esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The deterioration of the cement that bonds the cap, pin, and porcelain shell of the porcelain insulators can be observed by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT), a non-destructive test. When porcelain insulators are used for a long duration, the size of the pores existing in the cement increase as the cement expands due to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). It is possible to visually confirm the corrosion of caps and pins. The degree of corrosion is divided into four noticeable stages (I-IV), and deterioration of cement includes one of the four stages of corrosion. The standard time of replacement of insulator vs. continued use is presented. As a result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fe is oxidized to Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) at 36, 43, 54, and 70 degrees. The corrosion in cement is caused by factors including the value of pH, oxygen content, and temperature. For the caps and pins, although a zinc coating is applied to prevent the corrosion of iron, corrosion of zinc is caused by substances present in the external environment. When the zinc coating begins to corrode, the corrosion of the Fe component of the cap and pin accelerates, causing mechanical/electrical problems.  
3D-CT; alkali-silica reaction; corrosion; insulator; power transmission; X-ray diffraction Article
# NFT-Based Framework for Digital Twin Management in Aviation Component Lifecycle Tracking
## 4 Discussion
### Opportunities for NFT-Based Lifecycle Management of Aviation Components
The integration of NFTs in aviation-component lifecycle management offers numerous opportunities to enhance safety, efficiency, and sustainability in the aviation industry. By providing an immutable, comprehensive digital record of each component's journey, NFTs have the potential to transform how the industry manages its critical assets.
# Versatile Video Coding-Post Processing Feature Fusion:
## 4 Experimental Evaluations and Discussion
### Test Bed  
The experiment was run using PyTorch 2.3.0 [44] as the deep learning framework on an Ubuntu-based system. The system was equipped with a powerful hardware setup, featuring two 10-core Intel Xeon Silver 4210R CPUs (Intel, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and four high-performance NVIDIA TITAN RTX GPUs (Nvidia, Santa Clara, CA, USA).
# Static Liquefaction Assessment Combining Shear Wave Velocity, Peak Strength and Soil Grading
## 5 Conclusions  
The results obtained from this laboratorial research expand the liquefaction assessment framework proposed by [19]. From this research, the ratio between the normalized shear wave velocity and the peak strength, \(V_{s0}/q_{peak}\), proved to be a very good and reliable parameter for soil liquefaction assessment in different types of soils. The association between properties relative to both small and large strain levels, which are controlled  
Figure 15: Correlation between the coefficient of uniformity (\(C_{U}\)) and the ratio of shear wave velocity to peak deviatoric stress (\(V_{s0}/q_{peak}\)) defining the limiting boundary between strain softening and strain hardening behavior.  
(although differently) by the void ratio, mean stress state, contractiveness and soil structure, results in different functions of the same variables. Hence, these two measurements, as a ratio, can be useful in predicting not only liquefaction but also other relevant soil properties such as compressibility or cementation.  
The boundary between strain hardening and strain softening soil behaviors measured by the \(V_{s0}/q_{peak}\) ratio was found to be a function of the coefficient of uniformity, \(C_{U}\). The correlation obtained between both parameters provided a reliable framework, independent of soil type, for the assessment of static soil liquefaction.  
Further investigations involving distinct stress paths and distinct \(K_{0}\) consolidation conditions, among other factors, are necessary to evaluate if the observed correlation between \(V_{s0}/q_{peak}\) and \(C_{U}\) is limited to specific conditions.  
However, in the authors' opinion, the potential of this framework goes beyond laboratory assessment and can also be applied to in situ data, namely via the seismic piezocone, by using a similar stiffness/stress ratio, known as the rigidity index, \(G_{0}/q_{c}\). Therefore, this can be an important tool to assess the liquefaction potential of in situ soils, including natural deposits or mine tailings, contributing to safer and sustainable geotechnical structures.  
