## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Assessment of Soil Main Parameters That Influence the Elemental Bioavailability  
The soil's natural exchanges with the plants it supports are influenced by the following soil parameters: pH, CaCO\({}_{3}\) content, SEB, HA, DBS, OM, OC, TDS, and soil texture. Soil main properties of the investigated soils are presented in Figure 4. The role of soil parameters in retaining and releasing nutrients and harmful elements is widely recognized. Humans, a vital component for soil fertility, enhances soil structure and water retention, directly impacting the availability of nutrients [54]. The soil's pH plays a crucial role in plant development, influencing nutrient uptake and the movement of both toxic and non-toxic metal ions [55,56,57]. Even at low concentrations, dissolved salts can hinder plant growth and nutrient absorption. Furthermore, the distribution of sand, silt, and clay in the soil affects the absorption and availability of major and minor chemical elements. Each soil texture type possesses unique water retention and nutrient-holding capacities [58,59]. The soil's pH showed a similar distribution on both layers and on the three assessed territories. Generally, the pH is slightly alkaline, ranging between 7.44 and 8.44 on the first layer (0-5 cm) and 7.59 and 8.48 on the second layer (5-30 cm). However, site T-5a/5b is an exception, where the pH is slightly acidic, measuring 6.63 on the first soil section and 6.56 on the second soil section. The CaCO\({}_{3}\) level in the first 30 cm of soil layer varies from medium to high, ranging between 2.52% and 11.42. In sites T-3a/3b and T-5a/5b, where the pH is the lowest, CaCO\({}_{3}\) is absent. The levels of OM and OC are impacted by the distribution of granulometric fraction. The OM levels vary from low to high, ranging between 1.61% and 3.98% in the first soil section and between 1.00% and 3.37% in the second soil section. The SEB values recorded from 68.18 to 96.51 me 100 g soil\({}^{-1}\) in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Parameter** & **Unit** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Residential**} & **Reference** \\ \hline BW & body weight & kg & 80 & 15 & [49] \\ ATnc & averaging time for non-carcinogens & days & 365 \(\times\) 20 & 365 \(\times\) 6 & [49] \\ IngR & ingestion rate of soil & mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 100 & 200 & [49] \\ EF & exposure frequency & days years\({}^{-1}\) & 350 & 350 & [49] \\ ED & exposure duration & year & 20 & 6 & [49] \\ CF & conversion factor & kg mg\({}^{-1}\) & 10\({}^{-6}\) & 10\({}^{-6}\) & [50] \\ SA & skin exposed area & cm\({}^{2}\) & 6032 & 2373 & [49] \\ AF & soil-to-skin adherence factor & mg cm\({}^{-2}\) & 0.07 & 0.2 & [49] \\ ABS & absorption factor & & & & \\ ABS\({}_{ca}\) & absorption factor for Cd & unitless & 0.01 & 0.01 & [49] \\ ABS\({}_{\text{sm}}\) & absorption factor for other metals & & & & \\ InhR & inhalation rate & m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\) & 20 & 10 & [49] \\ ET & exposure time & hours day\({}^{-1}\) & 24 & 24 & [49] \\ PEF & particle emission factor & m\({}^{3}\) kg\({}^{-1}\) & 1.36 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) & 1.36 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) & [49] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Exposure parameters used to assess non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. 0-5 cm layer and 59.65 to 95.34 me 100 g soil\({}^{-1}\) in the 5-30 cm layer. Meanwhile, HA levels were very low, with measurements ranging between 0.43 and 1.22 me 100 g soil\({}^{-1}\) in the 0-5 cm layer and 0.38 and 1.09 me 100 g soil\({}^{-1}\) in the 5-30 cm layer. The only exception was the T-5b site, where the AH value was 2.22 me 100 g soil\({}^{-1}\). Overall, the soil showed a high Degree of Base Saturation, with DBS values ranging from 99.03% to 99.52% in the first 5 cm layer and from 91.99% to 99.60% in the 5-30 cm layer. Additionally, we evaluated the EC and TDS, which indicated that the soils were generally unsalizized, with the exception of soil samples from the T-1a/1b site located in the Prut meadow, which overlaps alluvial deposits (Figure 4).