esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Using Feedback Strategies in Simulated Annealing with Crystallization Heuristic and Applications
## 2 SA with Crystallization Heuristic and Feedback Strategies  
SA is a popular nature-based optimization technique, and it shares many features with other meta-heuristics. Although the final solution is not guaranteed to be optimal, SA can be applied to a wide range of problems (different types of variables and objective functions) and is capable of escaping local optima when searching for a solution.  
The SA algorithm was inspired by a mathematical simulation of atoms in equilibrium at a given temperature [13]. The algorithm was subsequently formalized by [14], incorporating the atom equilibrium configuration simulation by using a multivariate combinatorial optimizer. In [15], the algorithm was later extended for use with continuous variables.  
At its core, SA is an iterative method with the so-called temperature parameter decreasing during execution and influencing the solution selection process. In a typical SA application, the solution is modified at each iteration, defining a candidate, and the objective function is reevaluated. If the candidate cost is smaller, then the modification is accepted. If the new cost is larger, then the modification is accepted with the probability  
\[P(\Delta E)=\exp\left(-\Delta E/T\right) \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta E\) is the difference between the current and previous costs, \(k\) is the Boltzman constant, and \(T\) is the current temperature.  
This procedure allows the search to escape local optima, with the temperature parameter influencing how likely a worse solution is to be accepted; at higher temperatures, a worse solution is more likely to be accepted, whereas the inverse is true for lower temperatures. Therefore, the control of the temperature parameter, defined by the cooling schedule, has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the SA algorithm.  
Algorithm 1 shows the pseudo code of a basic implementation of the SA algorithm. The algorithm consists of two nested loops: the external loop controls the temperature and the internal loop performs the solution modifications.  
```
\(x\leftarrow<\) random initial solution \(>\) \(T\leftarrow<\) initial temperature \(T_{0}>\) while\(<\) The global condition is not satisfied\(>\)do while\(<\) The local condition is not satisfied\(>\)do \(x^{*}\leftarrow<\) modified solution \(>\) \(\Delta E=F(x^{*})-F(x)\) if\(\Delta E<0\)then \(x\gets x^{*}\) elseif\(\text{random}(0,1)<\exp\left(-\Delta E/T\right)\)then \(x\gets x^{*}\) endif endwhile \(T\gets T*\alpha\) endwhile
```  
**Algorithm 1** Basic SA  
Parameter \(\alpha\) controls the cooling schedule within the external loop. During each iteration of the inner loop, a new solution \(x^{*}\) is created by modifying \(x\), the new cost is evaluated, and the modification is either accepted or rejected. The local condition that controls the inner loop can be a fixed number of iterations or accepted candidates. On the other hand, the global stop condition is more application-specific, but usually reflects the solution convergence.
## 2 Medical Background  
The discovery of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in 1965 is lauded as the greatest progress in the history of sleep medicine [9]. For many years, OSA was regarded as the occasional closure of the upper airway, thus, early treatments, such as tracheostomy, prioritized primarily on reducing the obstruction to airway [10]. However, recent studies show that OSA is linked to the risk of cardiovascular disease and death [11], emphasizing the need to consider other factors for treatment options.  
The emergence of sleep disorders, such as insomnia, OSA, and various other sleep-related disorders further contribute to poor sleep quality [12; 13]. Some sleep disorders manifest themselves in sleep interruptions, such as early morning awaking, and the lack or absence of restful sleep [14]. In OSA, this is more severe with symptoms such as extreme daytime drowsiness, snoring and repeated occurrences of interruptions to the respiratory airflow during sleep, which stems from the collapse of the upper airway in the throat [15]. These in turn affect the cardiovascular physiology, causing cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, angina, and heart failure [16]. OSA has also been linked to higher morbidity and mortality rates [17] and low quality of vital scores [18]. Some studies had also showed that a lack of sleep increases fatigue during the day, which decreases the performance of individuals at work and threatens their occupational safety [19; 20].  
