esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design and Analysis of Yoshimura Tubular Origami Mechanisms
## 1 Introduction
Similarly, [PERSON] [33] proposed a high-elongation origami robot based on the cutting principle, identifying factors limiting axial elongation and proposing a method to eliminate the negative Poisson's ratio by reducing material, thus improving the compliant axial elongation of Yoshimura tubular mechanisms. However, existing research predominantly relies on centrally symmetric Yoshimura tubular origami mechanisms. This singular structural form limits their structural and motion diversity, thereby constraining their applications. Expanding research to include asymmetrical and unconventional designs could unlock new functionalities and broaden the potential of Yoshimura tubular origami in engineering. Research on metamorphic mechanisms dates back to a 1995 study involving gift-wrapping paper boxes [34]. Essentially, metamorphic mechanisms have their roots in the ancient art of origami. In 1998, Professor [PERSON] and [PERSON] introduced the concept of \"metamorphic mechanisms\" [35] and, in 2005, proposed a topological matrix representation method for these mechanisms [36]. These foundational studies offered a feasible design framework for origami mechanisms. Building on the principles of metamorphic mechanisms, this paper presents a Yoshimura tubular origami mechanism and establishes the corresponding origami topology matrix. The objective is to enhance the structural and motion diversity of Yoshimura tubular origami mechanisms, offering designers a more intuitive design approach. The contributions of this work are summarized as follows: (1) Inspired by the biological concept of \"cell transformation,\" we introduce a novel tubular-based origami mechanism derived from the Yoshimura pattern, broadening the application scope of the Yoshimura origami concept. (2) We investigate various crease configurations, including left-biased and right-biased designs, which enable the development of both heteromorphic (different-shaped) and homomorphic (similar-shaped) origami structures, thereby enhancing the diversity of origami design. (3) We explore complex motions in Yoshimura origami that have been largely overlooked, such as macroscopic twisting movements and compound motions. This investigation provides new perspectives on the potential applications and dynamic capabilities of origami structures. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 analyzes the planar crease shape elements of the Yoshimura pattern and proposes a tubular origami mechanism based on this pattern. Section 3 introduces a topological matrix representation method for the proposed Yoshimura tubular origami mechanism, referred to as the origami topology matrix, and validates it with a specific example. Section 4 explores complex motion forms that differ from traditional centrally symmetric Yoshimura tubular origami mechanisms. In Section 5, the method of making an origami robot is presented and its motion characteristics are analyzed. Finally, Sections 6 and 7 present the discussions and conclusions, respectively.
## 5 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Overall** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Comprehensive Rank**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**10-D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**30-D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**50-D**} \\ \cline{2-9}
**Rank** & **Algorithm** & **Rank** & **Algorithm** & **Rank** & **Algorithm** & **Rank** & **Algorithm** & **Rank** \\ \hline \(1\) & MLDMS-PSO & 2.862 & MLDMS-PSO & 2.483 & MLDMS-PSO & 3.003 & MLDMS-PSO & 3.000 \\ \(2\) & HCLDMS-PSO & 3.598 & TSLPSO & 3.138 & HCLDMS-PSO & 3.281 & HCLDMS-PSO & 3.069 \\ \(3\) & FSQ-DLS & 4.379 & CCPSO-ISM & 4.207 & PSQ-DLS & 3.966 & PSQ-DLS & 3.414 \\ \(4\) & TSLPSO & 4.494 & CLPSO & 4.328 & TSLPSO & 4.552 & DMS-PSO & 4.862 \\ \(5\) & CCPSO-ISM & 4.678 & HCLDMS-PSO & 4.483 & CCPSO-ISM & 4.724 & CLPSO & 4.897 \\ \(6\) & CLPSO & 4.753 & DMS-PSO & 5.121 & DMS-PSO & 4.897 & CCPSO-ISM & 5.103 \\ \(7\) & DMS-PSO & 4.960 & PSO-DLS & 5.759 & CLPSO & 5.034 & TSLPSO & 5.793 \\ \(8\) & XPSO & 6.402 & XPSO & 6.793 & XPSO & 6.517 & XPSO & 5.897 \\ \(9\) & GPSO & 8.874 & GPSO & 8.690 & GPSO & 8.966 & GPSO & 8.966 \\ \(10\) & FIPS & 10.000 & FIPS & 10.000 & FIPS & 10.000 & FIPS & 10.000 \\  & & \(p\)-value & \(3.23\times 10^{-30}\) & \(p\)-value & \(1.53\times 10^{-28}\) & \(p\)-value & \(1.93\times 10^{-29}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Statistical rank of the Friedman test. