esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Discussion
### Other Metabolic Pathway Changes in C18 and P1 Strain
#### 3.3.1. Porphyrin and Chlorophyll Metabolism  
In _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_, carotenoids and chlorophylls have quite a lot of connections. Carotenoids and chlorophylls are both synthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) as a precursor, sharing part of the metabolic pathway [26; 27]. The increase in carotenoids promotes the expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes. Some studies have shown that in some plants, the content of carotenoids and the expression levels of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes are positively correlated [28; 29; 30]. For example, in tomato, varieties with high carotenoid content also have higher expression levels of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes (such as PORA1/2, CAO, etc.) [31]. This suggests that there may be some regulatory relationship between carotenoids and chlorophylls. For example, the final product of the terpenoid skeleton is GGPP. GGPP is an important isoprenoid compound that participates in various biosynthetic pathways such as those of carotenoids, chlorophylls, steroids, etc. [PERSON] et al. cloned and characterized the GGPP synthase (GGPS) gene responsible for carotenoid synthesis in _Pyropia umbilicals_ and found that it had different expression patterns under different light intensities [28; 32]. In the process of chlorophyll synthesis, GGPP binds with chloride to form the ring structure of chlorophyll. Therefore, GGPP is one of the important components of the chlorophyll synthesis pathway.  
Carotenoids and chlorophylls are both photosynthetic pigments that participate in light capture and conversion. Carotenoids can protect chlorophylls from damage caused by excess light energy or low temperature stress, playing a role in antioxidant and non-photochemical quenching. Carotenoids have different compositions and contents in _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_ at different developmental stages or growth conditions, while chlorophylls are relatively stable [20]. This is consistent with our pigment measurement data which showed that there was no significant difference in the content of chlorophylls among the WT, C18 and P1 groups at 2-10 days. However, transcriptomic and metabolomic correlation enrichment results showed that most genes involved in the porphyrin and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated in C18 and P1, especially in P1.
# Transfer-Efficient Face Routing Using the Planar Graphs of Neighbors in High Density WSNs
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a new face routing to improve transfer efficiency by forwarding a message directly to the most distant hop node on the routing path within radio range using the planar graphs of neighbors. Since traditional face routing transfers a message using a planar graph to prevent a loop, a problem with decreased efficiency occurs as a result of forwarding a message sequentially along the face boundary composed of short edges although it can be delivered directly. In order to solve this problem, face routing that forwards a message directly to the most remote node within radio range using all of the node information within 2-hop range has been proposed, but this makes message transfer nodes receive too much location information and requires a great deal of computation for network graph generation and planarization. In a high density network, it causes another problem in that the processing time increases rapidly and a huge load is concentrated on the message transfer nodes.  
The proposed face routing distributes loads and reduces message transfer time by using the planar graph information of the message transfer node's neighbors. It distributes the construction and planarization process of the network graph to the neighbors and reduces the amount of position information to be transmitted through sending only the information concerning the planar graph nodes. Furthermore, it minimizes traffic and computation time for routing by transmitting the location information of changed nodes irrespective of topological changes and only when the planar graph is changed. These characteristics make it suitable for use in high density WSNs. Through performance evaluation, we confirmed that the proposed scheme improved transfer efficiency compared to the existing face routing methods. In future research, we would like to study a method involving  
Figure 16: The quantity of transferred location information according to the radio range (Deployed nodes: 500).  
end-to-end message forwarding within a limited timeframe regardless of the density of the deployed nodes and how to efficiently forward a message in the real environment where the link is unreliable.  
