esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Predicting the Pillar Stability of Underground Mines with Random Trees and C4.5 Decision Trees
## 4 Development of Prediction Models
From the confusion matrix outcomes, the following classification evaluation metrics were used for comparing the prediction performance of the models [39; 40; 41]:  
\[ACC=\frac{TN+TP}{TN+FP+FN+TP} \tag{3}\]  
\[Precision=\frac{TN}{FN+TN}or\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{4}\]  
\[Recall=\frac{TN}{TN+FP}or\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{5}\]  
\[F-measure=\frac{1}{Precision}+\frac{1}{Recall} \tag{6}\]  
\[MCC=\frac{TN\times TP-FP\times FN}{\sqrt{(FN+TP)(FP+TN)(FP+TP)(FN+TN)}} \tag{7}\]  
Accuracy (ACC) is the sum of \(TP\) and \(TN\) that shows the percentage of correctly classified instances among all of the data. This metric assesses the overall prediction effectiveness of the model. ACC may be deceptive, owing to the imbalanced dataset since it may produce a high value when the failed pillar samples in the majority class are favorably predicted. Therefore, in this study, other evaluation metrics including precision, recall, F-measure, and MCC were used to further assess the model's performance. Precision is referred to as positive predicted value; recall is referred to as the true positive rate; \(F\)-measure represents a broad index that measures the performance of both recall and precision that ranged from 0 (worst value) to 1 (best value). MCC [41] represents the extent of correlation between observed and predicted classes of failed and stable cases. It is one of the standard metrics used by statisticians that takes values from \(-1\) to 1. An MCC value of \"\(-1\)\" shows complete disagreement (strong negative association), \"\(1\)\" indicate the complete agreement (strong positive association), and \"\(0\)\" represent that the prediction was not related with the ground truth (very weak or no correlation between dependent and independent variable).
## 3 Wind Tunnel Test of Section Model
### VIV Responses of Aerodynamic Measures of Deflector Plate
#### 3.3.1 Upper Chord Deflector Plate  
The upper chord deflector plate was added to the original cross section and arranged symmetrically on both sides of the upper bridge deck along the longitudinal direction of the truss girder and was in the form of a right-angled deflector plate. The position and shape of the upper chord deflector plate are shown in Figure 11. After the upper chord deflector plate was added, the relationship between the vertical and torsional VIV amplitudes and the wind speed is shown in Figure 12 under the attack angles of +3\({}^{\circ}\) and +5\({}^{\circ}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Symbol** & **Attack Angles** & **Test Content** \\ \hline
1 & OS & \(0,\pm 3^{\circ},\pm 5^{\circ}\) & Original section \\
2 & UD & +3\({}^{\circ}\), +5\({}^{\circ}\) & Upper chord deflector plate \\
3 & LD & +3\({}^{\circ}\), +5\({}^{\circ}\) & Lower chord deflector plate \\
4 & LD + UD & +3\({}^{\circ}\), +5\({}^{\circ}\) & Lower chord and upper chord deflector plate \\
5 & WD & +3\({}^{\circ}\), +5\({}^{\circ}\) & Web deflector plate \\
6 & LD + WD & +3\({}^{\circ}\), +5\({}^{\circ}\) & Lower chord and web deflector plate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Working conditions.  
Figure 10: Time histories and spectra of maximum torsional displacement.  
Figure 11: Working condition of upper chord deflector plate.  
Figure 12: Wind speed–amplitude curve of UD working condition.  
