esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we examined the characteristics of the temperature rise and temperature distribution of reinforcing steel surfaces based on the diameter, length, bar arrangement condition, heating distance, heating coil position, and output using SD345 reinforcing steel. Using maximum outputs of 5 kW, 6 kW, and 10 kW and induction heating, the following conclusions were obtained.  
1. When using the high-frequency induction heating system, the difference in temperature characteristics between the maximum output of 5 kW and the maximum output of 6 kW is not large; however, when using the output of 10 kW, the early temperature-rise effect and range of magnetic field formation can be increased.
2. Small rebar diameters, such as those of D10 or less, at the same power output, show an early rapid temperature rise effect; however, after reaching the Curie point, thermal equilibrium is attained, resulting in power loss. In addition, when the diameter of the reinforcing bar is larger than that of D32, heat is concentrated on the surface owing to the surface heating effect, and the time elapsed to conduct heat to the inside of the reinforcing bar was confirmed.
3. When all heating conditions were the same, the following were confirmed: there was no significant effect due to the varying length of the reinforcing bar, selective local heating is possible when using the high-frequency induction heating method, and the heating range can be adjusted by changing the output.
4. When selecting the location of the heating coil, the heating range is found to be larger when there are more steel bars being heated directly inside the heating coil than when it is heated under the same output and distance.
5. When the heating distance was 30 mm in cross-reinforcing bar heating, even the lower reinforcing bar was included in the magnetic field area, and a resistance heating phenomenon occurred. If the distance is greater than 40 mm, a magnetic field is formed around the upper reinforcing bar, and the lower reinforcing bar is outside the magnetic field area; as the diameter of the lower reinforcing bar increases, the temperature of the lower reinforcing bar increases to the weakened temperature of concrete.  
Figure 16: Temperature characteristics of crossed reinforcing bar (10 W).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.-k.L.; methodology, M.-k.L.; investigation, M.-k.L.; data curation, M.-k.L.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07049390).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Review of Deep Learning Applications for the Next Generation of Cognitive Networks
## 3 Results  
DL has earned a great deal of research attention in the computing field. However, its use in cognitive network systems is relatively recent [24], and to better understand its high complexity, several challenges need to be addressed. Our research objective is to find the potential use of DL methods to enhance the performance of the mechanisms that manage the operation of wireless data networks. In this context, we propose grouping the challenges into three large areas of operation of these networks, which have been constantly addressed in different related works, such as:  
* Wireless spectrum management;
* Energy utilization efficiency;
* Enhanced data transmission.  
The following subsections summarize these challenges and the deep learning solutions that can address them.
# A Tiny Haptic Knob Based on Magnetorheological Fluids
## 3 Results and Evaluation  
To measure the torque feedback from the proposed haptic knob, we constructed an experimental setup consisting of a personal computer (PC), a DC motor driver, a power supply, a control circuit, a load cell, a shaft arm, the proposed haptic knob, a coupler, and a DC motor, as shown in Figure 9. The dial plate of the proposed haptic knob was tightly connected to the DC motor using the coupler, and the shaft arm was connected to the proposed knob. As the DC motor started to rotate, the dial plate and rotary shaft also rotated together. The applied current caused MR fluids in the haptic knob to solidify and stop the DC motor. Torque feedback in the haptic knob was conveyed to the load cell through a shaft arm. The measured data by the load cell were multiplied by the length of the shaft arm (\(r\)) to compute the resistive torque. Finally, the computed resistive torque was saved to the PC.  
We measured the resistive torque of the proposed haptic knob as a function of the applied current and its rotational speed. The result (Figure 10) shows that its resistive torque increased as the applied current and rotational speed increased. The maximum resistive torque ranged from 0.74 N-mm (with no applied current) to 5.61 N-mm (with maximum current (250 mA)) in the case with an angular velocity of 90 \({}^{\circ}\)/s. The bandwidth of the proposed haptic knob was investigated by measuring the resistive torque of the proposed haptic knob as a function of input frequency. Figure 11 shows the result of its bandwidth.  
