esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The simultaneous use of crude glycerol and effluent from anaerobic digestate, both wastes derived from the biofuel industry, were tested in the frame of circular economy concept, as potential low-cost nutrient sources for the cultivation of rich in docosahexaenoicenoic acid (DHA) oil microalgae strain _Schizochytrium limacinum_ SR21. Initially, the optimal carbon and nitrogen concentration levels for high _S. limacinum_ biomass and lipids production were determined, in a culture media containing conventional, high cost, organic nitrogen sources (yeast extract and peptone), micronutrients and crude glycerol at varying concentrations. Then, the effect of a culture media composed of crude glycerol (as carbon source) and effluent digestate at varying proportions on biomass productivity, lipid accumulation, proximate composition, carbon assimilation and fatty acid content were determined. It was shown that the biomass and total lipid content increased considerably with varying effluent concentrations reaching 49.2 g L\({}^{-1}\) at 48% (\(\psi\)) of effluent concentration, while the lipid yield at the same effluent concentration reached 10.15 g L\({}^{-1}\), compared to 17.0 g L\({}^{-1}\) dry biomass and 10.2 g L\({}^{-1}\) lipid yield when yeast extract and peptone medium with micronutrients was used. Compared to the control treatment, the above production was obtained with 48% less inorganic salts, which are needed for the preparation of the artificial sea water. It was shown that _Schizochytrium limacinum_ SR21 was able to remediate 40% of the total organic carbon content of the biofuel wastes, while DHA productivity remained at low levels with saturated fatty acids comprising the main fraction of total fatty acid content. The results of the present study suggest that the simultaneous use of two waste streams from the biofuel industry can serve as potential nutrient sources for the growth of _Schizochytrium limacinum_ SR21, replacing the high cost organic nutrients and up to one half the required artificial sea water salts, but upregulation of DHA productivity through optimization of the abiotic environment is necessary for industrial application, including aqua feed production.  
microalgae; biofuel waste management; biodiesel; biogas; digestate; phycromidiation; digestate; docosahexaenoicenoic acid (DHA); aquaculture
## 2 Materials and Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Year** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14] & 2017 & Identifies barriers to the circular economy but does not propose advanced technological solutions. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [15] & 2017 & Explores circular economy models without analyzing MCDA and AI in RSCSW governance. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [18] & 2015 & MCDA improves efficiency in reverse logistics but lacks integration with AI. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] & 2020 & Highlights technological innovations without an integrated approach to MCDA and AI. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [35] & 2020 & Presents AI applications in logistics without a direct connection to RSCSW. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] & 2011 & Applies fuzzy logic to waste collection routing without a multi-criteria decision structure. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [37] & 2015 & Comprehensive review of MCDA techniques, providing a robust theoretical basis for integration with AI. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [38] & 2015 & Introduces deep learning, offering insights into advanced AI applications in RSCSW governance. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Key studies on MCDA and AI in RSCSW governance. of MCDA and IA in RSCSW governance; the comparison is traditional waste management methods with this one; the outcome is the improvement in operational efficiency, traceability, and governance. This approach ensures that the review follows a rigorous structure, enabling objective comparisons between studies and reliable synthesis of findings and ensuring a focused and comprehensive answer to the central research question:  
\"How can the integration of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) optimize reverse supply chains within the circular economy of solid waste, adhering to governance practices, principles, or mechanisms, in terms of operational efficiency, cost reduction, and material recovery, when compared to traditional waste management practices?\"
# Significance of Sustainable Packaging: A Case-Study from a Supply Chain Perspective
## 2 Literature Review
### Sustainable Packaging & Green Packaging Practices in Pakistan  
In Pakistan, nearly 30 million tons of solid waste is produced every year, 9% of which are plastics, and around 55 billion single used, non-biodegradable plastic bags are produced which end up being in the garbage dump, landfill sites, or municipal sewers thus choking the sewage disposal system; however, in order to address the pollution created by plastic, Pakistan has adopted oxo-biodegradable technology in 2017, which biodegrades plastic into the environment without harming or polluting the air once the useful life of plastic expires [42].  
