esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Bacterial Form I' Rubisco Has a Smaller Carbon Isotope Fractionation than Its Form I Counterpart
## 1 Introduction
All forms of rubisco are assembled from the basic functional building block of dimers (L\({}_{2}\)), where two large subunits (RbcL) are assembled head-to-tail. This is the smallest known catalytically active form of rubisco. Form I rubicos, the most ecologically abundant form of the enzyme, are hexadecameric holoenzymes (L\({}_{8}\)S\({}_{8}\)) composed of four dimers with eight small subunits (RbcS) that cap both ends of the junction between adjacent dimers. The small subunit is unique to Form I rubiscos, so it has traditionally been thought that RbcS was integral to both Form I protein stability and its evolutionary history [29]. However, a novel clade of rubiscos (Form I') lacking small subunits, a sister to Form I, has recently been discovered through metagenomic analyses, and a representative octameric rubisco (L\({}_{8}\)) was successfully purified and kinetically characterized [30]. Other, novel closely-related clades of L\({}_{8}\) rubiscos (Forms I-a and I\({}^{\prime\prime}\)) have also been recently discovered in a similar fashion [31]. Form I' rubiscos likely diverged before the evolution of Cyanobacteria and the small subunit [30]; therefore, studying rubiscos from this clade presents a unique opportunity to study the effect of evolution on rubisco KIEs. We therefore measured in vitro the KIE of an L\({}_{8}\)S\({}_{8}\) Form I rubisco from _Synechococcus elongatus_ PCC 6301 in comparison to the KIE of an L\({}_{8}\) Form I' rubisco from _Candidatus_ Promineofilum breve. We found the fractionation to be smaller in the L\({}_{8}\) rubisco compared to the L\({}_{8}\)S\({}_{8}\) rubisco (16.25 \(\pm\) 1.36% vs. 22.42 \(\pm\) 2.37%, respectively). Our results imply that while the presence of a small subunit is not necessary for protein function, it may affect the KIE. Our findings may help provide insight into the function of the small subunit and allow more refined interpretation of carbon isotope data in environments, past and present, where Form I' rubiscos may be unknowingly operating.
# Adaptive Navigation in Collaborative Robots: A Reinforcement Learning and Sensor Fusion Approach
## 4 System Architecture
### Sensors
#### 4.1.2. LIS2 MDL 3-Axis Magnetometer  
The LIS2 MDL is a high-performance three-axis magnetometer designed for precise magnetic field measurements, making it ideal for applications such as navigation systems and electronic compasses. It operates by detecting the Earth's magnetic field along three orthogonal axes (X, Y, and Z) using magneto resistive elements. The detailed specifications are shown in Table 3. These elements measure the magnetic field's strength and convert the analog signals into digital data. Calibration of this sensor is a must to obtain correct readings. The steps below are performed to calibrate the sensor used in this study:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Feature** & **Specification** \\ \hline Antenna & 25 \(\times\) 25 \(\times\) 4 mm (ceramic, active) \\ Power Supply & 3–5 V \\ Baud Rate & 9600 bps (default) \\ Position Update Rate & 5 Hz \\ Cold Start Time & 38 s \\ Hot Start Time & 1 s \\ Baud Rate Range & 4800 to 115,200 bps \\ Tracking Sensitivity & \(-\)161 dB \\ Satellite Channels & 22 satellites, 50 channels \\ Current Consumption & 45 mA \\ SBAS Support & WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Technical specifications of the Ublox NEO-6M GPS module.  
Figure 6: U-center interface.  
1. Move the sensor to capture the full range of magnetic field values.
2. Identify the minimum and maximum magnetic field readings for each axis.
3. Calculate the offsets and scale factors based on the min/max values.
4. Adjust raw data by subtracting offsets and dividing by scale factors.  
As this sensor is used to calculate the current heading angle (range: 0 to 360 degrees) of the vehicle, only X and Y values will be used.