To investigate the haptic performance of the proposed haptic knob, we defined the measured resistive torque rate (T\({}_{\text{r}}\)) as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum resistive torque (T\({}_{\text{d}}\)) to the maximum resistive torque (T\({}_{\text{m}}\)) at a given angular velocity. We also defined T\({}_{\text{r}}\), T\({}_{\text{d}}\), and T\({}_{\text{m}}\) at \(n\) degree/s (\(n\)\({}^{\circ}\)/s) as T\({}_{\text{m}}\), T\({}_{\text{dn}}\), and T\({}_{\text{mn}}\), respectively; for example, T\({}_{\text{r}90}\) is the measured resistive torque rate at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)/s. Figure 12a,b show the measured resistive torques and torque rates (T\({}_{\text{r}90}\), T\({}_{\text{r}180}\), and T\({}_{\text{r}270}\)) at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)/s, 180 \({}^{\circ}\)/s, and 270 \({}^{\circ}\)/s, respectively. The measured resistive torque rates are approximately 87% at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)/s, 86% at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)/s, and 84% at 270 \({}^{\circ}\)/s. It is known that the differential threshold of the resistive torque rate (or torque \"just noticeable difference\" (JND)) that humans can reliably distinguish is approximately 13% [21; 22; 23]. Considering this result, the proposed haptic knob can create a variety of haptic sensations.  
Figure 8: Components and prototype of the proposed actuator.  
Figure 11: Measured bandwidth of the proposed haptic knob.  
Figure 10: Experimental result of the proposed actuator.  
Figure 9: Experimental setup of the proposed actuator.
# Experimental Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of RPC and RC Micro Piles in SAJBs
## 3 Experimental Results
### Deformation of Piles  
As noted previously, the deformations of the pile along its length are usually back-calculated by the recorded strains. In this process, it is assumed that the pile is a flexible foundation beam. Based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory, the deformations of the pile are derived as follows [29].  
\[\varepsilon_{t}-\varepsilon_{c}=\Delta\varepsilon=\frac{M(z)}{EI} \tag{5}\]  
\[M(z)=\frac{EI}{D}\Delta\varepsilon \tag{6}\]  
\[y^{\prime\prime}=-\frac{M(z)}{EI} \tag{7}\]  
\[y(z_{i})=\frac{EI}{D}\iint\limits_{0}^{z_{i}}\left[\int\limits_{0}^{z_{i}} \Delta\varepsilon dz\right]dz+C_{1}z_{i}+C_{2} \tag{8}\]  
where \(E\), \(I\), \(D\), \(\varepsilon_{t}\), and \(\varepsilon_{c}\) are the same with Equation (4). \(y\) is the deflection of the pile along its length at location \(z\) (m), \(z\) is the relative distance from the pile head to the point of interest (m), \(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) are integral constants and \(C_{1}=Ely^{\prime}(0)\), and \(C_{2}=Ely(0)\), and \(y^{\prime}(0)\) and \(y(0)\) are the angle and lateral displacement of the pile head, respectively. The horizontal deformation \(y(z_{i})\) at different depth \(z_{i}\) of piles can be obtained by assuming that the strain of the piles between the two adjacent measuring points changes linearly.  
In order to compare the deformations of the micro pile between measured and calculated results, Figure 10 plots the deformation-time history of the pile head measured results and calculated results by the back-calculated method when the pile subjected to the sinusoidal wave of 4 Hz frequency with an amplitude of 0.15 g.  
As seen in Figure 10, it is observed that the test results are larger than the results of the back-calculation method. It is known that the results of the back-calculation method calculated by the measured strains are closed to that of measured results to calculate the deformations of piles during the elastic stage. However, there is a clearer difference between the above two results when the amplitude load increases and reaches a certain value. As mentioned previously, the RPC and RC piles are basically in the elastic stage after the shaking table test. Therefore, this clearly indicates that a small amount of rigid body displacement was generated for the micro-pile in the process of larger  
Figure 9: Bending moments of piles under different seismic waves loads. (**a**) RPC micro pile. (**b**) RC micro pile.  
amplitude acceleration excitation. The displacements obtained by the test measured including parts of rigid body displacement.
