## 2 Material and Methods
### Axial and Segment Maps  
One of the most essential syntactic tools to analyze the urban area is the axial map, which represents the road network as the longest and lowest straight lines [22]. Axial lines are applied in space syntax to simplify the links between the spaces that make up the urban morphology.  
When the space syntax research field started in the 1980s, the main element of analysis of street configurations was the axial line [17]. In space syntax research, the basis for the investigation of the interaction between people and urban form is the street network. The most common method of analysis uses a modified representation of the street network based on network elements called axial lines [23]. The axial line is defined as the longest visibility line for representing individual linear spaces in urban environments. The least number of axial lines that cover the free space of an urban environment constitute what is often called an axial map [24].  
The axial map is created by representing in straight lines the geometry of the street network of a city [17; 23; 25]. The axial representation is created by the drawing of lines that show the longest lines of accessibility within a given built environment. In contrast, accessibility measurements in the space syntax method have raised criticisms about the use of axial lines and their reliance on topological distances rather than the measurement of metric components [15; 26; 27]. Space syntax provides the techniques showing how to represent a layout as a configuration using each of these units, which are called the axial map, the segment map, the convex map, and the visual fields of the layout. Based on the axial map, a segment map can be generated by dividing each axial line at the intersections with other lines. For a segment map, three kinds of analysis methods which are metric analysis, topological analysis, and angular analysis can be performed to calculate the integration and choice measures for a given urban street network. In a segment map, the axial lines of an axial map are broken into segments at their intersections [28; 29].  
The axial lines were transformed into segment lines by a space syntax among the new developments, which introduced refined accessibility analytics called angular segment analysis [30; 31]. Figure 1 shows an example of a basic segmented axial map.  
Segment angular analysis is based on the same concept as the axial line, with the difference in the division of axial lines into segments. At the points where the axial lines intersect, each axial line is divided into segments. Segment lines are argued for a more accurate assessment of shortest paths determined by their least angle change of direction, which allows not only topological measurements but also metric and geometric distances to be measured throughout and across the road network [25]. Each street segment is therefore studied according to how accessible it is from all other segments of streets in a city. The analysis allows three descriptions of the distance among each street segment and its neighboring area. These three notions of distance are used to calculate two measures that indicate measures of centrality [21]:  
1. Topological: considered as the fewest directional rotation between one segment to the others;
2. Metric: considered as the distance in meters among a segment and all other segments;
3. Geometrical or angular: considered as the shortest path based on the least angular deflection. This means that when a body moves from one point to another, the distance is weighted due to the change in direction.