## 4 Evaluation of Biological Properties
### Anticancer Activity
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cell Lines** & **Key Results** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7} & Suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 cells & \\  & Induced the cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells & \\  & Modulated Bax, Bcl2, and PARP & \\  & Reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential & [36] \\  & Increased the levels of cytochrome c (Cyt c) released & \\  & Upregulated the PTEN gene and inhibited the PI3K/Akt pathway & \\  & Decreased the intracellular GSH content & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human breast cancer MCF-7} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 16.95 uM & \\  & Inhibited colony formation of MCF-7 cells & \\  & Induced autophagy & \\  & Induced the conversion and aggregation of LC3-II & \\  & Increased the expression of Beclin-1 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ Gastric cancer MGC803} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 19.96 uM & \\  & Induced autophagy & \\  & Induced the conversion and aggregation of LC3-II & \\  & Increased the expression of Beclin-1 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ Gastric cancer GSC823} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 3.13 uM & \\  & Inhibited colony formation of BGC823 cells & \\  & Increased ROS production & \\  & Induced autophagy & \\  & Induced the conversion and aggregation of LC3-II & \\  & Increased the expression of Beclin-1 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ Gastric cancer AGS} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 24.19 uM & \\  & Induced autophagy & \\  & Induced the conversion and aggregation of LC3-II & \\  & Increased the expression of Beclin-1 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human colon cancer HCT-116} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 26.6 uM at 24 h & \\  & IC\({}_{50}\) = 47.3 uM at 48 h & \\  & Decreased the percentage of migrated cells by 14.4\% at 100 uM & \\  & Increased the percentage of apoptotic cells by 74.2\% at 100 uM & \\  & Induced cell-cycle arrest at sub-G\({}_{1}\) phase & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human lung cancer A549} & Inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells & \\  & IC\({}_{50}\) = 17.46 ug/mL at 48 h & \\  & Perturbed cell cycle & \\  & Induced apoptotic cell death & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human HCC HepG2; Human HCC SMMC-7721} & Reduced the proliferation of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells & \\  & Decreased cell migration and invasion abilities of both cells & \\  & Reduced the levels of \(\beta\)-catenin and \(p\)-\(\beta\)-catenin & [40] \\  & Suppressed the expression of Wnt/ \(\beta\)-catenin signaling proteins & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Breast cancer MCF-7; MCF-7 xenografts in nude mice} & IC\({}_{50}\) = 53.27 ug/mL & \\  & Inhibited cell viability in ER-positive MCF-7 cells & \\  & Induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells & \\  & Increased apoptosis in MCF-7 cells & \\  & Decreased the expression of Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, and XIAP & \\  & Increased Bax, Bad, and activated caspase & \\  & Inactivated the upstream PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway & \\ \hline Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 & IC\({}_{50}\) > 1000 ug/mL & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Breast cancer 4T1} & IC\({}_{50}\) > 1000 ug/mL & \\  & Blocked metastasis progression & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decreased the number of visible metastasis foci & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Inhibited metastasis size distribution in lung tissue & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Nontumorigenic breast epithelial} & No cytotoxicity & \\ \cline{1-1}  & MCF-10A & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Anticancer effects of Daucosterol.