# Advanced Strategies for Mitigating Particulate Matter Generations in Poultry Houses
## 3 Factors Affecting Dust Generations
### Other Factors  
#### 3.6.1 Manure Cleaning Methods  
Poultry manure management plays an important role in dust emissions because manure contributes about 50% of total dust emissions in most housing systems with a raised floor [18]. Several studies show that floor-raised houses (broilers or layers) where manure gets deposited on the floor over time possess potentially higher PM concentrations than other poultry housing [17; 40]. Similarly, PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\) produced from deposited manure contribute up to 96% and 72% of total dust emissions, respectively, from poultry facilities [17]. In addition, poultry facilities having different kinds of manure removal or storage affects the PM concentration. For example, according to [PERSON] et al. (2012), houses with MB usually have significantly higher dust concentrations than HR housing (manure deposited underneath the house) [9]. However, manure are removed continuously in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Location**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ventilation Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sensors**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PM Size**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PM Emission**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PM**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reerences**} \\  & & & & (mg d\({}^{-1}\) bird\({}^{-1}\)) & & & (mg m\({}^{-3}\)) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mississippi, USA} & \multirow{4}{*}{Negative pressure ventilation} & \multirow{4}{*}{TSI DustTrak} & PM\({}_{1}\) & & 0.148 & \multirow{4}{*}{[68]} \\  & & & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & & 0.149 & \\  & & ventilation & 8533 & PM\({}_{10}\) & & 0.160 & \\  & & & TSP & & 0.169 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{North Carolina, USA} & \multirow{4}{*}{Tunnel-ventilation with 34} & Tapered element & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.37 \(\pm\) 3.06 & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{[49]} \\  & & oscillating & PM\({}_{10}\) & 17.8 \(\pm\) 14.9 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & circobalance & TSP & 43.1 \(\pm\) 35.5 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{California, USA} & \multirow{4}{*}{Portable 122 cm exhaust fan} & \multirow{4}{*}{TEOMs} & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.006 \(\pm\) 0.013 & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{[30]} \\  & & & PM\({}_{10}\) & 0.033 \(\pm\) 0.027 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & TSP & 0.078 \(\pm\) 0.043 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Saudi Arabia} & \multirow{4}{*}{Naturally} & Particle counter & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.06 & \multirow{4}{*}{[69]} \\  & & device & PM\({}_{10}\) & N/A & 4.81 \(\pm\) 1.63 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & TSP & & 12.47 \(\pm\) 5.2 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mechanically} & \multirow{4}{*}{Particle counter} & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.05 & \multirow{4}{*}{[69]} \\  & & device & PM\({}_{10}\) & N/A & 2.26 \(\pm\) 1.27 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & TSP & & 4.61 \(\pm\) 3.1 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N/A—Not available or not found.  
\end{table}
Table 5: _Cont._MB housing to decrease PM levels. Similarly, manure removal frequency also affects PM production. An increase in manure removal frequency has shown the highest PM reduction compared to less frequent or stored manure facilities [45]. For example, furnished cages with manure belts with a manure removal frequency of two times per week resulted in lower PM concentration and bacteria counts than floor-raised with manure storage.