esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
[17] employed a model that combined RANS and LES methodologies to represent the instability and periodic shedding of cavitation around the hydrofoil. [PERSON] et al. [40] further investigated the different stages of cavitation life using the Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation (SBES) turbulent model, which yielded results that closely matched experimental data. Some new models based on the existing ones were also proposed recently [41; 42]. In this paper, cavitation nozzles with different geometries were studied by combining erosion experiment and CFD technology, and a device that can achieve multi-nozzle collaborative work was designed to improve cleaning efficiency. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, cavitation characteristics of nozzles with different structures and geometric parameters were simulated and analyzed. In Section 3, erosion tests were carried out, and the erosion effect of different cavitation nozzles were compared, and the optimal nozzle was selected. In Section 4, a self-rotating cleaning device was designed and manufactured, and an experiment was carried out to test the cleaning performance. Some conclusions are drawn in Section 5. The above studies have improved the erosion ability of single nozzle. In order to improve the cleaning efficiency of cavitation water jets, it can also be considered from the design of actuators. The Cybernetic Company has designed an underwater magnetic adsorption cleaning vehicle. The array arrangement of cavitation nozzles is used to increase the jet cleaning area [31]. [PERSON] et al. [7] determined the feasibility of installing cavitation nozzles on the rotating mechanism and obtained cleaning equipment with a cleaning efficiency of 130 m\({}^{2}\)/h/kw. Under controlled input pressure, nozzle standoff distance, and working water depth conditions, this paper examines the impact of factors such as different throttling orifice diameters, the presence of a pre-shrinking section, the existence of an expanded diffusion cylindrical section, and different outlet shapes on the cleaning efficacy of shear-type nozzles. Additionally, various shear-type nozzles were compared with self-resonance pulsed Helmholtz and organ pipe nozzles to identify the most suitable nozzle structure for marine organism cleaning. Subsequently, an efficient cleaning device with a rotating mechanism was designed and manufactured, and the selected nozzle was installed on the device. Finally, an experimental device was developed to measure the cleaning efficiency of the rotating device.
# Designing Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Smoothing for Improving Tetrahedral Mesh Quality on the GPU
## 5 Discussion
### Efficiency of the Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Mesh Smoothing
#### 5.1.2 Efficiency Analysis of Iteration Forms  
As shown in Figure 10, the algorithm when using the Form B iteration always runs faster than Form A, both in the AoS data layout version and the SoA data layout version. In total, Form B runs 1.2 to 3.1 times faster than Form A. There are two main reasons why the Form B iteration is more efficient. First, Form A needs to exchange intermediate node coordinates during the iteration process; thus, it needs to access global memory more frequently and allocate additional memory to store the updated coordinates for each iteration, which greatly reduces the GPU computing power. Second, the iterative convergence rate of Form A is much lower than Form B. As the scale of test data becomes larger, the number of iterations of Form A becomes larger, and the running times become longer. Therefore, when running the adaptive Laplacian mesh smoothing algorithm on the GPU for tetrahedral meshes, it is more logical to use the Form B iteration method.  
Figure 9: Running time when using different data layouts.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Nitrate/Nitrite  
Human macrophages derived from PBMC were cultured in 24-well plates (1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cells /well) for 24 h in DMEM F-12 supplemented with 10% FBS. After this, the cell culture medium was replaced with serum-free DMEM-F12 for 6 h. Then cells were treated with wet or dry bDLE, with or without LPS, (100 ng/mL) and incubated for 6 h. Nitrate and nitrite, stable products derived from nitric oxide (NO), were determined with a Cayman Chemical Nitrate/Nitrite Assay Kit (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Absorbance was measured in a multi-detection reader (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at the 540 nm wavelength.
# A Survey of Precision Formation Relative State Measurement Technology for Distributed Spacecraft
## 2 Research Status of the Precision Formation of Distributed Spacecraft Project
### TianQin  
The Tianqin project, jointly developed by Sun Yat-sen University and the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, was proposed by [PERSON], an academician of the  
Figure 8: Schematic diagram of CANYVAL-X.  
