esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Shape memory alloy (SMA) is widely applied in various applications [1], especially in the form of wires and bars [2; 3; 4; 5]. Foam and porous materials have exceptional properties in some aspects compared to their solid counterparts with the same mass, such as their strength-to-density ratio, fireproof nature, and thermal and sound isolation; thus, they are a versatile material with multiple applications. Easily manufactured even from recycled beverage cans [6], its excellent energy absorption capacity [7; 8] makes it a promising candidate for structure protection against highly dynamic loads such as blast and impact. For instance, it can be used as the core of sandwich sacrificial claddings for building protection [9; 10], the inner layer of blast chambers [11], and as the crush mitigation layer for automobiles and water vehicles [7]. Recently, a simple and cost-effective method for the mass production of open-cell metal/alloy foam is reported, in which the foam parameters can be accurately controlled [12].  
It is natural to consider combining both merits of SMA and foam/porous structures to fabricate porous SMA or SMA foam. Among the various SMA foam manufacture methods, various sintering methods [13; 14] are frequently applied, while three-dimensional (3D) interconnected microchannels with steel wire spaceholders [15] is an alternative approach to fabricate NiTi porous structures. The quasi-static loading and recovery property of shape memory foam is investigated [16], and a theoretical model is established to accurately represent the properties analytically [17]. SMA foam finds its wide application in biomedical engineering with relatively small application strain, where it is applied quasi-statically and the deformed SMA almost recovers to its original configuration [18].  
When it comes to applications in protective engineering, things are different. On the one hand, due to the uncertain nature of the loading (generally impact and blast), the maximum strain cannot be guaranteed to be kept below a certain value under which recovery is almost complete; on the other hand, the loading is highly dynamic, and may lead to a shape memory foam response that is different from that subjected to a quasi-static load. However, the failure mode of shape memory foam exceeding its recovery strain under a quasi-static load until failure is rarely reported, as well as under the dynamic load. As a result, in the present study, the failure pattern of shape memory NiTi foam subjected to both quasi-static and dynamic loads is investigated, in which the strain exceeds the allowable recovery value. The research has significant implications on whether the shape memory NiTi foam is suitable for applications in protective engineering against impact and blast, and the possible issues to be addressed before successful industrial application. Shape memory NiTi foam with a relative density (defined as the ratio of foam density to base material density) of 45% of the base materials is experimentally tested.
# Low-Cost Three-Quadrant Single Solar Cell _I-V_ Tracer
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Device Implementation
When the MCU detects the zero-voltage point, it switches to the positive voltage ADC channel and continues sampling. Finally, the detection of the current samples close enough to zero indicates the first sweep end, and then the MCU performs the MOSFET switches sequence to start the second voltage sweep corresponding to negative values of the current. The sampling continues until the zero current point is detected again (the fourth quadrant section of the curve is traced with decreasing values of the voltage), and the full \(I\)-\(V\) tracing is over. At this moment, all the samples stored in the internal MCU memory are dumped to an external host via the RS232 serial port integrated within the MCU, where they will be properly scaled and plotted, and the device will be ready for another tracing. For all these tasks, we used a cheap 8-bit MCU that had an internal clock of 32 MHz, a maximum sampling rate of 100,000 samples/s, and an internal EEPROM memory capable of 500 samples (10 bits of resolution each). As we mentioned before, it is desirable to achieve a better resolution in the first quadrant section of the curve, since it is the natural working area of the cell, so an adaptive resolution was programmed in the MCU firmware  
Figure 5:0 Voltage and current measure schematic for the \(I\)-\(V\) tracer. in such a way that the speed of sampling is higher in this section than in the others. This adaptive sampling could also be capable of taking curve points evenly distributed along the curve, even when the variations in the current in some sections during the sweeps lead to different sweeping speeds. Of course, the behaviour of the sampling could be adjusted as needed, or even modified from the host via RS232 commands. The most critical section for the sampling speed is the positive voltage one, where the current is close to \(I_{SC}\) and a large resolution is required. We mentioned before that for our prototype the sweep time for this region of the curve was in the order of 1 to 2 ms, with a maximum sampling speed of the MCU (100,000 samples/s), so we could take between 100 and 200 samples for this small (but interesting) region of the curve, which was between a quarter and a half of the internal memory capacity; this setup allowed us to have a reasonable sample distribution along the curve.
