## 7 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Pros** & & **Cons** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Energy Balance methods} & - & simple calculation methods, relatively quick and easy to implement & - & specific calculations for each unit whenever the feedstock composition, process parameters and outputs changes \\  & - & easy measurements of mass flows and LHV using existing standard methods & - & based on simplified assumptions on the fate of bio-component in the outputs \\  & - & applicable to different technologies and share of biogenic feedstock & - & may under-estimate the bio-component requires a stable system and accuracy might be a problem when feedstock properties vary \\  & - & does not require analysis of different products and of H\({}_{2}\)O, CO and CO\({}_{2}\) & - & equal distribution of the products might underestimate or overestimate the bio content \\  & - & low cost and no or limited investments in equipment needed & - & specific calculations for each unit whenever the feedstock composition, process parameters and outputs \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Mass Balance methods} & - & simple calculation methods, relatively quick and easy to implement & - & specific calculations for each unit whenever the feedstock composition, process parameters and outputs \\  & - & limited data requirements on mass flows of inputs and outputs & - & need for regular measurements of mass flows risk of overestimation due to impurities \\  & - & easy measurements of mass flows and LHV using existing standard methods & - & CO, CO\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O measurements required mass balance closure difficult at low shares \\  & - & applicable to different technologies using any share of biogenic feedstock & - & assumes stable operation conditions, feedstock composition and outputs \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Yield Methods} & - & simple calculation methods, relatively quick and easy to implement & - & assumes stable operation conditions, feedstock composition and outputs \\  & - & simple measurements of input and output mass to integrate into current processes & - & specific yield factors need calculations for each unit feedstock composition, process parameters \\  & - & based on real yield changes, taking into account & - & and outputs \\  & - & the feedstock composition and unit & - & potential errors with changes in process conditions and feedstock composition \\  & - & applicable to different technologies and any share & - & all product streams need to be recorded \\  & - & a calibration function can deal with various & - & calculations require regular monitoring for validation \\  & - & feedback inputs and characteristics & - & need to keep records of mass outputs for each unit \\  & - & low cost and no or limited investments in equipment needed & - & analysis unlikely to be feasible in-house for smaller \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Radiocarbon Methods} & - & analysis allows direct quantification of the bio-component in co-processed fuels & - & analysis unlikely to be feasible in-house for smaller \\  & - & method based on accurate physical measurements & - & installations (which is not the case of refineries) \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & could be conducted with existing & - & less accurate in very low biogenic concentrations \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & fuel quality testing & - & LSC requires clear liquids (such as petrol or diesel), further calibration is required if used—for \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & techniques suitable for high bio-content & - & non-clear liquids \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & further improvements in accuracy and precision of & - & AMS techniques are more expensive although cheap compared to the fuel value \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Pros and cons for the methods to track the biogenic component of co-processing with fossil fuels. The yield methods are, in theory, relatively easy to implement. However, it relies on accurate measurements of all inputs and outputs and a consistent baseline. Type A assumes that the petroleum quality and processing parameters remain constant.