# ChatGPT and Open-AI Models: A Preliminary Review
## 3 Literature Review
### Education Topics  
The study by [PERSON] et al. examined the impact of AI chatbots, including ChatGPT, on higher education and its potential developments and implications [47]. The benefits of using student-facing AI applications were analyzed, including improving intelligent student support systems. The use of teacher-facing AI applications was also explored, which could automate tasks such as assessment, plagiarism detection, and feedback mechanisms. The authors suggested recommendations for higher education institutions and students to mitigate the potential drawbacks of using AI tools such as ChatGPT. In a study, [PERSON] explored the potential threat of ChatGPT to online examinations and highlighted the importance of exam integrity [15]. The study revealed that ChatGPT could produce highly authentic text with advanced reasoning capabilities, raising concerns about cheating. The author employed a three-step methodology to examine ChatGPT's higher-order thinking abilities, and the generated responses were on-topic and relevant. The author suggested designing test questions that are not readily accessible via cheating resources, returning to oral exams, and utilizing GPT output detection models as potential solutions to reduce cheating. Overall, the study emphasizes the need to address the potential risks of ChatGPT in academic integrity and calls for further research to develop effective measures to prevent cheating. [PERSON] et al. explored the concerns related to ChatGPT's implementation in education [48]. The study used three data analysis stages: social network analysis of tweets, content analysis of interviews, and investigation of user experiences. The findings showed that users perceived ChatGPT as valuable for transforming education, but they also had several concerns related to cheating prevention, content quality, and fair access for all users. The authors suggested integrating ChatGPT into teaching practices and providing recommendations for future research to address the identified concerns. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering AI-based technologies' potential risks and benefits in education. [PERSON] suggested that ChatGPT could be used as a tool to teach English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and proposed various ways to utilize ChatGPT in creating instructional materials, such as generating textual content, vocabulary and grammar exercises, virtual teaching assistants, and interactive educational resources [49]. The author believed that ChatGPT has excellent potential in the educational sector but acknowledged that it could be challenging for educators who lack programming language and machine learning knowledge to utilize ChatGPT for ESP instruction. Therefore, [PERSON] suggested providing resources and training for educators to use ChatGPT effectively. [PERSON] conducted a two-stage study to explore how students perceive ChatGPT and its potential educational challenges [50]. The study involved senior computer engineering students who evaluated ChatGPT using their own words after completing a learning activity. The results were analyzed to create a questionnaire, which the students responded to in the second stage. The study found that students generally had a favorable view of ChatGPT, finding it exciting and admining its capabilities but also expressing concerns about its accuracy. The students noted that ChatGPT's responses may not always be precise and that effective use of the tool requires prior knowledge. The author recommended that educators guide students on effective questioning techniques and the validation of responses while developers improve the accuracy of ChatGPT. [PERSON]'s article discussed the use of ChatGPT in scientific article writing and the potential risks and benefits associated with its use [51]. The author highlighted the dangers of misusing ChatGPT to produce low-quality papers and emphasized the potential benefits for non-native English speakers regarding language and grammar checks and drafting paragraphs.