## 2 Technology Advancement in Sports Sciences and Rehabilitation  
The Special Issue \"Physical Exercise in Sports Sciences and Rehabilitation: Physiology, Clinical Applications and Real Practice\" explores the recent advancements and applications of physical exercise and rehabilitation in sports science. The issue contains a variety of research papers that investigate the use of physical exercise in improving muscular activity, in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, in cognitive function and mental health, in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and neurological disorders, and in sport promoting, healing, and recovery. We believe that this Special Issue will be of great interest to researchers, clinicians, and practitioners working in the fields of sports sciences and rehabilitation, and to policymakers and the general public interested in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles.  
To date, technological advancements, including artificial intelligence or machine learning analysis, have drastically influenced rehabilitative approaches in different fields and have influenced the clinical research, the diagnosis, and the management of musculoskeletal disorders [5, 6].  
[PERSON] et al. [7] assessed the effects of a 6 min fast-walking protocol on muscle activity in individuals with flat-foot, using a motion capture system (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) with eight infrared cameras operating at 100 Hz to capture and determine gait cycle. The flatfoot group showed a decrease in the median frequency of the tibialis anterior (from 116 Hz to 106 Hz) after 6 min of fast walking (\(p<0.001\)), further confirming that the tibialis anterior was likely most fatigued. Moreover, the median frequency of the abductor hallucois in the flatfoot group increased (from 189 Hz to 215 Hz) after 6 min of fast walking (\(p<0.001\)).  
In this context, [PERSON] et al. [8] performed a proof-of-principle study on professional football players. The authors performed an sEMG analysis of four muscles of the dominant leg (rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femori (BF), and medial hamstrings (MH)) to evaluate the short-term effects of a neuromuscular warm-up on the knee stabilizer muscles' activation pattern, demonstrating an improvement of RF (from 181.72 \(\pm\) 97.73 ms at T0 to 335.63 \(\pm\) 225.95 ms at T1), VM (175.18 \(\pm\) 87.25 ms at T0; 322.63 \(\pm\) 163.35 ms at T1), of BF (128.1 \(\pm\) 64.2 ms at T0; 201.90 \(\pm\) 103.79 ms at T1), and MH (130.4 \(\pm\) 54.1 ms at T0; 204.63 \(\pm\) 108.57 ms at T1). Thus, a neuromuscular warm-up exercise program might improve the pre-activation timing of the knee stabilizer muscles.  
[PERSON] et al. [9] assessed the effects of a joint mobilization apparatus in terms of range of motion recovery in patients with Distal radius fractures. This innovative equipment comprised a laptop for video viewing, head-mounted virtual reality (VR) display, and vibrator (combined tendon vibratory and visual stimulus). The authors reported significant advantages in a ghost group in terms of the arcs of motion in patients with normal and low BMI (\(p<0.001\)) and in probability of recovery of wrist flexion-extension RoM from day 14 to 82 (\(p<0.001\)) compared to standard therapy alone. [PERSON] et al. [10] demonstrated the reliability and validity of dynamometric protocols for trunk-muscle function (strength and endurance), including the lumbar extensors. [PERSON] et al. [11] explored the relationship between clinical tests, ultrasound findings, and selected field-based wheelchair skills tests (WST) in a cohort of quadriplegic wheelchair rugby athletes, suggesting that ultrasound is a valuable tool in shoulder diagnostic and that dominant shoulder joint and rotator cuff muscle damage may be affected by chronic manual wheelchair use, while the non-dominant shoulder joint conditions seem related to the performance on the WST.