###### Abstract
With similar approaches, other studies [13; 14; 15] also exploited a different selection of the same archive data from the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT SAR missions of the European Space Agency (ESA), for change detection analysis based on interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence. The key lesson learnt from those studies was that the availability of multitemporal data acquired with consistent SAR imaging parameters is advantageous for logging events of interest with temporal accuracy. Furthermore, the different information that can be extracted from SAR time series--for example, phase, coherence, and radar backscatter--are all equally relevant and can be used selectively to highlight specific features or marks related to the studied events. However, a frequent drawback of historical SAR archives is temporal discontinuity, which results in a lack of temporal granularity, and in some cases, spatial resolution not sufficient to allow small features to be distinguished and clearly imaged from space. Recent publications have demonstrated how current space X- and C-band SAR missions enable these limitations to be overcome in the Nasca region. These studies focus on the use of HR to very high resolution (VHR) data acquired by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) TerraSAR-X X-band mission [15; 16], and the exploitation of the shorter repeat cycle and predefined observation scenario of the Copernicus Sentinel-1 C-band constellation in interferometric wide swath mode [15; 17]. However, it is still to be explored the benefit that can be achieved with a SAR acquisition schedule that provides time series with HR and regular short revisiting time. This paper aims therefore to examine the value of this combined spatial and temporal capability, by analysing X-band SAR StripMap data acquired over the Nasca Lines since 2011 by the COSMO-SkyMed (COnstellation of small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation) mission of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) (Figure 1). In particular, this study discusses how the existing and growing COSMO-SkyMed archive that is being built for Nasca can support the retrospective analysis of events of human-induced landscape disturbance. These events, by their nature, cannot be anticipated, but once happened, may be recorded in the digital history of the affected heritage asset based on the information that has been captured in a timely manner from space, prior to, during, and/or soon after the event itself. The research question that this paper aims to address is therefore whether changesof SAR properties caused in the landscape by the effect of a single event can be transformed into geospatial information for digital recording. Section 2 introduces the SAR data stack used for this research experiment, the image processing methodology adopted for change detection and event analysis, and the rationale for the selection of the two events of human-induced landscape disturbance used for demonstration. The latter consist of: a recent event that occurred on 27 January 2018, when a truck drove off the Pan-American Highway (American media referred to it as \"a rig [that] plowed into the ancient site\" [18]); and an event of surface disturbance that occurred near the Hummingbird geoglyph on 8 December 2014 (see Figure 2 for pre-event photographs and aerial views of the event locations). In Section 3, the results of the SAR change detection analysis for the two selected events (black stars in Figure 1) are presented, and the advantages offered by the possibility to create multiple SAR pairs to identify the marks associated with the two selected events of landscape disturbance are specifically discussed. It is worth noting that it is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a forensic analysis of these events, hence the names and specific details of actors involved in the incidents are intentionally omitted in the text. Key conclusions and recommendations for future research studies and applications are finally summarised in Section 4.