esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Decentralized Documentation of Maritime Traffic Incidents to Support Conflict Resolution
## 3 Related Work
### Tamper-Proof Data Recording  
In addition to the approaches presented based on blockchains, there are other ways to check data records based on cryptographic properties, to a certain extent, for subsequent changes. For example, the documents can be electronically signed, stored in a data structure, and subsequently checked for validity. In [28], a log server is presented for this purpose, which provides a structure for tamper-evident data logging for a larger number of clients based on Merkle trees by feeding back smaller commitments to the clients. In [29], an approach based on hash-chains is presented. This approach enables logs to be protected on compromised machines without the need to publish anchors of the log by linking each entry with the previous one based on one-way hash functions. Therefore, a modification of the data would render the complete chain compromised. Several approaches based on the trusted hardware features of newer processors are shown in [30, 31]. These works use the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to ensure a tamper-proof log. The TPM creates a chain of trust from the bootloader to the operating system and the log system. The work in [31] uses TPM 2.0 to secure the log even between power cycles.
## 4 Remote Base Unit
### Hardware Description of the Remote Base Unit
#### 4.1.1 Interface with the RF Module  
The HTTP server includes a RS232 port, which allows communication between the PIC18F6722 and the RF module. Necessary hardware to connect both devices includes an integrated circuit MAX232 (for converting RS232 to USART protocol) and a modem-null module (wired to interconnect transmission Tx with reception terminals Rx and viceverza). The connections' diagram is shown in Figure 7.
# Distributed Fault Detection and Isolation Approach for Oil Pipelines
## 5 Results and Discussion  
Given the physical characteristics of the system, it is shown that, only by using Algorithm 1, it is not possible to implement local diagnosers. On the other hand, by means of Algorithm 2, the local diagnosers for subsystems \(\Sigma_{1}\), \(\Sigma_{2}\) and \(\Sigma_{3}\) are constructed, including level 1 subsystems. In the case of the local diagnoser for subsystem \(\Sigma_{4}\), level 2 subsystems are considered. In addition, by applying Algorithm 2, it is shown that local diagnosers were built with the minimum possible amount of FMSO sets necessary to minimize communication among subsystems. Figure 8 shows that the seven faults raised in the OPS model can be effectively detected and isolated from each other (since they have different fault signatures) according to the distributed construction of the four local diagnosers. Additionally, Figure 8 highlights the local faults that each local diagnoser detects and isolates; this shows the correspondence of the simulations with the sensibility shown in Table 3. It is shown that, using Algorithm 2, it is possible to implement a distributed diagnosis system for a large and complex process without the need to use the global model, this, unlike other studied methods, allows for optimizing the system design as well as the communication between subsystems.
## 3 Result and Discussion  
### **Ap9** and **Ap12** Synthesis Discussion  
**AP6** and **AP8** were synthesized according to the literature [24]. **AP9** was synthesized beginning with a Stille coupling of diester intermediate **1** with TPA-thiophene tin reagent **2** to give the diester precursor to **AP9** in 46% yield (Scheme 1, Figures S2 and S3). Basic hydrolysis of **3** with LiOH afforded **AP9** in high yield in two steps from known materials (Figure S4). The synthesis of **AP12** began with a Suzuki coupling of a TPA-boronic ester derivative (**5**) with dibromobenzothiadiazole **4** to give a _bis_TPA substituted benzothiadiazole derivative **6** in good yield (Figures S5 and S6). A sodium borohydride reduction of **6** yielded _bis_TPA-substituted phenyl diamine **7** in excellent yield (Figure S7). Upon condensation of **7** with known diene diester intermediate **8**, the diester precursor to **AP12** was synthesized (Figures S8 and S9). This diester intermediate **9** underwent basic hydrolysis to give the desired **AP12** dye (Figure S10).
