esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Towards Hybrid Energy-Efficient Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
HEEPS acts on the local and global level when most of the works focuses on the network aspect of the WSNs. Additionally, more power modes are considered compared to other researches. Similarly, the power manager stands out by its hybrid aspect and its combination of several methodologies DPM (time-out2) DVFS (intertask) and GEDF scheduler contributing to more optimality in terms of scheduling. Two conditions of scheduling are combined, which are Goossens, Funk, and Baruah and Srinivasan and Belkadi and non-exploited mainly under the WSNs context. Besides, the STORM simulator is selected to focus more on its many advantages. Furthermore, the STORM features are extended by improving its performances and functionalities. Finally, in the discussion part, HEEPS is compared with recent energy-aware works to highlight the originality of our work. The simulation validates the effectiveness of the results. HEEPS minimizes the total energy consumption ranging from 50% to 80%.  
R.C. contributed by the experiment, measurement, manuscript concept, methodology, original draft writing, visualization and editing. [PERSON], S.K., D.E.H., C.T., M.A. and O.K. contributed by writing of sections, reviewing, visualization and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Algorithms** & **Tasks** & **On- Line** & **Off-** & **Energy Harvesting** & **Scheduler** & **Penalty of Transition** & **Migration** & **Overhead** \\ \hline
[26] & DPM & Periodic & x & & FIFO & No & Non & No \\ \hline
[49] & DPM & Periodic & x & & x & EDF & x & No & x \\ \hline
[35] & DVFS & & x & & x & - & - & & No \\ \hline
[27] & DVFS & Periodic & & & & & & & No \\ \hline
[34] & EA-DVFS & Periodic, Preemptive & x & & x & EDF & - & No & Negligible \\ \hline
[57] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} DVFS- \\ HES 1 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Uniform, \\ synthetic \\ \end{tabular} & x & x & & LSA & x & - & No \\ \hline
[37] & DPM-DVFS & Periodic, Preemptive & x & & & & Non & Non \\ \hline
[39] & DPM-DVFS & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Periodic, \\ dependent \\ \end{tabular} & x & - &
\begin{tabular}{c} Time- \\ Triggered \\ \end{tabular} & x & x \\ \hline
[42] & BQS-PM 2 & Periodic & x & & x & - & x & No & Yes \\ \hline
[63] & KAN-PM & Periodic & x & x & & - & No & \\ \hline
[64] & iMASKO & Sporadique & x & x & & x & - & - \\ \hline HEEPS & DPM-DVFS &
\begin{tabular}{c} Periodic, \\ Preemptive, \\ Independent \\ \end{tabular} & x & & - & GEDF & x & Yes & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\({}^{1}\) Hybrid energy storage system; 2 Quality of service-based Power Manager.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of HEEPS with Existing Techniques.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Determination and Identification of Volatile Compounds in the Fermented Placenta via SPME-GC  
SPME-GC analysis was performed to monitor and compare the modification of major volatile compounds in the normal sheep placenta and the placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3. As shown in Table 4, the normal sheep placenta contained ammonia (16.7%), dimethyl disulfide (13.5%), 4-methyl-2-heptanone (11.7%), 2-hexanol (11.6%), hexane (11.0%), acetone (10.5%), and 1,3-dioxolane (10.4%) as the major volatile compounds. In particular, the presence of well-known unpleasant odors, including ammonia [24], 4-methyl-2-heptanone [25], dimethyl disulfide [26], 1,3-dioxolane [27], and organic solvents, such as hexane and acetone, could affect the odors of the sheep placenta. Compared with the normal sheep placenta, major off-flavors such as ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, and 1,3-dioxolane were completely diminished in the sheep placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3. In contrast, a large quantity of the little-known compound, 2-isobutyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, was generated in the sheep placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3. Unfortunately, this study could not clearly demonstrate that the unknown compound originated from the fermentative characteristics of the fermented sheep placenta. To our knowledge, few studies on the physicochemical properties of 2-isobutyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane have been reported. Thus, further studies are necessary to characterize the physicochemical properties through the separation and purification of 2-isobutyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane in the near future. Moreover, an alcoholic compound, 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol), was produced in sheep placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3. Notably, 3-methyl-1-butanol is a key volatile compound responsible for whiskey, malt, and burned aromas in various types of wine [28; 29]. The results indicate that major compounds, such as 2-isobutyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane and 3-methyl-1-butanol, may play important roles in improving the preference of sheep placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3. Furthermore, our study provides a good starting point for the industrial application of a new deodorization method using a novel yeast strain, _B. deamine_ kh3.  
