esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# IMPA versus Cloud Analysis and IDA: Different Methods to Evaluate Structural Seismic Fragility
## 2 Methodology
### Performed Nonlinear Analysis
#### 2.3.2 Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)  
In IDA, a nonlinear structural model is subjected to a set of scaled ground motion records (accelerogram a\({}_{\lambda}\)), each scaled to multiple levels of a monotonic scalable intensity measure such as \(S_{a}\), PGA, PGV (herein \(IM=S_{a}(T_{1}\zeta=5\%)\)).\"As-recorded\" unscaled time histories are scaled by using a non-negative scale factor (\(\lambda\)) to obtain a scaled accelerogram a\({}_{\lambda}\), in which amplitudes are scaled without changing the frequency content of signals. The output of the analysis is represented by a collection of IDA curves, which are a plot of the recorded \(DCR_{LS}\) (DM) against \(S_{a}(T_{1}\zeta=5\%)\) (\(IM\)), all parameterized on the same \(IM\)s and DM [19].  
Among all the analytical methods to develop the fragility based on IDA, the following is one of the simplest proposed [54]:  
\[P(LS|IM=x)=P(DCR_{LS}\geq 1|IM=x)=P\Big{(}IM^{DCR=1}\leq x\Big{)} \tag{12}\]  
In an EDP-based interpretation of the fragility (Equation (12)), the conditional probability of exceeding a limit state given an \(IM\), herein the spectral acceleration, is equal to the probability of the demand to capacity ratio of exceeding 1 for a given Sa.  
However, it is possible to express the fragility also as the complementary cumulative distribution function or \"\(IM\)-based fragility\" (Equation (13)). Incremental dynamic analysis is well suited to be represented by \(IM\)-based derivation of fragility. This interpretation expresses the seismic fragility as the probability of spectral acceleration values--denoted as \(S_{a}{}^{DCR=1}\) and defined by intercepting all the IDA curves with the \(DCR_{LS}=1\)--to be smaller than a given value. \(DCR_{LS}=1\) represents the threshold of a limit state \(LS\) and the intersection provides the empirical distribution of the random variable (\(IM\)), to which a model such as the lognormal appearing in Equation (12) can be fitted.  
\[P\Big{(}IM^{DCR=1}\leq x\Big{)}=\phi\Bigg{(}\frac{\ln x-\ln\eta_{S_{a}|DCR=1}}{ \beta_{S_{a}|DCR=1}}\Bigg{)} \tag{13}\]  
In this Equation (13), \(\phi\) denotes the standard normal (Gaussian) cumulative distribution (CDF) of two-parameters (median or log of mean \(\eta\) and standard deviation \(\beta\)) estimated by the second-moment method or \"METHOD A\" (Equation (14)) proposed by [PERSON] [54].  
\[\ln\eta_{S_{a}|DCR=1}\cong\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\ln S_{a}^{DCR=1}}{n}\qquad\beta _{S_{a}|DCR=1}\cong\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\Big{(}\ln S_{a,1}^{DCR=1}-\ln\eta _{S_{a}|DCR=1}\Big{)}^{2}}{n-1}} \tag{14}\]
## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
#### 2.2.1 Autonomy  
In contrast to forced regulation by external agents, autonomy is related to regulation by the self [45]. It refers to the need to be autonomous [77], and, therefore, it pertains to those personal acts through which individuals control their own behavior. Obviously, this sense impacts directly on the way of behaving due to its capacity to stimulate voluntary acts, even if they come from external initiatives [78]. In this regard, SDT does not deny the presence of contingencies, although it is focused on a person's endorsement of the act itself [45].  
In the educational context, students usually have a sense of learning autonomy [48; 79]. It is a psychological state through which students perceive internal control over learning goals and outcomes [80]. In fact, autonomy impacts on student satisfaction. According to [47], motivation based on autonomy has a higher impact on satisfaction than external motivations.  