According to Nestle Pakistan (Sustainable Packaging, 2020), none of their packaging material goes to landfill, not even their plastic; Nestle has developed a strategy to move toward sustainable packaging transformation which will help them to achieve 100% recyclable or reusable packaging by 2025, by eliminating the use of oxo-degradable plastics, PVC, PVDC, PS, or Expanded PS and encouraging the use of bio-based and recycled packaging, lighter pigments and inks, eliminating litter prone materials [43].  
A study conducted in Pakistan by [PERSON] et al. (2021) investigated the consumer behavior regarding green and sustainable packaging with respect to a clothing brand Sapphire, which started \"Go-Green\" packaging concept that came with eco-friendly seed-infused shopping bags; these bags were made-up of seeds which can later be planted by burying them into the soil [44]. It was observed that the consumers, mostly the young generation, were encouraged to move toward green packaging and were willing to pay little more in order to move toward sustainable environment [44].  
Roshan Packages Limited, one of the top leading packaging companies in Pakistan, provides sustainable packaging solution, and the latest technologies are adopted in order to develop sustainable packaging options such as corrugated boxes, carton boxes, stock boxes, die cuts, pads and partition sheets, and custom boxes; these boxes are not only eco-friendly but are sustainable as well, as they are made up of recycled paper, recycled cardboard, and by recycling their own waste [45]. Below is the sustainable development goal framework for Pakistan as show in Figure 2[46].
# Coverage and Rate Analysis for Location-Aware Cross-Tier Cooperation in Two-Tier HetNets
## 2 System Model  
### Two-Tier Heterogeneous Network Model  
We consider a downlink two-tier HetNet based on the orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) technique; that is, the intra-cell interference is not considered. In this paper, the HetNets consist of open access MBSs and FBSs, also termed \"tier 1\" and \"tier 2\", respectively. The locations of the BSs in the \(i\)th tier are modeled as a two-dimensional homogeneous PPP (HPPP), \(\Phi_{i}\), with density \(\lambda_{i}\). Each BS in the \(i\)th tier transmits with the same power \(P_{i}\). Furthermore, the users are located according to another HPPP, \(\Phi_{u}\), with density \(\lambda_{u}\), which is independent of \(\Phi_{i}\).  
Without any loss of generality, we consider a typical user located at the origin of the coordinate system. For tractability, the standard power loss propagation model is applied in the \(i\)th tier with a path-loss exponent of \(\alpha_{i}>2\). As far as random channel fluctuations, Rayleigh fading with a unit mean (denoted as \(h_{x}\sim\exp{(1)}\)) is applied at each channel. The noise is assumed to be additive with power \(\sigma^{2}\).
## 5 Discussion
### Benefits of VR to Collaboration and Inclusiveness  
Previous studies reported that VR enhances communication and collaboration activities [23; 26; 51]. Accordingly, our study demonstrates that the greatest advantage of virtual reality for the maintenance documentation review and risk assessment processes is its positive effect on the collaboration of the team working together towards a common goal. Instead of people working independently and alone at their desktops or joining conference calls, VR offers them a collaboration platform where they have, despite of their physical location, a sense of being together in the same room [21; 22; 47; 52]. Not only does VR enhance the current collaboration process by offering virtual access to equipment that is not available [4], it also promotes inclusiveness, as additional team members from other countries can easily join documentation review and risk assessment sessions from their own locations. The benefits of multiuser VR are evident when comparing it to the current practice of reviewing and commenting technical instructions (in PDF files or by attending conference calls in tools such as MS Teams), which are not thought of as very collaborative. Furthermore, when comparing to physically being present in the same meeting room, remote participation through multiuser VR enables diverse experts from other countries to engage without a need to travel and physically attend meetings. This is both a clear benefit for globally operating companies and their employees from both a cost and sustainability point of view. VR also provides more equal opportunities globally and facilitates viewpoints from globally scattered team members, benefiting both the multi-national company and its employees. Lifelike, realistic avatars would further improve the sense of togetherness and working as a team, as people would be easily recognized in VR [53].