## 1 Introduction
Cycling of these GTPases occurs between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form which is controlled by regulators i.e., activators like guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) (more than 60 are known in the human counterpart) and inhibitors like GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) (more than 70 are known in humans). More than 100 target/effector proteins have been described [11]. Mostly Rho GTPases are involved in host pathogen interaction by controlling innate and adaptive immune responses [12]. Alternatively, parasites have also developed strategies to modify host GTPases to ensure their own proliferation by killing the eukaryotic host cell. In this context, it is an interesting observation that interferone-regulated GTPases in the host cell can be directly inactivated by the parasite. However, in case of some highly variable surface glycoproteins (VSG), T-cell receptor mediated and independent responses in the host are involved. Based on these scientific findings it is difficult to understand why no antiparasitic drug targeting small GTPases, G-proteins and putative GPCRs has yet reached the clinical phase although apicomplexan parasites and kinetoplastids represent the most important human infectious diseases. One important reason is the fact that canonical cyclic nucleotide pathways which are used by the parasite exist in the host cell and thus contribute to pathogenicity. In conclusion, a fixed drug combination with highly selective compounds may be necessary, one to specifically eradicate the parasite and the other to suppress the canonical pathway in the human host which is utilized by the parasite. This review focuses on small G-proteins, in particular small GTPases and individual targets present in cAMP-signaling pathways in the absence of canonical G-proteins in the parasite and the mammalian host. Current knowledge about proteins that might have GPCR-like functions is presented. Secondly, the current data for target evaluation and identification of small molecules are critically discussed. cAMP-Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites without Canonical G-Proteins and G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): A Comparison to the Human Counterpart
## 2 Related Work
### NER Based on Prompt Learning  
LLMs are pretrained on massive text datasets, endowing them with superior generalization and semantic understanding capabilities. Compared to traditional NER models, methods based on LLMs can better capture contextual information, identify named entities with higher accuracy, and exhibit stronger generalizability. Traditional fine-tuning methods are challenging to apply to LLMs with extensive parameters. Prompt learning was initially introduced to bridge the gap between upstream and downstream tasks [21; 22; 23; 24]. However, researchers discovered that during inference with the GPT-3 model, introducing minimal textual prompts for specialized tasks can match the performance of state-of-the-art fine-tuned models without retraining. Furthermore, it can generate high-quality samples and demonstrate robust qualitative performance in dynamically defined tasks [25; 26]. Consequently, NER methods based on prompt learning and LLMs have become a prominent research focus in the field of natural language processing.  
[PERSON] et al. [27] noted that ChatGPT outperforms crowdsourced annotators in multiple annotation tasks, including relevance, sentiment, topic recognition, and framing detection. Its zero-shot average accuracy exceeds that of crowdsourced workers by 25%, demonstrating higher consistency and achieving a 30% cost reduction. [PERSON] et al. [28] explored ChatGPT's ability to extract complex entities and structures in zero-shot spoken language understanding and dialogue state tracking tasks using prompt-based approaches. Results from four benchmark experiments highlight the significant potential of large models in dialogue comprehension. [PERSON] et al. [29] utilized ChatGPT to identify entities in historical documents. Studies [30; 31] have shown that the quality of prompt templates greatly influences the performance of prompt-based models. [PERSON] et al. [11] were the first to apply prompt-based learning for few-shot learning tasks in text classification. PPT [32] proposed a unified prompt template for various sentence classification tasks, including sentence-pair classification, multiple-choice classification, and single-sentence classification tasks. [PERSON] et al. [33] introduced rule-based prompt tuning and refinement (PTR) for multi-class text classification, leveraging logical rules to construct prompts with multiple sub-prompts. [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed a prompt learning-based NER approach incorporating question answering, transforming the NER problem into a question-answering task. [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed ChatIE, a multi-turn question-answering framework based on ChatGPT for zero-shot information extraction in general-domain texts. [PERSON] et al. [36] introduced sample prompting and pattern prompting strategies, showing that both significantly improved the performance of LLMs in medical dialogue summarization tasks based on ROUGE scores and human evaluations.
## 3 Research of the Path Tracking Control Strategy
### Design of Vehicle Position Control Law  
In the parking process, the tracking of the vehicle position relative to the target position is realized through the vehicle position control law by controlling the speed \(v\). The error tracking equation is expressed as follows:  
\[\dot{x_{e}}=\dot{x}-\dot{x_{d}}=vcos\theta-\dot{x_{d}} \tag{13}\]  
\[\dot{y_{e}}=\dot{y}-\dot{y_{d}}=v\sin\theta-\dot{y_{d}} \tag{14}\]  
where, \(x_{e}=x-x_{d}\), \(y_{e}=y-y_{d}\).  