# IoT Firmware Emulation and Its Security Application in Fuzzing: A Critical Revisit
## 4 State-of-the-Art Firmware Emulation and Its Application in Fuzzing
### Solutions to Fuzzing Application Enhancement  
Recent advancements in peripheral emulation technology have led researchers to redesign the general fuzzing technology to better accommodate real-world firmware-specific features including coverage feedback, input generation and mutation, and crash detection as summarized in Table 3.  
**Coverage Feedback.** As mentioned in Section 2, peripheral interrupts can actively trigger ISR functions causing uncertain bursts in firmware execution. The exact point where the interrupt occurs is usually not crucial, but switching execution to the ISR at different points can create many meaningless new edges for edge-based coverage feedback fuzzers. To address this, _Ember-IO_[34] remaps edge-coverage feedback to separate edges in ISRs from normal execution, eliminating invalid edges from unpredictable interrupts. _MultiFuzz_ directly uses basic block coverage to avoid these issues. Additionally, firmware often performs multi-byte magic string checks for command processing in protocols. _SpIITS_[43] introduces feedback mechanisms for input-to-state mapping and seed retention for targeted replacement mutations, efficiently handling multi-byte comparisons.  
**Input Generation and Mutation.** Since real-world firmware typically not only uses single peripheral but multiple peripherals at the same time, as shown in the drone in Figure 2. However, existing fuzzers for general applications typically offer only a single flat input. Thus, _Hoedur_[44] and _MultiFuzz_[45] enhanced general fuzzing techniques, especially for input generation and mutation, to address the multi-stream nature of firmware inputs from various peripherals.  
**Bug Detection.** Firmware often contains \"silent\" bugs that do not cause device crashes. While typical firmware fuzzing applications use basic crash detection, they often miss these silent memory corruptions. To address this, _uSBS_[46] statically instruments binaries to make memory corruptions observable. However, static binary rewriting for firmware is challenging and lacks accuracy, making these solutions suitable only for simple bare-metal firmware.  
Figure 6: Fidelity of firmware emulators.
# Estimating Road Segments Using Kernelized Averaging of GPS Trajectories
## 3 Averaging a Set of GPS Time Series
### Post-Processing of the Centroid Estimate  
The final step (Step 5 of the processing pipeline presented in Figure 1) consists in downsampling the centroid estimate \(C\) such that it contains the average number of samples that characterize the initial set of trajectories. This is achieved using a polygonal curve approximation procedure, as described in [24].
## 5 Discussion  
1. In the field of geological studies, it is imperative to underscore a crucial observation concerning the durability of rocks subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. As the cumulative count of these cycles nears the threshold of rock failure, a significant deterioration is noted within the rock's internal structure, accompanied by a marked decline in the degree of particle cohesion. This degradation reaches a critical juncture, where the rock's integrity is severely compromised. Furthermore, under uniaxial loading conditions without lateral confinement, this deterioration results in a rate of axial strain in the rock that diverges from the loading rate of the testing apparatus, leading to test outcomes that significantly deviate from anticipated results. For instance, the parameters associated with the group subjected to nine freeze-thaw cycles, as presented in Tables 4 and 5, exemplify this phenomenon, particularly during the compaction phase. Consequently, it is posited that the significance of this experimental dataset merits further examination and discussion.
2. The findings regarding the degradation of the physical and mechanical properties of rock, as determined through freeze-thaw cycle tests in this study, align closely with the results reported in references [21; 22]. It is important to highlight that the correlation among uniaxial peak intensity, elastic modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle in relation to the number of freeze-thaw cycles can be effectively modeled by a decreasing exponential function, characterized by a progressively diminishing rate of decay. It is also important to note that the unloading rock samples utilized in this research differ from those employed by other scholars. Through comparative analysis, it has been determined that the unloading damage facilitates the expansion and penetration of cracks within the rock, thereby creating a pathway for frost heave forces and exacerbating the detrimental effects of freeze-thaw erosion on the rock's physical and mechanical properties. This conclusion corroborates the perspective presented in reference [26].
3. Utilizing a maximum of nine freeze-thaw cycles, the relationships governing peak strength, deformation, and shear resistance parameters were established and subsequently fitted to the data. However, should the number of freeze-thaw cycles exceed this limit, the established patterns may become skewed or cease to be relevant, necessitating further experimental validation.
