## 3 Results  
Descriptive characteristics of the study sample are presented in Table 1. Age, height and weight were significantly different based on the participant's sex. In our sample, the included men were somewhat older, taller and heavier compared with their female counterparts. No statistically significant difference in BMI between male and female participants was found. The results of the one-way RM ANOVAs for body fat%, fat mass, lean mass and bone mineral content at the whole-body and/or limb level (i.e., right arm and right leg) for male and female participants are displayed in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Men (\(n\) = 47)** & **Women (\(n\) = 36)** & **Independent Sample \(t\)-Test** \\  & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline Age (years) & 22.2 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 21.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 & 0.005 * \\ Height (cm) & 180.8 \(\pm\) 7.8 & 166.3 \(\pm\) 7.1 & \textless{}0.001 * \\ Weight (kg) & 75.1 \(\pm\) 11.4 & 62.2 \(\pm\) 10.7 & \textless{}0.001 * \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 22.9 \(\pm\) 2.5 & 22.5 \(\pm\) 3.7 & 0.554 \\ \hline \end{tabular} SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, *: significant sex differences (\(p\) < 0.05).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of study sample characteristics (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) for male and female participants. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Male Participants** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean Difference** & _p_**-Value** & **F-Value** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Effect Size** \\ **(n\({}_{p}\)\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Body fat (\%)—Whole-body**} \\ BIA & 14.0 \(\pm\) 5.7 & & & \\ DXA & 16.0 \(\pm\) 6.0 & 2.0 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 26.039 & 0.361 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Fat mass (kg)—Whole-body**} \\ BIA & 10.8 \(\pm\) 5.5 & 1.4 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 21.202 & 0.315 \\ DXA & 12.2 \(\pm\) 5.6 & **Lean mass (kg)—Whole-body** & & \\ BIA & 60.6 \(\pm\) 8.4 & 1.2 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 15.485 & 0.252 \\ DXA & 59.4 \(\pm\) 8.9 & **Bone mineral content (kg)—Whole-body** & & \\ BIA & 3.7 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0.4 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 52.655 & 0.534 \\ DXA & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 & **Fat mass (kg)—Right arm** & & \\ BIA & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.1 & 0.180 & 1.853 & 0.039 \\ DXA & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 & **Fat mass (kg)—Right leg** & & \\ BIA & 1.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 1.1 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 17.270 & 0.273 \\ DXA & 3.0 \(\pm\) 1.5 & **Lean mass (kg)—Right arm** & & \\ BIA & 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0.3 & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 51.171 & 0.527 \\ DXA & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 & **Lean mass (kg)—Right leg** & & \\ BIA & 10.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 & 0.0 & 0.847 & 0.380 & 0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SD: standard deviation, \(\eta_{p}\)\({}^{2}\): partial eta squared values, BIA: bio-electrical impedance analysis, DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, \({}^{*}\): significant differences (_p_ \(<\) 0.05) between BIA and DXA.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Descriptive statistics (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) and one-way repeated measures ANOVA test results comparing BIA and DXA for body fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass and bone mineral content at the whole-body and/or segmental level on the right-hand side of the body for men (\(n=47\)).