# Vegetal-FRCM Failure under Partial Interaction Mechanism
## 4 Discussion  
### Yarns Tensile Test  
The deformation of the fibers was related to the unique properties of each fiber and the type of yarn used. The plaited yarns allowed the fibers to slide relatively from each other without debonding, presenting a plastic-like deformation, while spun yarns maintained the elastic deformation until failure, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.  
First, the variation in the yarn properties when coating them (Tables 5 and 6) is discussed. Regarding the tensile strength, it suffered minor negative variations for cotton (under 10%) with the exception of colophony solved in turpentine, while hemp showed significant differences. Synthetic resins increased by more than 20% the hemp tensile strength while the natural resins decreased by more than 10%, with the exception of colophony solved in acetone, which increased by less than 10%.  
The elastic modulus increased significantly with all except the GAU case with hemp yarns, while cotton suffered less significant variation, less than 20%. Mostly, in the cases where Young's modulus increased, the deformation was decreased for both yarns.  
The impact of the coating of the yarns is seen clearer in hemp yarns. It was a spanned yarn, and the diameter was minor because the effect of the resin was greater. For cotton yarns, since it was a plaited yarn with a higher diameter, the area to coat was three times the hemp area, and the effect of the resin was lower, as the yarn maintained mostly the non-coated properties.  
In order to continue the experimental campaign, two synthetic and two natural coated cases were selected: epoxy and polyester as synthetic, and Arabic gum and the colophony most suitable for each yarn (solved in acetone, COLAC, for hemp and solved in turpentine, COLTUR, for cotton).
## 2 Methods
### Method for Establishing Station Complex Network Model  
The RSCN serves as the foundation for subsequent node importance evaluations. The RSCN model defined in this study uses a graph to describe the relationships between signaling equipment within the station yard. A graph consists of a finite, non-empty set of nodes and a set of edges connecting these nodes. In this model, nodes represent the track sections included in routes specified by the station interlocking tables, while edges represent the sequential connections between nodes.  
Figure 1: Overall framework for railway station yard modeling and node importance analysis based on multi-layer complex networks.  
As trainsets traverse the station yard, their movement follows the sequence of routes and passes through track sections in order. Consequently, this study extracts the sequential relationships between nodes to form the edges that connect nodes in each layer of the network. Initially, all nodes are assigned equal importance, while the sequential connections between nodes are directional. Additionally, the network must consider multiple aspects, including train routes, shunting routes, extended routes, and combined train routes. Therefore, the RSCN described in this study is a multi-layered, directed, and unweighted network.  
The formal definition of RSCN presented in this study is as follows:  
\[RSCNs=\Big{\{}RSCN^{(m)},\;m=1,\;2,\;\cdots,\;M\Big{\}}, \tag{1}\]  
_RSCNs_ are defined as a finite, non-empty set of directed, unweighted networks, each representing a single RSCN generated from train route data, shunting route data, and through-route data, and other related sources.  
\[RSCN^{(m)}=\Big{(}V^{(m)},\;E^{(m)}\Big{)}, \tag{2}\]  
where  
* \(V^{(m)}=\Big{\{}V_{i}^{(m)},\;i=1,\;2,\;\cdots,\;N^{(m)}\Big{\}}\) represents a finite, non-empty set of nodes, which constitutes the node set of \(RSCN^{(m)}\);
* \(E^{(m)}=\Big{\{}V_{i}^{(m)},\;V_{j}^{(m)}\Big{\}}\) represents a finite, non-empty set of relationships, where \(\Big{\{}V_{i}^{(m)},\;V_{j}^{(m)},\;i\
eq j,\;i=1,\;2,\;\cdots,\;N^{(m)},\;j=1,\;2,\;\cdots,\;N^{(m)}\Big{\}}\in V^{(m)}\);
* \(\Big{\langle}V_{i}^{(m)},\;V_{j}^{(m)}\Big{\rangle}\) denotes the directed connection from node \(V_{i}^{(m)}\) to node \(V_{j}^{(m)}\).
