esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Mapping QTLs for Pod Shattering Resistance in Rapeseed  
Significant progress exists in identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PSR. Early work in _Brassica rapa_ by [PERSON] et al., suggested PSR is governed by two to three recessive genes [15], while [PERSON] et al., identified three RAPD markers associated with these traits [16]. In _B. napus_, [PERSON] et al., mapped two major PSR QTLs [17]. [PERSON] et al., characterized PSR as polygenic, detecting 13 QTLs across environments, with 3 stable QTLs on chromosomes A1, A7, and C8 [18]. [PERSON] et al. identified a major QTL on chromosome A09, explaining 47% phenotypic variation [19], consistent with [PERSON] et al.'s model proposing \"three major genes plus polygene\" inheritance with >85% major gene contribution [20]. Leveraging genomics, [PERSON] et al., conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a doubled haploid (DH) population, mapping 12 QTLs with collective 57% heritability [21]. [PERSON] et al. identified two stable major QTLs (mean LOD 3.54-8.13) on chromosomes A06 and A09 using combined DH and immortalized F\({}_{2}\) populations [22]. Modern genetic engineering approaches by [PERSON] et al., demonstrated increased shatter resistance via CRISPR/Cas9-induced Bnalc mutations [23]. Supporting the role of lignification, analyses of BnLATE transgenic lines revealed significantly reduced lignification in the carpel and dehiscence zone [24].  
This study aims to discover elite PSR germplasm adapted to the Yangtze River Basin using dual genotype-phenotype screening to develop novel breeding materials with high PSR (Shattering Resistance Index, SRI \(\geq\) 0.6) and favorable agronomic traits, addressing mechanization constraints.
###### Abstract  
Traumatic human dental injuries involving the pulp might necessitate direct capping procedures. This clinical study aimed to analyse the histological outcomes using two different direct capping materials. Twenty patients with bilateral premolors, scheduled for orthodontic extraction, were selected. The teeth were treated either using ProRoot MTA or RetroMTA. All patients were recalled after 30 and 60 days for teeth extraction. The histopathologically stained specimens were blindly evaluated using hard tissue bridge formation, inflammatory reaction and pulpal findings criteria. Data were evaluated statistically. Results: After 60 days, only the parameter for hard tissue bridge formation showed significant difference in the ProRoot MTA group (\(p\) = 0.010), while both direct capping materials performed similarly regarding inflammatory pulp reaction and pulpal findings. Although, during the first 30 days, RetroMTA presented better results in terms of continuity, morphology, hard tissue bridge localisation, and extension/general state of the inflammatory reaction, the continuity was better at 60 days when ProRoot MTA was applied. Treatment with RetroMTA healed the pulpal tissue faster compared with ProRoot MTA but it seemed to be rather a reparative process.  
direct pulp capping; MTA; mineral trioxide aggregate cements; pulp; regeneration; repair 4.0
# SASLedger: A Secured, Accelerated Scalable Storage Solution for Distributed Ledger Systems
## 2 Related Work
### On-Chain Solutions  
\"Sharding\" is a method that divides the nodes of the blockchain network into subgroups called shards, each shard acts as an independent blockchain network to process transactions and store data [10; 11]. This approach reduces the data need to store for blockchain nodes, but each node still needs to store the full copy of the blocks of the subgroup.  
Several works propose storing the data distributedly similar to traditional peer-to-peer content distribution networks [33; 34; 35] do. [PERSON] [12] introduces the concept of \"Consensus Unit\" (CU), in which nodes combine their resources to maintain the blockchain data together rather than based on one copy per node. The differences between a CU and a shard are: (1) as a whole, each CU stores identical data while each shard stores their unique data; (2) each node in a shard stores identical data while each node in CU stores different blocks. [PERSON] [13] proposes a method allowing Bitcoin blockchain nodes to store only those transactions that are related to themselves. To verify a transaction, a proof is attached with the transaction when it is sent. Moreover, a bloom filter is added to each block to check whether a transaction has been affected.  
