esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effect of Compressed Sensing Rates and Video Resolutions on a PoseNet Model in an AIoT System
###### Abstract  
To provide an artificial intelligence service such as pose estimation with a PoseNet model in an Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) system, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensing device sends a large amount of data such as images or videos to an AIoT edge server. This causes serious data traffic problems in IoT networks. To mitigate these problems, we can apply compressed sensing (CS) to the IoT sensing device. However, the AIoT edge server may have poor pose estimation accuracy (i.e., pose score), because it has to recover the CS data received from the IoT sensing device and estimate human pose from the imperfectly recovered data according to CS rates. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the effect of CS rates (from 100% to 10%) and video resolutions (1280 \(\times\) 720, 640 \(\times\) 480, 480 \(\times\) 360) in the IoT sensing device on the pose score of the PoseNet model in the AIoT edge server. When only considering the meaningful range of CS rates from 100% to 50%, we found that the higher the video resolution, the lower the pose score. At the CS rate of 80%, we could reduce data traffic by 20% despite the degradation in pose score of less than about 0.03 for all video resolutions.  
Internet of Things; data traffic; compressed sensing; deep learning; edge computing; MobileNet v1; PoseNet +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 6 Experiment
### Results in the White-Box Setting
#### 6.2.2 Popular vs. Niche Target Item  
We explored the effectiveness of DRLATack when targeting popular and niche (less popular) items. The default experimental settings were set with a fake user ratio of 3% and \(T=30\), and the chosen recommendation algorithm for the attack was DMF. To differentiate between popular and niche items, we ranked items based on the total number of user interactions. The top 10% of items with the most interactions were classified as popular items, while the bottom 10% with the fewest interactions were classified as niche items. The specific item numbers targeted for the attack in the three datasets, along with statistics on users who had not interacted with these items, are detailed in Table 4.  
In experiments with popular items, DRLATack demonstrated a higher average hit rate (HR@10) on the ML-100K, ML-1M, and Last.fm datasets, with rates of 0.022, 0.020, and 0.030, respectively, compared to the three baseline methods. This indicates that DRLATack can more effectively manipulate the recommendation system, even for those items that already have high exposure rates.  
For attacks on niche items, as shown in Figure 3, DRLATack also outperformed all baseline methods across the three datasets, with HR@10 rates of 0.011, 0.009, and 0.018, respectively. This result further confirms the effectiveness of DRLATack in enhancing the ranking of target items. Particularly in the Last.fm dataset, DRLATack's hit rate was almost three times that of the best baseline method.  
NDCG, another important metric for measuring the quality of ranking in recommendation lists, showed significant advantages for DRLATack in experiments with popular items, as displayed in Figure 3. Although the increase in NDCG value for niche items was not as pronounced as for popular items, it still far exceeded the attack effects of the baseline methods. These results still demonstrate that DRLATack can effectively improve the ranking quality of niche items.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dataset**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Popular Item**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Niche Item**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **ID** & **Number of Users** & **ID** & **Number of Users** \\ \hline ML-100K & 100 & 435 & 110 & 912 \\ ML-1M & 141 & 5358 & 205 & 5955 \\ Last.fm & 225 & 1757 & 535 & 1826 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Selection of target item for attack.
## 4 Conclusions  
The selection of suitable cultivars for the VI process could be an effective approach to increase the efficiency of the process and the quality of the product. As a result of the VI process of cubes of 14 apple cultivars, an attractive form of fruit enriched with vitamin C was obtained. Nowadays, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin C for adults 19 years of age or older is 90 mg per day for men and 75 mg for women. So, it is interesting to note that the consumption of a 100 g serving of apple cubes after VI could cover even more than 100% of this recommendation for this population because the highest ascorbic acid content after VI reached approximately 130 mg/100 g.  
The result of this study indicates that the initial firmness of the sample strongly influenced the amount of liquid incorporated into the tissue. This, in turn, indicated a higher ascorbic acid content, a lower pH, and a lower BI after VI. However, the tested parameters could not explain all dependencies and suggested that mass transfer was not only forced by the hydrodynamic mechanism. It could also be limited by such factors as different properties of the tissue of particular cultivars, such as its juiciness, size and shape of pores, connectivity, tortuosity and capillary curvatures. More research in this field is needed.  
VI could contribute to preventing color deterioration and browning after cutting apple tissue, but the initial color of the apples is not retained. Furthermore, excessive softening of the apple tissue after impregnation, especially noted for apples with an initially softer texture, may be a disadvantage for its longer storage, e.g., in the form of a minimally processed product, but it will still be suitable for preservation by drying.  
