## 3 Results
### Specific Findings
#### 3.2.3 Cross-Cultural Impact on Drivers' Emotions  
We reviewed 27 articles on the cross-cultural impact on drivers' emotions, as summarized in Table 3, drawing insights from the perspectives of drivers from various cultural backgrounds. Most participants are young adults, with 10 of the studies (37.03%) involving college students. The participants hail from China (\(n=12\), 44.44%), the United States of America (\(n=13\), 48.14%), Germany (\(n=2\), 7.4%), Malaysia (\(n=1\), 3.7%), Japan (\(n=4\), 14.81%), and India (\(n=4\), 14.81%). Hence, this review contrasts the cross-cultural impact on drivers' emotions between Asian and European participants. In addition, multicultural countries like Singapore (\(n=2\), 7.4%) and Malaysia (\(n=3\), 11.11%) are also included, emphasizing the diversity in cultural backgrounds among the study populations. The results are divided into 5 regions based on cultural context: Asia and the Middle East, Europe, America, Oceania, and others. Most of the studies related to the cross-cultural impact on drivers' emotions originate from the field of social science (\(n=16\), 59.26%), with a smaller proportion directly related to driving (\(n=11\), 40.74%). Two studies [8; 11] also highlight the need to consider cultural attitudes in the use of technology while driving. This is an area for future exploration, emphasizing the importance of culturally sensitive design in autonomous driving technologies and driver assistance systems [83; 84]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Participants** & **Number of Participants** & **Description of Participants** & **Method** & **Findings of Driver Emotion Modulation** & **Human Factor(s)** \\ \hline
[85] & students & 560 & Netherlands and China & visual & Chinese participants perceived smaller differences between intended and unintended emotions & visual \\ \hline
[86] & students & 416 & 46 European Americans, 33 Asian Americans, 91 Japanese, 160 Indians, and 80 Hispanics & & cultural differences emerged for nearly all discrete emotions & physiological \\ \hline
[87] & students & 80 & 40 from UK, 40 East Asians & reappraisal & UK drivers were more capable of regulating negative emotions elicited by social exclusion & physiological \\ \hline
[88] & general population samples & 1735 & 593, 602, and 540 participants recruited from China, Italy, and Spain, respectively & reappraisal, expressive & acceptance and reappraisal well-being; rumination and suppression were predictive of lower well-being & physiological \\ \hline
[89] & students & 765 & 334 Chinese, 431 Germans & reappraisal & Collectivistic and individualistic differences in cognitive reappraisal led to fewer behavioral problems & physiological \\ \hline
[90] & students & 103 & 64 females, 39 males & reappraisal & there was a curvilinear relationship between cultural dissimilarity and individual performance & physiological \\ \hline
[91] & young adults & 84 & 40 Asian Americans, 44 Caucasian Americans & reappraisal & Asian American participants had fewer fixations on emotionally salient areas & physiological \\ \hline
[92] & students & 86 & 48 East Asians, 38 Western Europeans & reappraisal & the East Asian populations could regulate emotions more effectively through specific strategies, especially under stress & physiological \\ \hline
[93] & adults & 72 & 29 Japanese adults, 43 from United Kingdom & social norms & Japanese participants had greater difficulty with emotional self-awareness and emotional intensity differentiation & physiological \\ \hline
[94] & Chinese-English bilingual