## 3 Results
### Grain Damage and Frass Weight  
For 65 days, the number of damaged kernels on wheat at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C was lower in the combination of both species, and significant differences were noted (Table 2). On barley, _S. granarius_ showed high damage kernels in all combinations examined, and significant differences were noted (Table 2). At 120 days, on wheat, _S. oryzae_ caused the greatest amount of damaged kernels at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C among combinations. In contrast, at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, _S. granarius_ caused a high number of damaged kernels on wheat when it was alone (Table 2). Frass weight did not exceed 184 mg/vial for any of the species and the combinations tested (Table 3). No significant differences were noted among the different species combinations at 25 and 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Days**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Commodity**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Species in the Vial**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Damaged Kernels**} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & & **Kernels with 1 Hole** & **Kernels with More than 1 Hole** \\ \cline{4-6}  & & & **25 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **30 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **25 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **30 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{65} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wheat} & _S. oryzae_ & 98.8 \(\pm\) 15.9 Aa & 46.2 \(\pm\) 14.2 b & 22.4 \(\pm\) 6.4 AB & 8.1 \(\pm\) 3.2 \\  & & _S. granarius_ & 94.2 \(\pm\) 21.4 A & 62.9 \(\pm\) 14.6 & 30.7 \(\pm\) 6.2 A & 18.0 \(\pm\) 5.4 \\  & & _S. oryzae + S. granarius_ & 56.7 \(\pm\) 12.2 B & 64.3 \(\pm\) 22.6 & 10.2 \(\pm\) 13.2 B & 13.2 \(\pm\) 7.1 \\  & & _S. oryzae_ & 33.4 \(\pm\) 8.6 AB & 34.3 \(\pm\) 8.6 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.7 B & 4.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 \\  & & _S. granarius_ & 67.9 \(\pm\) 18.7 A & 33.2 \(\pm\) 3.5 & 18.2 \(\pm\) 5.9 A & 7.8 \(\pm\) 3.6 \\  & & _S. oryzae + S. granarius_ & 22.4 \(\pm\) 5.5 B & 26.2 \(\pm\) 8.8 & 5.8 \(\pm\) 1.6 B & 4.7 \(\pm\) 2.2 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{120} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wheat} & _S. oryzae_ & 71.8 \(\pm\) 21.7 & 48.8 \(\pm\) 14.1 & 21.9 \(\pm\) 9.0 & 41.3 \(\pm\) 13.0 \\  & & _S. granarius_ & 60.6 \(\pm\) 16.2 & 101.2 \(\pm\) 22.4 & 17.1 \(\pm\) 5.9 a & 46.2 \(\pm\) 11.0 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & & _S. oryzae + S. granarius_ & 29.1 \(\pm\) 17.4 & 36.7 \(\pm\) 22.2 & 5.1 \(\pm\) 2.8 & 9.9 \(\pm\) 6.1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & _S. oryzae_ & 98.6 \(\pm\) 28.9 & 41.6 \(\pm\) 16.1 & 30.4 \(\pm\) 10.7 a & 6.4 \(\pm\) 3.6 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & & _S. granarius_ & 31.8 \(\pm\) 13.1 & 40.0 \(\pm\) 14.7 & 11.2 \(\pm\) 5.2 & 10.8 \(\pm\) 5.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & _S. oryzae + S. granarius_ & 49.8 \(\pm\) 24.2 & 19.6 \(\pm\) 6.3 & 17.6 \(\pm\) 9.1 & 2.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Within each commonly and day of count, means followed by the same uppercase letter do not differ significantly (in all cases, _df_ = 2.24; Tukey-Krumer HSD test at \(p\) = 0.05). Where no letters exist, no significant differences were noted.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean number of damaged kernels (kernels with 1 hole and kernels with more than 1 hole \(\pm\) SE) by _Sitophilus oryzae_ and _Sitophilus granarius_, when the species were either alone or in combination, in wheat or barley at 25 or 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 65 or 120 days on wheat or barley.