## 1 Introduction
The PPEF is primarily pointed eastward (westward) during the day (night) and regularly produces a quick and ephemeral disruption on timescales of 1-2 h [24; 25; 26; 27]. The enhanced dayside PPEF increases the vertical E \(\times\) B upward convection of plasma, displacing plasma into higher altitudes. This upward convection depletes plasma at low latitudinal ionospheric regions which sets up PBs. At the auroral region, an unexpected rising of air due to the increased heating of the auroral atmosphere initiates traveling atmospheric disturbance (TCD) due to the expansion of gases and also drives the equatorward neutral wind component [28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. This equatorward wind has meridional and westward components due to the Coriolis Effect, which grows with decreasing latitude. The meridian wind will carry plasma up or down along the magnetic field lines from middle to low latitudes according to its direction. This ionospheric alteration is more efficient on the dayside where ion-neutral collision frequencies are higher. The westward component of the equatorward wind creates a Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF) at middle and equatorial latitudes. The created electric field is directed primarily westward on the dayside and eastward on the nightside [33; 34; 35]. The effects of DDEF begin only 3-4 h after the rise of magnetic activity and continue for longer. The westward electric field depresses the dayside plasma, creating a negative ionospheric storm. In contrast, the PPEF is created due to ion-neutral collisions during the convection process at the polar region, which is directed eastward in the dayside;therefore, PPEF lifts the plasma into higher altitudes and causes positive ionospheric storms at middle latitude [35; 36]. Both the PPEF and the DDEF cause depletion in plasma at the bottom region of the ionosphere, especially within the dip equator where the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the force of gravity. Therefore, the growth rate (\(\gamma\)) of the EPBs increases with both the depressions in the main Earth magnetic field and the gradient of the electron density (\(\
abla\)n). This relationship is summarized in Equation (1):  
\[\gamma=\frac{\sigma_{FP}}{\sigma_{FP}+\sigma_{EP}}\bigg{[}v_{z}-\frac{g}{v_{in }}\bigg{]}.\frac{\
abla_{n}}{n}-R \tag{1}\]  
where \(\sigma_{FP}\) and \(\sigma_{EP}\) are the integrated flux tube Pedersen conductivity in the F and E ionospheric regions at the magnetic equator, and \(v_{z},g,v_{in}\), and R are the vertical plasma drift velocity, acceleration due to gravity, ion-neutral collision frequency and the recombination rate, respectively [37]. Bold and normal letters in Equation (1) correspond to vector and scalar quantities, respectively. The ionospheric irregularities associated with the development of EPBs can seriously disrupt the diffusion of the trans-ionospheric radio wave path by impacting both the phase and amplitude of the radio signal, which are named scintillations. This can lead to a serious deterioration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals [38; 39; 40]. Therefore, researchers use GNSS as an accurate instrument for the discovery and continuous observation of ionospheric plasma perturbations on worldwide or local scales [41; 42; 43; 44; 45]. Also, the enhanced magnetic field association with EPBs contaminates the accuracy of the high degree lithospheric field models [37; 46]. Therefore, good monitoring of IBIs is not only of space interest to investigate their impact on communication systems, but it also useful for accurate modeling of the Earth's magnetic field. Several researchers have introduced many acceptable characterizations of EPB activity during magnetic storms [47; 48; 40; 49]. They investigated the performance degradation of the American Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) due to the superstorm in 2003. The studies in [41; 50] brought forth noticeable deteriorations in the positioning precision of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) due to the June 2015 storm.