esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Vegetation Indices  
Vegetation indices (VIs) use the characteristics of two or more bands of wave energy reflecting from vegetation surfaces in which reflection/absorption is influenced by physical aspects such as plant structure, pigment type, nutrient deficiencies, and moisture content. Many VIs include the red visible wavelengths (strongly absorbed by plant chlorophyll) and the near-infrared wavelengths (unaffected by chlorophyll but highly reflected in a healthy plant structure). The difference in response to vegetation in these two wavelengths has been used for nearly 50 years to monitor vegetation health. There is a long history of  
Figure 3: Example of image normalization process showing location of static features used to normalize an August image to an April base image (feature space plot for near-infrared (NIR) band).  
using NDVI for vegetation-related studies [9; 10], and many use NDVI as an indicator of vegetation biomass [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 20; 21; 22; 23]. Additional VIs were considered for use in this study (see Supplementary Materials); however, NDVI was chosen because of the long and well documented history of this vegetation index.  
NDVI was calculated for each pixel in each grassland parcel for every image date (multiple images per year over multiple years). Parcel-wide statistics were computed (mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, and count) to address within-parcel variation and used as the basis for the subsequent clustering process. Individual date and mean annual NDVI statistics were computed for each year.
## 4 The Seismic Performance Parameters of RCS Composite Joints Under Floor Effect Are Studied
### The Influence of Slab Reinforcement Rate on Seismic Performance of Nodes
#### 4.4.3 Energy Consumption and Stiffness Degradation  
The trends in the equivalent damping coefficients and energy dissipation coefficients for joints with different reinforcement ratios are similar, with the initial energy dissipation curves overlapping. An increased reinforcement ratio enhances the energy dissipation capacity. However, during the yield phase, the degradation rate accelerates, ultimately converging to a similar value. Notably, the energy dissipation coefficient for joint FJD-7, with a slab reinforcement ratio of 0.72%, is slightly lower than the seismic design requirement of 3.0. Overall, variations in reinforcement ratios have a limited impact on stiffness (Table 8). This indicates that reasonable reinforcement can improve the seismic performance to some extent, but the effect is limited (Figure 26).
## 2 Discovery of Benzothiazinones as Highly Potent Killers of _Mycobacterium Tuberculosis_  
The very first scientific report on benzothiazinones (BTZs) with extremely high antimyobacterial activity was published in 2009 [9]. These compounds emerged as a result of several years of efforts focused on investigation of a family of diticorbaramate (DTC) derivatives with antimicrobial properties, which was carried out at the Research Center for Antibiotics in Moscow and the Hans Knoll Institute in Jena [10]. DTCs gained their fame primarily as additives in industry and pesticides, which have been in use since 1930. However, some of them were tested as pharmacological agents for treatment of alcoholism, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or cancer [11]. It occurred that selected DTC derivatives had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 3-30 \(\upmu\)g/ml for _M. tuberculosis_, but were active also on several species of fast-growing mycobacteria and multiresistant staphylococci [10]. Thorough structure-activity studies focused on improvement of the activity and selectivity of these compounds for mycobacteria was performed. Selected compounds derived from the basic active ortho nitro-dialkyldithiocarbamate structure showed enhanced activity towards fast growing mycobacteria, with _M. vaccae_ being the most sensitive reaching MICs 0.4-1.56 \(\upmu\)g/ml [12]. In addition, 3 out of 7 tested molecules were efficient and well tolerated also in the mouse foot pad model of leprosy [12]. Nevertheless, it was clear that reactivity of DTCs poses a significant problem in further development of these compounds despite their activity and rather unexpected low level of toxicity as exemplified by studies in mice [12]. Consequently, a thorough investigation of the metabolic conversion of the most active DTCs containing spiroamine moiety, was undertaken. The drug was incubated with the non-pathogenic strain _M. smegmatis_ and all isolated metabolites were tested for antimyobacterial activity. One of these metabolites was particularly active and its structure established by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed the principal BTZ scaffold. A set of novel BTZ derivatives was synthesized and tested against both fast-growing and pathogenic mycobacteria in collaboration with Prof. [PERSON] at Pasteur Institute in Paris [13]. Surprisingly, these compounds were highly active and selective against mycobacteria in vitro, with MIC values 0.195-1.56 \(\upmu\)g/ml for _M. tuberculosis_, including the resistant strains. The lowest MIC value, 0.023 pg/ml, was obtained for _M. fortuitum_ and  
Figure 1: DprE1 inhibitors in clinical development.  
2,2-[2-methyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]-8-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one, later named BTZ038 [9]. The pilot in vivo studies with this compound revealed its potency in the murine model of TB, which was comparable to isoniazid used in the same dose of 25 mg/kg [13]. These encouraging results warranted further exploration of BTZs as perspective compounds for development of a new TB drug.
