## 2 Results and Discussion
### Anticancer Properties  
The chemopretive activities of PLGA extract (polyphenols and phenolic acids), SAP extract (saponins), and TERP extract (terpenoids) were assessed using the cell culture model. The SRB assay, which measures the cytotoxic effect by measuring the amount of protein, was chosen for the biological activity tests. The choice of assay was associated with the characteristics of extracts tested and the possibility of errors in assays measuring mitochondrial activity. As a result of the study, a GI50 (cell growth inhibition) dose was determined for the extracts tested, determining a dose that inhibits the growth of individual cell types by 50%. Table 5 shows the results of the inhibition of tumour cell growth. The promising results indicate the high chemopretive activity of the PLGA and SAP extracts. The results showed weak growth inhibitory activity against normal cells and high activity against four tumour cell lines. In the case of L929, a mouse cell line, the SAP fraction also showed growth inhibition; however, this is a rapidly proliferating line. In the case of the NHDF cell line, such an effect was not found. The results indicate a potential effect on the prevention of colorectal cancer. Chlorogenic acids and saponins are usually not very well absorbed from the intestines; thus, the gut can be the target of their preventive action. Moreover, because a group of willing Mate drinkers should be easy to find, the population susceptibility to various intestinal cancers can be examined against reluctant Mate drinkers to find any correlation. The dietary use of such extracts, which limit cell growth, affects the first and most important stage of carcinogenesis. In the case of the A549 and MCF7 cell lines, the potential beneficial therapeutic effects will depend on the absorption and distribution of the compounds in the body. The observed activity raises hopes for the broad applicability of the tested extracts in chemoprevention, in addition to cases of cancers not located in the gastrointestinal tract. We focused on the notable safety index between the concentrations that inhibit tumour and normal cell growth. In more difficult cases (HT29/NHDF), it was about 1:7 for PLHA and 1:22 for SAP, while some cancer lines were even more selectively susceptible to the tested mixtures (for LoVo/NHDF it was about 1:30 for PLHA and 1:50 for SAP). The greater the second value in the above ratios, the safer the tested extracts are for the patient. The results presented in Table 6 indicate selective tumour cell growth inhibitory activity against fibroblast lineages. Selective growth inhibition is very intuitive for compounds with chemopre activity, as even low doses can limit the growth of tumour cells. SAP extract seems to be particularly significant in terms of activity. Figures S2 and S3 (Supplementary Materials) show the results of the SRB test depending on the concentration of the tested extracts. Figure S2 shows the results for the mouse cell line L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast lines. Both lines were standardly used to assess the cytotoxicity of new compounds. In the case of the NHDF cell line, all extracts tested had low activity. In the case of the L929 cell line, a strong growth inhibitory effect was found for SAP; however, there was no cytotoxic effect. Moderate inhibition of normal cell growth may have a beneficial chemopretive effect on the first stage of the development of the tumour, with cells proliferating excessively, or in the case of wound healing, when there is a problem with excessive wound granulation. Figure S3 shows the extract's effect on the growth of cells in tumour cell lines. In this case, both a cytostatic and a cytotoxic effect are evident. The effect of the tested extract is dose-dependent. For SAP and PLHA extracts, anticancer activity was apparent at the lowest extract doses. This is significant for their use in the chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Although the plant under study is well-known, information on chemopretive activity is scarce.