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2015R1A2A2A01006442).  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the idea of the overall experimental strategy. [PERSON] carried out the simulations and wrote the paper. [PERSON] supported writing and revising the article. [PERSON] provided valuable feedback and supervised the work.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Two-Line Element Outlier and Space Event Detection Method Based on Multi-Strategy Genetic Algorithm
###### Abstract  
The detection of two-line element (TLE) outliers and space events play a crucial role in enhancing spatial situational awareness. Therefore, this paper addresses the issue of TLE outlier detection methods that often overlook the mutual influence of multiple factors. Hence, a Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model (MGMM) is introduced to consider the interdependencies among various indicators. Additionally, a Multi-strategy Genetic Algorithm (MGA) is employed to adjust the complexity of the MGMM, allowing it to accurately learn the actual distribution of TLE data. Initially, the proposed method applies probabilistic fits to the predicted error rate changes for both the TLE semi-major axis and the orbital inclination. Chaos initialization, a posterior probability penalty, and local optimization iterations are subsequently integrated into the genetic algorithm. These enhancements aim to estimate the MGMM parameters, addressing issues related to poor robustness and the susceptibility of the MGMM to converge to local optima. The algorithm's effectiveness is validated using TLE data from typical space targets. The results demonstrate that the optimized algorithm can efficiently detect outliers and maneuver events within complex TLE data. Notably, the comprehensive detection performance index, measured, using the F1 score, improved by 15.9% compared to the Gaussian mixture model. This significant improvement underscores the importance of the proposed method in bolstering the security of complex space environments.  
TLE outlier detection; space event; MGMM; genetic algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
doi:10.3390/app14093729
### Modulation on the Complex Amplitude in Real Space
#### 3.1.1 Single-Path Generation Method Based on Phase Mask
The experimental setup based on a metasurface combined with a 4f system is depicted in Figure 5b. The collimated polarized Gaussian beam illuminates the metasurface. The desired spectrum is filtered at the Fourier plane of L1 and then transformed back to the real space via L2 before being recorded by a CCD camera. The polarization is measured  
Figure 5: **(a)**The schematic of a \(z\)-dependent polarizing device based on the metasurface. (**b**) The experimental setup of generating optical beam with polarization varying with propagation by metasurface [52]. by Stokes polarimetry at different propagation distances using a polarizer and a QWP. When the metasurface serves as an analyser whose transmission axis varies as a function of propagation distance, the polarization varies continuously from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 90\({}^{\circ}\) within the region \(z\) = 2.5 mm to \(z\) = 5.5 mm. The intensity decays gradually along the propagation direction under \(x\)-polarized incident illumination, while the intensity increases over the same propagation region under \(y\)-polarized incident illumination. Aside from serving as the polarizer, the metasurface can also act as an HWP with the direction of fast axis varying along the optical axis, which will change the orientation polarization of an incident linearly polarized beam during propagation. The generated central linear polarization rotates \(\sim\)180\({}^{\circ}\) within a propagation region of 3 mm, corresponding to a rotation rate of \(\sim\)60\({}^{\circ}\)/mm, while the intensity distribution is approximately unchanged as a Bessel function profile during propagation. Finally, a QWP-like metasurface is fabricated with a rotation of its fast axis along the propagation direction, thereby modifying the ellipticity of an incident polarization. The generated polarization of the output beam evolves from linear polarization to elliptical polarization, the LCP then reverts to the original linear polarization, and repeats in the northern hemisphere, forming a closed-looped trajectory on the Poincare sphere. The direction of the fast axis of the wave-plate-like element can be adjusted by rotating the metasurface and the desired conversion of polarization can be achieved at arbitrary propagation positions without a priori knowledge of the incident polarization.
# Optimization of RIS-Assisted 6G NTN Architectures for High-Mobility UAV Communication Scenarios
## 4 Joint Optimization Framework for RIS Configuration and UAV Mobility
### Real-Time RIS Phase-Shift Optimization
#### 4.1.3 Solution  
Step 1: Simplify the Objective Function  
The objective function can be rewritten as  
\[|h_{d}+\mathbf{g}^{H}\mathbf{\Phi}h|^{2}=\left|h_{d}+\sum_{m=1}^{M}g_{m}^{*}h_{m}e^{\phi_ {m}}\right|^{2}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(g_{m}\) and \(h_{m}\) are the \(m\)-th elements of \(\mathbf{g}\) and \(\mathbf{h}\), respectively. The optimal phase alignment is achieved when all components of the reflected path are coherently added to the phase of the direct path.  
