## 1 Introduction
In recent decades, inorganic materials such as metal and metal oxides have garnered significant attention. One promising and environmentally friendly approach to producing inorganic metal nanoparticles is through the green synthesis of Mg NP/GW nanocomposites. These nanoparticles exhibit superior qualities, including a higher stability-to-weight ratio, fewer defects, recyclability, non-toxicity, and hygroscopicity. These properties enable them to withstand harsh processing conditions and offer intriguing structural properties for biological applications [23; 24]. However, despite these commendable attributes, Mg NP/GW nanoparticles often have large crystalline sizes and low surface areas, which limit their practical applications. Addressing this limitation requires morphological investigations aimed at modifying surface area in relation to particle size [25; 26; 27]. Rose-scented geranium (_Pelargonium gravelens_), a perennial aromatic and medicinal herb from the Geraniaceae family, is a significant plant known for producing essential oil (EO) rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes among other compounds. The Geraniaceae family comprises approximately 750 species found in temperate and subtropical regions [28]. The EO derived from _P. grazeolens_ finds economic applications in perfumery, flavoring, and cosmetics [29; 30]. The production of nanoparticles (NPs) using residual material from _Pelargonium grazeolens_ (geranium) and subsequent analysis on the same plant is driven by various scientific incentives, including sustainability and resource utilization. This approach aims to promote sustainable methodologies in nanotechnology by transforming agricultural waste into valuable NPs, reducing environmental impact, and promoting circular bioeconomy principles. Additionally, the compatibility and potential toxicity of these NPs on _P. grazeolens_ are crucial for safe and effective agricultural applications, ensuring that the NPs do not harm plant vitality or development. This aligns with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable nanotechnology, which aim to minimize the use of harmful substances and reduce the ecological impact of NP production. By examining the effects on the same plant species, the environmental soundness of this method can be confirmed. Geranium waste (GW) serves as a natural binding agent in nanoparticle synthesis and holds promise for enhancing crop production, making it a foundational element in science-based agriculture essential for sustaining the growing global population. The term \"waste (GW) originating from the _Pelargonium graveolens_ plant\" refers to the residual materials or byproducts that are produced during the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of _P. graveolens_, also known as geranium. The main purpose of growing this plant is to extract its essential oil, which is used in various industries such as perfumery, cosmetics, and aromotherapy. The waste material, known as geranium waste (GW), includes the following: Residues of leaves and stems--After the essential oil is extracted, the remaining plant biomass, which consists of leaves and stems, is considered waste. This biomass is usually discarded or used for composting. Non-essential oil-containing components--Parts of the plant that are not involved in the oil extraction process or do not contain significant amounts of essential oils are classified as waste. Trimming and cutting debris--During cultivation and harvesting, excess or unwanted parts of the plant, such as trimmings and cuttings, are produced and considered waste. The term \"waste\" is used because these materials are typically not used in the primary production process (extraction of essential oil) and are often discarded or repurposed for low-value purposes like composting or animal feed. However, this \"waste\" still contains valuable bioactive compounds and biomass that could be repurposed for alternative applications, such as the production of nanoparticles. Another plant, _Sinapis alba_ (_S.