Overnight polysomnogram (PSG) is currently the \"gold standard\" to measure multiple physiologic parameters of sleep, and it is used to score sleep stages [6]. These recordings include electroencephalograms (EEGs), electrooculograms (EOGs), electromyograms (EMGs), electrocardiogram (ECGs), respiratory efforts, airflow, and blood oxygenation [5]. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines [21], sleep should be scored by segmenting these PSG recordings into 30-s fragments, also known as epochs. Each epoch is then scored and categorized based on the sleep stages that appear most often. For example, an epoch with one characteristic of Sleep Stage 1 and two characteristics of Sleep Stage 2 will be classified as Sleep Stage 2.  
Technology has been shown to help improve convenience and bring down healthcare costs. In this case, such technology could take the form of a cost-effective programmed diagnostic tool (PDT) for automated detection of sleep disorders. Some studies had demonstrated the ability of PDTs to perform as well as experts in sleep stage scoring [22; 23; 24], and even outperforming the experts in the detection of microstructures of sleep, such as arousal and cyclic alternating pattern. These highlight PDT versatility and the potential to first augment (and perhaps replace) human experts in the analysis of sleep recordings [6; 25].
# UAV-Based Airport Lights Inspection Without GNSS Positioning Support
## 5 Discussion  
The working hypothesis--sequence of images of lights on airfield runways recorded during a UAV flight and the geodesic documentation of the light positions are sufficient for determining light positions--is proved. The photogrammetric range imaging technique is suitable for determining airport light positions. The results of the application of the technique in the demanding procedure of assessing the parameters of PAPI lights show that the positioning errors do not hinder the assessment. The errors of determining the colour transition angles of the PAPI units fall within the ranges set by aviation administration documents [2].  
The tests show that reliable measurements of PAPI light parameters require a set of measurements in order to alleviate errors due to changing UAV flight and camera parameters. UAVs are sensitive to wind conditions, which cause random deviations in the mission parameters. Mission planning plays an important role in collecting measurement data for obtaining accurate inspection results  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Mission** & **Number of Lights** & **Number of Detected Lights** \\ \hline
013\_runway\_01 & 268 + 4 PAPI & 267 + 4 PAPI \\
010\_runway\_29 & 466 & 458 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: ALS and runway light detection results.  
Figure 10: Results of detecting ALS and runway lights: (**a**) view of the start of the runway; (**b**) detailed view: red marks are the geodesic positions, yellow and violet marks are the results of inspection flights.
## 2 Developmental Overview
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Germany} & E-Energy and & \multirow{2}{*}{2008 and 2016} & Focus on the interconnection of information networks & \multirow{2}{*}{Data interconnection} & Built an information network based on information and communication technology (ICT) centered around information, utilizing the information network to collect, process, and provide real-time feedback on information from the production and consumption ends of electricity, thereby supporting the energy network in making decisions. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{  
Due to China's well developed grid system and its global leadership in ultra-high voltage technology, research in China on energy interconnection focuses more on power system interconnection. However, urban comprehensive energy station systems, exemplified by WSHP, are more complex. They are based on power systems but also incorporate characteristics of multi-energy coupling and information fusion typical of energy interconnections. Research on the digitization and intelligentization of WSHP energy stations is relatively scarce. With the increasing number of WSHP energy station projects adopting the energy interconnection concept and utilizing technologies like digital twin (DT), information and communication technology (ICT), and artificial intelligence (AI), deep integration of energy and information can be achieved to accomplish energy-saving and carbon-reduction goals [15; 16; 17]. This has been a research hotspot in recent years. Many scholars have conducted in-depth research in this field. [PERSON] et al. [18] provided an overview of the correlation between information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, IoT devices, and blockchain, as well as their integration with smart energy management strategies. [PERSON] et al. [19] reviewed the literature on the development of autonomous building energy management systems using reinforcement learning, and summarized methods for optimizing energy utilization by combining advanced sensor technology, communication and advanced control algorithms. [PERSON] et al. [17] systematically reviewed the literature on the use of artificial intelligence technology to improve intelligent building energy management systems in recent years, and studied autonomous energy cycle management based on data analysis tasks to achieve the goal of improving energy efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [20] combined the advantages of knowledge-driven and data-driven methods and proposed a fault diagnosis method based on knowledge-guided and data-driven methods for building HVAC systems. Through this research review, we believe that combining various information technology means to achieve load forecasting, fault diagnosis, and operation optimization of energy systems is an important direction for research in the field of energy and the internet. Research on the intelligent operation of the WSHP energy system has become more significant due to its complexity and dynamic user characteristics.
