## 5 Overview of 5G-Enabling Technologies
### The 5G Research Groups  
The following are some significant research organizations involved in the standardization of 5G technology. A. METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for Twenty-twenty (2020) Information Society)--METIS concentrated on RAN design, creating an air interface that analyses peak data rates, traffic load by area, traffic volume per user, and real client data rates. In February 2015, METIS released a study in which they constructed an RAN architecture with simulation results. They created an air interface that analyses data rates on the basis of peak hours, traffic load by area, user traffic volume, and precise client data rates. They were able to obtain an RAN latency of less than one millisecond [9; 131; 132]. They also used multiple RAN models and traffic flow in a range of locations, including colleges, malls, stadiums, and businesses. B. The 5G PPP (5G Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership)--The fifth-generation infrastructure public-private partnership project is a collaboration between two entities (European Commission and the European ICT industry). Over the next decade, 5G-PPP will deliver numerous standardized designs, solutions, and innovations for next-generation mobile networks. The primary purpose of 5G-PPP is for the European Commission to apply this research to education, smart cities, intelligent transportation, entertainment, e-health, and media [9; 131; 132]. C. The 5 GNOW (5 th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for asynchronous signaling)--5 GNOW is working on network modulation and multiplexing techniques for the next generation. The visible waveform communication of 5 GNOW is ultra reliable and offers ultra-low latency. The 5 GNOWs also employ the short-term Fourier transform (STFI) to gather signal time and frequency plane information [9; 131; 132]. D. EMPhAtiC (Enhanced Multicarrier Technology for Professional Ad Hoc and Cell-Based Communications)--EMPhAtiC is working on asynchronous secure communication systems using a configurable filter bank multi-hop transmission through MIMO. They have recently demonstrated an MIMO-based trans-receiver approach for Filter Bank Multi-Carrier in frequency selective channels (FBMC) [9; 131; 132]. E. NEWCOM (Network of Excellence in Wireless Communications)--NEWCOM's research and development efforts are focused on wireless energy efficiency, channel efficiency, and multi-hop communication. They are actively working on cloud RAN, mobile broadband, local and distributed antenna systems, and multi-hop communication for 5G networks. Finally, their research shows that the baseband is handled through the use of a QAM modulation architecture, system bandwidth, and resource block [9; 131; 132]. F. NYU New York University Wireless--NYU Wireless is a research institution for wireless communication, sensing, networking, and device development. Recent NYU research focuses on developing smaller, lighter antennas with directional beamforming to allow dependable wireless communication [9; 131; 132].  
G. The 5 GIC 5G Innovation Centre--5 GIC is a UK-based high-speed wireless communication research organization. In their most recent investigation, they attained 1 Tbps speed in point-to-point wireless communication. Their major objective is to provide ultra-low latency application services [9; 131; 132]. H. ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute)--ETRI is a Korean research group that focuses on 5G network stability, device-to-device communication, and the MHN protocol stack [9; 131; 132].