Furthermore, autonomy could lead to greater performance when the tasks are interesting to individuals who are performing them [73]. In addition, evidence shows that the presence of a supportive autonomy environment can increase the tendency to develop a specific behavior [81; 82]. Hence, educational systems geared towards the provision of rationale, the provision of choice, and the encouragement of critical thinking are more likely to foster autonomy among students [83]. In fact, entrepreneur students have a high degree of autonomy and therefore have a greater capacity to initiate actions [79].  
Extending this motivational reasoning to an educational context, where the use of OSS is incentivized, autonomous acts would influence the PU and PEU of OSS. Indeed, previous studies have shown the positive relationship between perceived autonomy and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in a huge range of ICT contexts [48; 84; 85]. Based on these, the following hypotheses propose that autonomy exerts an influence on the PU and PEU of OSS (Figure 2):  
**Hypothesis 4 (H4).**_Autonomy (AUTO) has a positive effect on the perceived usefulness (PU) of OSS._  
**Hypothesis 5 (H5).**_Autonomy (AUTO) has a positive effect on the perceived ease of use (PEU) of OSS._
# Nonlinear Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Method for Wind Turbines Considering Dynamics
## 1 Introduction
Considering the nonlinear and slow dynamics of VSWTs, the feed-forward control is added to the conventional OT control method, and the collective blade-pitch angle is regulated dynamically according to instantaneous TSR. Aerodynamic torque is estimated using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Wind speed and TSR are estimated using the Newton-Raphson method. The error between the estimated aerodynamic torque and the optimal steady torque is used as the feed-forward signal to control generator torque. Gain parameters in the feed-forward path are nonlinearly regulated by the estimated generator speed. Meanwhile, the estimated TSR is used as the reference signal for the optimal blade-pitch angle regulation under non-optimal TSR conditions, which can improve the wind power capture under a wider non-optimal TSR range. The example of a 5 MW wind turbine model is presented and analyzed.
###### Abstract  
Structural control of civil infrastructure in response to large external loads, such as earthquakes or wind, is not widely employed due to challenges regarding information exchange and the inherent latencies in the system due to complex computations related to the control algorithm. This study employs front-end signal processing at the sensing node to alleviate computations at the control node and results in a simplistic sum of weighted inputs to determine a control force. The control law simplifies to \(U=WP\), where \(U\) is the control force, \(W\) is a pre-determined weight matrix, and \(P\) is a deconstructed representation of the response of the structure to the applied excitation. Determining the optimal weight matrix for this calculation is non-trivial and this study uses the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a modified homing feature to converge on a possible solution. To further streamline the control algorithm, various pruning techniques are combined with the PSO algorithm in order to optimize the number of entries in the weight matrix. These optimization techniques are applied in simulation to a five-story structure and the success of the resulting control parameters are quantified based on their ability to minimize the information exchange while maintaining control effectiveness. It is found that a magnitude-based pruning method, when paired with the PSO algorithm, is able to offer the most effective control for a structure subject to seismic base excitation.  
structural control; wireless sensors; particle swarm optimization; pruning +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft Computing  
0
Footnote 0: Copyright**: © 2021 by the authors. Licenses MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a group authentication scheme based on blockchain spatio-temporal big data, in which the reference of blockchain technology enables the decentralization of this scheme, gets rid of the hidden danger of a single point of failure, and increases data security. The combination of authentication and single-point authentication enhances the efficiency of the solution. The analysis of the internal efficiency of the system reveals that when the number of users in the system is less than 200, the efficiency of ordinary single authentication is higher than that of group authentication, and the efficiency of the entire system is at a low level. Therefore, this solution is suitable for systems that connect IoT devices on a large scale. The larger the number of devices, the more noticeable the advantages of group authentication, and the higher the efficiency of the entire system. The model capacity parameters in the scheme can be flexibly adjusted according to user needs to help them find the most efficient configuration scheme.  
