## 1 Introduction  
The NewSpace generation has devised new ideas to change the traditional space perspective, which is demanding with respect to resources and cost. The dynamics of the working potential of the satellites has been redefined, and new norms have been established with higher competence and upgraded satellite architectures.  
Small satellites (under 500 kg) offer new potential for the space community, providing enhanced performance, and compact sizes. In addition to offering greater performance, these satellites generate confidence in manufacturers and users, thus ensuring their commercial value is retained, in addition to their purpose and durability. This also implies the saving of resources and millions of dollars spent each year to obtain the necessary data for real-time applications, such as disaster management and effective global warming control through continuous monitoring during the rescue and relief efforts.  
Hence, the creative development of small satellites is needed, with the objective of solving issues on Earth, and the vision of applying and utilizing these satellites for deep-space operations. Due to the constraints of basic astrodynamics, the overall compact modeling of these satellites is challenging and demanding. Thus, greater innovation and updated algorithms are required to assist in swift data transfer and attain robust functioning capabilities over time.  
Satellite constellations represent an upgrade from individual small satellites, and have been launched during the past decade. There has been immeasurable excitement among space enthusiasts with regard to the benefits they provide compared with traditional satellite launches and operations.  
Some of the recent trends of these small-satellite constellations have been recorded by the NewSpace webpage and in a previous study given in Ref. [1] and portrayed in Figure 1. This earlier research considered various parameters and key records of these commercial satellite constellations, throughout the range of small satellites, including the cubesats. Another study was conducted by the NewSpace webpage representing the form factors of satellites in recent years, as depicted in Figure 1(a), which is supported by the data presented by Ref. [2] for the number of satellites per constellation launched by major companies globally in recent years, as shown in Figure 1(b), respectively.  
The above-mentioned references are quoted to highlight the evolution of small satellites in the NewSpace era. During the past decade, there has been significant demand for the competence to develop, test, and implement the small satellites in constellations to meet the necessity of global imagery, predominantly for applications in disaster management and to address key environmental issues. As a result, small satellites are urgently needed. In a single reference, an earlier study Ref. [1] provided a clear overview of the direction promoted by the global space community for implementing the much-needed constellations, in terms of their status and various statistics. Another study Ref. [2] presented a survey of the large constellations of small satellites, classifying the trends in recent years, not only in terms of the number of satellites, but also the satellite type. NewSpace (newspace.im) is a statistical webpage for highlights the current trends in constellations and satellites as a whole and is updated every few days to months.  
Figure 1: Yearly trend of the satellite constellations.  
Figure 2: Satellite constellation statistics in recent years.