acquired and given by WT to track a player's position on the field and carry out a tactical analysis or even estimate the external measurements of loads in specific movements to help prevent injuries [18].  
It is important to state that the WT are useful not only for athletes but also for coaches and other personnel included in a club staff. As referred in [PERSON]'s study [4] about the distribution of plantar pressure on both feet, with the information about the exercises and movements that are more conductive and have a higher probability of injury occurrence, the coaching staff have the possibility of planning an exercise or a session with more attention.
# Assessment of the Potential of High-Performance Buildings to Achieve Zero Energy: A Case Study
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Proposed HVAC Energy Efficiency Measures  
A higher cooling temperature set point can conserve energy but could lead to increased occupant dissatisfaction. By engaging the occupants to dress appropriately, the room cooling temperature could be set to 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C [34]. The resulting predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) are 0.99 and 26% (clothing insulation = 0.3 clo and air velocity = 0.2 m/s), respectively.  
[PERSON] [35] reported the benefits of supply water temperature reset to improve the chilled water system performance. The measured overall chilled water system COP (Coefficient Of Performance) of the case building was 5.0, which is considered as \"good\" performance according to [PERSON]'s study. However, we found that the current setpoints of the chilled water supply temperature and the condensed water supply temperature were constant year-round at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. By optimizing linear reset schedules between the chilled water supply temperature and the outside air temperature, and the condenser water supply temperature and the outside wet bulb temperature, the energy consumption could be reduced by 114.9 MWh/a (20.7%). The objective function was defined as:  
\[minE=f(T_{chw,s},T_{cond,s}) \tag{7}\]  
\[T_{chw,s}=a+bT_{OA} \tag{8}\]  
\[T_{cond,s}=T_{w,bulb}+c \tag{9}\]  
The GenOpt [36] was used to solve the problem and the resulting optimal reset coefficients \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) are \(-0.28\), 17, and 1.9, respectively.  
The trending data show that the chilled water system was on during the winter, as shown in Figure 4. By adopting a water-side economizer, the mechanical cooling can be avoided in winter. The water-side economizer utilized the cooling tower to produce the chilled water to meet the cooling demand in winter. In addition, the chilled water pumps, the condenser water pumps, and the supply fans were not operated as intended by the design. According to the design document, the supply fan would be controlled by indoor CO\({}_{2}\) concentration; the chilled water pump and the condenser water pump be controlled by the differential pressure of the chilled water loop and the temperature difference between the supply and return chilled water. The simulation shows that these measures can reduce energy consumption by 17.1 MWh (3.0%).  
Table 8 summarizes the expected energy savings by implementing the abovementioned operation strategies and measures.  
The total energy savings of the lighting, plug load equipment, and the HVAC system will be 9.16 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\) a) and 38.3% of the total building energy consumption, which will bring down the current annual energy consumption to 14.74 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\) a). Therefore, an annual electricity generation of 346 MWh was needed to achieve the zero-energy goal.
## 6 Results and Discussions
### The Outer Loops
#### 6.2.1 Proportional Derivative (PD) vs. Proportional with Velocity Feedback (PV)  
In Figure 9, we can observe the function of the force derivative (blue lines) and the velocity feedback term (yellow lines). The proportional algorithm P (orange lines) is used as a reference to compare the performance of the other algorithms.  
Regarding the response, the classic derivative action of the force control does not present good results due to the noise in the sensor, which worsens the numerical derivation, generating peaks up to 34% higher (highlighted as circles) than the pure proportional controller. This is due to the noise of the sensor and the long sampling period. Thus, the force derivative may change substantially during a sampling period.  
Through the numerical results associated with the graph, the derivative control action employing the velocity feedback (PV) shows a slight improvement in damping peak force by 30%, and the PD peaks have a smaller size than in PV and P controls. However, the velocity changes faster than the sampling period, so its effect is not so observable.
# Precise Positioning of Autonomous Vehicles Combining UWB Ranging Estimations with On-Board Sensors
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we analyze the performance of a positioning system based on the fusion of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) ranging estimates together with odometry and inertial data from the vehicle. For carrying out this data fusion, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used. Furthermore, a post-processing algorithm has been designed to remove the Non Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) UWB ranging estimates to further improve the accuracy of the proposed solution. This solution has been tested using both a simulated environment and a real environment. This research work is in the scope of the PRoPART European Project. The different real tests have been performed on the AstaZero proving ground using a Radio Control car (RC car) developed by RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden) as testing platform. Thus, a real time positioning solution has been achieved complying with the accuracy requirements for the PRoPART use case.  
