# Low-Carbon Operation Strategy of Park-Level Integrated Energy System with Firefly Algorithm
## 1 Introduction  
As China actively and prudently advances towards carbon peak and carbon neutrality, expediting the planning and construction of a new energy system has become increasingly crucial in the field of energy dynamics [1, 2, 3]. Nationwide efforts are underway to vigorously promote the development of photovoltaic (PV) power, wind power, and other low-carbon renewable energy sources, further optimizing the energy structure. The integrated energy system at the park level stands as a pivotal avenue for navigating the transition of energy systems amidst the backdrop of carbon neutrality [4]. Through the implementation of efficient optimization and operational control strategies, it elevates the overall operational efficiency of the park. This underscores a critical direction in the research and development of low-carbon energy systems at the park level. The park-level low-carbon integrated energy, consisting of distributed energy sources, represents the optimal solution for addressing the dual pressures of energy and the environment [5]. Horizontally, it features a diverse mix of complementary energy sources, while vertically, it promotes friendly interaction and coordinated optimization among sources, grids, loads, and storage, thereby enhancing the economic efficiency of energy supply and utilization [6]. The development and application of biomass, heat pump, and distributed natural gas tri-generation technologies have promoted the advancement of integrated multi-energy solutions at the user end, encompassing cooling, heating, electricity, and gas. A regional integrated energy system,composed of various intermittent, fluctuating energy sources, and time-varying flexible loads, requires comprehensive consideration of technical, stability, economic, energy efficiency, and environmental factors during its planning, construction, and operation. These indicators are interrelated and often conflicting, making the coordination and optimization of operations a focal point of research. Currently, numerous scholars have conducted research on the planning, design, and optimized operation of park-level integrated energy systems [7; 8]. Scholars have investigated user-side demand response for thermal and electrical loads, establishing an optimized operational model. Building upon the physical and mathematical foundations of the model, they have researched optimized operational control strategies to enhance the security and stability of low-carbon energy systems within the park. At the planning level, scholars are engaged in the study of the site selection, capacity planning, design, and coupled operation of low-carbon integrated energy systems [9]. In terms of operational efficiency, the focus is on research related to the control strategies for the integrated optimization of low-carbon comprehensive energy with multiple complementary sources. In the realm of energy management, scholars intricately consider the stochastic and intermittent nature of variables like wind and solar energy storage [10]. By incorporating the characteristics of demand-side response, they apply advanced algorithms such as particle swarm optimization and differential evolution. This effort leads to the establishment of stochastic optimization models for the economic operation of regional low-carbon integrated energy systems and a versatile bus-based model [11]. By employing various mathematical models and economic analysis tools, the economic viability of low-carbon integrated energy systems is investigated. This includes an analysis of the energy efficiency variations in combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems under different operational modes. Environmental factors are also integral to the study of low-carbon integrated energy, wherein pollution gas emission penalty functions are incorporated into the objective function, establishing an economic dispatch model for low-carbon integrated energy systems [12].