esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Hot-Pressing of Ti-Al-N Multiphase Composite: Microstructure and Properties
## 1 Introduction
### Corrosion Resistance  
The corrosion resistance of the multiphase AlN-TiN(BN) sintered composite was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The tests were conducted with an AutoLab PGSTAT 100 potentiostat (Eco Chemie B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands) in a non-deaerated aqueous solution of 1 M NaCl (pH 6.7) at room temperature. Prior to the electrochemical measurements, the samples were immersed in the corrosive solution at the open circuit potential (OCP) for 3600 s to allow for the stabilization of the corrosion potential. Impedance measurements were performed in a three-electrode setup comprising the test electrode, a reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode, SCE), and an auxiliary electrode (platinum). The frequency range spanned from \(10^{5}\) to \(10^{-3}\) Hz, using an AC signal with an amplitude of 10 mV. The corrosion cell was placed inside a Faraday cage to prevent external interference. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were recorded in potentiostatic mode at the open circuit potential (E\({}_{\text{OCP}}\)).  
The obtained impedance spectra were presented as Bode plots and analyzed using [PERSON]'s EQUIVCRT software (4.9.007). A two-time-constant equivalent circuit model R(Q[R(RQ)]) was employed for spectral interpretation, a configuration commonly applied for substrates prone to localized corrosion.  
Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted in the same three-electrode configuration, up to a potential of 2500 mV. The material was polarized at a potential sweep rate of 0.2 mV/s.
# Tunable 60 GHz Multiwavelength Brillouin Erbium Fiber Laser
###### Abstract  
An experimental study of a tunable 60 GHz multiwavelength Brillouin erbium fiber laser is presented in this paper. Two unidirectional ring laser cavities and two pre-amplification laser cavities are used. In the first three cavities, a Brillouin gain medium is presented with a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) spool, and a single-mode fiber (SMF) spool is used as a Brillouin gain medium in the fourth cavity. Three erbium amplifiers are utilized to supply enough gain to the generated Brillouin Stokes signal and to suppress cavity losses. For these three amplifiers, up to 450 mW (150 mW for each) of a 1480 nm pump power is used. In our proposed configuration, four sextuple Brillouin Stokes signals with a high power of 10 dBm and more than 55 dB as an optical signal-to-noise ratio are achieved. The obtained Brillouin Stokes signals can be tuned over 30 nm (1560-1590 nm) and can be easily used in dense wavelength division multiplexing in optics communication systems.  
unidirectional cavity; sextuple Brillouin channel spacing; stimulated Brillouin scattering; multi-wavelength generation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
**Citation:** [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON], Tunable 60 GHz Multiwavelength Brillouin Brillouin Fiber Laser. _Appl. Sci._**2023**, _13_, 3275. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3053275](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3053275)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3053275](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3053275))
# Technologies Trend towards 5G Network for Smart Health-Care Using IoT: A Review
## 1 Introduction
### Our Contributions  
There have been many studies on smart health-care that explored the topic with various aspects [29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. Table 1 shows the review of different researchers related to smart health-care. Our contribution is to deliver a review of 5G smart health-care with a different perspective that includes:  
* A taxonomy for smart health-care, covering communications technologies, network types, services, application, requirements, and characteristics.
* Different scenarios for 5G smart health-care and its requirements.
* Key enabling technologies to achieve the requirements of 5G smart health-care and open issues and challenges.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**References** & **Contributions of Authors** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [29] & In this review, the author presented architecture and taxonomy of smart health-care network based on 5G covering the communication technologies, objectives, performance measures, and requirements. Secondly, the author presented a detailed overview of different approaches, such as scheduling and routing, to achieve different objectives and requirements of smart health-care. Finally, the author presented open issues and challenges related to smart health-care. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [30] & In this review, the author presented a review on Cloud of Things (CoT) and how to improved smart health-care applications with the help of CoT. Secondly, the author gave a detailed review of different issues, such as energy efficiency with CoT for smart health-care applications. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Existing survey on smart health-care.  
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present a review of all the above mentioned concisely and comprehensively on the 5G network for smart-health care using IoT.