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of the Gemini project.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Formation Distance** & **Measurement Accuracy** & **Control Accuracy** \\ \hline \(>\)100 km & m & 10 m \\ \(>\)1 km & cm–dm & m \\ \(<\)1 km & mm & cm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Gemini accuracy indicators.  
Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2016 [22]. The system was made up of three spacecraft in a geocentric orbit, forming an equilateral triangular configuration with a side length of 170,000 km, as shown in Figure 9. The orbital altitude of the project was approximately 100,000 km. Tianqin, a large space gravitational wave detector, has a telescope diameter of 0.2 m and uses the binary white dwarf J0806 as the detection source. The purpose of the mission is to use the detection of gravitational waves to complete the study of astrophysical processes, realize the precise test of general relativity, and further study the origin of and changes to the universe. The principle of gravitational wave detection and the required core technologies include responsive inter-satellite laser interferometry technology and space inertial reference technology. At present, the program has completed its first launch; Tianqin-1 was launched on 20 December 2019 [23].
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Algae Are Harvested and Concentrated onto Amberlite Anion Exchange Resin
For comparison, parallel experiments were carried out where, after the initial binding and elution using fresh sulfuric acid/methanol solution, the reagent was then recycled for the three remaining cycles of algal binding and elution for both _Neochloris_ [Figure 1(c) \"used\"] and KAS 603 [Figure 1(d) \"used\"]. With each cycle, the amount of algae bound to the resin was determined based on the OD\({}_{680}\) as described above. Using fresh reagent, _Neochloris_ after the initial binding and elution, binding capacity dropped to 97% of its initial value and remained constant thereafter. Using fresh reagent with KAS 603, binding dropped to 39% of its initial value after the first cycle but remained constant thereafter. When the experiments were carried out using the same sulfuric acid/methanol reagent for each cycle, the results were comparable to those obtained using the fresh reagent [Figures 1(c) and 1(d) \"used\"]. The results show that the sulfuric acid/methanol reagent can be used for multiple cycles before it is consumed or rendered ineffective. Eventually methanol will be consumed while products such as glycerol, FAME, and other molecules will build up in the recycled sulfuric acid/methanol reagent. Unused methanol, being quite volatile would be easy to remove from the mixture. FAME, as we detail below, can also be easily removed. It will be interesting to see if the recycled reagent can be further fractionated and if potentially high value compounds might also be isolated from the mixture. The drop in binding capacity of Amberlite for KAS 603 is not understood. It is not due to the action of the sulfuric acid/methanol reagent alone since pretreatment of the resin with sulfuric acid/methanol prior to initial binding of algae does not lower the binding capacity. A similar drop in binding capacity is not seen with the high capacity anion exchange resins based on a more polar methacrylate backbone [25]. Perhaps then the best explanation relates to the hydrophobicity of the divinylbenzene that interacts with hydrophobic components in the algae thereby either masking some of the charges on the resin or sterically interfering with binding.
# A Survey of Precision Formation Relative State Measurement Technology for Distributed Spacecraft
## 3 Analysis of the Characteristics of Relative State Measurement Technology
### Infrared Measurement Technology  
Infrared goniometric technology is a form of passive detection technology. It estimates distance, based on the attenuation of radiation intensity and changes in contrast [33]. It has a high resolution and small size, is lightweight, and has a strong anti-interference ability advantage. The basic principle of infrared measurement is to observe the target spacecraft and use image-processing technology to obtain the angular orientation information of the target spacecraft. Commonly used methods include non-modulated disk coding, modulated disk coding, linear push-broom, unit scanning, and multivariate parallel scanning. Infrared measurement can only obtain the angle information and cannot measure the relative state  
Figure 19: Schematic diagram of the GRACE Follow-on laser measurement system.  
Figure 18: Schematic diagram of the LISA heterodyne interference.  
of the target spacecraft alone. It needs to be combined with other active detection methods to make better use of their respective advantages and improve accuracy and continuity.
