## 4 Variation in the Tools Content of Oils from Unconventional Plant Sources  
The tool contents of the seed oils considered are presented in Table 5. As can be seen, the levels of total tools varied over a wide range, from 3.4 mg/100 g for commercial cold-pressed parsley oil produced in the USA [159] to 581.3 mg/100 g in oil from radish seeds originated from China obtained with the use of super-critical carbon dioxide extraction [213]. The noticeably low contents (\(<\)20 mg/100 g) of these compounds were also determined in some oils from the apple [58; 145], apricot [132], blueberry [59; 160], cherry [77], raspberry [112], strawberry [72; 130; 140], broccoli [131], and carrot seeds [131]. However, some researchers reported that the content of total tools in oils from apple and raspberry seeds can reach up to 379.1 and 315.2 mg/100 g, respectively [90; 128]. It is noteworthy that a higher content of tools in oils was generally achieved by ultrasound-assisted extraction compared to solid-liquid extractions (maceration or extraction in Soxhlet/Twisselman apparatus). This phenomenon was observed for apple, apricot, cherry, Japanese quince, pear, and plum seed oils (Table 5). In addition, a high variability in the total tool content of the oils from unconventional sources was assigned to the cultivar. Significant differences were observed for oils extracted from the seeds of apple [90], apricot [91; 132], pear [95], and plum cultivars [94]. As presented in Table 5, tocopherols (mainly \(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\) homologues) are the major tools in almost all seed oils. \(\alpha\)-tocopherol was generally prevalent in oils from the seeds of chokeberry, fenugreek, Japanese quince, onion, parsley, and quince, while \(\gamma\)-tocopherol was typical for apricot, basil, blackcurrant, blackberry, broccoli, cherry, pear, perilla, plum, radish, raspberry, rosehip, and strawberry seed oils. Among the oils that were studied, the most important \(\alpha\)-tocopherol sources were Japanese quince (90.5-128.6 mg/100 g) and onion seed oils (49.8-227.3 mg/100 g). In turn, the \(\gamma\)-tocopherol content was significantly differentiated and dependent on cultivar and extraction method. The highest concentration (538.9 mg/100 g) was reported in radish seed oil obtained with the use of super-critical carbon dioxide extraction [213]. The high amount of this homologue (237.2 mg/100 g) was also determined in apricot (Veselka cultivar) seed oil obtained with the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction [91]. Apple seed oils were characterized by varied proportions of all tocopherol homologues. However, most authors showed similar content of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) homologues or a slight prevalence of one of them [58; 90; 133; 163; 168]. In cabbage seed oil, comparable shares of \(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\) homologues were proved [131; 135], and in cucumber seed oil, \(\delta\)-tocopherol was predominant, accounting for 84% of total tool content [135]. Only a few studies confirmed the occurrence of \(\gamma\)-tocotrienol as a main tool. Its content in coriander seed oils was 23.1-65.2 mg/100 g [135; 191], in carrot seed oils was 13.3-14.3 mg/100 g [131; 190], in one sample of blueberry seed oil was 33.0 mg/100 g [197], in one sample of fennel seed oil was 18.2 mg/100 g [126], and in one sample of tomato seed was 107.9 mg/100 g [107], which constituted over 51% of all tools. It is worth emphasizing that the data presented in the literature on the profile of tools in fennel and tomato seed oils is scarce, making it difficult to identify these oils as a source of specific homologs.