esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Optimal Design of Membership Function  
The design of the optimal membership function proposed in this research is implemented through the combination of fuzzy theory and the genetic algorithm. The process is as shown in Figure 4. First, genetic algorithm is used to learn the energy characteristics of the training samples and search the optimal membership function. Then the test samples are used to verify the optimal efficiency. This section will use a TE-204 motor as an example to introduce the design process of the rotor failure diagnosis, and it can be divided into: (1) data collection; (2) generation of membership function; (3) fitness evaluation; (4) crossover and mutation; and (5) termination conditions.
# State of the Art of Telecommunication Systems in Isolated and Constrained Areas
###### Abstract  
Smart objects are deployed globally, contributing to improved communications and the growth of industrial systems' performances. Unfortunately, isolated territories are generally excluded from this progress. Remote areas in Canada are no exception. Thus, about two hundred thousand people are living in isolated regions in Canadian territory. The development of these communities is slowed down not only by an outdated energy supply, but they are also dependent on telecommunication systems not fully deployed in those regions, thus contributing to the amplification of those populations' isolation. Furthermore, the magnetic field in some regions of the planet and very often in isolated areas undergoes partial or total absorption, known as white areas, making the propagation of the signal very delicate. As a part of this article, a state of the art of telecommunication solutions available in an isolated environment is applied with a critical analysis based on several criteria. It shows the ability to use an original approach based on a captive balloon. Despite the proposed solution's feasibility, several challenges need to be addressed before formally adopting it. These challenges include: (i) controlling the height of the balloon; (ii) stabilization of the balloon; and (iii) powering the system. The list of references given at the end of the paper should offer aids for the industry and for researchers working in this field.  
telecommunication towers; optical fiber; Loon balloon; Stratobus; captive balloon; link budget; drones; coverage of a telecommunication system +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
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Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
1
Footnote 1: Work presented here is available at [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors))
# Computer-Vision-Based Product Quality Inspection and Novel Counting System
## 3 Methods and Result
### Image-Based Product Quality Inspection and Feature Matching Techniques
#### 3.1.2 Defect Detection Using a Combined SSIM, PSNR, and MSE Evaluation  
Figure 6 shows the difference images between A product and B product, obtained through pre-processing with SIFT, as well as the difference image between the two. To quantitatively evaluate the similarity between the two images, SSIM, PSNR, and MSE were applied. These metrics were used to accurately compare and detect defects between normal and defective products, enabling efficient identification of product defects. The restored images were evaluated using SSIM, PSNR, and MSE to quantitatively assess the similarity between the two images, and the formulas for each method shown below in Table 1[42; 43]. Figure 5: This figure illustrates the process of image alignment and analysis using the SIFT algorithm. The blue arrows represent the orientation of the detected keypoints based on intensity gradients, while the green circles and dots indicate the location and scale of the keypoints. The green lines connect the matched keypoints between two images, enabling visualization of their correspondence for rotation and alignment. The histograms in the figure provide a quantitative analysis of the matched keypoints, where the red histograms represent the angle distribution, and the blue histograms represent the distance distribution, offering insights into the rotational and geometric transformation between the two images. By applying SSIM, PSNR, and MSE to the restored images, a quantitative evaluation was performed based on structural similarity, signal-to-noise ratio, and mean squared error between the two images. SSIM measures the structural similarity of the images, PSNR assesses the signal-to-noise ratio, and MSE analyzes the detailed pixel differences, enabling an overall evaluation of similarity. These metrics can vary according to specific criteria set by the user and may be interpreted differently depending on the goals, application area, and quality requirements of the image processing task. Therefore, users can establish standards for each metric according to the project's objectives and requirements and evaluate image quality.
# A Lightweight and Partitioned CNN Algorithm for Multi-Landslide Detection in Remote Sensing Images
## 4 Experiments
### Evaluation Metrics  
To evaluate the detection performance of the model on landslide images, a series of evaluation metrics was utilized in the experiments. These metrics included the Precision (\(P\)), Recall (\(R\)), AP50, AP50:95, floating point operations (FLOPs), Latency, and the number of parameters (Params).  