# Factors Influencing Appliance Wearing Time during Orthodontic Treatments: A Literature Review
## 3 Methods  
A literature search of relevant articles was conducted on electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from 1990 up to December 2021. The following keywords were selected for the search string: \"patient compliance\", \"orthodontic appliances, removable\", \"cooperation\", \"clear aligners\", and \"compliance indicators\". The eligibility criteria were the following: studies (case reports, case-series, longitudinal studies, randomized clinical trials) on adults and adolescents without any health or mental disease undergoing orthodontic treatment (functional, clear aligners) which discussed the level of compliance during the therapy.  
The methodological characteristics of the search strategy were summarized according to the PICO approach:  
* 'P' (patients/problem/population)--young and adult patients
* 'I' (intervention)-- orthodontic treatment
* 'C' (comparison)--clear aligners, fixed multibracket, functional removable appliance
* 'O' (outcome)--evaluation of patient compliance (appliance wearing time).  
The following search strings were developed for Scopus:  
((\"compliance indicator\") OR (\"cooperation\") OR (\"adherence\") OR (\"wear\"))  
AND ((\"orthodontics\") OR (\"clear AND aligners\") OR (\"removable AND appliance\") OR (\"orthodontic AND appliance\"))  
The following search strings were developed for Pubmed and adapted for Google Scholar:  
(((\"patient compliance\") OR (Treatment Adherence and Compliance)) OR (\"compliance indicator\") OR (\"cooperation\")) AND ((Orthodontic Appliances, Removable) OR (Orthodontics) OR (Orthodontic Appliances))  
The titles and abstracts of the papers were pre-screened to identify their consistency with the topic of the present review; then, relevant papers were retrieved for full-text analysis. Additionally, the reference list of the included studies was assessed for potentially eligible articles.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Flame Retardant Mechanism  
The S-NiMgAl-Mn contains more water molecules, which can help to improve the flame retardancy and the thermal stability of S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA. However, the released temperatures of H\({}_{2}\)O and CO\({}_{2}\) for S-NiMgAl-Mn are higher than other composites, which in turn is adverse for the enhancement of the flame retardancy and the thermal stability of S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA. In order to determine the interfacial compatibility of LDHs particles in the EVA matrix, Figure 8 shows the SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces for all composites. The fracture surface of S-NiMgAl-Cu/EVA is ductile, while the other three composites undergo brittle fracture under liquid nitrogen freezing conditions. Furthermore, note that the interface between EVA and S-NiMgAl-Mn is the smoothest. This result indicates that S-NiMgAl-Mn has more uniform dispersion, as well as the best interfacial compatibility with the EVA matrix. However, the particles of S-NiMgAl-Co and S-NiMgAl-Zn appear more aggregated in the EVA matrix, which leads to relatively poor interfacial compatibility. Therefore, the homogeneous dispersion and the good compatibility of S-NiMgAl-Mn with the EVA matrix contribute better to the property improvement of S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA.  
Figure 9 illustrate SEM micrographs of the cone calorimetric residue for the composites S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA, S-NiMgAl-Co/EVA, S-NiMgAl-Cu/EVA and S-NiMgAl-Zn/EVA, respectively. It is worth noting that the surface of residue for S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA and S-NiMgAl-Cu/EVA have the intumescent char layer. In particular, the compact metal oxide  
Figure 8: SEM images (1000\(\times\)) of fractured surfaces for all the composites with 20 wt. % LDH. (**a**) S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA; (**b**) S-NiMgAl-Co/EVA; (**c**) S-NiMgAl-Cu/EVA and (**d**) S-NiMgAl-Zn/EVA.  
layer of residue surface for S-NiMgAl-Mn/EVA can more effectively prevent the diffusion of heat and oxygen. In contrast, the residues of S-NiMgAl-Co/EVA and S-NiMgAl-Zn/EVA have no intumescent char layer or compact metal oxide layer. Meanwhile, there are many small holes on the surface of the loose inorganic residue of S-NiMgAl-Zn/EVA. Thus, heat and flammable volatiles could easily penetrate into the flame zone during the burning process of S-NiMgAl-Zn/EVA.  