Step 2: Optimal Phase-Shift Design  
To maximize the SINR, the RIS phase shifts should align the reflected signal with the direct signal. This is achieved by setting  
\[\phi_{m}=-\arg(h_{d})+\arg(g_{m}^{*}h_{m}),\quad\forall m\in\{1,2,\dots,M\}. \tag{13}\]  
This ensures that the reflected signal is constructively added to the direct signal.  
The proposed solution leverages constructive interference of direct and reflected signals to enhance the signal strength received at the user. This approach is particularly beneficial in environments with high mobility, where maintaining a reliable communication link is crucial.
## 4 Results
### Comparative Analysis with League Prediction Research  
In a study about feature extraction for StarCraft II [13], the authors focused on predicting player leagues from replays, which is a classification task. They used Random Forests to achieve 75.3% accuracy. On the other hand, our research focuses on real-time strategy recommendations, a decision-support task, utilizing causal modeling to deliver interpretable insights. Although both methodologies examine replay data, our hybrid technique addresses a fundamentally different problem area with unique technical constraints. A detailed comparison between the proposed approach and the baseline study is presented in Table 7.  
Key Insights:  
* Data Efficiency: The baseline study [13] employed 46,398 replays to forecast player leagues with an accuracy of 75.3%. In contrast, our hybrid model focuses on strategy suggestions using a more compact curated dataset of 100 matches, augmented by:
* Causal feature engineering (e.g., mineral-to-army thresholds)
* Synthetic data augmentation (CTGAN) for scenario generalization This difference in data scale reflects distinct methodological requirements: their classification task benefits from large-scale replay analysis, while our decision-support system prioritizes targeted causal relationships.
* Interpretability: Their Random Forest operates as a black box, whereas our system provides human-readable strategy rules (e.g., \"_Expand if mineral surplus > 500 with 92% confidence_\").
* Task Complexity: League prediction relies on coarse features (APM, build orders), while our strategy recommendation requires fine-grained analysis of dynamic game states--a harder problem justifying our higher F1-score requirement.
* Real-Time Adaptation: Their model analyzes completed games, while ours reacts to live gameplay (5.94 ms latency vs. their batch-processing approach).  
This comparison suggests that hybrid causal-ML approaches can be effective in complex, dynamic tasks like strategy optimization, even when using substantially less data.
## 7 Experimental Verification and Analysis  
To validate the feasibility of the proposed method, in this paper, we will mainly focus on the BeiDou-3 Global Satellite Navigation System, which is now fully operational, as the main GNSS inter-satellite link simulation source, and the experiment mainly consists of five parts: (i) Simulation scenarios construction and analysis; (ii) Analysis of inter-satellite link visibility (from Beidou-3 constellation to lunarprobe-1); (iii) Inter-satellite link accessibility (from Beidou-3 constellation to cislunar targets to CEI) analysis; (iv) Analysis of link budget of non-cooperative targets in Earth-Moon space; (v) Analysis of measurement accuracy of cislunar targets with the proposed method.
# Nanosheets of CuCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) As a High-Performance Electrocatalyst in Urea Oxidation
## 2 Experimental Details
### Electrochemical Characterization  
To evaluate the catalytic activity of CuCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) and investigate the function of OH\({}^{+}\) ions in the electro-oxidation of urea, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed in 1 M KOH solution containing 0.33 M urea. These measurements were performed using the standard three-electrode method. A Versastat 4-500 electrochemical workstation (Princeton Applied Research, USA) was used for all electrochemical measurements. A platinum wire and a saturated calomel electrode were used as a counter and a reference electrode, respectively. The synthesized sample on nickel foam was used as the working electrode.