## 5 New Taxonomy for Constructability Constraints and Features
### Validation of the New Taxonomy Through External Project Examples
#### 5.2.2 The Galaxy Soho Project in Beijing [36; 72; 73]  
This project, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, is renowned for its complex, curvilinear architecture. The building's fluid, non-repetitive forms required advanced 3D modeling and precise fabrication techniques. Achieving a seamless appearance necessitated custom-fabricated materials, increasing both cost and construction time. These complex ities made integrating design and construction processes essential to effectively address project challenges.  
Computational design approaches played a pivotal role in overcoming constructability challenges associated with the building's flowing architecture. Advanced parametric modeling tools were used to develop the intricate geometry, ensuring design precision and structural feasibility. A fully automated BIM process enabled comprehensive virtual evaluations of the building's components and assemblies. Additionally, specialists focused on the geometric rationalization of the facade components to maximize value while maintaining artistic intent, optimizing the complex curves and surfaces for efficient and budget-conscious construction.  
According to [36; 72; 73], the Galaxy Soho project in Beijing faced several geometric constructability challenges primarily due to the complex geometry of its sheet-metal components. One key challenge was avoiding expensive forming techniques for the fabrication process while ensuring the intricate shapes of the sheet metals could be accurately bent and formed. Additionally, the connections between the sheet metals and their attachment to the main structure required meticulous planning and execution. Another challenge involved reducing the variety of cone types used in the design, which helped streamline the fabrication and assembly processes without compromising the architectural intent.  
Beyond the geometric aspects, the project required close collaboration between designers and builders to address the inadequacy of traditional construction methods, a significant project management challenge. Material selection, particularly for the exterior cladding, needed to strike a balance between achieving the desired aesthetic goals and adhering to the capabilities of local manufacturing processes. Moreover, producing accurate prototypes was essential to ensure the precise fabrication and seamless installation of the building's unique components, further emphasizing the importance of advanced fabrication techniques [74; 75; 76].
## 4 Discussion  
### Patient Comfort and Pain Perception  
Most older studies showed that PSLBs are more comfortable than conventional braces. According to [PERSON] (2000) [12], PSLBs offer a decreased risk of injury and protect patients from soft tissue lacerations and infections compared to steel ligatures.  
In a comparative study by [PERSON] (2006) [58], Damon patients experienced an average of 60% less discomfort than those treated using conventional braces. The Damon bracket was initially less painful than the conventional twin bracket, but tying in the second archive was more painful ([PERSON], 2007) [17]. The Damon appliance resulted in lower pain intensity than the CBs appliance ([PERSON] et al., 2009) [59]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. (2008) [60] found no difference in discomfort experienced during initial tooth alignment with a Damon self-ligating bracket system or the Synthesis conventional preadjusted edgewise appliance system. Lastly, [PERSON] et al. (2009) [61] found that bracket type did not affect subjective pain experience during the first week after the initial placement of two preadjusted orthodontic appliances. Still, significantly greater discomfort was experienced during 19 \(\times\) 25 NITI archive insertion and removal with the SmartClip TM appliance (PSLB system) compared to a conventional appliance (Victory 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif).  
In our review, the results are similar to those of older studies regarding patient comfort and pain perception. While some studies have found differences in pain experience between PSLBs and conventional brackets [29; 32], others have found no significant differences [16; 19; 20; 30; 31; 33]. Factors such as archwire manipulation, friction, and patient perception may play a role in the pain experience of orthodontic patients. Overall, more research is needed to fully understand the pain experience associated with different types of brackets and to develop strategies to minimize pain and discomfort for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Studies with Some Differences between PSLB and ASLB/CB** & **Studies with No Differences between PSLB and ASLB/CB in Terms of External Apical Root Resorption** \\ \hline \hline  & [PERSON] et al. (2016) [54] \\  & [PERSON] et al. (2018) [55] \\  & [PERSON] et al. (2022) [33] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Summary of the studies analyzing transverse arch dimensional changes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Studies with Some Differences between PSLB and ASLB/CB** & **Studies with No Differences between PSLB and ASLB/CB in Terms of Stability of the Results** \\ \hline \hline  & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) [57] \\  & [PERSON] et al. (2017) [24] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Summary of the studies analyzing stability of the results.
