## 1 Introduction  
Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are considered a huge qualitative leap in the field of communication. With the rapid advancement of technology, nanosatellites have become a very powerful tool for communication across the world [1]. IoT communication satellites are the new revolution in the space industry. Due to their crucial advantages, and since LEO satellites provide an attractive platform, the demand for IoT communication satellites increased significantly [2]. In locations, such as the oceans, deserts, wilderness or earth poles that are not serviced by cellular or phone networks, LEO satellites will enable wireless communication. There are many different communication protocols and methodologies used in the IoT, depending on the specific requirements of the devices and applications being developed. Some of the most commonly used protocols include Bluetooth [3], Zigbee [4] and Z-Wave [5], which are all designed for low-power, low-bandwidth devices. More recently, the development of 5G networks has paved the way for the use of cellular networks for IoT communication, allowing for higher speeds and greater capabilities. One promising technology for IoT communications on LEO satellites is LoRa (long range) technology, which is well suited to the constraints of satellite operations. LoRa [6] is a wireless communication technology that is designed for long-range, low-power communications. Nowadays, LoRa is used in a wide range of applications, from smart cities and agriculture to industrial IoT and asset tracking. LoRa is often used in combination with other technologies, such as cellular networks or satellite communication, to provide a flexible and reliable communication solution. There are two main methods used in LoRa communication: chirp spread spectrum (CSS) and frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). CSS uses a continuously varying frequency signal to transmit data, which allows for long-range communication and high resistance to interference [7]. FHSS, on the other hand, uses a series of frequency hops to transmit data, which provides greater security and resistance to jamming [8]. Both CSS and FHSS have their own strengths and weaknesses, and the best approach for a given application will depend on the specific requirements and constraints of the system. Some examples of where the necessity of IoT and satellites is needed are in harsh industrial environments, such as the oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry has been moving towards \"Data-centric Operations\" by collecting huge amounts of data, but often via independent equipment and systems, each with its own data and interfaces. The upcoming 5 th generation (5G) mobile networks can enhance the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to improve safety and optimize performance. A platform is proposed to continuously collect critical information from multiple nearshore assets and transmit it through a 5G network [9]. Another paper by [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. investigates dual-stream transmission and downlink power control for multiple low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite-assisted Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The dynamic characteristics of LEO satellites can seriously decrease the data rate and make it fluctuate. To mitigate the effects of the frequency offset caused by different LEO satellites, a multisatellites synchronization scheme is proposed. Different power control schemes are also given to resist data rate fluctuation during transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes can effectively compensate for the varied frequency offset and keep the data rate stable [10]. Some recent work from [PERSON] et al. focuses on joint beamforming design and optimization for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks where links from the satellite and base station to multiple users are blocked. A refracting RIS cooperates with a base station operating as a half-duplex relay to strengthen desired satellite signals for blocked users.