# Biofilm Lifestyle in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
## 6 Strategies for Eradication of Biofilms
### Nanoparticles
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Agent** & **Target Microbe** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Expected Mode of** \\ **Anti-Biofilm Action** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reference** \\ \hline
**Repurposed drugs** & & & \\ \hline
**Antipsychotics** & & & \\ \hline Fluoxetine & _P. mirabilis_ & Interfering with biofilm & [231; 232] \\ Thioridazine & _P. mirabilis_ & formation molecular system & [233] \\ Penfluridol & E. faecalis & & \\ \hline
**Anti-amoeba** & & & \\ \hline Metronidazoleaele & _P. mirabilis_ & & [234] \\ Seenidazole & _S. marcescens_ & Antagonize QS system & [235] \\ \hline Allopurinol (anti-gout) & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [152] \\ \hline Ambrosol (mycolytic) & _S. marcescens_ & Antagonize QS system & [128] \\ \hline
**Antibiotics** & & & \\ \hline Azithromycin & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [124] \\ \hline Ciprofloxacinacin & _S. enterica_ & Antagonize QS system & [236] \\ \hline  & _S. aureus_ & & \\ Resveratrol (anticancer) & _E. coli_ & Downregulation of biofilm & [237] \\  & _Vibrio cholera_ & formation molecular system & [238] \\ \hline Ribavirin (antiviral) & C. albicans &
\begin{tabular}{c} Interfering with biofilm \\ formation molecular system \\ \end{tabular} & [240] \\ \hline Theophylline (bronchodilator) & C. albicans & Enzymatical quenching & [241] \\ \hline
**Pytochemicals** & & & \\ \hline Stolon (fenugreek) & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [130] \\ \hline Garlic extract & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [203] \\ \hline Allicin (Garlic) & _P. mirabilis_ & Antagonize QS system & [242] \\ \hline Carvacrol (Oregano) & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [243] \\ \hline Emodin (_Polygonum cuspidatum_) & _S. aureus_ & Downregulation of biofilm & [244] \\  & _C. albicans_ & formation molecular system & [245] \\ \hline Phytol (piper) & _S. marcescens_ & Antagonize QS system & [246] \\ \hline Curcumin (curcuma) & \begin{tabular}{c} _Acinetobacter baumannii, C. albian,_ \\ _P. mirabilis_ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Downregulation of biofilm \\ formation molecular system \\ \end{tabular} & [247] \\ \hline Tannic acid & _E. coli_ & Disruption & [248] \\  & & of biofilm matrix & [249] \\ \hline Xylitol & _S. marcescens_ & Antagonize QS system & [249] \\ \hline Sodium citrate & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [137] \\ \hline Isolimonic acid (citrus fruits) & _E. coli_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Downregulation of biofilm \\ formation molecular system \\ \end{tabular} & [250] \\ \hline Zingerone (ginger) & _P. aeruginosa_ & Antagonize QS system & [251] \\ \hline Vanillin & _Chromobacterium violaceum_ & Antagonize QS system & [252] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, W.A.H.H. ; methodology, A.S.A.L. ; software, A.S.A.L. ; validation, M.H.A., S.M.D.R. and A.A.H.R. ; formal analysis, A.M.; investigation, S.T. ; resources, A.S.A.L. ; data curation, E.-S.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.H.R. and W.A.H.H. ; writing--review and editing, A.A.H.R. and W.A.H.H. ; visualization, A.A.H.R. and W.A.H.H. ; supervision, W.A.H.H. ; project administration, W.A.H.H. ; funding acquisition, A.S.A.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.