Precision (\(P\)) and Recall (\(R\)) are essential decision scores used to assess the quality of detection models. The scores are typically defined in terms of three metrics. These are defined as:  
\[P=\frac{TP}{TP+FP},\quad R=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{5}\]  
where \(TP\) means true positive (number of correctly predicted landslide samples), \(FP\) means false positive (the number of predicted non-landslide objects regarded as landslides), and \(FN\) denotes false negatives (the number of undetected landslides). \(P\) indicates the ratio of true positive predictions to the total number of landslide samples predicted as positive, which can evaluate the false detection rate. \(R\) denotes the ratio of true positive predictions to all actual positive samples in the dataset, which is used to detect how sensitively the model identified the landslide. The average precision (\(AP\)) can be obtained by the \(PR\) curve, and it is defined as:  
\[AP=\int_{0}^{1}P(R)d(R) \tag{6}\]  
AP50 represents the \(AP\) calculated at an intersection over union (IoU) threshold of 50%. On the other hand, AP50:95 refers to the calculation of the AP under threshold conditions ranging from 50% to 95%, and it is defined as:  
\[AP_{50:95}=\frac{1}{10}\sum_{n}AP_{n} \tag{7}\]  
The number of parameters (Parmas) is an essential indicator of the model's space complexity, which influences the amount of memory used. FLOPs refers to the number of floating point operations performed by the model, which is used as a metric of computational complexity. Latency represents the inference time on a single image for the model.
# Impact and Control of Reflected Noise from an Overpass Bottom
###### Abstract  
This study examines the effects of noise reflected from the overpass bottom under various conditions using onsite measurements and model simulation. Reflected noise from the overpass bottom may be as high as 8 dB(A). Bottom materials (steel and reinforced concrete (RC)) have no discernible effect on the reflected noise level. As the height of an overpass increases, the level of reflected noise decreases. When an overpass is parallel to the noise source (i.e., the freeway), the size of the area impacted by reflected noise increases. As the sound absorption rating of the material installed at the overpass bottom increased, the level of reflected noise decreased. A sound absorbing material with a sound absorption rate of at least 0.60 is recommended to reduce reflected noise level. When the distance between the overpass side and a receiver exceeded 30 m, the level of reflected noise level reduced significantly. Therefore, if the distance between a residential area and overpass could be increased to create a buffer zone coupled with the installation of sound absorbing material at the overpass bottom, the impact of reflected noise on nearby residents can be reduced.  
overpass; reflected noise; bottom material; model simulation; sound absorbing material; buffer zone +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Robust and Effective Two-Factor Authentication (2 FA) Protocol Based on ECC for Mobile Computing
## 4 Security Analysis
### Heuristic Analysis
#### 4.2.5 Server Impersonation Attack  
In the proposed protocol, \(\mathcal{A}\) needs to calculate correct \(\{K_{3},M_{3}\}\) to impersonate the service provider \(S_{j}\). Since \(M_{3}=H\big{(}K_{3}\parallel K_{2}^{*}\parallel V_{i}^{*}\parallel ID_{i}^{* }\parallel K_{4}\big{)}\) is computed by \(\big{\{}V_{i}^{*},ID_{i}^{*}\big{\}}\) and preserved by a secure hash function, \(\mathcal{A}\) has to grasp these critical parameters or estimate the valid values in polynomial time. Next, \(\mathcal{A}\) must grasp the secret values \(\{x,r_{i},ID_{i}^{*}\}\). In any case, it is computationally challenging for \(\mathcal{A}\) to estimate these private parameters in polynomial time. As a result, the messages cannot be calculated by \(\mathcal{A}\) correctly, and the proposed protocol is resistant against server impersonation attacks.
## 2 Approach  
In the following, we summarize the sequence of steps performed in a typical application of SDPhound, while the precise definition of the various theoretical quantities associated with these steps is postponed to the next section. As stated in the introduction, the ultimate goal of the algorithm we propose is to rank putative specificity determining positions based on their mutual information score. To that end, prior to the application of the SDPhound protocol, a set of homologous proteins selected from the literature or public databases is divided into classes whose members share similar specificity. These homologs undergo multiple alignment and the alignment is then used as an external input in the software implementation of SDPhound to determine the mutual information content of each position. Calculating the mutual information requires to define an estimator for the joint probability in eq. (1). We introduce different realizations of a general prescription for the structure of such probability. This prescription, which contains no tunable parameters, can refer to single positions of the alignment, or consider pairwise correlation among them. The probability estimator can weigh the frequencies of occurrence of amino-acids at given positions in any class by using a scheme that employs BLOSUM substitution matrices [11] (see next section for details). This accounts for the presence of \"similar\" amino acids and it mitigates the effects of finite size of the available statistical sample and of background similarity of homologs on the frequency-based probability estimation. To further refine the assessment of the statistical significance of ranking, a well known problem for any mutual-information method [12], we use a Z-score criterion described at the end of next section.  
