esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Synthesis and Characterization of ILs and MNPs
#### 3.1.2 Synthesis and Characterization of MNP  
The Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) particles were first prepared (Figure 1). Their TEM image was shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S14A. The diameter of these nanoparticles is in the range  
Figure 2: Schematic structures of magnetic nanoparticles coated with crosslinked zwitterionic poly(ionic liquid)s obtained in this study.  
from 9 to 20 nm, with an average size of 13 nm and a relative standard deviation of 20% (\(n=50\)) (Supplementary Materials Figure S15). Next, the Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) surface was modified with MPS (Figure 1). Supplementary Materials Figure S7 shows FTIR spectra of the MPS-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The characteristic absorption bands at and 1629 cm\({}^{-1}\) are present due to C=C stretching tensions of the MPS ligand. The bands at 1688 and 1169 cm\({}^{-1}\) are present due to the C=O and C-O stretching vibrations, respectively (Supplementary Materials Figure S7).  
The Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)-MPS were coated with poly(ionic liquid) crosslinked with divinylbenzene. The coating was performed by miniemulsion polymerization of the synthesized ILs in the presence of DVB as a cross-linker and K\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{8}\) as an initiator (Figure 1). Changes in the FT-IR spectra confirm the progress of the polymerization reaction. Peaks characteristic of stretching tensions of C=C in the range of 1650-1670 cm\({}^{-1}\) in the monomer spectra (Supplementary Materials Figures S2, S4, and S6), disappeared in the coated MNP spectra (Supplementary Materials Figures S9, S11, and S12). The incorporation of IL in polymer structure was proved by the presence of nitrogen confirmed in elemental analysis. The nitrogen content for MNP-Ac, MNP-Sul, and MNP-Mal was 0.39, 0.86, and 0.65%, respectively.  
Coating of MNP-Ac and MNP-Mal with zwitterionic, crosslinked poly(ionic liquid)s was performed in two steps. In the first stage, the Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) was coated with the polymer, where carboxyl groups were protected in form of ethyl ester. This coating was next unprotected by the basic hydrolysis. IR spectroscopy confirmed the change in the structure. Bands at 1750 and 1018 cm\({}^{-1}\) at MNP-Ac spectrum (Supplementary Materials Figure S9) or 1732 and 1016 cm\({}^{-1}\) at MNP-Mal (Supplementary Materials Figure S12) spectrum, characteristic for esters, disappeared after hydrolysis (Supplementary Materials Figures S10 and S13).
## 3 CSES Optimization Framework with Dual-Time-Scale Coordination
### Dual-Time-Scale Coordination
#### 3.3.1. SOC Linear Interpolation  
A day-ahead SOC time series \(E^{e}_{\text{day}}=E^{e}_{1}\), \(E^{e}_{2},\ldots,E^{e}_{24}\) represents hourly intervals for AC subnetwork \(e\), and an expanded time series \(E^{e}_{\text{intra}}=E^{\prime\epsilon}_{1},E^{\prime\epsilon}_{2},\ldots,E^{ \prime\epsilon}_{96}\) is generated to represent 15-min intervals through Equation (44):  
\[E^{\prime\epsilon}_{j}=(1-\alpha)\cdot E^{e}_{k_{1}}+\alpha\cdot E^{e}_{k_{2}} \tag{44}\]  
where \(j\in 1,2,\ldots,96\) is the index in the expanded time series; \(k_{1}=\frac{j-1}{4}+1\) is the lower original index; \(k_{2}=\min(\frac{j-1}{4}+1,24)\) is the upper original index; \(\alpha=\frac{j-1}{4}-\frac{j-1}{4}\) is the interpolation coefficient; \(\lfloor\cdot\rfloor\) represents the floor function (rounding down); and \(\lceil\cdot\rceil\) represents the ceiling function (rounding up).  
This formulation ensures that the expanded time series preserves all original data points (\(E^{\prime e}_{4k-3}=E^{e}_{k}\) for \(k\in 1,2,\ldots,24\)) while providing continuous transitions between hourly intervals.  
This refined approach prevents temporal SOC constraint violations that might occur due to communication delays in the ADMM algorithm. Additionally, each subnetwork receives only its corresponding SOC reference trajectory, maintaining operational privacy while ensuring system-wide optimization.
# Observation and Numerical Simulation of a Windshear Case at an Airport in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Other Model Setup  
The present model setup, similar to one adopted for the Hong Kong International Airport (e.g., [4]), is justified from the satisfactory simulation of terrain-induced windshear features in comparison with actual observations, e.g., from Doppler LIDAR, surface automatic weather stations, and pilot windshear reports. For the complex terrain in Hong Kong, slopes steeper than 30\({}^{\circ}\) exist, and the RAMS model version 6.3 is found to perform well with the Deardorff turbulence parameterization scheme.  
A possible enhancement to the RAMS simulation is the assimilation of the actual LIDAR data in the running of the model. An experiment with the present model setup has been conducted using the standard data assimilation scheme of RAMS. The vertical wind profiles of the LIDAR and the surface observations are assimilated into the model for an extended period of time, namely, between 12 UTC and 23 UTC on 30 November 2017. The simulation results are compared with the actual LIDAR observations. The same period of data as mentioned above is used for verification purposes. For horizontal wind speed, the RMSE is about 1.96 m/s. For horizontal wind direction, the RMSE is about 15.3\({}^{\circ}\). For EDR, the RMSE is about 0.00083 m\({}^{2}\)s\({}^{-3}\). All these results are comparable with the model simulation results reported earlier on.  
An alternative is to use a numerical model adopted for complex terrain situations. In this regard, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Immersed Boundary  
Figure 8: The time–height cross section of the simulated horizontal wind and vertical wind at the location of the LIDAR (**a**) and the simulated range-height indicator image of Doppler velocity of the LIDAR (**b**).  
Method (WRF-IBM, as documented in [20]) is considered because it is explicitly designed to handle complex terrain effects on flow fields at resolutions down to down to 10 m with slopes higher than 30\({}^{\circ}\). All three commonly used parameterization schemes, namely, MYJ, YSU, and MYNN, have been used in WRF-IBM for the simulation. The same period of data as mentioned earlier is used for verification purposes. For horizontal wind speed, the RMSE is in the region of 3.6 to 3.8 m/s. For horizontal wind direction, the RMSE is in the region of 35-37\({}^{\circ}\). For EDR, the RMSE is about 0.00087 m\({}^{2}\)s\({}^{-3}\) to 0.00097 m\({}^{2}\)s\({}^{-3}\). All these results are comparable or slightly worse than the model simulation results reported earlier.  
In future studies, WRF-IBM would be applied to the situation in the Hong Kong International Airport for more extensive comparison with RAMS 6.3--Deardorff parameterization scheme, in order to study the relevant performance of the two models for complex terrain in another place with a more comprehensive actual observation for comparison purposes. The study results would be reported in future papers.
## 4 Experiment and Evaluation
### Model Parameters  
The batch size is set to 32. Batch size is controlled as the number of samples propagated through the network simultaneously. Using small batches compared to larger batches has been shown to avoid local minima, improve generalization performance, and enhance optimization convergence during deep neural network training.  
With w set to 3, the LSTM network processes w driving decisions in a sliding window, which represents the current time driving decision that is predicted using the past w-1 driving decisions, and the size of the sliding window w determines the memory length for making the current control decisions (as shown in Figure 10). A larger w is more suitable for high-speed driving because it processes more information from the past but requires more time to train and make driving decisions. Conversely, smaller w
# Estimation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence at Different Scales: A Review
## 3 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Detection near the Ground
### Passive Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement  
Passive chlorophyll fluorescence measurements use the filling of chlorophyll fluorescence in the Fraunhofer lines or oxygen absorption bands to retrieve the fluorescence information. The sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) retrieved on top of the canopy does not consider the atmospheric effects between the surface vegetation and the sensor, thus, the retrieval methods require solar irradiance and target radiance in two channels. These SIF retrieval methods near the ground are summarized in existing illustrations [57; 69], and are divided into reflectance-based methods [28; 70; 71; 72; 73] and radiance-based methods, including the Fraunhofer line depth (FLD) [24; 74], 3-band FLD [75], corrected FLD [76; 77], improved FLD [78; 79], extended FLD (eFLD) [80], and spectral fitting method (SFM) [69]. Reflectance-based methods mainly build the index using several spectral channels in the range of 650-800 nm to qualitatively reflect the fluorescence information. However, radiance-based methods are developed based on the FLD principle and can be used to obtain fluorescence radiation which has physical meaning.  
