# The Development of an Advanced Air Mobility Flight Testing and Simulation Infrastructure
## 1 Introduction  
Traditional air transportation system is expected to transform into the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) system, which is a more agile, flexible, and accessible air transportation system compared to the current one, offering an expansion of operations to the urban, sub-urban, and rural areas. Technological development, especially in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs), is one of the key enablers for realizing the AAM concept and adopting it for daily usage. Yet, there are still many more challenges that have to be considered to fully benefit from the potential of such a system. These problems vary and include the following: the development of a smart city infrastructure, integration with the current air transportation system, technological developments, enhancing safety and creating a reliable system, designing use cases and relevant vehicle concepts, the development of proper traffic networks and structures, defining roles and responsibilities, setting properstandards and regulations, ensuring privacy, minimizing environmental impacts, and social adoption. Current efforts in the AAM domain are towards defining a concept of operations (ConOps) that aims to prepare guidelines for such a new concept that will enable the future of air transportation. ConOps preparations include designing new business cases for AAM, assigning responsibilities to relevant stakeholders and setting their tasks, defining the base requirements for concept verification, setting up an operable traffic network structure and its standards regarding operations, defining services to be used, and outlining how to test and validate everything that is defined. The main purpose is to create a strong basis for achieving AAM. Various initiatives around the world are taken to prepare and validate these ConOps. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and various industrial leaders have defined Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and UAS Traffic Management (UTM) concepts through envisioned operations and use cases [1; 2]. Additional ConOps are available, for instance from NASA, which provides comprehensive information via passenger-carrying UAM [3], and from Boeing and Wisk, which explores and expands on passenger-carrying uncrewed and autonomous UAM operations [4]. Another plan about the secure integration of passenger and cargo aircraft into the current air transportation system under the UAM concept was released by Airbus [5]. For the future air transportation in 2030, UK Research and Innovation established a vision and defined a roadmap for success in the United Kingdom (UK) [6]. Similarly in Australia, Embraer and Airservices Australia prepared a joint ConOps on developing the UAM concept, and how to safely handle traffic and vertiports was discussed [7]. Last but not least, ConOps for the European UTM systems (CORUS) project supported by the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management (ATM) Research Joint Undertaking (SESAR JU) has created an initial outline for UAM that introduces the U-space system and its enabling services and processes for future AAM [8; 9], and these concepts were extended further and validated via demonstrations under the CORUS XUAM project [10]. The U-space concept was first presented by SESAR JU, which aims to create a safe and efficient UTM system through novel services and particular requirements [11]. Aside from defining an operable future AAM concept, some of the works focus on the previously mentioned individual problems to be overcome and aim to create a basis for an AAM infrastructure and realize such a concept. There are many exploratory research and demonstration projects underway, especially under SESAR JU. In terms of on-board systems to be used on AAM platforms, detect and avoid (DAA), communication navigation and surveillance (CNS), and autopilot systems have been explored through various projects, known as PercEvite [12] and the advanced integrated remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) avionics safety suite (AIRPASS) [13; 14].