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Toxicant Used, Procurement of Fish and Experimental Setup  
Malachite green oxalate of analytical grade was purchased from Central Drug House (CDH, New Delhi, India). Stock solution (1 mg/L) was made with distilled water and stored in a dark container to prevent photolysis. Healthy fingerlings (12 \(\pm\) 1 cm, 18 \(\pm\) 1 gm) of _Cyprinus carpio_ were procured from the Sultan Fish Seed Farm, Karnal, Haryana. These were brought in oxygen filled air bags and acclimated (15 days) in a glass aquarium (145 \(\times\) 43 \(\times\) 32 cm) fitted with aerators and filters. Fish (\(n\) = 120) were equally distributed in 4 experimental groups in triplicate. Semi-static assay was carried out in 65 L tanks of dimension 60 \(\times\) 30 \(\times\) 30 cm. The physico-chemical characteristics maintained for water were pH 7.2 \(\pm\) 0.1, dissolved oxygen 8.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 mg/L, temperature 25 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, total alkalinity 175 \(\pm\) 10 mg/L and total hardness 18 \(\pm\) 0.5 mg/L. Additionally, 96 h LC50 of MG was found to be 0.438 mg/L using Probit analysis [37]. Chronic bioassay with sub-lethal concentration, 0.146 mg/L (1/3\({}^{\text{rd}}\) of LC50 of MG), was maintained following OECD guidelines [38]. The measured concentration of MG has been found to be 0.100 mg/L against a nominal value of 0.146 mg/L using Max Signal MG/LMG ELISA Test Kit (Bioo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA) with a detection limit of 0.07 ng/g or ppb for fresh water. Experimental groups were maintained as group I--control, group II--0.146 mg/L MG exposed, group III--positive control fed with _Emblica officinalis_, and group IV--0.146 mg/L malachite green + _E. officinalis_ co-supplementation for 60 days. Fish were fed according to their body weight (2% BW), twice a day (at 9 and 17 h), and feeding was stopped 24 h prior to sampling. For toxicity assessment, fish were sampled at 15, 30 and 60 days of experiment and were euthanized through cervical dislocation following the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC), Panjab University, Chandigarh with Ref. no. PU/IAEC/S/14/150 dated 22 January 2014.
###### Abstract  
The mutual electromagnetic (EM) interactions between electrical and electronic devices in a segmented space, such as a ship's environment, are described. Knowledge of EM interference signal (EM disturbance) distribution is important when setting correct locations for electrical and electronic equipment in a ship's environment. Firstly, the topological structure of a ship's segmented internal environment (under the main deck), which consists of many electrical screening walls (shielding planes), is presented. The planes attenuate the EM disturbances. Then, taking into account the ship's topological structure, a general description of the EM disturbance distribution, called the ship's topological electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model, is formulated using matrix expressions. This model includes EM disturbances that radiate from a ship's own internal sources (located under the main deck) and/or external sources (located above the main deck), and/or that radiate from extraneous external sources, i.e., from other ships and/or aircrafts. A description of the model for an example EMC ship scenario and a partial verification of its measurements are shown and discussed. Finally, a discussion of the usefulness of the proposed model in an analysis of a ship's EMC conditions concludes this study.  