# DRL-Based Dynamic Destroy Approaches for Agile-Satellite Mission Planning
## 5 Conclusions  
To address the challenges of large-scale regular mission planning for agile satellites, the D3 RL model based on GAT is established by using the target clustering information. Building upon the D3 RL model, we propose two applications for agile-satellite regular task planning: DRL and DRL-LNS, and a design for state, action, and reward function is developed in the MDP. In comparison with the traditional heuristic method (GA, ALNS), the simulation results show that DRL-LNS with a dynamic destroy operator performs exceptionally well on large-scale dense regional remote-sensing observation tasks. In the more challenging large-scale global remote-sensing observation tasks, the DRL method outperforms the competition. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed D3 RL model is very applicable and efficient for large-scale remote-sensing observation mission planning and related large-scale planning scenarios.  
The proposed dynamic destroy methods, however, may not be suited for dynamic multi-agent environments. Future research will focus on the multi-satellite AEOS planning problem with dynamic task scenarios using a multi-agent DRL approach.  
Conceptualization, W.H. and X.H.; methodology, W.H. and Z.L.; software, W.H.; validation, W.H.; formal analysis, Z.L. and X.H.; investigation, W.H. and J.X.; resources, X.L.; data curation, X.H.; writing--original draft preparation, W.H. and J.X.; writing--review and editing, Z.L., X.D. and X.H.; visualization, W.H.; supervision, X.D. and X.L.; project administration, W.H. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China (2022 YFB3902800).  
The details of the datasets are described in Section 4 and the relevant reference corresponds to [35].  
The cooperation and assistance of the labmates are appreciated by the authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Targeted Delivery Strategies for Hydrophilic Phytochemicals
## 3 Hydrophilic Phytochemicalemicals
### Caffe Acid
#### 3.6.3 Carrier-Based Delivery Strategies  
Recent advancements in nanotechnology have significantly improved the bioavailability and transdermal delivery of caffeic acid through its encapsulation in various carrier systems, including endosomes, hydrogels, nanoemulsions, microparticles, and liposomes [148; 149; 150; 155; 156]. Ethosomes--lipid-based vesicles enriched with ethanol--facilitate deep penetration of caffeic acid through the stratum corneum (SC) due to their flexible structure and enhanced lipid solubility. Ethanol increases the fluidity of the SC lipids, allowing ethosomes to effectively transport caffeic acid to deeper skin layers, maintaining its antioxidant properties for extended periods [155]. Another promising delivery system for caffeic acid involves hydrogels and nanoemulsions, which significantly improve its skin retention and penetration. Hydrogels enable controlled, sustained release of caffeic acid, ensuring long-lasting antioxidant protection [135]. Nanoemulsions, characterized by their ultrafine droplet size, enhance the diffusion of caffeic acid across the SC, increasing its solubility and enabling effective delivery to deeper epidermal layers [148]. Both carriers modify the lipid structure of the SC, reducing resistance to permeation and enhancing local bioavailability and stability [148; 150]. Furthermore, microparticles (MPs) formulated in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions have been investigated for their potential to target hair follicles and extend the residence time of caffeic acid in the skin [156]. MPs composed of chitosan encapsulate caffeic acid, facilitating its accumulation within hair follicles and enhancing its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This targeted delivery not only improves local bioavailability but also minimizes systemic exposure, reducing potential side effects [150]. Studies have demonstrated that MPs increase the fluidity of the SC lipids, creating microchannels that promote deeper penetration of caffeic acid and prolong its therapeutic action [156]. Additionally, liposomes have been employed to boost caffeic acid's transdermal absorption. Their phospholipid bilayer structure mimics cell membranes, enhancing the diffusion of caffeic acid across the skin barrier and providing localized antioxidant effects. Encapsulation in liposomes also protects caffeic acid from oxidative degradation, stabilizing the compound and allowing for controlled, sustained release in topical formulations [150]. Although structural analogies with ferulic acid suggest that caffeic acid may benefit similarly from lipid-based carriers [149], direct studies are still limited. Current evidence clearly indicates that carrier-based delivery systems significantly enhance its bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy, making caffeic acid a promising candidate for advanced dermal and systemic applications.
