# Review of Monitoring and Control Systems Based on Internet of Things
## 4 Discussion
Wi-Fi enables fast and stable wireless connections [74], which makes it an ideal choice for projects that require real-time data transmission, such as environmental monitoring or controlling devices from anywhere via the Internet. Apart from Wi-Fi, another frequently used protocol is GSM, which allows communication via a cellular network. This is especially useful in cases where there is no access to a Wi-Fi network or when you need to monitor devices in areas outside the range of your wireless network. Additionally, GSM [75] is used in security systems, vehicle monitoring, and industrial automation, where reliability and wide range [76] are crucial. Both protocols are popular not only because of their technical capabilities but also because of the support from microcontroller manufacturers. There is extensive documentation and a wide selection of modules supporting both Wi-Fi and GSM standards, which significantly facilitates the integration of these solutions into IoT projects. Thanks to this, engineers and creators can quickly and effectively implement communication functions in their projects without spending too much time developing communication solutions. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology is key in ensuring effective and reliable communication between devices distributed over large areas on the IoT era. LPWAN is a group of network technologies designed for long-distance communication with low power consumption, making it an ideal solution for many IoT applications, including monitoring systems. The analyzed monitoring and control systems based on IoT technology did not use the LoRa communication protocol. LoRa offers vast opportunities for development and research, thanks to its unique properties that enable devices to communicate in places without GSM network coverage. This is particularly important in IoT applications operating in hard-to-reach areas, such as rural areas, forests, or mountains, where traditional communication methods may fail. Implementing the LoRa protocol brings numerous benefits, including long-distance data transmission with low energy consumption, which is crucial for battery-powered devices. This allows for long-term operation of sensors and other IoT devices without frequently replacing or charging batteries, which is extremely important for keeping operating costs low. One of the main challenges related to implementing LoRa is the need to install gateways that will collect data from end devices and send them to a central server. These gateways act as communication intermediaries, enabling data transfer from distributed sensors to the cloud or local management system. Although installing such gateways may involve some costs and require appropriate infrastructure, it is an investment that can pay off thanks to the opportunities offered by independence from commercial telecommunications networks. Moreover, LoRa is characterized by a high level of security thanks to advanced data encryption mechanisms, which is crucial in protecting information sent via IoT networks. Introducing this protocol can increase the security and reliability of monitoring and control systems, opening new perspectives for their development and implementation in various sectors such as agriculture, industry, or urban infrastructure management. To sum up, although the LoRa protocol was not used in the analyzed IoT systems, its implementation can significantly increase the functionality and range of these systems. It is, therefore, worth considering for future projects, especially where traditional communication methods fail. Another LPWAN solution is Sigfox. It is a technology designed to transmit small amounts of data over long distances with minimal energy consumption. It operates in unlicensed frequency bands and uses Ultra Narrow Band modulation, which allows for long ranges and resistance to interference. The advantages of this solution include the operating time of devices that can operate on one battery for many years, even up to 10 years.