# Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cosmeceutical Potential of Four Common Edible Mushrooms
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cosmeceutical Properties of Mushroom Extracts
bisporus_ ([[https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/agaricus-bisporus-extract](https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/agaricus-bisporus-extract)]([https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/agaricus-bisporus-extract](https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/agaricus-bisporus-extract))). For instance, the cosmetic \"Fastscription(tm) Instant De-Puff Eye Gel\" ([[https://wexlerdermatology.com](https://wexlerdermatology.com)]([https://wexlerdermatology.com](https://wexlerdermatology.com))) owned by Dr. [PERSON] (Wexler Dermatology) contains extracts of _A. bisporus_ and other ingredients that improve the skin surface and prevent wrinkling [22]. Other applications for the use of _A. bisporus_ extracts have been suggested. For example, the high vitamin D content and several minerals in _A. bisporus_ extracts make them suitable to be incorporated into shampoos to resolve hair problems such as dandruff, oily hair, and hair loss [60]. The most common approach to achieving skin whitening is through the inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme which catalyzes the most important steps of mammalian melanogenesis [61, 62]. Many factors can cause hyperpigmentation of the skin [63]; therefore, finding inhibitors of this process, i.e., natural inhibitors of the tyrosinase enzyme, is of great interest in the natural cosmetic domain. Regarding the ability of our extracts to inhibit tyrosinase activity, Table 5 shows that at the tested concentrations, none of the four mushroom species reached a 50% inhibition of the enzyme. However, at the higher concentration tested, _A. bisporus_ inhibited the activity of tyrosinase up to 39.9 \(\pm\) 2.6%. Since the tyrosinase inhibition percentage increases as the dose of DE used increases, it is possible that a slightly higher concentration of the DE could result in an inhibition near 50%. In accordance, _A. bisporus_ also showed the lowest IC\({}_{50}\) value compared to the other mushroom extracts. To evaluate the cosmeceutical potential of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Mushrooms** & **0.1 mg DE/mL** & **1.0 mg DE/mL** & **10.0 mg DE/mL** & **IC\({}_{50}\) (mg DE/mL)** \\ \hline _A. bisporus_ & 6.4 \(\pm\) 10.3\%; B; ab & 43.0 \(\pm\) 7.1\% b; a & 74.4 \(\pm\) 7.5\% B; a & 5.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 \\ _B. edulis_ & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.5\% b & 2.0 \(\pm\) 2.0\% c & 1.2 \(\pm\) 11\% c & n.d. \\ _L. eddes_ & 6.6 \(\pm\) 4.0\% a & 7.0 \(\pm\) 1.4\% b & 3.2 \(\pm\) 5.4\% b & n.d. \\ _P. ostreatus_ & 6.7 \(\pm\) 6.6\% a & 6.8 \(\pm\) 4.7\% bc & 3.3 \(\pm\) 1.6\% b & n.d. \\ \hline \end{tabular} All the assays were carried out in triplicate, and the results were expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(\pi\) = 3). For each concentration (column), the differences among the species were verified using the Mann–Whitney U test considering a significance level of \(p<0.05\). Different lowercase letters report significant differences between different mushroom species. Different uppercase letters report significant differences between different concentrations for each mushroom (row) at \(p<0.05\), according to Kruskal–Wallis multiple comparison test. DE, dry extract; n.d., not determined.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Anti-hyaluuronidase activity of the ethanolic extracts from four edible mushrooms (0.1–10.0 mg DE/mL) expressed in percentage (%) of inhibition and IC\({}_{50}\) values expressed in mg DE/mL. ethanolic extracts from _A. bisporus_, _P. ostreatus_, and _L. edodes_, [PERSON] et al. [29] reported that _A. bisporus_ ethanolic extracts had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity of the three extracts, while _L. edodes_ and _P. ostreatus_ presented the lowest activities. Our results demonstrated that _L. edodes_ extract displayed the lowest ability to inhibit tyrosinase, followed by _B. edulis_ and _P. ostreatus_, which showed similar results. In agreement, _L. edodes_ showed the highest IC\({}_{50}\) value, followed by _P. ostreatus_ and _B. edulis_. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. [64] described that the methanolic extracts of _L. edodes_ (0.125-1 mg/mL) showed anti-tyrosinase activity of 15.12-54.61%.