esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Compressive Strength  
The compressive strengths of four different composites are shown in Figure 7. Similar to the findings of previous research conducted by [PERSON] et al. [35; 36], the decreasing trend of compressive strength was exhibited as the MWCNTs were added, and the strength further decreased as the addition ratio increased. The compressive strength decreased by 10 to 16 MPa, compared with the plain cement paste at 28 days. The chemical reaction of the MWCNTs did not occur in the cement composite as it did  
Figure 5: Heat of hydration.  
Figure 6: Rate of heat evolution.  
in the heat flow results because the decrease in compressive strength resulted from the intorsion and agglomeration of the MWCNTs, caused by the van der Waals forces in the cement composite. It was suggested that if the nano-sized MWCNTs do not achieve homogeneous dispersion, they cannot lead to densification due to the micro-filler effect in the cement composite. However, the MW-L case was relatively dispersive compared with MW-P1.0 or MW-P2.0, so the decrease in strength of the liquid type was not greater than the powder type.
## 2 Related Key Technologies  
### Text Feature Representation Techniques  
The Word2 vec word embedding language model can be used to transform the text after word separation into static word vectors, and the distance between vectors represents the semantic relatedness between words. A major drawback of this model, however, is that it cannot take into account the influence of context on word vectors [15]. For this reason, dynamic word vectors were created. Among them, the most representative is the BERT [16] pre-training language model, proposed by combining the advantages of ElMo [17] and GPT [18], which realizes the encoding of text with dynamic vectors, and the generated vectors can be adjusted in time according to different contexts. It can effectively deal with the problem of \"polysemy\". However, the model can only dynamically encode word-level text, and the time and resources consumed for training are significant. In response to the above drawbacks of the BERT model, [PERSON] et al. [19] proposed the ALBERT model, which applies embedded layer factorization and cross-layer parameter sharing to significantly reduce the number of parameters and replaces the NSP task in the BERT model with an SOP task to improve the model's understanding of the information in the text. To solve the problem of unregistered words, [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed the RoBERTa model by encoding bytes. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed the BERT-wwm model by replacing the original masking only of sub-words with a full-word mask. [PERSON] et al. [22] designed and implemented a sub-word-level pre-training method and proposed the SpanBERT model by randomly adding masks to neighboring sub-words instead of masking individual words.  
However, the above RoBERTa, BERT-wwm, and SpanBERT models were all models that were designed and improved based on the characteristics of English words. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [23] proposed the word-based Chinese pre-trained language model WOBERT; using Chinese words as the processing unit can reduce the length of the model sequence and increase the processing speed of the text model. In addition, Chinese words are rich in semantic information and low in uncertainty compared to characters. The complexity of the model was reduced, while not reducing its performance. In March 2021, based on the WOBERT model, the word list was reconstructed and the training method was improved, resulting in the proposed WOBERT Plus model, which further improved the coding accuracy of Chinese words [24]. WoBERT Plus modifies the previous word splitting operation when processing input text in Chinese word units. It adds a \"pre-tokenizer\" operation to avoid forcing Chinese characters to be separated by spaces in the previous splitting operation. Therefore, the WoBERT Plus model can experiment with dynamic encoding of Chinese word-level text. Therefore, facing the task of sentiment analysis of Chinese microblog speech, we use ALBERT to complete the character embedding of the text and WOBERT Plus to complete the word embedding of the text, and a dual-stream information dynamic coding method is adopted to extract comprehensive and accurate information.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Formulation of the Boundary Value Problem  
Once the heat flux density q and the heat transfer coefficient \(\alpha\) have been determined, and the boundary conditions on the electrolyte side with temperature T\({}_{\rm el}\) have been established, we can proceed to the mathematical formulation of the thermal conductivity problem to describe the heating of a metal sample during electrolytic plasma treatment.  
A two-dimensional formulation of the non-stationary thermal conductivity problem is considered, accounting for the temperature dependence of thermophysical properties:  
\[\rho_{s}(T)\cdot c_{s}(T)\cdot\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\lambda_{s}(T) \cdot(\frac{\partial^{2}T}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}T}{\partial y^{2 }}), \tag{17}\]  
where \(T=T(x,y,t)\) is the temperature at point (\(x,y\)) at time \(t\), \(\rho_{s}\) is the density of steel, \(c_{s}\) is the specific heat capacity of steel, and \(\lambda_{s}\) is the thermal conductivity of steel (all properties of steel are functions of temperature).  
