###### Abstract  
Rose (_Rosa chinensis_) is one of the most famous ornamental plants worldwide, with a variety of colors and fragrances. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpen. In this work, we report a comprehensive study on the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in _R. chinensis_. We identified 49 _TPS_ genes in the _R. chinensis_ genome, and they were grouped into five subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-g and TPS-e/f). Phylogenetics, gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the _RCTPS_ genes possessed relatively conserved gene structures and the RcTPS proteins contained relatively conserved motifs. Multiple putative _cis_-acting elements involved in the stress response were identified in the promoter region of _RCTPS_ genes, suggesting that some could be regulated by stress. The expression profile of _RCTPS_ genes showed that they were predominantly expressed in the petals of open flowers, pistils, leaves and roots. Under osmotic and heat stresses, the expression of most _RCTPS_ genes was upregulated. These data provide a useful foundation for deciphering the functional roles of _RCTPS_ genes during plant growth as well as addressing the link between terpene biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses in roses. rose; terpene synthase; genome-wide analysis; expression pattern; abiotic stress 202213547390  
TPS proteins are classified into two types, I and II, based on their structure and reaction mechanism [7; 11; 12]. Type I TPS proteins contain conserved DDX and NSE/DTE motifs near the C-terminus and are known to play important roles in the metal-dependent ionization of prenyl diphosphate substrates [13; 14; 15]. Type II TPS proteins contain a DXDD pathway [16; 17]. Type II TPS proteins contain a DXDD pathway [18; 19]. Type II TPS proteins contain a DXDD pathway [20; 21]. Type II TPS proteins contain a DXDD pathway [21]. Type II TPS proteins contain a DXDD pathway  
motif near the N-terminus that catalyzes the formation of copalyl diphosphate (CPP) through protonation-induced cyclization of GGPP [3; 16]. The TPS family is phylogenetically divided into seven subfamilies, one of which, TPS-c, represents the type II TPSs, while the remaining subfamilies, TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-d (gymnosperm-specific), TPS-e/f, TPS-g and TPS-h (specific to _Selaginella moellendorffi_), are type I TPS proteins [3; 7; 17]. To date, the TPS family has been identified in various plant species, such as _Arabidopsis thaliana_[18], _Vitis vinifera_[19], _Solanum Lyopersicum_[20; 21], _Malus domestica_[22], and _Eucalyptus grandis_[23], _Citrous sinensis_[24], _Setaria italica_[25], _Camellia sinensis_[26], _Dendrobium officinale_[27] and _Aquilaria sinensis_[28]. The number of _TPS_ genes varies widely between different species. _V. vinifera_ has the largest known _TPS_ gene family with as many as 69 putatively functional _TPS_ genes, while there is only one functional _TPS_ gene that has been identified in _Physcomitella patens_[29]. Previous studies have characterized several monoterene synthases and predicted the TPS family genes in the rose [30; 31]. However, to date, no comprehensive study of the TPS family has been reported in the rose. _Rosa_ spp., an economically important genus belonging to the _Rosaceae_ family, are cultivated worldwide for their high ornamental properties and cosmetic and medicinal properties [32]. Modern roses have inherited many traits, mainly floral, including their scent, from both European and Chinese lineages through years of artificial hybridization [33]. Terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids and fatty acid derivatives are the three major classes of scented compounds in _R. chinensis_[31]. In particular, monoterenes represent up to 70% percent of the scent content in some cultivars [34]. Like other plant species, in roses the sesquiterpenes and norterpenes are synthesized in cytosol and plastids, respectively [30; 35].