# Integration of Geoscience Information for Disaster Resilience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
## 4 Discussion  
The KLSP 2040 outlines the aspiration for a well-integrated, sustainable, and resilient metropolitan Kuala Lumpur that serves everyone as the city addresses urbanisation and other challenges, including climate change and associated hazards. As land scarcity is an issue, redevelopment is vital for the rejuvenation of old areas to better serve the community. Major infrastructure projects are already directed towards the subsurface to cope with the scarcity of space. Redevelopment projects with higher densities are increasingly common in the city. The resilience and prosperity of an urban area could be attained by reducing the risk of surface and subsurface geobazards, proper management of environmentally sensitive areas and conservation of geological heritage, and exploring alternative resources to encourage sustainable development of the city [18; 21; 60]. In the context of resilience to geobazards, this study integrates geoscience information for susceptibility modelling and development suitability to support land use planning in Kuala Lumpur. The focus on two hazards, i.e., landslide and flood susceptibility as well as engineering geological constraints, has resulted in a new approach of delineating zones that are relatively more suitable for development. In addition, zones that are the least suitable have also been demarcated. This enables the planning of relevant measures to increase the resilience of the city. This enables the planning of targeted and hazard specific measures to increase resilience. In comparison, previous researchers have focused on single hazards [34; 35; 36; 37]. Studies on multiple hazards are limited [24; 27; 28; 61], where conditioning parameters for the hazards are analysed collectively to produce one final suitability map without generating susceptibility maps for each hazard, hindering targeted hazard-specific mitigating measures. The results reveal that 80% of the land area In Kuala Lumpur has medium to high ground constraint, and this includes around 25% of the city that is susceptible to landslides and floods. As the city is moving to the phase of rejuvenation due to land scarcity, the pace of development is more deliberate, and factors that control both these hazards are relatively more stable compared to the trigger element, i.e., rainfall, which is projected increase in intensity and frequency for this region due to climate change [62]. Based on these assumptions, and adopting the worst-case scenario in line with the precautionary principle, climate change is expected to exacerbate the occurrence of landslides and floods in these susceptible areas. Hence, further development of such areas should be minimised to prevent the exposure and vulnerability of communities and urban assets to future hazards. Appropriate measures should be taken in areas that have already been developed. These include disaster risk transfer and insurance schemes for exposed communities, social safety nets for lower-income groups, area-based business continuity plans for industries and the commercial sector, as well as early warning alerts and public warning systems. The use of this information for strategic development planning would enhance the resilience of Kuala Lumpur to climate hazards. The integration of geoscience inputs into local development plans under the KLSP 2040 supports informed decision making for enhanced reliance. In this context, the communication of risk has been facilitated by GIS, which is an effective tool for various end-users with different ranges of knowledge and skills [28; 33; 63]. Geoscience information on ground characteristics and hazards has been transformed into easily understood and relevant output in the form of zoning maps for better understanding of non-geoscience specialists. Practitioners and non-geoscience specialists need to be informed of the role of geoscience information in development planning to benefit from the growing research in this field.