It can be seen from Figure 12 that when the wind attack angle was +3\({}^{\circ}\), the vertical and torsional peak amplitudes of the UD working condition increased compared with those of the OS working condition. After setting the upper chord deflector plate on the original section, the peak amplitude of vertical VIV increased from 75.54 mm to 93.73 mm, and the vertical VIV locking range also changed from 5.24 m/s\(\sim\)6.72 m/s to 4.47 m/s\(\sim\)6.65 m/s. The peak amplitude of torsional VIV increased from 0.181\({}^{\circ}\) to 0.211\({}^{\circ}\), and the torsional VIV major locking range also changed from 12.27 m/s\(\sim\)18.06 m/s to 11.30 m/s\(\sim\)16.67 m/s. At a +5\({}^{\circ}\) attack angle, the peak amplitude of vertical VIV increased from 98.23 mm to 131.33 mm, and the vertical VIV locking range also changed from 5.01 m/s\(\sim\)6.69 m/s to 4.47 m/s\(\sim\)6.69 m/s after setting the upper chord deflector plate on the original section. The peak amplitude of torsional VIV increased from 0.211\({}^{\circ}\) to 0.279\({}^{\circ}\), and the torsional VIV major locking range also changed from 13.75 m/s\(\sim\)19.49 m/s to 13.45 m/s\(\sim\)19.55 m/s. After the right-angled upper chord deflector plate was set, the onset wind speed of the VIV at the wind attack angles of +3\({}^{\circ}\) and +5\({}^{\circ}\) was advanced, and the peak amplitudes of the vertical and torsional VIV increased. Therefore, the right-angled top chord deflector plate in this study cannot suppress the VIV of the double-deck truss girder at +3\({}^{\circ}\) and +5\({}^{\circ}\) attack angles.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Wear and Life Test Results  
The relevant parameters for wear and lifespan testing are provided in Table 4, where \(Y\) is the test number, \(m\) is the amount of wear, and \(L\) is the life of the piston. The results of the wear and life tests are shown in Table 4. The piston with cylindrical pit arrays could significantly reduce the wear rate \(w\) and improve the service life \(L\) of the piston. Compared with piston S-1, the \(w\) value of pistons 4 and 13 reduced by more than double, and \(v\) increased by more than 30%. Compared with piston S-2, the \(w\) value of piston 22 experienced a substantial decrease, reducing by approximately 50%. Meanwhile, \(v\) demonstrated a significant enhancement, with an increase of at least 48%. Since \(H\) for piston 25 was relatively large and had a certain influence on the wear performance and service life of the piston, the changes in \(w\) and \(v\) were not significant. In conclusion, all the textured pistons demonstrated a decrease in \(w\) with varying degrees, while \(v\) exhibited an increase to different extents. Notably, the wear amount \(m\) for pistons 4, 13 and 22 reduced by over 50%, resulting in an improvement in their lifespan \(L\) of at least 30% or more.
## 3 Research Methodology  
Considering the importance of ACN and its progressive adoption, many studies have proposed different approaches and architectures in the literature. Despite this huge number of studies, only a few exhibit a reliable structure and related security analysis, as discussed in Section 2, leaving room for myriad threats and vulnerabilities that can, in the worst case, cause a decrease in survival probability [4].  
Meticulous work has been performed to determine the most appropriate research questions by taking into consideration ISO/SAE 21434. Motivations for the architecture selection are given in the following subsections, considering a huge number of features related to both communication and data analysis technologies put in place by the analyzed works.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **ISO 26262** & **ISO PAS 21448** & **ISO/SAE 21434** \\ \hline
**Objective** & Functional safety & Safety of intended functionality (SOTIF) & Cybersecurity \\ \hline
**Application** & All electrical and electronic systems in vehicles & Vehicle road systems requiring a SOTIF assessment to a network or the internet \\ \hline
**Process** & Development and verification of electrical and electronic systems & SOTIF management & Cybersecurity management \\ \hline
**Phases** & Hazard identification and assessment, control definition and implementation, verification and validation & Hazard identification and assessment, control definition and implementation & Risk identification and assessment, control definition and implementation, verification and validation \\ \hline
**Results** & Electrical and electronic systems in vehicles are designed and built to minimize the risk of malfunctions that could cause harm to people or properties use by people & Vehicle road systems requiring a SOTIF assessment are designed and built to a network or the internet are designed and built to minimize the risk of malfunctions that could cause harm to people or properties due to reasonably foreseeable use by people & Electrical and electronic systems in vehicles connected to a network or the internet are designed and built to minimize the risk of malfunctions that could cause harm to people or properties due to reasonably foreseeable cyberattacks \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Key differences between ISO 26262, ISO PAS 21448, and ISO/SAE 21434.
## 3 Results
### Zero-State Response Control Strategies
#### 3.1.1 Opening Time at Morning  
As the intensity of solar radiation rises, the temperature of the attached sunspace increases in the morning, resulting in a thermal pressure difference with the lower indoor temperature. When the interior active window on the public wall is opened, the attached sunspace's high-temperature air heats the room by thermal convection. In order to establish the ideal opening time of the interior active window, this article evaluates the attached sunspace's heating impacts at different opening times based on TRNSYS model. The simulation results can be seen in Figure 7.  
As Figure 7 shows, the influence of the different window opening time on the indoor temperature is primarily focused on the pace of increase in heating start. Nevertheless, it has little effect on the temperature once the heat exchange has stabilized. In the absence of solar radiation, indoor and attached sunspace's temperatures are steadily dropping. When solar radiation begins to intensify, the temperature of attached sunspace progressively rises. Despite that the indoor temperature's rate of decrease has slowed, the decline will continue until the temperature of the attached sunspace is higher than the indoor temperature. When the interior active window is not opened, the indoor temperature rises at a relatively slow rate, due to the indoor environment receiving the sunlight radiation from the closed window and the heat conducted through the public wall. However, when the interior active window is opened, natural convection brings the heated air from the sunspace into the room and the indoor temperature rises rapidly.  