# Query-Based Cascade Instance Segmentation Network for Remote Sensing Image Processing
###### Abstract  
Instance segmentation (IS) of remote sensing (RS) images can not only determine object location at the box-level but also provide instance masks at the pixel-level. It plays an important role in many fields, such as ocean monitoring, urban management, and resource planning. Compared with natural images, RS images usually pose many challenges, such as background clutter, significant changes in object size, and complex instance shapes. To this end, we propose a query-based RS image cascade IS network (QCIS-Net). The network mainly includes key components, such as the efficient feature extraction (EFE) module, multistage cascade task (MST) head, and joint loss function, which can characterize the location and visual information of instances in RS images through efficient queries. Among them, the EFE module combines global information from the Transformer architecture to solve the problem of long-term dependencies in visual space. The MST head uses a dynamic convolution kernel based on the query representation to focus on the region of interest, which facilitates the association between detection and segmentation tasks through a multistage structural design that benefits both tasks. The elaborately designed joint loss function and the use of the transfer-learning technique based on a well-known dataset (MS COCO) can guide the QCIS-Net in training and generating the final instance mask. Experimental results show that the well-designed components of the proposed method have a positive impact on the RS image instance segmentation task. It achieves mask average precision (AP) values of 75.2% and 73.3% on the SAR ship detection dataset (SSDD) and Northwestern Polytechnical University Very-High-Resolution dataset (NWPU-VHR-10 dataset), outperforming the other competitive models. The method proposed in this paper can enhance the practical application efficiency of RS images.  
remote sensing images; query; transformer; cascade network; instance segmentation Article  
1
## 3 Research Method
### CO framework Customization  
This aspect corresponds with features of CO frameworks that a cluster administrator must understand in order to create a customized version of the CO framework.  
**Unified container runtime architecture.** All CO frameworks support a _unified container runtime architecture such that multiple container runtimes can be plugged in_, and optionally different container image formats can be supported.  
_Support for Open Container Initiative specifications._ The Open Container Initiative (OCI) [95] defines a specification for container runtimes and a specification for container images. Docker's container architecture [20] supports both specifications. Kubernetes [96] has an OCI-based implementation of its Container Runtime Interface. Mesos-based frameworks will provide support for the OCI image specification in the future [97].  
_Other supported container runtimes._ As a consequence of the unified container runtime architecture, each CO framework also supports other container runtimes besides Docker Engine: Docker Swarm supports runC [98] that runs containers according to the OCI specification. Kubernetes supports the rktcontainer runtime, runC and any other OCI-based container runtime [99]. Mesos-based frameworks support besides the Docker containerizer also the Mesos containerizer [100].  
**Framework design of core orchestration engine.**  
_External plugin architectures for customizing multiple cluster operations_ are supported by all CO frameworks. The following cluster operations can be typically customized by means of a plugin: container networking, persistent volume operations, and Identity and Access Management (IAM). Network plugin architectures are presented in Section 4.3, volume plugin architectures are discussed in Section 4.4, and security plugin architectures are discussed in Section 4.7.  
_Plugin-architecture for schedulers._ It is also possible to plug-in a custom scheduler in Kubernetes [101], Mesos [102], Aurora [103] (see scheduler configuration [104], parameter--offer_set_module), Marathon [105] (and by inclusion DC/OS). In Kubernetes it is even possible to plug-in multiple schedulers in parallel [106].  
_Modular interceptors for functional extension of the orchestration engine._ Modular interceptors encapsulate specific extensions of existing CO components. For example, they are used for implementing resource quota management (see Section 4.5), authentication and authorization of users and worker nodes with respect to the Master API (see Section 4.7) and container security isolation (see Section 4.8) and even customizations to container runtimes. Multiple kinds of modular interceptors are supported by Kubernetes [107; 108; 109], Mesos [100; 110] and Aurora [111; 112]. These different kinds of interceptors vary according to (i) whether they support black-box or white-box specialization of the Master API and (ii) whether they can be deployed statically at compile-time or dynamically at run-time. A detailed overview of these different kinds of modular interceptors is presented in Section 4.2.1 of the technical report [31].
## 10 Future Directions
### Scalable and Efficient Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC)  
Enhancing the scalability of SMPC protocols is crucial to support large-scale FL systems. The current SMPC implementations often face high computational and communication overheads, limiting their practicality. Future research should focus on optimizing these protocols to make them more efficient and scalable, enabling their use in extensive FL networks.