Once the most interesting positions are selected, the focus is shifted on identifying the relevant physical characteristics associated with them. To this aim, the concept of residue substitution classes [13] is introduced by grouping the various amino acids in sets, \"pigeonholes\", identified on the basis of some predetermined properties (e. g. hydrophobicity, charge, size). High ranking positions in these \"observable\"-based runs are expected to be sensitive to the corresponding property, rather than to residue identity. Furthermore, to explore new properties that were not considered by the manual assignment to the pigeonholes, an automated procedure that maximizes the mutual information content of the high ranking positions with respect to pigeonhole content is outlined. As it is shown in the Supplementary Information (SI), the software implementation of our method, SDPhound, automatically provides a pictorial representation of the results, which are reported in the form of Microsoft Excel worksheets and html pages. The MATLAB code for SDPhound is available at [[http://homepage.sns.it/](http://homepage.sns.it/)]([http://homepage.sns.it/](http://homepage.sns.it/))\(\sim\)rockchia/
# A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications
## 1 Introduction  
Wireless body area networks (WBAN) is a branch of wireless sensor networks (WSN), and has attracted much attention because of its huge potential value. The emergence of WBAN can alleviate or even solve some social problems [1], such as various rampant chronic diseases, increasing aging population, tense medical personnel and facilities, etc. Therefore, more and more people expect the WBAN technology to be applied, as soon as possible. Although the rapid development of sensor technology and communication technology has led to the progress of WBAN, the technology is still in its infancy, and there are still many problems and challenges in its research and application [2].  
This paper investigates and analyzes the existing range of studies, and introduces the basic architecture, application fields, and characteristics of the WBAN. It is well-known that one of the difficulties in the design of WBAN is the energy constraints [3]. To solve this problem, we can consider the two directions of open source and throttling. The open source method is a variety of wireless energy collection technologies, and the throttling method is a variety of energy efficiency design. Reasonable routing design is also one of the energy efficiency methods, so the object of this paper is to study a variety of routing. Routing is responsible for establishing the path in the network, connecting the scattered nodes into a whole, and realizing the timely and reliable transmission of data. The design principles of routing are stability and energy efficiency, to maximize the energy efficiency of a singlenode, as far as possible. Thus, it is very important to study the routing of WBAN. Through the analysis and summary of the vast literature, the routing protocols of WBAN can be classified as--posture-based routing, temperature-based routing, cross-layer routing, cluster-based routing, and Qos-based routing. On this basis, the advantages and disadvantages of each kind of routing protocol are analyzed, which provides direction and ideas for further research. In addition, the paper discusses the current and future issues of routing design in the prospect section, providing readers with reference and new ideas, which is the biggest difference from other reviews.
# Revolutionizing Palm Dates Harvesting with Multirotor Flying Vehicles
## 1 Introduction
Lack of familiarity: Many farmers are unfamiliar with these machines, contributing to a reluctance to integrate them into their practices. 3. Challenging mobility: Maneuvering these machines amid palm trees poses practical difficulties, further impeding their application. Figure 1: Harvesting date palms by climbing trees. To address the challenges of traditional date harvesting, it is proposed to leverage multirotor flying vehicles (MRFVs), such as quadrotors, to improve efficiency and reduce labor costs. MRFVs offer several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, versatility, and the ability to access tall trees and hard-to-reach areas with ease [28]. By equipping these aerial vehicles with specialized tools like laser modules or mechanized saws, they can be used to precisely cut date branches without damaging the tree. After severing the branches, another set of quadrotors--or even a coordinated fleet of multiple MRFVs--can be deployed to transport the harvested dates clusters to a central collection point. This eliminates the need for ground-based machinery and reduces human labor involvement in the physically demanding task of climbing trees and manually cutting branches. By automating these stages of the harvesting process, the use of MRFVs enhances safety and expedites harvesting, making it more scalable and practical, especially in large date farms. This work presents an innovative solution for date harvesting by integrating advanced robotic arm technology with a quadrotor system, specifically designed to address the unique challenges of harvesting tall date palms. Unlike traditional methods that rely on manual labor and present safety risks, our system enhances operational efficiency while significantly reducing the risk of accidents associated with working at great heights. The use of a remote-controlled, autonomous robotic arm marks a significant advancement, offering a versatile and cost-effective solution for the agricultural sector. Overall, this research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on automated agricultural practices, particularly in regions where date palm cultivation is widespread. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the proposed system with detailed explanations of each component. Section 3 summarizes the testing procedures, followed by the flight response analysis in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are provided in Section 5.