## 2 A Primer on Multi-Link Aggregation in IEEE 802.11 be  
This section first introduces the multi-link architecture currently discussed in IEEE 802.11 be, and describes synchronous and asynchronous multi-link operations based on the multi-link architecture.
## 1 Introduction  
With the growth of inner-city living, especially in earthquake-prone areas, calls have been raised for cities to make crucial adjustments to prioritize the safety of people who live and use city spaces [1]. Legislation, standards, and codes aim to ensure that buildings are constructed to withstand earthquake shaking, yet they translate only to the possibility of buildings not collapsing and they do not protect people from the effects of non-structural or content damage, damage to adjunct buildings, and critical infrastructure or lifelines [2]. Other initiatives are equally necessary, such as revising building strategies with more functional designs, housing recovery, and sensible hazard planning [3, 4]. While some of these factors (i.e., non-structural damage) may be addressed by resilient design, others may be more difficult to address, particularly the impacts that arise from external influences. As argued by [PERSON] [5], the ability of a building to function and be habitable during and after an earthquake will always be questionable.  
Within Aotearoa New Zealand, there are also various resources that focus specifically on earthquake disaster preparedness. These encourage preparedness planning to promote personal safety and shield apartment dwellers, in particular, from harm during an earthquake and during the aftermath. They include information on immediate actions that should be taken when an earthquake occurs, such as 'drop, cover, and hold', knowing tsunami evacuation routes, and having a household plan. A good plan means having insurance, knowing where the utility services are in your dwelling (gas, water, and electric),and agreeing on a meeting place with family and friends. Being earthquake prepared requires having enough food, water, and medicine supplies [4; 6; 7]).  
Despite the emphasis on generic planning strategies, there is a paucity of research that explores earthquake experiences and preparedness planning for apartment dwellers, particularly in Aotearoa. Of the research that exists, it mostly attends to the structural engineering aspect of risk reduction (for example see [8; 9]). Research into the human aspect of apartment or high-rise dwelling and risk reduction is largely founded in the US because of their customary use of tall buildings. This includes work by [PERSON], [PERSON] [10] and [PERSON] and colleagues [11] who found that space and storage limitations prevent multi-dwelling units from stowing preparedness items.  
While it is accepted that urban structures influence the manner in which cities function during disasters [1], the present research contributes to knowledge about the experiences of people residing in earthquake-prone cities following a significant earthquake and the implications this has for their future preparedness. We explored how participants reduce potential harms from a future earthquake by becoming informed about physical risks in their buildings, drawing on legislation, building codes, and seismic strengthening standards. We were also concerned about the actions people took to prepare for an earthquake, including storing water, food, and other survival items.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Nanobubbling on Bio-Polyurea Film  
A bio-polyurea film was prepared using liquefied wood obtained from ozone nanobubble-treated wood meal by the same method as in our previous research. The tensile test was conducted in accordance with JJS K7201, and the results of three different nanobubble samples are presented in Figure 8 and Table 7, respectively.  
