## 3 Results
### MPO, NO, MDA, and GSH Levels in the Small-Intestine Tissue  
The GSH levels in the control group were the lowest, while the levels of MPO, NO, and MDA were the highest (Table 6). However, the normal group showed the contrary trend. LB, LF-CQPC10-L, and LF-CQPC10-H significantly improved the GSH level, while reducing the MPO, NO, and MDA levels in the constipation mice group (\(p<0.05\)). When compared to LB and LF-CQPC10-L, LF-CQPC10-H greatly improved the GSH level and decreased MPO, NO, and MDA levels.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **Length of Small** & **Length of GI Transit** & **Activated Carbon** \\  & **Intestine (cm)** & **(cm)** & **Progradation Rate (\%)** \\ \hline Normal & 43.3 \(\pm\) 2.2 a & 41.8 \(\pm\) 2.3 a & 96.5 \(\pm\) 2.2 a \\ Control & 43.4 \(\pm\) 2.4 a & 14.2 \(\pm\) 2.6 e & 32.7 \(\pm\) 2.4 e \\ LB & 43.7 \(\pm\) 2.6 a & 26.8 \(\pm\) 2.5 d & 61.3 \(\pm\) 2.3 d \\ LP-CQPC10-L & 43.5 \(\pm\) 1.7 a & 31.3 \(\pm\) 2.0 c & 72.0 \(\pm\) 1.8 c \\ LP-CQPC10-H & 43.6 \(\pm\) 2.4 a & 37.9 \(\pm\) 2.2 b & 86.9 \(\pm\) 2.2 b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values presented are the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. a–e Mean values with different letters in the same row are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s multiple-range test. LB: _Lactobacillus bulgariucus_ (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)); LP-CQPC10-L: _Lactobacillus plantarum_ CQPC10 (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)); LP-CQPC10-H: _Lactobacillus plantarum_ CQPC10 (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Gastrointestinal (GI) transit in mice with activated carbon-induced constipation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Levels (pg/mL)** & **Normal** & **Control** & **LB** & **LF-CQPC10-L** & **LF-CQPC10-H** \\ \hline MTL & 205.3 \(\pm\) 17.3 a & 56.7 \(\pm\) 5.9 e & 83.6 \(\pm\) 14.1 d & 122.3 \(\pm\) 11.8 c & 178.2 \(\pm\) 15.3 b \\ Gas & 131.2 \(\pm\) 12.5 a & 32.0 \(\pm\) 3.9 e & 61.3 \(\pm\) 8.3 d & 81.4 \(\pm\) 5.1 c & 102.3 \(\pm\) 7.7 b \\ ET & 42.1 \(\pm\) 3.3 a & 4.6 \(\pm\) 0.8 e & 12.3 \(\pm\) 1.1 d & 23.6 \(\pm\) 2.1 c & 32.6 \(\pm\) 2.5 b \\ SS & 25.7 \(\pm\) 2.6 e & 90.3 \(\pm\) 5.6 a & 62.3 \(\pm\) 3.6 b & 46.7 \(\pm\) 3.2 c & 33.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 d \\ AchE & 53.2 \(\pm\) 3.3 a & 7.6 \(\pm\) 2.1 e & 23.4 \(\pm\) 2.4 d & 34.7 \(\pm\) 2.1 c & 41.8 \(\pm\) 2.4 b \\ SP & 88.6 \(\pm\) 4.9 a & 26.7 \(\pm\) 3.5 e & 50.3 \(\pm\) 3.5 d & 61.3 \(\pm\) 2.4 c & 69.7 \(\pm\) 3.0 b \\ VIP & 84.6 \(\pm\) 2.3 a & 22.7 \(\pm\) 3.2 e & 40.3 \(\pm\) 2.8 d & 53.6 \(\pm\) 2.9 e & 73.1 \(\pm\) 3.0 b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values presented are the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. a–e Mean values with different letters in the same row are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s multiple-range test. LB: _Lactobacillus bulgariucus_ (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)); LP-CQPC10-L: _Lactobacillus plantarum_ CQPC10 (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)); LP-CQPC10-H: _Lactobacillus plantarum_ CQPC10 (1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg body weight (bw)). MTL, motility; Gas, gastrin; ET, endothelin; SS, somatostatin; AchE, acetylcholinesteraseChineserase; SP, substance P; and VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.  
\end{table}
Table 5: MTL, ET, SS, AchE, and Gas serum levels in mice with activated carbon-induced constipation.