Take  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}u_{1}=v\cos\theta\\ u_{2}=v\sin\theta\end{array}\right. \tag{15}\]  
For Equations (13) and (14), take the sliding mode function  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}s_{1}=x_{e}\\ s_{2}=y_{e}\end{array}\right.\]  
Then  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{s_{1}}=\dot{x_{e}}=u_{1}-\dot{x_{d}}\\ \dot{s_{1}}=\dot{y_{e}}=u_{2}-\dot{y_{d}}\end{array}\right. \tag{16}\]  
Cited the global asymptotic stability theorem of dynamic systems [34].  
\[\dot{\eta}=\varphi\text{tanh}(k\eta)\]  
where, \(\varphi>0\), \(k>0\).  
Design the following control law as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}u_{1}=\dot{x_{d}}-p\text{tanh}(g_{1}x_{e})\\ u_{2}=\dot{y_{d}}-q\text{tanh}(g_{2}y_{e})\end{array}\right. \tag{17}\]  
where, \(p\), \(g_{1}>0\); \(q\), \(g_{2}>0\).  
Thus, Equation (16) can be written as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{x_{e}}=-p\text{tanh}(g_{1}x_{e})\\ \dot{y_{e}}=-q\text{tanh}(g_{2}y_{e})\end{array}\right. \tag{18}\]  
Figure 9: Closed-Loop System of Controller.  
From Equation (15), \(\tan\theta=u_{2}/u_{1}\). In the case that the value range of \(\theta\) is \((-\pi/2,\pi/2)\), the ideal tracking angle of path tracking can be obtained as \(\theta=\arctan(u_{2}/u_{1})\).  
The obtained \(\theta\) from Equation (15) is the driving direction angle required by the position control law. The tracking control of the ideal path can be achieved only when \(\theta\) and \(\theta_{d}\) are equal. But in fact, \(\theta\) and \(\theta_{d}\) cannot be equal in the initial stage of control. It is easy to cause the instability of the closed-loop control system. Therefore, it is necessary to take \(\theta\) obtained from Equation (15) as an ideal value. Therefore, taking \(\theta_{d}=\arctan(u_{2}/u_{1})\), the actual vehicle position control law is expressed as follows:  
\[v=u_{1}/\cos\theta_{d} \tag{19}\]
# Composition and Basic Physical Properties of the Phobos Surface: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Surface Composition of Phobos
### Spectral Properties
The interaction with carbonaceous material is less understood than with silicate material and may lead to the development of red or even blue spectral slopes observed in the reflectance spectra of carbonaceous asteroid surfaces [14; 38]. The impact of cosmic weathering on reflectance spectra has been preliminarily simulated for carbonaceous meteorite samples, but the results showed limited resemblance to the spectra of Phobos and Deimos [14; 39]. Emissivity spectra (wavelengths ranging from 5 to 50 \(\upmu\)m), in contrast to reflectance spectra, exhibit distinct features more typical of silicates than of carbonaceous meteorites (Figure 7) [40]. However, they have lower spatial resolution compared to reflectance spectra and are also more susceptible to the grain sizes of surface regolith and, to some extent, cosmic weathering [14; 35]. Determining the actual composition of Phobos' surface based solely on spectroscopic observations may not be feasible. Reflectance spectra suggest the presence of carbonaceous  
Figure 6: CRISM and telescope observations—approximate small absorption band at around 0.65 \(\upmu\)m for Deimos and for the red unit of Phobos [37]. Figure 7: Matching the emissivity spectrum (thermal radiation emission) of Phobos’ surface with spectra of silicate material (vertical color-coded curves correspond to the right axis) [40]. material [37], while emissivity spectra indicate the presence of silicates [40]. Recently, a hypothesis has been proposed that dark regions (anorthositic) on the Moon may have low albedo similar to those on Phobos [41]. It is important to note that spectral observations of moons are obtained under various lighting conditions, making their comparison with spectra of well-characterized laboratory samples collected under controlled lighting conditions challenging [37].