EM interactions; protection before EM influences; EMC; EMC investigations; EM signals (disturbances) on a ship; EM shielding walls; EM disturbance attenuation; EM disturbance distributions; topological modeling; matrix description; practical scenarios; measurement verification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Wave Propagation in Laminated Cylinders with Internal Fluid and Residual Stress
## 3 Numerical Examples
### Water-Filled Steel Pipe
At high frequencies, the wave behaviour is analogous to that described for the case \(n=0\), while at low frequencies there are a few major variations: there is only one wave, which cuts-off as an acoustic wave and then becomes a flexural wave. A second branch cuts-off at \(\omega=0.59\Omega_{ring}\), and is similar in nature to a pressure wave in a rigid duct for \(n=1\). It must be pointed out that for \(n>1\), all waves cut-off at frequencies different from zero, hence no wave occurs at low frequencies. Complex dispersion curves of the water-filled steel pipe for circumferential modes \(n=0\) and \(n=1\) are shown in Figure 3. Characteristics of these complex dispersion curves are described in detail in [30]. Figure 2: Water–filled steel shell \(h/R=0.05\), (**a**) \(n=0\) and (**b**) \(n=1\): (black thick) water–filled; (thin) _in vacuo_; (black thick) analytic solution using the analytical equations in [30]; (black) fluid in a hard–walled duct; (black) fluid in a soft–walled duct. Cylindrical structures can be modelled accurately using thin-wall theory if \(h/R\leq 0.1\) and at low frequency (i.e., long wavelengths), otherwise thick-walled models are required. In order to illustrate the effect of increased thickness of the pipe, dispersion curves are shown in Figure 4 for the same water-filled pipe with \(h/R=0.2\) and \(h/R=0.5\). The FE models for these pipes are implemented in ANSYS utilising two solid and twenty acoustic elements for the first case, \(h/R=0.2\), and five solid elements and twenty acoustic elements for the second case, \(h/R=0.5\). Here, for the purpose of non-dimensionalising the results, a ring frequency is defined by using the mean radius \(R\) of the cylinder _in vacuo_. It might be expected that for increasing the pipe thickness, hence increasing the structure's rigidity in the radial direction, the coupling would be weaker and the dispersion curves would become more similar to those for an empty cylinder and a fluid in a rigid walled duct. Figure 4 shows that this interpretation is accurate only when the wavenumber and frequency are small enough. When the wavenumber increases, coupling between acoustic and flexural waves occurs. The flexural phase velocity increases as the thickness of the cylinder increases. Hence the first branch of the empty cylinder, representing the first flexural wave, moves below the first acoustic branch and crosses higher acoustic branches. At these crossing points, strong fluid-structure coupling occurs and the branches veer. At higher frequencies, the behaviour is complicated by the cut-off of the higher order wavemodes. In particular, the second higher order branch, being extensional in nature, couples with the fluid due to radial expansion and contraction of the cylinder. Again, acoustic waves and structural waves interact through Poisson contraction effects. Figure 3: Water–filled steel shell \(h/R=0.05\), (**a**) \(n=0\) and (**b**) \(n=1\):..... complex valued wavenumbers,.... pure real and pure imaginary wavenumbers in the coupled system.
###### Abstract  
Underground hydrogen storage is a potential way to balance seasonal fluctuations in energy production from renewable energies. The risks of hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields include the conversion of hydrogen to CH\({}_{4(\mathrm{g})}\) and H\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{(\mathrm{g})}\) due to microbial activity, gas-water-rock interactions in the reservoir and cap rock, which are connected with porosity changes, and the loss of aqueous hydrogen by diffusion through the cap rock brine. These risks lead to loss of hydrogen and thus to a loss of energy. A hydrogeochemical modeling approach is developed to analyze these risks and to understand the basic hydrogeochemical mechanisms of hydrogen storage over storage times at the reservoir scale. The one-dimensional diffusive mass transport model is based on equilibrium reactions for gas-water-rock interactions and kinetic reactions for sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The modeling code is PHREEQC (pH-REdox-EQUilibrium written in the C programming language). The parameters that influence the hydrogen loss are identified. Crucial parameters are the amount of available electron acceptors, the storage time, and the kinetic rate constants. Hydrogen storage causes a slight decrease in porosity of the reservoir rock. Loss of aqueous hydrogen by diffusion is minimal. A wide range of conditions for optimized hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields is identified.  
