esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experiments and Evaluation
### Experiment in Junior High School  
#### 4.2.1 Experiment Design  
An astronomical instruction experiment was conducted at a secondary school in the Anhui province in China. In order to adapt the learning system for Chinese students, the contents of the universe view and the interface language are changed to Chinese. Two classes with about 25 students, respectively, were randomly selected from the eighth grades. One was assigned as the experimental group and the other as the control group. This study used an experimental design for non-equivalent groups to analyze whether different teaching methods would lead to different learning effectiveness. In this experiment, the independent term was the teaching method; the dependent term was the students' abilities after learning; the covariant term was the students' abilities before learning; and  
Figure 12: The usability and users’ satisfaction of questionnaire results of the R-WOSARLS.  
the control variants were the teachers, time, and learning materials. The entire test procedure can be seen in Figure 13. Firstly, two groups were required to complete a pre-test, which evaluated their prior knowledge of the constellation. Subsequently, two groups used different learning materials to observe seasonal constellations. The experiment group used the R-WOSARLS to observe and learn, whereas the control group used the traditional method, with which the teacher shows slides and animations to assist learners in learning about constellations in the classroom. In order to evaluate the learning effect of these systems, both groups of students should perform observation tasks mentioned in the previous experiment.  
Following the observation tasks, both groups of students completed a post-test to verify the learning effect of the two different kinds of teaching materials. Moreover, after the post-test, a questionnaire was administered to the experiment group to evaluate the usefulness, usability, and the students' satisfaction of the system for seasonal constellations. The test consisted of 12 one-answer questions and two no-answer questions, with total scores of 60 and 40, respectively. For the post-test, the number order of questions was changed in order to maintain the test's standard.
## 4 Micropolarizer Array Design
### Grating Period and Duty Cycle  
When the grating period is much shorter than the wavelength of the incident light, the grating has only zero-order diffraction waves, and the grating can be used as an excellent polarizing device. If the grating has polarization performance, it means it only has zero-order diffraction. The conditions for the grating to meet zero-order diffraction are as follows [18]:  
\[\lambda=\frac{\Delta(n_{0}\sin\theta+n)}{k} \tag{17}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is the incident wavelength, \(\Lambda\) is the grating period, \(n_{0}\) is the refractive index of the incident medium (air), \(n\) is the substrate's refractive index (zinc selenide), \(\theta\) is the angle of incidence, and \(k\) is the diffraction order. As there is only zero-order diffraction, when \(k=1\) and the wavelength are fixed, the period is the critical period. At a wavelength of 7 \(\upmu\)m, completely polarized light is the normal incidence, the refractive index of zinc selenide is \(n=2.41\), and the calculated critical period wavelength for generating first-order diffraction is 2.9 \(\upmu\)m.  
In the critical period, six wavelength grating periods are selected for simulation. Figure 7 shows TM wave transmissivity and extinction ratio under different grating periods. When the grating period increases, the TM wave transmissivity and extinction ratio decrease significantly, so the grating period should be selected as small as possible. Considering the current process level, the grating period is determined as 1 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 6: Influence of four wire grid materials on polarization performance of the grating. (**a**) Influence on TM wave transmittance, (**b**) influence on extinction ratio.  
The duty cycle of the grating is defined as the ratio of grating width to the grating period. The polarization performance of the grating was analyzed by normal incident light with a centre wavelength of 10 \(\upmu\)m and a duty cycle ranging from 0.1 to 0.8. Figure 8 shows the trend of grating polarization performance with the duty cycle. It can be seen that the transmittance of TM decreases gradually with the increase of the duty cycle. When the duty cycle is more significant than 0.6, T\({}_{\text{TM}}\) (the transmittance of TM) decreases faster, while the extinction ratio increases rapidly with the addition of the duty cycle. Therefore, to ensure that the transmittance of TM wave and extinction ratio of the grating reach a high level, the duty cycle is set as f = 0.5.
## 5 Numerical Analyses
### Seismic Input and Numerical Model  
The seismic input consists of a set of ten accelerograms artificially generated by the SIMQKE computer program. Each accelerogram was generated so that its response spectrum matches the elastic spectrum given in EC8 for soil A, with an equivalent viscous  
Figure 2: Structural costs of members of the braced frames: (**a**) 4-storey structures; (**b**) 8-storey structures.  
damping ratio equal to 5%. Each ground motion had total duration of 30.5 s and was enveloped by a three-branch compound function. The duration of the stationary part was set equal to 7 s. More details about the accelerograms are given in [31]. The value of \(a_{\text{g}}\) of the ground motions was increased in steps of 0.025 g.  
