# A Survey on Satellite Communication System Security
## 6 Policies and Strategies in Satellite Communication  
The role of SCSs has expanded dramatically, now encompassing a wide range of applications from military operations to civilian real-time communication and location tracking. With their increased usage, the vulnerability of these systems to various threats has also escalated significantly, as evidenced by rising concerns over cyber attacks and the development of anti-satellite (ASAT) technologies [120; 121]. The ongoing geopolitical tensions, notably between China and the United States, have intensified the strategic importance of space assets, pushing these confrontations towards cyber warfare and leading to potential breaches of international agreements like the Outer Space Treaty [122; 123]. In response to these threats, nations are crafting diverse space security doctrines, strategies, and policies. These range from offensive strategies that deploy ASAAT weapons to disable satellite systems, potentially crippling their functionality [124], to defensive strategies aimed at bolstering the resilience of SCSs against a spectrum of threats including cyber and physical attacks, space debris, and natural phenomena [125]. This resilience is crucial for ensuring continued operation despite threats, given the challenges of maintenance in space. Therefore, various countries are focusing on strategies and policies that either enhance resilience in SCSs or threaten it. Also, the development and implementation of these national policies and strategies are pivotal in defining the security landscape of SCSs. Given the critical role of SCSs as national assets, it is essential to include a detailed analysis of these policies and strategies. Firstly, this provides an overall understanding of how legal and strategic frameworks impact technical decisions and implementations. Secondly, as SCSs are governed by strict international and national laws, reviewing policies helps to ensure that technical designs and operations comply with these regulatory standards. Furthermore, understanding geopolitical dynamics and defensive strategies enhances the security posture of SCSs, enabling effective threat mitigation and defense against a range of challenges, including cyber and physical attacks. Lastly, this inclusion offers insights into future technological and regulatory trends, fostering proactive planning. Consequently, this analysis not only helps in understanding the current state of SCS security but also informs future efforts to enhance system robustness and overall security. Therefore, in this section, we aim to clarify these critical aspects and highlight their significant impact on global satellite communication. **The United States of America:** The United States' space security strategy regarding SCSs and space assets has always maintained a competitive stance. While the U.S. has consistently demonstrated technological superiority from the past to the present, there is an ongoing effort to further enhance competitiveness due to the global leveling up of space technology. Additionally, the U.S. is focusing on increasing the resilience against growing threats and implementing policies to effectively respond to these challenges [126]. Space Policy Directive-5 (SPD-5) [127], recently established by President [PERSON], is the first comprehensive cybersecurity policy for space systems in the United States. It outlines key cybersecurity principles to protect space systems, which are crucial for functions like global communications, navigation, scientific observations, exploration, weather monitoring, and national defense that are vulnerable to malicious activities that could disrupt or destroy them, posing risks to critical national infrastructure. SPD-5 aims to foster practices within the U.S. Government and commercial space operations to shield space assets and their infrastructure from cyber threats.