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.C. ([PERSON]); Methodology, L.C. ([PERSON]) and J.C.; Software, L.C. ([PERSON]); Validation, L.C. ([PERSON]); Investigation, W.W.; Data curation, W.W.; Writing--original draft, L.C. ([PERSON]); Writing--review & editing, L.C. ([PERSON]); Supervision, J.C.; Funding acquisition, J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan under grant number 2020 YFB1713600 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 62063021. It was also supported by the Key Talent Project of Gansu Province (ZZ2021G50700016) and the Jiangmen Basic and Theoretical Science Research Project, 2023 (2023)C01001), respectively. **Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. **Appendix A**
###### Abstract  
The recent development of satellite products for observing precipitation based on different technologies (microwaves, infrared, etc.) allows for near-real-time meteorological studies. The purpose of this article is to evaluate 11 satellite products (GHE, PDIR, IMERG-Early v6, IMERG-Late v6, CMORPH v0.x, CMORPH-RT v0.x, GSMaP-NIRT v7, GSMaP-NIRT-GC v7, GSMaP-NOW v7, GSMaP-NOW-GC v7, and DATABOURG) currently available and compare them to 2 ground-based radar networks (PANTHERE and OPERA) and the French rain-gauge network RADOME. Two case studies of intense precipitation over France (22 to 25 April 2022 and 24 to 29 June 2022) were selected. The radar estimations are closer to the RADOME observations than the satellite-based estimations, which tend to globally underestimate the precipitation amounts over the areas of interest while OPERA tends to strongly overestimate precipitation amounts during the June case study. The PANTHERE radar product and the carrier-to-noise product DATABOURG shows promising results. Near-real-time satellite products tend to have closer precipitation amounts to the reference dataset than satellite products with a shorter latency. The use of these datasets for nowcasting developments is plausible but further analyses must be conducted beforehand.  
precipitation; remote sensing; radars; satellite +
Footnote †: journal: _atmosphere_
## 1 Introduction
A multiple input single output (MISO) beamforming system has been considered in several standards for next generation wireless communications systems. With codebook-based feedback, these systems can potentially achieve the same diversity order and a larger coding gain when compared to non-feedback systems like space-time codes [9, 10, 11, 12]. An optical beamforming based on the appropriate phase shifts has been proposed to create bright spots in a service area [13]. With a proper design of radiation patterns, the system can enhance the bit error rate (BER) performance and enlarge the coverage area. Besides the illumination purposes of dimmable LEDs, in this paper, the advantage of dimming is studied for positioning purposes. The LEDs start from a certain brightness level and increase their brightness level until the LED reader can detect the nearest light emitting array (LEA) using a MISO beamforming technique that is discussed in details later. Note that the positioning service works even if there is no dimming control or brightness change. When the dimming control is applied, a reliable (more accurate) positioning estimation can be achieved by the optimal closed loop beamforming. Consequently, the light beam from the LEA is supposed to be the minimal energy detectable beam. While positioning and/or communications can be achieved using dimmable LEDs, the brightness level can also satisfy the users [14]. The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 presents the model for LED-ID positioning system in a simple square room. However, all ideas and techniques can easily extend to more complex indoor environments, _i.e._, non-rectangular shaped rooms, corridors, _etc._ Both the typical rectangular grid shape and a hexagonal lattice alignment are deployed. In Section 3, a MISO system with \(M\) LEDs (transmitters) and one photo-detector (receiver), performing a closed-loop transmit beamforming technique, is described. Section 4 describes the results of simulation studies. In Section 5, the issue of actual implementations is discussed. Conclusion remarks and future plans are included in Section 6.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
Figure 1 displays a representation of the setup used in our experiments.  
The ISP was made from dielectric (textolite) sheets coated with 2 mm layers of copper in order to provide efficient reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The height and the apex angle of the ISP were 130 mm and 52\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The size of the pyramid was selected so that the resonance occurs in the microwave range [21]. The Eppendorf-type tubes containing 1 mL of 0.1 \(\upmu\)M solution of HRP in 2 mM PBSD buffer were placed either 1 cm below the ISP's apex or 1 cm above the ISP's base (positions 2 and 3 in Figure 1, respectively) and incubated there for 40 min. The distance between the pyramid and the samples, and the incubation time were the same as those in our previous study [22], so only the spatial orientation of the pyramid was changed. At the same time, control solutions of the enzyme were incubated at a much longer (three meters) distance from the ISP. The room in which the experiments were performed was not shielded from external electromagnetic radiation. At the same time, we did not use any additional equipment to intentionally generate electromagnetic radiation. After the incubation, mica substrates were immersed into the solutions of the enzyme in order to study its adsorption on mica using AFM. Each experiment was performed in at least three technical replicates. In parallel, the enzymatic activity of HRP against its substrate ABTS was estimated spectrophotometrically. These procedures are described below.  
