esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
In this study, it was demonstrated that the samples treated with NTAPP for only 1 min showed significantly higher shear bond strength compared to conventional hydrofluoric acid or silane-treated samples, and did not show any significant difference in shear bond strength with samples treated with a combination of hydrofluoric acid and silane. In another study as mentioned above, ethylenediamine (EDA) plasma treatment was used to improve the bond strength between resin cement and epoxy resin-based fiber post [11]. However, EDA plasma caused not only a significant chemical modification on the surface, but also surface morphological changes of the fiber post, which was indicated by observation through the scanning electron microscope. Additionally, previous studies using the vacuum-based plasma treatment required 5 to 10 min to achieve the effects seen here [10; 11], whereas application of NTAPP in this experiment was performed under atmosphere and the shear bond strength of plasma-treated post was still significantly higher than the untreated post even with a very short duration of exposure (1 min). Despite all of above advantages, limitations were also identified with application of NTAPP on resin-based fiber posts. The results showed that high surface energy of epoxy resin caused by NTAPP treatment decreased significantly with aging time (Figure 5b). This was in agreement with the shear bond strength with resin core, as the value dropped significantly with the aging time (Figure 7). Such effects were also reported previously by [PERSON] et al., who used non-thermal plasma with air or helium mixed with 2% oxygen [39] and showed that bonding strength decreased as they are left in atmosphere for 1, 12, or 24 h. This limitation, however, is a possible reason for requiring relatively portable and easily applicable plasma device, which may be able to be used by the chair-side of the clinic, where the fiber post can be exposed to plasma just before the bonding, rather than the use of the vacuum-based plasma treatment that requires vacuum chamber and therefore only able to be carried out in manufacturing stage with inevitable shelf lives [13]. Another area that we have not explored in this study was the combination effects of various treatment with NTAPP. As our main objective was to consider the effect of NTAPP in comparison to conventional treatments, groups outlined in Table 1 were considered. Still, there may be an effect from using NTAPP on 4% hydrofluoric acid treated surface or silane treated surface. This warrants future investigations of this study. Hence, with limitations of this study and need of further investigations, it may be carefully concluded that use of NTAPP treatment on resin-based fiber posts would benefit the process of endodontic restoration in dental clinics.
# Speech Intelligibility Analysis and Approximation to Room Parameters through the Internet of Things
## 1 Introduction
Taking into account the current pandemic times and the problems derived from the COVID-19 in the field of education, the adaptation of classrooms originally not intended for teaching has been considered a must to deal with the implementation of social distancing policies (see Figure 1). In this context, we found particularly interesting to be able to have a rapid measurement of speech intelligibility at different points in a room and to be able to act accordingly. In this work, we present the design and implementation of a WASN system based on RPi, Portaudio library and MATLAB, to perform synchronous and asynchronous acoustic measurements mainly oriented to study the speech intelligibility in a room or SII parameter, as well as the early reflections in the room and the acoustic characteristics of the space. Although SII can be computed asynchronously, because each node will give a value of SII, the other parameters have been recorded synchronously through the WiFi connection of the RPi. Although this synchronization is not too precise (due to the delays introduced by the network), it is good enough for the purpose of this analysis, which will allow us to have a general idea of the acoustic behavior of the room. Figure 1: Room schema as an example of social distancing and reduced capacity (red X locations are not occupied). The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 focuses the problem and gives a slight focus on the related work discussing different approaches and establishing a framework for our proposal. Section 2 addresses the methodology and the materials used to measure the room parameters focused with the planned WASN. Section 3 describes the acoustical measurements performed in a lecture room at the ETSE of the University of Valencia with a discussion and finally, Section 4 gives some conclusion obtained from the deployment process.
## 4 Conclusions  
Starch accumulation above 40% was achieved at a large scale in _C. vulgaris_, through a protocol that could be suitable for industrial setups. FTIR spectroscopy proved to be an efficient tool for screening multiple stress conditions and characterising changes in biomass composition, identifying the stress conditions to be used for inducing starch production. Both nitrogen and sulphur starvation proved to be good methods for inducing starch and lipid accumulation, yet nitrogen as a stress factor led to faster starch accumulation (12 h), making it preferable for industrial production. To achieve efficient production, nutrient stress needs to be implemented in a protocol that uses a high light intensity to cell density ratio. Thus, a biomass specific photon supply rate above 200 is recommended to produce biomass containing high starch concentrations.  
Future investigations involving novel approaches such as \"omics\" technologies may extend our understanding of metabolic responses to stress, allowing us to further improve the final composition of the biomass. To speed the transfer of knowledge to the industry, research should go forward in assessing the scalability of the process on one side, testing in pilot-scale reactors and in outdoors conditions to improve starch productivity and evaluating the properties of starch-rich algal biomass and testing the possible applications in the food sector.  
