## 2 Background
### Process Management and Establishing Exchange Information Requirements  
Several techniques are available to map out processes and information flows. To record the inputs, outputs, controls (constraints), and mechanisms (tools) within a process, Integration Definition for Functional Modelling (IDEF0) [30] can be used. This method is considered to be an excellent alternative to describing a system compared to using prose [31]. This method has been used to capture processes on highway projects as it does not have chronological continuity or sequencing, which is considered an advantage due to the varied nature of procurement and contexts on such projects [4]. As a result, this method has the potential to be effective when setting out information requirements.  
There has been a drive towards implementing Robotic Process Automation (RPA) to carry out routine tasks in the construction industry [32; 33]. RPA can be highly beneficial when automating tasks that do not need human judgement, such as handling and processing claims that arise when operating assets. In one industry study, the initial analysis showed that automating three parts of an eight-step process using RPA saved a council an estimated 200 days per annum in total [34]. Solutions provided using RPA can automate simple, manual and repetitive tasks, which can be beneficial when complex decision-making is not needed. However, in order to streamline, analyse and optimise processes, a wider impacting technique is needed.  
To bridge the gap between business process design and the implementation of those processes, the Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN) has gained greater adoption [35]. This notation and modelling standard is regulated by the Object Management Group (OMG) [36]. They have since then also released Decision Model and Notation (DMN), which complements the BPMN and can be used alongside it. DMN aims to bridge the gap between business decision design and its implementation [37]. This standard of process modelling has been used in the construction domain and has been used alongside other forms of notation such as the Unified Modelling Language (UML) [38], which is used to visualise system designs. The combination of using BPMN has been employed in several cases to map out overall processes, activities, and data flow, while languages like UML have been used to describe expected procedures, rules, and activities [39].  
[PERSON] (2016) explored the possibility of creating formalised executable workflows related to Compliant Design Procedures (CDPs) to guide the automated audit of digital models against local regulations [40]. A client/server web application was developed using Microsoft SQL Server as an underlying database to store data. In the web application that was developed, the bpmn.io JavaScript library created by [PERSON] was used to render the workflows graphically.  
[PERSON] et al. (2017) proposed a framework to help manage client requirements to improve the quality of built facilities and their related services [41]. This comprised an enterprise architecture framework for electronic requirement information management. They proposed managing the content of documents rather than the conventional document-centric management of information. They also proposed a business process management (BPM) approach to managing process activities to improve control and visibility.  
A review of the state of the art in the industry showed that there are several challenges faced when adopting digital information management. Specifically, there are problems with adjusting processes and enforcing information requirements in order to produce good-quality information. As a result, it was important to (1) find out what type of information is currently produced on infrastructure projects, (2) analyse the information that is produced and the processes that were followed, (3) and finally provide a solution that would help with the specific issues that are faced during implementation.