In addition, another crucial phenomenon was observed. The shape of production rate of CO\({}_{2}\) (CO\({}_{2}\)P) curves (as shown in Figure 10) is same as the HRR curves. The peak production rate of CO\({}_{2}\)(pk-CO\({}_{2}\)P) time values are 315, 466, 429, 170 and 149 s for EVA, ELDH-0, ELDH-Ni, ELDH-Co and ELDH-Cu, respectively. The pk-CO\({}_{2}\)P time is completely the same as the corresponding pk-HRR time. The result reveals that the when the production rate of CO\({}_{2}\) reached to the pk-CO\({}_{2}\)P, the HRR of samples simultaneously reached the pk-HRR. Therefore, the pk-HRR time is directly determined by the pk-CO\({}_{2}\) time for EVA and composites.
## 3 Protocols Verifying the Authenticity of Digital Files in Distributed Networks
### Example of Use Case in Distributed Networks  
The schemes presented above in Section 3.1 benefit clients operating in a distributed network [46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. In this example, suppose a client desires to allow independent parties to verify the authenticity of a transaction contained in file F. The client keeps secret F and discloses ciphertext C. The roles of the participating parties are defined as the following:  
* Client: owns file F but pays the storage agent to store C for some duration [51].
* Agent: represents the client [52].
* Storage agent: paid by the client or the agent to store information [53].
* The data is public.
* Smart contract: The client's rent is kept in escrow in the contract until the rental expires. The smart contract is equipped to compute the proof of authenticity [54; 55].  
The client issues periodic challenges to check that the storage agent is faithful. If a challenge fails, the smart contract refunds the rent to the client. Since the smart contract's state is always public, the contract cannot keep any secret data.
# Machine-Learning-Based Optimization for Multiple-IRS-Aided Communication System
## 3 Proposed Algorithm for Static UE Scenario
### The Proposed New GRNN-Based Algorithm
#### 3.1.3 Data Representation  
At the output, the model is trained to predict the active and passive beamforming of the corresponding BS and \(L\) connected IRSs. Thus, the final total output can be represented as \(\{\mathbf{W},\{\theta_{l}\}_{l=1}^{L}\}\), where \(\theta_{l}\) is \(N\) phases of the \(l\)-th IRS, i.e., \(\theta_{l}=diag(\mathbf{\Theta}_{l})\). Similarly, the optimized beamforming matrices' real and imaginary coefficients are considered. Then, the proposed model has an output vector with a dimension of \(2(MK+3N)\).
# An Outdoor Navigation System for Blind Pedestrians Using GPS and Tactile-Foot Feedback
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a novel, wearable navigation system for visually impaired and blind pedestrians that combines a global positioning system (GPS) for user outdoor localization and tactile-foot stimulation for information presentation. Real-time GPS data provided by a smartphone are processed by dedicated navigation software to determine the directions to a destination. Navigational directions are then encoded as vibrations and conveyed to the user via a tactile display that inserts into the shoe. The experimental results showed that users were capable of recognizing with high accuracy the tactile feedback provided to their feet. The preliminary tests conducted in outdoor locations involved two blind users who were guided along 380-420 m predetermined pathways, while sharing the space with other pedestrians and facing typical urban obstacles. The subjects successfully reached the target destinations. The results suggest that the proposed system enhances independent, safe navigation of blind pedestrians and show the potential of tactile-foot stimulation in assistive devices.  