Figure 1: Experimental setup. Numbers indicate the main units of the setup: the ISP (1) and the test tube with the enzyme solution. The tube was placed either below the ISP’s apex (2) or above its base (3). \(L_{1}\) and \(L_{2}\) represent the distance between the tube and the ISP’s apex or the center of its base, respectively.
# Long-Term Creep Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Water-Immersed Coal Pillar Dam
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Acoustic Emission Characteristics
#### 3.3.2 Natural Sample  
To investigate the full compression failure process of natural coal-rock under a single stress level, the natural coal sample was selected for creep acoustic emission testing and compared with the water-immersed sample. The results are shown in Figure 8. During the entire loading process, 11,499 AE events were recorded. Pronounced AE activity occurred in the initial testing phase (transient stage). Upon entering the steady-state creep stage, both AE ring-down counts and energy levels were low, indicating weak acoustic emission. During rapid load increase, AE activity intensified significantly.  
Comparing the AE characteristics between natural and immersed conditions, common patterns exist in both conditions: AE signals peaked during transient creep, diminished in steady-state creep, and then reactivated when approaching accelerated creep. Notably, AE energy shifts markedly increased before accelerated creep. This validates AE feature metrics as indicators for identifying creep stages and providing early warning for accelerated creep in coal-rock pillars.  
Figure 7: Creep acoustic emission features of water-immersed coal sample.  
However, crucial differences exist between two conditions. The water-immersed sample exhibited lower AE event rates of 127 events per day, compared with 500 events per day for natural samples. It should be noted that these reported event rates represent the directly measured experimental values during the testing period. Statistical analyses to quantify uncertainty and variability, such as calculating confidence intervals, represent an important focus for our subsequent investigations. This divergence arises from water-filled pores and fractures reducing the stress concentration at crack tips. Prolonged immersion also induces non-uniform expansion, where internal damage releases energy gradually rather than through sudden AE events [40]. Furthermore, the heterogeneous deterioration from water-rock interactions triggers non-uniform deformation during long-term creep, necessitating the continuous monitoring of dam deformation and targeted engineering interventions at Daliuta CMURs.
## 2 Background
### In Situ Stress  
Between 2003 and 2011, in situ stress measurements were carried out in the BUP area prior to excavation using the hydraulic fracturing method (HFM) and the stress relief method (SRM). According to the results, the in situ stress is dominated by tectonic stress and, thus, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is approximately 19-23 MPa, with a strike of N30\({}^{\circ}\)-50\({}^{\circ}\)W and a dip angle of 5-13\({}^{\circ}\). The angle between the direction of the maximum principal stress and the axis of the main powerhouse is 50-70\({}^{\circ}\). The maximum horizontal principal stress reaches 33.39 MPa. The values of the secondary and minimum principal stresses are 13-16 MPa and 8.2-12.2 MPa. The minimum principal stress is almost vertical and its magnitude is equivalent to the gravity stress of the overlying rock mass (Figure 3c). Laboratory test results show that the average saturated compressive strength of the rock in this area is 74-112 MPa, so the strength-stress ratio is 3.22-5.89, which is at a lower level. Overall, the Baihetan left bank underground powerhouse features high in situ stress.
# Improving Energy Efficiency on SDN Control-Plane Using Multi-Core Controllers
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Capping Processor Frequency  
On a Linux system, the processor frequency can be set using utilities such as the cpupower ([PERSON], 2017), changing every core's current frequency on a CPU package. To set the  
Figure 5: Average utilization per core on different frequencies for a high demand task on a SDN controller.  
Figure 6: Average, min and max throughput on a single-core controller for various frequencies.  
frequency is necessary to choose the CPU frequency governor. The Linux kernel supports four governors; each governor implements a strategy to use the CPU while balancing energy efficiency and performance [30]. The four governors are: userspace, performance, schedulutil and ondemand.  
The performance governor causes the processor frequency to be set to the highest available value for the processor, independent of any external factor. It is a policy that compromises energy efficiency over a guaranteed maximum number of instructions over time.  
The schedulutil governor uses information from the Kernel scheduler to measure the current load of the CPUs and set the frequency accordingly. This governor is aware of the load, increasing the frequency of high load systems and decreasing it in a more idle system. It also raises the frequency of cores for processes blocked for too much time waiting on I/O.  