Since our previous research [39] showed that hydroxyl numbers above 300 exhibit comparable tensile strength, the combination of cyanate resin, liquefied wood, and polyamine  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Polyurea Film**} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **OH Number** \\ **(KOH/mg)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Stress (MPa)** & **Strain (\%)** \\ \hline Non treatment & 341 & 43.6 (3.2) & 4.3 (0.6) \\ \hline Nanobubble @RT & 387 & 40.9 (4.8) & 5.8 (1.8) \\ \hline Nanobubble @50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 557 & 46.7 (10.3) & 5.9 (1.3) \\ \hline +Ultrasonic @RT & 581 & 42.8 (6.0) & 6.1 (0.6) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison of the tensile tests of the nanobubble-treated and untreated samples.  
Figure 8: Stress-strain curve of three different nanobubble-treated and untreated samples (only the typical curve is shown for each).  
used in this study (with a cyanate-to-hydroxyl-to-amino group ratio of 2:1:1) can be considered representative of typical performance characteristics.  
On the other hand, the elongation at breaks tended to be higher in liquefied wood derived from ozone nanobubble-treated wood meal. While the tensile stress primarily depends on chemical bonding and is unaffected by ozone nanobubble treatment, elongation is influenced by factors such as molecular chain slippage, chain length, and branching structure. This phenomenon is known as the \"entanglement effect\" in polymers, which is schematically illustrated in Figure 9.  
Polymers, as long-chain molecules, inherently exhibit chain entanglement in both their solution and solid states. This entanglement restricts molecular mobility and enhances resistance to external forces. Under tensile stress, the entangled chains gradually slide past one another, absorbing energy and improving both the strength and ductility of the material. In the case of ozone nanobubble treatment, it is likely that this entanglement effect was enhanced.  
This hypothesis is further supported by the observed differences in the viscosity of liquefied wood where molecular branching structures and reduced hydrogen bonding were indicated. These findings are consistent with the enhanced entanglement effect in ozone nanobubble-treated samples.
###### Abstract  
Diaryl-substituted anthracene derivatives containing 3-(trifluoromethylophenyl)phenyl) groups, 9,10-diphenyl-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)anthracene (**1**), 9,10-di([1,1\({}^{\prime}\)-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)anthracene (**2**), and 9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) anthracene (**3**) were synthesized and characterized. The compounds **1-3** possessed high thermal stability and proper frontier-energy levels, which make them suitable as host materials for blue organic light-emitting diodes. The electroluminescent (EL) emission maximum of the three \(N\),\(N\)-diphenylamino phenyl vinyl biphenyl (DPAVBi)-doped (8 wt %) devices for compounds **1-3** was exhibited at 488 nm (for **1**) and 512 nm (for **2** and **3**). Among them, the **1**-based device displayed the highest device performances in terms of brightness (\(L_{\mathrm{max}}\) = 2153.5 cd\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), current efficiency (2.1 cd\(\cdot\)A\({}^{-1}\)), and external quantum efficiency (0.8%), compared to the **2**- and **3**-based devices.  
Keywords:anthracene; organic light-emitting diodes (OLED); blue-host material; electroluminescence +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 5 Conclusions and Outlook  
In this study, we propose a Fuzzy-ADRC-based speed controller for a PMSM designed to handle small disturbances. To evaluate its performance, we develop and compare three motor control simulation models: SMO, ADRC, and Fuzzy-ADRC. The validation results show that Fuzzy-ADRC outperforms SMO and ADRC in terms of settling time and disturbance compensation. Fuzzy-ADRC achieves a smaller overshoot than SMO, reducing it from 70% to 2.9% when targeting the same motor speed. It also exhibits a faster dynamic response than ADRC, improving the settling time from 0.026 s to 0.017 s. During motor acceleration and deceleration, Fuzzy-ADRC has an average overshoot of 14%, while SMO has an average overshoot of 23%, indicating Fuzzy-ADRC's superior performance in startup and braking scenarios. Additionally, Fuzzy-ADRC provides smoother speed control and demonstrates minimal speed drop and high compensation accuracy when a small load torque is introduced, remaining largely unaffected by load disturbances. By appropriately amplifying the speed error in the output coefficients of the FC in the presence of slight variations in the motor's internal parameters, ADRC's compensation ability can be enhanced, thus improving the system's robustness against internal disturbances. Consequently, the Fuzzy-ADRC speed control strategy exhibits enhanced robustness, anti-interference capability, and reduced sensitivity to system characteristics and external disturbances. However, it is important to note that this study focuses solely on simulating small disturbances. Future research will further investigate the influence of iron core saturation and motor parameter variations on system control performance in real-world motors, using methods such as parameter identification. Additionally, expanding the  
Figure 11: The variations in internal parameters correspond to changes in the speed curves. Note: (**a**) Varying the magnetic flux coefficient; (**b**) changing the stator inductance value.  
