## 1 Introduction  
Cognitive impairment has a negative effect on cognition; that is, the ability to retrieve and store information [1]. In addition, cognitive impairment, including memory and learning failure, can be initial manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases [2] and hippocampal lesions [3]. Such cognitive dysfunction frequently presents as degenerative diseases with increasing age [4]. Many patients with cognitive impairments suffer from persistent symptoms and enormous medical expenses, which lead to social and financial problems [5]. Acetylcholinesteraseterase inhibitors (AChEIs) (donepezil, trivastigmine, and galantamine, etc.) have been applied to remedy symptoms of mild cognitive decline [6, 7]. Among AChEIs, donepezil is most frequently prescribed to patients with cognitive disorder [8] as it ameliorates acetylcholinesterase-insteers (AChE) activation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex [9]. Despite having a clear mechanism of action, donepezil causes various adverse reactions such as diarrhea, nausea, chronic fatigue, vomiting, and insomnia [10]. Therefore, it is necessary to identify medicines of natural origin that can reduce adverse effects. Among the various animal models of cognitive impairment, scopolamine is frequently used as a muscarinic receptor antagonist [11]. Scopolamine promotes learning delay and memory deficiency in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) models [12]. Scopolamine leads to neurocognitive disease by competitively blocking muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors and neuronal signal propagation [13]. Moreover, scopolamine causes increased ACh in the nervous system, resulting in damage to hippocampal tissues, leading to poor learning and cognitive impairment [14; 15]. For this reason, the application of scopolamine is appropriate in an experimental mouse model of cognitive dysfunction. The hippocampus, consisting of the dentate cmu ammonia (CA) 1-3 areas and gyrus, plays an important part in cognition processing, including the consolidation of memory and the learning and retrieval of information [16]. In cognitive disorders, memory loss is followed by a gradual decline of cholinergic function during hippocampal degeneration [17; 18]. Amyloid \(\beta\) (A\(\beta\)) accumulation in the hippocampus occurs prior to cognitive decline and leads to neuronal cell inflammation, neurofibrillary tangles, and eventually, neuronal cell death [19; 20]. For this reason, drug development has focused on ameliorating excess A\(\beta\) to protect neurons and the brain [21]. The cleaved A\(\beta\) precursor protein generates A\(\beta\) and self-aggregates into various oligomer sizes. Aggregated A\(\beta\) interrupts oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and cell apoptosis [22]. A\(\beta\) oligomer accumulation has also been found in degenerative neuronal diseases, such as cognitive disorders and AD [23]. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) performs as a role in memory learning, cognitive function, and regulation of synaptic plasticity [24]. BDNF is also related to neuronal cell growth and survival, and neurotransmitter release [25]. Elevated BDNF expression and ACh levels are essential for maintaining cognitive function, memory retrieval, and nerve growth in basal forebrain [26]. In the cholinergic system, decreased levels of ACh result in excessive AChE expression, causing cognitive disorders and memory dysfunction [27]. Upregulated AChE, found in the hippocampus and cortex of patients with AD, causes cognitive disorders [28]. The fragmentation and cleaved amyloid precursor protein (APP) is caused by \(\beta\)- and \(\gamma\)-secretase (BACE-1), a major enzyme in the nervous system [29]. Therefore, treatment of cognitive disorders by ameliorating BDNF, AChE, and BACE-1 is necessary. _Gastrolia elata_ Blume (GE), used as a traditional medicine and dietary supplement, has been used to cure dizziness, headaches, and rheumatic inflammation [30]. Some rhizomes of GE have been used in major medical applications, including polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and organic acids [31].