The ondemand governor uses data gathered from its own context to estimate the current CPU load and set the frequency. The worker is invoked frequently (by default every 10 ms) to compute the time the CPU was idle since the last execution. This metric is used to estimate CPU load and derives the right CPU frequency within min and max frequency limits.  
The userspace governor allows a root user to set each processor's core operation frequency to a static value; we used this governor to statically set the frequency of every core on all of our experiments described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2.  
To further improve energy consumption reduction, the idle CPU cores are turned offline by issuing a kernel syscall. This is possible using the Linux CPU Hotplug [31], allowing a user to turn on and off processor cores as the demand grows. The control can be achieved by the filesystem tree mounted under /sys/devices/system/cpu.  
All the measurements are also done from the /sys filesystem under the folder /sys/class/powercap/intel-rapid; these files are an interface to Intel's Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) [32] and Intel's Model-Specific Registers (MSR). The file energy_uj reports the energy in ulJoules.
# Design of an Underwater Acoustic Waveform and Integrated System for Communication and Detection
## 2 Waveform Design
### Ambiguity Function Analysis  
Ambiguity function analysis is widely used in the design of detection waveforms. It is employed to analyze the distance resolution and velocity resolution of signal detection under ideal conditions. In this section, the ambiguity function of the proposed CPM-LFM waveform is obtained and used to analyze the detection performance. The ambiguity function of this waveform is given as [29],  
\[\begin{array}{c}\chi(\tau,f_{d})=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}S_{CPM-LFM}(t)S_{CPM -LFM}^{*}(t-\tau)exp(2\pi f_{d}t)dt\\ =\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}exp(j2\pi f_{d}t)\sum_{k=1}^{N}rect(\frac{t-(k-1)T_{ k}}{T_{k}})exp(j\pi u^{2}+j\phi(t,l_{i}))\times\sum_{i=1}^{N}rect(\frac{t-(l-1)T_{ i}}{T_{k}})exp(j\pi u(t-\tau)^{2}+j\phi(t-\tau,l_{i}))dt\end{array} \tag{15}\]  
Figure 4: The upper bound of the minimum Euclidean distance.  
where \(f_{d}\) is the Doppler frequency and \(\tau\) is the delay. This is illustrated in Figure 5. This can be further expressed as  
\[\begin{array}{ll}&T_{\tau}=(k-l+1)T_{s}-\tau\\ &(k-l)T_{s}\leq\tau\leq(k-l+1)T\\ \chi(\tau,f_{d})=X_{kl}T_{\tau}\text{sinc}\Big{\{}\Big{[}\mu\tau+f_{d}+\frac{ hI}{2 LT_{s}}\Big{]}T_{\tau}\Big{\}}&\text{or}\\ &T_{\tau}=(l-k+1)T_{s}-\tau\\ &(k-l-1)T_{s}\leq\tau\leq(k-l)T\\ \end{array} \tag{16}\]  
\[I=\sum_{m=k-L+1}^{k}I_{m}-\sum_{n=l-L+1}^{l}I_{n} \tag{17}\]  
\[X_{kl}=\text{exp}\left\{j\pi\left[\begin{array}{c}-\mu\tau^{2}+h\sum_{a=0}^ {k-L}I_{a}-h\sum_{a=0}^{l-L}I_{a}+\frac{h}{L}\Big{(}\sum_{m=k-L+1}^{k}I_{m}(k- m)-\sum_{n=l-L+1}^{l}I_{n}(l-n)\Big{)}\\ -(f_{d}+\mu\tau)T_{p}+\Big{(}\mu\tau+f_{d}+\frac{h}{2 LT_{s}}I\Big{)}\big{(}(k +l+1)T_{s}+\tau-T_{p}\big{)}\end{array}\right]\right\} \tag{18}\]  
Within a single repetition period, setting the delay in (9) to zero and taking the absolute value yields the velocity ambiguity  
\[|\chi(0,f_{d})|=NT_{s}|\text{sinc}(f_{d}NT_{s})| \tag{19}\]  
\[|\chi_{LFM}(0,f_{d})|=T_{p}\big{|}\text{sinc}\big{(}f_{d}T_{p}\big{)}\big{|} \tag{20}\]  
where \(T_{s}=T_{p}/N\) is the symbol duration and the frame length is equal to the LFM pulse width \(T_{p}\). Therefore, the velocity ambiguity of the proposed waveform is the same as for LFM and the velocity resolution is \(1/T_{p}\).  