range of considered disturbances will contribute to improving the practicality of this control algorithm.  
Conceptualization, Q.Z.; methodology, Q.Z.; software, C.Z.; validation, C.Z.; formal analysis, Q.Z.; investigation, C.Z.; resources, C.Z.; data curation, C.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Z.; writing--review and editing, Q.Z.; visualization, Q.Z.; supervision, Q.Z.; project administration, Q.Z.; funding acquisition, Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the key research and development projects in Guangxi, grant number 21076005.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the Intelligent Control Base Laboratory of Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology for technical support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Results
### Effect of VOCs on Attractive Parasitoid  
Results of the laboratory experiments using Y-tube olfactometer bioassays showed the response of the aphids _M. persicae_ (\(n=30\) for each replicate) and their parasitoids _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ (\(n=15\) for each replicate and each parasitoid) to the uninfested and infested cabbage plants by 30 individual aphids and 15 individuals per replicate of parasitoid. These results indicated that green peach aphids in cabbage were significantly (Chisquare (\(\chi^{2}\)) = 18.61, df = 1 and \(p<0.0005\)) more attracted to the VOCs released from infested plant (80%) rather than clean air (7%). Results showed that _M. persicae_ were significant different in the preference for cabbage plants, with more attraction to the uninfested plants than clean air. The percentage of attracted aphids was 75.56% versus 3% (\(\chi^{2}=20.16\), df = 1 and \(p<0.0005\)). While the results indicated that the aphids were significantly more attracted to the infested cabbage compared with the uninfested plant, the percentage of aphid numbers attracted towards infested cabbage plants was 63%, versus 26.67% attracted to uninfested cabbage plants (\(\chi^{2}=4.48\), df = 1 and \(p<0.034\)) (Figure 3). For the parasitoid experiments, the attraction of parasitoids _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ to volatiles released by plants, where they were given a choice between uninfested and infested plants, was analyzed. Both _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ were significantly more attracted to volatiles from plants infested with green peach aphids compared with clean air (Figure 4). The frequency of parasitoid attraction was 93.33% and 100% towards the infested cabbage plant versus 7% and 20%, respectively, towards the clean air for both parasitoids _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ (\(\chi^{2}=11.26\), df = 1 and \(p=0.001\) for _A. colemani_ and \(\chi^{2}=4.57\), df = 1 and \(p=0.033\) for _A. abdominalis_). The statistical analysis showed that both parasitoids were significantly attracted to the infested plant. However, there was no difference between attracted wasps for the odors released from an uninfested plant and clean air, and there were no responses for both parasitoids _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ to the healthy plant odor versus clean air (both parasitoids showed no significant response to the treatment). By percentage, 4.44% of _A. colemani_ wasp and 7% of _A. abdominalis_ were attracted to volatiles released from uninfested plants, versus 7% for both parasitoids headed for clean air treatment, while the percentage of no responses of parasitoids was 88.86% and 86.66% for _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_, respectively (\(\chi^{2}=19.20\), df = 2 and \(p=0.001\) for _A. colemani_ and \(\chi^{2}=19.20\), df = 2 and \(p=0.001\) for _A. abdominalis_). When given a choice between uninfested and infested cabbage plants, _A. colemani_ and _A. abdominalis_ parasitoids were significantly more attracted to volatiles released from infested plant rather than at