Conceptualization, Resources, A.V.d.F.; Investigation and writing, M.S.; Review & editing, C.F. and S.R.; Supervision, A.V.d.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) is also acknowledged through grant SFRH/BPD/120470/2016. This work was also financially supported by base funding--UIDB/04708/2020 of the CONSTRUCT--Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construcoes, funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data not available.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for his cooperation during this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Computational Modeling of U-Shaped Seismic Dampers for Structural Damage Mitigation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Simulation Setting  
To establish a realistic simulation, a large deflection was considered to capture significant deformations. Additionally, surface stress and nonlinear data options were activated to provide detailed information on these behaviors. For the boundary conditions, remote displacement was used to restrict undesired movements in directions different from the x-axis. Finally, a hex-dominant meshing method was used to obtain hexahedral elements. Compared with tetrahedral elements, hexahedral elements generally result in more accurate outcomes with fewer elements. This type of element allows the model to be simplified enough to be entirely meshed with cubic elements, improving mesh quality and reducing distortion. This is particularly useful in complex geometries, where hexahedral elements help maintain the precision and stability of the simulation results [37].  
Figure 2: Finite element models of the U-shaped damper with increasing mesh density through the thickness.
# A Hybrid Handover Scheme for Vehicular VLC/RF Communication Networks
## 4 Simulation Results
According to Figure 3(a)-c, the performance of the I-HO and I-VHO was the best in terms of the average delay, the average queue length, and the packet loss rate, and it was least degraded by the increasing VHO delay, while the performance of the Dwell handover schemes with dwell times 0.3 s and 0.6 s was roughly 1.5 times and 2 times worse when the vertical handover delay reached its maximum. However, the I-HO and I-VHO schemes carried out the handover process without waiting, thus resulting in the highest VHO numbers. Moreover, the VHO numbers of the I-VHO scheme were higher than that of I-HO because early HHO was not considered as an alternative option. The proposed O-HO scheme achieved a performance slightly inferior to the I-HO, with a greatly reduced number of VHOs that was almost the same as the Dwell HO with a dwell time of 0.6 s.  
Figure 3: Performance comparison of the proposed optimal handover scheme and other benchmarks with respect to the recovery rate of VLC LoS links. This is because the O-HO took into consideration the early HHO choice in the handover decision process.
# Machine-Learning-Enabled Intrusion Detection System for Cellular Connected UAV Networks
## 7 Future Works  
In this paper, we have discussed the IDS based on ML techniques for 5G satellite-connected UAV networks to provide secure communication. However, in the future, the sky will be filled with massive numbers of UAVs and other flying objects such as flying taxis and air cargo vehicles at different airspace levels. Thus, for massive UAV connections, and for providing seamless connectivity, communication beyond 5G and 6G will be used. These new communication technologies can help in UAV traffic management systems in urban scenarios. However, security will still be an important issue. The 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) applications provide temporal and short packet transmission, achieving 99.999% reliability with 1 ms latency. However, UAVs require higher reliability and very low latency for communication and control of the aircraft for real-time applications such as mission-critical applications. To overcome these issues, new adaptation and learning capability in machine learning methods (e.g., artificial neural networks) along with communication beyond 5G and 6G will be required. At the same time, more advanced software and artificial-intelligence-defined security algorithms will be needed that can identify the attacks and counter them in an optimum way. Moreover, current SDN and NFV ideas must be enhanced with embedded intelligence for robustness to meet the objectives beyond 5G and 6G [70; 71]. In this context, the security mechanism in containerized Virtual Network Function (VNF) boxes in gateways will observe 6G traffic based on new ML techniques that will help to detect threats and mitigate attacks. Thus, in the future, we will study how technology beyond 5G and 6G will incorporate the concept of NFV, SDN, and ML to provide essential service for UAVs and how they provide efficient end-to-end network security based on IDS.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Modelling Results
#### 3.5.2 Ship Emissions Impact
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**BOLCHEM** & **\% Impact** \\ \hline NO\({}_{\text{X}}\) & 37.6 \\ \hline O\({}_{3}\) & \(-11.7\) \\ \hline Primary PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 2.7 \\ \hline Secondary PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 3.4 \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 6.1 \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 4.3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: BOLCHEM estimated impact of ship emissions pollutant concentrations in the port area. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Modelled PM\({}_{2.5}\) (ug m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Measured PM\({}_{2.5}\) (ug m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Modelled Impact (\%)** \\ \hline SIM\_tot & 14.0 & \(16\pm 6\) & 4.2 \\ SIM\_port & 12.9 & \(14\pm 5\) & 6.8 \\ SIM\_urb-ind & 16.8 & \(17\pm 6\) & 0.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: ADMS-Urban modelled and measured averaged PM\({}_{2.5}\) concentrations (ug m\({}^{-3}\)) at sampling site (ASI) position, and modelled impact of ship emissions (%). Figure 8: Average relative impact of ship emissions (%) in the (**a**) SIM_tot, (**b**) SIM_port, and (**c**) SIM_urb-ind obtained from ADMS-Urban at 2 m.