# Effect of the Mandibular Repositioning Appliance (MARA) on Posterior Airway Space (PAS)
###### Abstract
The present study aimed to show the effect of a fixed functional appliance (mandibular anterior repositioning appliance, MARA) on the posterior airway space. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the MARA on the PAS, taking the sagittal PAS diameter obtained from lateral cephalograms before and after MARA treatment. The H0 hypothesis was that MARA had no effects on the PAS and that no significant changes in the sagittal PAS diameter were found after MARA treatment.
## 3 Data and Methodology
### Array Techniques
#### 3.3.2 The SPAC and ESAC Techniques  
The spatial auto-correlation and the extended spatial auto-correlation techniques are based on the assumption of a stochastic wavefield being stationary both in space and time [43].  
In theory, the SPAC technique consists of calculating a single-phase velocity value at each frequency in a predefined frequency band by fitting the SPAC coefficient to a Bessel function. For a circular array, the Bessel function represents the average cross-correlation between pairs of stations as a function of their distance. [PERSON] [43] showed that the SPAC coefficient at a given frequency has the same form as the 0 th order Bessel function.  
The SPAC method requires a circular array configuration with a centrally located sensor [44]. A modification of this technique has been suggested by [PERSON] et al. [45], which allows the SPAC technique to be applied to arrays of arbitrary configuration. The modification consists of replacing the use of fixed radius values with rings of finite thickness.  
The ESAC method differs from SPAC by fixing the frequency values instead of the radius. At each frequency, the normalized transverse spectrum is fitted to the Bessel function. The inverted Bessel function that has the best fit with the normalized cross-spectra allows to obtain the phase velocity [46].  
As with the F-K analysis, the SPAC technique was performed using the SESARRAY software package [34]. The first step is to define the ring parameters using the SPAC toolbox of the Geopsy software. Once the coordinates of the sensors are entered, the software will define a set of spatially distributed sensor pairs (e.g., 21 pairs for 7 sensors). Then, the sensor pairs must be included in one or more rings. For this purpose, inner and outer radii of rings that best correspond to the sensor pairs were introduced. Note that a ring can contain a minimum of two pairs. A maximum number of rings is recommended for better resolution [45; 49]. Similar to the F-K analysis, the signals are divided into frequency-dependent length windows containing 50 periods. Windows are selected using the anti-triggering algorithm. Then, the analysis is launched and the spatial auto-correlation curves are obtained for each ring. The Spac2 Disp software is used to display the phase velocity histograms derived from the set of the calculated spatial auto-correlation values. Then, the Rayleigh phase velocity values that best contribute to the dispersion curve are chosen within the K\({}_{\text{min}}\) and K\({}_{\text{max}}\) values. In this way, a final dispersion curve is obtained.  
The ESAC analysis was carried out using a specific Matlab(r) (Natick, MA, USA) application developed by the University of Alicante [50]. For each sensor, the recorded signal is divided into non-overlapping 30 s windows. Then, the cross-spectrum is calculated and smoothed using a triangular window, in the frequency range from 0.1 to 15 Hz.
# Short-Term Power Load Forecasting Based on an EPT-VMD-TCN-TPA Model
## 4 Experiments
### Data Normalization  
In the EPT-VMD-TCN-TPA prediction model proposed in this paper, the original data are divided into load data \(f(t)\) and meteorological data \(m(t)\), where the trend component Tr(t) and the residual fluctuation component Re(t) are obtained by EPT operation on the load data \(f(t)\). The Re(t) component is decomposed into \(k\) IMF components by VMD, and the result is denoted as \(d_{i}(t)\), \(i=1,2,3\cdots k\). (where \(k\) is the number of IMF components).  
The Tr(t) and the \(m(t)\) are fused and denoted as \(Ft=F(Tr,m)\).  
The fusion of components \(d_{i}(t)\) and \(m(t)\) are denoted as \(F_{i}t=F(d_{i},m)\) (where \(i=1,2,3\cdots k\), \(k\) is the number of IMF components).  
