esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Conclusions  
### Task Assessment Problem  
The proposed _Auto-Adaptive Multi-Objective (AAMO)_ approach follows a multi-objective assessment strategy where the tasks under consideration are assessed regarding two objectives: the cost associated with the corresponding shortest path and the connectivity level each task location can offer to robots at arrival time. The multi-objective strategy is implemented employing a weighted sum that trades travelling cost off for connectivity levels. Up until now, all these concepts are quite standard being present in several state-of-art approaches.  
Nevertheless, in this work: (i) Connectivity awareness ability is given to the robots by modelling attenuation effects that commonly affect the communication signal strength; (ii) the weights of these potentially conflicting objectives are derived from formal analysis instead of a training stage, making the system more adaptable to different environments; (iii) The human operator is asked to use his application-field expertise to play a part in the task assessment process by setting a distance threshold until which the tasks that preserve or enlarge connectivity are preferred over the rest. All this leads to a more flexible system where the robots can deal with communication constraints adjusting the weights of each objective independently of any scenario in a more intuitive manner, saving a lot of training time.  
All existence and correctness proofs conducted on the task selection procedure support the fact that the robots are always capable of auto-adapting the objectives weights in order to select the tasks accordingly with the human-operator criterion. In conclusion, this task assessment approach may be very advantageous considering its ease of deployment.
###### Abstract  
The article presents the experience of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Science's Markul Expedition, which utilized digital technologies for the study, preservation, and popularization of cultural heritage. The objective of the Markul Expedition was to obtain a complete picture of the historical and cultural landscape of Northwestern Colchis in antiquity by applying two key digital technologies: geographic information systems (GIS) and photogrammetry. The results obtained from the latter were used both independently and were integrated into GIS as separate layers (orthophotomaps, digital terrain models) or as hyperlinks to objects (3D models, videos, plans, sections, etc.). The objects investigated by the expedition are very diverse both in size and in terms of shooting conditions. Accordingly, each category of archaeological site required an individual approach, and a separate methodology and equipment. The final visualization angles differ to a fair extent from the original samples even though photogrammetry provides more accurate results than manual measurements. There are several reasons for this, including the vegetation, which is a dominant factor in the Caucasus subtropical area and led to partial visual distortions of the photographed objects. For this reason, the final projections of architectural forms required corrections and some hand drawing. In this process, new aspects appeared in the final result, resulting from the archaeologist and artist's differing views of the objects. Our experience of using modern remote sensing technologies is also presented in the article.  
digital technologies; heritage; GIS; photogrammetry; UAVs; Colchis; antiquity; the Middle Ages; fortresses; temples; ancient settlements +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B  
0022
# Fed-Hetero: A Self-Evaluating Federated Learning Framework for Data Heterogeneity
## 3 Notations and Preliminaries
### Metrics to Measure Data Heterogeneity
#### 3.3.3 Sub Sample Sharing  
The sub-sample sharing refers to a strategy where clients selectively share small portions (sub-samples) of their local datasets with the central server. Each client \(i\) holds a local dataset \(D_{p_{i}}\), which contains input-label pairs:  
\[D_{p_{i}}=\{(x_{j},y_{j})\ |\ j=1,\ldots,n_{i}\}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline
**JSD Range** & **Interpretation** \\ \hline JSD \(<\) 0.1 & High degree of similarity \\ 0.1 \(\leq\) JSD \(<\) Threshold & Moderate divergence \\ JSD \(\geq\) Threshold & Significant divergence \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: JSD threshold.  
where \(x_{j}\) is the input data sample, \(y_{j}\) is the corresponding class, and \(n_{i}\) is the number of samples in the dataset.  
Client \(i\) selects a subset \(D_{P_{i}}^{\text{sub}}\subset D_{P_{i}}\) for sharing.  
\[D_{P_{i}}^{\text{sub}}=\{(x_{j},y_{j})\mid j\in S_{i}\subset\{1,\ldots,n_{i}\}\}\]  
where \(S_{i}\) is the index set of the selected sub-samples. This allows clients to limit the amount of data they share while still contributing to the improvement in the global model.
# The Bimodal Neutron and X-ray Imaging Driven by a Single Electron Linear Accelerator
## 4 Discussion
### The Hardening Effect  
The spectra of photons and neutrons would undergo the hardening process when they penetrate inspected objects of various mass thicknesses. Therefore, the ratio between the neutron attenuation and photon attenuation might not be constant even for a particular material. Although the hardening effect cannot vanish completely, it can be somewhat alleviated when a high-Z material layer is used to tailor the penetrating X-rays' spectrum. Shown in Figure 12a,b are the spectra and average mass attenuation coefficients for the X-rays, respectively, when a lead layer of various thicknesses is placed at the exit of the photoneutron source to shield the low energy photons via the photoelectric absorption and the high energy photons via the pair production. The mass attenuation coefficients for the elements with Z \(<\) 50 can be deemed as constant when a 3-millimeter-thick lead layer is used, indicating that Compton scattering is now the dominating photoatomic reaction and the spectrum of X-rays will stably stay within the MeV region, where the hardening effect for photons is not significant.  