It is now necessary to define the boundary conditions. For the lower boundary (\(y=0\)),  
\[-\lambda_{s}(T)\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right|_{y=0}=q-\alpha\cdot (T_{surf}-T_{el}), \tag{18}\]  
where the right-hand side takes into account both the external heat flow from the source \(q\) and the convective heat transfer into the electrolyte.  
The influence of the holder was considered on the lateral surfaces of the sample. The boundary condition for contact with the holder was applied exclusively from the mid-height of the lateral surfaces up to the upper boundary, specifically for \(x=0\), \(x=a\), and \(h/2\leq y\leq h\). For the upper boundary, as well as in the regions \(0\leq y\leq h/2\), a condition of zero heat flux was assumed (Figure 3a). Consequently, the boundary conditions are formulated as follows:  
\[\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right|_{y=h}=0;\ \frac{\partial T}{ \partial x}\right|_{x=0,\ }=\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right|_{x=a,\ }=0;\ \frac{ \partial T}{\partial x}\right|_{x=0,\ }=\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right|_{x=a,\ }=a_{cl}\cdot(T-T_{\infty}), \tag{19}\] \[ye[0,\frac{h}{2}]\qquad\qquad ye[\frac{h}{2},h]\qquad\qquad ye[ \frac{h}{2},h]\qquad ye[\frac{h}{2},h]\]where \(\alpha_{cl}\)--contact conductivity of the \"sample-holder\"; \(T\)--current temperature on the side surfaces; \(T_{\infty}\)--temperature of the holder surrounding the part. As a first approximation, we assume that the holder is a massive body and its temperature does not change much relative to room temperature, so we consider \(T_{\infty}=20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
At the initial time, the sample temperature is assumed to be equal to the ambient temperature:  
\[T(x,y,0)=T_{0}. \tag{20}\]  
Given that the thermal properties of steel are temperature-dependent, the problem becomes non-linear. Due to the complexity involved, finding an analytical solution to the posed boundary value problem (17)-(20) is challenging; therefore, for our objectives, we will focus on obtaining a numerical solution.
# Multi-Azimuth Failure Mechanisms in Phosphor-Coated White LEDs by Current Aging Stresses
## 1 Introduction  
The solid-state lighting (SSL) technology is regarded as the next-generation lighting approach, and exhibits great advantages of energy-saving, environmental-friendliness and smart lighting among others [1; 2]. It is typically represented by white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), especially for the high-power phosphor-coated white (hppc-W) LEDs, which enjoy additional advantages, such as long lifetime, color-tunable property and high luminous efficiency [3; 4].  
However, room for improvement remains, including the internal quantum efficiency of the active region [5; 6], the light-extraction technology [7], the current-flow design [8], the minimization ofresistive loss [9], the electrostatic discharge stability [10], and the color-rendering property via the color mixing [11]. Aside from these improvements, various stress-inducing degradation tests, by means of temperature, current, static charge, optical radiation, and moisture, have been developed [12; 13; 14]. In some cases, two or more types of stresses are combined to accelerate the aging process for hppc-WLEDs [15; 16].  
As state-of-art failure-generating methods, high-temperature stresses and high-current stresses are regarded as the most commonly-used approaches that accelerate the optical degradation [17; 18]. The former under various environmental temperatures have been carried out by several authors [19; 20; 21]. Among them, thermal stresses can primarily lead to the optical power decay for the degradation of the packaging system, such as the detachment of the contact metallization [19], the yellowing and fracture of the optical lens [20], and the degradation of phosphor mixtures [21]. Although current stress has also been applied to testing the degradation of LEDs, they may result in the optical degradation due to the deterioration at the chip level, such as the crystal defect formation in the epitaxial layer [22] and the reactivation of Mg dopants [23]. Since the current stress is usually accompanied by spontaneous thermal effects especially under high current stresses, investigating the degradation of hppc-WLEDs has become significant and practical. Furthermore, studies of current stresses that include photometric, chromatic, electrical, thermal, and packaging characteristics have been rarely reported in literatures.  