## 1 Introduction  
This study poses the risk of accidental blast in the case of improper management of an ammunition depot. In case of an internal blast, blast pressure will leak through the vent openings of the ammunition depot or blast through the fragile walls; thus, flying debris and objects are hazardous to surrounding buildings, personnel, and equipment. A relatively conservative design is adopted in the current design criteria of ammunition depots of Taiwan [1]. Therefore, difficulties are created during site selection for an ammunition depot in consideration of the increased safety range regarding the threat of leakage pressure. In addition, the impact of the thickness and strength of walls of an ammunition depot on leakage pressure requires further study [2; 3; 4; 5]. Foreign researches on ammunition depots are mainly based on large-scale blast tests [6; 7; 8]. However, in Taiwan, subject to test site restrictions, the impact of an internal blast on the blast pressure of structures can be discussed only through small-scale blast tests, in conjunction with computer numerical simulation [9; 10; 11; 12]. The purpose of this study is mainly to discuss the impact of vent opening and fragile walls on leakage pressure subsequent to an accidental blast of an ammunition depot. The Fluid-Structure Interaction (arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, ALE)algorithm of ANSYS/LS-DYNA software [13; 14; 15; 16] was used to simulate the impact of the size and location of the vent opening of an ammunition depot on leakage pressure in the case of an internal blast due to the improper management of the ammunition depot, in order to mitigate the risk by enhancing management practices with the simulation results, as based on the existing ammunition depot, and in consideration of the impact of the thickness and strength of concrete walls. In the simulation, air and charge were set as Eulerian Mesh and fragile wall was set as Lagrangian Mesh, which together form a numerical model of Fluid-Structure Interaction, in order to discuss the impact of the size and location of the vent opening and the thickness and strength of fragile walls on leakage pressure. Simulation results are compared with the UFC3-340-02 Specification in order to understand the applicability of the current assessment method.  
The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, this paper reviews the literature on the power of internal blast. In Section 3, this paper introduces numerical simulation methods and material parameters in numerical simulation. In Section 4, this paper compares the results of numerical simulations and experiments to verify the effectiveness of the method used. Finally, in Section 5, this paper provides conclusions and future work.
# Concurrent vs. Exclusive Reading in Parallel Decoding of LZ-Compressed Files +
## 3 Decoding LZC-Compressed Files in Parallel
### LZC Compression  
Lempel-Ziv compression is a dictionary-based technique. Indeed, the factors of the string are substituted by _pointers_ to copies, stored in a _dictionary_, which are called _targets_. In practical implementations, the dictionary has a fixed size \(d+\alpha\), where \(\alpha\) is the cardinality of the alphabet. With LZC, \(d+\alpha=2^{16}\), and the dictionary is initially equal to the alphabet. The LZC factorization of a string \(S\) fills up the dictionary by factorizing a prefix \(P\) of \(S\). The factorization \(P=f_{1}f_{2}\cdots f_{i}\cdots f_{d}\) is such that \(f_{i}\) is either the longest match with the concatenation of a previous factor \(f_{j}\) and the next character or the current alphabet character if there is no match (that is, every factor concatenated with the next character is a dictionary element). The filled up dictionary is \"frozen\", and the factorization continues in a \"static\" way for a while; that is, for \(d<i\leq t\), the factor \(f_{i}\) is either the longest match with the concatenation of a previous factor \(f_{j}\), with \(j\leq d\), and the next character or the current alphabet character if there is no match. The value \(t\) is determined by monitoring the compression ratio. When this ratio deteriorates, the dictionary is reset to be equal to the alphabet. LZC compression is the one employed by the Unix and Linux \"compress\" applications, and similar applications have been realized with Stuffit on Windows and Dos platforms.
## 3 Multi-Strategy Improved Chimpanzee Optimization Algorithm
### Hybrid Good Point Set and Chaos Initialization Strategy
#### 3.1.2 Chaos Mapping  
Chaotic mapping, as a nonlinear dynamic system, possesses pseudo-randomness and ergodicity, enabling the generation of random and diverse points during the initialization phase, thereby enhancing the algorithm's exploration capabilities.  
The unpredictability of chaotic point distributions helps prevent falling into local optima. Chaos mapping is a nonlinear dynamic system characterized by sensitivity to initial conditions and ergodicity. Introducing chaos mapping into optimization algorithmscan further enhance population diversity and improve the algorithm's ability to escape local optima in later stages. Common chaos mappings include Logistic mapping, Tent mapping and so on.  
In this study, we combined three classic chaotic mappings (Circle mapping, ICMIC mapping, and Sinusoidal mapping) to generate population points with different distribution characteristics, ensuring both uniformity and diversity during the population initialization phase.  
