## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results and Discussion Regarding Hypothesis 1
Calcium and Magnesium Levels: Abnormal levels of calcium and magnesium in water can contribute to cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, bone mineral issues, growth problems, reproductive failure, gastric cancer, colon cancer, central nervous system malformations, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, childhood atopic dermatitis, kidney stones, digestive problems, and constipation. Excessive magnesium intake, particularly in the form of supplements rather than through dietary sources, may lead to bowel issues, including diarrhea, and carry potential health risks such as esophageal cancer and ovarian cancer [37]. Sulfate Concentrations: Consuming drinking water containing sulfate concentrations exceeding 600 mg/L may lead to catharic effects, dehydration, and diarrhea. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years old, and a laxative effect has also been reported [38]. Alkalinity: Water with low alkalinity is prone to chemical corrosion of pipes and fixtures, potentially increasing the metal content in the water. This can lead to economic and practical issues, such as damage to plumbing, invalidation of appliance warranties, water leaks, aesthetic problems, and health risks if levels of lead, copper, or other corrosion-related metals surpass primary drinking water standards. Conversely, high alkalinity in water may result in an elevated pH, issues with chemical precipitates and coatings, soap scum, a salty taste, and higher concentrations of certain metals [39]. Some believe that alkaline water can help prevent diseases such as cancer and heart disease [40]. Drinking alkaline water within the prescribed limits can improve bone health, soothe acid reflux, reduce high blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol, enhance hydration, and promote longevity. Based on the provided data for the different parameters measured in the Nangloi, Karol Bagh, and Okhla Industrial Area for three different monsoonal periods (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon), we have determined the variations in groundwater quality across seasons in the Delhi Region. pH Levels: pH levels remain relatively stable throughout the year in Nangloi, with values ranging from a high of 8.21 to a low of 7.09. These values are well within the acceptable range for drinking water quality, indicating that pH does not exhibit significant seasonal variation. Similarly, in Karol Bagh, pH levels show little variation across seasons, ranging from a high of 7.81 to a low of 7.11, which are also within the acceptable range. The pH levels in the Okhla Industrial Area remain consistent across seasons, with values ranging from a high of 8.45 to a low of 7.54. Like the other two regions, in this region these values also fall within the acceptable range for drinking water. The rest of the other parameters (e.g., nitrate, total hardness, chloride, fluoride, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, alkalinity): In the two regions (Nangloi and Karol Bagh), the values for these parameters, which are indicated in bold letters, go outside the limits of the BIS standard for drinking water IS 10500:2012 for all three monsoonal periods; however, in the Okhla Industrial Area, the parameters of magnesium, TDS, and chloride are within the limit and the rest of the other parameters are outside the limit. This suggests that these parameters, which are in bold letters, exhibit significant seasonal variations that would cause them to exceed the regulatory limits. Apart from the data regarding the pH of the three study areas and the mg, TDS, and cl of Okhla, which are within the limits, the other parameters in the three study areas demonstrate that groundwater quality in these regions are relatively unstable throughout the year, with values consistently not meeting the regulatory standards for drinking water quality. Based on the data, it mostly seems that the groundwater quality in the Delhi Region, as assessed by the mentioned parameters, undergoes significant variations across different seasons.