## 3 Experiment with the Complex Structures in the Tissue-Equivalent Phantom  
The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were examined in an experiment with complex structures in a tissue-equivalent phantom. Figure 7 presents a schematic of the experimental system for obtaining transillumination images. The phantom was irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light 800 nm from a laser through a beam expander and a diffuser for homogeneous illumination. Images were captured at all 360 degrees using a CMOS camera placed on the opposite side of the phantom. The image observed with the scattering medium is quite blurred compared to the image observed with the clear medium. Figure 8 presents the normalized intensity profiles at the 150 th pixel row for four images (Figure 8a-d), each scaled to 10 mm/120 pixels. In Figure 8a, the observed image depicts an absorbing structure in a clear medium at a 0-degree orientation, providing a baseline for comparison with the width \(d=8.17\) mm. Figure 8b illustrates the observed image of the same structure in a scattering medium, highlighting the impact of the scattering effect on the apparent width and contrast of the object, recorded at 0.7485. As proposed in previous research, the effectiveness of scattering suppression via PSF deconvolution is  
Figure 7: Experimental setup with the complex structures in the tissue-equivalent phantom. demonstrated in Figure 8c, yielding a contrast value of 0.9375. The reconstructed object's width \(d=9.16\) mm error of 12.20%. Using the proposed technique, Figure 8d achieves a perfect contrast of 1.00. This result is attributed to the output of the de-blurred model and the pixel-by-pixel scanning method that produces binary values (0 and 1), with an object width \(d=8.83\) mm and an error of 8.08%. Figure 9 presents the normalized intensity profiles on the 350 th pixel row for four images (Figure 9a-d), each scaled to 10 mm/120 pixels. In Figure 9a, the observed image depicts an absorbing structure in a clear medium at the 0-degree orientation, providing a baseline for comparison. Figure 9b illustrates the observed image of the same structure in a scattering medium, highlighting the scattering effect's impact on the object's apparent width and contrast, recorded at 0.6738. As proposed in previous research, the effectiveness of scattering suppression via PSF deconvolution is demonstrated in Figure 9c, yielding a contrast value of 0.8667. Employing the proposed technique, Figure 9d achieves a contrast of 1.00. In this study, the 3D image reconstruction process averages 88.0 s per image. This level of performance is achieved using a computational setup that includes an NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU, complemented by 12.0 GB of GPU memory and powered by a 16-core Intel Xeon processor. These hardware specifications, while not at the cutting edge, are chosen to demonstrate the considerations of the proposed method on commonly available equipment, making it accessible for broader medical research and diagnostic applications. This approach ensures that the method is practical not only in terms of technical performance but also in terms of its adaptability to a variety of real-world settings. Figure 8: Scattering suppression in transillumination imaging at 0-deg orientation with size images \(530\times 530\) pixels (\(\mu_{s}^{\prime}=1.00\)/mm, \(\mu_{a}=0.01\)/mm): (**a**) observed image in clear medium, (**b**) observed image in a scattering medium, (**c**) result using the PSF deconvolution technique, (**d**) result using the proposed technique, and (**e**) the intensity profile lines in (**a–d**) at the 150 th pixel row.