The FLEX mission is to accurately reconstruct the full fluorescence spectrum. Based on the SFM method, several full-spectrum spectral fitting methods have been proposed to reconstruct the SIF spectrum from top-of-canopy (TOC) measured data, such as fluorescence spectrum reconstruction (FSR) [81], full-spectrum spectral fitting method (F-SFM) [82], SpecFit method [83], and aFSR method [84].
## 3 System Model
### LEO-Aerial Linkage Model  
Herein, we leveraged the linkage model of [26], as the RX power at LEO-Sat from aerial \(j\) covering cluster \(i\) at time \(t\), i.e., \(P_{rSj_{i}}(t)\), is written as follows:  
\[P_{rSj_{i}}(t)=\frac{P_{tj_{i}S}(t)cG_{tj_{i}}G_{rS}}{4\pi f_{S}d_{Sj_{i}}(t)} \tag{5}\]  
Thus, the attainable data rate in bps can be formulated as:  
\[\eta_{Sj_{i}}(t)=B_{Sj_{i}}(t)\text{log}_{2}\left(1+\frac{P_{rSj_{i}}(t)}{\tau \varepsilon B_{Sj_{i}}(t)}\right), \tag{6}\]  
In (5), \(P_{tj_{i}S}(t)\) is the transmitted power from aerial to LEO-Sat at time \(t\), and \(G_{tj_{i}}\), \(G_{rS}\) are the transmitter and delivered antenna gains from aerial (LEO-Sat) to LEO-Sat (aerial), correspondingly. \(d_{Sj_{i}}(t)\) defines the space between the LEO-Sat and aerial \(j\) covering cluster \(i\). Also, \(f_{S}\) and \(c\) are the operating frequency of the LEO-aerial link and the speed of light, respectively, and LEO-Sat is assumed to use the sub 6 GHz wireless communication technology as given in [26]. In (6), \(B_{Sj_{i}}(t)\) is the allocated bandwidth of the LEO-aerial \(j\) link at time \(t\), where it is assumed that the total LEO-Sat bandwidth \(B_{Smax}\) is divided among the available LEO-aerial links. Also, \(\tau\) reflects the noise temperature, and \(\varepsilon\) is the Boltzmann constant.
# The Emerging Roles of RNA Modifications in Glioblastoma
## 3 RNA Modifications in GBM
### RNA m\({}^{6}\)A Modification in GBM
#### 3.1.1 RNA m\({}^{6}\)A Writers in GBM
WTAP is also an important part of the m\({}^{6}\)A methyltransferase complex. It is also highly expressed in glioma, closely correlated with pathological grade and negatively correlated with postoperative survival in glioma patients [61; 62]. WTAP stimulates tumorigen, migration and invasion of GBM cells possibly through enhancing the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an important oncogenic factors in GBM [61]. In GSCs, WTAP also plays an important role as a downstream target of miR-29a/Quaking gene isoform 6 (QKI-6) axis-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as promotion of apoptosis in GSCs [63]. ZC3H13, as a zinc-finger protein, is also an essential regulator in the MACOM complex, which can anchor WTAP, Virilizer, and Hakai in the nucleus [93]. A recent study shows that ZC3H13 mutation combined with retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) mutation can recapture human GBM in a mouse model. Moreover, ZC3H13 mutation also alters the gene expression profiles of RB1 mutants, rendering GBM tumors more resistant to TMZ [94]. These evidences connote that ZC3H13 may be an anti-cancer factor. Collectively, m\({}^{6}\)A writers are important for GBM progression. Most of them are upregulated in GBM, and show oncogenic roles by regulating specific signaling pathways, especially factors that contribute to stemness maintenance. However, some opposite results show that the expression alterations of some writers in GBM are downregulated and they may pose anti-cancer properties, indicating that much more work should be done to confirm their expressions and functions in GBM.
# Automatic Vertical Parking Reference Trajectory Based on Improved Immune Shark Smell Optimization
## 2 Model of Reference Trajectory Optimization and Related Principles for Automatic Vertical Parking
### Feasibility Conditions for AVP  
The AVP technology studied herein is focused on underground parking garages of high-end residential areas or large shopping malls, as well as the above-ground parking garages of large venues or squares. Generally, these parking lots have special administrators and cleaners, who can ensure a reduction in sudden obstacles when using AVP. Hence, in these high-end parking lots, sudden obstacles during AVP generally do not exist. Considering that in complex situations, especially sudden obstacles, the technology and experience of intelligent obstacle avoidance for unmanned real vehicle parking are not mature and that the research into intelligent obstacle avoidance technology for unmanned real vehicle parking has a high labor and monetary cost, obtains significantly smaller benefits, and is not popular in the marketplace, this research assumes the absence of obstacles in the parking environment. In addition, in this study, the parking garage is measurable; the bottom line and the side lines of the parking garage, as well as the bottom corner and the top corner of the parking garage, should be clearly identifiable. Further, the following feasibility constraints of starting to park in the garage must be met. First, the center point \(P_{1}\) of the starting area should be in the feasible parking starting area \(\Omega_{C,1}\); that is, \(P_{1}\in\Omega_{C,1}\). Second, the connection line between the center point \(P_{1}\) of the starting area and its bottom middle point \(P_{b1}\) is \(L(P_{1},P_{b1})\), the angle between \(L(P_{1},P_{b1})\) and the garage bottom line  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of AVP.  
is referred to as the starting inclination angle \(\Delta\angle_{B}\), and its absolute value must be less than the threshold value \(\Delta\angle_{B\max}\); that is, \(|\angle_{B}|<\Delta\angle_{B\max}\).  
If the AVP feasibility condition is not established, the AVP trajectory optimization and tracking control will not start. In addition, if a sudden obstacle is detected during AVP trajectory tracking control, the emergency braking command will be triggered to protect the safety of the person and vehicle.
## 4 Improved Tight Combination Model
### Design of Extended Kalman Filter  
The state equation and measurement equation of the system based on the improved UWB/IMU tight combination positioning model were derived based on the extended Kalman filter. In this study, the position, velocity, and acceleration of an IMU were selected as state variables, and the ranging information of UWB and the angle information of IMU were selected as observation values.
## Materials and Methods  
### Materials, Apparatus and Procedures  
Polyethylene terephthalate foil (PET, thickness 50 \(\upmu\)m, density 1.36 g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\)) supplied by Goodfellow Ltd., Cambridge, UK, was exposed to a 248-nm KrF excimer laser (COMPexPro 50F, Coherent, Inc., California, USA) with pulse duration of 20 to 40 ns, frequency of 10 Hz, 6000 pulses. A laser beam was linearly polarized by fused quartz prism (model PBSO 248-100) and directed through the aperture of 5 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{2}\) to the polymer. Strip of PET foil (30 \(\times\) 8 mm\({}^{2}\)) was placed vertically into high precision spectro-optics cell (HellmaAnalities GmbH, Mullheim, Germany, type No. 100-QS, light path of 10 mm), so that the polymer was centered in the middle of the cuvette. Afterwards, 3 mL of water (water for ion chromatography, Sigma-Aldrich Co., Missouri, USA) was added by using automatic pipette. Scheme of the process in depicted in Figure 1. In our experiments, we applied fluencies ranging from 4 to 20 mJ\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\), however, worm-like morphology, typical for underwater polymer processing with linearly polarized laser light, occurred in much narrower interval of 8 to 18 mJ\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\). All PET samples were modified under static conditions with 6000 pulses, perpendicularly to polymer surface. For the setting of required laser fluence (4-20 mJ\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\)) at different operating voltage (19-29 kV, charging voltage applied on main storage capacitor), external laser beam attenuator (Attenuator module No. 2910216, Coherent, Inc., California, USA) was used. Attenuator was placed immediately behind the mouth of the laser tube.  
Figure 1: Scheme of underwater laser processing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) showing key process steps.
# StructSim: Meta-Structure-Based Similarity Measure in Heterogeneous Information Networks
## 2 Related Work  
In this paper, we mainly summarize similarity measure methods in homogeneous information networks and those in HINs.  
The similarity measure in homogeneous information networks calculates the similarity of objects based on the link structure of a network. Personalized PageRank [15] is a classic representative, which employs the probability of random walk with restart to evaluate the similarity between objects. However, it is an asymmetrical approach. SimRank [16] is a representative of symmetric measures, which adopts the neighbors' similarity to measure the similarity between objects. Several researchers are also devoted to the study of improving the efficiency due to the computational complexity [17]. RoleSim [18] is proposed to measure the role of object similarity. SCAN [19] leverages the immediate neighbor set to measure the similarity of objects. All these approaches just consider the objects with the same type and do not consider the heterogeneity of a network.  