# Performance Evaluation of China's First Ocean Dynamic Environment Satellite Constellation
## 3 Results
### Sea Surface Wind Speed (SSWS) Verification
#### 3.4.2 Comparison of SSWS among Multiple Satellites  
The standard deviation of the SSWS differences between the Jason-3 and HY-2B satellites' dual-crossover points was used to verify the HY-2B satellite's wind speed data. Table 4 shows that there were 693 points that satisfied the condition under the restrictions of a 30 min time range of a 50 km spatial range. The standard deviation of the SSWS differences at the dual-crossover points was determined to be 0.85 m/s, and the SSWS were concentrated between 3 and 15 m/s. The results of SSWS comparison between HY-2B and Jason-3 satellites showed that the SSWS obtained by Jason-3 satellite was slightly larger than that obtained by HY-2B satellite. However, we found a good agreement between these two satellites.  
In line with the verification of the SWH data, this study used the HY-2B satellite's SSWS data to verify the HY-2C/D altimeter SSWS data. Table 4 shows that the HY-2B satellite and the HY-2C/D satellites had 948 and 722 dual-crossover points on their tracks, respectively, with a standard deviation of 0.95 m/s and 1.13 m/s, respectively. The quality of the HY-2C satellite's wind speed data was somewhat higher than that of the HY-2D satellite altimeter.
## 5 Conclusions  
We analyzed flow patterns and their effect on WSS at AAA walls through CFD simulations of incompressible, Newtonian, and transient blood flow in three-dimensional rigid models with different proximal neck angulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the angulations of the aortic neck describe the downstream blood flow, influencing flow turbulence and recirculation in the aneurysm sac. This can weaken the aortic wall and form high and low WSS regions. In addition, the velocity increases, and the flow pattern changes when the proximal neck angulation increases, especially at the peak systole and from the early diastole to the mid-diastole. AAA collapse is complicated, being dependent on factors such as maximal diameter, internal asymmetry pressure, wall stresses, intraluminal thrombus, saccular index, and tortuosity. We demonstrated through CFD simulations that the severity of proximal neck angulation affects hemodynamics. In the future, we plan to simulate the vascular intervention using an idealized AAA model as a preliminary visualization of intervention results.  
**Author Contributions:** Y.A.A., N.K., C.N. and S.C.; conceptualization, N.K. and Y.A.A.; methodology, N.K. and T.A.; visualization, Y.A.A. and N.K.; formal analysis, Y.A.A., N.K. and T.A.; writing--original draft preparation, C.N. and S.C.; supervision, C.N. and S.C.; writing--review and editing, S.C.; funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received a specific grant from Health Systems Research Institute, Thailand [HSRI 63-147].  
Not applicable.  
We would like to thank [PERSON] for his advice on the AAA model generation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Glider-Assisted Link Disruption Restoration Mechanism in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
## 4 The GALO Algorithm  
It is necessary to design a glider-assisted relay location optimization algorithm (GALO) so that the glider can calculate the optimal relay location and complete the link restoring when the glider receives the repair command (\(e_{ab}\)) issued by a cluster head. In this section, we first describe the problem and the process of establishing optimization model. Since the glider has a special sawtooth movement, we model it based on its kinematics to solve the problem. Then we briefly introduce the motion model of the \"Petrel\" glider as the basis for model building. In addition, we use the position with the smallest signal attenuation as the optimization target. Due to the special trajectory of gliders, the glider probably cannot arrive the calculated optimal position and therefore depending on the different cases we design two solutions for the glider's trajectory.