On-chain solutions can reduce the storage burden of blockchain, but each node still needs to store at least part of the blocks. On-chain solutions also tend to introduce extra network overhead since the nodes must communicate to decide which node stores which part of the entire data.
# Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications
## 2 Research Methodology  
The systematic review was performed using Scopus as the main search tool and the following databases: ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, Wiley Online Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and Google Scholar. It was conducted between September and December 2023. The used keywords were \"3D printing\" and \"underwater\" combined. The research results in the Scopus database showed 1051 documents (Figure 1). They were checked, and the most relevant publications were selected for this review.  
The analysis of the literature showed that the topic was very new. The first publication was in 2009, and, prior to 2015, there were fewer than 10 publications per year in this area. Rapid growth began in 2019. This shows that this research area is quite innovative and it has been intensively developed in the last few years (Figure 1a). This topic has a clear multidisciplinary nature, which can be observed based on document statistics about the subjects. The first two places are occupied by engineering and material science, but there is  
Figure 1: Search results in the Scopus database: (**a**) published documents by year; (**b**) published documents by subject area [25].  
a large variety of other covered subjects (Figure 1b). According to the type of document, the most represented are original articles--more than 66% of all publications. Review articles represent 15.5% and conference papers 14.2%. The other types are books, book chapters, notes, short surveys, etc. This is a quite typical proportion for a relatively new research area. It is also worth noting that the majority of publications were produced by teams from China, with 449 publications, and the USA, with 226 publications. There is quite a large difference between the two first countries and the rest of the list: in third place is the UK, with only 64 publications. The dominant position is occupied by countries considered to be leading in the case of innovative technologies.
# Geometric Accuracy Evaluation Method for Subway Stations Based on 3D Laser Scanning
###### Abstract  
The rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technology has provided a new technical means for the geometric accuracy evaluation of subway stations. With high precision and high efficiency, laser scanning technology can present the construction site condition in a panoramic way, which is essential for achieving high precision and all-round geometric accuracy evaluation. However, when the survey coordinate system of the design building information modeling (BIM) predefined in the design stage is not applied during the laser scanning data acquisition or the BIM loses the survey coordinate system during the interaction, the objects will have different coordinate positions in the point cloud and BIM, which will limit the accuracy comparison between the two data sources. Meanwhile, the existing methods mainly focus on the above overground buildings, and the accuracy evaluation of underground structures mainly focuses on the overall deformation monitoring. So far, the existing methods do not constitute a hierarchical index system to assess the geometric accuracy of various objects in the subway station. This study proposes a method to evaluate the geometric accuracy of subway stations based on laser scanning technology. A coarse-to-fine coordinate registration from point cloud to the design BIM is used to unify coordinates in different reference systems; and geometric accuracy evaluation of different structures in subway stations is achieved by developing geometric accuracy evaluation indexes and technical systems. The method is applied to the geometric accuracy monitoring of the Hongqi Road subway station, and the experimental results verify the reliability of the method.  
3D laser scanning; BIM; registration; geometric accuracy; subway station construction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Preparation and Tribological Behaviors
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Composites Preparation  
PEEK composites were prepared by using our lab's novel hot isostatic pressing method, in which the heating and cooling stages of a production cycle take place in the same mold at a selected temperature and pressure [32]. The certain mass percentage of GO or MoS\({}_{2}\) were dispersed into PEEK by planetary ball mill with a speed of 800 r/min for 8 h at room temperature, respectively. The mixture was dried in a vacuum oven at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. Subsequently, the constant weight mixture was loaded into the mold coated with the high temperature mold release agent MS-605. It was pressed under pressure of 5 MPa for 30 min at room temperature, to achieve demanded density. Next, the mixture was heated to 390 \({}^{\circ}\)C under the N\({}_{2}\), and remained for 10 h at pressure of 3.5 MPa. After that, the temperature was cooled down to room temperature then the pressure was released, so the composites were obtained. The PEEK/GO composites with GO content of 0.3 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.% were recorded as PG03, PG05, PG07, PG09, and PG1, respectively. The PEEK/MoS\({}_{2}\) composites, with different MoS\({}_{2}\) content of 5.0 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 25 wt.% were labeled as PM5, PM10, PM15, PM20, and PM25, respectively. The PEEK/GO/MoS\({}_{2}\) composite with 0.7 wt.% GO and 15 wt.% MoS\({}_{2}\) was denoted as PG07 PM15. The composites were cut with the help of diamond cutter as per requirements. Dispersion of MoS\({}_{2}\) in PEEK was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta 250 FEG, FEI, Czech Republic) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).
