## 3 _Nelumbo nucifera_
### Antioxidant Health Promoting Effect of Nelumbo uncifera Bioactives and Extracts
#### 3.2.2. In Vivo Antioxidant Effects of _Nelumbo nucifera_'s Bioactives and Extracts  
[PERSON] et al. evaluated the antioxidant properties of Lotus Leaf Flavonoid Extract (LLFE) in a mouse model of induced oxidative stress using D-Galactose (D-Gal) and Lipopolysaccharide-ride (LPS) injections to simulate aging-related oxidative damage in human embryonic kidney cells. The LLFE was found to contain various flavonoids, such as Baicalein, Kaempfer, Kaempfer, Quercetin, Isorhamentin, Hyperoside, Lespenephryl and Rutin as identified by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Mice orally treated with LLFE showed increased levels of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px). These findings suggest that LLFE enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanisms in the mice. Furthermore, LLFE administration led to a decrease in Malondialdehydehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of lipid oxidation. This reduction in MDA levels indicates that LLFE treatment resulted in reduced oxidative damage, highlighting the potential of _N. nucifera_ leaf flavonoids as effective antioxidants in combating oxidative stress-induced damage [23]. According to an in vivo investigation by [PERSON] et al. [35], _N. nucifera_ proved to have whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant cosmetic activities. Root, flower, leaf, seed and stem were extracted three times. Standard procedures were utilised to measure the anti-oxidation, anti-wrinkle and whitening effects as part of the efficacy test. The DPPH free radical-scavenging assay was used to quantify the impact of anti-oxidation. The tyrosinase inhibition assay and the DOPA-oxidase inhibition assay were used to quantify the whitened effect. The elastase inhibition assay was used to quantify the anti-wrinkle effect. Twenty Amaranth Cosmetics applicants underwent a human patch test in the same manner as the  
Figure 2: Main Flavonoids of _Nelumbo nucifera_. in vivo safety test. Using [PERSON]'s test chamber, a patch containing \(N\). _mucifera_ extract was applied to an individual's forearm and was left there for a whole day. To determine the differences between samples, the skin condition in the studied area was compared to a blank. \(N\). _mucifera_ root extract was combined with water and subjected to room temperature, 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and refrigeration for a maximum of 30 d as a stability test. Physical characteristics such as phase separation, color and scent were examined throughout storage. The flower and seed extract of \(N\). _mucifera_ exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity. Twenty candidates had their skin irritation evaluated, and the water cream-containing \(N\). _mucifera_ 1% root, leaf, flower and stem extract and 4% combined extracts did not cause any irritation. The study's findings indicated that the flower and seed extracts of \(N\). _mucifera_ have great promise as a functional cosmetic product for whitening and anti-wrinkles [47]. Three studies collectively aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of \(N\). _mucifera_ extracts, including leaf extract dissolved in distilled water [38; 48], seed hydroalcoholic extract [38] and root ethanol extract [39], and their potential to alleviate oxidative stress-related conditions in various experimental models using rats. [PERSON] et al. focused on preventing liver injury and early hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) through antioxidant enhancement [48], while [PERSON] et al. examined the effects on antioxidant enzyme levels in the liver and kidney of rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride, a known oxidative stress inducer [38]. [PERSON] et al. assessed the impact on obesity and oxidative stress parameters, such as body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, serum lipid levels, insulin and adipokine levels [39].