## 3 Improved RE-BPFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm
### View Change Protocol
The algorithm dynamically evaluates node behaviors, accurately identifying and selecting trustworthy nodes to prevent Byzantine failures. This strategy significantly cuts down the number of messages and associated communication costs required to reach a consensus. Experimental results indicate that the proposed RE-PBFT method notably surpasses existing algorithms such as PBFT, RBFT, and PPoR, delivering substantial improvements in system throughput, reducing transaction latency, and decreasing communication overhead. Although RE-PBFT exhibits strong resilience against Byzantine node behaviors, its capability to address other fault scenarios, such as crash faults or latency-related issues, remains limited. Therefore, future studies will explore additional strategies to handle diverse fault conditions, aiming to further enhance the robustness and fault tolerance of the system. Moreover, ongoing refinement of the proposed algorithm and its practical application across broader scenarios will be pursued to ensure more reliable and efficient distributed consensus. Conceptualization, X.W. and J.D. ; methodology, J.D. ; software, J.T. ; validation, X.W., J.D. and Y.L. ; formal analysis, J.D. ; investigation, Y.L. ; resources, X.W. ; data curation, J.T. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.D. ; writing--review and editing, J.D. ; visualization, Y.L. ; supervision, X.W. ; project administration, X.W. ; funding acquisition, X.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62462029, 62062006), and the Natural Science Basis Research Plan in Hainan Province of China (625 RC758). Not applicable. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## References

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