When comparing the inside temperature curves at various opening times, the difference is noticeable. The earlier the interior active window is opened, the higher the average indoor temperature at the initial moment, and the later the window is opened, the faster the indoor temperature rate rises. The main reason for this phenomenon is that under the solar radiation, the heat gain in the sunspace is much greater than indoor, and the thermal resistance caused by the closing of the interior active window makes the indoor temperature increase at a much lower rate. As a result, this temperature difference grows greater and larger in the morning as time passes, and the later the window is opened, the greater the heat pressure. This reason caused the faster indoor temperature increases. However, because of the heat transfer balance, the internal temperature remained constant regardless of when the window was opened.  
In conclusion, when the interior active window is opened earlier, due to the lower temperature of the attached sunspace, the temperature difference between the room at this time is small, and the natural convection heating effect formed is also limited. In order to make the natural convection more effective, the actual control strategy should allow the interior active window when there is a temperature of attached sunspace higher by 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C than indoors. In this simulation, the best opening time is around 10:00.
# Determination of Arsenic Species Distribution
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Laboratory Procedures and Analyses
#### 3.3.3 Sequential Extraction Scheme  
The algorithm of the stepwise leaching procedure itself was chosen based on the general geochemical parameters of the tailings: composition, pH of the media, high content of carbonate minerals, and low mobility of cations. At the same time, it was important to consider increased content of magnesium compounds in tailings and arsenic oxyanions adsorbed on them/co-precipitated with it.  
It was decided to use a combined six-stage sequential extraction procedure of As leaching (Table 1) in combination with a non-chromatographic determination of arsenic species, arsenic (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV).  
This scheme is a hybrid of several previously used sequential extraction procedures developed and tested on oxidized soils and mineral processing waste, including BCR and CIEMAT schemes [44; 45; 46; 47; 48]. The total of the As contents recovered by the various reagents differs slightly from the results obtained by full acid microwave decomposition.  
Samples weighing 1 g were placed in 50 mL centrifuge tubes, then the necessary volumes of extraction reagents were added successively and placed on a vibration table for the required time. After each extraction step, the suspension was centrifuged for 20 min at 5000 rpm. The supernatant was decanted and, if necessary, acidified with high-purity HNO\({}_{3}\); then, immediately after preparation, the total elemental composition in the solutions was determined, including the total arsenic content and the content of AsIII.  
The water extracts (F1) were divided into three parts: the first part was preserved with ultrapure nitric acid in a ratio of 0.25 mL of acid per 10 mL of solution for determination of the elemental composition. The second part was prepared for analysis of AsIII. The third aliquot was reserved for anion analyses. Solutions of fractions 2-4 were divided into two parts for bulk analysis and determination of AsIII. In solutions of fractions 5 and 6, after the oxidation of the substance, only the total composition was analyzed. All resulting solutions were analyzed immediately after procedures.  
The pH of the solutions (solutions F1-F5) was controlled using a laboratory pH meter Anion-4100 (Infraspak-Analyte, Novosibirsk, Russia) equipped with a combined ESK-10602 electrode.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Steps** & **Extractable Components/Forms** & **Extractant and Conditions** & **Possible Mechanism** \\ \hline F1 & Water-soluble, arsenic forms & H\({}_{2}\)O (V = 50 mL) t 24 h & Dissolution in water \\  & Arsenic forms sorbed on the surface & & 0.1 M NaH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & Anionic exchange of ion phosphate \\ F2 & of magnesium minerals and & (pH = 8, V = 40 mL) & for arsenate and arsenite \\  & deposited as magnesium & & 0.1 M CH\({}_{3}\)COOH & Dissolution of carbonate minerals \\  & arsenates/arsenites & & (V = 40 mL) pH 4 & with separation into solution As \\ F3 & Arsenic forms sorbed on the surface & & 2 M NH\({}_{2}\)OH \(\bullet\)
# Harnessing Biotechnology for the Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Coastal Marine Ecosystems
## 6 Critical Analysis of Phytoremediation vs. Microbial Remediation
### Effectiveness  
Bioremediation typically offers faster degradation rates and a broader metabolic capacity for diverse organic pollutants. Microorganisms such as _Pseudomonas_, _Rhodococcus_,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Biotechnological Application** & **Outcome** & **Challenges** & **Study** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Bioremediation} & The identification of effective & & \\  & bioremediation techniques, including & Environmental factors that & \\  & biostimulation, bioaugmentation, & affect microorganisms & [PERSON] et al. [12] \\  & and the use of biosurfactants & & \\ \hline The use of genetically & The validation of the effectiveness of & & \\   engineered microorganisms for & microorganisms in the remediation & & \\  & of pollutants & on the environment and & \\  & & human health & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Bioremediation} & The identification of effective & & \\  & remediation techniques and & & \\  & characterization of pollutants in & & \\  & marine ecosystems & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Phytoremediation} & The confirmation of the viability of & & \\  & the effectiveness of the use of & & \\  & bacteria inoculants in enhancing & & \\  & plants’ capacity for the remediation & & \\  & of organic pollutants & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Phytoremediation} & A comprehensive evaluation of & Negligible capacity for some & \\  & phytoremediation approaches & plants to remediate & \\  & pollutants & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Key studies on the application of biotechnology in organic pollutant remediation.  