###### Abstract  
Offshore wind platforms face critical low-frequency vibration challenges requiring advanced isolation solutions. This work develops a quadrilateral-shaped vibration isolation platform (QVIP) with a quasi-zero stiffness property for floating structures, combining negative stiffness elements and optimized damping to achieve high-static-low-dynamic-stiffness. Theoretical modeling establishes the QVIP's working principle and parametric behavior, while numerical simulations validate its ultra-low frequency (<1 Hz) suppression capabilities with time domain analysis. The design overcomes conventional trade-offs between low-frequency isolation and load-bearing capacity, offering improved stability for offshore applications compared to linear isolators. Results demonstrate effective vibration control through tailored nonlinear stiffness characteristics (e.g., 48.17% isolation efficiency, 39.48% peak amplitude reduction, and 73.14% variance reduction), suggesting practical viability for next-generation floating platforms.  
vibration control; isolation platform; offshore platform; quasi-zero stiffness; ultra-low frequency Article
# The Architecture of the Access Protocols of the Global Infocommunication Resources +
## 3 Results  
1. The developed centralized access network architecture differs from the known ones by using special protocols located between the physical and channel levels of the reference model of open systems interaction, which allows solving the problems of vertical handover using a new network element-a hardware and software aggregator, simplifying the schemes of terminal devices and increasing the use of networks in the last mile.
2. The sharing architecture of access protocols to global infocommunication devices has been developed, which provides for splitting the access level to the transmission medium (MAC) at the last mile into two sublevels: the sublevel of access network selection and the sublevel of access to the transmission medium. At the selection sub-level, a comprehensive selection of wireless networks from among those that meet the quality of service requirements is implemented.
3. A queuing model is obtained that describes the process of interaction between network terminals and the base station through a centralized network element in the form of a two-phase QS, which allows to evaluate the PTC of the data circulation process between the terminals and the base station.
4. Numerical experiments were carried out to assess the impact of the data block transfer process on the access network of the procedure for limiting input traffic, which confirmed the effectiveness of using the proposed sharing architecture to improve the quality of transmission, especially in overload mode.
# Transaction Mechanism Based on Two-Dimensional Energy and Reliability Pricing for Energy Prosumers
## 4 Case Study
### Experimental Environment  
A case study was performed where the proposed ERT was applied as the energy price when the prosumers supply the energy. Although it only focuses on the energy supply price for the prosumer as a producer, the proposed work can also be applied to the case when the prosumer purchases energy as well.  
Figure 6 shows the incentive and penalty plan of conventional pricing and the ERT. The incentive and penalty band of the proposed price has a different range and slop at each band shown as lines in Figure 6a. By adjusting these bands, the utility controls the prosumer's responsiveness. As shown in Figure 6b, the dynamic energy-reliability pricing is determined by combining the incentive-penalty band to control the reliability and the energy price on time to manage energy consumption.  
Figure 5: The relationship between the gradient of generation forecasting and the relative mean absolute error of Bonneville Power Administration (BPA)’s wind generation.  
To compare the performance, an energy price with a step-down penalty charge \(\alpha_{t}^{c}(\gamma_{t})\)[28] was considered as the conventional case, expressed as conventional pricing shown as a dashed line in Figure 6a. For a fair comparison, the band of the proposed price, \(\alpha_{t}(\beta_{i,t},\gamma_{t})\), is designed to have the same revenue as the conventional pricing case when they do not make any effort,  
\[\sum_{t\in T}\alpha_{t}^{c}(\gamma_{t})p_{t}e_{t}=\sum_{t\in T}\alpha_{t}(\beta _{i,t},\gamma_{t})p_{t}e_{t}. \tag{9}\]  
Assuming a three-band case, the values are numerically determined in order to have the same expected revenue using the probability distribution of absolute errors as shown in Figure 7.  
Under both the conventional pricing case and the proposed ERT, the prosumer (producer in this case) achieves the same annual revenue when operating the generator without management response to the energy price. The value without management was used as the reference value, and, for confirming the performance, the value was evaluated when EES was added and optimally operated to maximize prosumer revenue.  
The energy supply data used comes from the BPA, United States Department of Energy [21]. The BPA controls 42 wind plant sites concentrated in the Columbia River Gorge that spans northern  
Figure 6: Incentive and penalty plan of a conventional pricing mechanism and the ERT. (**a**) Incentive-penalty plan; (**b**) Energy-reliability pricing.  
Figure 7: Probability distribution of absolute error for generation forecasting.  
Oregon and southern Washington, and its total capacity in 2016 was around 4600 MW. Wind power generation data and forecasts over 360 days in 2016 were used and are presented in Figures 4, 5 and 7.