Figure 5: Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis, using 42 panels, for evaluating specific flavors. Results of the sensory perception were filled in with the questionnaire provided. SP, sheep placenta; SP-BD, sheep placenta fermented with _B. deamine_ kh3; SP-BD, sheep placenta fermented with _B. bruxellensis._
## 3 Current Status of the Circuit Component in the MMW Regime
### Low Noise Amplifier (\(\mathrm{LNA}\))  
The \(\mathrm{LNA}\) needs to achieve the high gain, low noise and low dc power consumptions under the return loss of both input and output port is matched to 50 \(\Omega\) (typically better than \(-10\) dB). Among these specifications, NF is one of the most elemental parameters. Therefore, various techniques are proposed for not only the reduction of NF but also improvement of the gain performance. However, for some applications, the linearity and dc power consumptions are not so critical due to the less strictly system link budgets for the LNA.  
For LNA implementation, common-source (CS) configuration with inductive source degeneration and transformer feedback technique is usually adopted [39, 40, 41, 42, 43] to satisfy low supply voltage requirements. When the operation frequency increases, CS configuration suffers from low power gain. Thus, multi-cascade stage is required. This results in a large chip size. To overcome this, in recent years, a cascode or a multi-cascode topology is adopted for MMW LNA design [44]. However, cascode or multi-cascode topology has some disadvantages. The common-gate (CG) transistors contribute considerable noise at the output port. Also, a high supply voltage is needed.  
In order to reduce the noise contributed by CG transistors in cascode or multi-cascode topology, the series resonant inductors [44] or the parallel resonant inductors [45] are designed and placed between the CG devices. However, these solutions enlarge the chip areas. Therefore, the transformer is designed and placed between the multi-cascode devices to form the equivalent inductors [46]. This technique has the same concept as the inter-stage inductors technique used in [44]. It makes a compromise between the NF and the chip size. All reported techniques can reduce the NF, but they still require a high supply voltage in the multi-cascode topology. In order to reduce the NF and the supply voltage of the cascode or multi-cascode configuration simultaneously, a magnetic coupled technique is proposed in our previous work [47]. In this technique, the coupling effect of the transformer is used to couple the RF input signal between CG devices of the cascode or multi-cascode structures, which is different from [44] and [46].  
In order to further solve the issues in a MMW LNA, the magnetic coupled technique [48] used in the cascode and the multi-cascode configurations are presented. The transformers minimize the effect of the parasitic capacitances of the cascode or the multi-cascode device in the desired band. Furthermore, the DC path of the cascode or multi-cascode configuration is separated using these transformers. Thus, the NF and the supply voltage of the cascode or multi-cascode configuration are simultaneously minimized. This topology alleviates the design constraints of the LNA and makes the multi-cascode configuration possible to be utilized in a MMW system. Based on the understanding of the topology evolution of a MMW LNA, the current status of the LNA will be introduced in the categories of CMOS and SiGe technologies.
## 3 Methodology
### Sampling Approach  
Survey sampling was primarily conducted through TC, which facilitated outreach by contacting flight schools and other stakeholders within the GA industry. TC distributed the survey link to pilots and flight schools across Canada, with participation being entirely voluntary. Additionally, some pilots who were independently aware of the study reached out directly to participate. All participants were required to have logged a minimum of one hour of flight time and had to be affiliated with the GA sector in Canada. At the beginning of the survey, participants provided information about their flying experience. They also received a participant information sheet and consent form prior to participating. Of the 42 individuals who accessed the survey, only 18 completed it in full, highlighting challenges related to participant retention and the need for stronger incentives to encourage completion.  
A purposive sampling approach [55] was used for the roundtable discussions to ensure relevant insights were gathered reflective of the Canadian GA context. TC assisted in recruiting flight schools to take part in the study. Notices were distributed to stakeholders at the schools, and some participants joined the discussion more spontaneously as they saw that a \"meeting\" was taking place. Similarly to the survey, participants had to have at least one hour of flying experience.  
Participant selection was based entirely on voluntary participation. As this was the first roundtable discussion of its kind, access to pilots was limited; however, both sessions facilitated good conversation. Whilst this group was non-representative of the overall pilot distribution, future research should strive to meet the distribution of pilots  
Figure 2: VFR stabilized approach.  
by using representative sampling methods when selecting participants. Each roundtable was moderated by three facilitators, strategically positioned around the table to create a balanced and inclusive atmosphere. All participants signed the consent form and had access to the participant information sheet.  