# Synthetic Transformations and Medicinal Significance of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles Derivatives: An Update
## 2 Synthetic Approaches
### Hurd-Mori and Lalezari Cyclization  
Pyrazolyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole scaffolds were afforded through carbon-sulfur, carbon double bonded with nitrogen and nitrogen-sulfur bonds formation by applying Hurd-Mori cyclization conditions as described in Scheme 1. In this efficient synthetic approach, various pyrazoyl-phenylethanolones (**15**) were reacted with semicarbazide (**16**) to generate corresponding semicarbazone (**17**) intermediate that cyclized into substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles (**18**) after treating with thionyl chloride in good to excellent yield (Scheme 1) [72].  
Figure 2: Commercial drugs based on different thiadiazole scaffolds (**5**–**14**).  
A similar one-pot simple synthetic strategy is presented in Scheme 2. Ketones having alkyl and aryl ring substituents (**19**) were treated with semicarbazide to afford appropriate semicarbazones (**21**), which underwent cyclization in excess of thionyl chloride via the Hurd-Mori process to achieve 1,2,3-thiadiazole hybrids (**21**) [78].  
In another example, semicarbazide hydrochloride was reacted with 2-oxoallobetulin (**22**) to furnish semicarbazone (**23**) intermediate which cyclized into thiadiazole (**24**) using SOCl2 via Hurd-Mori protocol (Scheme 3). The regioselectivity of the functionalization was mostly centered at the C-3 position for the product [79].  
[PERSON] et al. reported a simple and easy approach for the synthesis of thiadiazole derivatives, accomplished under mild reaction conditions. In their pathway, ionic liquidssulfonyl hydrazine (**25**) reacted with ketones or diketones (**26**) to provide ionic liquid hydrazone (**27**) that further treated with SOCI2 furnished substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles (**28**) in excellent (80-91%) yield (Scheme 4) [80].  
A facile, practical and improved Hurd-Mori approach to obtain 1,2,3-thiadiazoles in 44-98% yield range was presented by [PERSON] et al. (Scheme 5). In this metal-free methodology, N-tosylhydrazones (**29**) and sulfur (**30**) were reacted in the presence of TBAI as a catalyst to achieve substituted aryl 1,2,3-thiadiazoles (31) [81].
## 3 Proposed Solution
### EARMCDA: Energy Aware Routing Strategy (EAR) for Multilayer Cluster Designing Algorithm
If this forwarding node is not the CH then it directs the data to its CH. In the other case the CH sends the collected data to the \"node with highest node degree carrying value\" from its neighbor table. This process continues until data is collected at the BS. Figure 4 depicts these intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing processes in a more understandable form. Figure 4: Intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing in MCDA network. Figure 3: Different roles of network nodes in rotation of forwarding node. Rotation of FN follows the same process as is discussed for the CH rotation process. Two threshold levels are defined for the rotation of FN, as depicted in Figure 5.  
At level 0, the node is working as FN until level 1 where its energy is decreased to 50% of the initial energy. On approaching level 1, FN broadcasts a _LoadSharing_Msg_ message. Recipient nodes of this message decrease the transmission load towards this node to half, _i.e._, alternate packets are transmitted to it. The remaining half transmission is directed towards the next highest node density carrying node that is called a BFN. On approaching level 2, _i.e._, about 20% of the initial energy, transmission is totally directed towards the BFN since its status has already been upgraded to FN and the previous FN is demoted back to being a simple network node. This same process is used for forwarding node rotation throughout the network.
# Sources of Extraterrestrial Rare Earth Elements: To the Moon and Beyond
## 5 Lunar Resources
### Other Potential Lunar Resources
#### 5.3.3 Oxygen  
Oxygen could be sourced from lunar water, either from polar ice or hydrated regolith from pyroclastic deposits [24]. In addition to this, 20 different approaches exist for extracting oxygen from the lunar regolith (8 of which can be considered plausible, [141]). Oxygen could also be exploited from the more extensive lunar highlands, where anorthite is abundant ([142] Schwandt pers. comm. in [24]).
