# Developing an Adaptive 3D Vertebrae Model of Scoliosis Patients for Customize Garment Design
## 2 Related Literature Review  
Nowadays, computer aided design (CAD) with various analytical tools is used to generate practical designs for most engineering applications [9], including garment design. For such a purpose, several efforts have been made on generating an accurate digital 3D human model for analyzing the effects between humans and products. Modeling the external human body shape is one of the key techniques for realizing proper product design, which is required for better fitness, accuracy, comfort, and performance. Several researchers have also proposed a human body model development solution based on parameterization algorithms. For example, a human body model template was proposed through anthropometric measurement [10]. A 3D human body shape, through a set of semantic values using an exemplar-based method, was also generated [11]. Another study constructed a 3D human model from 2D images [12], which is a cost-effective approach to visualizing a digital human in a virtual environment. A parametrization approach to human bodies using unorganized cloud points has been also proposed for generating new models [13]. Such techniques are used for not only optimizing and testing the functionality of the designs, but also to assist in generating manufacturing information efficiently. It is also used for shortening the product development cycle by improving size accuracy, fitness, pattern accuracy and grading sampling, as it is able to draft a design virtually to reduce material waste. Even though the spine anatomy is challenging to master, some researchers have used software to convert medical images to 3D models through the process of segmentation. Such a process helps to create educational material for 3D visualization of the spine. The 3D models are then optimized using 3 Matic, the computer-aided design (CAD) counterpart to Mimics [14,15]. In previous research, cervical spine images taken from CT scanners were used as datasets to detect the bones and mimics was used to create a 3D model [16,17]. Two-dimensional images are limited in their ability to assess vertebral rotation and pelvic parameters, which is why an additional CT is sometimes needed to increase the accuracy of the measurements [18,19]. Besides radiation exposure, CT's main disadvantage is the patient's supine positioning during the examination [20], which leads to considerable differences in vertebral rotation and the extent of scoliosis compared to an upright posture. The new Enterprise Operating System (EOS)-technology based on a low-dose X-ray system allows 3D modeling of the spine based on 2-dimensional X-rays acquired of the upright position, providing information about scoliosis and sagittal balance [20]; the EOS images are found to be superior or equivalent to conventional radiographs in terms of global image quality and structure visibility with up to nine times lower radiation [21,22]. The sterEOS software enables 3D modeling of the bone envelope based on anatomic references defined by the reader and provides specific clinical parameters [23]. Some studies also analyzed scoliosis through various methods; for example, based on the surface of the trunk, the scoliosis curve was analyzed in 3D using a noninvasive multi-head digitizing system [24]. Another study also evaluated the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of spine deformity in patients with non-idiopathic scoliosis compared with those observed in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) [25]. A new top-view was developed for the 12 patients with idiopathic scoliosis to display their spine (as if the observer were above and looking down on the patient) using computerized spinal analysis [26]. Apart from the medical point of view, with the morphological figures of disabled people, they face a great problem in finding personalized products, including clothing, footwear and furniture [27]. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of reducing the exertion of human workers in manual handling and lifting tasks by using wearable exoskeletons.