esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan
## 3 Results and Discussion
### In Vitro Studies
#### 3.3.2 Cellular Behavior of Human Osteoblasts  
SEM micrographs of Figure 2 show the surface morphology of the different cement samples directly seeded with human osteoblasts and cultured for 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. It is evident that cement surfaces containing CS showed a rough topography (Figure 2i-o). This topography can be caused by the high viscosity of the CS containing cement paste, which increases the porosity in the matrices [31]. At day 1, a rapid adhesion of HObs (marked with red triangles in Figure 3) with homogeneous distribution was evident across the surface of all cement formulations. After 14 days, individual cells were no longer visible; instead, it was possible to observe a continuous monolayer of extracellular matrix and cells covering all the studied samples. Remarkably, a deeper analysis of the ABC0.3 GO-15 CS images showed rougher surfaces for this composition revealing a qualitatively superior population of osteoblasts along with higher extracellular matrix formation. Only if cells are alive and functional healthy tissues are synthesized [59] what supports the good biocompatibility of the ABCs prepared in this study.  
Figure 2: SEM micrographs of ABC samples seeded with human osteoblasts after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of culture (triangles indicate osteoblasts). (**a–d**) Control ABC, (**e–h**) ABC 0.3% GO, (**i–l**) ABC 15 % CS and (**m–p**) ABC 0.3 GO-15 CS.  
The positive effects of GO and CS on the osteoblasts adhesion, proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix have been reported by several authors [7; 27; 60] and they were attributed, in the case of GO introduction, to the increase in the hydrophilicity of the cement surface with hydroxyl groups, which can act as possible anchoring points for cells [7]. In the case of CS, they are related to the low toxicity and excellent ability to promote osteoblastic cell growth of this polysaccharide [27].
# EDM of D2 Steel: Performance Comparison of EDM Die Sinking Electrode Designs
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Hole Taper Angle (\(\alpha\))  
Obtaining straight walls of the features machined though EDM is highly difficult. The effects of tool designs over the hole taper angle are shown in Figure 5. The hole produced by cylindrical electrode has a taper of 2.34\({}^{\circ}\). As the relief angle increased from 5\({}^{\circ}\) to 45\({}^{\circ}\), there is a consistent increase in the hole taper angle. This degree of increase is more prominent in case of relief angle tool design (D\({}_{\text{R}}\)) as compared to the taper angles resulted by relief angle with land design (D\({}_{\text{RL}}\)). The reason behind the difference in design. Since the electrodes within the category of DR have tapered faces and the relief angle starts immediately from the ending face, the greater the relief angle, the greater the taperness in the tool. A relief angle without land could not maintain its cutting face diameter. Thus, as the tool length is consumed during the formation of hole, the final diameter of the tool face gets reduced as compared to the diameter at the start of the hole formation. Consumption of tool length causes the hole to be narrower at the exit plane and the result is the enlarged hole taper angle. On the other side, the design type D\({}_{\text{RL}}\) consists of 1 mm land and the relief angle in the tool does not start at the bottom face but after 1 mm distance from the face. Therefore, during the tool length reduction, the diameter of the face is not seriously affected and the variation in the hole taper is not as prominent as in the case of design type D\({}_{\text{R}}\). This was the main reason of designing the third type of tool design (D\({}_{\text{RL}}\)) by modifying the design type D\({}_{\text{R}}\).  
Among the taper angles observed in all the machined holes, the hole produced by conventional electrode has a minimum degree of taperness (2.34\({}^{\circ}\)). However, the hole taper angles associated with tool designs D\({}_{\text{RL5}}\) and D\({}_{\text{RL10}}\) seems to be comparable with the taper angle associated with conventional design D\({}_{\text{C}}\). From here, it can be noticed that if the tool designs D\({}_{\text{RL5}}\) and D\({}_{\text{RL10}}\) offer good results with respect to other machining responses, these two designs can then be considered as the most appropriate tool design. The taper angles of these two designs are close to the hole taper angle corresponding to the conventional tool; there is only 0.2\({}^{\circ}\) difference (8.5%) between the hole taper angles produced by D\({}_{\text{C}}\) and D\({}_{\text{RL5}}\).  
