## 4 Software and Architecture Orchestration in CPS Environments
### Network Constraints and Features
TC empowers devices to select services as needed through networks, without delving into the intricacies of service provisioning, encompassing tasks like software upgrades and management. TC operates akin to a client-server model, seamlessly amalgamating the devices distributed across the network and delivering services based on the capabilities of the devices and the prevailing conditions of the networks [49]. MEC has been recognized as a pivotal technology facilitating the transition to the 5G era, allowing cloud computing services for neighborhood mobile users. Implementing MEC servers at macro or micro base stations enhances the user experience by handling user requests at the network edge, thereby reducing latency and improving location awareness. Additionally, MEC helps alleviate the load on the core network and introduces benefits such as network function virtualization and software-defined networking [50]. Initially designed for the Internet of Things (IoTs), fog computing addresses the need for location awareness, timely response, wireless access, and mobility support. Employing an n-tier architecture, it consists of many heterogeneous devices, enhancing service flexibility, allowing all network devices along the data routing path to offer computing and storage services for end devices. While sharing similarities with the concept of MEC, fog computing represents a distinctive network computing architecture, providing capabilities for computing at the network edge [51]. The concept of Cloudlet pertains to micro data centers strategically located near mobile users. The purpose is to enhance the interactive performance of mobile applications, particularly those with stringent demands on end-to-end latency and jitter. Cloudlets empower servers to deliver highly responsive cloud services to mobile users, thereby complementing the three-tier cloud hierarchy, which consists of mobile users, cloudlets, and the cloud [48]. Inspired by the progress of emerging computing paradigms, there is a possibility of witnessing a hierarchical computing architecture that could revolutionize the existing cloud computing structure. This architecture comprises expansive central servers, numerous edge servers strategically positioned at the network edge, and a vast array of distributed end devices. Rather than viewing them as isolated components, most applications necessitate a cohesive orchestration of all these elements to deliver reliable services across various temporal and spatial scales. All these computing paradigms encompass distinct approaches, contingent upon parameters such as characteristics, stakeholders, access technologies, applications, and key enablers. Therefore, the requirements for the softwarization and orchestration of each module must also consider the system's performance. In a scenario of complete mobility--devices, users, software, and data--the emphasis should be placed on the integration and management of communication and computing resources, beyond the whole system security. Certainly, contingent on the application and the underlying technologies, particularly the network structures and communication protocols, the implementation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) can manifest diverse nuances. For example, [16] introduces the 5C architecture of CPS for the Industry 4.0 domain: Connection, Conversion, Cyber Level, Cognition Level, and Configuration Level. This framework, based on five distinct architectural levels, has been identified in the effort to deploy CPS within the Industry 4.0 paradigm. These architectures are designed to establish interconnected and streamlined systems for effective work, convert working datasets into productive outcomes, ensure a secure cyber level for the working environment, comprehend system requirements at the cognition level, and deliver optimal solutions to elicit the best customer responses at the configuration level.