Conceptualization, K.S., G.C., M.J.B. and F.R.; methodology, G.C., F.R., V.S., K.S.; software, G.C., V.S., A.K.; formal analysis, G.C., V.S.; investigation, G.C., F.R., V.S.; resources, K.S., V.S.; data curation, G.C., F.R.; writing--original draft preparation, G.C., F.R., V.S.; writing--review and editing, G.C., F.R., V.S., M.J.B., K.S., T.W., S.J.H.; visualization, G.C., V.S., S.D.; supervision, K.S., T.W., M.J.B., S.J.H.; project administration, K.S.; funding acquisition, K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work received financial support from Research Council Norway (BION/ER programme, \"ALGAE TO FUTURE\" project #267872) and NordForsk (NCoE Programme \"NordAqua\" (project #82845)).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data available from authors.  
Acknowledgments: We thank [PERSON] for her support with ion chromatography, [PERSON] for supporting and managing the team and [PERSON] for funding acquisition and coordinating the ALGAE TO FUTURE project.  
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
###### Abstract
Based on this, they analyzed the shaft stability and surface deformation caused by the transition from open-pit to underground mining. [PERSON] et al. [19] conducted numerical simulations using FLAC3D software to investigate the behavior mechanism of roof pillars during the underground mining process in the transition from open-pit to underground mining, and analyzed the stress distribution and failure mechanism around the roof pillars. [PERSON] et al. [20] used the structural orientation analysis software DIPS version 5.01 to statistically analyze the structural orientation of siliceous limestone and tufaceous limestone and provided a detailed analysis of the formation and development mechanisms of surface subsidence. [PERSON] et al. [21] conducted research on the failure forms of surrounding rocks from a microscopic perspective based on the Particle Flow Code (PFC) software version 3.1, revealing the intrinsic laws and particle movement patterns of slope failure. [PERSON] et al. [22] established a surface rock movement monitoring network using GPS, obtained displacement changes, and then utilized three-dimensional numerical simulation methods such as FLAC3D to investigate the mechanical environment of the surrounding rocks and slopes on open-pit slopes during underground mining. They explored the deformation of the surrounding rocks, stress field distribution, and failure mechanisms. [PERSON] et al. [23] employed a combination of similarity experiments and numerical simulations to study the failure characteristics of slopes in the transition from open-pit to underground mining and their impact on underground ore extraction. They analyzed the damage and failure characteristics of slope rock mass at different mining levels. From the above studies, it can be seen that for the large-scale and complex engineering problems of the open-pit-to-underground transition, numerical simulation methods are mainly used to study the overall stability of the project, while the continuum mechanical analysis method is mostly used in the study of the overall stability of the project, and the overburden rock layer above the excavated ore body is simplified to a continuous rock layer for calculation [24; 25; 26]. The aforementioned studies are of great significance for elucidating the deformation mechanism, mechanism analysis, and stability research of rock masses in the transition from open-pit to underground mining, and they provide a reference for the stability evaluation of the rock mass mined by the open-pit-to-underground caving method. To describe the geomechanical phenomena that occur under the conditions of underground exploitation, this paper deals with the problem of open-pit slope stability and ground surface under the influence of underground mining of the Shilu iron deposit in China. Simulations with the help of numerical computational models, using the FLAC3D code, were conducted to study the influence of staged exploitation of the ore body on the slope's stability. This work may provide a methodology reference for the analysis of rock stability in open-pit to underground mines.
## 3 Task Assignment Algorithm Based on Extended CNP  
This section designs a distributed dynamic task assignment algorithm based on extended contract network protocol. The core of contract net protocol (CNP) is to simulate the \"bid-win\" market mechanism and realize the optimization of task assignment based on the interaction of individuals. The classical CNP is not suitable for sequential task assignments with multiple constraints under multiple rounds, which means that it needs extending according to complex task constraints.
# Dark-Center Based Insulator Detection Method in Foggy Environment
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Target Detection Experiments  
#### 4.2.1 VOC Dataset  
The VOC dataset is one of the most commonly used standard datasets in the field of target detection. Therefore, the VOC2012 dataset is selected to validate the reliability of the model. This dataset has 20 categories with a total of 17125 images, 13870 images in the training set, 1542 images in the validation set, and 1713 images in the test set, where the ratio of the training set to the validation set is 9:1.
