## 3 Results
### Study Characteristics  
The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 2a,b. Figure 1: Schematic representation of the study selection process. Based on the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram [36]. \({}^{*}\) Records identified from each database. \({}^{**}\) Records were excluded by a human and automation tools. _Appl. Sci._**2024**, 14, 1729 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & & & & (a) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Author/Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Glass Ionomer/Other Materials**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Microleakage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Main Outcome**} \\  & & **Characteristics and Cavity Size** & & & & **Values** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Alwan and Al-Waheb 2021 Iraq [39]} & RMGIC: Fuji II LC & 36 sound primary molars & & & 2\% methylene blue & \\  & Hybrid GI: Equia & 3 groups (n = 12) & G1. Fuji II LC & (score 0–4) & & Equia Forte showed \\  & & Forte & 3 groups (n = 12) & G2. Fuji IX + & & Mean/SD & significantly less \\  & & & & G-Coat Plus & & G1. 0947/0.5393 & microleakage than \\  & & & & & & the other groups. \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & Equia Coat & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al.,} & \multirow{4}{*}{GC Dentine} & \multirow{4}{*}{Class V labial surface (3 \(\times\) 2 \(\times\) 2 mm depth)} & \multirow{4}{*}{G1c. Fuji II + G-Coat} & \multirow{4}{*}{G1c. Fuji II LC + G1a. 2.8 /0.44/G2a.} & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} found between Fuji II \\ and Fuji II LC \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & (3 \(\times\) 2 \(\times\) 2 mm depth) with the incisal & & G2c. Fuji II LC + G-Coat & G1b. 2.0/0.6/G2b. & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} subgroups Glb and \\ G2b showed \\ significant \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & G2b showed \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat Plus & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al.,} & \multirow{4}{*}{GIC: Fuji IX LC} & 120 caries/exfoliated primary molars & & & 2\% basic fuchsin dye & \\  & & & 4 groups (n = 30) & G1. Fuji IX & (score 0–3) & \\  & & & & G-Coat Plus & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al.,} & \multirow{4}{*}{GIC: Ketac Molar} & \multirow{4}{*}{60 sound primary amines} & G1. Ketac N100 + water & 0.5\% methylene blue & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} less microleakage \\ than \\ GC with and \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & 6 groups (n = 10) & & & \\  & & & G3. Ketac N100 + & & & \\  & & & G3. Ketac N100 + & & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\  & & & & G-Coat & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al.,} & \multirow{4}{*}{GIC: Fuji IX} & \multirow{4}{*}{36 sounds primary amines} & G1. Ketac N100 + & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al.,} & \multirow{4}{*}{GIC: Fuji IX} & 21 sound primary amines & & & 2\% methylene blue & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} No significant \\ differences were \\ found between the \\ groups. \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & 3 groups (n = 7) & G1. Fuji IX & & & & \\  & & & G2. Fuji II LC & & & \\  & & & G1. 1.29/0.488 & & & \\  & & & & G2.157/1.134 & & & \\  & & & & G2. 257/1.139 & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: (a) General outcomes in primary teeth. (b) General outcomes in permanent teeth.