4. The focus of this study is the surrounding rock at tunnel faces. The uniaxial damage model serves as an effective tool for analyzing the deformation and mechanical properties of rock materials. Future research may expand upon this framework by incorporating the efficiency of thermal propagation within the rock and the spatial relationship between the surrounding rock and the tunnel face into the damage model. This enhancement will facilitate a more accurate investigation of the deformation and mechanical behavior of rocks subjected to unloading damage and freeze-thaw cycles.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Tensile Strength Test of Polyurea Films  
Fabrication of polyurea film specimens for tensile strength evaluation was executed following methodological protocols established in our previous investigative work [39]. Bio-polyurea film was obtained at sizes of approximately 200 \(\times\) 150 mm by the casting method. Most of the film samples' thicknesses were from 100 to 200 \(\upmu\)m. After casting the films, the substrate was set at room temperature overnight, and after that put into the oven at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 48 h to cure completely. Tensile strength assessment was conducted in strict accordance with JIS K7127 (ISO 527-3) [44] standardized testing procedures. Each specimen's dimension was 150 mm long and 10 mm wide. (\(\pm\)0.5 mm) Specim preparation involved precise excision from the fabricated film using a precision cutting implement. Post-excision processing included edge refinement through controlled abrasive application to ensure dimensional and structural uniformity across all test specimens. Mechanical property characterization was performed by utilizing a precision universal testing apparatus, specifically the AGX-100 kNV system (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), with the displacement rate established at 100 mm/min. Each sample was tested with fine specimens. Strain measurements were acquired through dual-point monitoring  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**GPC Measurement** & **Conditions** \\ \hline Mobile phase & THF \\ \hline Flow rate & 1 mL/min \\ \hline Dilute sample concentration & 0.4 g/L \\ \hline THF column temp. & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline Sample loop volume & 100 \(\upmu\)L \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Analytical conditions of GPC.  
at grip positions, while stress calculations were performed according to the mathematical relationship expressed in Equation (4):  
\[\sigma=\mathrm{F}/\mathrm{A}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\sigma\): tensile stress (MPa), F: maximum tensile force (N), and A: specimen's cross-sectional area (mm\({}^{2}\)).
## 1 Introduction
A way to establish a relay forwarding scheme is by setting the priority among the nodes: a node with the highest priority will be selected for packet forwarding to the next hop. Several investigations have been conducted on the selection of forwarding nodes, which include the weight methods as described in the SPRINT protocol [10]. Information residing in the routing tables allows assigning the forwarding node based on those with lower distance and lower hop counts from the sink, as in [11]. One problem with some of these techniques is that some useful input parameters, such as the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as a distance measure, or the number of hops, number of neighbors, and residual energy of a node, are not considered while designing the protocol. To address these issues, in this work, we introduce a forwarding relay mechanism based on two tasks: (i) selecting the best forwarding node using fuzzy decision jointly with a weight method and (ii) using the time-division multiple access (TDMA) scheme among nodes to avoid collisions, reducing delay. In order to implement the novel fuzzy decision presented in this work, the SPRINT protocol [10] is used, but the decision process is changed to select the forwarding node to include FAHP. FAHP is based on pairwise comparisons between nodes to assign a score value (named relative importance) of a node over the other under a specific criterion. So, three novel strategies are introduced (details in Section 4.2) for determining the relative importance of the comparisons, one for every criterion considered in this work: distance to the gateway, number of hops, and number of neighbors. After that, the relative importance values are arranged in three matrices (one for each criterion) before FAHP can be applied. Lastly, a final score is calculated for every candidate node, and the highest score node is selected as the best option to be the next node in the path. The rest of the manuscript has the following structure: Section 2 presents the related works, Section 3 explains the system model employed for UWSNs, Section 4 gives all of the details of the proposed scheme based on FAHP, and Section 5 shows the results by simulations carried out in comparison with the SPRINT [10] protocol. Finally, Section 6 presents a brief discussion and remarks on the main conclusions obtained in this work.
# Reconfigurable Formation Control of Multi-Agents Using Virtual Linkage Approach
## 3 Formation Control: Virtual Linkage Approach
### Moving in Formation Using Virtual Linkage
#### 3.3.3. Moving the Agents to the Desired Position  
The next step in the formation algorithm is to move the agent \(i\) to the desired point \({}^{w}r_{i}^{d}\) at each iteration step. Each agent is supposed to known its own position \({}^{w}r_{i}\), and the control input to the agent model is given by:  
\[u={}^{w}r_{i}^{d}+k_{p}\cdot\Big{(}{}^{w}r_{i}^{d}-{}^{w}r_{i}\Big{)} \tag{7}\]
# Healing Effects of Photobiomodulation on Diabetic Wounds
## 1 Introduction  
The number of diabetic patients worldwide is on the rise, with a 2017 estimated global prevalence of 8.8% aged between 20 and 79 years (424.9 million), which is expected to increase to 9.9% (628.6 million) by the year 2045 [1]. Approximately 4.0 (3.2-5.0) million people aged between 20 and 79 years are estimated to have died from diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2017; that is equivalent to one death every eight seconds [1]. Diabetes in all forms imposes an excessively high human, social, and economic cost on all income level countries. In 2017, the total healthcare expenditure by people with DM stood at US dollars(USD) 727 billion for those aged 20-79 [1].  