# Optimization of RIS-Assisted 6G NTN Architectures for High-Mobility UAV Communication Scenarios
## 4 Joint Optimization Framework for RIS Configuration and UAV Mobility
### Real-Time RIS Phase-Shift Optimization  
The heart of the proposed framework is the optimization of the RIS phase-shift matrix \(\mathbf{\Phi}\) to maximize the SINR at the user. The corresponding optimization problem is formulated as follows.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Standard EEG Data Analysis
#### 2.2.2 Realistic Head Model Creation  
An individual head model was reconstructed using the MR image of the participant and the EEG sensor positions. The individual MR image was segmented in 12 head compartments (skin; eyes; muscle; fat; spongy bone; compact bone; cortical grey matter; cerebellar grey matter; cortical white matter; cerebellar white matter; cerebrospinal fluid; brain stem) using the MR-TIM software [25]. The conductivity value of each tissue compartment was assigned based on previous literature [55]. Electrode positions were extracted from the GPS data, and projected over the head surface to minimize localization errors. Afterwards, a 3D regular 6 mm grid overlapping with the cortical/subcortical and cerebellar compartments was generated, to define all possible dipolar sources. Finally, a whole-head conductivity model was created using the optimized finite difference method described in [50]. Based on this model, the leadfield matrix, expressing the linear relationship between scalp EEG data and source-space neural activity, was calculated.
## 2 Related Work  
Although the satellites generate a vast amount of SAR data daily, InSAR interferograms that contain clear seismic deformation signals remain extremely scarce due to the prevalence of noise sources such as atmospheric delays and decorrelation. This results in a significant data imbalance problem. Specifically, interferograms exhibiting coseismic deformation are vastly outnumbered by those dominated by noise. To mitigate this challenge, researchers have adopted several dataset-oriented strategies, such as applying data augmentation to expend real interferogram samples, generating synthetic interferograms using physical modeling, and employing generative adversarial networks (GANs) to enrich the dataset.
## 4 Proposed Techniques
### Controlled Dummy Adaptive Distribution  
Since DUD and DAD schemes could fail in delivering real event packets within a certain delay or network lifetime constraint, CAD is introduced to maximize the delivery ratio and minimize the delay to guarantee the arrival of all packets in the real event to the sink within the required constraints. CAD is based on DAD and it increases the real traffic rate and decreases the fake traffic rate using the same Equations (6)-(8) as above. However, if a real node fails to transmit a real packet using the real traffic rate for n-intervals, this node will transmit the first real packet in its buffer without using any kind of probability (transmitting rate is one). Then, it will reuse the original real traffic rate as before for the following real packet. By repeating this process, all real packets can be delivered within guaranteed n-intervals as presented in Algorithm 1.  
```
constantRate: select the desired transmission rate realRate: from Equation (6) fakeRate: from Equation (7) realIntervalCount: the maximum number of intervals a real packet can wait maxIntervalCount: the maximum number of intervals desired by the application randomSending: a random number between 0 and 1 for\(slot_{i}\) < number of lifetime slots do for each node in the network do if node has a real packet in its buffer then if\(slot_{i}\) == sending interval then ifmaxIntervalCount == realIntervalCount then  make realRate to 1 else make the rate equal to realRate endif if randomSending \(\leqslant\) realRate then  remove the packet from node's buffer  adjust sending time for other packets in buffer  add partition to time slot  run the desired routing protocol else  delay all packets in buffer and try next interval endif else if randomSending \(\leqslant\) fakeRate then  send a fake packet endif endif endif endfor
```  
**Algorithm 1** CAD
## 1 Introduction
### Upstream and Direct Inter-ONU Communication Performances  
The measured bit error rate (BER) performances of the considered eight channels are presented in Figure 5. To explore the fiber transmission-induced performance degradation at a 20% overhead soft-decision FEC threshold at a BER of 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\)[16], the corresponding back-to-back (B2B) transmission performances of the considered eight channels are also measured and presented in Figure 5. It can be found from the figure that: (1) for all the channels, the receiver sensitivities are \(\sim\)\(-\)5 dBm for achieving their BERs at the considered FEC limit, and (2) for the upstream (direct inter-ONU) communications, the fiber transmission-induced power penalties are \(<\)1.5 dB (\(<\)0.7 dB) for all the involved channels.  