In this article, comprehensive multi-azimuth failure analyses on hppc-WLEDs with peanut-shaped lenses at the chip level and the packaging level under 350 mA, 550 mA and 750 mA are presented. Particularly, peanut-shaped lenses offer the optical uniformity and large-view-angle light spatial distributions.
# Model Updating Using Measurements from Sensors Installed in Arbitrary Positions and Directions
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Updating
#### 2.2.1 Eigenvalue Residual  
Being a behavioral characteristic of the entire structure, the eigenvalue is practically not affected by the location nor the type of sensor. However, the analytic mode shall be paired to its corresponding measured mode by the modal assurance criterion (MAC) [13] in order to compare the eigenvalue for the same mode. In such mode pairing, the analytic mode shape compared to the measured mode shape \(\phi_{i,meas}\) should be \(\phi_{sj}\big{(}=\widetilde{S}\phi_{j}\big{)},\ j=1,\ \ \cdots,\ \ n_{d}\), obtained by Equation (30), and not \(\phi_{j}\).  
Once the analytic mode corresponding to the measured mode is obtained, the residual and sensitivity matrices can be constructed as follows [14].  
\[r^{k}=\lambda_{i,meas}-\lambda_{i}\big{(}\theta^{k}\big{)} \tag{36}\]  
\[\frac{\partial\lambda_{i}}{\partial\theta_{j}}=\phi_{i}^{T}\bigg{(}-\lambda_ {i}\frac{\partial M}{\partial\theta_{j}}+\frac{\partial K}{\partial\theta_{j} }\bigg{)}\phi_{i} \tag{37}\]  
where \(M,\ K\in\mathbb{R}^{n_{d}\times n_{d}}\) are the mass and stiffness matrices of the analytic model; and, \(\lambda_{i}\)_and_\(\phi_{i}\) are the \(i\)th eigenvalue and eigenvector. Here, the eigenvector shall be normalized for the mass matrix.
## 5 Numerical Results
### Ergodic Capacity Verification  
Figure 8 shows the relationship between ergodic capacity and power, where the ergodic capacity increases as the power increases. We can see that the more hops of relay nodes, the higher the ergodic capacity. This phenomenon is directly related to the connection probability. At the same time, the ergodic capacity of nodes under specific regular distribution is more significant than that under the PPP model, which is still due to the self-interference reduction.  
Figure 6: The connection probability is influenced by the number of relay nodes \(N\) and the repulsive parameter \(\beta\).  
Figure 7: The degree of alignment of the directional antenna to the connection probability.  
The effect of different beam widths on the ergodic capacity is shown in Figure 9. The directionality of the antenna increases the antenna gain and also increases the traversal capacity. The directionality of the antenna concentrates the energy and improves the efficiency of information transmission. Interference is also a factor that affects the traversal capacity, and the uniform deployment of nodes is beneficial for capacity improvement.
## 2 State of the Art
### Web Interfaces and Representational State Transfer  
The term web interface refers to an API which is available on the internet. Such a programming interface for web applications is usually based on the HTTP and defines a set of documented commands that allows external systems (clients) to interact with the providing system (server). One possibility to map such a command set is the REST [26]. The REST programming paradigm describes a stateless client-server communication that allows machine-readable communication to be established in a defined scheme with encapsulated components [27]. The advantage of using a REST interface is the targeted access to required resources, i.e., a web-based construct that can be addressed by means of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) [28]. For access, a request is sent, to which a response is made in a previously defined scheme.  
By addressing certain predefined endpoints from any client, the various functions on the resources are invoked to give a specific response, such as retrieving a container in a CDE using HTTP GET [9]. Commonly, HTTP methods are used to specifically request resources without causing changes on the target system (GET), to change an existing resource or to create a new one (PUT), to create a new one under an addressed resource for which no URI exists yet, to receive the URI of the new resource as a response (POST), and to delete a specified resource (DELETE) [26].  
