# Usage of IoT Framework in Water Supply Management for Smart City in Nepal
###### Abstract
Instead of just targeting an individual, IoT solutions can address larger problems by connecting governments, cities, and people and empowering them to serve each other on an unimaginable scale and in a multiplicity of ways. Thus, IoT works to personalize the engagement of society in technology by enhancing public services and derive a better way of living [9]. The overall framework can be squeezed into the macro-level and micro-level as depicted in Figure 1. The technology infrastructure level is referred to as the micro-level; this is because micro processing of data as well as sensor interfacing, and network computing are done in this layer. The macro-level concentrates more on public services that are related to creating value and demand for the citizens and this layer is referred to as the government layer [1]. This work emphasizes the micro-level framework only. Most of the digital filters are used to remove unwanted signals called noise and are also used for shaping the spectrum and to detect the signals for analysis. There are two types of digital filter namely infinite impulse response (IIR) and finite impulse response (FIR) filters that are used for shaping the spectrum and detect the signals for analysis. Filter applications mostly include low pass filtering, range of frequency or band selection, and signal preconditioning as well. The shaping of the spectrum of the signal received from the ultrasonic sensor is important [10]. With the expansion in miniaturization of the internet, connected objects that collect and exchange data, in the past decade many such data has been produced. Due to a large number of data, IoT, and analytical solutions, many resourceful intuitions have been perceived by the people with data generation through the IoT devices. Nevertheless, these resolutions are at their early stage and lack an extensive study on a domain [11]. Without monitoring, anything cannot be controlled, and this applies to water resource management as well. A system based on IoT for monitoring water resource and managing it is formed by uniting three different layers: The device perception layer, the layer for information communication, and the third layer called the application layer [9]. In the first one, a sensor network is constructed. In the second layer, real-time data are acquired and in the third layer, information about water like the amount of water consumed, leakage information are stored. This data is then managed using several information technology (IT) tools and, finally, it is shared by the end users over the internet [12]. It is difficult to detect the impurities contained in the water just from our naked eyes, to overcome this difficulty turbidity sensor can be used. It helps to identify the particles floating in the water. This sensor works by emitting the light beam in the water and this light is scattered if any solid particles are suspended [13]. The turbidity sensor is placed at 90 degrees to the water surface and when it gets back the reflected light. Comparison between the transmitted and reflected amount of light can be used to investigate the thickness of solidified elements existing in the water [13]. It is really challenging to foster support for two different domain applications and build system software as well as platforms in IoT [14]. Several investigations and standardization exertions have been undertaken for maintaining the compatibility issues associated with the heterogeneity in IoT devices and the protocols related to communications [15]. These efforts have a great influence on IoT frameworks and layers related to service interoperability [16]. The system can go beyond the embedded system when it is linked with the internet, thereby making the connected objects to sense and communicate. This robust feature of the IoT can take multiple advantages from super-computing nodes remotely [17]. Complex decision-making tasks and responding to the local needs can be undertaken very fast with an IoT-based system without requiring human intervention [17].