Three different Hash value calculation methods in the MHT are compared in this paper to demonstrate that the SHA256 algorithm has a relatively low time cost. When there are 16,000 users, the time cost of the SHA256 algorithm is 62 ms, which is only 80% of the other two algorithms. The delay of Insert and Verify in the blockchain smart contract, the relationship between throughput and block size, and the optimal block size for the system to obtain greater throughput while maintaining low latency and block size. When the size is controlled at 1500 KB, it can take into account the high throughput (400-500 tps) and low latency (1-2 s) of the system. This scheme can not only verify the legitimacy of each device and protect the security of spatiotemporal big data, but also significantly reinforce the authentication efficiency compared with similar schemes.  
Conceptualization, B.Z.; methodology, B.Z. and Y.Y.; software, B.Z. and G.C.; validation, G.C. and B.Z.; formal analysis, G.C.; investigation, Y.Y. and G.C.; resources, J.Z.; data curation, B.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Z. and G.C.; writing--review and editing, B.Z. and J.Z.; visualization, G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
National Natural Science Foundation of China, (No. 41761081).  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# An Efficient On-Chip Data Storage and Exchange Engine for Spaceborne SAR System
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Results and Performance Evaluation
#### 5.2.1 Superscalar Pipeline Data Storage and Exchange Engine
Finally, the design of the register addressing access used to control and monitor the work and operation status of each module, the parameterized configuration of data granularity, starting coordinates, normal start or Debug mode, etc., increases the flexibility and configurability of the data storage and exchange engine, which can be embedded into the SAR imaging system as a custom IP core to make it adaptable to more complex real-time processing system platforms for spaceborne SAR imaging while ensuring high bandwidth and high exchange efficiency.
# Spectral Raman Database of Modern Acrylic Paints at 532 nm and 633 nm Laser Excitation Wavelengths
## 1 Introduction
The first online Raman databases became available only in the early 2000s, and comprehensive pigment and dye-specific spectral libraries have been published more recently [20]. This work thus contributes to expanding and refining the existing Raman spectroscopic data on modern acrylic pigments. Historically, the range of available pigments was limited. Until the early 19 th century, artists' palettes were restricted to mineral-based pigments, some plant- and insect-derived dyes and a small number of synthetic materials [16]. After 1900, the introduction of synthetic pigments significantly expanded the available colour range. As a result, identifying pigments in modern artwork can be particularly challenging due to their vast diversity [21]. Raman spectroscopy serves as a powerful tool in this endeavour, enabling accurate identification. This technique is highly effective for detecting both organic and inorganic pigments, providing critical information for art restoration. Furthermore, pigment characterization can aid in determining the provenance of art objects [22]. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is an exceptionally versatile technique. Beyond pigment and dye analysis, its applications in cultural heritage include the study of inks, photographic materials, gemstones, glass, ceramics, resins, fibres and ancient organic and fossil compounds [12; 14; 17; 23]. It also assists in investigating degradation and corrosion processes affecting artworks. Additionally, it has forensic applications, enabling the authentication of artworks and archaeological artifacts by detecting forgeries [24].
# _Arthrospira platensis_ as a Feasible Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
## 3 Environmental Stresses for Glycogen Accumulation
### Salinity Effect  
High salt concentrations generate two major problems for living systems: first, low water potential results in a loss of water accumulating osmotically-active compounds, and second, the high ionic strength of the surrounding medium results in a continuous influx of inorganic ions (mainly Na+ and Cl-) ([PERSON] _et al._, 2018). Most organisms (including cyanobacteria) limit the cytoplasmic ionic strength to rather low concentrations as most intracellular macromolecules are sensitive to inorganic ions. There are two strategies that cyanobacteria follow to mitigate the osmotic pressure: first, to pump out ions, especially Na+ and Cl-, and second, to produce solutes that are compatible with the cell metabolism ([PERSON] _et al._, 2018). Based on their chemical structure, compatible solutes can be divided into various groups: carbohydrates,polyols, heterosides, amino acids, and their derivatives [58]. In _Arthospira platensis_, one of the main solutes produced to mitigate osmotic pressure is the production of trehalose, glucosyl-glycerol, and glucosyl-glycerate.  
