## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
### Integration Studies at the Sub-Municipality Level as a Tool for Emergency Planning  
From a physical landscape perspective, the selection area (Section 3.1) falls in the marine terrace territory of the Basilicata Region [23], characterized by a variety of hazards and providing a multi-hazard hotspot for the application of methodological processes useful for risk management strategies. As shown from the main results, these hazards are spatially distributed as follows: Flood probability is mostly limited across census tracts located in the coastal zone and intersected by the main rivers (Bradano, Basento, Cavone, Agri, and Sinni). Census tracts influenced by landslide process and multi-hazard scenarios belong to landward municipalities. In particular, the most frequently occurring hazard scenarios related to the census tract investigated are LH2, FH2, and MH5. This implies that most of the census tracts intersected by single hazards correspond to areas classified as having a medium landslide hazard (P2) and areas that can be flooded due to flood events with a return period between 20 and 50 years (HPH), between 100 and 200 years (MPH), or exceeding 200 years (LPH). In terms of landslide hazards, our results confirm the outcomes linked to the Basilicata region, which is mostly characterized by having the highest percentage of the territory affected by medium landslide hazard [34]. Consequently, most of the census tracts belonging to MH5 scenarios are characterized by the coexistence of three main probabilities: P2 + HPH, P2 + MPH, and P2 + LPH (Section Multi-Hazard Context in the Basilicata Region). Considering the single-hazard context, the municipality of Bernalda shows the highest number of census tracts affected by flood hazards, while Craco, Montescalioso, and Pisticci are mostly affected by landslide hazards. However, as shown in Section 3.2.2, Pisticci represents the highest multi-hazard hotspot at the sub-municipality level. Excluding the municipalities of Rotondella, Policoro, and Nova Siri, looking at the location of the city centers (Figures 12-14), the majority of them are limited in areas characterized by landslide hazard. As regards social vulnerability, most of the census tracts fall in classes with very low social vulnerability. However, the majority of the municipalities are characterized by extended territories affected by medium, high, and very high social vulnerability, particularly in the city centers (Figure 9). This result is strictly correlated with the methodology used for the construction of the social vulnerability index. Firstly, the application of Equation (1)  
Figure 14: Spatial distribution of the different overlaps at the census tract level in the southern sector, with an indication of the specific hazard scenario derived from the hazard qualitative investigation. FH refers to the MPH scenario. The red circle represents the location of the town center. Basemap: Google Satellite. (Section 2) on the socio-economic conditions of the Basilicata Region highlights the different contexts between rural/hilly areas, mostly characterized by classes with very low social vulnerability, and city centers, represented by higher-social-vulnerability classes, as the variables used have the highest values in the most populated areas, contributing to the composite index. Moreover, the city centers are characterized by higher census tract densities compared with those of rural areas, showing substantial differences in socio-economic features between these two areas. Another consideration concerns the integration process (Sections 2 and 3.4), particularly the significance of the application of the risk formula (the product between hazard scenarios and social vulnerability). This study demonstrates the influence that the physical (hazard) and the socio-economic components have on each other in risk investigation. Examples are the census tracts located in the municipality of Bernalda and Montalbano Jonico.