The numerical model developed for each structure includes one braced frame and the gravity columns of half of the structure. The braces were modelled by means of four nonlinear force-based beam-column elements, according to the proposal of [PERSON] et al. [32]. The inelastic response of each element was monitored at three integration points. To simulate the effects of imperfections, the initial camber was set equal to 0.1% times the length of the brace and large displacements were accounted for through corotational theory. The braced beams were simulated by two beams with hinge elements. The position and weights of the integration points were defined according to the modified Gauss-Radau plastic hinge integration method [33]. The length of the plastic hinge was set equal to the depth of the beam cross-section. The brace cross-section and that of the beams within the plastic hinge was discretized into fibres. Out of the uniaxial material models available in the Opensees library, to replicate the stress-strain curve of the steel members, the one proposed by [PERSON] (named as Steel02 in Opensees) was selected. Columns of the braced frame were considered as fragile members and consequently were modelled as elastic members.  
The Rayleigh formulation was used to introduce damping. According to this formulation, the damping matrix was obtained as a linear combination of the mass matrix and the stiffness matrix updated at the current step of the analysis. The coefficients of this linear combination were defined so that an equivalent viscous damping ratio equal to 0.03 was assigned to the first and the third modes of vibration of the system. The P-\(\Delta\) effects were included in the numerical analyses.
###### Abstract  
Forward stratigraphic modelling (FSM) is a relatively new approach that is used to test the importance of parameters that control stratigraphic stacking patterns and to reveal uncertainties such as sedimentation rate and accommodation space. Although FSM is commonly employed in the study of ancient systems, it is rarely applied to modern settings. The Fraser River Delta in Canada provides an opportunity to test applications of FSM in recently deposited sediments in an active sedimentary basin. Because it is un-dammed, the river enables comparison of the modern and ancient systems. It is also a well-studied river system, with sufficient data to generate a realistic model for predicting future scenarios. In this study, Dionisos software is used, and the evolution of the delta over the past 10,000 years is successfully simulated in two steps (5000 years each) using both realistic and real-time data. The main controlling parameters are observed to be the sediment supply and water discharge values, and to a lesser extent, sea level variation. Several possible future scenarios are tested, changing the main parameters to understand and to predict future morphological changes and stacking patterns. Increasing the main parameter values resulted in degradation, while reducing resulted in erosion, particularly in the subaqueous section of the delta. The results of this study can be used to calibrate numerical modelling applications in both modern and ancient deltaic settings.  
forward stratigraphic modeling; Fraser River Delta; Dionisos Article
## 2 Theory and Methodology  
Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart of the proposed approach for the identification of adulterants in chili powder. It consists of three main processes: E-nose data acquisition, odor feature extraction, and the adulterant identification model. The odor response data of chili powder containing different adulterants are firstly acquired by using the E-nose system. An odor feature dataset that contributes to the classification and identification of adulterants is then extracted based on the HOG algorithm. Finally, the SVM-based identification model is trained using the constructed dataset to realize the identification of adulterants. Because there is inevitable noise in the E-nose original response signals [13; 18; 24], in order to facilitate the feature extraction and improve the identification accuracy, noise reduction and filtering is conducted during the data acquisition process.  
Figure 1: Flowchart of the proposed identification method for chili powder adulterants.
## 1 Introduction
This model emphasizes designing a new strategy for the MLS/DBMS structure, detailing the approaches for distributing data models to implement multilevel security and achieve optimal authentication security. It also involves developing a DBMS prototype using the proposed model. Additionally, the model's performance is evaluated by comparing its effectiveness when integrated with cybersecurity algorithms during encryption and authentication processes. The main contributions of this study are discussed according to the following key points:  
* The primary objective of implementing a new multilevel security model in a database system is to efficiently prevent unauthorized data access during the mechanism of the authentication process. * This is achieved by restricting users from accessing data outside their authorized access privileges. * Various types of multilevel security database management systems have been selected to improve the implementation of multilevel security in relational databases. * This study involves testing applications using several example prototypes of authentication to evaluate and select the best level of security for use in database or cloud systems. * To evaluate the best level of security during process mechanisms, measure the elapsed time during processing. * Two strategies, \"No Read-Up\" and \"No Write-Down\", are implemented with the INSERT and DELETE operations to enhance the MLS/DBMS model. * The model is integrated with RAS and EAS to achieve optimal performance for each prototype and assist developers in applying restrictions during implementation. * The key generation, encryption, and decryption elapsed times are compared, along with the memory usage during the process. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses multilevel security, categorizing data and users based on security levels. Section 3 provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS), focusing on efficient data storage, organization, and access, while ensuring only authorized users can access the database. Section 4 details the design strategy for the MLS/DBMS structure, including approaches for distributing data models and developing the DBMS prototype. Section 5 concludes the paper.
