## 2 Experimental  
An isothermal battery calorimeter measures heat energy, which is removed under isothermal conditions. The generated heat during the reaction is measured and transferred with the intention of keeping the temperature of the sample constant. Nevertheless, some error could be produced from the system's elevated capacity attributable to the surrounding lithium-ion battery chamber. Maccor automated test system was used as the lithium-ion battery cycler. Calibration of the isothermal battery calorimeter comprises several electrical currents to an accurate resistance, which should be positioned inside the isothermal battery calorimeter. The investigated lithium-ion battery cell capacity is 13 Ah and possesses a lithium titanate oxide-based anode from altairnano. A specific fixture was designed for the lithium-ion battery, which refrains from expansion in the lithium-ion battery cell  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Investigation** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Heat Generation** \\ **Measurement Method** \\ \end{tabular} & **Battery Type** & **Discharge Rate** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Highest Heat** \\ **Generation** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[35] & Electro-thermal model & Adiabatic calorimeter & LFP/graphite & 1 C, 3 C, 5 C & 1.17 W (1 C) \\  & & & & 17.95 W (5 C) \\ \hline
[36] & Thermal modeling of big & Adiabatic calorimeter & LCO/graphite & 1 C, 3 C, 5 C & 3.1 W (1 C) \\  & cells & Adiabatic calorimeter & LCO/graphite & 1 C, 3 C, 5 C & 14 W (3 C) \\  & & & & 28 W (5 C) \\ \hline
[37] & \begin{tabular}{c} Potentiometric and \\ calorimetric measurement of \\ entropy changes \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Isoperibolic \\ calorimeter \\ \end{tabular} & NMC/carbon & 0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C & 0.332 kJ (0.5 C) \\  &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.798 kJ (1 C) \\ 1.485 kJ (1.5 C) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[38] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Heat generation in high \\ power battery \\ \end{tabular} & Adiabatic calorimeter & NMC/graphite & 1 C, 2 C & 11 W (1 C) \\  & & & & 33 W (2 C) \\ \hline
[39] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Theoretical and experimental \\ analysis of heat generations \\ \end{tabular} & Isothermal calorimeter & LMO/carbon & 4.1 C, 5 C, 5.7 C, 6.3 C,7 C & 15 W (4.1 C) \\  & & & & 6.3 C,7 C & 15 W (6.3 C) \\  & & & & 40 W (7 C) \\ \hline
[40] & Thermal characteristics & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Temperature sensors \\ and an aluminum heat sink \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Li\({}_{x}\)Mn\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) \\ Spinel \\ \end{tabular} & 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.33 & 0.82 W/L (0.1 C–0.2 C) \\  & & & & C, 1 C & 0.97 W/L (0.2 C–0.5 C) \\  & & & & 3.21 W/L (0.5 C–1 C) \\ \hline
[41] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Characterization using \\ electrochemical–calorimetric \\ measurements \\ \end{tabular} & Accelerated rate & Li-ion & 0.1 C, 0.33 C & 0.26 W/L \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline
[42] & Electrochemical-calorimetric & Accelerated rate & cylindrical & 0.33 C, 0.5 C, 1 C & 1.63 W/L \\  & studies & calorimeter & Li-ion battery & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Literature overview on heat generation measurements of lithium-ion batteries.  
volume caused by working with significant current rates and significant temperatures. Experimental facilities which were used in this investigation are illustrated in Figure 1.