## 1 Introduction  
Wayfinding and navigation are essentials for everyday experiences, whether we need to find our way to university, the grocery store, hiking up a mountain, or going to a new location [1, 2]. Wayfinding is the ability to navigate through the environment by identifying one's location and arriving at destinations both cognitively and behaviorally [1]. The wayfinding task can be aided by providing environmental information cues that are helpful in building up important knowledge for the required wayfinding task. Such knowledge is classified into two categories: knowledge in the head and knowledge in the world, and wayfinding aids are useful to acquire information for transforming the knowledge in the world into knowledge in the head [3]. Several theories (such as route-based strategies and landmark-based strategies) and mechanisms (such as images or dual coding) have been studied to understand how knowledge is learned, structured and stored [4]. In general, all research focusing on navigation in the physical environment can be mainly divided into (1) outdoor navigation, (2) indoor navigation, and (3) a combination of both [4, 5]. Outdoor navigation systems are already present everywhere and are widely used [6, 7]. However, large campus buildings with connected facilities require indoor navigation aids. Therefore, in recent years, indoor navigation has become equally important and is a central challenge as it is a less developed area [6, 7, 8, 9]. One of the most popular projects for navigation is Google Maps, but this is limited to outdoor services. This is because digital navigation solutions such as Google Maps are based on GPS signals, aerial photography, and satellite imagery that do not cover the inside of buildings, meaning a different service (indoor positioning system (IPS)) is needed to facilitate indoor navigation. Indoor navigation intends to help users find their way, avoid obstacles, recognize people, and find objects and resources, among others [5]. Several technologies such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification, Wi-Fi, magnetic and even LED light-based are used to solve the indoor navigation problem [10]. Some specialized solutions are available for indoor navigation, but the services are only for limited buildings [7]. With the advent of technology, working environments such as organizations or universities are becoming complex and consist of multiple buildings [3]. Therefore, finding one's way around becomes an additional challenge on top of work and study and requires integration of indoor and outdoor navigation [10, 11, 12, 13] to provide seamless navigation from the start point to the point of interest within a building, saving time and energy. Although navigation tools have become more prevalent over the last decade as a resource for reliable wayfinding and route planning, finding systems that integrate indoor to outdoor navigation is a challenge in navigational research [14]. MazeMap is one such digital wayfinding solution that seamlessly integrates indoor and outdoor navigation, allowing users to move between buildings, e.g., on a university campus, with ease. Previous research has also focused on the comparison between different navigation aids to examine their effectiveness. For example, a comparison between mobile navigation systems and paper maps [15], a comparison between Electronic Map Interfaces (Google Maps and Yahoo! Map interfaces) [16], Novel map displays such as Mirror-In-The-Sky Map (MitS) and track-up maps [17]. However, among several research studies conducted on navigational aids, only a few are devoted to outdoor vs. indoor-outdoor navigation systems. Although there are several studies on outdoor navigation systems, only a few studies have focused on the human factors of indoor navigation systems, and there is a strong need to evaluate them [6]. Many factors contribute to the wayfinding ability and performance, including both internal (such as age, gender, types of strategies, sense of direction, comprehension, spatial abilities, etc.)