While the relevance of REST interfaces in research, especially in specification, lies in an improvement of discoverability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability [29], in practice, the term RESTful API is coined above all. This means that such an API implements all the requirements of the REST paradigm in the best possible way. One further advantage for both fields of interest is the easy scalability of applications based on the REST paradigm [29]. In addition, REST is also suitable for providing publicly available APIs that give developers web-based access to interact with a web service (e.g., the Twitter API).
###### Abstract  
Since the development of renewable power generation, Sub/Super-Synchronous Control Interac-tion (SSCI), has attracted wide attention. Sub/super-synchronous oscillation (SSO) belongs to the category of small signal stability, and its characteristics are closely related to the operation mode and controller parameters in power grid. The operation mode of renewable power system changes frequently, a method to construct controller parameter stability region (PSR) is proposed for online assessment of the matching degree of controller parameters in power grid under current operation mode. Based on Gerschgorin disk theorem (GDT), eigenvalue distribution range of the system state matrix is estimated, thus the feasible value set of the controller parameter is deduced through small signal stability criterion. The stability margin evaluation index is proposed for guiding the prevention and control of SSO. Specifically, the preconditions of the application of the GDT on the PSR construction are discussed, and a construction method of transition matrix is proposed for the PSR construction. Furthermore, to reduce the conservativeness of PSR, an extension method for PSR is given. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by a realistic benchmark. The efficiency of the proposed method is highlighted by comparing with the point-wise eigenvalue calculation of the state matrix.  
Keywords:renewable power system; small signal stability; sub/super-synchronous oscillation; parameter stability region; stability margin; Gerschgorin disk theorem; transition matrix +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Pneumatic Soft Actuator with Anisotropic Soft and Rigid Restraints for Pure in-Plane Bending Motion
## 3 Experimental Setup and Test  
Experiments were conducted to measure 2D-PSA's bending angle-air pressure relationship and the bending force-air pressure relationship, as well as to assess its vibration abatement. The width, height, and length of 2D-PSA prototype were 30, 24, and 150 mm, respectively. Evaluation of the bending effects of 2D-PSA generally required measurement of the bending angle and bending force with respect to the unit length. The 2D performance of 2D-PSA was analyzed using a contrast experiment with a standard PSA. Furthermore, a soft robot named 2D-Dancer was developed to analyze the in-plane locomotion.  
A digital force gauge (HP-5) was placed perpendicularly to the end of 2D-PSA in the bending plane, while the head of 2D-PSA was fixed using a supporting structure as a base, as shown in Figure 5. To show anisotropic stiffness based on composite restraints, the stiffness in different directions of 2D-PSA, that is \(\vec{y}\) and \(\vec{z}\) in Figure 2, was measured as shown in Figure 5a. The force \(F\) was defined as the winding force for 2D-PSA, being measured as shown in Figure 5b.  
An inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor and laser tracker were applied to measure the quasi-static and dynamic effects of 2D-PSA, as shown in Figure 6. We used a JY901 integrated module as the IMU sensor and a Leica Absolute Tracker AT960 as the laser tracker. Neither the IMU sensor nor the laser tracker can directly achieve a bending angle, so Euler angles and the end position were first measured instead. In Figure 6a, if we suppose that \(\left\{\alpha_{0},\beta_{0},\gamma_{0}\right\}\) are Euler angles in the initial bending angle (\(0^{\circ}\)) and that \(\left\{\alpha,\beta,\gamma\right\}\) are Euler angles in a random bending angle (\(\theta\)), we can calculate the rotation matrix as:  
\[R_{K}\left(\theta\right)=RR_{0}^{-1} \tag{1}\]  
where \(R\) is the rotation matrix of \(\left\{\alpha,\beta,\gamma\right\}\) and \(R_{0}\) is the rotation matrix of \(\left\{\alpha_{0},\beta_{0},\gamma_{0}\right\}\). Because 2D-PSA was an in-plane actuator, it bent at an angle \(\theta\) around an equivalent axis \(K\), which was perpendicular to the bending plane. We can calculate the bending angle as:  
\[\theta=\arccos\left(\frac{r_{11}+r_{22}+r_{33}-1}{2}\right) \tag{2}\]  
where \(r_{ij}\) is an element of the rotation matrix \(R_{K}\left(\theta\right)\). Here, a 2D in-plane criterion, \(\chi\), named the axial oscillation angle, is defined to measure the performance level of 2D-PSA's bending inside an initial plane:  
\[\chi=\left\langle K_{0},K_{i}\right\rangle \tag{3}\]  
Figure 5: Setup for measurement of the directional stiffness and winding force using a digital force gauge.  