## Materials and Methods
### Optical Property and Stability Characterization  
#### 2.4.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopic Analysis of Ionic Liquid-Based MXene Nanofluid  
UV-Vis/NIR spectrometer (Lambda 750, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with a wavelength range of 190 to 3300 nm was employed to determine the absorption spectra of the as-prepared ionic liquid-based nanofluid at room temperature. Spectrometers usually comprise a light source, monochromator, detector, and an amplifier with an indicator. Here, the beam light was separated by a prism into variable wavelengths. The prepared samples were poured into a cuvette distanced by an optical length of 10 mm and placed inside the device. For cuvettes produced from unique optical glass, some of the illuminations were lost by reflections on the cuvette's surfaces. To remove this type of error, a comparable calculation was carried out in a cuvette of the same distance but not the material to be calculated. In this study, the standard cuvette contained deionized water (pure solvent), which does not absorb in the spectral region under consideration. A light beam was then passed through the solutions in the cuvettes, which absorbed the UV or visible radiation. The ultraviolet light absorbed by the studied samples generated a specific spectrum that helped to identify the electron transition and chemical compounds. Based on the light beam's solution concentration and path length, the amount of light absorption varied. If the solution did not absorb any light, the transmittance would be 100%.
# A Review of Vertical Shaft Technology and Application in Soft Soil for Urban Underground Space
## 1 Introduction
### Conventional Shift Construction Structures
#### 1.1.4. Secant Piling  
Secant piling is a method that entails drilling and concreting overlapping piles into the ground to form a wall. This technique is more robust and watertight than sheet piling and can be applied in hard and rocky soils. However, secant piling also presents several drawbacks, such as high costs and time requirements, difficult site access and logistics, and quality control and inspection issues.  
As depth increases and groundwater levels fluctuate, these methods encounter numerous limitations. Conventional shafts are typically restricted to smaller depths and often face challenges in soft or unstable soils, particularly with high groundwater levels. Their use can also be time-consuming due to the need for careful excavation and dewatering, as these processes may induce instability. To address UUS development, novel and effective construction methods are urgently needed [11]. In many Asian countries, the geology of megacities primarily consists of soft grounds, such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel layers with high groundwater tables. Therefore, new technologies related to design, monitoring for safety management, environmental preservation, groundwater strategy, and soil improvement are essential for UUS.  
Under limited ground construction space within intensive buildings and the influence of lowering confined groundwater, open caisson and various vertical shaft technologies were introduced in UUS development. However, publication and information regarding these technologies are distributed across fragmented domains in different fields, lacking systematic summarization. An advanced and up-to-date systematic summarization of open caisson and vertical shaft technology is necessary and urgent for quick understanding and application. The primary aim of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the early development in shaft technology and advancements in mechanized methods, design, and construction technology of UUS in the perspective of soft ground conditions. To develop underground constructions economically and efficiently with minimal environmental impact in megacities, reviewing these new technologies is beneficial not only for developed countries but also for cities in developing nations. The PIAUS construction technology, including the vertical sinking shaft machine (VSM) and ACPP, will be discussed with their design and construction methods, compared to conventional shaft sinking methods used in deep excavations and complex settings, particularly in soft ground conditions.  
Figure 3: Retaining structures for shaft construction; (**a**) sheet pile retaining cofferdam for shaft excavation, Lyme Valley, UK; (**b**) shaft constructed using diaphragm wall panels [9]; (**c**) Hobson PS64 secant piles shaft, Auckland [10]; (**d**) open caisson shaft for desalination pipeline in Sydney [11].