Roundtables also generated secondary participants through snowball sampling, which became the primary recruitment method for the survey. Pilots who took part in the roundtable or survey recommended other pilots, who subsequently joined the study by completing the survey. This method is particularly beneficial to reach niche and geographically dispersed populations [56], which would apply to the aviation community in Canada.
# A Short S-Equol Exposure Has a Long-Term Inhibitory Effect on Adipogenesis in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells
## 3 Results
### S-Equol Reduces Adipocytes  
In addition to energy storage through accumulation of fatty acids, adipocytes have an endocrine function in regulating homeostasis, inflammatory processes, and adipogenesis, among other events [3; 4]; moreover, the production of adipokines is positively correlated with adipocyte size and adipocyte differentiation, mainly in the middle and late stages of adipogenesis [26; 27]. Therefore, we evaluated how S-equol affects the secretion of adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Figure 5). As expected, control cells released Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, PAI-1, MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF\(\alpha\) on day 7, with an increase on day 9, mainly in the cases of Adiponectin (3.4-fold), Leptin (6.7-fold), PAI-1 (2.74-fold), and IL-6 (4.09-fold). In cells treated with rosiglitazone, the secretion of Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, and PAI-1 was clearly exacerbated; it was reduced in the cases of MCP-1 and IL-6, while the release of TNF\(\alpha\) remained unchanged. Treatment with S-equol and estradiol significantly reduced the secretion of Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, and TNF\(\alpha\) compared to control cells. Interestingly, the release of MCP-1 was slightly reduced in S-equol-treated cells, the secretion of IL-6 was reduced by S-equol on day 7, while it was increased by estradiol on day 9. Finally, there were no significant differences in PAI-1 levels between the control, S-equol, and estradiol-treated cells on day 7; however, the PA1-1 release was about 3.25-fold increased in cells exposed to S-equol on day 9, while it remained low in the case of estradiol. Altogether, these data suggest that both ER ligands have different effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes.  
Figure 4: Effect of S-equol on lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1. 3T3-L1 fibroblasts treated with S-equol (10 \(\upmu\)M) for 72 h and induced to differentiation for seven days were stained with Oil Red O (**A**) and lipid accumulation was quantified as absorbance at 510 nm (**B**). (**C**) Expression of PPARy and C/EBP\(\alpha\) genes by real-time qRT-PCR in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells untreated (Control) and treated with S-equol, 10 \(\upmu\)M (S-equol). Rosiglitazone (Ros) and estradiol (E2) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Data were obtained from three experiments in triplicate and expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD. All values were normalized with respect to \(\upbeta\)-Actin and the change in expression between treatments was calculated and compared with control cells without treatment. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with [PERSON]’s multiple comparison post hoc test for lipid accumulation (**B**) and Student’s t test for pro-adipogenic marker expression (**C**) using the GraphPad Prism software. ***** \(p\) < 0.0001, ***** \(p\) < 0.001 vs. control; _++++_ \(p\) < 0.0001 vs. Ros.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Validation Dataset  
Different ground and remotely sensed observations are used as independent datasets to validate the proposed system. These observations are obtained from three main sources: the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), the FLUXCOM datasets, and the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). Details regarding the resolution and the time series availability of these datasets are presented in Table 1.  
GLEAM is a set of algorithms that separately estimate the different components of land evaporation (or ET): transpiration, bare-soil evaporation, interception loss, open-water evaporation, and sublimation [40; 41]. The GLEAM evapotranspiration data are derived from [PERSON]'s evaporation definition and based on remote sensing observations of surface net radiation and near-surface temperature. The GLEAM dataset is freely available at monthly and yearly scales and has been continuously revised and updated since its development in 2011, with a new version introduced in 2017 [40]. This version is used in this study for validating the proposed DA system. GLEAM data have shown good agreement with a number of ground-based observations (e.g., FLUXNET, AUASM) [42; 43] and have been widely used in the literature [8; 24; 31; 42; 43]. The most recent version, GLEAM v3.3b, was chosen in this study to validate the proposed DA system.  
The FLUXCOM dataset is derived from a combination of FLUXNET site observations, satellite remote sensing, and meteorological data. A machine learning technique is adopted for estimating the FLUXCOM Gross Primary Production (GPP) and the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE). Previous research shows that estimates of seasonal NEE from FLUXCOM provide useful information and are widely used as the validation dataset [44; 45; 46; 47; 48]. FLUXCOM is chosen here for its wide availability throughout the CONUS domain during the time span of the experiment and its quality [49; 50]. In this work, FLUXCOM NEE has been used to validate the model NEE output.  