Figure 5: Effect of electrode designs on taper angle of machined hole.
# An Ultra-Stable Polysaccharide Gel Plugging Agent for Water Shutoff in Mature Oil Reservoirs
## 3 Results  
### Effect of CTS Concentration on the Gelation Behavior  
The CTS gel base fluid was prepared using 30,000 mg/L sodium chloride brine, with the cross-linker MBA concentration fixed at 0.6 wt% and the pH maintained at 4.2. CTS concentrations were set at 1.5 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.0 wt%, and 3.5 wt% to evaluate the gelation performance of the system under varying CTS levels. All gelation experiments were conducted at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the results are presented in Figure 2. The gel strength increased progressively with increasing CTS concentration, a trend similar to the gelation characteristics of polyacrylamide-based gels. An increasing CTS concentration led to a higher number of CTS molecules in the solution, providing more cross-linking sites, which, in turn, resulted in a greater cross-linking density and an enhanced gel strength. Furthermore, higher CTS concentrations shortened the gelation time, as the increased number of cross-linking sites accelerated the cross-linking reaction between CTS and MBA.  
It was observed that when the CTS concentration increased from 1.5 wt% to 2.0 wt%, there was a significant increase in gel strength, whereas the strength increment was less pronounced when the concentration increased from 2.0 wt% to 3.5 wt%. Therefore, considering economic factors, a CTS concentration of 2.0 wt% is recommended as the optimal value for further research.
## 4 Case Study: MIMO Magnetic Levitation System
### Design Specifications  
* Robust stability margins: Gain margin \(\geq\) 6 dB, phase margin \(\geq\) 45 degree and its corresponding M-circle magnitude was 1.2.
* Model matching specification: The desired response model was given by \[\text{M}(\text{s})=\frac{916}{s^{3}+39.76s^{2}+354.9s+916.2}\left[\begin{array}[] {cc}1&0\\ 0&1\end{array}\right]\] And the tracking error tolerance wa written as follows. \[B_{e}(s)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{0.055s}{(\frac{s}{0}+1)}&\frac{0.1s}{ (\frac{s}{0}+1)}\\ \frac{0.1s}{(\frac{s}{0}+1)}&\frac{0.07s}{(\frac{s}{0}+1)}\end{array}\right]\] (17)* Interaction of 10% between the channel outputs was allowed, i.e., \[\left|\frac{t_{e12}}{t_{e22}}\right|_{max}\leq 0.1,\ \left|\frac{t_{e12}}{t_{e22}} \right|_{max}\leq 0.1,\forall\ \omega.\]
# Dynamic Monitoring of the Water Flowing Fractured Zone during the Mining Process under a River
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Curve Fitting of the Water Levels  
Through curve fitting, the change behavior of the water level for each survey line was obtained (Figure 11). It is obvious that the water levels of each survey line declined quickly during the mining process. After a short-term and rapid downward move, the seepage slowed down, and the water level tended to be stable because there was no surface water supply. The decline of the water level in line \(1\) lasted for three days, and the water tended to be stable after the 4 th day of the survey. The decline times of line 2 and line 3 are two days and four days, respectively. The change rate of the water level for lines 1 and 3 are similar, while the change rate for line 2 is relatively fast. As mentioned before, the different change rates of line 2 could result from fault(s) in the overlying strata.  
Figure 10: The results of the TEM survey during the mining process. The horizontal axis represents the survey station number, and the vertical axis represents the depth (m). The color bar represents the apparent resistivity (\(\Omega\cdot\)m). The arrow indicates the location of the aquifer.  
