# A Systematic Revision of the NFIP Claims Hazard Data in Florida for Flood Risk Assessment
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Further Analyses for Flood Risk Assessments  
#### 3.2.1 Nontropical Flood Claims  
In order to determine an appropriate method or model for estimate losses due to nonotropical inland rainfall flood events, the analysis of the revised NFIP claim data was expanded. It was previously reported that approximately USD 574 million in losses were due to nontropical events (Table 4), specifically events that could not be directly attributed to an event in the HURDAT2 database. The authors further broke down the losses by excluding non-rainfall-related events, such as surges, and determining whether the claims were within 1 km (0.6 miles) of the coast. The results are summarized in Table 6. As shown in Table 6, the losses due to nontropical rainfall for inland locations totaled about USD 228 million. These were losses due to events that could be potentially modeled by a nontropical rainfall model (or set of models).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Cause**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Revised NFIP Events**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Paid** \\ **(Thousands of USD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \% &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Claim Count** \\ \end{tabular} & \% \\ \hline Nontropical & 574,612 & 15.5 & 38,733 & 25.2 \\ Tropical & 160,431 & 4.3 & 9467 & 6.2 \\ Tropical Storm & 302,267 & 8.1 & 21,733 & 14.1 \\
**Hurricane** & **2,676,876** & **72.1** & **83,818** & **54.5** \\ All & 3,714,186 & 100 & 153,751 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The revised NFIP paid loss amounts and corresponding claim counts in accordance with the type of meteorological event.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c} **Paid Loss** \\ **(Thousands of USD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \% \\ \hline
0 & 182 & 0 & 61 & 0 \\
1 & **2,128,099** & **79.5** & **65,284** & **21.6** \\
2 & 42,602 & 1.6 & 38,657 & 12.8 \\
3 & 1106 & 0 & 920 & 0.3 \\
4 & **253,644** & **9.5** & **176,714** & **58.5** \\
5 & 247,293 & 9.2 & 19,970 & 6.6 \\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Paid Loss** \\ **(Thousands of USD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \% \\ \hline
0 & 9 & 0 & 3794 & 0.7 \\
1 & **1207** & **0.8** & **179,719** & **31.3** \\
2 & 7633 & 4.8 & 50,562 & 8.8 \\
3 & 184 & 0.1 & 30,933 & 5.4 \\
4 & **131,427** & **81.9** & **282,374** & **49.1** \\
5 & 19,709 & 12.3 & 0 & 0 \\
6 & 262 & 0.2 & 27,230 & 4.7 \\ all & 160,431 & 100 & 574,612 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Breakdown of the NFIP claim paid loss amounts due to each type of event as a function of cause of loss (see Table 2 for the cause number reference).  
To gain further insight into these types of only-rainfall-related losses, the authors show the top five loss events in Table 7. The largest loss, USD 29.7 million, was due to a heavy frontal rainfall event in December, 2009. The second largest event was due to the record El Nino winter of 1997-1998. That event lasted several months, and there were claims with dates of loss for nearly every day from 24 December 1997 to 10 April 1998. The fourth largest loss, about USD 12 million, was due to the _Storm of the Century_ in March, 1993, which was a very unusually strong nontropical cyclone that entered Florida from the Gulf. Note that these losses did not include surge losses, which were larger. The third and fifth largest losses were possibly due to remnants of tropical disturbances or storms that were not fully recorded in the HURDAT2 database.  
Examination of these losses indicated that there were a number of unique and varied meteorological conditions that lead to these heavy rainfall events. This presents a challenge in terms of developing a robust rainfall model. Since the total rainfall-related losses that can be modeled accounted for less than 6% of the NFIP losses historically, a decision needs to be made as to whether these types of losses should be explicitly modeled as opposed to making an actuarial adjustment of the losses to include them implicitly.