# GIS-Based Wind and Solar Power Assessment in Central Mexico
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Kriging Interpolation  
According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54] kriging is an advanced geostatistical procedure that generates an estimated surface from a sparse set of points with z-values. A set of interpolation methods that are formed by geostatistical methods, such as kriging, are based on statistical models that include autocorrelation, i.e., statistical relationships between measured points. Thus, geostatistical techniques not only can produce a prediction surface, but also provide some measure of the certainty or accuracy of the predictions. Kriging assumes that the distance or direction between sample points reflects a spatial correlation that can be used to explain surface variation, see Figure 8. Some authors have used ordinary kriging interpolation to analyze energy resources. [PERSON] et al. [55] used kriging interpolation to analyze wind and solar resources; [PERSON] et al. [56] found that the kriging model and the variogram influenced the results of the solar radiation analysis; [PERSON] et al. [57] developed a model to compare the ordinary and residual kriging methods for mapping, finding that ordinary kriging method it is valuable for some seasons of the year. Kriging will be used so that wind and solar datasets over the entire central region of Mexico can be interpolated to show a complete wind map of this region.  
Kriging weighs the surrounding measured values to obtain a prediction of an unmeasured location, as seen in Figure 8 and expressed in Equation (1).  
\[\hat{Z}(s_{0})=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\lambda_{i}Z(S_{i}) \tag{1}\]  
Figure 8: How kriging works.  
where \(Z(S_{i})\) is the measured value at the \(i\)th location, \(\lambda_{i}\) is an unknown weight for the measured value at the \(i\)th location, \(s_{0}\) is the prediction location and \(N\) is the number of measured values.  
The following is the process for performing interpolation in a geographic information system.  
1. Raster type layers, obtained from INEGI, are products that represent the elevations of the Mexican continental territory by means of values that indicate points on the terrain surface whose geographic location is defined by coordinates (X,Y), to which values representing the elevations (Z) are integrated. The points are regularly spaced and distributed with a resolution of 15 m \(\times\) 15 m.
2. The data used are divided in two. The wind data that are obtained by MERRA-2 are from reanalysis provided by NASA; these data are downloaded with *.tab format. The irradiance data are obtained with the AWS installed within the states of Central Mexico; however, AWS were used outside the Central zone to avoid erroneous interpolation. These data have the extension *.CSV.
3. Both the rasters and the *.tab and *.CSV files are loaded into a geographic information system, and the Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system for Mexico is used.
4. Arctoolbox and Spatial Analyst Tools are used to interpolate with kriging.
5. The maps are trimmed and analyzed.
## 3 Cold-Bending Test Results and Discussion
### Influence of Interlayer Thickness on Cold-Bending Stress and Its Distribution  
Judging from Figure 5, the cold-bending stress nephograms of glass panels with identical cold-bending curvatures but different interlayer thicknesses exhibit few differences. Therefore, the impact of interlayer thickness on the cold-bending stress distribution of the glass panels is minimal.  
However, by comparing the cold-bending stress of specimens with the same cold-bending curvature but different interlayer thicknesses in Table 2, it can be inferred that the cold-bending stress increased with a thicker SGP interlayer. Since SGP is a much stronger material than other interlayer materials [24], the large interlayer thickness would bring greater combined stiffness and cold-bending stress to the glass panel. More specifically, when the interlayer thickness increased from 1.14 mm to 1.52 mm, the maximum cold-bending stress of the glass panels was calculated to rise by 19.4% on average. Consequently, interlayer thickness is a less relevant factor affecting the cold-bending stress than the cold-bending curvature.  