Increases in sodium concentration have been commonly observed in the literature as a strategy to accumulate carbohydrates in _Arthospira platensis_, especially glycogen [26]. An increase in osmotic stress can induce _Arthrospira_ cells to synthesize osmoprotectants (trehalose, glucosyl-glycerol, and glucosyl-glycerate) [76], and the accumulation of these low molecular weight carbohydrates increases the total amount of sugars, thus enhancing the bioethanol production. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [57] found that the NaCl (from 1 up to 40 g/L) exerted a positive effect on both the carbohydrate and lipid contents of _Arthrospira platensis_.  
The addition of NaCl in the culture medium could also affect the transcriptional regulation of the metabolism of different cyanobacteria via cAMP as a signaling molecule [59] as there is evidence pointing that this modification of the metabolism can enhance glycogen production [77].
# Development and Proposal of a Novel Scoring System to Classify Dry Month Severity
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The DMSS  
To ensure a time-effective and inexpensive scoring tool for dry mouth severity, incorporating both xerostomia and hyposalivation, we excluded most of the above questionnaires and clinical examinations and only included five subjective and objective parameters in the DMSS. The subjective parameters were the GXQ and SXI, and the objective parameters were CODS and measurements of salivary secretion (UWS and SWS). Each parameter is presented with a proposed cut-off value. Results above cut-off values (below for UWS and SWS) were scored with one point each, with a total range from 0 to 5 points (5 points representing the highest severity of dry mouth). To ensure a more simple and functional scoring system for DMSS, a grading from 0 to 3 was proposed, with score 0 representing 0 points, score 1 representing 1 and 2 points, score 2 representing 3 points, and score 3 representing 4 and 5 points. In the DMSS, score 0 signifies the lowest level of dry mouth, while scores 1 and 2 signify intermediate levels, and score 3 represents the most severe degree of dry mouth. A schematic presentation of the practical step-wise approach, cut-off values and scoring table is seen in Figure 2. The considerations and reasoning of the chosen parameters and cut-off values are elaborated in the two following sections.  
Figure 1: An overview of the selection of participants in the different study groups. pSS patients: primary Sjogren’s syndrome patients, non-SS: non-Sjögren’s patients (patients with Sjogren’s syndrome-like symptoms but do not fulfill the classification criteria [17]), HNC patients: radiated head and neck cancer patients, psychiatric patients: patients with psychiatric disorders using at least one drug with dry mouth as known side effect, controls: healthy subjects with no dry mouth complaints.
## 1 Introduction  
Due to their optimum dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric response, lead-free based electroceramics have been proposed as an alternative to Pb(Zr\({}_{1-x}\)Ti\({}_{x}\))O\({}_{3}\) (PZT). In particular, Ba\({}_{1-x}\)Ca\({}_{x}\)Ti\({}_{-y}\)Zr\({}_{y}\)O\({}_{3}\) (BCTZ) solid solution shows a phase diagram similar to PZT systems with a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) responsible for its high electrical performance. The coalescence of two ferroelectric phases lowers down the energy barrier between them, facilitating the rotation grade of the polarization vector [1]. For this reason, several researchers have focused their attention on modifying the chemical composition [2; 3; 4; 5] or synthesis conditions [6; 7; 8] for maximizing their electrical properties.  
For high-temperature conditions (\(T>T_{C}\)), a systematic study of the electrical behavior for BCTZ has not been presented. Moreover, the influence that Ca\({}^{2+}\) doping has over dielectric conditionsand the associated conduction mechanism has not fully been explained. In order to investigate ceramic relaxation phenomena and structural features related to conduction mechanisms, impedance spectroscopy (IS) arises as an efficient technique [9].  