# Robust and Reconfigurable On-Board Processing for a Hyperspectral Imaging Small Satellite
## 4 Testing and In-Orbit Results
### In-Orbit Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Configuration Name** & **Dimensions \(L\times S\times B\)** & **Count** \\ \hline Nominal & \(956\times 684\times 120\) & 895 \\ No binning & \(106\times 684\times 1080\) & 34 \\ Full sensor & \(33\times 1216\times 1936\) & 26 \\ Wider spatial & \(598\times 1092\times 120\) or \(537\times 1216\times 120\) & 88 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: How often the four most configured cube dimensions were used out of a selection of 1043 captures. See Table 9 for mean power draw and total energy used during the image acquisition. The OPU is powered on 77.93% of the time transferring data to the PC, corresponding to 75.1% of the total energy use. Note the battery voltage barely drains during imaging, and slightly jumps up during phase 3. This is due to the satellite orienting itself for solar charging again after pointing towards an imaging location.
# HSM4 SSL: Leveraging HSMs for Enhanced Intra-Domain Security +
## 3 HSM4 SSL Architecture
### HSM4 SSL: Low-Level Architecture
#### 3.3.7. HSM4 SSL CLI Tool
It loads its SSL certificate and the root CA certificate into the SSL/TLS server context, awaiting client connections. Machine B initiates a connection to Machine A's server using its own SSL certificate and the root CA certificate in its SSL/TLS client context. The SSL handshake process occurs upon connection establishment, facilitating mutual authentication. Once completed, a secure channel is established, allowing encrypted and integrity-protected application data exchange between the client and server. With both programs running and configurations in place, the SSL handshake process, as captured by Wireshark and illustrated in Figure 9, unfolds when Machine B connects to Machine A. During this handshake, the messages enclosed within the yellow rectangle depict the SSL handshake process, which involves mutual authentication. After the handshake is completed, both the client and server form a secure channel and can exchange application data securely, which is encrypted and integrity-protected.
## 5 Real Signal Classification Verification

Table 7: The H-ELM algorithm parameter setting. Figure 8: Data enhancement operation diagram. The best feature set is selected by the feature selection algorithm. The disturbance classification results obtained by the method of the present invention are shown in Table 9. There is no data imbalance treatment, the classification accuracy is 92% after the data enhancement process, the average recognition accuracy of the disturbance is 93% after eliminating the influence of data imbalance. The results of the real data classification are lower than the simulation results. The main reason is that the training data is less, the data contains multiple disturbances, and the labeling is inaccurate. In general, the method has a good classification effect and can be adapted to the disturbance classification in the actual power grid.
# Permittivity of Undoped Silicon in the Millimeter Wave Range
## 3 Generating Quasi-Plan Wave
Parameters \(R_{1}\), \(R_{2}\), and \(\theta\) are illustrated in Figure 3a, and \(f\) is the equivalent focal length of M1 and M2  
\[f=\frac{R_{1}R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}. \tag{9}\]  
The parameter \(w\) is the beam radius along propagation, as indicated in Figure 3b. The fabricated system is shown in Figure 3a, and the beam radius (solid curves) and wave front (dashed curves) are plotted in Figure 3b. The beam radius at the location of M1/M2 is 33.19 mm, which requires the reflector to be 132.76 mm (4\(w\) criterion) in length. To accommodate lower frequency of the E-band, the size of the reflector is fabricated to be 200 mm. At the location of the sample, the beam radius is 32.15 mm, which requires the reflector to be 128.60 mm in length. Again, the length of the sample would be suggested to be 200 mm for low frequency consideration. The dashed lines in Figure 3b are calculated wave fronts using a computer program based on Equation (5). Noticeably, the wave front between M1 and M2 is very close to a plane wave. This is a very good property for dielectric measurement since phase error will be minimized. It is calculated that the phase difference between the edge of the reflector to that of the on-axis phase is only within \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & \(w\) & \(R_{1}\) & \(R_{2}\) & \(\theta\) & \(f\) \\ \hline Tx-Horn & 8.25 & - & - & - & - \\ M1 & 33.19 & 500 & 500 & 45 & 250 \\ Sample & 32.15 & - & - & - & - \\ M2 & 33.19 & 500 & 500 & 45 & 250 \\ Rx-Horn & 8.25 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Key parameters for the Quasi-Optical System, Frequency 90 GHz. Figure 3: The photograph of the quasi-optical system for dielectric measurement. (**a**) The photograph, (**b**) the beam waist as beam propagation. \(10^{\circ}\). The extenders are _VDI VNAX standard_, working at waveguide band WR-12, corresponding to 60-90 GHz. The horns are corrugated ones launching Gaussian beams. The Gaussianities of the horns are obtained by calculating the power coupling between an ideal Gaussian beam and the measured results, giving 98.5%.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of PDMSB-Grafted PS Nanoparticles  
#### 3.5.1 TEM Investigations  
Purified PDMSB-grafted PS particles were dispersed in neat THF and drop-casted on a carbon-coated copper grid for intended TEM investigations. The images shown in Figure 7 compared to the images of bare PS particles reveal that anionic surface-grafting was successful, due to the film formation during the sample preparation process caused by the particles' shell, which consisted of linear PDMSB chains. Gray scale analysis of PDMSB(r)PS-2 TEM images reveal a particle-particle distance of approx. 102 nm, which corresponds to a shell thickness for each particle of 51 nm in the solid state.  