# A Domain Adaptive Person Re-Identification Based on Dual Attention Mechanism and Camstyle Transfer
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Study  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the attention mechanism, DukeMTMC-reID is used as the source domain to evaluate the performance of the attention mechanism on Market-1501. In the main body network, the proposed method adds location attention and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**s**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Duke to Market**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Market to Duke**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Rank-1** & **Rank-5** & **Rank-10** & **mAP** & **Rank-1** & **Rank-5** & **Rank-10** & **mAP** \\ \hline
6 & 68.5 & 82.3 & 86.6 & 38.3 & 61.8 & 72.6 & 76.4 & 39.3 \\
8 & 75.1 & 86.4 & 89.7 & 45.6 & 65.9 & 75.9 & 80.4 & 44.2 \\
10 & **80.1** & **89.9** & **93.2** & **60.1** & 68.1 & 79.1 & 82.3 & 46.9 \\
12 & 78.8 & 88.9 & 91.9 & 54.3 & **69.5** & 80.4 & 83.4 & 48.5 \\
14 & 76.6 & 87.4 & 90.6 & 53.5 & 68.9 & **80.7** & **84.3** & **53.0** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Evaluation with different scale factor \(s\) values.  
Figure 3: Evaluation with different values of the beta distribution parameter \(\alpha\).  
channel attention to the first and fifth layers of the backbone network. The experiments prove that adding two channels at the same time by controlling variables helps improve the accuracy of the model. As shown in Table 2, when no attention mechanism is added, the accuracy of both mAP and Rank-1 is the lowest, which is about 3% lower than the corresponding values. However, only the positional attention mechanism or the channel attention mechanism is still less effective than the best accuracy. In addition, more experiments are implemented. The channel attention mechanism is added to the first layer and the position attention mechanism is added to the fifth layer. The position attention mechanism and channel attention mechanism are added to the first and fifth layers, respectively. The final accuracy shows that the performance of the proposed model is optimal only when both the position attention mechanism and channel attention mechanism are added at the same time.
## 3 Derivation of Correct Stability Condition  
This section presents a reconsideration of the stability conditions of the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\gamma\)-\(\delta\) filter. As described in the previous section, the conventionally obtained stability conditions are expressed as (11)-(14). However, there are some cases where the filter outputs diverge even when the conventional stability conditions (11)-(14) are satisfied. An example of this type of case is shown in Appendix A. Hence, the correct BIBO stability conditions can be derived from the characteristic polynomial of (10) using Jury's stability test [18]. Based on Jury's table presented in Appendix B, the stability conditions of the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\gamma\)-\(\delta\) filter are as follows:  
\[0<\alpha <2, \tag{36}\] \[0<\beta <\frac{\delta-24\alpha+48}{12},\] (37) \[0<\gamma <\frac{\alpha\delta+6\alpha\beta}{3(2-\alpha)},\] (38) \[|r_{1}(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)| > |r_{2}(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)|, \tag{39}\]  
where  
\[r_{1}(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)= -(3\gamma(\alpha-2)+\alpha(\delta+6\beta))(3(\alpha-2)(\gamma+4 \alpha)+\alpha(\delta+6\beta)) \tag{40}\] \[r_{2}(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)= 9\gamma(\alpha-2)^{2}(\gamma-4\alpha)-\alpha^{2}\delta(\delta+12 (\beta+4\alpha-8))-36\alpha^{2}\beta(\beta+2(\alpha-2)) \tag{41}\]  
Please note that these derived conditions comply with the conventional stability conditions.
