## 2 Methodology
### Electrical Power Systems  
According to IEEE standards, the topology of electric systems is divided into three main processes, generation, transmission, and distribution, with the aim of providing a reliable electricity supply that is capable of meeting energy demand 24/7 and operates efficiently [1].  
Power flow is one of the fundamental factors in the functioning of these systems and it enables the study of the movement of electricity through the system. This defines the performance of the grid and highlights critical issues such as the possibility of overloads on power transmission lines, voltage drop forecasting, and optimal generation distribution, and then all of this is needed in order to improve the functions of the electric system [2]. In addition, properly managed power flow ensures the seamless incorporation of renewables, such as solar and wind, and allows the system to curb the changing energy demands of electric grids that are modern and sustainable.  
The electric system comprises a set of elements and subsystems that operate in collaboration for the purpose of generating, transmitting, and distributing electrical energy in a safe and efficient manner [35].  
The initial step in the electrical system is Electric Power Generation. It is strategically important to optimally utilize the available resources at the generation units. In addition, this step takes care of frequency and voltage control, which, like other parameters, is also critical for electric grid operation [36; 37; 38].  
From the generation center, electric power needs to be delivered, or more accurately, transmitted over long distances to regions of consumption. With regards to this step, the system should be able to provide enough energy at precise voltage levels. IEEE sets standards concerning the insulation values, load capacity, and maximum and minimum distances between lines to obviate interference and overloads. Along with the materials used in construction and their scheduled maintenance, these factors are important to ensure energy losses and failures are at an acceptable minimum [36; 37; 38].  
At the distribution stage, electricity delivery to end users should be sustained, reliable, and continuous. Like other stages, the aim is to operate at low voltage levels specially tailored for domestic, commercial, or industrial use while preventing service interruptions, sudden voltage and frequency changes, or other phenomena that compromise power quality [36; 37; 38].  
The system structure includes components that interact in a complex way to ensure the power supply, playing a fundamental role in the system design [36; 37; 38]. Transformers play a crucial role in transmission systems, increasing the voltage level to minimize energy losses during long-distance transmission. At the distribution stage, they reduce the voltage to safe and adequate levels for delivery to the end user. Meanwhile, protection devices, such as relays, fuses, and circuit breakers, are activated in the event of abnormal conditions, including faults, short circuits, or overloads, thereby ensuring the safety and reliability of the system [38; 39].  
The distribution system is the final link in the electricity supply chain. It includes facilities like distribution transformers, power lines, switches, and protection devices which are critical to the uninterrupted and efficient delivery of energy. Of these elements, the transformer is particularly important in stepping down the voltage level from transmission to a level suitable for residential, commercial, or industrial use [38; 39].