The relation curves with large interlayer thicknesses in Figure 6 had a large inclination angle and were located above other relation curves with smaller interlayer thicknesses, and the vertical distances between the curves increased with greater cold-bending curvature. Consequently, the glass panel with a larger interlayer thickness is indicated to exhibit greater cold-bending stress and faster rates of stress growth.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Works  
The reliability of a microgrid is degraded by dependency on a communication system; however, due to problems such as the hunting effect, the frequency restoration process during secondary control of an islanded microgrid (or power system) relies on a communication system. To alleviate this dependency and hence enhance system reliability, new controllers are proposed for grid-forming and grid-feeding DGs in an inverter-based islanded microgrid. The performance of the proposed controllers focuses on the restoration of the frequency and the SOC without using communication.  
Figure 10: SOC restoration results for SOC difference of 10% between DG1 and DG3.  
The simulation is conducted by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems and the results show that the proposed controller restores not only the frequency, but also the SOC by using only local controllers and data. Furthermore, no stability problems were identified, even with a frequency measurement error among DGs and the SOC difference up to 10% among grid-forming ESS units. From simulation results, it can be noted that an even larger SOC difference can be handled.  
To achieve whole-system operation without communication, further control strategies must be developed. For instance, load shedding and reconnection schemes without communication are required to enhance system reliability. After developing such control strategies, others could also be developed step by step and a whole-operation procedure without communication could finally be realized. Furthermore, the stability analysis of the system should be studied in a future work to guarantee the reliability of the proposed controller.  
To test the validity of the proposed method in a larger-scale microgrid also remains a future work. However, since the microgrid is usually a small-scale system consisting of several DGs, the scalability of the proposed methods is less important.  
It is noticeable that the proposed method is focused on the secondary control only. To share the SOC information among grid-forming ESS units, it still needs some information from the tertiary control level where the communication is necessary. However, the tertiary control level needs a much lower frequency of information updates than the secondary control level. Hence, although it cannot abandon the communication infrastructure for the whole system control hierarchy, the dependency on communication is at least able to be alleviated by using the proposed control method.  
Investigation and methodology, J.-O.L.; conceptualization, supervision, project administration, and writing, Y.-S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, grant number NRF-2018R1D1A1A02085348.  
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A1A02085348).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency
## 4 WEC Control Using Estimated Instantaneous Frequency
### Real-Time Active PTO Control Implementation  
This paper proposes a real-time impedance matching technique that leverages instantaneous frequency estimation to dynamically adjust PTO parameters [14]. Since the hydrodynamic coefficients of the WEC are frequency-dependent, the accurate estimation of the incoming wave frequency enables the real-time calculation of optimal control parameters. This ensures continuous adaptation of PTO damping and stiffness, maximizing energy extraction under varying wave conditions.  
The complete real-time control process is illustrated in Figure 9. The method involves estimating the instantaneous frequency of the incoming wave using real-time signal processing techniques and then computing the optimal impedance matching parameters accordingly.
# Line of Sight and Image Motion Compensation for Step and Stare Imaging System
## 2 Step and Stare Imaging System  
### System Components and Operating Principle  
Rapid step and star imaging system is mainly composed of an optical subsystem, command and algorithm unit, gimbaled subsystem, mirror subsystem and detector. The gimbaled subsystem consists of two axes of roll and pitch, which is used to achieve the bore sight pointing before exposure. The mirror subsystem is composed of rotating mirrors and fixed mirrors. The rotating mirrors are used to achieve image motion compensation during the exposure, and they are M1 and M2 mirrors which are fast steering mirrors. The fixed mirrors are used to realize optical path rotation, which is convenient to realize position layout. The gimbal and the rotating mirrors are shown in Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Work Mode** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** \\ \hline
**two-axis gimbal** & gimbal switches to complete LOS and motion compensation & simple structure and low cost & limited stability and performance, not suitable to high-resolution and high frequency \\ \hline
**two-axis gimbal** & gimbal works for LOS & accurate stability and low payload & high cost and complexity. Compared to the two-axis mirror, they need more space. \\
**stearing mirrors** & gimbal works for LOS & accurate stability and low payload & Compared to two single-axis mirrors, it has nonlinear coupling, and the control algorithm is more complicated \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Typical architectures for line of sight (LOS) and motion compensation.  
