# Application of Natural Antioxidants from Fruits Waste for Improving Egg Quality Characteristics
## 5 Mechanisms of Antioxidants in Laying Hens
### Role of Antioxidants in Laying Hens' Metabolism
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fruit Name, Latin Name** & **Plant** & **Fruit Waste** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Antioxidant** \\ **Compounds** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reported Concentrations** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} _Pampgrunute_ \\ _(Pumica quantum)_ \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Lythracea_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total polyphenols & 21.25–331.28 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[68]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 9.44–59.44 mg/g QE & & \\  & & total anthocyanins & 5.89–102.2 mg/g C3G & & \\  & & & hydrolysis2 able tannins & 44–262.7 mg/g TAE & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Mango \\ _(Mangifera indica)_ \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Anacardiance_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total flavonoids & 0.19–0.75 mg/g CE & \multirow{4}{*}{[69]} \\  & & total anthocyanins & 3.60–5.65 mg/g & & \\  & & total carotenoids & 30.92 mg/kg & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Banana \\ (Muse) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Muscane_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total polyphenols & 5.85–6.86 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[61]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 2.26–38 mg/g CE & & \\  & & DPPH inhibition & 45.08–52.66\% & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Roschip \\ (Rosa cannula) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Ruscane_} & \multirow{4}{*}{seeds} & total phenolic acids & \multirow{4}{*}{[70]} \\  & & & (gallic acid, main compound) & & \\  & & & total compounds (rutin, compound) & & \\  & & & total flavonoids (rutin, compound) & & \\  & & & total carotenoids (\(\beta\)-) & & \\  & & & caroten main & 0.55–49.51 mg/100 g & & \\  & & & compound & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Sea buckhorn \\ (Firppphyla) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Elaagnracea_} & \multirow{4}{*}{leaves and seeds} & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} anthocyanin (1-3-O-O- \\ neoberisedoxide, main compound in leaves) \\ total locepherols (in seeds) \\ total carotenoids (in leaves) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{[52]} \\  & & & & & 84–318 mg/kg & \\  & & & total carotenoids (in leaves) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Berries \\ (Rulus) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Rosacane} & \multirow{4}{*}{waste} & total polyphenols & 0.73–1.97 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[63; 64]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 0.007–0.220 mg/g QE & & \\  & & total tannins & 0.005–0.016 mg/g CE & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Papaya \\ (C. pappau) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Criacane_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total polyphenols & 7.32–35.15 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[71]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 1.10–13.92 mg/g CE & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Kiwi \\ (_Actinitiatica callosa_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Actiniliaca_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total non-anthocyanins & 197.0–322.0 mg/g & \multirow{4}{*}{[72]} \\  & & & anthocyanins & n.d. & \\  & & total tocophorelols & 43–108 mg/kg & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Melon \\ (_Cauminis mole_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{_Cucethiacacae_} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total polyphenols & 1.50–3.58 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[73]} \\  & & total carotenoids & 23 mg/g & & \\  & & ascorbic acid & 430 mg/kg & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Cherry \\ (_Pranus avium_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Rosacane} & \multirow{4}{*}{petioles} & total polyphenols & 33.47–388.11 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[74; 75]} \\  & & total carotenoids & 62.1–182.3 mg/kg & & \\  & & ascorbic acid & 613.4–1625.0 mg/kg & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Plum \\ (_Pranus domestica_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Rosacane} & \multirow{4}{*}{pomace} & total polyphenols & 1.40–2.89 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[76; 77]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 0.80–1.41 mg/g CE & & \\  & & total anthocyanins & 0.13–0.20 mg/g C5G & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Pear \\ (_Pyrus commis_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Rosacane} & \multirow{4}{*}{pomace} & total polyphenols & 5.36–6.60 mg/g & \multirow{4}{*}{[78]} \\  & & & tocophorelols (alpha) & 3.41–9.59 mg/kg & \\  & & total carotenoids & 108.0–219.0 mg/g & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Peach \\ (_Pranus persica_) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Rosacane} & \multirow{4}{*}{peel} & total polyphenols & 15.56–20.49 mg/g GAE & \multirow{4}{*}{[79]} \\  & & total flavonoids & 0.16–0.51 mg/g QE & & \\  & & total anthocyanins & 0.32–1.24 mg/g C3G & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
*GAE—gallic acid equivalents; QE—quercetin equivalents; CE—catechin equivalents; TAE—tamnic acid equivalents; C3G—cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents.  
\end{table}