ISMN is an international global in situ soil moisture database. This network is a joint effort of the Global Energy and Water Exchanges Project (GEWEX), the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), the Global Climate Observing System-Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (GCOS-TOPC), the Group of Earth Observation (GEO), and the Global Terrestrial Network on Hydrology (GTN-H) [51]. ISMN soil moisture observations are automatically checked for outliers and transformed into volumetric units. ISMN soil moisture observations are automatically checked for outliers and transformed into volumetric unit. These data have been widely used as a reference in the past, as proven by the existing literature e.g., [8; 24; 31; 52; 53]. ISMN provides soil water content at different depths; in this work, observations at 0.1 m depth are considered as surface soil moisture (SSM) and the 1 m depth is considered representative of root zone soil moisture (RZSM).
# Occlusion Avoidance in a Simulated Environment Using Reinforcement Learning
## 3 The RL Environment  
In this section, the reinforcement learning environment is presented in detail, including its observation and action spaces, and the reward function. The environment itself is based on differentiable rendering, to create the scene and observations, Meta's PyTorch3D [34] framework is used. We chose to use PyTorch and PyTorch3D for this project mainly due to the frameworks' versatility and ease of use, as well as the enormous ecosystem of open-source projects, tools and knowledge transfer systems available. This library enables machine learning on 3D data, extending the popular PyTorch framework [35]. The framework provides advanced mesh storage and batching methods, essential for 3D computer vision research. Furthermore, PyTorch3D also includes several differentiable renderers, which enabled us not only to calculate a reward function, based on the number of occluded pixels, but also to compute the derivative of this reward with regard to the camera pose.  
A single instance of the environment renders a scene containing three different objects, selected randomly from the ShapeNet dataset [36]. The objects are placed in different locations along the z axis. The first object is placed in the origin, the others are displaced in the negative direction by default values of 1/2 and 2. The camera is placed 4 units away on the negative z axis. This creates a base setup that guarantees occlusion between objects in the scene.  
To avoid trivial solutions, and to allow more disturbances, the latter two objects--i.e., the ones not placed in the origin--are offset from the z axis horizontally. The size of the displacement is randomly chosen from a standard normal distribution, such that the camera is always able to observe some occlusion between the objects. The horizontal offset of the two objects are equal in magnitude but are opposite to each other--i.e., if the object closer to the camera is offset to the right, then the second object is moved to the left. Figure 1 shows a few typical environment setups.  
Figure 1: A few example setups of the environment. The camera position has been moved from the initial position for better visibility of the objects.
## 2 Data
### CMORPH Satellite Precipitation Data  
CMORPH (CPC morphing technique) was originally a technique created and developed by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to produce global high-altitude and spatial resolution precipitation products [18]. Nowadays CMORPH mostly refers to the precipitation data processed by this technology, which is based on low-orbit satellite observation, combined with multi-platform satellite microwave sensor, and then integrated by interpolation processing.  
CMORPH has a variety of precipitation products that can be freely downloaded from the NOAA server at [[http://ftp.cpc.nceep.noaa.gov/precip/CMORPH_V0.x/RAW/](http://ftp.cpc.nceep.noaa.gov/precip/CMORPH_V0.x/RAW/)]([http://ftp.cpc.nceep.noaa.gov/precip/CMORPH_V0.x/RAW/](http://ftp.cpc.nceep.noaa.gov/precip/CMORPH_V0.x/RAW/)) (accessed on 5 August 2023). The product has a time resolution of 3 h and a spatial resolution of 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.25\({}^{\circ}\), covering the area within 60 degrees of the global north and south latitude.
###### Abstract  
In base-station-based underwater wireless acoustic networks (B-UWANs), effective handover mechanisms are necessary to ensure seamless data services for mobile nodes such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Unlike terrestrial base stations (BSs), moored buoy BSs in B-UWANs experience motion responses due to wave loads under environmental conditions, posing unique challenges to the handover process. This study examines how BS motion affects handover decision errors, which arise when AUVs incorrectly initiate handovers to unintended BSs due to BS motion. By utilizing the AUV-BS distance as a handover triggering parameter, our analysis reveals a significant increase in decision errors within the overlapping regions when both the current and target BSs are in motion, especially when moving in the same direction. In addition, these errors intensify with the magnitude of BS motion and are exacerbated by smaller BS network radii. Based on these simulation results, we present an analytical framework that not only measures the influence of BS motion on the AUV-BS distance but also provides strategic insights for refining underwater handover protocols, thereby enhancing operational reliability and service continuity in B-UWANs.  
Acoustic communication; AUV; BS; buoy; B-UWAN; handover; motion; QoS; service; underwater +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors