## 3 Results
### Recombination and Phylogenetic Studies  
There were no differences between the ML and NJ trees; therefore, only the NJ trees are presented (Figure 2). The phylogenetic trees constructed using the amino acid sequences of partial ORFs (in the case of ORF1) or complete ORF sequences were not phylogenetically informative, except for ORF3 (Figure 2D). In addition, the phylogenetic trees constructed using the nucleotide sequences of RNA2 and RNA5 were not phylogenetically informative, as most isolates remained ungrouped. Therefore, only the phylogenetically informative trees have been described and analyzed in this study. There was no correlation between the geographical origin of the isolates and phylogenetic groups. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the host species and the phylogenetic trees based on RNA2-RNA5. However, isolates collected from _F. ornus_ formed a distinct cluster in the tree constructed using the partial ORF1 sequence. For constructing the phylogenetic trees based on the ORF1 N-proximal and ORF1 C-proximal regions, we successfully amplified these regions in 11 samples, 9 of which originated from the same source. Specifically, for isolates E62787 and E59984, only the ORF1 N-proximal region was successfully amplified, whereas for isolates E62941 and E62477, only the ORF1 C-proximal region was successfully amplified. Based on the ORF1 N-proximal, ASaV isolates clustered in five groups (Figure 2A). Isolates E62017 and E62033 clustered in the clade ORF1-N-I; isolates S10, E59464, and E60765 in clade ORF1-N-II; isolates E62787 and E55270 in clade ORF1-N-III; isolates E62907, E63069, and E63073 in clade ORF1-N-IV; and isolates E63064, E63065, and E63071 in clade ORF1-N-V. This profile differed when the NJ tree was constructed based on the ORF1 C-proximal. The ASaV isolates were grouped in three main clusters (Figure 2B), and there was no consistency in profiling with the NJ tree constructed based on the ORF1 N-proximal. This observation may suggest the occurrence of a recombination event within RNA1. A phylogenetic analysis based on near full-length nucleotide sequences of ORF2 identified that five clades and six isolates (34%) remained ungrouped (Figure 2C). Three different NJ trees were constructed based on the near full-length nucleotide sequences of ASaV RNA3 in sequenced isolates and the ORF3 region at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels. ASaV isolates consistently grouped into three main clades across all constructed trees, except for isolate E59984, which remained ungrouped in the amino acid-level tree and did not cluster with its expected clade, ORF3-II. In addition, also using additional ASaV ORF3 sequences that were available in GenBank, a constructed tree based on the nt sequence of ORF3 is presented (Figure 2D). Based on the latter tree, clade ORF3-I comprises six ASaV isolates; E62017 and E62018, both from Berlin (Germany); isolates E62037, E62053, E62073, and E62900 from Melzower forest (Germany); and the PaEV-18 isolate reported from the pea (_Pisum sativum_, Meissen county, Germany, acc. no. MN399722). Clade ORF3-II includes three isolates, E62779 (Kaisheim, Germany), E55271 (Basel, Switzerland), and E59984 (Berlin, Germany), which all share the same host species, _F. excelsior_. The remaining isolates placed in clade ORF3-III originated from various geographical regions and were isolated from different host species. As mentioned, there was no correlation between the geographical or host origins and phylogenetic groups. Nearly the full length of RNA4 was amplified in 26 isolates and used for the construction of the NJ tree, and three reference sequences were retrieved from GenBank: OP501826 (_F. excelsior_, Castets-en-Dorthe, France); OU466878, S81 (_F. ornus_, Hamburg, Germany); and OU466883, E55270 (_F. excelsior_, Switzerland). The ASaV isolates were grouped in eight distinct clades, and six isolates (almost 20% of isolates) remained ungroup (Figure 2E).