M.K.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition. E.R.-K.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition. R.B.-M.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition. P.L.K.: methodology, investigation, writing-review, and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 3: PCA score plot.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by Polish National Centre for Research and Development project number POIR.01.01.01-00-0146/17-00.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available from the authors on request.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the colleagues in the Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin and anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped to improve this paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Delving into Causal Discovery in Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaires
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology
#### 2.2.3 Shareability and Interoperability  
In order to facilitate the shareability and interoperability of our findings, we adopted the Resource Description Framework [64] to represent the responses to the HRQoL questionnaires, as well as the cause-effect relationships among the questions. The RDF constitutes a core technology in the ecosystem of semantic technologies endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and serves as the backbone for creating semantic knowledge graphs (KGs). Semantic KGs are structured representations of interconnected information and enhance understanding and retrieval for both humans and machines [65].  
In essence, a semantic KG assumes the form of a directed graph, where the nodes represent the various entities of the domain of interest and the edges represent their interrelationships. The graph becomes \"semantic\" when the meanings (i.e., semantics) of every node and edge are explicitly specified in a human- and machine-understandable format like the RDF. This way, the KG constitutes a model of the domain at hand that can be easily shared/exchanged, but also effortlessly processed by programs and automated (intelligent) tools, like AI agents.  
Specifically, for the representation of HRQoL questionnaires as RDF KGs, as well as the involved questions, the patients' responses, and the cause-effect relationships between questions, we relied on DDI-RDF [66], a vocabulary for publishing metadata about datasets (research and survey data). Moreover, in HRQoL questionnaires, every question typically corresponds to a facet, and each facet can be further categorized in a domain (e.g., physical, psychological, emotional, social, etc.). In our approach, we represented facets and domains as SKOS concepts, where SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) is a W3C standard for representing knowledge organization systems [67]. Additionally, SKOS also allows the representation of narrower-broader relationships between concepts, and this facilitated the representation of the associations between facets and domains, resulting, in essence, in a two-level taxonomy. All KGs discussed in this work are serialized in RDF Turtle, which represents knowledge as <subject-predicate-object> triples.  
Our motivation behind this whole endeavor was twofold: (a) to facilitate collaboration with potentially interested third parties towards developing extensions of mutual interest across research studies and healthcare institutions, and (b) to drive knowledge discovery from HRQoL data towards developing decision support systems that leverage semantic technologies in the context of patient management.
# Facile Fabrication of 3D Hierarchically Porous Carbon Foam as Supercapacitor Electrode Material
## 1 Introduction  
With the continually increasing demand for energy and the limited availability off ossil fuels, it is imperative to urgently develop advanced electrochemical devices with high efficiency, renewability, and low price [1; 2]. Supercapacitors based upon electrical double-layer capacitance have played a vital role in energy storage devices owing to their distinct merits, including rapid charge/discharge rate, superior power density, and extremely long cycle stability [3]. Various carbonaceous materials are employed in electrical double layer capacitors such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene because of their robust porosity, high electrical conductivity, and stable physicochemical properties [4; 5]. However, conventional carbon-based electrical double layer capacitors suffer from a low specific capacitance and poor rate capability because of diffusion restriction between internal pores and electrolyte ions at high rate conditions [6].  
Recently, 3D hierarchical carbonaceous materials with high surface areas and special porous structures have attracted considerable interests for their high performance on supercapacitors [7; 8]. The hierarchically porous structure that couples various pores provides highly efficient ion transport channels through the mesopores/macropores and high capacitance from the micropores/mesopores [9]. [PERSON] et al. used KOH and resol to synthesize 3D hierarchical porous carbon with a high specific surface area. The obtained material shows excellent supercapac performances in a 6 M KOH electrolyte [10]. However, the most common activating agents (KOH and NaOH) are highly corrosive [11], which may damage the equipment and hamper the industrial production. Herein, we utilize weakly corrosive Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) for activation to prepare 3D hierarchically porous starch-derived carbon foam (SCF), which plays the role of the template of macropores as well. Meanwhile, starch is a kind of cheap and available carbon source. Therefore, this facile pathway makes carbon foam for supercapacitors easier to produce in high volumes.
Figure 16 shows the impact of different bad node rates on transmission success rate of the three algorithms. Except for the PELCR-TP algorithm with BAS, the transmission success rates of both the other two algorithms have a negative linear relationship with bad node rate. In summary, when node density and sending power upper limit are relatively low, while path loss index and bad node rate are relatively high, the PELCR-TP algorithm with BAS seems more competent with a very stable and reliable performance in transmission success rate until the appearance of the inflection point.
