# A Machine Learning Framework for Assessing Seismic Hazard Safety of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
## 2 Background of the Selected Earthquakes  
In this study, the archived data of buildings on the open-access database on the Datacenterhub platform [36] were used. These buildings were affected during Nepal, Haiti, South Korea, and Ecuador earthquakes, and they were investigated further by different research groups, and their information and observed damage were collected.  
The entire province across Ecuador is prone to seismic hazards, and in this study, one of the current earthquakes, which occurred on April 16, 2016, and majorly affected the coastal zone of Manabi, has been selected. The data collection has been carried through the American Concrete Institute (ACI) research team to generate a memorandum of damaged RC structures affected due to the earthquake. These teams collaborated with the technical staff and students of the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL) [37]. The data have two different soil profiles known as APO1 (the location of the IGN strong-motion station) and Los Tamarindos. APO1 is situated amid alluvial soils and colluvial deposits with an average shear wave velocity at the height of 30 m, Vs30 of 240 m/s, whereas Los Tamarindos is within the alluvial clay and silt deposits with, Vs30 of 220 m/s [38].  
Secondly, the Haiti earthquake that occurred on January 12, 2010, has been taken for the assessment. The seismologists have compiled the structural data of 145 RC frames from the University of Purdue, Washington University, and Kansas University have been worked together with research workers from Universite d'Etat d'Haiti [39; 40]. Soil properties of the data are classified as the granular alluvial fans and the soft clay soils for the southern and the northern plain of Leogane city, respectively, which is located to the west of Port-au-Prince with the severe structural damage [41]. According to the Shake-Map of the U.S. Geological Survey, Leogane has a ground motion with the highest instrumental intensity of IX, and Port-au-Prince has intensity VIII [42].  
The devastating earthquake which had struck Nepal in May 2015 has also been assessed in the current study. Researchers from the Purdue University and Nagoya Institute of Technology, in association to the ACI, conducted surveys and inspected damaged RC structures. A dataset compilation has been completed in the reconnaissance survey, which has 135 low-rise reinforced concrete buildings with or without masonry infill walls [43]. The fill sediments of the Kathmandu valley's soil profile mostly consist of a heterogeneous mixture of clays, sands, and silts, which have a thickness of nearly 400 m [44]. Based on the records of the ShakeMap of the U.S. Geological Survey, the ground motion intensity of VIII with the epicenter of 19 KM to the south-east of Kodari.  
Ultimately, the earthquake emerged on November 15, 2017, in the Korean territory. Two mega cities Heunghae and Pohang, were influenced by the earthquake event, and due to that, structures were considerably damaged in the vicinity of these areas. Additionally, thousands of inhabitants were homeless caused by severe structural damage, leading to a significant impact on the economy of around 100 million dollars in public and private infrastructures. The collection of damage data had been carried by a team of researchers from ACI in collaboration with multiple universities and research institutes [45].  
The subsurface soil strata consist of filling, alluvial soil, weathered soil, weathered rock, and bedrock. The ShakeMap of the U.S. Geological Survey has listed the earthquake intensity as VII [46]. Table 1 indicates the details of selected earthquakes and related parameters.