## 5 Discussion  
The presented paper introduces a novel and efficient jamming detection method, EVM vs. RB, designed to enhance the security of next-generation communication systems against jamming attacks. The method is characterized by its ability to measure the EVM in the system, offering a direct perception of changes in jamming levels. The sensitivity success of the proposed method is a significant contribution to the field, as it enables robust detection even in the presence of small jamming signals that may remain unnoticed by other metrics.  
A crucial aspect of the proposed method is its low complexity, operating at \(O(N)\), and its independence from variable system parameters such as modulation degree and code rate. This independence ensures the method's adaptability to diverse communication scenarios, adding to its practicality and versatility in real-world applications.  
The theoretical analysis of the proposed method begins with the construction of a 5G data transmission infrastructure based on international 3 GPP standards. By incorporating a jamming attack into the system model, analytical expressions for received IQ symbols are calculated, leading to the derivation of the EVM expression. This analytical foundation establishes the groundwork for understanding the method's inner workings, particularly its capability to perceive changes in jamming levels directly.  
Simulation results using MATLAB software [43] showcase the effectiveness of EVM vs. RB in providing the jammer's spectrum information. Comparative metrics, including power spectrum for Received Signal Strength (RSS), Bit Error Rate (BER), and BER-dependent throughput, are evaluated. The results demonstrate that EVM vs. RB outperforms these metrics in detecting jamming signals, even at an extreme Signal Jamming Ratio (SJR) of 25 dB. This robust performance underscores the method's resilience against varying jamming levels, reinforcing its potential as a reliable jamming detection solution.  
Furthermore, the simulations reveal the stability of EVM vs. RB against changes in system parameters such as modulation degree and code rate. In contrast, metrics like throughput exhibit unreliability under such variations. This highlights the method's ability to maintain consistent performance across different communication scenarios, a critical factor for its widespread applicability.  
The study extends its scope to various applications, including 5G's mmWave technology, demonstrating the versatility of EVM vs. RB across different communication technologies. The method's success is further validated through experimental studies conducted in a laboratory environment, providing empirical evidence of its effectiveness in real-world settings.  
In conclusion, the proposed EVM vs. RB jamming detection method presents a compelling solution to enhance the security of next-generation communication systems. Its direct perception of jamming level changes, low complexity, and independence from variable system parameters contribute to its robustness and adaptability. The extensive theoretical analysis, simulations, and experimental studies collectively establish the method  
Figure 18: Chirp Jammer Case, SJR = 0 dB, (**a**) the Rx signal spectrum and time-domain IQ waveform obtained after RF demodulation and (**b**) EVM vs. RB.  
as a promising and practical tool in the ongoing efforts to safeguard communication systems against jamming attacks.