## 4 Discussion
Additional antioxidant tests can be applied to achieve a more accurate determination of activity [65; 66]. The variations observed in antioxidant activities between different parts and locations can be attributed to the diverse composition of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, in these extracts [67; 68]. The data obtained in Tables 7 and 8 shows there is a difference between plants and their parts. Furthermore, the results obtained by othermethods (Tables 2-5) indicate that there is a difference in plants because the number of substances in them differs. The concentration and preservation methods used during lyophilisation may influence the higher antioxidant activities in ethanol extracts compared to freeze-dried extracts. For example, higher antioxidant results were absorbed for VM leaves D (10.8 mg/mL) and VM aerial parts S (10.37 mg/mL), but for \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity, the best results were for VM aerial parts S and VV aerial S. According to another study, VM berries show antioxidant possibilities ranging from 10.97 mg/mL to 14.87 mg/mL [69]. Furthermore, \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity in VM berries was determined to be 102.68 mg/mL and 32.71 mg/mL, respectively [70]. Plant extracts could replace synthetic food antioxidants, which could affect human health with long-term consumption [71]. \(\alpha\)-amylase is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion, and its inhibition can be useful for managing conditions such as T2 DM [72]. \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity facilitates the enhancement of the breakdown rate of complex starch into glucose. However, excessive inhibition, as seen with acarbose, is associated with increased side effects, such as intestinal disorders [73]. Acarbose's overactive inhibition of \(\alpha\)-amylase leads to the release of undigested starch into the lower gastrointestinal tract, triggering abnormal fermentation by the intestinal microflora. This process results in abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea. Therefore, a moderate inhibition of \(\alpha\)-amylase activity is preferable. The \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity concentrations of \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibitors in freeze-dried extracts were generally lower than those of ethanol extracts. The most effective inhibitors were found in freeze-dried VV aerial parts S and ethanol extracts of VV aerial parts D. Furthermore, according to [PERSON] et al., the obtained data indicate no significant difference between the VM berries and leaves [10]. Therefore, leaves or aerial parts can serve as substitutes for berries. According to a previous study, the \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity must be at least 50% IC [74]. This is consistent with our results on the properties of VM ethanol extracts. These findings highlight the potential of Vaccinium extracts to modulate \(\alpha\)-amylase activity. Plant-based bioactive substances exhibit various pharmacodynamic effects, including therapeutic actions that are advantageous for people with T2 DM and its associated complications [75; 76; 77]. Polypenols are considered a potential means of regulating postprandial hyperglycemia through \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibition activity. This approach aims to control the amount of glucose released during the digestive process [78]. Similar dose-dependent results have been observed in plants such as _Syzygium cumini_ and _Psidium guajava_[79; 80]. Many aerial parts of plants and their components can lower blood glucose levels, attributed to the presence of tannins, terpenoids, and flavonoids [81]. Tannins and flavonoids are known to possess potential inhibitory effects on \(\alpha\)-amylase and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase [82]. In order to influence T2 DM, plants must contain biologically active substances capable of influencing hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Research mentions substances that have this feature, such as quercetin, vitamin D, vitamin A and E, hesperidin, rutin, curcumin, polyphenols, epicatechin, kaempfer, etc. [24; 25; 83].