# Developing a Hybrid Morphological Analyzer for Low-Resource Languages
## 3 Methodology
### Dataset Creation
#### 3.1.3 Paradigm Generation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Paradigm** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dictionary** \\ **Size (Words)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Type** & **Paradigm** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dictionary** \\ **Size (Words)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline Noun & huduga & 527 & Verb & bA & 2 \\ Noun & akka & 3 & Verb & bagi & 1 \\ Noun & puswaka & 3445 & Verb & kali & 2 \\ Noun & aNNa & 7 & Verb & huyyi & 1 \\ Noun & AyA & 1 & Verb & kudi & 83 \\ Noun & rikRA & 30 & Verb & kaxi & 2 \\ Noun & sarvAMwaryAmi & 1 & Verb & avi & 1 \\ Noun & kitaki & 1612 & Verb & sugi & 1 \\ Noun & prakqwi & 6 & Verb & woyu & 1 \\ Noun & AcAri & 123 & Verb & iru & 1 \\ Noun & nAri & 40 & Verb & iMgu & 1 \\ Noun & SrI & 1 & Verb & mAdu & 726 \\ Noun & swrI & 1 & Verb & bayyu & 2 \\ Noun & gaMdu & 7 & Verb & solu & 2 \\ Noun & heVnnu & 2 & Verb & geVllu & 1 \\ Noun & gaMdasu & 2 & Verb & sAyu & 2 \\ Noun & heVMgasu & 2 & Verb & sudu & 21 \\ Noun & magalYu & 5 & Verb & koVITYYu & 5 \\ Noun & coVMbu & 1098 & Verb & Agu & 21 \\ Noun & sAXu & 1 & Verb & nagu & 3 \\ Noun & magu & 1 & Verb & alYu & 2 \\ Noun & piwq & 4 & Verb & kAyu & 1 \\ Noun & AcarNeV & 890 & Verb & eIYu & 1 \\ Noun & vaniweV & 50 & Verb & bIIYu & 3 \\ Noun & kE & 10 & Verb & eVnnu & 3 \\ Noun & hU & 1 & Verb & koVllu & 1 \\ Noun & go & 1 & Verb & naMku & 1 \\ Noun & xoVrev & 1 & Verb & nilliu & 1 \\ Noun & patAlaM & 1 & Verb & bawwu & 1 \\ Indeclinable & mAwra & 242 & Verb & baru & 1 \\ Adjective & uwwama & 799 & Verb & mlyu & 1 \\ Numeric & Sawa & 9 & Verb & soMku & 1 \\ Pronoun & nAnu & 1 & Verb & hoVradu & 1 \\ Pronoun & nInu & 1 & Verb & hoVru & 1 \\ Pronoun & avanu & 1 & Verb & Avu & 2 \\ Pronoun & avaYu & 1 & Verb & uNNu & 2 \\ Pronoun & axu & 1 & Verb & eVtaku & 1 \\ Pronoun & ixu & 1 & Verb & hoVdev & 68 \\ Pronoun & ivanu & 1 & Verb & mareV & 2 \\ Pronoun & ivalYu & 1 & Verb & oVxeV & 2 \\ Pronoun & Awa & 1 & Verb & bE & 1 \\ Pronoun & Iwa & 1 & Verb & ko & 1 \\ Pronoun & AkeV & 2 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Paradigm dictionary statistics. ### Developing Paradigms

The dataset created using Apertium Lttoolbox 3.8.0 [33] was pre-processed using Python 3 on the Google Colab platform. Apertium [33] is an open-source software that can be used to develop paradigms for any of the low-resource languages. Given a word from the pre-processed dataset, the morphological parsing is implemented using FST by mapping rules that map letter sequences into the morpheme at the surface level and its features at the lexical level. The FST maps the set of symbols onto other symbols through an FSA. The FST accepts string input and generates a set of related strings as output, wherein the FSA recognizes various inflections of the given word. After pre-processing, 9879 words that end with vowels are obtained from the dictionary. These words are categorized into 7873 nouns, 956 verbs, 242 indeclinables, 799 adjectives, and 9 numerics. _Halant_ ending words are not considered as they do not adhere to the described paradigms. The main advantage of using Lttoolbox is that it can be used for generating inflections for the dictionary mapped to each paradigm. A patch is written for the WX-to-Kannada conversion so that the generated output can be analyzed. The dictionary file built for this tool was extracted from the Kannada dataset [37]. The dataset contains Kannada root words categorized in nouns, verbs, adjectives and indeclinables with meaning in Kannada. Once the paradigms for Kannada nouns, verbs, adjectives, indeclinables, numeric words and pronouns have been created in WX format [12], Lttoolbox is used for lexical processing, morphological analysis and generation. The paradigms are based on the documentation by [PERSON] [33] and [PERSON] [38]. The morphological dictionary is built based on which the analysis is generated. The transducer in Lttoolbox makes use of a _.dix_ file, which dictates the rules to join the morphemes(stem + affix). Analysis is the process of splitting the word into its root and grammatical information.