# Crowdsourcing Framework for QoE-Aware SD-WAN +
## 2 Related Works
Another approach, the OneClick framework [12], captures user perception in a simple one-click procedure where experiments are held to gather user feedback, and then collected data are processed to calculate the accumulative QoE of all users. Programmable QoE-SDN APP was discussed in [13], which aims to improve QoE for video service customers by minimizing the occurrence of stalling events in HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) applications, and by utilizing the forecast and rating estimates provided by mobile network operators. In order to tackle the requirements of multimedia over IP, multimedia services should have the ability to classify traffic, prioritize different applications, and make the necessary reservations accordingly. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed an Integrated Service framework that consists of real-time and best effort services. RTP, along with RTCP and RTSP, provides a reliable foundation for real-time services. However, this framework has had limited deployment due to complexity and backward compatibility. Some past research efforts focused on the specific use of SDN controllers and the importance of the selection of SDN controllers in designing network models. Recently, the research in [14] focused on using intent-based programming in an Open Network Operating System (ONOS) [15] to allow more dynamic monitoring and rerouting services by using intents. Intent Framework [16] enables applications to provide network requests in the form of a policy, not a mechanism. Intents provide high-level abstractions where programmers only focus on the task that should be accomplished, rather than how these tasks will be translated into low-level rules and how these rules can be installed into network devices. The abovementioned research works aim to enhance Intent Framework to compile multiple intents simultaneously and to reoptimize paths on the basis offshore statistics. Leveraging SDN in routing would allow service providers to customize routing services for applications [17]. This approach is based on a new open framework called Routing as a Service (RaaS) by reusing virtualized network functions in which customized routing services are built on the routing paths for different applications. Several prior works examined the possibility of managing QoS and QoE using the advantages of SDN architecture. In [18; 19], the authors focused on how QoE can be managed efficiently over cloud services, and they investigated the challenges facing QoE management in cloud applications, especially the quality of multimedia streaming. The goal of QoE management in that environment was to provide high-quality services to users on the cloud while taking into consideration the cost tradeoff. Implementing QoS over SDN in [20], the authors designed an approach to introduce QoS into IP multicasting using SDN in order to have proper and flexible control management of the network environment. The OpenFlow protocol was adopted to allow a controller to monitor IP multicasting statistics for each flow to provide end-to-end QoS. They implemented a learning algorithm to allocate required network resources without dropping those low-priority packets which could impact the performance of those flows. It was, thus, demonstrated that SDN could be used for network quality management. On the subject of QoE models, two different approaches have been researched: in-network models and crowdsourcing models. The prior studies in this area are presented below.