Figure 11: Thermal neutron flux at the detector’s position 10 m away from the photoneutron source, with the varied electron energies and beam powers.  
As thermal neutrons are mainly used in neutron imaging and the microscopic cross sections of neutron absorption obey the 1/v law, the hardening effect for the neutrons will not be important because the distribution of thermal neutrons' energies is determined by the temperature of the moderator but not the inspected object.
## 4 Discussion  
In the performance comparison of Section 3.1, the proposed method has the third lowest DER. The methods with the lowest DER and the second lowest DER are those in [28] and [19], respectively. However, since those methods do not have a noise detection function and post-processing for R points and RR intervals contaminated by noises, it may be difficult to calculate a reliable HRV. The reason why the proposed method has similar Se and + P is because the numbers of FPs and FNs are similar. This means that the existing methods may obtain biased FP and FN results as they are processed in the record unit of the MIT-BIH DB, while the proposed method achieves FP and FN values with a uniform distribution due to the effect of increasing the amount of data by processing in the sliding window unit. Therefore, we can assume that the proposed method will have relatively uniform FP and FN values regardless of the kind of experimental data.  
In this paper, we examined the ideas for real-time processing as well as the proposed R detection technique for ECG signal analysis. Although many R point or QRS detection algorithms based on various theories have been developed to date, the R detection algorithms used in portable or wearable ECG devices should have a low complexity and calculation time. This is due to the lack of reliable algorithms applicable to real-time ECG analysis. With the development of signal processing technology, the detection accuracy difference of the R point or QRS interval for each algorithm is less than 0.5%, which is almost meaningless. In addition, the noise reduction technique used experimentally in each study may be limited in real application, because the ECG noises generated from various measurement environments are very complicated. For example, high-frequency signals and saturated signals may be alternated. It is actually very difficult to remove such complex noises. As a countermeasure to solve this problem, as suggested in this paper, it may be more efficient in real ECG analysis to detect abnormal signal intervals and remove RR intervals that lack reliability; that is, developing a technique that measures the reliability of detected R or calculated RR intervals is just as important as developing a QRS detection algorithm with a higher detection rate [36; 37]. In addition, many current studies focus on distinguishing between normal and arrhythmic signals. However, in the future, classification techniques for various types of arrhythmia should be studied based on the opinions of medical staff.
## 3 Overview of Study Site
### Deformation Characteristics  
According to the monitoring data and geological surveys conducted since 1998, the deformation of a landslide has obvious characteristics based on differences in region, elevation, depth, and season. The deformation rate is mainly related to rainfall and its intensity. It is also related to the continuous and fast rise and fall of the reservoir water level. Although there are some country roads in the front and top of the landslide body, and the roads have also caused some small partial and shallow landslides, particularly in Block 3, they have not caused any deep slides.  
For the Block 2 creep body, its surface displacement is small, although the increase in displacement was significant from 1998 to 1999. The increase in displacement started to gradually become small after 2000, whereas the full displacement of Block 2 shows an obvious spiral increasing trend. The creep trend is still further developing now.  
In this paper, the data on footprint #5 in Block 2 from April 1998 to December 2005 is chosen to perform an in-depth analysis of the relationships between the landslide deformation and the influencing factors. The displacement rate is calculated according to the monitored displacement. By contrast, the index values of the rainfall and reservoir water level are normalized using the common mini-max method. The relative relationship is shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 4 shows that the relationship between the displacement rate and rainfall is obvious, and the rate peaks lag behind the rainfall peaks. This fully indicates that the impact of rain on the landslide has a certain delayed effect. The influence of the reservoir water level is mainly reflected in the early impounding stage. The rate obviously increased after the water storage commenced in 1998, after which the influence gradually weakened.
## 2 Virulence Factors
### Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Amylovoran and Levan  
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) have been suggested to play a key role in bypassing the plant defense system, in disturbing and obstructing the vascular system of the plant and in protecting the bacteria against water and nutrient loss during dry conditions [19,23,24,25]. Previous work has demonstrated that EPS is an important element in the biofilm formation of _E. amylovora_, enabling the bacteria to attach to several surfaces and to each other [19,21,26]. Amylovoran has been shown to be the main factor necessary for biofilm formation, and levan is a contributing factor [21,24], the quantity of amylovoran produced by individual _E. amylovora_ strains being correlated with the degree of virulence [24,27].  
