## 4 Applications for IoT Technology in Smart Buildings
A comprehensive IoT structural health monitoring platform to improve human safety and decrease maintenance expenses is suggested [78]. To provide a topology maintenance monitoring system for wireless sensor networks in structural health monitoring applications, hence ensuring optimum network architecture is proposed [79]. The deployment of an Edge-SHM framework using low-power wireless sensing components for the continuous monitoring of buildings situated remote from power sources [80]. The amalgamation of IoT technologies with SHM systems presents advantageous options for effective and dependable structural health monitoring, hence augmenting human safety and diminishing maintenance expenses across diverse applications. The integration of IoT technology enhances energy management in smart buildings by facilitating seamless communication among multiple building systems to minimize energy usage and boost sustainability (see Figure 8) [81]. The process commences with IoT devices that interconnect and communicate via defined protocols, facilitating efficient data transfer across systems. In this framework, essential elements such as lighting and shading controls, occupancy sensors, and a Virtual Building Automation System (BAS) function in unison [82]. Occupancy sensors identify the presence of persons in a place, triggering the automated modification of lighting and HVAC systems to preserve energy in unoccupied regions. Moreover, renewable energy sources, such as solar electricity, are integrated to augment power output and improve energy efficiency. Real-time energy monitoring technologies assess consumption trends, enabling proactive energy-saving strategies and enhancing indoor air quality for occupant comfort [83]. Smart buildings use IoT-driven protocols to interconnect various systems, therefore creating an intelligent, automated environment that enhances efficiency and sustainability while providing maximum comfort for inhabitants [84]. The Energy Management System (EMS) in smart buildings is essential for optimizing energy consumption, as seen in Figure 9, entitled IoT Energy Consumption for Smart Building. This detailed model illustrates the interrelated elements that constitute the energy management system. The process begins with the collection of physical measures, which are then analyzed by the EMS to enhance decision-making and actions focused on increasing energy efficiency [85]. The EMS consolidates data from several subsystems, including lighting, occupancy, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), indoor air quality (IAQ), power management, and security systems [86]. The EMS facilitates real-time evaluation and dynamic regulation of energy parameters via the continuous monitoring of various subsystems, enabling prompt modifications to enhance performance. The several arrows in the figure represent the complex interdependencies among various components, emphasizing how their interactions together influence the building's total energy usage [87]. This framework promotes the sustainability of the smart building and improves operational efficiency via intelligent decision-making based on IoT-generated data, creating a more effective energy management environment.