Figure 5: Transmission performances of (**a**) inter-ONU communications and (**b**) upstream communications.  
Due to ONU2's (ONU1's) utilization of OSSB modulation (low-frequency spectral locations), ONU2 (ONU1) suffers the negligible channel fading effects, as verified by Figure 4d, where no obvious power fading dips can be found for both ONUs. The fiber nonlinearity effects are also negligible for both the upstream and direct inter-ONU communications due to the adopted low optical launch powers and relatively short transmission distances. Therefore, for the considered PONs, the major factors causing the transmission system impairments include chromatic dispersion, the Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattering effects, the channel interference effect between different ONUs, practical hardware impairments, and the interplay between the abovementioned elements. The channel interference effects between different ONUs mainly arise from the signal-to-signal beating interference (SSBI) noise by directly detecting ONU2's OSSB signals and imperfect digital filter-induced power leakages, which are explicitly explored and discussed in Section 3.3. As discussed in Section 3.1, the upstream (direct inter-ONU) communications suffer from the negligible (relatively strong) backscattering effects. As such, for the direct inter-ONU communications, the power penalties of <0.7 dB in Figure 5a are mainly caused by the Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattering effects and chromatic dispersion. For the upstream communications, the observed <1.5 dB power penalties in Figure 5b are mainly due to chromatic dispersion. Such small power penalties imply that the proposed technique has excellent tolerance to chromatic dispersion and the Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattering effects.
# Effective Detection of Malicious Uniform Resource Locator (URLs) Using Deep-Learning Techniques
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Experimental Setup  
The experimental setting for training the suggested model was a Google cloud GPU called Colab. Tensor-based data structures supported and the proposed model constructed using a variety of neural network modules and tools, with PyTorch, Numpy, Pandas, and transformers among the libraries that used to vectorize the data at the tensor level.
## 4 Control
### Adapting to a Surface after Landing  
To adapt a landed UAV to a changing surface on which it is standing, it is necessary to know the attitude of the UAV, especially in its roll and pitch axis. Since multirotor UAVs' flight controllers are already equipped with an IMU, information about the UAV's attitude can be read from here. A controller is developed to tilt the UAV back to its zero position using the IMU data and manipulator kinematics to increase or decrease the manipulator heights accordingly. A simple PD system is developed as given in Equation (12).  
\[u(t)=K_{p}e(t)+K_{d}\frac{\mathrm{d}e(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} \tag{12}\]  
where \(K_{p}\) and \(K_{d}\) are the P and D gains, respectively. \(e(t)\) is the error between the desired value and the present value.  
For a stable parallel pose of the airframe, its \(\theta\) (roll angle) and \(\phi\) (pitch angle) values should be maintained zero. Therefore, any non-zero roll and pitch values forms the error \(e(t)\). Taking into account the roll (\(\theta\)) and pitch (\(\phi\)) axes of the UAV and the manipulator numbering with reference to Figure 7a, Equation (12) is re-written as in Equations (13) and (14) for \(\theta\) and \(\phi\) changes respectively.  
\[\begin{split} arm2_{u}(t)&=-K_{p}\theta(t)+K_{d} \theta(t)\\ arm3_{u}(t)&=K_{p}\theta(t)+K_{d}\theta(t)\\ arm1_{u}(t)&=-K_{p}\phi(t)+K_{d}\phi(t)\\ arm2_{u}(t)&=arm3_{u}(t)&=K_{p}\phi(t )+K_{d}\phi(t)\\ \end{split} \tag{13}\]  
where \(\theta(t)\) and \(\phi(t)\) are the roll and pitch values of the UAV at a given time \(t\). \(\theta(t)\) and \(\phi(t)\) are the differences between the current and previous roll and pitch values respectively of the UAV. \(arm1_{u}(t)\), \(arm2_{u}(t)\) and \(arm3_{u}(t)\) are the angle changes applied to the last link of each manipulator resulting in their height changes.  
The maximum slope angle of the surface till which the manipulator system will be able to maintain the airframe horizontal is:  
\[\theta_{max}=\tan^{-1}(\frac{l_{hmax}-l_{hmin}}{d_{sep}}) \tag{15}\]  
where \(l_{hmin}\) and \(l_{hmax}\) are the minimum and maximum controllable heights of a manipulator, which are 282 [mm] and 417 [mm] respectively in the current hardware design. \(d_{sep}\) is the distance of separation between the two manipulators. For roll case, \(d_{sep}\) is \(l_{a}+l_{p}\) and for pitch case, \(d_{sep}\) is \(l_{r}+l_{r}\).
