To prevent this, inedible raw materials in the form of waste biomass are employed. However, a significant argument against the use of waste biomass in the form of lignocellulosic materials is the necessity for pre-treatment, which requires the utilisation of non-ecological chemical reagents. It is also worth noting that the ethanol yield from lignocellulosic biomass is considerably lower than that from starch feedstocks. Given the aforementioned data, which indicate that bread waste is the most commonly wasted foodstuff and that it contains a high starch content of more than 70% on a dry weight basis, it is evident that bioethanol production through ethanol fermentation represents an effective strategy for recycling bread waste, as has been increasingly documented in the scientific literature [7]. [PERSON] et al. [14] conducted a study on the optimisation of ethanol production by response surface methodology (RSM) using waste bread hydrolysate as a raw material. The effect of fermentation time (24-72 h) and waste brewer's yeast inoculum (1-4%) on ethanol production was studied. The hydrolysis of starch was performed using enzymes derived from the _Hymenoptera_ sp. CKS3 bacterial strain. The resulting hydrolysate obtained from bread waste contained 19.89 g of reducing sugars per 1 L. The findings indicated that the optimal conditions were 48.6 h of fermentation and 2.85% of inoculum. Under these conditions, the maximum ethanol concentration achieved was 2.06% \(v/v\). In turn, [PERSON] et al. [15] used bread waste (BW) as a substrate for ethanol production by _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ KL17 yeast strain. The acidic and enzymatic saccharification of BW resulted in the release of 75 and 97.9 g/L of glucose, representing a theoretical yield of 73.5 and 95.9%, respectively. In the fed-batch mode of the fermentation process, the maximum ethanol concentration of 114.9 g/L and a productivity of 3.2 g/L/h were achieved after fermentation of hydrolyses obtained by treating BW with Dextrozyme Peak enzyme preparation with glucoamylase and pullulanase activities. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] investigated the possibility of using granular starch hydrolysing enzyme (GSHE) for the processing of wheat-rye bread waste for ethanol production. In addition, pre-treatment methods, i.e., enzymatic prehydrolysis, microwave irradiation and sonication were employed to enhance the yield of starch hydrolysis and fermentation. These methods were then compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Due to the high water binding capacity of the raw material, fermentations were carried out at a substrate loading of 150 g/kg mash. Only during the enzymatic pre-treatment and the SHF process was the raw material preliminary liquefied so that its higher concentrations could be applied. The fermentation dynamics exhibited a similar pattern across all variants studied. The fermentation of the untreated bread waste resulted in an ethanol yield of 80.00% (354.36 g/kg raw material). Pre-treatment of the raw material improved the ethanol yield by ca. 3-8%. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated the potential of employing the edible filamentous fungi _Neurospora intermedia_ and _Aspergillus oryzae_ for the production of bioethanol and high-protein biomass through the cultivation of these fungi on enzymatically liquefied bread waste. The fermentation of the hydrolysate, containing 150 g/L solids, by _N. intermedia_ resulted in an ethanol titre of 32.2 g/L and a biomass yield of 19.2 g/L, with an approximate protein content of 45%. To utilise the residual fermentable sugars, the liquid medium after the first fermentation and distillation processes was fermented again by the aforementioned two fungal strains, resulting in the production of additional ethanol and biomass. The authors observed that _A. oryzae_ showed better performance in the production of biomass, while the other strain demonstrated a higher ethanol yield.