## 4 Discussion
[60] reported that undecane exhibited inhibition activity against degranulation, histamine secretion, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\(\alpha\)) and also has applications in curing skin inflammatory disorders, including atopic dermatitis and various allergic diseases. 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyplynel)-, (E)- is a hydroxycinnamic acid. Neophy-tadiene is a dipterene that was proven to exert anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties [61]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [62] presented the potential anti-inflammatory activity isolated from _Turbinaria ornate_ and described the antioxidant nature of Neophytadiene. _n_-Hexadecanoic acid (terpenoid) was the most commonly detected compound reviewed with versatile properties like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hypocholesterolemoic activities [63; 64]. Glafenin (Glafenin) is a very reactive nonnarcotic analgesic agent [65]. Decane belongs to the class of hydrocarbons with antimicrobial properties [66]. Phytol (terpenoids) is a frequently detected compound in crude extracts of plants and was reported to show antidiabetic, immunostimulatory, anti-coronary, hypocholesterolem, antinociceptive, diuretic, fragrance, anti-inflammatory, and some other activities [25; 55; 64; 67]. Whereas, Benzene, (1-methyldodecyl)- is a hydrocarbon compound type [68], and 4-Cyclohexyl-1-butanol was determined as a phenyl alcohol [69]. In contrast to the present GCMS data, [PERSON] et al. [70] earlier characterized the constituents of leaves and stem of _Cleome amblyocarpa_ that revealed major compounds like \(\beta\)-Caryophyllene, eugenol, Ethyl 3-methylpentanoate, 1,8-Cineole, Ethyl hexanoate, \(\beta\)-Pinene, Ethyl octanoate, and many more which are involved in biological process like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, etc. Antioxidants are molecules involved in controlling and protecting the cellular damage caused by forming free radicals, which was exerted due to excess oxidative stress build-up, eventually leading to chronic and degenerative diseases. Natural antioxidants obtained or consumed in the diet are sourced from medicinal plants, as plant-based products are nontoxic and have no harmful reactions in the human body. Plant polyphenols are frequently assessed and determined to possess antioxidant activities [71; 72]. The present study determined the antioxidant capacity (in vitro) antagonist to DPPH free radicals for different concentrations of methanolic leaf extract of _C. simplicifolia_. The results of the analysis depicted a significant elevation in antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner in comparison with gallic acid. The lowest DPPH inhibition percent was 46.18% at the 20 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration, while 85.05% was the maximum DPPH inhibition concentration observed at the 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration of the methanolic extract of _C. simplicifolia_ leaves. The determination of antioxidant properties by measuring the DPPH radical concentration is the usual method used during most of the studies. For example, earlier, [PERSON] et al. [73] reported that the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract of _Cordia myxa_ fruit by assessing the concentration of DPPH radicals, and the highest inhibition concentration of 86.45% at a 60 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration was obtained. Corresponding to this, another investigation of antioxidant activity by [PERSON] et al. [74] using aqueous leaf extract of _Combretum microphyllum_ for DPPH and other radical scavenging activity showed 74.2% of DPPH inhibition at 175 mg/mL in contrast with vitamin C.  
Medicinal plants, despite having therapeutic applications, may also contain toxic substances. Hence, it is mandatory to evaluate a plant's toxicity before it is considered by society. In this study, the _C. simplicifolia_ methanolic leaf extract was analyzed for its toxicity with acute toxicity of single-dose administration.