## 6 Fabrication and Measurement
These findings confirm that the designed feeding network can effectively excite Mode 1 and Mode 2. Table 2 offers a performance comparison between the antenna proposed in this study and other wideband antennas reported in recent years, with the comparison table encompassing crucial parameters such as antenna type, ARBW, physical dimensions, and gain. Compared to traditional MTS antenna such as [12], the proposed antenna significantly improves both the ARBW and gain. The literature [13] proposes a cavity-backed antenna in which an MTS is employed in the design as a reflector to achieve a wider bandwidth. However, this comes at the cost of a large size, high profile of 0.25 \(\lambda_{0}\), and low gain of 6 dBic, which restricts its application in space-constrained scenarios such as automotive telematics control unit. A low-profile MTS antenna in [20] with an etched slot achieves a gain of 8.1 dBi, but has a narrow ARBW of only 10.6%, and there is an air gap between the MTS and the radiating patch in this design, which reduces the mechanical stability of the antenna structure. Reference [24] proposes an antenna where upper and lower symmetrically slotted apertures simultaneously feed the upper and lower MTSs. It achieves an ARBW of 20.1%. However, its gain is restricted to just 3.5 dBic. Reference [27] proposes a single-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed MTS antenna based on the CMA. This antenna is built upon a 3 \(\times\) 4 MTS structure and a rotated CPW feeding line. Both the MTS and the feeding line are relatively simple in design. It achieves an IBW of 25% and an ARBW of 19.42%. Within the CP operating bandwidth, its gain ranges from 4.5 to 8 dBic. We also employ the CMA, but we take it a step further. On one hand, we add parasitic patches and mode-suppressing patches around the MTS. These additional elements are utilized to enhance the desired modes and suppress the unwanted ones. This method enables us to have more precise control over the antenna's radiation characteristics. On the other hand, for the feeding mechanism, we adopt a slot-coupled feeding network that combines a ring slot and an L-shaped microstrip line. This complex feeding network is designed to achieve better mode excitation and control, which is importance for improving the antenna's gain and bandwidth. As a result, our design achieves wider IBW, ARBW, and higher gain compared to Reference [27], while both the physical and electrical dimensions of the profile height are smaller than those in [27]. Figure 15: Three-dimensional radiation patterns of the proposed antenna. (**a**) 5.4 GHz; (**b**) 7.1 GHz.
# Intelligent Total Transportation Management System for Future Smart Cities
## 3 Results--Examples of Sub-Model Developments
### Intelligent Total Transportation Managing System in Smart Cities
#### 3.3.2 Management of the Cooperating Vehicles  
There are three levels of cooperation, such as follows.  
In the first level, called primary cooperation, the cooperating vehicles provide information on the vehicles, motion condition, and actual position using info-communication networks. These vehicles also provide this information to the nearby vehicles and harmonize their motions.  
In the second level, called secondary surveillance, the cooperating vehicles send the information on the goal and target of trips to the traffic management center that may directly support these vehicles.  
In the third level, these vehicles send data to the traffic management center, e.g., on the nearby vehicles, the infrastructure condition, and traffic situations.
# Machine Learning in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methods, Challenges, and Future Trends
## 5 Data Handling in ML Applications
### Feature Extraction Techniques  
In feature extraction, raw data is converted into a set of attributes that precisely characterize the data for ML models. It enhances the efficacy and performance of ML algorithms by decreasing the dimensionality of the data. Frequently utilized techniques encompass wavelet transforms, Fourier transforms, and principal component analysis (PCA). Reference [97] underscored the importance of feature extraction and selection in improving the performance of ML models.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Technique** & **Description** & **Application in Smart Buildings** \\ \hline Data Integration & \begin{tabular}{c} Combining data from different sources to \\ provide a unified view \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Integrating data from energy systems, \\ HVAC, and lighting controls for holistic \\ energy management \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Data Cleaning & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Removing inaccuracies and \\ inconsistencies to improve data quality \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ensuring accurate and reliable data for \\ managing and optimizing systems \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Data Source** & **Data Type** & **Frequency** & **Usage in ML** \\ \hline Sensors & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy Consumption, \\ Temperature, Humidity \\ \end{tabular} & Real-time & \begin{tabular}{c} Training, \\ Real-time Prediction \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Smart Meters & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy Consumption, \\ Power Quality \\ \end{tabular} & Hourly, Daily & \begin{tabular}{c} Training, Monitoring, \\ Anomaly Detection \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline IoT Devices & \begin{tabular}{c} Operational Parameters, \\ Environmental Conditions \\ \end{tabular} & Real-time & \begin{tabular}{c} Real-time \\ Prediction, Monitoring \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Weather Stations & \begin{tabular}{c} Temperature, Solar \\ Radiation, Wind Speed \\ \end{tabular} & Hourly, Daily & \begin{tabular}{c} Training, \\ Prediction Modeling \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Building Management & \begin{tabular}{c} HVAC Performance, \\ System (BMS) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Real-time, Hourly \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Training, \\ Optimization, Control \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Historical Energy Data & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Past Energy Consumption, \\ Utility Bills \\ \end{tabular} & Monthly, Yearly &
\begin{tabular}{c} Training, Trend \\ Analysis, Forecasting \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Data sources for energy prediction in smart buildings.
