## 2 Literature Review  
A new distributed energy-aware routing protocol is DUCS [9]. It is specifically made for long-term, non-time-critical aquatic monitoring applications utilizing UWSNs without GPS support and random node mobility. A suggested Underwater Positioning Scheme (UPS) in [10] has ordinary nodes listening exclusively to the signals from beacon nodes, and after receiving four beacon messages, the time difference is converted into a range distance. The authors of [11] employ Cayley-Menger to use a mobile beacon node to find the coordinates of sensor nodes. The combined radio and acoustic signals, which are immune to multipath fading, are used to calculate the separation between nodes. In [12], scientists put out a number of mobile node-based strategies, like AUVs, to lessen the impact of unequal energy use. These techniques involve an AUV travelling around the  
Figure 1: Basic clustering process in underwater wireless sensor networks. network on a tour path and stopping at a designated location known as a tour point to obtain the gathered data from static nodes in a neighbourhood. For WSNs, [PERSON] et al. introduced the UCAPN method, which lengthens network lifespan [13]. To balance node energy consumption as well as extend network lifetime, UCAPN groups SNs into clusters of varying sizes. Information from non-cluster-head nodes is first transmitted directly to the closest cluster-head, and then it is transmitted to the sink node. With the help of a control method wherein BS regulates the number of CHs and CHs regulate cluster members, [PERSON] et al. [14] presented a MOCHs selection for WSNs. This technique provides robust clustering while addressing the issue of backward transmission. By including energy-collecting techniques, this protocol can be made much better [15]. According to the node density, [PERSON] et al. established a protocol in [16] that can adapt to three different types of networks. Underwater sensors are allocated cubic areas in [17] and placed regionally inside such a framework. To avoid void nodes, another work in [18] is introduced. Every second hop of the packet in this work is examined to see if the node's status is void or not. A void-aware pressure routing (VAPR), which addresses the void problem in this class of greedy routings, is proposed in [19]. [20] makes a proposal for Clustered Vector-Based Forwarding (CVBF) routing protocol. CVBF is made for areas of seawater that are both sparse and dense. According to the authors, CVBF enhances the data delivery ratio as well as decreases end-to-end delay. However, in these protocols, cluster reconstruction for switching CHs by AUVs is repeated until their missions are accomplished to balance the energy consumption among sensor nodes. AUVs can, therefore, run out of energy more quickly before completing their missions as a result of the foregoing constraints' significant energy consumption. What is more, the CHN determination conspires, and the information transmission process is further developed in the PE-Filter convention. Nonetheless, the conventions in [21; 22] are intended for TWSNs, and they ought to be altered for UWSNs. [PERSON] et al. took on an energy-proficient lattice directing in light of 3D solid shapes (EGRCs) for UWSNs, where the organization is separated into heaps of little blocks, and each 3D square is viewed as a group [23]. In addition, the EGRC convention streamlines the CHN choice and further develops the quest cycle for the following bounce hub. Be that as it may, the EGRC does not present the detail of the information combination instrument as the overt information repetitiveness might exist and ought to be diminished. In [24], a submerged bunching convention based on the fluffy c means and the moth-fire advancement (FCMMFO) was proposed to upgrade the presentation of UWSNs. Be that as it may, the multi-jump steering way has not been advanced in [25]. [PERSON] et al.