###### Abstract  
Hard turning is an emerging machining technology that evolved as a substitute for grinding in the production of precision parts from hardened steel. It offers advantages such as reduced cycle times, lower costs, and environmental benefits over grinding. Hard turning is stated to be difficult because of the high hardness of the workpiece material, which causes higher tool wear, cutting temperature, surface roughness, and cutting force. In this work, a dual-nozzle minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system's performance assessment of ZnO nano-cutting fluid in the hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel is examined. The objective is to evaluate the ZnO nano-cutting fluid's impacts on flank wear, surface roughness, cutting temperature, cutting power consumption, and cutting noise. The tool flank wear was traced to be very low (0.027 mm to 0.095 mm) as per the hard turning concern. Additionally, the data acquired are statistically analyzed using main effects plots, interaction plots, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, a novel Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) optimization tool was implemented to select the optimal combination of input parameters. The following optimal input variables were found: depth of cut = 0.3 mm, feed = 0.05 mm/rev, cutting speed = 210 m/min, and flow rate = 50 mL/hr.  
hard turning; dual-nozzle MQL; ZnO nanofluid; cutting noise; WASPAS optimization Article
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Years**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**River**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Restoration Objectives**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Monitoring Restoration**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Scientific Article**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Database Completeness**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & **Before** & & **After** & **REFROM** & **RESTORE** \\ \hline
2000 & Lahm (Germany) & Habitats & x & [19; 20] & + & \\
2004–2008 & Ems (Germany) & Channel dynamics & x & x & + & + \\
2005–2006 & Meuse (The Netherlands) & Ecological and morphological & x & x & ++ & ++ \\
2005–2018 & Adour (France) & Freedom space & x & & + & ++ \\
2006–2010 & Lippe (Germany) & Habitats & x & & ++ & \\
2-2007 & Mur (Austria) & Balance sediment budget & x & x & [21] & \\
2008–2010 & Meuse (The Netherlands) & Improve natural value & & x & [22] & \\
2009–2013 & Mur (Austria/Sloveria) & Ecological and hydrological & & & + \\
2010–2017 & Old Rhine (France) (Germany) & Sediment budget and dynamics & x & x & [23; 24] & \\
2010–2015 & Upper Mur (Austria) & Habitats & x & x & [25] & \\
2012 & Altl Lorgy (Scotland) & Morphology and habitats & x & x & & + \\
2012–2014 & Frome (England) &? & x & x & & + \\
2 & Danube (?) & Fluvial landscape & & & & + \\
2018 & Mulde River (Germany) & Revitalization & x & x & [26] & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of restoration projects in which bank protection removal measures were applied. This database was compiled from existing scientific publications and restoration projects listed within two freely accessible European restoration project databases REFORM “[[https://wiki.reformrivers.eu](https://wiki.reformrivers.eu)]([https://wiki.reformrivers.eu](https://wiki.reformrivers.eu)) (accessed on 15 February 2023)” and RESTORE “[[https://restorerivers.eu](https://restorerivers.eu)]([https://restorerivers.eu](https://restorerivers.eu)) (accessed on 15 February 2023)”. Degree of database completeness: (+) = very little information; (++) = mi-correctly filled in; (++) = complete. 3. Consequently, broad communication about the objectives and benefits of restoration projects is recognized as essential for a successful outcome. Knowledge sharing around restoration projects, i.e., sharing objectives and techniques, including the monitoring methods to be applied and the final results that validate or invalidate the success of the restoration, is clearly considered essential for the efficient hydrogeomorphological and ecological restoration of river systems [14; 15; 18]. However, concerning pre- and post-restoration monitoring, a disparity in the level of information provided was observed (Table 1). In this context, the objective of the article is to evaluate to what extent riprap removal may be an efficient restoration measure in terms of the reactivation of bank erosion and lateral channel dynamics as well as the replenishment of the local bedload in gravel-bed floodplain rivers with sufficiently large freedom space. To do so, an experimental in situ restoration approach on the Allier River, France, was chosen.