# Research on Shore-Based River Flow Velocity Inversion Model Using GNSS-R Raw Data
###### Abstract  
Global navigation satellite system reflectometry technology (GNSS-R) is rarely used for river flow velocity inversion, and in particular, there is currently no research using the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System reflectometry technology (BDS-R) for river flow velocity inversion. In this paper, a carrier phase observation of river flow velocity inversion model is proposed. The interference phase is the integral of the Doppler frequency. The raw intermediate frequency (IF) data sets are processed through an open-loop method to obtain the Doppler frequency observation generated by river flow and then realize velocity inversion. The shore-based river current measurement was conducted on the south bank of Dashengguan Yangtze River in Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, for nearly two hours on 22 April 2021. After realizing the inversion of river flow velocity in GPS L1, the combined inversion of BDS B1I GEO satellite and IGSO satellite is realized for the first time, which demonstrates the feasibility of river flow velocity inversion using BDS reflected signals. Compared with the real river flow velocity, the GPS L1 PRN 4 (1 st period) inversion precision reaches up to 0.028 m/s (mean absolute error, MAE) and 0.036 m/s (root mean square error, RMSE). In parallel, BDS GEO 2 inversion precision can reach 0.048 m/s (MAE) and 0.063 m/s (RMSE), and BDS IGSO 10 inversion precision is 0.061 m/s (MAE) and 0.073 m/s (RMSE). These results illustrate that satellite elevation change rate and distance between specular points and current meter may have a negative effect on the accuracy of river flow velocity inversion. Specular points obstructed by obstacles or too far from the velocity meter may introduce uncertain error in both MAE and RMSE. Neither the satellite elevation nor the signal strength has an obvious correlation with inversion precision, which is consistent with the theoretical principle.  
GNSS-R; shared-based; interferometric carrier phase observation; Doppler frequency; river velocity inversion +
Footnote †: journal: remote sensing
## 6 The Case for Cross-Layer Design
### Methodology
#### 6.3.1 Creation of New Interfaces  
Performance gains can be achieved where a higher layer can use a parameter that is available in a lower layer to make better, more informed choices at the higher level. For example a routing algorithm at the network layer could select a route based on a channel condition parameter, e.g., CCA, at the physical layer or the MAC layer adapting the channel in terms of modulation or code rate, based on the channel quality at the physical layer. Lower layers can also be linked to higher layers in a scheme where the information flow is downward through the protocol stack. Here for example, the application layer could directly link with the MAC layer to communicate upon latency requirements as part of an overall QoS requirement, allowing the MAC layer to treat these packets as a priority [74].
# Strengthening Polymer Concrete with Carbon and Basalt Fibres
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Mechanical Tests  
#### 2.4.1 The Bending Test for Samples  
Studies were carried out using control samples (\(L\) = 160 mm); the cross-section in the middle part was 40 \(\times\) 40 mm. Before testing, burrs were ground to improve the dimensional accuracy of the samples. The height and the width of the sample in its middle part were determined using a caliper whose accuracy was 0.05 mm. The samples were tested on a manual hydraulic press Liangong WAW-4106-E (Liangong Group, Jinan, China) with a maximum load of 1000 kN. To carry out the studies, an attachment to the press was developed (Figure 3), consisting of a steel disc, on which two stops, made of bar (\(d\) = 10 mm), were fixed. To control the loading parameters of the samples, the press  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Comparative Parameters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fibre Materials**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Basalt** & **Carbon** \\ \hline Density, kg/m\({}^{3}\) & 2900 & 1900 \\ \hline Fibre thickness, \(\upmu\)m & 100 & 20 \\ \hline Fibre length, mm & 15–20 & 15–20 \\ \hline Tensile strength, MPa & 2600 & 2000 \\ \hline Modulus of elasticity, GPa & 95 & 245 \\ \hline Resistance to the alkaline environment of cement & High & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Material characteristics of used reinforcement fibres.  
