## 3 Results
### Specific Findings
#### 3.2.1 Driver Emotion and Behavior  
Here, we summarize 13 studies related to the types of emotions experienced by drivers, the behavioral factors of drivers, associated risks factors, and cultural and human factors, as shown in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Driver Emotion(s)** & **Driver Behavior(s)** & **Road Accident Factor** & **Cultural Factor** & **Human Factor** \\ \hline
[39] & anger and pleasure; surprise and fear & risky driving behaviors; opposite & driving style and sensory seeking & SN & — \\ \hline
[40] & anger, anxiety, and frustration & aggressive driving & distress tolerance \(\downarrow\) & — & PC \\ \hline
[7] & anger and anxiety & steering wheel angle increasing & driving pressure \(\uparrow\) & — & PC \\ \hline
[41] & angry and fear & anxiety driving & arrival-blocking & — & EI \\ \hline
[42] & anxiety & aggressive driving, continuous honks & road rage & — & PC \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of studies related to driver emotion and behavior. Figure 4: Results of the keyword co-occurrence analysis, showing the evolution of keywords over time. Based on the literature search, it can be deduced that the majority of studies focus on anger within the category of negative emotions (\(n=11\), 85%). Reference [39] mentioned that pleasure can also lead to dangerous driving behaviors. Meanwhile, ref. [46] pointed out that the anger resulting from frustration and threats increases the frequency of intentional driving infringements. Two of the studies (\(n=2\), 15%) [47; 49] did not specify the emotions researched but included aspects of personality and attitudes. Causes of traffic accidents: Several studies [18; 42; 43] mentioned that aggressive driving behavior, such as continuous honking and speeding, significantly increases the risk of road accidents. Risk-taking driving behaviors like high speed, short following distances, and deliberate infringements are often associated with aggressive driving styles. Also, refs. [7; 40] reported that anxiety while driving can lead to behaviors that block arrival and increase the driving pressure. Reduced distress tolerance can contribute to aggressive driving, raising the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, refs. [18; 46] indicated that distracted attention, indicated by increased speed or weaving in and out of lanes, leads to reckless behavior and heightens the risk of accidents. Risky driving attitudes, such as taking unnecessary risks and not paying attention to road conditions, can result in dangerous driving situations. Reference [45] mentioned that sensory seeking behaviors and increased steering wheel angles can elevate driving pressure, making it more challenging to maintain control and increasing accident risks. Driver behavior: The literature indicates that negative emotions enhance risky behaviors and deteriorate driving performance (\(n=10\), 77%). Although anger can lead to aggressive driving behaviors, it does not increase the frequency of errors. Anger driven by threats, contempt, and frustration particularly increases the frequency of intentional violations (\(n=4\), 31%) [7; 44; 46]. From 2018 to 2024, there was increasing emphasis on how human emotional intelligence and personal characteristics influence drivers' emotions, highlighting the importance of human factors (\(n=5\), 35.71%) [7; 40; 41; 42; 47]. Impact of personal characteristics on emotions and driving behavior: A literature survey by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] found that conservative thinking leads to more traffic accidents. This study suggests that conservative decisions, influenced by negative emotions, do not necessarily result in safer driving behaviors. Additionally, sensory input can also affect the level of anger and thus influence driver behavior [48]. For example, music-induced anger can cause drivers to speed up, while visual input can cause drivers to slow down because it distracts them.