Keywords:assistive technology; blind pedestrian; GPS localization; mobile computing; navigational system; tactile display; tactile-foot stimulation; wearable system +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 1 Introduction
[24] found that activation of the gluteus, biceps femoris, soleus, and gastrocnemius during running was much higher in this phase, even at maximum voluntary contraction. In this line, [PERSON] et al. [28] measured the electrical activity over a 45 m sprint in the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis, calculating the speed in m/s, contact time, impulsion and flight, also concluding that the force was greater in the eccentric phase (465 N) than in the concentric phase (338 N), without differentiating laterality. In addition to electromyography, devices such as accelerometers are useful for objectification and optimization of running techniques. They combined kinematics and kinetics [29] to reflect the transmission of impact forces with a signal obtained using a transducer that picks up the position over time. They have been used for the detection of pitch symmetry or morphological stability [30; 31; 32], and their application to running would help to quantify total energy expenditure, neuromuscular fatigue [33], and the optimum ratio between amplitude and frequency [34], or to optimize the technique to assess whether the application of forces in the support is adequate for maintaining trajectories that allow for greater horizontal speed. Despite the advantages of both instruments, biomechanical measurements in sprinting in official competitions have focused on the measurement of split times and average and maximum speed data, contact and flexion times of the knee in the damping phase [35; 36; 37], or more recently in the first steps of the acceleration technique without including maximum velocity momentum data [38]. The combined use of both devices would help not only in the calculation of activation patterns, but also in the identification of very long flight phases or decompensations between axes owing to the torque produced in the running technique. Given the lack of background information on biceps femoris muscle activation and accelerometry in acceleration tasks, the purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between the electrical activity produced by each leg in the biceps femoris and the acceleration variation in each axis. Likewise, the relationship between the acceleration produced in the X, Y, and Z axes and the athlete's best record in competition was also examined. Finally, we quantified the relationship that the higher acceleration of an axis has on the final time with respect to the others. Working on these variables will allow us to deepen our knowledge of a better acceleration technique by describing muscle activation, its level of symmetry in the application of force, and its role in the maintenance of maximum horizontal speed. Our hypothesis was that greater activation allows greater acceleration in the anterior-posterior axis, favoring running speed.
## 2 Methods and Data
### Riometer Measurements  
The Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory ([[https://www.sgo.fi/](https://www.sgo.fi/)]([https://www.sgo.fi/](https://www.sgo.fi/)) [26], accessed on 30 August 2024) operates several traditional La Jolla riometers and novel spectral riometers in Scandinavia (mostly in Finland) forming the Finnish Riometer Network (blue stars in Figure 2). In the present study, data from the La Jolla riometers are used from the 6 stations listed in Table 2. These narrow band, widebeam (60\({}^{\circ}\)) systems are equipped with a half-wavelength dual dipole antenna. Most of the stations are located in the 25-28\({}^{\circ}\)E longitude range (except for ABI). Four stations (ABI, IVA, SOD, OUL) operate at a frequency of 30 MHz, while 2 stations (ROV, JVV) operate at a frequency of 32.4 MHz. Absorption values are given in dB relative to the quiet day level in 1 min time resolution.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Station** & **Abbreviation** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** & **Frequency** \\ \hline Abisko & ABI & 68.40\({}^{\circ}\)N & 18.90\({}^{\circ}\)E & 30.0 MHz \\ \hline Ivalo & IVA & 68.55\({}^{\circ}\)N & 27.28\({}^{\circ}\)E & 30.0 MHz \\ \hline Sodankylä & SOD & 67.42\({}^{\circ}\)N & 26.39\({}^{\circ}\)E & 30.0 MHz \\ \hline Rovaniemi & ROV & 66.78\({}^{\circ}\)N & 25.94\({}^{\circ}\)E & 32.4 MHz \\ \hline Oulu & OUL & 65.08\({}^{\circ}\)N & 25.90\({}^{\circ}\)E & 30.0 MHz \\ \hline Jyväskylä & JVV & 62.42\({}^{\circ}\)N & 25.28\({}^{\circ}\)E & 32.4 MHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Detailed information about the La Jolla riometer stations used in this study. Note that the coordinates (Latitude, Longitude) are geographic.  
Figure 3: The left panel shows an X8.2 flare event detected by the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) and the right panel shows its impact on the ionospheric absorption as modeled by the D-RAP at 16:06 UT on 10 September.