The working principle of the system and timing diagram is shown in Figure 2. Based on the position information of the ground target, the command and algorithm unit calculates the respective two-axis gimbaled command angle. The gimbaled controller drives the gimbal to step to the corresponding angle before exposure and keeps the inertial space position stable during the exposure. The mirror system is used to compensate for the image movement caused by the speed, attitude movement of the plane, and the gimbal; the detector collects imagery. After one exposure, the command and algorithm unit gives the next gimbaled command angle according to the geospatial position and overlap ratio. The gimbal system and the mirror system repeat the tasks in the previous frame process. Repeatedly, the images at each location are then stitched together to form a large but high-resolution mosaic image [14].
## 3 Fluctuation Correlations and Thermodynamics of Binary Symmetric Electrolyte Solutions
### Negative-Negative Ionic Correlations  
Using the second Equation (61), we obtain the concentration negative-negative ion concentration-fluctuation correlation in the form  
\[\begin{split}\langle\delta\mathcal{E}_{-}&(\mathbf{ k}_{1},\omega_{1})\delta\mathcal{E}_{-}(\mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_{2})\rangle=\\ &-\frac{\mathbf{k}_{1}\cdot\langle\delta\mathbf{j}_{-}^{\prime}( \mathbf{k}_{1},\omega_{1})\delta\mathbf{j}_{-}^{\prime}(\mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_ {2})\rangle\cdot\mathbf{k}_{2}}{(i\omega_{1}+Dk_{1}^{2})(i\omega_{2}+Dk_{2}^{2 })}+\frac{D^{2}\kappa^{4}}{4(ze)^{2}}\frac{\langle\delta\hat{\rho}_{e}( \mathbf{k}_{1},\omega_{1})\delta\rho_{e}(\mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_{2})}{(i\omega_ {1}+Dk_{1}^{2})(i\omega_{2}+Dk_{2}^{2})}\\ &+\frac{D\kappa^{2}}{2 ze}\Bigg{[}\frac{i\mathbf{k}_{1}\cdot \langle\delta\mathbf{j}_{-}^{\prime}(\mathbf{k}_{1},\omega_{1})\delta\hat{ \rho}_{e}(\mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_{2})\rangle}{(i\omega_{1}+Dk_{1}^{2})(i\omega_ {2}+Dk_{2}^{2})}+\frac{i\mathbf{k}_{2}\cdot\langle\delta\mathbf{j}_{-}( \mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_{2})\delta\hat{\rho}_{e}(\mathbf{k}_{1},\omega_{1}) \rangle}{(i\omega_{1}+Dk_{1}^{2})(i\omega_{2}+Dk_{2}^{2})}\Bigg{]}.\end{split} \tag{67}\]  
Note that the sign in front of the last two terms on the right is positive, which is in contrast to Equation (62). Following the same recipe as for the positive-positive ion interactions above (see Appendix C), we derive  
\[\langle\delta\mathcal{E}_{-}(\mathbf{r}_{1},t)\delta\mathcal{E}_{-}(\mathbf{ r}_{2},t)\rangle=c\delta(\mathbf{r}_{1}-\mathbf{r}_{2})+c^{2}[g_{--}(r)-1]. \tag{68}\]  
The radial distribution function is  
\[g_{--}(r)=1-\frac{(ze)^{2}}{4\pi\epsilon\epsilon_{0}k_{B}T}\frac{e^{-\kappa r}} {r}, \tag{69}\]  
and the interaction energy reads [11]  
\[w_{--}(r)=\frac{(ze)^{2}}{4\pi\epsilon\epsilon_{0}}\frac{e^{-\kappa r}}{r}, \tag{70}\]which is also positive (i.e., repulsive). Hence, the radial distribution functions and interaction energies for ions that are both positive or both negative are identical.