UWB; extended Kalman filter; dynamic tests; high velocity; autonomous vehicle; RC car; precise positioning; real outdoor environment +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Electronics
## 4 Results and Discussion
The assumptions for this method include that the function to be minimized should be continuous, which is hardly the case in real world problems. Additionally, since in some situations the fminbnd fails to find the optimum (as in the case of independent stations, where there are local minima or when minimum lies on the boundary of the search domain [41]), we consider that an extensive study should be done to compare our approach with that of fminbnd. The results will be communicated in another article. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Station** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Scenario A1**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Scenario B1**} \\ \hline
**Station** & **RMSE** & **MAPE** & **KGE** & **RMSE** & **MAPE** & **KGE** \\ \hline Adamclisi & 5.6937 & 0.2197 & 0.5285 & 5.3458 & 0.2104 & 0.6339 \\ Cernavoda & 4.7874 & 0.1788 & 0.6711 & 4.7626 & 0.1736 & 0.6696 \\ Constanta & 5.5068 & 0.2299 & 0.5370 & 5.4928 & 0.2254 & 0.5353 \\ Corugea & 4.7335 & 0.1753 & 0.6847 & 4.7253 & 0.1745 & 0.6799 \\ Harsova & 5.9689 & 0.3490 & 0.4525 & 5.9377 & 0.3372 & 0.5139 \\ Juriilova & 4.9094 & 0.2760 & 0.6529 & 4.8971 & 0.2754 & 0.6549 \\ Mangalia & 6.4840 & 0.2601 & 0.3447 & 6.4770 & 0.2588 & 0.3418 \\ Medgidia & 4.7308 & 0.2026 & 0.7105 & 4.7231 & 0.2019 & 0.7202 \\ Sulina & 6.6348 & 0.7615 & 0.2210 & 6.5888 & 0.7566 & 0.2400 \\ Tulcea & 5.7519 & 0.2454 & 0.4451 & 5.7489 & 0.2443 & 0.4457 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values for the predictions computed with OIDW for the series recorded at all the meteorological stations in the scenarios A1 and B1.
# Systematic Review of Discrete Event Simulation in Healthcare and Statistics Distributions
## 4 Discussion
### Software
#### 4.1.1 Software Capabilities and Features  
Comprehensive evaluations by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], expanded by recent studies, have identified key differentiating features among leading DES platforms. Arena, widely used in healthcare modeling, offers an extensive library of healthcare-specific modules and strong process-oriented modeling capabilities. However, it has limited built-in optimization tools and presents a moderate learning curve for healthcare professionals. In contrast, Simul8 is recognized for its intuitive user interface, facilitating rapid model development, and its built-in healthcare reference models. Despite its strong visual animation capabilities, it struggles with handling complexity in large-scale models. AnyLogic stands out for its hybrid simulation capabilities, integrating discrete event simulation (DES), agent-based modeling (ABM), and system dynamics (SD). It also provides advanced analytics and sophisticated visualization options, though at the cost of a steeper learning curve.  
Research by [PERSON] et al. [29] demonstrated that software selection significantly influences model development time and implementation success. Their comparative analysis found that Arena reduced development time by 25% compared to general-purpose simulation tools in complex healthcare models, emphasizing the impact of tailored software solutions.
# An Automatic Approach for Individual HU-Based Characterization of Lungs in COVID-19 Patients
## Materials and Methods
### HU-Density Histograms  
The first step in the implementation of a method for lung characterization in COVID patients is the accurate identification of the entire lung area. CT acquisitions of the 166 COVID-19 patients considered were initially analyzed, and the 332 lungs were manually segmented by a team of planners from the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (Milan, Italy) skilled in the manual segmentation of CT images for radiotherapy planning purposes. The contouring tool of the Eclipse software (Varian Medical System, Inc. Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used for the manual segmentation of the lungs. Both the aerated component and the component affected by COVID pneumonia were included within the contours thus identified. Right and left lungs were delineated separately for each patient. Since the original dimensions of CT voxels vary depending on the equipment used, CT images were resampled with an isotropic 1.5 \(\times\) 1.5 \(\times\) 1.5 mm\({}^{3}\) voxel size, in order to reduce the impact of the different CT voxel dimension used during the acquisition. The original lung contours were overlaid on the resampled images, without any significative differences. The consistency of the contours was checked on a sample of patients by two skilled radiologists. On the other hand, \"little\" inter-observer variations in lung contouring are not expected to significantly influence our approach, as the threshold values were well away from the inferior and superior HU limits and identifying internal volumes. All procedures regarding the resampling at cubic voxel and the analysis of the resampled images to extract lung HU-density histograms were performed with a specific workflow designed with the MIM software [30]. Each HU-density unit was associated with the number of voxels having that HU-density value; this was performed for each individual lung.