# A Comprehensive Review of In-Body Biomedical Antennas: Design, Challenges and Applications
## 4 Challenges That Influence the Design of In-Body Antennas
### Effect on Antenna Bandwidth  
In-body antennas are compact in size and subject to narrower bandwidth [78]. However, all the radiated power from a transmitter does not reach the receiver because of significant absorption and reflection by the biological tissue medium. In an in-body antenna, the absorbed power is commonly greater than the reflected power, which generally causes the bandwidth to be wider. This also causes lower radiation efficiency of the antenna. It is possible to reduce these losses by using bio-encapsulation--as discussed in the previous section--and impedance matching, making the bandwidth narrower. However, an in-body antenna with narrow bandwidth suffers from frequency detuning inside the biological tissue environment. Therefore, a cautious consideration is necessary to solve this issue. The bandwidth of the in-body antenna can be improved by using a thicker substrate. In Ref. [85], the bandwidth of an implantable monopole antenna is improved by connecting a strip line with U-shaped ground. In Ref. [86], the ground plane of the implantable PIFA antenna is partly connected to a RFID circuit to enhance the bandwidth.
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Throughput  
The amount of data that is efficiently sent/received through a communication channel is referred to as throughput. Throughput is calculated in kilobits per second, megabits per second or gigabits per second and might differ from bandwidth owing to a variety of technical issues such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and more. The quantity of data that is moved from one location to another in a given length of time is referred to as throughput. The comparisons of previous methods and proposed method is mentioned in the below Table 6.  
In Figure 6, the throughput during data transmission for different numbers of nodes is illustrated. The throughput of the proposed approach is minimal compared to the existing approaches, namely DWMA, CBR-RPL, WEMER and PEGASIS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No of Nodes** & **DWMA** & **CBR-RPL** & **WEMER** & **GG-Conv\_Clus-FSO** \\ \hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
20 & 65.22 & 87.24 & 98.53 & 127.43 \\
40 & 127.42 & 154.36 & 187.25 & 206.33 \\
60 & 178.11 & 221.42 & 267.22 & 281.16 \\
80 & 229.55 & 265.86 & 298.45 & 379.55 \\
100 & 276.34 & 321.46 & 357.11 & 465.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of throughput.  
Figure 5: Comparison of packet loss.  
Figure 6: Comparison of throughput.
# Laser Processing of Intraocular Lenses
## 3 Results
### Fabrication and Characterization of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Micro-Patterns
The low-frequency regime with high-energy pulses involves material modification by individual or low-frequency pulses, while the high-frequency regime with low-energy pulses involves cumulative thermal effects. These two distinct regimes are essentially represented in the aforementioned cases in references [22; 23] previously discussed. The heat diffusion time (\(\tau_{\text{heat}}\)) of the absorption volume in the material under investigation is related to the thermal diffusivity (\(D\)) and the characteristic diffusion length (\(L\)), through the following equation [31]:  
\[\tau_{\text{heat}}=L^{2}/D \tag{4}\]  
The transition between these two regimes occurs at laser repetition frequencies defined as the inverse of \(\tau_{\text{heat}}\). In a previous work [28] for the case of laser writing and patterning in glasses, an intermediate regime of optimum laser writing and patterning conditions was identified, by a typical fiber Yb-based laser emitting at 1030 nm, with pulse energy \(\sim\)1 \(\upmu\)J, \(\sim\)300 fs pulse duration, and repetition rate at \(\sim\)1 MHz. This laser provided by far the best laser writing performance in glass, enabling fast processing with eliminated heat accumulation effects, and resulted in uniform structures, as in typical glasses, the heat diffusion time is \(\tau_{\text{heat}}\)\(\sim\)1 \(\upmu\)s and the transition should occur at around 1 MHz [28]. Our results indicate that an analogous behavior was observed in the patterning of polymer IOLs. For glasses, the thermal diffusivity is around \(D\)\(\sim\)0.6 mm\({}^{2}\)/s while for PMMA, it is roughly \(D\)\(\sim\)0.1 mm\({}^{2}\)/s [29]. Therefore, the \(\tau_{\text{heat}}\) is estimated to be much slower (by a factor of \(\sim\)6) in polymers, compared to glasses, and the expected transition frequency should be correspondingly lower. This is in agreement with our findings, as the femtosecond system we employed (with the capability of tunable repetition rate between single pulse and 1 MHz) operated in this intermediate regime (100 kHz), which has been demonstrated to offer superior micromachining characteristics, providing enhanced patterning capabilities and flexibility. However, the exact identification of the intermediate regime was not possible as it depends drastically on characteristics of polymers like the molecular weight, which was not known for the commercially used IOLs.