The formula for the Circle mapping is as follows:  
\[x_{i+1}=\text{mod}(x_{i}+a-\frac{b}{2\pi}\sin(2\pi x_{i}),1) \tag{9}\]  
The formula for the ICMIC mapping (Infinite Collapsing Iterative Chaotic Mapping) is as follows:  
\[x_{i+1}=\sin\left(\frac{p}{x_{i}}\right) \tag{10}\]  
The formula for the Sinusoidal mapping is as follows:  
\[x_{i+1}=a\cdot x_{i}^{2}\cdot\sin(\pi x_{i}) \tag{11}\]  
However, the point distributions generated by chaotic mapping may lack uniformity, resulting in insufficient coverage of the search space.
## 3 Results  
### Spectral Analysis  
The Shapiro-Wilk test applied to the band power data rejected the null hypothesis of normal populations distributions (\(p<0.05\)). Therefore, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the groups in each frequency band. The test did not find any significantly different delta power for the AD subjects (\(Mdn=4.23\)) than the healthy controls (\(Mdn=4.07\)), \(U=174\), \(p=0.45\). Similar results were observed for the theta (\(Mdn=2.42\) vs. \(Mdn=4.30\), \(U=146\), \(p=0.15\)), alpha (\(Mdn=1.88\) vs. \(Mdn=2.29\), \(U=162\), \(p=0.31\)), beta (\(Mdn=1.67\) vs. \(Mdn=1.76\), \(U=152\), \(p=0.2\)), and gamma bands (\(Mdn=0.67\) vs. \(Mdn=0.90\), \(U=158\), \(p=0.26\)). Therefore, it can be concluded that the spectral analysis yielded no significant differences between the AD subjects versus HC in any of the five frequency bands.
## 5 Measurements and Results
### Mirrors on Sapphire Substrates  
According to its solid-state properties, sapphire is considered to be the most perfect material with a high Debye temperature and low internal losses that rapidly die out during cooling. Its modulus of elasticity is noticeably (3-4 times) larger than that of optical glasses and fluorites (i.e., less deformability). However, the tendency to double refraction is an order of magnitude higher than that of sitall. The difference between the refractive indices of the extraordinary and ordinary rays is \((n_{e}-n_{o})\approx 0.01\). This creates certain problems when using sapphire mirrors in optical resonators at low temperatures. The results of measurements of the integral characteristics of a FP cavity with mirrors on sapphire substrates are shown in Figure 4.  
In practice, before the start of cooling, the resonance peak of the mode has a weak splitting, which can be roughly removed by mutual rotation of the mirrors.  
However, upon cooling, the splitting arises again and grows approximately linearly in temperature. In the left-hand part of Figure 4, the finesse and contrast values are substituted, which were estimated roughly by the same method, as long as the splitting value remained less than the peak width. Furthermore, these assessments are inadequate to the experiment task and were not made.  
Figure 5 shows the splitting pattern at a temperature of 190 K. The magnitude of the splitting reaches 120 kHz with a total coupled resonance width of \(\sim\)600 kHz. Simulated (modeled) peaks are also represented here, which together give the observed picture (green curve, observed peak; blue curve, model peaks; and red curve, synthesized curve). The points on the right-hand side of the figure give a rough estimate of the contrast, if one ignores the presence of splitting.  
Figure 4: Evolution of the finesse and contrast for FP-cavity with mirrors on sapphire during the cooling process.
# Performance Evaluation of Directional Antennas in ZigBee Networks under NLOS Propagation Conditions
## 3 Results
### Location 2--Street  
The received power at location 2 was affected by the blockage caused by the building. Figure 9 shows the results of the average RSSI and the PDR obtained by the XBee system. As position 1 was under LOS conditions, the received signal was close to that of free space. In this case, the directional antenna had the highest received power when oriented toward the transmitter. For positions 2 to 5, the direction of this antenna was toward the street's curve. For position 6, the orientation was perpendicular to the building. Therefore, the wall of Figure 1(a) reflected the transmitted signal to the receiver. The directional antenna's average received power was 5.1 dB above the value of the omnidirectional one. However, the last position's average power difference was only 0.6 dB. Observing Figure 8(b), the PDR was 100% for all receiver positions except the last one. This position was on the opposite side of the building, as observed in Figure 1(b).  
We also applied the deconvolution technique to estimate the received signal as a function of the azimuth angle. Figure 10 shows the results for two receiver positions. For position 4, the highest received signal came from a specific direction. This direction coincided with that used for the directional antenna to obtain maximum power. The signals received at position 6 were more dispersed in space, making the omnidirectional antenna more effective in capturing the transmitted power.  
Figure 10: Received signal after deconvolution for two receiver positions.  
Figure 9: Measurements results of XBee for location 2: (a) average RSSI; (b) PDR.