## 5 Conclusions  
This work presented the preliminary realization of a proposed e-HPS that drives the lifting of the dumpster and garbage compaction of a waste compactor truck, as opposed to the traditional ICE-HPS for similar applications.  
The power consumption during the collection scenario cycle was firstly defined in the case of the ICE-HPS and later experimentally measured in the case of the proposed e-HPS. The different components of the e-HPS were described in detail and the battery pack was modelled using the KiBaM, implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The KiBaM was firstly used to estimate the SOC of the battery pack during the collection scenario cycle and later to evaluate the trend of the battery SOH, as a function of the number of charge/discharge cycles. The end-of-life of the battery pack was assessed to perform the economic feasibility of the proposed e-HPS during the whole lifespan of the compactor truck, which was assumed to be 12 years.  
The results highlighted the implementation mode to build this electrical system (e-HPS), and both the electric power measurements and the KiBaM simulations demonstrated the reliability of the realized system. The economic analysis showed the convenience of the e-HPS, both in terms of emission reductions and fuel cost savings, compared to the traditional ICE-HPS.  
The limitations of this study could include, from an energy perspective, the lack of implementation of a kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) on the truck. However, from an economic perspective, the cost evaluation was realistic based on a prototype scenario. In fact, the installation costs of the e-HPS, which are now dominant compared to the costs of the devices, will be reduced according to economies of scale.  
Future investigations could include implementing the KERS and equipping the e-HPS with a 48 V alternator, coupled to the ICE, to partially recharge the battery pack during the traveling phase.  
The insights from this study could be extended to a broader range of vehicles that use similar hybrid systems, especially for vehicles that have a ratio between the idling phase and the traveling phase greater than one, such as ICE forklifts and dump trucks, thus laying the foundations for more economical and greener logistic operations.  
Conceptualization, M.D.S. and L.S.; methodology, M.D.S. and L.S.; software, M.D.S. and L.S.; validation, L.S., M.D.S. and A.F.; formal analysis, L.S., M.D.S.; investigation, L.S. and M.D.S.; resources, A.F., G.D.B. and A.R.D.F.; data curation, M.D.S. and L.S.; writing--original draft preparation, L.S. and M.D.S.; writing--review and editing, M.D.S. and L.S.; visualization, M.D.S. and L.S.; supervision, M.D.S. and L.S.; project administration, M.D.S.; funding acquisition, G.D.B. and A.R.D.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Economic Development of Italy, Innovation Industry R&D project named A.C.M.E. \"Mobilita Sostenibile ed Intelligente\" (FOR FESR Lazio 2014-2020 - A0111-2016-13199 -CUP F46G17000670007).  
Not Applicable.  
The authors would like to thank engineers [PERSON] and [PERSON] (O.P.V. Solutions Srl) for their fundamental support in the practical implementation of the e-HPS. The authors would also like to thank engineer [PERSON] (Yokogawa Italia Srl) to provide the power analyzer WT5000 for the electric power investigation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.