Now the Doppler frequency \(f_{d}\) is set to \(0\) to obtain the range ambiguity  
\[\begin{array}{c}|\chi(z,0)|=|(T_{z}-\tau)\text{sinc}\big{(}\mu\tau(T_{z}- \tau))|+|\tau\text{sinc}\{[\mu\tau+\frac{h}{2 LT_{z}}(b_{k}-b_{l-L+1})]\tau\}| \\ k=l,T_{s}\leq\tau\leq(k-l+1)T_{s}\end{array} \tag{21}\]  
When the number of data symbols is small, \(|\tau|\ll T_{s}\), so the second term in (14) can be ignored. Then the range ambiguity can be expressed as  
\[|\chi(\tau,0)|=T_{p}|\text{sin}\,\text{c}(B\tau)| \tag{22}\]  
so the time resolution is \(1/B\). As the number of data symbols increases, \(T_{s}\) decreases. Thus, when there are a large number of data symbols, the condition \(0\leq\tau\ll T_{s}\) may not be satisfied, leading to more distance side lobes.
# Untargeted 1H-NMR Urine Metabolomic Analysis of Preterm Infants with Neonatal Sepsis
## 3 Results
### Metabolic Profile Alterations of Pretems with EOS
#### 3.1.3 EOS Metabolic Profile Progression between First and Third Day of Life  
With the perspective for the validation of a metabolite for further analysis or the identification of a group of metabolites characteristic of the septic urine metabolome, the progression of the metabolome throughout the time of the condition needs to be examined. In our study a comparative analysis of urine metabolomes between the first and the third day of septic newborns' extrauterine life was conducted. For ten (n = 10)  
Figure 3: Multivariate analysis of NMR data belonging to neonates diagnosed with EOS (orange circles) and neonates hospitalized in NICU without EOS (purple circles). (**a**) PLS-DA scores plot of the EOS and control group. (**b**) VIP scores and metabolites related to buckets with different concentration among the two groups.  
Figure 2: Spectral regions of unassigned chemical shifts mostly present on \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectra of NICU samples (blue spectrum) and healthy non-NICU preterms (black spectrum).  
out of the twenty-three neonates diagnosed with EOS, urine samples and NMR data from the third day of neonates' life are not available due to handling inaccuracies during sample collection or other excluding criteria regarding the NMR spectra (e.g., baseline and phase distortions) and the presence of lipids, characterized of broad peaks overlapping peaks of small molecules studied in this analysis. Hence, a total of twenty-six (n = 26; paired 1 st and 3 rd day of life) urine \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectra, corresponding to each one of the thirteen (n = 13) EOS preterms, were analyzed. An initial classification of the two groups was performed via PCA, where the third principal component, explains the 79.9% of the cumulated variance (Supplementary materials Figure S4). PLS-DA corroborated and strengthened the clustering, providing a valid and reliable model (Figure 4a). The cross-validation indicated the use of the first two components as optimal for building the classification model, with R\({}^{2}\) = 0.613 and Q\({}^{2}\) = 0.296. VIP scores were in accordance with the PCA's loadings and indicated reduced concentration of myo-inositol, gluconate, betaine, taurine, and creatinine on the third day (Figure 4b). The normalized concentration's differentiated levels of the reported metabolites are clearly represented on their associated box plots (Figure 4c). The alteration of myo-inositol levels between the first and the third day of life has been previously reported for healthy full-term (>38 GA) neonates [33]. Specifically, in association with sepsis, increased levels of myo-inositol have also been detected on the work of [PERSON] et al. for LOS at the day of the disease's onset [28]. The decrease in creatinine is in accordance with the [PERSON] et al. findings for septic neonates [30].
# Reversible Data Hiding Scheme in Homomorphic Encrypted Image Based on EC-EG
## 2 Related Knowledge
### Rhombus Pattern Based PEE
#### 2.3.2 Overflow or Underflow Processing  
The PEE data embedding may cause overflow or underflow. \(L\_map\) can be used to avoid embedding into pixels that cause overflow or underflow. Substituting \(p^{\prime}_{i,j}\) from Equation (9) and \(e^{\prime}_{i,j}\) from Equation (10) into Equation (11), we get  
\[P_{i,j}=e_{i,j}+p_{i,j}+b \tag{12}\]  
According to Equation (12), it is clear that pixels that do not cause overflow or underflow satisfy the condition in Equation (13).  
\[0\leq e_{i,j}+p_{i,j}\leq 254 \tag{13}\]  
The \(L\_map\) to record the positions of invalid groups can be created by pre-processing the original image. Each group of the original image is checked for Equation (13) and records the row and column binary data of invalid groups. The \(L\_map\) is compressed and then self-embedded into to the image.