Amylovoran is a polymer of a pentasaccharide repeating unit that generally consists of four galactose residues and one glucuronic acid residue [24,27,28]. The molecular size of amylovoran is influenced by several environmental conditions and cell-metabolism-related factors [24,29]. The strains of _E. amylovora_ that do not have the capacity to produce amylovoran are non-pathogenic and are unable to spread in plant vessels [24,30].  
The amylovoran synthesis (_ams_) gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of amylovoran produces 12 _ams_-encoded gene products (AmsA to AmsL). AmsC, AmsH, and AmsL are believed to be involved in oligosaccharides transport and assembly, while AmsA possesses a tyrosine kinase activity. AmsB, AmsD, AmsE, AmsG, AmsJ, and AmsK proteins appear to play a part in annealing the different galactose, glucuronic acid, and pyruvyl subunits to the lipid carrier in order to form an amylovoran unit. AmsF may process newly synthesized repeating units and/or be involved in their polymerization by adding them to an existing amylovoran chain. Finally, AmsI seems to have a distinct function in recycling of the diphosphorylated lipid carrier after release of the synthesized repeating unit [24,31,32,33].  
Levan is another EPS produced by _E. amylovora_, considered as a virulence factor [19,34]. It has been shown that the lack of levan synthesis can result in a slow development of symptoms in the host plant [24,35]. The specific role of levan in pathogenesis is still unknown and deserves further research.  
Interestingly, in recent studies, it has been demonstrated that the depolymerase (DpoL1) encoded by the T7-like _E. amylovora_ phage L1 efficiently degrades amylovoran. Exposure of the bacteria to either L1 phage or recombinant DpoL1 led to EPS degradation and a phenotype similar to the one observed with EPS mutants. The enzyme strips the cells, thereby paving the way for infection by providingaccess of L1 phage to the cell wall, and also facilitating the infection by other phages, as Dpo-negative Y2 phages [5].
## 3 The Application of Lean Six Sigma to Surgical Pathways
### Preparation for Surgery  
Preparation for surgery can be complex [13; 41; 42] and involves several initial steps, including consultation with a GP or family physician, referral to a surgery centre, and receiving an appointment for an outpatient clinic to see the surgeon. Once this is complete, the patient engages with the surgeon in the outpatient clinic, and undergoes evaluation, pre-operative testing and any required diagnostics, patient education, and preparation for the planned surgery. By applying Lean Six Sigma principles to this process, healthcare providers can identify and eliminate delays and unwanted variation in the pre-operative pathway, improve efficiency, and enhance patient outcomes [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25].  
Targeted areas for the application of Lean Six Sigma in preparing patients for surgery include:  
* Reducing the wait time from GP (or family physician, or another healthcare professional) referral to initial surgical consultant engagement [42; 43; 44; 45], enabling faster access to expert assessment, diagnostics, and the development of a plan of care.
* Standardizing the pre-operative evaluation process. By establishing a standardized process for evaluating patients prior to surgery, healthcare providers can reduce unwanted variability and ensure that all patients receive the required level of care [34].
* Reducing wait times for required pre-operative testing. By identifying and eliminating bottlenecks in the pre-operative testing process [34], healthcare providers can reduce wait times for patients and improve the overall efficiency of the process [34; 45].
* Enhancing patient education. By identifying the most effective methods for educating patients about their surgery and post-operative care, healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes and reduce the likelihood of complications, which include both psychological problems such as stress [46; 47] and physical post-operative complications such as infection [48; 49].
* Streamlining documentation. By identifying and eliminating unnecessary steps in the documentation process, healthcare providers can eliminate overprocessing, reduce clinical staff time spent on paperwork, and ensure that all necessary patient information is available and communicated clearly [4; 13; 49].  
Overall, the use of Lean Six Sigma in preparing patients for surgery can help healthcare providers to improve efficiency, reduce NVA, and enhance patient outcomes. By applying these principles to the preparation process, healthcare providers can ensure that patients receive the highest quality of preparatory care for their surgery.
# BSM-Data Reuse Model Based on In-Vehicular Computing
###### Abstract  
Basic Safety Messages that are frequently generated from multiple connected vehicles can play a primordial role in providing transport data see credible and reliable information they contain. Otherwise, when considering the way Basic Safety Messages (BSMs) are treated, multiple deficiencies prevent the latter to be capable of constituting a precious data source. As we know, data become more useful the more widely are used, which is the exact opposite of what happens with the BSMs that exist only temporarily, used locally, considered disposable, and are never stored. In this paper, we introduce a data reuse model that retains collected BSMs, stores, and processes them inside the vehicle constituting a continuous data source holding retained snapshots along the roadway. Our model provided a primary data source available on a large scale, considered to be a worthy dataset for machine learning tasks, capable of visualizing different traffic-related indicators to enhance analytics and support decisions-making. In the study case, we set up an in-vehicle data platform, where we achieved an 80% of BSMs size reduction and provided a rich set of APIs to serve applications. We also adopted the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as an information processing paradigm for performing traffic volume prediction, where the obtained results have reached over 99% of accuracy.  