The fused \(Ft\) and \(F_{i}t\) are normalized and the normalized components are input into the prediction model, and through experiments, we can then accurately predict the value of the load. The final load prediction result consists of the superposition of the Tr(t) component and each IMF component prediction result, as shown in Equation (32):  
\[P_{real}=P_{Ft}+\sum_{i=1}^{n}P_{F_{i}t} \tag{32}\]  
where \(p_{real}\) is the final forecasted value of the electric load, \(P_{Ft}\) is the resultant value of the trend component forecast, and \(P_{F_{i}t}\) is the resultant value of the IMF component forecast.  
In order to eliminate the adverse effects of numerical bias on the model performance and speed up the training of the model, this paper will use the maximum-minimum normalization method to normalize the fused data \(Ft\) and \(F_{i}t\). The normalization formula is shown in Equation (33):  
\[x^{*}=\frac{x-x_{\text{min}}}{x_{\text{max}}-x_{\text{min}}} \tag{33}\]  
where \(x\) represents the fused sample data, \(x^{*}\) is the normalized data, \(x_{\text{min}}\) is the minimum value in the sample data, and \(x_{\text{max}}\) is the maximum value in the sample data.
## 4 Evaluation of Design Response Spectra
In the case of spectral displacements, the empirical model of Olteanu and Vacareanu [36] shows that significant amplifications are to be expected for soft soil sites under the action of moderate and large magnitude Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes. Another evaluation of the design response spectrum computed according to the Eurocode 8 draft revision [1] (mean return period of 475 years) against the ground motions recorded during the Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes of 4 March 1977 (moment magnitude M\({}_{\text{W}}\) = 7.4 and focal depth h = 94 km), 30 August 1986 (M\({}_{\text{W}}\) = 7.1, h = 131 km) and 30 May 1990 (M\({}_{\text{W}}\) = 6.9, h = 91 km) was performed for Chisinau, the capital city of the Republic of Moldova. The comparison is illustrated in Figure 9, for both the absolute acceleration response spectra and the normalised acceleration response spectra. The epicentral distances from the recording stations in Chisinau were of about 250 km in the case of the 1977 and 1986 events and 200 km for the 1990 earthquake. It can be observed that the design acceleration response spectrum is exceeded for short periods (a small period interval) and that, in the intermediate period range (up to 1.0 s), the design acceleration response spectrum is almost identical to the maximum spectral acceleration from the ground motion recordings. Figure 9: A comparison between the (**a**) design absolute acceleration response spectrum (with a mean return period of 475 years) for Chisinau, computed using the site amplifications from the Eurocode 8 draft revision [1] and the ground motions recorded during the Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes of 1977, 1986 and 1990, and the (**b**) design normalised acceleration response spectrum (with a mean return period of 475 years) for Chisinau, computed using the site amplifications from the Eurocode 8 draft revision [1] and the ground motions recorded during the Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes of 1977, 1986 and 1990. A comparison between the design acceleration response spectra for Bucharest that was computed using the site amplification proposed by [PERSON] et al. [8] for sites under the influence of Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes and those from the Eurocode 8 draft revision [1] is illustrated in Figure 10. The comparison was performed for the same level of seismic hazard for rock conditions. It can be easily observed that the site amplification proposed by [PERSON] et al. [8] led to significantly larger seismic hazard levels. The control period T\({}_{\text{C}}\) was almost double that obtained using the site amplification factors from the Eurocode 8 draft revision [1].
## 4 Application of the \(EDNN\) in Denoising
### Denoising of the Cylinder Pressure Signal with EDNN
(**a**) Measured cylinder pressure signal and noise-reduced signals; (**b**) the errors between the noise-reduced signals and the measured signal. There are obvious fluctuations on the fourth-order derivative of the noise-reduced signal from the _SNN_18_ neural network and the _SNN_8_ neural network. Additionally, the fourth-order derivative of the measured signal and the noise-reduced signal obtained from the smoothing splines are submerged in the noise. In summary, the noise reduction performance of the _EDNN_ is better than that of the _SNN_8_ neural network, the _SNN_18_ neural network and the smoothing splines. Further, there is no trend discrepancy in the first- through fourth-order derivatives of the noise-reduced cylinder pressure signal from the _EDNN_. The _EDNN_ could derive higher derivatives consistent with the real physical process in the absence of the process' detailed mathematical model. However, the _EDNN_ needs more computational resources due to the recording and calculation of the higher derivatives.