The dielectric process, in polycrystalline materials, involves the movement of electric carriers. Therefore, it is important to separate between the different responsible microstructural regions. To characterize the microstructure of the material, IS measurements are made over a wide range of frequencies to distinguish between different regions [10; 11; 12]: grains, grain boundary, sample/electrode interface, etc. Using a variable-frequency measurement, regardless the nature of the material under study, the analysis of the alternating current (AC) data requires considerable care in order to (a) assign the different electrical impedances to the appropriate regions of the sample and (b) extract the maximum amount of useful information from the data available [13]. This is how experimental information obtained is represented by appropriate equivalent circuits, useful for determining component resistance and capacitance parameters.  
In the present work the influence of Ca\({}^{2+}\) on the structure and phase transition behavior was studied. The effect of the microstructure on the dielectric and conduction characteristics was analyzed. Finally, the dielectric relaxation and activation energy was calculated for thermally activated electrical processes.
# Analysis of Recent Deep Learning Techniques for Arabic Handwritten-Text OCR and Post-OCR Correction
### Significance: Why and How Is This Work Different?  
The main significance of this paper can be summarized in one sentence: There are no other studies in the literature from 2020-2023 that critically analyze both deep-learning OCR and text-correction techniques.  
The greatest difference between this work and other works is that this is the only study that combines all the following factors: (1) the analyzed works are recent (2020-2023), while many works in the literature, in contrast, include old studies and are not up-todate; (2) while other, old paradigms are used in tackling OCR problems, deep learning is the current trend, and it is not investigated rigorously in the literature, as previous research did not shed light on deep learning only; (3) similarly, Arabic text-correction deep-learning techniques: similarly is not well investigated or reviewed in the literature, to the extent of neglect, even though recent works are continuously developing; (4) a curated list of approaches to enhancing the OCR models for Arabic is derived from the challenges recognized in the analysis and from potential applications for which OCR solutions can be developed.  
Our work, despite the complexity of the topic, is presented in a language that is scientifically correct and does not lose the reader's interest. It is therefore suitable for all the following: (1) advanced researchers in OCR and deep learning who want to know the specific direction of the field, the challenges, and the problems that need to be researched further; (2) deep-learning and OCR practitioners who wish to know exactly which models to use and those that other practitioners have developed, in addition to possible applications for which solutions may be implemented; and (3) interested readers who are curious about the uses of deep learning in Arabic OCR and want to learn about the topic in a friendly way.
## 7 Case Study and Comparison with the Field Data  
### Project Overview  
The excavation pit project in this case study, intended for the construction of a municipal tunnel, is located in the Yangtze River Delta region within the geological unit of the Yangtze River floodplain. The excavation pit has a typical elongated shape, with a total length of 1130 m and an average width of approximately 36 m, resulting in a length-to-width ratio of over 30 [38]. The excavation depth ranges from 7.8 m to 12.2 m. Due to its proximity to the Yangtze River, the site has abundant groundwater, which poses significant safety concerns for the excavation project. Reinforced concrete and steel struts are used for internal support, while deep cement mixing pile walls are employed as a waterproof curtain. The subsurface layers primarily consist of muddy clay, sandy silt, and silty fine sand, among which the fine sand is an aquifer. The remaining layers at the site have low permeability, all classified as weakly permeable strata or aquifuges. Table 2 provides the specific physical and mechanical parameters of the soil layers at the site.  
According to the geological survey data, the muddy clay and sandy silt extend to a depth of about 10 m below the surface, followed by a thick silty fine sand layer reaching a depth of 40.0 m, down to the bedrock. The site is close to the Yangtze River, with abundant groundwater and a high groundwater table, approximately 0.4 m to 3.3 m below the surface. Pumping tests conducted during the survey phase indicate a significant hydraulic connection between the fine sand confined layer and the Yangtze River, with surface water capable of recharging the aquifer. In the groundwater control plan, deep cement mixing pile walls are used as a waterproof curtain for the excavation pit, combined with dewatering wells within the pit to reduce pressure in the confined sand layer. Since the length of the waterproof curtain is insufficient to penetrate the thick aquifer, it is classified as a suspended waterproof curtain.