## 3 Discussion  
Our study describes a preliminary evaluation of the use of cosmetic cream containing 15% sheep's colostrum lyophilize on mature skin compared to placebo cream. In a study of 15 healthy volunteers, nanoliposomes encapsulated with skimmed donkey milk creams demonstrated good results in hydration and epidermal water loss improvement, although the effects were not significantly better than placebo cream. Our research was conducted on a much larger group (forty-eight women finished the study), and in comparison to placebo cream, the colostrum one was significantly better at hydration improvement [15]. In addition, in seven patients with moderate atopic dermatitis, a 20% horse colostrum emulsion was found to demonstrate greater softening, moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory effects than commonly available emulsions when applied twice daily for 30 days; in addition, the treatment resulted in reduced erythema and pruritus, with no observed side effects [11]. Furthermore, cosmetic formulations combining horse colostrum and horse milk demonstrated various benefits, including anti-aging, moisturizing, protective, tension-distensive, tonic, smoothing, anti-irritant, embclient, bleaching, decongestant, and sebostatic activities [11; 16]. Lastly, products consisting of bovine or equine colostrum, hyaluronic acid or its salt, and inter alia olive oil (_Olea europea_) or vitamin E were found to reduce skin aging, improve skin elasticity and tension, and demonstrate moisturizing and antioxidant properties in the facial skin of elderly participants [16]. Figure 6: Changes in subjective evaluation of skin parameters; placebo group in the center ring; colostrum cream group in the outer ring. Hence, colostrum-based creams appear to effectively promote skin health. The increased skin hydration observed in our colostrum group can be attributed to the high levels of lipids, growth factors, vitamins, and minerals in sheep colostrum, which are present in greater amounts than in colostrum bovium. These substances promote the hydration, and nonwhishment of the skin [17; 18]. The product also has a positive effect on skin hydration; the fatty acids in colostrum have beneficial effects on skin barrier function, manifested as a reduction in TEWL. Various miritic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids are distributed throughout the stratum corneum. It is important to emphasize that while all acids are present in colostrum in high amounts, palmitic acid is both the main FFA in the epidermis and in the colostrum used in this study [19]. Our findings indicate a significantly better reduction in redness and improved smoothing of skin pores in the colostrum than in the placebo group. Also, the colostrum group reported better effects in the survey, including shallower wrinkles, softer skin, and lower hypersensitivity. Similarly, skin firmness was found to objectively improve, as measured by the cutometer. The beneficial regenerative properties of colostrum could be due to the effects of its ingredients on fibroblasts or their antioxidative properties. Previous bovine colostrum studies noted increased fibroblast proliferation and migration and a slower telomere shortening rate, indicating delayed cellular aging. Under conditions of oxidative stress _in vitro_, colostrum appears to exert a protective effect against telomere length erosion and oxidative stress, thus preventing skin inflammation and textural changes [20; 21]. In the context of the discussed study, it is worth mentioning the effect of colostrum or milk of various origins on skin cell lines. In particular, bovine colostrum stimulates keratinocyte proliferation and migration, suggesting its positive re-epithelializing effect at the wound site [22]. As bovine colostrum has the ability to induce the differentiation of keratinocytes, it may be helpful in the treatment of skin diseases characterized by impaired barrier function, such as dry skin in the elderly or people exposed to UV radiation [23].