# Investigating BIM Implementation Barriers and Issues in Pakistan Using ISM Approach
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Barriers/Issues Related to BIM Adoption in other Countries  
Based on geographical location, construction type, literacy rate, social system, economic resources and technological advancement, various countries encounter different barriers and issues. In this section, various construction markets will be taken from developed, underdeveloped and developing countries to highlight the topmost problems related to BIM adoption. Table 5 provides the information showing that developed countries like the U.K., Germany and Singapore mostly encounter problems related to the complexity of BIM, interoperability issues and investment issues, while developing countries like the U.A.E. and Malaysia have major issues related to management commitment to adopt BIM, BIM understanding and standards, and the cyclic nature of the construction industry. In underdeveloped countries like Ghana and Uganda, most issues are related to socio-economical, inadequate knowledge and skills, delays in decision making and inconsistency in government policies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Questions**} & **Means** \\ \hline
**B1** & Lack of Government regulation about BIM. & 3.6442 \\
**B2** & Lack of conferences/seminars on new technologies such as BIM by organizations & 3.4038 \\
**B3** & Restructuring of organization needed for BIM adoption & 3.3654 \\
**B4** & Unavailability of BIM professionals & 3.3558 \\
**B5** & The top management does not support change & 3.2788 \\
**B6** & The firm doesn’t research for a healthier coordination process & 3.1538 \\
**B7** & Lack of abilities to manage projects using BIM & 3.1442 \\
**B8** & The firm doesn’t encourage initiatives in developing new solutions/processes & 3.1346 \\
**B9** & Due to the high initial cost of BIM & 2.9712 \\
**B10** & The communication gap in an organization & 2.8846 \\
**B11** & Current practices are giving favorable results & 2.5962 \\
**B12** & Organizations don’t arrange software training sessions & 2.5288 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Descriptive Frequencies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline  & \multirow{3}{*}{Germany} & The Complexity of BIM software \\  & & Model-based BIM software has a functional limitation \\  & & Technically and technological development-related issues \\  & & Management and organizational issues \\  & & Economic resources for BIM-related investment \\  & & Digital BIM models in form and content are not adequately standardized \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Developed} & \multirow{4}{*}{UK} & Lack of top management commitment \\  & & Lack of awareness and knowledge \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of collaboration \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cultural and human issues \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Interoperability issue \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Singapore} & \multirow{4}{*}{Singapore} & Lack of training sessions due to unwillingness of the top management \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Requires organizational restructuring \\ \cline{1-1}  & & The unwillingness to adopt new methods, systems and innovative technologies \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Return of investment, time, cost, investment priority and technical competency \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Barriers in various countries.  
In addition, barriers from other developing Asian countries sharing the same eco-social system with Pakistan were also studied and summarized in Table 6. If a comparison was performed with the barriers that were found in the survey in Pakistan, most of them were the same. The authors concluded that any findings of this research can be implemented in all developing countries as long as there are the same ranks of barriers in the respective industry.