hydrogen storage; porous media; bacterial sulfate reduction; methanogenesis; gas loss; diffusion; reactive transport modeling; PHREEQC
## 6 Discussion
### Outperformance of GCN  
The findings in Table 2 indicate that the GCN with meteorological information and dropout strategies has a better prediction than the other models. The table explains that the accuracy of the GAN and MLP was less than that of the GCN. The MLP without dropout rates performed better than the GCN, but the MLP without dropouts had overfitting issues, which cannot be generalizable to the other detectors. When we consider the future direction  
Figure 6: Scenario results.  
of the models, the GCN emerges as a promising alternative. The GCN successfully predicted stable traffic volumes with upper and lower bounds. However, the study also identified the limitation of the attention mechanism. The large weights of the neighbors of a given node make it challenging for the attention mechanism to capture temporal dependencies accurately. This suggests that a strong reliance on the interconnections between neighboring nodes may detrimentally impact the model's overall predictive capability.  
The GCNs in this study successfully captured the differences between weekdays and weekends, as shown in Figure 5. However, the models did not identify the impact of consecutive holidays compared to a single holiday. In South Korea, consecutive holidays usually affect traffic patterns due to cultural differences and travel behaviors. If we identified these holidays as an indicator, the model could perform better than the proposed model.
# Influence of Load Dynamics on Converter-Dominated Isolated Power Systems
## 2 Isolated Power System Modeling
### Grid-Forming Operation of Power Converters
#### 2.1.3 Reactive Power-Voltage Control  
Reactive power-voltage control (represented by the \"Q-V Control\" block depicted in Figure 1) is responsible for defining the converter voltage magnitude as a function of the reactive power--Figure 3. Thus, \(Q_{ref}\) and \(Q\) are the reference and the measured reactive power values, respectively, \(T_{d\text{Q}}\) is the control loop time constant, \(k_{Q}\) is the reactive power-voltage droop control gain and \(v_{ref}\) and \(v\) are the voltage reference and the amplitude of the output voltage to be synthetized by the converter interface.
# Interference Challenges and Management in B5G Network Design: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Interference in B5G Networks
### Heterogeneous Networks
#### 4.1.1 Unique Features of HetNets  
1. Increase the capacity of the system: By allowing many mobile terminals with varying access technologies to cohabit in the same physical location, the total system capacity can be considerably increased.
2. Massive density: To provide ultra-connectivity, multiple users with varying levels of power are distributed by deploying many SCs. The structure of the network gets significantly denser.
3. Reduction of uncovered regions: With the deployment of diverse SCs (e.g., micro-cells, femto-cells), it is possible to decrease uncovered regions and extend the range of communication by improving access points in the environment of the poor channel.  
Figure 3: Interference in B5G networks.  
4. Decrease path losses and delay: In a wide-region communication environment without SCs, the channel path loss between mobile terminals and macro base station (vs) is severely deteriorated due to the vast distance between various devices. While slight path losses can be faced to the backhaul signals from mobile terminals to MBSs when SBSs are located between MBSs and mobile terminals [49].
5. Increase SE: Given the scarcity of available spectral frequencies in traditional homogeneous networks, it is preferable to discover an efficient way to increase the SE of the system [50]. The radio frequency (RF) unit must be redesigned when the radius of transmission is small in the high band of frequency. However, HetNet can increase the SE and enable smooth connection at any time and everywhere by cohabiting with diverse cells, as shown in Figure 4. The figure depicts how various networks with various functions are divided into different tiers that span from space to ground communications. Particularly, the conventional HetNet is a depiction of terrestrial communications, such as macro-micro HetNets. By participating in the authorized spectrum with MC users, various emerging networks (e.g., D2D, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)) and conventional macro networks are combined into a multi-tier HetNet. However, the future directions indicate that HetNets via terrestrial communications will be developed toward space communications, such as communications at low altitudes and communications in deep space. For example, the spectrum of ground stations can be shared by D2D users when the UAV acts as an air BS serving different ground stations, forming a heterogeneous coalition network with low altitudes. Additionally, a spatial HetNet can be formed by balloons, satellites in deep space, and satellites in near orbit.  
Figure 4: The structure of future HetNets.