# Aerodynamic Optimization and Characterization of a Ducted Tail for a Box-Launched Aircraft
## 2 Research Object and Problem Description  
As shown in Figure 1a, in order to perform a maneuverable and flexible strike mission, a typical aircraft needs to fold its wings and tail in order to be stored in a launch box for launching; the wings and tail are then deployed to perform the mission, which can result in malfunctions during the deployment process. Especially for the tail, debris scattered during the launching process are more likely to hit the tail, thus making the deployment structure of the tail ineffective, resulting in the tail not being able to deploy smoothly, and leading to mission failure. Therefore, the aircraft studied in this paper avoids a folding-tail design. As shown in Figure 1b, the tail wing adopts a ducted configuration; the purpose of this design is that the tail wing of the aircraft does not need to be folded in the launch box nor unfolded after launching from the box, and the lift generated by the ducted effect can be utilized to improve the static stability of the aircraft's pitching. As shown in Figure 1c, the aircraft tail also eliminates the traditional mechanical rudder, and an active jet virtual rudder is designed at the trailing edge of the ducted-type tail to realize pitch control of the aircraft, which can effectively improve the stealth performance of the aircraft.  
However, there are two typical shortcomings in the above design. The ducted tail is located around the fuselage and there is airflow coupling with the fuselage. There will be a lift coefficient nonlinearity problem under different angles of attack, which is not favorable to linear control of the aircraft. Meanwhile, the space of the ducted tail structure is limited, the arrangement of a traditional mechanical deflection rudder will increase the complexity of structural design, and it is not conducive to the stealth performance of the aircraft. Therefore, with the goal of improving the aerodynamic performance of the ducted tail, optimizing the optimal relative position between the tail and fuselage and the shape of the duct based on the design space constraints to achieve linear static stability of the aircraft is one of the focuses of this paper. Another key research element is to evaluate  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the research object. (**a**) Traditional box launch aircraft; (**b**) Ducted tail wing aircraft; (**c**) Parameterization and jet control principles.  
the effectiveness of the active jet virtual control rudder surface, so that the ducted tail can control pitching maneuvers of the aircraft. In this paper, only the aerodynamic optimization and aerodynamic characteristic analysis of the ducted tail is studied.
# Design for Additive Manufacturing and for Machining in the Automotive Field
## 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks  
The paper proposes a holistic approach to the design of an automotive part to be produced by LPBF, by combining functional and structural requirements with the needs of the additive construction and of the final finishing step. For this purpose, concurrent exploitation of software tools for topology optimization, design, process simulation, dimensional control and computer-aided manufacturing was performed. Moreover, Design for Finishing principles were applied since accounting for the final machining step in the development of additively manufactured parts is necessary to avoid the risk of optimized complex geometries to cause bottlenecks during finishing. The proposed method was successful in achieving a right-first-time part and in avoiding unpredictable defects and out-of-tolerance rejections, which today hamper the full economic viability of LBPF. Although the approach was tested on a specific case study, its validity is more general since it can be extended in principle to any part geometry.  
In addition, the paper offers a time- and cost-assessment of LPBF versus CNC alone, thus contributing to understanding the conditions in which additive processes are an advantageous alternative to traditional subtractive ones. In the considered case study, LPBF proved to be economically more convenient than CNC, unless a single part had to be produced.  
This work was supported by the Regione Emilia Romagna (Italy), under POR-FESR 2014-2020 Actions 1.1.1 and 1.1.4 L.R. 14/2014 grant number E98117000090009.  
Conceptualization and supervision, E.B.; Methodology, S.D.; Software, L.D.E.; Investigation, L.D.E. and S.D.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, L.D.E. and S.D.; Writing-Review & Editing, E.T. and N.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Regione Emilia Romagna (Italy), POR-FESR 2014-2020 Actions 1.1.1 and 1.1.4 L.R. 14/2014 grant number E9811700009009.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 5: Direct comparison between LPBF + CNC and CNC alone in terms of cost per part (**a**) and lead-time (**b**) as a function of the production volume. Costs (**a**) are specified for first orders and for reorders. Single contributions to the cost per part for LPBF + CNC (**c**) and for CNC alone (**d**).