# A Review on Local Failure Probability Sensitivity Analysis
## 2 Local RSA with Respect to Deterministic Inputs
### Estimation of the Local Sensitivities  
The main challenge of the estimation of the derivatives with respect to \(\mathbf{s}\), no matter its nature, is to increase as little as possible the simulation budget needed for the estimation of the probability of failure \(P_{f}(\mathbf{s})\). Consequently, it is assumed that the computation of this sensitivity reuses as much as possible the evaluations of the limit state function needed for the computation of \(P_{f}\), as previously mentioned.  
In other words, it is uncommon to estimate \(P_{f}\) and its derivatives in different input spaces, as the limit state functions differ.  
According to the input space, the derivatives of \(P_{f}\) with regard to distribution parameters \(\boldsymbol{\theta}\) are either domain integrals Equation (2) or surface integrals Equation (4). Domainintegrals are much easier to handle than surface integrals. However, the literature on failure probability estimation in standardized spaces is more luxuirant than in the original input space. For instance, the methods that depend on the location of the so-called design points of the system [14] require standardized input space (FORM/SORM approximations, radial-based importance sampling, line sampling, etc.) [15]. Therefore, both options present advantages and drawbacks.  
The next section details methods available to derive the sensitivity with regard to \(\mathbf{\theta}\) in the original input space.
# Enhanced Effective Filtering Approach (eEFA) for Improving HSR Network Performance in Smart Grids
## 5 Simulations and Discussion
### Simulation Description  
In the simulations, we considered the sample HSR network shown in Figure 1. Two simulations were conducted to validate, evaluate, and compare the network performance for both unidirectional and bidirectional communication. In both types of communication, the source and destination DANH are DANH 1 and DANH 10, respectively.
# Performance of Dynamic Time Division Broadcast Protocol with Rateless Coding
###### Abstract  
Two-way relaying channel (TWRC) improves the throughput of one-way relaying channel through network coding at the relay. Time division broadcast (TDBC) is one typical protocol for TWRC, but with three time slots for one round information exchange leading to throughput loss. To enhance throughput performance, incremental redundancy transmission is usually incorporated into TDBC (i.e., TDBC-IR) by one bit feedback, indicating the successful or failed transmission. Nevertheless, TDBC-IR still suffers in throughput since it cannot fully exploit and adapt to the varying channel dynamics. In the paper, we propose a dynamic TDBC protocol with incremental redundancy in the form of rateless coding (i.e., DTDBC-RC) to fully utilizing the varying channel dynamics. In DTDBC-RC, the two sources first transmit in rateless coding way with given maximum allowable transmission time, and then the relay retransmits or not based on its decoding results. To reveal the advantages of DTDBC-RC, we analyze its performance comprehensively in terms of outage probability, expected rate, and diversity-multiplexing trade-off (DMT). We also present a subslot realization scheme for DTDBC-RC (i.e., sub-DTDBC-RC) since the DMT of DTDBC-RC cannot be obtained directly. Simulation and numerical results show the performance advantage of DTDBC-RC (or sub-DTDBC-RC) over TDBC-IR in terms of both expected rate and DMT.  