The similarity measure in HINs mainly includes similarity based on the meta path and that based on the meta structure [20; 21; 22; 23]. The former captures the simple semantics between objects while the latter expresses the complex meanings between objects.  
The approaches based on the meta path include PathCount [9], PCRW [10], PathSim [9], HeteSim [11], DPRel [22] and so on. PathSim can only measure the similarity between the same-type objects, while other methods can measure the similarity between different-type objects. PathSim, PCRW and HeteSim are based on random walk model; the difference lies in the method of random walk. DPRel [22] is a meta-path-based semi-metric measure for relevance measurement on objects in a general heterogeneous information network with a specified network schema. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [24] presented a new-path-based measure called PReP, which is studied from a probabilistic perspective. HowSim [23] is a newly proposed similarity measure which has the property of being meta-path-free and capturing the structure and semantic similarity simultaneously. In addition, RelSim [25] employs the meta path to measure the similarity between relation instances, such as <Google, [PERSON]> and <Microsoft, BillGates> (Organization and Founder).  
The approaches based on the meta structure include BSCSE [14] and MGP [21]. BSCSE employs the subgraph expansion model to capture complex semantic meanings among objects. MGP introduces the idea of PathSim to measure the proximity of distinct classes. Recently, RecurMS [26] has been proposed as a schematic structure in HINs and provides a unified framework for integrating all the meta paths and meta structures. The RecurMS-based similarity RMSS is defined as the weighted sum of the commuting matrices of the decomposed recurrent meta paths and meta trees. RMSS is robust to different meta paths or meta structures. Table 1 demonstrates a comparison of different similarity measures based on the meta path and meta structure in HINs.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Morphology and Physical Properties
Similarly, based on the pore size distribution curves and SEM images, it can be inferred that the mesoporous structure was predominantly formed between cuboid crystal particles of all the as-synthesized zeolite catalysts. Therefore, considering the surface area and pore volume of the as-synthesized zeolite catalysts, it can be inferred that their textural properties are highly similar to those of the conventional SAPO-34 and SSZ-13 zeolites. Thus, the synthesis procedure adopted is promising. The acidity of the as-synthesized catalysts was evaluated using the NH\({}_{3}\)-TPD to correlate the different types of ion exchanges to the active sites of the catalysts. The NH\({}_{3}\)-TPD profiles are presented in Figure 7, linking the form of the CHA used and the ion-exchange conditions. The NH\({}_{3}\)-TPD is the most appropriate method for quickly determining the acidic properties of solids acid materials [34], as it conveniently describes total acidity, strength, and distribution from peak area, position, and shape, respectively. However, in this study, attention is concentrated on the strength of the acid sites in the as-synthesized zeolite catalysts, which is determined by the relative position of the NH\({}_{3}\) desorption peaks in the NH\({}_{3}\)-TPD curves. In the literature, the desorption profile of NH\({}_{3}\) from zeolite catalysts, particularly Cu ion-exchanged CHA forms of zeolites, typically has three commonly known peaks [35; 36; 37; 38], namely, a low-temperature peak below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C; an intermediate-temperature peak at a range between 250 and 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and a high-temperature peak at 400-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Accordingly, the low-temperature peak is assigned to NH\({}_{3}\) desorption from Lewis acid sites. In contrast, the intermediate-temperature peak is characteristic of Cu-sites, and the high-temperature rise is ascribed to Bronsted acid sites. The ammonia desorption profiles presented in Figure 7, along with their deconvolution in Figures S4-S9, demonstrate that all catalysts have three levels of acid sites. However, catalysts prepared using the NH\({}_{4}\)-form of Cu-CHA zeolites have a higher acid density than those prepared using the K-form of Cu-CHA zeolites, as presented in Table S1. This increase in acid density is due to the removal of potassium ions during the ion exchange process with ammonium nitrate. The N\({}_{2}\) adsorption/desorption isotherms confirm that the pores of K-form of CHA zeolites were blocked, which limits accessibility to acidic sites. Consequently, this has elucidated  
Figure 6: N\({}_{2}\) adsorption/desorption isotherms of Cu-CHA zeolites treated under different conditions (**A**) and the pore width distribution using the Horvath–Kawazoe method (**B**). the difference in the strength of the acid sites in the two forms of the as-synthesized zeolite catalysts, which correlates to their different NH\({}_{3}\)-SCR activity.