Figure 12 shows the comparison of water levels of different survey stations. The water level was stable on the 1 st day. On the 2 nd day of the survey, the longwall face reached 1265.5 m. The distance from longwall face to the 1 st survey station of line 3 was 6.3 m. As mentioned before, the advanced fractures could connect to the K\({}_{\text{lzh}}\) unconfined aquifer at the location of 1 st survey station of line 3. The distances from longwall face to the other three survey stations were 119.3 m, 66.3 m and 179.3 m for 30 th survey station of line 3, 1 st survey station of line 1 and 30 th survey station for line 1, respectively. Although the latter three survey stations had a certain distance from the working face, the water level at these positions all declined obviously. This illustrates that the Klzh unconfined aquifer has a strong  
Figure 11: Fitted curves of the water level change. The blue points represent the water levels of each survey station, and the red solid line represents the curve fitting result of the water levels. The red dotted lines are the prediction bounds of the curve fitting result (with 95% confidence), representing the distribution band of the water levels. To ensure the curve fitting quality, the outliers were excluded.  
lateral recharge capacity. When the water level declined at a position of the aquifer, the lateral seepage occurred to recharge this position. Because the water content of the aquifer was limited, the water level of the whole aquifer under the riverbed was affected when the advanced fractures reached the aquifer. The water level decreased most from the 1 st day to the 2 nd day, gradually decreased from the 2 nd day to the 4 th day, and gradually stabilized after the 4 th day.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cardio Data Protection Procedure
#### 2.2.3 Digital Watermarking
Applied algorithm implementation steps for key generation:  
* Software generation of two large prime numbers (\(d\) and \(z\), so \(d\
eq z\));
* The remainder of the product of the public key and private key determination (\(p=d*z\));
* [PERSON]'s totient function determination according to the formula: \[\varphi(p)=(d-1)*(z-1);\] (7)
* Software integer (k) generation, with the integer within the range \((1,\text{ }\varphi(p))\), where \(k\) and \(\varphi(p)\) are relatively prime;
* For decryption purposes, the number \(q\) is calculated, so \(q=k^{-1}mod\text{ }\varphi(p)\);
* The public key \((k,p)\) used in encryption algorithm determination;
* The private key \((q)\) formation. Advantage of RSA algorithm: The issue of key sharing as an asymmetric key pair (public and private key) is easy to solve. Disadvantages of RSA algorithm: The implementation of the algorithm requires a lot of buffer memory, so it is not suitable for encrypting medical data such as ECG, PPG, or Holter cardio records, as they generate a large number of values per unit of time. It is slow and insufficiently resistant to attacks. The AES algorithm (the Rijndael algorithm) is a symmetric encryption algorithm having the same encryption/decryption keys with a length of 128, 192, or 256 bits according to AES technology. The AES algorithm has four stages:  
1. Key Expansions--during this first step in the algorithm, the creation of round keys from the cipher key are performed;
2. Initial Round during which the process of adding the round keys are made--each byte of the state is bitwise XOR-ed using this received round key;
3. Rounds includes the following steps:  
* The non-linear substitution procedure (each byte is replaced by another according to a rule set in tabular form);
* Transposition (of the last three rows) of the state is performed cyclically, according to a certain number of steps;
* The mixing operation procedure is performed by multiplying (each state column with a polynomial expression);
* In this step, the added round key is the initial round key. 4. Final Round: Sub-Bytes, Shift-Rows, and finally the implementation of Round-Key. Advantages of AES: Fast and suitable for encrypting large data, such as medical cardio signals. It can easily maintain a large key size and is less open to attack. Disadvantages of AES: The implementation of key exchange can be a problem, as the same key is used for encryption/decryption, while there is no good resistance to interpolation attacks. In the implementation of the presented procedure, we used 12 rounds for a 192-bit key.
# Synchronizing TSN Devices via 802.1 AS over 5G Networks
## 2 Time-Sensitive Networking
### Resource Management  
Resource Management in a TSN network is realized via various protocols and standards, each optimizing and managing specific functionality on the TSN core and end-devices. The Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) (IEEE 802.1 Qat standard) provides the basis of reserving the network resources from the talker to the listener. SRP implements a decentralized stream reservation procedure, in which the listener and the talker directly communicate to reserve resources for the streams. While this reserves the streams, there might arise situations where stream reservations between different talkers and listeners try to overrule each other, resulting in poor performance of all of the streams. Therefore, IEEE 802.1 Qcc implements enhancements to SRP standard that make SRP centralized by running the reservation protocol on a Centralized Network Configurator (CNC). Having information about the complete network topology, CNC is able to centrally assign path resources, e.g., low latency queues, interface bandwidth, and high priority gates, to the specified stream between the talker and listener. CNC, depending on the network topology information, computes Gate Control Lists (GCLs) via user-defined algorithms and device configuration files using YANG (a UML-based data modeling language). These configurations are then pushed to the respective devices via NETCONF. Meanwhile, RESTCONF can be used for the User Network Interface (UNI) to configure the CNC.  