and _Sphingomonas_ can metabolize complex compounds like PAHs, PCBs, and antibiotics through specific enzymatic pathways (e.g., dioxygenase-mediated oxidation, biphenyl degradation). These processes often result in complete mineralization, especially under optimized conditions. Phytoremediation, although generally slower, is effective for pollutants present in surface waters and sediments, especially when used in constructed or natural wetland systems. Plants such as _Eichhornia crassipes_, _Lemna minor_, and mangrove species can extract, change, or stabilize organic contaminants. Phytoremediation has a lot of advantages for large-scale, shallow, and low-energy environments where rooted vegetation can establish over time.
# A Review of Document Image Enhancement Based on Document Degradation Problem
## 2 Document Image Degradation Problems
### Watermark Removal  
The digital age has led to more accessible communication of digital images and digital information. However, in the process of communication, there are various intentional and unintentional content modifications, and such editing techniques sometimes infringe on intellectual property rights. Moreover, the existence of a watermark is significant for the integrity of original content and copyright protection. Some files may contain one or more watermarks that block the document text, causing problems that make the document difficult to read. Similar to the case of document image denoising, it is difficult to deal with such problems because the watermark color may be the same as or darker than the document text. Therefore, we need a way to recover degraded version files. Watermark removal methods focus on eliminating watermarks and increasing document images' visual quality and readability. We also need to use the correct watermark removal method. Figure 2e shows a watermark-removed image sample.
## 1 Introduction
It utilizes the maximum mean difference (MMD) algorithm and Pearson correlation coefficient to describe component health status. The authors developed a multiparameter component assessment model by integrating the entropy weighting method with the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method to assign weights to parameters of the same change type. Additionally, the empirical modal decomposition (EMD) technique was employed for trend extraction and comparative validation. This method requires a small amount of sample data and is easy to validate. Good results have been achieved in all tests using a large amount of real satellite component operational data. However, the method has a few shortcomings. Firstly, the original method is only applicable to the multiparameter fusion assessment of the same type of parameters of a component, restricting its application to the comprehensive assessment of combinations of different types of parameters. Secondly, the determination of threshold values still relies on expert experience and lacks objectivity and updating. In summary, the method provides a new idea and approach for satellite component health assessment. However, further research and improvement are still needed to improve its applicability and accuracy. Building upon previous research, this research proposes an improved and optimized method to address the above limitations. (1) The improved Wasserstein distance (WD) is introduced as an alternative measure to HDDD and SOC calculations. This optimization simplifies the decision-making process for assessing the results and provides a more accurate description of changes in the health status of satellite components. Additionally, the method is extended to accommodate the assessment of multiple types of parameters, surpassing the original approach, which only evaluates single parameter types. (2) Spectral clustering is used to determine the boundaries of different health status classes to replace traditional methods that rely on expert experience. By using spectral clustering, the health states of satellite components can be automatically classified. This also provides a more scientific, objective, and reliable means of assessment and enhances the accuracy and repeatability of the assessment method. The experimental results confirm the capability of the newly proposed method to accurately capture the evolving trends in the health status of satellite components. Its effectiveness in the real-time assessment and monitoring of satellite component health is validated. The next sections describe, in detail, the optimization method presented in this research and the experimental results to demonstrate its potential for application in the field of satellite component health assessment.
###### Abstract  
In most degradation tests, the measuring processes is affected by several conditions that may cause variation in the observed measures. As the measuring process is inherent to the degradation testing, it is important to establish schemes that define a certain level of permissible measurement error such that a robust reliability estimation can be obtained. In this article, an approach to deal with measurement error in degradation processes is proposed, the method focuses on studying the effect of such error in the reliability assessment. This approach considers that the true degradation is a function of the observed degradation and the measurement error. As the true degradation is not directly observed it is proposed to obtain an estimate based on a deconvolution operation, which considers the subtraction of random variables such as the observed degradation and the measurement error. Given that the true degradation is free of measurement error, the first-passage time distribution will be different from the observed degradation. For the establishment of a control mechanism, these two distributions are compared using different indices, which account to describe the differences between the observed and true degradation. By defining critical levels of these indices, the reliability assessment may be obtained under a known level of measurement error. An illustrative example based on a fatigue-crack growth dataset is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed scheme, the reliability assessment is developed, and some important insights are provided.  
deconvolution; gamma process; lifetime; measurement system analysis; reliability estimation +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Engineering and Manufacturing