## 3 Results
### Surface Characterisation of the Biosensor  
High-resolution digital microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology of the glycerol biosensor during the fabrication process. Figure 3A-C displays three images captured during the process. Figure 3A shows the surface of the initial MB-SPCE, with clearly visible striations due to the screen design used in the screen printing process. Figure 3B depicts the image obtained after the deposition of the GLDH/NAD\({}^{+}\) mixture, showing an evenly dispersed layer over the surface, although the striations are still partially visible. Finally, Figure 3C represents the image obtained after the deposition of a GLA layer over the enzyme/cofactor layer, which had been allowed to dry and crosslink. This cross-linked layer encapsulates the underlying reaction layer, which results in strong immobilisation on the surface of MB-SPCE. This is evident from the latter image, where the upper layer is opaque and no striations are visible.  
It was of interest to deduce the extent of cross-linking of glutaraldehyde with GLDH, so we next performed FTIR spectroscopic analysis on the biosensor surface. The FTIR spectrum obtained for glutaraldehyde alone (Figure 4) clearly shows a strong, sharp band at 1725 cm\({}^{-1}\), resulting from the C=O stretching mode. However, the spectrum obtained for the biosensor surface (Figure 4) does not exhibit this band, which indicates that a reaction of the C=O with the amino moiety of the enzyme has occurred. Therefore, the FTIR study indicates that complete cross-linking of glutaraldehyde with the enzyme has occurred, resulting in the formation of a Schiff base. Similar observations and conclusions have been reported previously by [PERSON] et al. (2020).  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the biosensor fabrication involving the deposition of GLDH and NAD\({}^{+}\) followed by the application of the GLA cross-linking layer.  
Figure 2: The sequence of reactions involved in the operation of the amperometric glycerol biosensor.
# Damping and Natural Period Evaluation of Tall RC Buildings Using Full-Scale Data in Korea
###### Abstract  
In recent years, the main usage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in Korea has shifted from low-rise residential and commercial buildings to high-rise buildings. Because an increasing number of high-rise RC buildings are being built, especially in coastal cities, which are periodically hit by typhoons, wind-induced motion and the corresponding serviceability issues have attracted considerable attention. Natural period and damping ratio are the most important factors for estimating the design wind load and wind-induced response in the design of tall buildings. However, the Korean Building Code (KBC 2009) does not specify empirical formulae for estimating the natural period and damping ratio for wind design, unlike seismic design. In this study, the damping ratio and natural period of existing concrete buildings in Korea are measured and compared to those obtained using the formulae provided in various codes and research works. Furthermore, design formulae for estimating natural frequency and damping ratio for wind design are proposed based on the measured data. For this purpose, ambient vibration measurement is performed for 58 RC buildings with heights of 24.2-305 m.  
Keywords:natural period; damping ratio; RC buildings; full-scale data; system identification; wind design +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Analysis of Damage and Permeability Evolution of Sandstone under Compression Deformation
## 1 Introduction
[22] proposed damage and permeability evolution equations for rocks using piecewise functions and established a flow-stress-damage coupling model considering the effects of the growth of existing cracks and the formation of new cracks. This model was implemented based on RFPA (Rock Failure Process Analysis code (F-RFPA2D)). [PERSON] et al. [23] proposed a porosity and permeability model for coal by theoretical analysis and then combined it with [PERSON]'s poroelasticity theory for porous media to establish the fluid-solid coupling model. This model was used for a coupled study on gas flow and coal deformation. [PERSON] et al. [24] developed a three-dimensional seepage-stress coupling model using an extended finite element method. This model was used to simulate the crack propagation paths and pore fluid pressure distribution. It is worth thinking that all theoretical models cannot be separated from experimental phenomena and actual engineering, and their effectiveness needs to be verified. [PERSON] et al. [25] investigated the intricate interplay between hydraulic coupling, creep damage, and permeability evolution mechanisms in phyllite and verified the relationship between effective damage and permeability. The objective of this paper was to reveal the coupling mechanism of damage and permeability in rock under compression deformation. For this purpose, a large number of rock mechanics and permeability tests were carried out. Based on the test results, theoretical analysis, and previous studies, the damage and permeability evolution expressions were proposed, respectively, and introduced into the fluid continuity equation and the solid elastoplastic damage constitutive model. Finally, a fluid-solid coupling seepage model for rocks was established. More importantly, the model was developed by finite element software and applied to investigate the behavior of fluid seepage and rock damage evolution, and their interaction, in sandstone samples that were subjected to both hydraulic and triaxial compressive loads. This coupled model can be used for the analysis of fluid seepage and rock deformation under a fluid-solid coupling as well as the description of damage and permeability evolution behavior. It is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the study of coupled seepage in underground engineering.