The IEEE standards 802.1 Qcp, Qcw and Qcbcv define YANG models for the CNC to configure the bridging, traffic scheduling, filtering, frame replication and elimination functionality for TSN bridges.
# Low-Power Two-Phase Clocking Adiabatic PUF Circuit
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we presented a novel low-power two-phase clocking adiabatic PUF fundamental cell. The proposed adiabatic PUF cell has the following advantages:  
* it utilizes a trapezoidal power clock signal with a time-ramped voltage that can improve energy efficiency and facilitate reliable start-up PUF behavior;
* static CMOS logic is employed to produce stable CRPs in the adiabatic mode;
* an extra evaluation transistor enables the PUF cell to charge and discharge its output nodes with a constant supply current, while generating secure keys to counteract cyber-attacks;
* by connecting the PMOS bulks to their respective sources, the proposed PUF cell can pull down the response node close to the ground during discharging. This method allows the PUF cell to produce a stable logic function for further cascading of the LSI circuits.  
Consequently, the proposed adiabatic PUF cell consumes a reduced energy of approximately 59% and enables safe start-up power by approximately 85%, compared to the conventional QUALPUF cell. Moreover, the proposed PUF cell exhibits a superior security. Its average reliability is 99.47% and uniqueness value is 49.82%, which are consistent with the ideal values (50% of uniqueness and 100% of reliability). The remarkable performance of the proposed adiabatic PUF makes it an appropriate candidate for low-frequency IoT device applications.  
Further studies are required to investigate the proposed adiabatic PUF with 128-bit and 256-bit circuits, evaluate the PUF metrics using the Shannon entropy and bit-error rate, and address LSI implementations.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the design of the proposed circuit; [PERSON] performed the simulations, and the writing-original draft; all authors participated in data analysis and paper revision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The customs circuits discussed in this paper have been simulated with Cadence and Synopsys tools through the chip fabrication program of the VLSI Design and Education Centre (VDEC) at the University of Tokyo in collaboration with ROHM Corporation. The Authors also would like to acknowledge the JICA-CADEFEST project for the financial support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Genetic, Physiological, and Industrial Aspects of the
## 1 Introduction  
_Starmerella bacillaris_ (syn., _Candida zemplinina_; [1]) is a non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast species frequently found in grapes and fermenting grape mists [2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. _S. bacillaris_, mainly isolated from sweet bortylized wines [3; 7; 8; 9; 10], has also been isolated from low-sugar fermenting grape mists from _Vitis vinifera_ and other _Vitis_ species [4; 11; 12; 13], as well as from fruits, fruit-associated insects, and soil [3; 14; 15; 16; 17].  
_S. bacillaris_ was isolated and identified in Napa Valley (California, USA) from botytis-affected wine fermentations (strain EJ1 [18]) and, shortly after, from fermenting botytized grape mists in Zemplin, Hungary [9]. Following detailed morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization, the Hungarian isolates, which share D1/D2 sequences (i.e., large rDNA subunit) [19] with only two nucleotides of difference with the EJ1 Californian isolate, were proposed as part of the novel species, _Candida zemplinina_[9]. Additional studies (i.e., isoenzyme profiles, 26S rDNA restriction profiles and 26S rDNA sequencing), performed on the type strain of _C. zemplinina_ (i.e., CBS 9494) and on two cultures of the neotype of _Saccharomyces_ bacillaris (i.e., CBS 843 and PYC 304), confirmed that these three strains correspond to the same species. Because _Saccharomyces_ is the older epithet and has monematural priority over _C. zemplinina_, [PERSON] et al., (2012) reinstated _Sacch. bacillaris_ as _Starmerella bacillaris_ comb. no., with _C. zemplinina_ as an obligate synonym [1].  