BSM; data reuse; in-vehicle computing; connected vehicle; VANETs; machine learning; ANN +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## Results and Discussions
### RFTW Description Efficiency from FTWR
#### 3.1.2 The Effect of RSM-Based Process Parameters on Desorption Efficiency  
As shown in Figure 2, the 2D plane contour map and the 3D response map formed by the fitting equation can intuitively show the influence of temperature, residence time, and liquid-solid ratio on the desorption rate. As the desorption time increases, the higher the temperature, the higher the yield of RFTW, and then gradually stabilizes, when the solid-liquid ratio is constant. This showed that the reaction is an endothermic reaction, and the temperature rise is conducive to the thermal movement of FTW molecules, thereby destroying the confinement effect of the pores in the FTC. When the temperature was kept constant, the liquid-solid ratio increases. As the desorption time increases, the desorption efficiency of RFTW first increases and then decreases. It achieved its peak when the liquid-solid ratio is 24.4:1 mL/g. This attributed to the particle concentration effect that limits the continued improvement in efficiency [36]. Figure 2b showed the coupling effect of the fixed temperature at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, residence time, and liquid-solid ratio on the product yield. The optimization analysis was carried out through Design Expert 12 software.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Sum of Squares** & **Degree of Freedom** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Remark** \\ \hline Model & 4696.99 & 5 & 939.40 & 71.59 & \textless{}0.0001 & significant \\ A—temperature & 2385.34 & 1 & 2385.34 & 181.79 & \textless{}0.0001 & significant \\ B—retention time & 1544.16 & 1 & 1544.16 & 117.68 & \textless{}0.0001 & significant \\ BC & 102.01 & 1 & 102.01 & 7.77 & 0.0145 & significant \\ B\({}^{2}\) & 206.05 & 1 & 206.05 & 15.70 & 0.0014 & significant \\ C\({}^{2}\) & 127.88 & 1 & 127.88 & 9.75 & 0.0075 & significant \\ Residual & 183.70 & 14 & 13.12 & - & - & - \\ Lack of fit & 148.53 & 9 & 16.50 & 2.35 & 0.1803 & not significant \\ Pure error & 35.17 & 5 & 7.03 & - & - & - \\ Cor total & 4880.69 & 19 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: ANOVA of RSM for the reduced quadratic model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Std. Dev.** & **3.62** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **0.9624** \\ \hline Mean & 51.48 & Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) & 0.9489 \\ C.V. \% & 7.04 & Predicted R\({}^{2}\) & 0.8992 \\ - & - & Adeq precision & 30.6502 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Correlation coefficient of the statistical model.  
Table 6 gives independent variables and response as constraints for optimization. Given the three indicators, the process parameters with the highest desorption rate are predicted as follows: 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 h, and liquid-solid ratio 24.4 mL/g. Under these conditions, the product yield could reach 82.28%.
# Potential and Limitations of the New European Ground Motion Service in Landslides at a Local Scale
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Collection and Analysis of Climatic Data  
The present research used climatic records from the Pola de Lena meteorological station (Ronzon, lat: 43.132706, long: \(-\)5.822275), which is 2.2 km from La Miera landslide and gathers daily data. This meteorological station was installed on 8 July 2009 and is managed by the AEMET (Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia-Spanish Meteorological Agency) [57], monitoring temperature, precipitation, and wind data. The precipitation data were analyzed daily between January 2015 and December 2021. Also, daily rainfall records and the accumulated rainfall (1/m\({}^{2}\)) were statistically compared with 12- and 6-day deformation time series obtained from the Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR dataset. The main purpose was to establish the correlation between precipitation and observed displacement.
# A Review of In-Situ and Remote Sensing Technologies to Monitor Water and Sanitation Interventions
## 2 Sensing WASH
### Satellite Remote Sensing
* In Dhaka, Bangladesh, the World Bank and other partners (University of Massachusetts Boston, and Earth Observation for Sustainable Development/GiSat) used high-resolution imagery in slums to correlate satellite imagery to public service availability [17]. * The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) developed the Hydro-BID platform to assist countries in Latin America and the Caribbean with water management through the mapping and tracking of over 230,000 water catchment areas. The Hydro-BID platform is leveraged by government agencies and water utilities for regional water management and infrastructure planning [18].