two-way relaying channel; time division broadcast protocol; incremental redundancy; dynamic transmission; diversity-multiplexing trade-off Article
# Transforming Petrochemical Processes: Cutting-Edge Advances in Kaolin Catalyst Fabrication
## 7 Kaolin in Petrochemical Catalysis: From Fundamentals to Innovations
### Kaolin-Driven Catalysis in Petrochemical Processes
#### 7.4.4 Desulfurization
Further innovations included the synthesis of alumina metakaolin (AMK) from Iraqi kaolin for gasoil hydrodesulfurization [244]. The CoMo/AMK catalyst, which was tested in a fixed-bed reactor, outperformed commercial CoMo/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) catalysts by achieving an HDS efficiency of 80.5% compared to 72.3%. This was due to the high surface area, pore size, and accessible active sites of the AMK catalyst. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [245] utilized a ZSM-5-based catalyst prepared from kaolin for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of sour heavy naphtha in a three-phase oscillatory baffled reactor. The Fe-impregnated ZSM-5 catalyst, which was coated with a TiO\({}_{2}\) nanolayer, maintained a stable sulfur conversion of 90%, demonstrating enhanced stability and environmentally friendly oxidant use, with no coke formation during the process. Simultaneously, [PERSON] et al. [246] synthesized tungsten oxide supported on metakaolin for ODS, achieving a maximum sulfur removal of 99.3% under optimized conditions, including a reaction temperature of 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, an oxidant to sulfur molar ratio of 12, a catalyst dosage of 0.04 g, and an oxidation time of 40 min. The catalyst also exhibited excellent durability over five recycling tests, with desulfurization efficiencies of 60% for gasoline and 74% for gas oil, with initial sulfur contents of 300 ppm and 7550 ppm, respectively. Collectively, these studies underscore the significant potential of kaolin-based catalysts in enhancing desulfurization processes. They offer cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly solutions for producing ultra-clean fuels, which is crucial for meeting stringent environmental standards and addressing the growing energy demand.
# A Comprehensive Review of In-Body Biomedical Antennas: Design, Challenges and Applications
## 2 Design Specifications
### Biocompatibility  
In-body antennas are installed in human bodies, so they must have biocompatible properties in order to satisfy patient safety. If in-body antennas are directly embedded into the human body, the body is short circuited due to the fact that human tissues are conductors. Therefore, as a measure to prevent such undesirable short circuit cases, biocompatibility becomes necessary for extended-term implantation of in-body antennas. Two types of methods are mostly proposed for biocompatibility issues of implantable antennas [3]. The first approach is to use a biocompatible substrate for antenna manufacturing, and the second approach is to cover the implantable antenna with a thin coating layer of biocompatible low-loss material. The biocompatible superstrate materials proposed for in-body antennas are Teflon, MACOR and Ceramic Alumina [34]. However, it is problematic to drill and assemble round cuts in ceramic substrates [50; 51]. The materials proposed for antenna coating are PEEK [52], Zirconia [53], biomedical-grade-based Silastic MDX-4210 elastomer [51]. A significantly slim layer of low-loss biocompatible material coating increases the properties of biocompatibility in in-body antennas. However, a cautious design of the in-body antenna is required to avoid any performance dependencies related to the thickness of the biocompatible layer [54]. An improvement in the biocompatibility of in-body antenna coating Perylene C material on both sides of the antenna is also proposed in Ref. [55]. The electromagnetic properties of Zirconia make it a better contender for bio-encapsulation [3]. Its significantly lower loss tangent and higher permittivity value help decrease the power loss by accumulating the near field of the antenna inside the capsulation. Additionally, the benefit of PEEK and Silastic MDX-4210 is that they offer simple fabrication processes and are easy to handle.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Autoregressive (AR) Model  
AR modelling has been successfully applied to EEG signal analysis for diverse applications such as segmentation, forecasting, rejection of artifacts [29; 30], and speech analysis [31; 32]. The AR model is a robust method for estimating the power spectrum of shorter EEG segments and is less susceptible to spurious results [30].  
An AR(\(p\)) of order \(p\) is a random process defined as follows [21]:  
\[x(n)=c+\sum_{k=1}^{p}\alpha_{k}\,x(n-k)+\varepsilon_{n} \tag{1}\]  
where \(x(n)\) is an input data at sample \(n\), \(c\) is a constant, \(\alpha_{1}\),..., \(\alpha_{p}\) are the coefficients of the AR model, and \(\varepsilon_{n}\) is white noise at sample \(n\).  
The AR model can be created using one of numerous algorithms to calculate model coefficients. These algorithms include the Burg lattice method to solve the lattice filter equations, utilizing the mean of backward- and forward-squared prediction errors and the Yule-Walker method to minimize the forward prediction error only. To enable comparisons with previous studies [21; 27], we used the Yule-Walker method. The AR model order was selected using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) [33].  
Figure 2: Algorithm Overview. The flow chart shows the sequential steps. The first four steps and the last four steps are the same for both the AR model and the least mean square (LMS)-based AR model.