# Prediction and Analysis of Airport Surface Taxi Time: Classification, Features, and Methodology
## 3 Mainstream Models and Methods
### Analytical Modeling
#### 3.2.1 Linear Regression Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Literature** & **Authors** & **Approach** & **Features Considered in the Model** \\ \hline
[36] & [PERSON] et al. (2001) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: departure queue size, scheduled/actual delay time, takeoff/landing time, gate arrival times \\  & (2001) & Multiple linear regression & Surface operation rules: departure/arrival runways, downstream restrictions, capacity \\
[38] & [PERSON] et al. (2009) & Simple linear and logarithmic regression & Airport layout: taxiing distance \\
[40] & [PERSON] et al. (2010) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: combined surface traffic flow \\
[41] & [PERSON] et al. (2010) & Multiple linear regression & Surface operation rules: runway configuration mode \\
[41] & [PERSON] et al. (2010) & Multiple linear regression & Airport layout: taxiing distance, runway orientation \\  & (2010) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: congestion variables \\
[42] & [PERSON] et al. (2010) & Multiple linear regression & Surface operation rules: airline \\
[42] & [PERSON] et al. (2012) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: congestion variables \\
[44] & [PERSON] et al. (2012) & Multiple linear regression & Surface operation rules: the route, destination, and departure airports \\  & & & Others: aircraft type \\
[45] & [PERSON] et al. (2013) & Multiple linear regression & Airport layout: taxiing distance \\
[45] & [PERSON] et al. (2013) & Surface traffic flow: amount of traffic on the surface of the airport while the aircraft is taxiing \\  & (2013) & Surface operation rules: departure or arrival \\  & & & Others: angle of turn \\  & & & Surface traffic flow: this takes into account the effect on the taxi time of surface operations carried out during the taxi time period of the aircraft, such as queuing before takeoff \\
[48] & [PERSON] et al. (2016) & Log-linear regression & Surface operation rules: these take into account factors related to taxi time operations and define a set of binary variables representing the combination of the start and end points of each run, including the combination of the fast exit and the stand (for arrivals) and the combination of the stand and the runway (for departures). \\
[49] & [PERSON] et al. (2016) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: number of aircraft in the departure queue, number of arrival and departure aircraft \\
[53] & [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Multiple linear regression & Surface traffic flow: number of arrival aircraft, number of departure aircraft \\
[54] & [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Linear models, support vector machines, integrated learning & Surface operation rules: operating hours \\  & (2018) & Linear models, support vector machines, integrated learning & Surface traffic flow: 21 characteristics such as surface instantaneous flow indices (SIFIs), surface cumulative flow indices (SCFIs), aircraft queue length indices (AQLIs), and slot resource demand indices (SRDIs). \\  & [PERSON] et al. (2021) & Lasso regression & Airport layout: taxiing distance \\
[61] & [PERSON] et al. (2021) & Lasso regression & Surface traffic flow: number of arrival aircraft, number of departure \\  & & & Surface operation rules: runway operating pattern \\  & & & Airport layout taxiing distance \\
[63] & [PERSON] et al. (2021) & Stepwise regression method & Surface traffic flow: number of arrival aircraft, number of departure \\  & & & aircraft, actual capacity sorties, flow control information \\  & & & Surface operation rules: runway operation mode \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Features of airport surface traffic flow information. linear regression model. Their analysis revealed that the departure queue size had the strongest correlation with the change in taxi-out time. However, the model's limitations in strategic ground traffic management arose from the lack of consideration of the relationship between additional time in taxi-phase and capacity constraints resulting from the runway service process.