Foot complications are among the most serious, debilitating, and costly complications of DM. Patients with DM commonly develop chronic, slow-to-heal ulcers that affect the lower extremities. These chronic wounds are a common and frequent cause for hospitalization and amputation, leading not only to incapacity and decreased quality of life, but also affecting psychological wellbeing, contributing to depression and placing financial strain on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. In 2007, one-third of diabetes costs were estimated to be linked to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and currently patients experience health expenditure five times higher than those without foot ulcers [1]. DFUs are the most frequent cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation [2], resulting in not only limb loss but also contributing to a 3-year mortality rate of 75.9% [3]. The International Diabetes Federation [1] estimates that a lower limb or part thereof is lost to amputation somewhere in the world as a consequence of diabetes every 30 s. It has been approximated that diabetic patients have a 25% lifetime risk of developing a foot ulcer, and are 100 times more likely to suffer from lower extremity amputation thaneuglycemic patients [4]. Once an amputation has occurred, half of patients will develop an ulcer in the contralateral limb within 5 years [5], placing a further burden on patients. This personal and financial burden is expected to increase along with the anticipated increase in the prevalence of DM.  
Current treatments for DFUs rely on patient education, prevention, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management [2]. Current therapies remain a challenge, with high recurrence rates. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions and pathologies, including chronic wounds and DFUs. PBM is defined as a mechanism by which nonionizing optical radiation in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral range is absorbed by endogenous chromophores to elicit photophysical and photochemical events at various biological scales without eliciting thermal damage. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is defined as a photon therapy based on the principles of PBM [6]. Due to the need for the development of a more rapid, productive, cost-effective, and appropriate therapy to facilitate healing of chronic wounds, particularly DFUs, the use and further investigation of PBM is warranted.
## 5 Future Research Needs  
Based on the experiences gained from this study in the production of geopolymer mortar using BFS, LP, or FA, the following recommendations will contribute to future research:  
1. As mentioned earlier, FA is classified into F and C classes, according to ASTM standards. In this study, only C-class FA was utilized. It is recommended that more studies be conducted making use of F-class FA and applying statistical approaches that are more thorough, in order to investigate the mechanical and physical characteristics of geopolymer.
2. The FA that was used in this experiment was derived from the Soma Thermal Power Plant, which is situated in the city of Manisa in Turkey. It is recommended that similar studies be conducted using different ash samples from various thermal power plants. Because thermal power plants have varying burning potentials, the findings may be considerably impacted by these differences.
3. In addition to the experimental studies conducted in this research, a comprehensive study could be carried out by applying other tests on geopolymer mortar, such as tests for air content, sulfate resistance, shrinkage measurement, ultrasonic transit time, elastic modulus, and abrasion resistance.  
* The influence of mixture materials on the mechanical characteristics of geopolymer mortar could be examined for long-term curing periods.
* One of the major challenges in geopolymer production, identified in this study, is the short initial setting time. Since the initial setting times obtained in the study were very short, it is possible to extend the setting times by using different additive materials or chemical admixtures.
* Considering that Si-O-Si bonds are strong in geopolymer formation, materials with a high SiO2 ratio, such as metakaolin, silica fume, or fly ash class-F, could be used to obtain geopolymers with superior mechanical properties.  
Conceptualization, I.H.E. and S.A.; methodology, I.H.E. and S.A.; experiment, S.A.; supervision, I.H.E.; data curation, S.A.; validation, I.H.E.; formal analysis, S.A.; investigation, I.H.E. and S.A.; resources, I.H.E.; writing--original draft, S.A.; writing--review and editing, I.H.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study has received support from project number 221104056, belonging to the Scientific Research Projects (BAP) of Konya Technical University.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available, due to privacy concerns.  
This study was produced from [PERSON]'s Ph.D. thesis. [PERSON] is a Ph.D. student under the guidance of [PERSON] as supervisor.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.