## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resin Extracts  
The antiviral activity of methanol as the control and _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracted using methanol was evaluated against the H1N1 influenza virus. Methanol, _A. bidentatta_ root extract, and _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract showed 2.8%, 24.5%, and 81.2% virus RNA inhibition (from qRT-PCR results), respectively (Figure 3). These results imply that methanol did not inhibit viral RNA. In contrast, _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts prepared using methanol can be associated with higher viral RNA inhibition due to the antiviral compounds of the extract. Figure 3: Antiviral activity of methanol as a control, _A. bidentata_ Blume root extract as a positive control, and _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract using methanol against the H1N1 influenza virus. Conditions: H1N1 influenza virus (0.1 of MOI) in 1.5 mL of aqueous solution with 100 \(\upmu\)L of methanol and _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts in methanol; qRT-PCR. The experiment was conducted in triplicate and the error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. A, B, and C indicate group classified from [PERSON]’s test. The same letter means that there is no significant difference between the data. Figure 2: Cytotoxic (**A**) and anti-inflammatory (**B**) effects of _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts in methanol (\(w/o\) LPS: no lipopolysaccharidesaccharide and control: 0% of _C. myrha_ resin extracts). Conditions: RAW 264.7 cell with _C. myrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. extract at a concentration of 0.08–10% (\(v/v\)) for 48 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a CO\({}_{2}\) incubator; NR assay (**A**); and NO production (**B**). The experiment was conducted in triplicate and the error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. AB, A, B, C, and D in (**A**) and A, B, C, D, E, F, and G in (**B**) indicate group classified from [PERSON]’s test. The same letter means that there is no significant difference between the data. Based on the viral RNA inhibition results of the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts in methanol, RH-BC and WD-BC were coated with the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts to determine their antiviral activity. The remaining H1N1 influenza virus had decreased by about 22.6% and 24.3% in aqueous solutions with the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts coated with RH-BC and WD-BC compared with the initial virus containing aqueous solution (Table 4). In particular, the remaining viruses (96.5% and 96.7) after the reaction with RH-BC and WD-BC (without the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract coating) were higher than those (77.4% and 75.6) after the reaction with _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts coated with RH-BC- and WD-BC (Table 4). The difference in inhibitory effects also appeared according to the plaque assay (Figure S2). Therefore, _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts bound to the surfaces of RH-BC and WD-BC may exhibit antiviral activity. These results suggest that there are some antiviral compounds (e.g., terpenoids) in _C. myrrha_ resin extracts and that some antiviral compounds can be successfully coated onto biochar. For instance, curzerene, a type of terpenoid found in _C. myrrha_ oil, is a possible antiviral compound [16]. Similarly, furanoeudesma-1,3-diene and curzerene, the major terpenoids, were observed in the present study, as reported by [PERSON] et al. (Figure S3) [16]. The detailed quantities of furanoeudesma-1,3-diene and curzerene are described in Section 3.6. Potential Mechanisms for Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resit Extracts  
Various bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antiviral activities need to be investigated because of the useful phytochemicals (e.g., polyphenols and terpenoids) present in plants and/or plant-based extracts.