## 3 Materials and Methods
### Three-Dimensional Models of the Sculptures  
The study focused on a selection of ten sculptures created by two distinguished academic sculptors, both associate professors at the Academy of Arts, University of Novi Sad (Republic of Serbia): [PERSON], who contributed nine sculptures, and [PERSON], who contributed one sculpture (S7).  
Sculptures can be categorized into two groups, each containing five objects, based on two different criteria:  
1. By the method used to create 3D models: * Digitized: sculptures based on physical models that were digitized into 3D data; * Digital: sculptures created entirely in a digital environment using 3D modeling software.
2. By the art representation and reality: * Figurative: sculptures that represent recognizable forms or subjects from the real world; * Abstract: sculptures that focus on form, shape, and concept, without direct representation of the real world.  
Of ten sculptures in total, five were pre-existing real-world physical objects that were digitized into 3D models using photogrammetry (S1, S7, S8, S9, S10), while the remaining five were digitally sculpted within a virtual environment (S2, S3, S4, S5, S6), as illustrated in Table 1. It is noteworthy that the participants in the study were unaware of the method used to create the 3D models of the sculptures.  
Among the sculptures, five can be categorized as predominantly figurative (S1, S2, S3, S9, S10), while the remaining five can be considered more abstract (S4, S5, S6, S7, S8). This balance was intentionally maintained, as previous studies suggest that behavioral findings indicate a preference for figurative public artworks, regardless of the viewers' professional background [10].  
Within the abstract group, sculpture S7 stands out due to its exploration of transparency and reflection, which significantly influence the spatial relationships between the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{**3D Models of the Sculptures**} \\ \hline Digitized sculptures & & & & & \\ \hline No. & S1 & S7 & S8 & S9 & S10 \\ Art & figurative & abstract & abstract & figurative & figurative \\ Artist & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] \\ \hline Digital sculptures & & & & & \\ \hline No. & S2 & S3 & S4 & S5 & S6 \\ Art & figurative & figurative & abstract & abstract & abstract \\ Artist & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The 3D models of the sculptures shown by categories and order of appearance in the survey (labeled as S1–S10).  
artwork and its surrounding environment. S7 is part of a series entitled _Sky and Earth_, a title that draws on a well-known idiom symbolizing the juxtaposition of two opposing or contrasting elements, thereby suggesting a dynamic tension between seemingly disparate phenomena.  
In addition to S7, sculpture S8 is the only other digitized sculpture in the abstract group. Sculpture S8, which resembles a deconstructed rifle, can be interpreted architecturally, offering an example of abstract work that aligns with architectural methods and styles. This categorization indicates that the abstract group consists of two digitized sculptures and three digitally sculpted works.  
On the other hand, sculptures S1, S2, S3, S9, and S10 within the figurative group artistically capture various natural shapes and forms. This group includes three digitized sculptures (S1, S9, S10) and two digital sculptures (S2, S3), further emphasizing the blend of sculptural approaches, styles and techniques within the study.