## 1 Introduction  
Industrialization and urbanization have led to increased industrial emissions. Waste incineration, for example, has become the primary method for managing municipal waste, replacing traditional landfill practices. However, this process generates significant atmospheric pollutants, posing direct health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [1, 2, 3]. Currently, bag filters are used to treat the dust-laden gases from waste incineration, with the core filtration component consisting of filter bags made from organic or inorganic fibers [4]. This method efficiently captures solid particulates and other harmful substances, ensuring environmental safety during the incineration process [5]. The filtration efficiency of bag filters is closely related to the uniformity of airflow distribution within the filter chamber [6]. In practice, uneven airflow results in varyingair volumes processed by each filter bag, which shortens bag lifespan and reduces dust collection efficiency, leading to higher operational costs [7]. Therefore, optimizing the filter structure and setting appropriate operating parameters tailored to specific industrial applications are crucial for stable operation and optimal performance [8]. Researchers have focused on identifying key factors affecting performance, aiming to enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption through innovations in cleaning systems, filtration materials, and structural design. Numerous studies have explored the pulse cleaning mechanism of bag filters. For example, [PERSON] et al. [9; 10] examined the effects of pulse velocity, pressure, duration, and injection settings on the cleaning process. [PERSON] et al. [11] found that installing a cone in pleated filter cartridges helps extend cleaning intervals and reduce dust emissions. [PERSON] et al. [12] developed a CFD-based (computational fluid dynamics) simulation method to predict the growth trend of the dust cake on filter surfaces, providing a basis for determining cleaning intervals. [PERSON] et al. [13; 14; 15] focused on optimizing nozzle structures in pulse cleaning systems, including nozzle geometry, installation position, and angle, and proposed several innovative designs. Research on filter element optimization can be categorized into two levels. The first focuses on the microscopic level, particularly material optimization, including composition and fiber structure. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [16; 17] achieved synergistic removal of multiple pollutants by loading catalysts onto filtration materials. [PERSON] et al. [18; 19; 20; 21] studied the effects of porosity, fiber diameter, length, and arrangement on pressure drop and filtration efficiency. The second level focuses on the macroscopic scale, exploring how the geometric dimensions and spatial arrangement of filter elements affect overall airflow distribution. For example, [PERSON] et al. [22] investigated the impact of the number of pleats in filter elements on aerodynamic performance, while [PERSON] et al. [23] compared the performance of star-shaped and horizontal array filter bag arrangements. The structural design of bag filters significantly influences airflow characteristics and particle trajectories. [PERSON] et al. [24] found that uneven airflow distribution in bag filters leads to increased operating resistance and bag breakage. High-velocity inlet airflow, on the other hand, is the main cause of uneven airflow distribution. Optimizing airflow organization is therefore essential for improving bag filter structure. Through detailed numerical simulations, the performance of bag filters can be systematically assessed, and different optimization strategies can be compared, providing a platform for preliminary design efforts [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. [PERSON] et al. [30; 31] addressed defects in the original design by adjusting the positions of the inlet and outlet to achieve more favorable airflow distribution. [PERSON] et al.