# Quality of Service Based NOMA Group D2D Communications
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion  
This section presents the numerical results to evaluate the performance of the considered network as well as to validate the accuracy of the derived expression in Equation (8) of Section 3. As shown in Table 2, simulation parameters used are similar to those in [29], unless otherwise stated. Furthermore, we adopt Policy I as a default policy to compute power allocation coefficients, unless otherwise stated.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### The Settings of Clustering Center and Privacy Budget Parameters  
The CDPC algorithm determines the clustering center by adjusting parameters \(b_{1}\) and \(b_{2}\), which have great influence on the result of the algorithm. In order to study the influence of different privacy budgets on the clustering effect of the algorithm under different combinations of \(b_{1}\) and \(b_{2}\), experiments are conducted on several composite datasets and UCI datasets, respectively. Line graphs are drawn to illustrate the change in the clustering effect with respect to privacy budget \(\varepsilon\). Due to the inherent randomness associated with the added Laplacian noise, the clustering effect showed a fluctuation change. To mitigate this, the experiments are repeated 20 times, and the average values are computed to obtain the final results. Since the three-evaluation metrics show similar trends, only the results of \(ARI\) changing are presented here.
## 4 Tunable and Switchable Performance
For the sextuple-wavelength configuration, the wavelength shift was effectively negligible, while a maximum power fluctuation of 2.71 dB was noted at the wavelength of 1562.98 nm, as illustrated in Figures 15b and 15c, respectively. Overall, these results highlight a notable stability as the number of lasing wavelengths increases, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in improving the performance and reliability of the switchable multi-wavelength laser system. The observed stability underscores the system's robustness, reflecting its ability to maintain consistent operation across a broad lasing spectral range.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Heavy Metals
#### 3.2.2 Equilibrium Tests
For Zn ions the efficiency of the reactive materials attained the following order: zeolite (decrease by 2.148 mg/g), halloysite (by 1.669 mg/g), activated carbon (by 1.198 mg/g) and diatomite (by 0.749 mg/g). During their studies on the application of sodium zeolite in groundwater treatment in the Antarctic using the method of permeable reactive barriers, [PERSON] (Parkville, VIC, Australia) in [38] observed a decrease of \(Q_{max}\) by about 32% in consequence of temperature fall from 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In the analysis presented herein, for raw zeolite this value was 31% at temperature change from 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 44% at change from 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 4: Adsorption isotherm of copper ions at 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (error bars mark the standard deviation for \(n=3\); line—fitting of Langmuir isotherm). Figure 5: Adsorption isotherm of zinc ions (error bars mark the standard deviation for \(n=3\); line—fitting of Langmuir isotherm). Based on parameter \(R_{L}\) (Figure 6) calculated from the Langmuir equilibrium constant \(K_{L}\) (\(R_{L}=1/(1+K_{L}\cdot C_{0})\)), the processes of heavy metal removal on the analyzed materials may be characterized as favorable, because the \(R_{L}\) value was within 0 to 1. Moreover, at higher concentrations of metals in the solution, \(R_{L}\) attained values close zero (\(R_{L}<0.05\)), therefore sorption was close to irreversible. It was also observed that with temperature rise, the \(R_{L}\) value decreased for all materials except Cu removal on activated carbon and Zn removal on limestone sand. In the first case, the most probable cause is the excess capacity of activated carbon at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whereas in the second, it is the large contribution of precipitation processes in the removal of zinc on limestone sand. Figure 6: Maximum adsorption capacities of reactive materials with regard to Cu and Zn at 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C with linking equations (\(R_{L}\) value ranges are presented in parentheses; \(y\) is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) and \(x\) is the temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)).