where \(K_{0}\) is the initial equivalent axis and \(K_{i}\) is the equivalent axis in the \(i\)th bending angle. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 5(b), the bending angle \(\theta\) can be calculated according to the end position \(\{y,z\}\) as:  
\[\theta=2\text{arctan}\frac{y}{z} \tag{4}\]
###### Abstract  
The internet's future architecture, known as Named Data Networking (NDN), is a creative way to offer content-based services. NDN is more appropriate for content distribution because of its special characteristics, such as naming conventions for packets and methods for in-network caching. Mobility is one of the main study areas for this innovative internet architecture. The software-defined networking (SDN) method, which is employed to provide mobility management in NDN, is one of the feasible strategies. Decoupling the network control plane from the data plane creates an improved programmable platform and makes it possible for outside applications to specify how a network behaves. The SDN is a straightforward and scalable network due to its key characteristics, including programmability, flexibility, and decentralized control. To address the problem of consumer mobility, we proposed an efficient SDPCACM (software-defined proactive caching architecture for consumer mobility) in NDN that extends the SDN model to allow mobility control for the NDN architecture (NDNNA), through which the MC (mobile consumer) receives the data proactively after handover while the MC is moving. When an MC is watching a real-time video in a state of mobility and changing their position from one attachment point to another, the controllers in the SDN preserve the network layout and topology as well as link metrics to transfer updated routes with the occurrence of the handoff or handover scenario, and through the proactive caching mechanism, the previous access router proactively sends the desired packets to the new connected routers. Furthermore, the intra-domain and inter-domain handover processing situations in the SDPCACM for NDNA are described here in detail. Moreover, we conduct a simulation of the proposed SDPCACM for NDN that offers an illustrative methodology and parameter configuration for virtual machines (VMs), OpenFlow switches, and an ODL controller. The simulation result demonstrates that the proposed scheme has significant improvements in terms of CPU usage, reduced delay time, jitter, throughput, and packet loss ratio.  
software-defined networking; OpenFlow; Named Data Networking; mobility management; handover handling +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Electronics
# Research on Space Maglev Vibration Isolation Control System Modeling and Simulation
## 4 System Testing and Calibration
### Testing and Calibration Process  
1. Magnetic performance testing  
After completing the uniform magnetic field magnetization of the strong magnetic structure, the magnetic field strength at different sampling points is verified through an integrated assembly and testing system, and the uniformity index is checked to meet the requirements;
2. Multi-channel current drive performance testing  
Verify the output accuracy performance of different current output channels of the controller by sampling at equal intervals, and verify the compliance of the controller's current drive performance indicators;
3. Comprehensive performance testing of actuators  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**The Main Testing Items** & **Index** \\ \hline Magnetic performance testing & Uniformity 1\% \\ \hline Current driven performance testing & Better than 0.15 mA \\ \hline Force performance testing and calibration & Output force accuracy 0.5 mN \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The main testing items.  
The calibration process for comprehensive performance testing of actuators is as shown in Figure 14:  
The design of a maglev isolation system should consider the volume and weight of the device; additionally, the design of the measurement scheme and the selection of sensors also have a significant impact on the measurement accuracy. Currently, there are solutions such as two-dimensional PSD laser measurement and displacement sensor-based measurements. Considering that the non-contact maglev mechanism needs to be able to move in all three degrees of freedom in space, non-contact sensors are mainly considered when selecting sensors. Therefore, the available methods include laser ranging, capacitive displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Eddy current sensors have good long-term reliability, high sensitivity, strong anti-interference ability, non-contact measurement, fast response speed, and are not affected by media such as oil and water. They are more suitable for displacement measurement of maglev mechanisms.  
The maglev isolation system is calibrated by force measurement using the suspension method, which can measure the dynamic force accuracy when outputting fixed displacement. However, there are certain issues with the output testing of dynamic force during dynamic itinerary.