# A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety
## 6 Main Challenges and Technical Limitations
#### From COTS to Mission-Critical IoT: Further Recommendations  
Despite the ongoing technological research, the following recommendations were obtained from the analysis of the previous sections:  
* Introduce rapid field testing: the military should consider creating a dedicated technology comprising military personnel in a live training environment to experiment with technologies and get real end-user feedback early in the development process. This testbed could change the way the military accomplishes its mission, or introduces creative new ways to use IoT devices and applications. Its goal would be twofold: to recognize devices and systems with potential applications and, second, to identify completely new strategies, tactics, and methods for accomplishing missions using COTS. * The military can to a certain extent, take advantage of civilian mobile waveforms such as 4G/5G LTE [73]. Nevertheless, those advances will need to be paired with military-specific communications architectures (e.g., multiband radios with scarce bandwidth, MANET topologies and defensive countermeasures). * Use Platform as a Service (PaaS) to deliver web-based services without building and maintaining the infrastructure, thereby creating a more flexible and scalable framework to adjust and update the systems. Adopting PaaS also carries risks for the military, and requires private contractors to implement additional security procedures. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Timeframe 2016–2020** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Interoperability} & \(\bullet\) Automated self-adaptable and agile interoperability \\  & \(\bullet\) Reduced cost of interoperability \\  & \(\bullet\) Open platform for IoT validation \\  & \(\bullet\) Dynamic and adaptable interoperability for technical and semantic areas \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Standardization} & \(\bullet\) M2M standardization \\  & \(\bullet\) Standards for cross interoperability with heterogeneous networks \\  & \(\bullet\) Standards for IoT data and information sharing \\  & \(\bullet\) Standards for autonomic communication protocols \\  & \(\bullet\) Interaction standards \\  & \(\bullet\) Behavioral standards \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hardware} & \(\bullet\) Smart bio-chemical sensors \\  & \(\bullet\) Nano-technology and new materials \\  & \(\bullet\) Interacting/Collaborative tags \\  & \(\bullet\) Self-powering sensors \\  & \(\bullet\) Polymer based memory, ultra-low power EPROM/FRAM \\  & \(\bullet\) Molecular sensors \\  & \(\bullet\) Transparent displays \\  & \(\bullet\) Biodegradable antennas \\  & \(\bullet\) Nano-power processing units \\  & \(\bullet\) Biodegradable antennas \\  & \(\bullet\) Multi-protocol frontends \\  & \(\bullet\) Collision free air to air protocol and minimum energy protocols \\  & \(\bullet\) Multi-band, multi-mode wireless sensor architectures implementations \\  & \(\bullet\) Reconfigurable wireless systems \\  & \(\bullet\) Micro readers with multi-standard protocols for reading sensor and actuator data \\  & \(\bullet\) System-in Package (SiP) technology including 3D integration of components \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. * Realize a comprehensive trust framework that can support all the requirements of IoT for the military. Many state-of-the-art approaches that address issues such as trust and value depend on inter-domain policies and control. In military environments, policies will likely be contextual and transient, conflated by inter-organizational and adversarial interactions. * Information theories will need to focus on decision making and cognitive layers of information management and assimilation. Further, methods for eliciting causal relationships from sparse and extensive heterogeneously-sourced data will require additional theoretical research. There are key enabling technologies in which governments and defense can invest today to enable greater IoT deployment in the near future. Besides, the adoption of IoT will require the compromise of all stakeholders.