Figure 2: Fibres used to modify polymer concrete: (**a**) basalt fibres; (**b**) carbon fibres.  
standard pressure gauge was used. And to calculate \(P\), we measured the diameter of the press piston \(d_{\text{pist}}\)[26].  
\[P=d_{\text{pist}}\cdot p, \tag{1}\]  
where \(p\) is pressure in the working cavity of the press, Pa (N/cm)\({}^{2}\).  
The bending strength was calculated using the formula below:  
\[\sigma=\frac{M}{\frac{c\cdot p^{2}}{6}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\sigma\) is bending strength, Pa;  
\(c\)--width of the sample at the point of fracture, m;  
\(h\)--height of the sample at the fracture point, m;  
\(P\)--load in the middle part of the sample, N;
# Study of the Constraint Pillar Test and the Application in Gob-Side Entry Retaining
## 2 Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Restrained Pillars
### Test Overview  
#### 2.1.1 Specimen Fabrication  
Considering the influence of parameters such as filling media and external restraint forms, 14 columns were fabricated in an equal ratio of 1:1.  
The filling media used in the test are concrete and high-water materials, in which the strength grades of concrete are C30 and C50, respectively, and the measured uniaxial compressive strength of 28 days cube block is 35.2 MPa and 55.6 MPa, respectively. The mix ratio and mechanical properties of concrete are shown in Table 1. High-water material (HW) is a 1:1 ratio of A and B materials, and the mechanical properties of high-water materials are shown in Table 2.  
There are six types of external restraints used in columns: unrestrained (N), metal mesh (M), polyester-fiber mesh (P), corrugated pipe (B), hooked iron-sheet flat-hoop sleeve (H), and spiral iron pipe (S).  
The size of the specimens is \(\varphi\) 800 \(\times\) 3400 mm, and the length-diameter ratio is 4.25. This size is commonly used in underground mines. The specimen numbers are C30-N, C30-M, C30-P, C30-B, C30-H, C30-S, C50-N, C50-B, C50-B, HW-N, HW-M, HW-P, HW-B, and HW-S. In the specimen numbers, the characters before the hyphen indicate the filling medium of the pillar, and the characters after the hyphen indicate the external constraint method of the pillar. The details of the test are shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mix Proportion**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Compressive Strength**} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(kg/m\({}^{3}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(MPa)**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Medium** & **425 R** & **River** & **Gravel** & **Fly Ash** & **1 Day** & **28 Days** \\  & **Cement** & **Sand** & & **(Level II)** & **1 Day** & **28 Days** \\ \hline C30 & 290 & 790 & 1145 & 80 & 7 & 35.2 \\ C50 & 440 & 745 & 1120 & 50 & 10 & 55.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Concrete-mix property and mechanical properties.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Medium**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Water Cement**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Compressive Strength (MPa)**} \\  & & **Ratio** & **1 Day** & **7 Days** & **28 Days** \\ \hline High-water & & & & & \\ material & 1:1 & 6 & 10 & 13 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mechanical properties of high-water-content materials.
# Intra-Mode Decision Based on Lagrange Optimization Regarding Chroma Coding
## 1 Introduction
This paper presents an improved intra-mode decision for chroma intra coding, where the distortion relevance between the luma and chroma is analyzed and incorporated into RDO. The experimental results show that the improved scheme can produce additional coding performance in VVC intra-mode decisions. The main contributions of this work are as follows: this work provides an in-depth exploration and analysis of chroma intra prediction and the mode decision based on RDO; an intrinsic study and discussion concerning intra-coding distortion propagation from luma to chroma; a scheme to construct RD optimization based on a distortion model in mode decision; an improved Lagrange multiplier to obtain higher performance to balance the bitrate and coding loss; and a comparison and verification of the experimental results for different videos. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: The related works are described in Section 2, and the overview of the chroma prediction and RD mode decision are given in Section 3. Then, the coding distortion feature is analyzed, and the improved intra-mode decision for the chroma is provided in Section 4. Afterwards, the experimental results are reported in Section 5. Finally, the conclusions of this work are drawn in Section 6.