Figure 7: TEM images of bare cross-linked PS particles (**a**) and surface-modified PDMSB particles with high content (**b**) and low content of PDMSB (**c**).
## 1 Introduction
Another major challenge that affects network performance while maintaining connection stability is handling overload (OL) scenarios when they arise, particularly when some network cells are overloaded and have all of their resources reserved while other cells are not being used to their full potential. Neighboring cells can share the load from a loaded cell using their available resources when the cell becomes overloaded. The cell of HetNets with OL state results in an unequal data rate distribution, which degrades user experience and imposes inconsistency in the QoS and QoE. Therefore, mechanisms to offload the congested cells and balance the load dynamically are needed to ensure the efficient use of system resources. These mechanisms should be designed to distribute the traffic among contiguous cells proportionally based on their load conditions while providing satisfactory QoS for all users, especially those at the cell edge. This study introduces a mobility controller model that periodically interacts with any cell within the network that reaches a relatively higher load than the average load. This average load is determined based on the load conditions among the surrounding cells to ensure maximum cell resource utilization for small-cell network deployments. The model utilizes an effective algorithm that guarantees the best offset values, which assures a successful HO process in several scenarios and applies them instantly. Based on the load distribution in the loaded cell, the load conditions in the adjacent cells, and the channel conditions determined by the position of the UE, the model dynamically modifies the HCP configuration that is configured by the operator. A simulation, compliant with 3 GPP standards, was utilized to evaluate the model. Its results were compared with existing methods, focusing on maintaining a low handover ping-pong (HOPP) rate and decreasing both handover failure (HOF) and radio link failure (RLF) rates, thereby improving network performance. Moreover, it lowers the number of OL-related failed connection attempts for UEs inside the closest cell's coverage, where the UEs are connected to the next best cell, which offers less favorable coverage circumstances than the cell that is fully loaded. Lastly, a review of the challenges and possible directions for this study are presented. Let us note that this paper addresses a real-life problem where mobile network operators have to manage extremely increased traffic over specific periods with the infrastructure originally designed for another scale. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides background on MM scenarios and related works, whereas Section 3 addresses the system model and the proposed DDLB algorithm for handling congested scenarios. Before Section 5 concludes this study, Section 4 presents the simulation scenario and its related performance evaluation by configuring the simulation scenario and results discussion.
## 4 Numerical Results
### Analysis
#### 4.1.4 Bearing Length to Diameter (L/D) Ratio  
It is known that a higher bearing L/D ratio enhances the effective damping by further expanding the fluid layer. Here, the L/D ratio was selected from the range of 0.5 to 1.0, which is the practical range for turbomachineresis. As shown in Figure 10, unlike the other parameters in this study, the L/D ratio does not show a consistent and notable effect on the friction-induced instability except for the fully balanced disc condition. This indicates that the amplitude maintains a similar magnitude, and the onsets of Hopf bifurcations are slightly moved to the higher operating speed. On analyzing the overall response bifurcation diagram, it is tedious to determine a clear tendency in the unbalanced cases; therefore, the L/D ratio should be selected carefully in consideration of the bearing load and operating speed.  
Figure 9: Effect of pivot offset (\(\chi_{\rm p}/\chi=0.5\), 0.55, 0.6) on the rotordynamic bifurcation induced by pad-pivot friction on a TPJB system (\(R_{\rm pvt}=0.015\), \(m_{\rm p}=0.5\), L/D = 0.5): (**a**) Fully balanced; (**b**) \(e_{\rm imb}=0.05\)\(\rm C_{b}\); (**c**) \(e_{\rm imb}=0.10\)\(\rm C_{b}\); (**d**) \(e_{\rm imb}=0.20\)\(\rm C_{b}\).  
Figure 10: Effect of bearing L/D ratio (0.5, 0.75, 1.0) on the rotordynamic bifurcation induced by pad-pivot friction on a TPJB system (\(R_{\rm pvt}=0.015\), \(m_{\rm p}=0.5\), \(\chi_{\rm p}/\chi=0.5\)): (a) fully balanced; (b) \(e_{\rm immb}=0.05\)\(\rm C_{b}\); (c) \(e_{\rm immb}=0.10\)\(\rm C_{b}\); (d) \(e_{\rm immb}=0.20\)\(\rm C_{b}\).