## 3 Geotechnical Site Investigations and Liquefaction Analysis
When considering the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research procedure [55] and FSL values obtained, the study area is not a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Borehole No.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Depth of** \\ **Boreholes** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Depth of** \\ **Seabed** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Lithologic Units** \\ **(Depth from the Surface, m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **SPT-N\({}_{\rm 30}\)** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **RQD** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline DS-1 & 24 & 4 & Loose sand (4 m–5.8 m) & 10 & - \\  & & Sandstone (5.8 m–24 m) & - & 10–53 \\ DS-2 & 24.8 & 4.8 & Loose sand (4.8 m–7.5 m) & 2–4 & - \\  & & Moderately dense sand (7.5 m–12 m) & 12–16 & - \\  & & Sandstone (12 m–24.8 m) & - & 13–100 \\ DS-3 & 28.2 & 9.1 & Loose sand (9.1 m–10 m) & 2 & - \\  & & Moderately dense sand (10 m–18.3 m) & 13–23 & - \\  & & Sandstone (18.3 m–28.2 m) & - & 30–70 \\ DS-4 & 28.2 & 8.1 & Loose sand (8.1 m–11.5 m) & 4–8 & - \\  & & Moderately dense sand (11.5 m–17.2 m) & 12–21 & - \\  & & Sandstone (17.2 m–28.2 m) & - & 7–40 \\ DS-5 & 31.5 & 18.2 & Moderately dense sand (17.2 m–26.4 m) & 8–41 & - \\  & & Sandstone (26.4 m–31.5 m) & - & 19 \\ DS-6 & 49.0 & 29.0 & Loose sand (30.0 m–34.2 m) & 5–9 & - \\  & & Sandstone (34.2 m–49.0 m) & - & 6–44 \\ DS-7 & 47.5 & 27.6 & Loose sand (29.2 m–33.5 m) & 4 & - \\  & & Sandstone (33.5 m–47.6 m) & - & 7–30 \\ DS-8 & 43.0 & 22.9 & Loose sand (24.2 m–26.0 m) & 4 & - \\  & & Moderately dense sand (26.0 m–29.3 m) & 10–11 & - \\  & & Sandstone (29.3 m–43.0 m) & - & 10–33 \\ DS-9 & 38.7 & 18.7 & Moderately dense sand (19.5.0 m–27.3 m) & 9–20 & - \\  & & Sandstone (27.3 m–38.7 m) & - & 8–87 \\ DS-10 & 32.0 & 12.0 & Loose sand (12.0 m–13.5 m) & 1 & - \\  & & Moderately dense sand (13.5 m–18.3 m) & 9–10 & - \\  & & Sandstone (18.3 m–32.0 m) & - & 9–20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of boreholes and some properties of the lithologic units. liquefaction-resistant site. The input parameters of liquefaction analysis and the obtained results are given in Table 2 for some boreholes. \[FS_{\text{L}}=\frac{CRR_{L}}{CSR}*MSF*K_{\sigma}*K_{\alpha}, \tag{1}\]  
\[CRR_{7.5}=\frac{1}{34-\left(N_{1}\right)_{60}}+\frac{\left(N_{1}\right)_{60}}{1 35}+\frac{50}{\left[10\left(N_{1}\right)_{60}+45\right]^{2}}-\frac{1}{200} \tag{2}\]  
\[CSR=\left(\frac{\tau_{\alpha_{\text{r}}}}{\sigma_{\
u}^{\prime}}\right)*d=0.65* \frac{a_{max}}{g}*\frac{\sigma_{v}}{\sigma_{v}^{\prime}}*r_{d} \tag{3}\]  
In Equations (1)-(3), MSF: magnitude scaling factor, \(K_{\sigma}\): a correction factor for the level of vertical effective confining stress, \(K_{\alpha}\): a correction factor for the level of static horizontal shear stress, \((N_{1})_{60}\): corrected SPT-N value, \(a_{max}\): horizontal peak ground acceleration, \(g\): gravitational acceleration, \(\sigma_{v}\): total vertical normal stress, \(\sigma_{v}^{\prime}\): effective vertical stress, \(r_{d}\): stress reduction coefficient which is defined as  
\[r_{d}=1.0-0.00765z\ if\ z\leq 9.15\ \text{m} \tag{4a}\]  
\[r_{d}=1.174-0.0267z\ if\ 9.15\ \text{m}<z\leq 23\ \text{m} \tag{4b}\]  
The resilience of soil against liquefaction can be evaluated using the factor of the safety method. However, structural damage caused by liquefaction depends on the intensity of the liquefaction. The liquefaction potential index (L\({}_{\text{I}}\)), proposed by [PERSON] et al. [56], allows microzonation in terms of liquefaction potential and includes the concept of the factor of safety. The L\({}_{\text{I}}\) values for the project area are determined by Equation (5)  
\[L_{I}=\int\limits_{0}^{20}F(z)w(z)dz \tag{5}\]  
In Equation (5), F(z) is equal to \(1-\text{FS}_{\text{L}}\) if \(\text{FS}_{\text{L}}<1\), and F(z) is equal to 0 if \(\text{FS}_{\text{L}}\geq 1\). w(z) is 10-0.5 z for z < 20 m and w(z) is 0 for z > 20 m where z is the vertical depth of the midpoint of the soil layer. [PERSON] et al.