# Efficient MIMO Signal Predistortion for Secrecy-Enhancing
## 3 The Proposed Methods
### Secrecy Enhancement for STBC Schemes
For example, when we apply the \(\mathbf{Z}_{4}\) of (10), the corresponding \(\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},4}\) results in:  
\[\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},4}= \begin{bmatrix}||h_{1}||&||h_{2}||&||h_{3}||&||h_{4}| |\\ ||h_{2}||&-||h_{1}||&||h_{4}||&-||h_{3}||\\ ||h_{3}||&-||h_{4}||&-||h_{1}||&||h_{2}||\\ ||h_{4}||&||h_{3}||&-||h_{2}||&-||h_{1}||\end{bmatrix} . \tag{15}\]  
Because the \(\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}\) is a real-numbered matrix and has full-orthogonality, the complex signal detection at Bob can be easily performed by multiplying the transpose of \(\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}\). This will eliminate any complex inversion operation of the matrix, and it will lead to the following simple real-numbered matrix multiplication to obtain the recovered signal at Bob, \(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\text{b}}\):  
\[ \begin{split}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\text{b}}&=\frac{1}{\sum_{k=1}^{N_{T}}||h _{k}||^{2}}\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}^{T}\mathbf{y}_{\text{b}},\\ &=\frac{1}{\sum_{k=1}^{N_{T}}||h_{k}||^{2}}(\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{ T}}^{T}\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}\mathbf{z}+\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}^{T}\mathbf{n}_{ \text{b}}).\end{split}  \tag{16}\]  
Note that the Gram matrix in (16), \(\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}^{T}\mathbf{H}_{\text{R},N_{T}}\), is a diagonal matrix, and thus there is no interference term for signal detection. On the other hand, the received signal at Eve can be represented by:  
\[ \begin{split}\mathbf{y_{e}}&=\mathbf{Z}^{\prime}_{N_{T}} \mathbf{g}+\mathbf{n_{e}}\\ &=\begin{bmatrix}e^{-j\angle{L_{1}}}\mathbf{z}_{1}&e^{-j\angle{L_{ 2}}}\mathbf{z}_{2}&\ldots&e^{-j\angle{N_{T}}}\mathbf{z}_{N_{T}}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}g_{1}\\ g_{2}\\ \vdots\\ g_{N_{T}}\end{bmatrix}+\mathbf{n_{e}}\\ &=\begin{bmatrix}g_{1}e^{-j\angle{L_{1}}}\mathbf{z}_{1}+\ldots+g_{N_{T}}e^{-j \angle{L_{N_{T}}}}\mathbf{z}_{N_{T}}\end{bmatrix}+\mathbf{n_{e}}.\end{split}  \tag{17}\]  
Because \(\mathbf{Z}^{\prime}_{N_{T}}\) contains distortion factors that cannot be nulled out at Eve, the non-diagonal Gram matrix of Eve results in signal detection that cannot be performed properly. Although we have shown the example of a \(4\times 1\) system, the proposed idea can be applied to \(\mathbf{Z}_{N_{T}}\) obtained from \(\mathbf{X}_{N_{T}}\) for systems with more than two transmit antennae.
## 1 Introduction
Other studies have focused on developing seismic isolators using recycled tire rubber [16; 32; 33]. The use of sustainable materials in seismic isolation has gained attention, as demonstrated in studies on reactivated EPDM compounds for fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators [34; 35]. These studies offer an alternative approach by integrating recycled materials and assessing thermal aging conditions in a hot oven. Additionally, [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. [36] conducted aging tests on recycled tire rubber specimens, concluding that horizontal stiffness increases after six weeks of aging. In Colombia, UN-FREIs and UR-FREIs have only been tested under normal operating conditions. Therefore, further studies are needed to characterize the behavior of rubber compounds throughout natural degradation processes. This will help establish design parameters and recommended precautions to minimize damage over their service life. Due to the limited knowledge regarding the manufacturing, handling, storage, and installation conditions of seismic isolators, it is essential to characterize the mechanical behavior of UN-FREIs and UR-FREIs under different environmental conditions. Based on this, the present study examines how exposure to environmental factors such as relative humidity, ultraviolet radiation, saltwater, and CO2 affects the mechanical properties of natural rubber and recycled rubber compounds. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of some of these environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of small-scale prototypes of low-cost seismic isolators developed in Colombia. The seismic response of base-isolated structures depends on the mechanical properties of the isolation devices, requiring their variability to be considered in the design process. Seismic codes address this issue through upper and lower bound analyses or property modification factors (\(\lambda\)-factors) when experimental data are not available, including factors for environmental degradation (\(\lambda_{\text{ae,max}}\) and \(\lambda_{\text{ae,min}}\)) [37]. The environmental modification factors \(\lambda_{\text{ae,max}}\) and \(\lambda_{\text{ae,min}}\) were determined based on changes in the properties of the prototypes to subsequently model the structure with and without these factors. [PERSON] et al. [38] exposed fiber-reinforced bearings (FRBs) to heat aging and compared the response of a four-story base-isolated building using FRBs and high-damping rubber (HDRB) isolators. Both the new and aged states of the devices were considered, concluding that stiffness increases over time, reducing the effectiveness of isolation and limiting deformation, with this effect being more pronounced in FRBs. Determining the changes in the properties of UN-FREIs and UR-FREIs will improve the prediction of the performance of isolated buildings under seismic loads, providing key information to manufacturers. This understanding will contribute to guidelines on the use and storage of these materials, minimizing potential efficiency losses during their service life.