# Construction 4.0: A Systematic Review of Its Application in Developing Countries
## 4 Literature Review
### The Various Technologies Associated with Construction 4.0  
According to [31], Construction 4.0 is a paradigm shift that is marked by three transitions: the movement from industrial production to cyber-physical systems, the movement from industrial construction to cyber-physical systems, and the transfer from physical technologies to digital technologies. Cyber-physical systems encompass a broad range of technologies, including but not limited to robotics, automation, sensor technology, the Internet of Things, industrial manufacturing, on-site and off-site construction, and wearable sensors and devices utilised by personnel. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehend the technological advancements that facilitate this transition. Nonetheless, the present inquiry will concentrate on eight Construction 4.0 technologies that are frequently mentioned, as shown in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Technology Group** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Internet of Things—IoT} & Through the usage of integrated sensors and wireless technologies, the \\  & Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible to store, analyse, and disseminate \\  & data in a timeline manner. According to [1], this subject area is generally \\ \cline{1-1}  & acknowledged to be an essential area of developing technology, and it has \\ \cline{1-1}  & attracted substantial interest from a variety of sectors. The Internet of Things (IoT) is now used in the arena of Construction 4.0, where it is utilised to \\ \cline{1-1}  & combine multiple commodities such as wireless sensor networks, middleware, \\ \cline{1-1}  & cloud computing, and IoT application software. This utilisation of the IoT is \\ \cline{1-1}  & currently being monitored. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Technologies used in Industry 4.0 and Construction 4.0. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Technology Group** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Artificial intelligence—AI} & The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) is used to refer to a specific category of computer programmes that are developed with the goal of imitating human cognitive skills. The construction industry makes extensive use of artificial intelligence version 4.0, notably in adaptive vision systems that make it possible to identify a variety of components present at a building site. In addition, such a device has the capability to distinguish both voices and patterns, allowing for very accurate monitoring of the actions of construction workers. The present investigation is centred on the possibility of applying the approach to the prediction of a variety of anomalies like cost overruns, concerns of safety at a site, quality issues, etc., that could occur in the fields of building architecture, building construction, and building services. In addition, Ref. [2] found that intelligent manufacturing is a strategy that has a good chance of success. & Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a software tool that, according to [37], makes it easier for all parties engaged in a building project to create, transmit, share, and disseminate information with one another. Building Information Modelling, often known as BIM, has been an essential part of the digital revolution that has taken place in the construction industry. In general, Building Information Modelling (BIM), and more specifically the integration of 5D planning and budgeting, is anticipated to result in significant cost reductions (including direct costs, efficiency gains, delay avoidance, risk mitigation, and enhanced reputation) throughout the entirety of the construction value chain, which includes design, construction, operation, and decommissioning. This includes the phases of design, construction, and operation. Ref. [38] suggests that the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the capacity to optimise operational procedures throughout the entirety of a construction project [13].