Further studies have widely recognized _S. bacillaris_ species (syn., _C. zemplinina_, type strain 10-372 T = CBS 9494 T = NCAIM Y016667) as a major non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast at initial stages of spontaneously fermenting grape mists [6; 11; 20; 21]. _S. bacillaris_ has also been identified, along with _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_, at the end of alcoholic fermentations [22], suggesting that, in mixed fermentations with _S. cerevisiae_, _S. bacillaris_ may coexist longer than other non-_Saccharomyces_ species [22].  
_S. bacillaris_ has been described as an acidogenic, fructophilic, psychrotolerant, and highly osmoticaler microorganism [9; 23; 24]. The great genetic biodiversity found in isolates from different environments and the vast physiological diversity encountered in metabolic characterizations have contributed to interest in using this species as an industrial co-starter in fermented beverage production [7; 8; 25; 26]. _S. bacillaris_ has been characterizedas a safe microorganism, which may encourage to its use as a biocontrol agent of several food pathogens [27].  
In this review article, we discuss recent results from research into the genetics and genomics, ecology, population genetics and geographical biodiversity, metabolism, and ethanol production, as well as the biocontrol potential of _S. bacillaris_.
# Wireless Sensor Network Aided Assembly Line Monitoring According to Expectations of Industry 4.0
## 3 Results
### Test Results and the Comparison of the Result Accuracy in On-Line Mode
#### 3.3.2 Influence of the Anchor Structure to the Quality of the Localization  
Besides the influence of the localization algorithm, the quality of the localization is also influenced by the structure of anchor positioning. During research, five anchors were positioned for position determination of the moving anchor.  
In the case of the industrial laboratory, the quality of the localization was tested by using five (all anchors), four (anchors 1, 2, 3, 4), and three anchors (anchors 1, 3, 5). The comparison of the localization quality for different number of anchors is presented in Figure 11.
# Stream-DBSCAN: A Streaming Distributed Clustering Model for Water Quality Monitoring
## 3 Stream-DBSCAN Water Quality Detection Clustering Model
### Water Quality Data Preprocessing  
This paper conducted an experiment using water quality indicators from Menlou Reservoir in Yantai City between May and August 2019. NH4N, pH value, and turbidity were selected as the indicators to study the change and time period of water quality in the reservoir.  
Higher data sampling frequency enables the detection of instantaneous changes in water quality over time. However, this results in duplicate data for data analysis, which wastes computing resources. Therefore, before stream clustering, the original data was periodically sampled. Ultimately, 200,000 data points were obtained after resampling from the original 1.2 million data at the same time interval.  
Through data preprocessing, it was found that the dispersion effect of pH value data was small, while the data dispersion degrees of NH4N and turbidity were relatively large. The numerical change rate of these two indicators fluctuated from 0 to 1000. In the multi-index clustering system, the data often presents different dimensions due to the different actual meanings of each clustering index. When there is a large difference in the order of magnitude of each index of the data, clustering the original data values directly will  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Storm** & **Spark Streaming** & **Flink** \\ \hline Streaming Model & Native & Mini-batch & Native \\ Consistency assurance & At Least/Most Once & Exactly Once & Exactly Once \\ delay & Low latency (in milliseconds) & High latency (seconds) & Low latency (in milliseconds) \\ swallow and spit & LOW & High & High \\ fault-tolerant & ACK & RDD Based Checkpoint & Checkpoint (Chandy Lamport) \\ StateFul & No & Yes (Dstream) & Yes (Operator) \\ SQL support & No & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison between Flink and other mainstream frameworks.  
highlight the characteristics of indicators with higher orders of magnitude and larger rates of change. This can weaken the changes of low-level data sets.  
To ensure the validity of the clustering results, this paper used the minmax normalization method to process the original data. The original three-dimensional data was linearly transformed, and the values were mapped to a range of [0, 1]. The following is the min-max normalization formula:  
\[y^{i}=\frac{X_{l}-\min_{1\leq j\leq n}\{X_{j}\}}{\max_{1\leq j\leq n}\{X_{j}\}- \min_{1\leq j\leq n}\{X_{j}\}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(x_{i}\) represents the original data value and \(y_{i}\) represents the normalized value, respectively.