## Results and Discussions
### Characteristics of Extracted Product
#### 3.7.3 GC-MS Analysis  
GC-MS analysis was performed to detect the chemical composition of the product more clearly. Figure 12 shows the product distribution at different residence times. In the first 5 min, naphthalene was the main one, followed by aromatic hydrocarbons, and amounts of esters and primary alcohol were produced in the middle 15-30 min. Hydrocarbons mainly focuses on 20-23 and 30 min later. Therefore, it can be considered that the main components extracted product were saturated hydrocarbons, naphthenes, esters, primary alcohols, and aromatic compounds.  
Figure 11: IR spectrum of RFTW.  
Figure 12: GC-MS analysis total ion spectrum.  
Figure 13 showed each component's relative content (select components with content greater than 1%) and the total content of each category. Among them, the highest content was saturated hydrocarbons compounds, accounting for 50.38 wt%. Among all the straight-chain alkanes, C\({}_{19}\)H\({}_{40}\) has the highest content (24.51 wt%), which is the raw material for producing high-quality diesel. Furthermore, the product also contains 22.95 wt% naphithenes, 11.62 wt% primary alcohols, 8.7 wt% polar esters, and 6.35 wt% aromatic compounds. Primary alcohol compounds and polar wax esters are important raw materials for various industries, including candles, wood board sizing agents, lubricants, coatings, packaging, food, and cosmetics industries [43; 44]. Apparently, the RFTW has a good industrial application prospect.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Candidate Gene Selection and Isolation of Full-Length PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2  
The candidate gene selection was achieved by mining the _P. minus_ transcriptome data [40] for transcripts that were related to the sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway. The assembled transcripts were classified as sesquiterpene synthase, based on homology search, and the terpene synthases were selected and fully sequenced prior to further analysis. Two new _P. minus_ sesquiterpene synthase (_Pm_STPS) candidate genes were identified. The predicted ORFs for _Pm_STPS1 (GenBank accession no: MG921605) and _Pm_STPS2 (GenBank accession no: MG921606) were amplified by PCR, using the Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NewEngland Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA). The cDNA-gene specific PCR primers were _Pm_STPS1_F (5'-AAAGGTTACCATGCCAA AG GCTCG-3') and _Pm_STPS1_R (5'-TTTTGGACAATCGGAATGGGAT-3'); _Pm_STPS2_F (5'-AAAGGTTACCATGTCAT  
CCCAAA-3'), and _Pm_STPS2_R (5'-TTTAAGCTTAATGGAGAGGT-3') were synthesized to amplify the 5' end and 3' end, respectively.  
The PCR reaction mixture contained 1\(\times\) reaction buffer, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 5 units of Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 0.5 uM of forward and reverse primers, and 20 ng of template cDNA. The reaction was performed under the following conditions: pre-denaturation at 98 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, followed by 32 cycles of 98 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 s, 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 20 s, with a final extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min. The amplicons were digested with _KpnI_/_SalI_ and _KpnI_/_Hind_III before being cloned into pUC19 and pUC57-Kan cloning vectors, respectively. The ligation mixtures were transformed into _E. coli_ top 10 competent cells, before sub-cloning into the pQE-2 plasmid. The positive transformants were screened on LB agar that were supplemented with 100 ug/mL ampicillin, 20 ug/mL X-gal, and 0.1 mM IPTG (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The recombinant plasmids pQE-2:_Pm_STPS1 and pQE-2:_Pm_STPS2 were then transformed into the _E. coli_ M15 competent cells and the transformants were selected on LB agar that was supplemented with 50 ug/mL kanamycin. The positive transformants were confirmed by colony PCR, and the gene sequences were verified via DNA sequencing (First BASE Laboratories, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia).