# A Comprehensive Review on Network Protocol Design for Autonomic Internet of Things
## 5 Conclusions and Future Research Opportunities  
In this paper, we have presented a review of the studies related to the design of network communication protocol, which can support autonomic IoT. Most of the studies come from the research and development in Wireless Sensor Network protocols, as it becomes one of the key technologies for the IoT. We identified that many protocol designs have concerns for energy efficiency because the energy constraint is a major challenge for WSN and IoT. For this purpose, the widely used objective in the protocol designs is energy consumption reduction. However, recent technology development has introduced energy harvesting as the solution for the energy constraint and makes possible the continuous operation of IoT system. The protocol designs  
Figure 4: Optimization methods used in the network protocols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Autonomic Properties Supported**} \\ \cline{3-8}
**Name** & **Ref** & **Method** & **Self-** & **Self-** & **Self-Energy-Awareness** & **Self-** \\  & & & **Optimization** & **Organization** & **Energy Consumption Reduction** & **Energy Harvesting** & **Protection** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Protocol Designs for Security} \\ \hline PPKP- & [38] & \begin{tabular}{c} Using polynomial-based \\ pair-wise key pre-distribution for \\ intrusion detection \\ Using bio-inspired algorithms in \\ cross layer protocol for \\ intrusion detection \\ Using algorithm inspired by web \\ spider for intrusion \\ detection \\ IAACAa5 \\ (2017) \\ RINA \\ (2018) \\ IoT- \\ Flows \\ (2019) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Using polynomial-based \\ pair-wise key pre-distribution for \\ intrusion detection \\ Using bio-inspired algorithms in \\ cross layer protocol for \\ intrusion detection \\ Using algorithm inspired by web \\ spider for intrusion detection \\ Using OAuth 2.0 protocol for \\ authorization \\ Using inter network \\ architecture for address \\ Security challenge \\ Using Monitor, Analyse, Plan, \\ Execute, and Knowledge for \\ defense mechanism \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Using OAuth 2.0 protocol for \\ authorization \\ using inter network \\ architecture for address \\ security challenge \\ Using Monitor, Analyse, Plan, \\ Execute, and Knowledge for \\ defense mechanism \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\checkmarkmark\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of Protocol Designs for Security. to support this energy harvesting activity are mostly for the MAC layer. Thus, it is wide open for research opportunities to embed energy harvesting awareness to the protocol designs for other protocol functions, such as for network clustering, routing, and security, to improve the network performance in terms of energy usage, network lifetime, network security, or QoS. The identified autonomic properties are self-organization, self-optimization, self-protection, and self-energy-awareness. The protocol designs to support these autonomic properties include protocols for MAC layer, protocols for clustering, protocols for routing, and protocols for security. These protocol designs are mapped according to each autonomic property supported, which can be used to map the advances of communication protocol research for the autonomic IoT. We also identified that recent protocol designs nowadays use bio-inspired algorithms. The meta-heuristic behavior of bio-inspired algorithms has become an advantage to solve complexity in IoT networks. The area is still wide open for future research opportunities to discover new or improved algorithms, which can achieve better convergence speed and improved solution precision. The future research for IoT network infrastructure is expected to solve problems of resource constraint, heterogeneity, mobility, scalability, and security in IoT networks, by intelligent and autonomous means. Conceptualization, L.R., B.S., M.A., and R.F.S. ; methodology, L.R. ; validation, L.R., B.S., M.A., and R.F.S. ; formal analysis, L.R.