## 7 Conclusions  
The aim of this research is to propose a probabilistic method for localizing and tracking AE sources in a plate-like structure submitted to a tensile loading, based on continuous wavelet transform, unscented transform, and the EKF method. During mechanical tests, acoustic emission from the sample is recorded. The AE waves are measured by four acoustic emission PZT sensors. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) scalogram, which guarantees high accuracy in the time-frequency analysis of the acoustic waves, was employed to identify the arrival time (TOA) and the dominant frequency. The coordinates of the AE source location were obtained by solving a set of nonlinear equations through an adapted EKF iterative method. The proposed method, in contrast to triangulation algorithm, does not require a priori knowledge of the group velocity of the AE waveforms. By considering the common Lamb mode detected by all the different sensors (A0 in our case), the group velocity is obtained from the dispersion curves at the average frequency. The latter is calculated by considering the frequency of the largest wavelet amplitude determined at each sensor position. To validate and calibrate this method, experimental location tests were conducted on an aluminum plate. The source location was achieved with a good accuracy, where the maximum error in estimation of AE location was \(\sim 5\) mm during the calibration stage. Mechanical tests showed that AE events increase significantly as damage progresses, where the concentration of acoustic events around the cracking zone revealed to be important. Furthermore, this work has shown the good agreement existing between the evolution of AE events in space and time and the crack propagation. Future development will be focused on the application of the proposed method and the improvement of its accuracy in the case where the number of sensors decreases or faulty sensors.  
Conceptualization, M.B., R.D. and A.E.M.; Methodology, E.y.D., M.B. and A.E.M.; Software, E.y.D. and M.B.; Validation, E.y.D., M.B. and R.D.; Formal analysis, E.y.D. and M.B.; Investigation, E.y.D. and M.B.; Resources, M.B. and A.E.M.; Data curation, E.y.D., M.B. and A.E.M.; Writing - original draft, E.y.D. and M.B.; Writing - review & editing, E.y.D. and M.B.; Visualization, M.B.; Supervision, M.B. and R.D.; Project administration, R.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.  
Not Applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Edge Computing Approach for Vessel Monitoring System
## 4 Edge Computing Implementation Process  
A software application called DSALib (Decision Support Alerts Library) was created. For a market solution, this library could be used by the main application of MONICAP to send alerts to support decision making.  
The application starts by initializing three objects:  
ProcessVelocity: This object will request to the static class ImportData to retrieve all SOG (speed over ground) data from the database. Then, the process will end with the identification of the fishing speed limits (minimal speed of fishing and the maximal speed of fishing).  
ProcessNewArea: This object is only initialized after ProcessVelocity because it needs the velocity fishing limits to create the fishing zones clusters. With these limits, the object request to ImportData  
Figure 8: Sum of squared error by number of clusters.  
only the latitude and longitude where the vessel was in between the velocity limits. With this, the object produces the clusters of the fishing areas.  
Processdiagramular: This object is only initialized after ProcessVelocity because it needs the fishing velocity. This process finds circles and associated radius and supports the identification of the purse-seiner technique.  
Once the three objects are ready, we need to send a new velocity data and GPS coordinates to receive an object with an \"isFishing\" as true, if the vessel is fishing, and an \"isNewArea\" as true, if the vessel is in an area that is not a normal fishing area and is in fishing velocity (see Figure 9).  
To develop the software, Java was used as it is a powerful, fully object-oriented, and cross-platform programming language. MONICAP uses Linux, so using a JRE (Java Runtime Environment) application is a good choice.  
Additionally, we implemented a process to identify possible transshipment with the VMS box Bluetooth transmission. A typical communication based on applied power has a range of 100 m. If another vessel is within this distance, each one of them will capture the Bluetooth signal, and a transmission process is started. If they keep this distance and position for a certain period (configurable parameter) an alert is generated in the central system for a drone visual inspection at the identified location.  
The other transmission process is based on a fishing position out of the existing patterns of each vessel. This approach suffers from a cold start problem, and during the first working month, the system is configured to transmit every 10 min. Once the initial patterns are defined, the system starts to transmit based on the proposed method, thereby reducing communication costs.  
Additionally, we created an internal process to check whether the antenna is tapered. A behavior adopted at some vessels that do not want to be located is to block antenna with metal to damage the  
Figure 9: DSALib class diagram.  
transmission signal. If this behavior is detected--as the system tries to transmit data and is not able to--an alert is also issued.