# Industrial Internet of Things for a Wirelessly Controlled Water Distribution Network
## 5 Proposed Network Architecture Design
### Network Architecture Using Wi-Fi Network Solution  
For using Wi-Fi in industrial settings where data transmission reliability and timeliness are paramount, adopting a star topology through BSS is the preferred networking strategy. This configuration ensures superior Quality of Service (QoS), which is critical for operations where data from field instruments must be exchanged with the PLCs without delay.  
1. Main Tank: Given that the PLC at the main tank monitors and controls data at ten wells, the network will be divided into three sections using sector antennas instead  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology**} & **Area** & **Power** & **Data Rate** & **Network** & **Strengths** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Zigbee} & \multirow{2}{*}{10–100 m per hop} & Low: very low-power, long battery & Up to 250 kbps & Mesh (self-organizing) & Low power and good for sensor networks & Short range and low throughput \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & life & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{WirelessHART} & \multirow{2}{*}{50 m typical, up to 250 m} & Low: low power, battery-operated & \multirow{2}{*}{250 kbps} & Mesh (multi-hop) & Reliable for industrial monitoring, and low data & Short range and low data rates \\  & & line-of-sight & operated & & deterministic timing & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LoRaWAN} & \multirow{2}{*}{5 km in urban, and 15+ km in rural areas} & Very low: long battery life, and low duty cycle & Up to 50 kbps & Star-of-stars & Very long range, low power, and excellent penetration & Low data rate and high latency \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sigfox} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 km in urban, and up to 40 km in rural areas} & Very low: can last 5–10 years on a battery & Up to 0.1 kbps & Star & Longest range, low power usage, and cost-effective & Very low throughput and no real-time support \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Main Water Tank**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Secondary Water Tank**} \\ \hline
1. & T/1/677/0/96 & 1. & w-658 \\ \hline
2. & T/1/656/0/96 & 2. & ww3 \\ \hline
3. & T/1/257/0/96 & 3. & ww7 \\ \hline
4. & T/1/678/0/96 & 4. & w-190 \\ \hline
5. & T/1/657/0/96 & & \\ \hline
6. & T/1/235/0/96 & & \\ \hline
7. & ww1 & & \\ \hline
8. & T/1/676/0/96 & & \\ \hline
9. & ww2 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Water tanks associated wells.  
of a single omnidirectional antenna, as shown in Figure 3. Each cluster of wells will communicate with the PLC via its designated sector AP. This configuration not only helps avoid a single point of failure but also enhances network scalability.
2. Secondary Tank: The secondary water tank adopts a star topology akin to the main tank but with a notable difference. It connects only three wells wirelessly because the fourth well (W-190) is directly wired due to its proximity. Given the smaller scale, the design proposes using an omnidirectional antenna as the AP, sufficient to cover the three wells as shown in Figure 4. Furthermore, to enable communication between the two PLCs at each network, a point-to-point link is required.  
Figure 4: Illustration of the secondary water tank star network.  
Figure 3: Illustration of the main water tank three-sector star network.