# PnV: An Efficient Parallel Consensus Protocol Integrating Proof and Voting
## 4 PnV Consensus Protocol
### Three-Phase Consensus Process
### Comparison from a Systemic Perspective

In this section, we realize a PnV-based blockchain system that encompasses two essential functionalities: account creation and money transfer. To evaluate the effectiveness of our system, we conduct a comparative analysis with FISCO BCOS [33], an enterprise-level financial consortium blockchain platform. Moreover, to ensure optimal performance, we configure each block to accommodate 10,000 transactions. From Figure 6, it is evident that the throughput of both the PnV-based blockchain system and FISCO BCOS experience a decline with an increase in the number of nodes. Notably, when \(n=4\), both systems exhibit optimal performance; however, PnV outperforms FISCO BCOS by approximately four times. ## 7 Conclusions

In this paper, we propose the PnV consensus protocol, which facilitates concurrent block generation by multiple bookkeepers within a consensus round. Moreover, we adopt

Figure 5: Throughput and delay for PnV, PoV, and BFT-SMART (\(K=10,000\)). Figure 6: Throughput for PnV-based blockchain system and FISCO BCOS (\(K=10,000\)). the block group as the fundamental unit of consensus. Blocks lacking logical sequence relationships are stored in the block group, with their hash value being stored in the block group header for constructing a serialized, chained structure. Our transaction allocation mechanism prevents duplicate transactions from being stored within one block group, while our timeout handling mechanism ensures termination of consensus. Compared with other voting-based and fusion consensus protocols, PnV exhibits superior performance in efficiency and scalability due to its parallel block generation and optimized resource utilization. As demonstrated via our experiments, PnV achieves throughput exceeding 350,000 txs/s, significantly outperforming serial alternatives. While PnV inherits security, traceability, and assured inviolability properties from consortium blockchain techniques such as cryptography, hashing, and Byzantine Fault Tolerance, specialized designs are not proposed in this paper for those aspects. Going forward, future work will involve developing customized solutions within PnV to advance metrics like robustness, anonymity, and verifiability. Comprehensive testing in real-world networks will also help validate PnV's performance for diverse use cases. Conceptualization, H.W. ; Methodology, H.W. ; Software, P.F. ; Validation, X.Z. ; Formal analysis, H.W. ; Investigation, H.W. ; Resources, H.L., P.F., J.K., S.D. and X.Z. ; Data curation, J.K.; Writing--original draft, H.W. ; Writing--review & editing, H.L. ; Visualization, X.Z. ; Supervision, S.D. ; Project administration, H.L. ; Funding acquisition, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by National Keystone Research and Development Program of China, grant number 2017 YFB0803204; Foshan Innovation Team, grant number 2018 IT100082; Basic Research Enhancement Program of China, grant number 2021-JCQ-JJ-0483; China Environment for Network Innovation, grant number GJFGW [2020]386, SZFGW [2019]261; Guangdong Province Research and Development Key Program, grant number 2019B010137001; Guangdong Province Basic Research, grant number 2022A1515010836; Shenzhen Research Programs, grants number JCYJ20220531093206015, JCYJ20210324122013036, and JCYJ20190808155607340; Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program, grant number GXWD20201231165807007-20200807164903001; ZTE Funding, grant number 20192 TE03-01; and Huawei Funding, grant number TC20201222002. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available in the article. Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company China United Network Communication Group Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. ## References

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