## 3 Therapeutic Use
### Anticonvulsant  
Epilepsy is an important cause of disability and death worldwide. In 2016, there were more than 45 million people suffering from active epilepsy globally, which makes epilepsy one of the most prevalent neurological disorders [64]. The development of plant-based treatment for epilepsy gains momentum because of the side effect and high cost of the antiepileptic drugs [65]. Further, drug resistance has been reported in one-third of patients suffering from epilepsy [66]. An aqueous extract from _P. obscura_ was studied for its anticonvulsant effect on Wistar-Albino-Glaxo from Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, the genetic model of generalized absence epilepsy. The aqueous extract of _P. obscura_ was orally administered for 21 days to rats (Table 1). The brain activity of the rats was detected through an electroencephalogram (EEG) at the same time every week (i.e., on 7 th, 14 th, and 21 st day). The EEG results showed that long-term use of the extract had a positive effect on the brain activity of rats with the absence of epilepsy (Table 1 and Figure 3). The presence of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and ascorbic and rosmarinic acids is speculated to be responsible for the activity of the extract in the study [14]. Further research is proposed to confirm the anticonvulsant effect of _Pulmonaria_ which may be developed as a therapeutic against epilepsy [14]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline
**Activity** & **Model/Method** & **Dose/Duration** & **Component Used** & **Result** & **Reference** \\ \hline  & & & Aqueous extract of _P. officinalis_ & Aqueous extract = 73.0\% & \\  & & (herbal infusions in dry) & scavenging ability & \\ DPPH-scavenging ability & 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/mL & & Ethanol extract of _P. officinalis_ & Ethanol extract = 75.47\% & [10] \\  & & & (herbal infusions in dry) & scavenging ability & \\ \hline  & & Methanole extract from the aerial & _P. officinalis_: & \\ ONOO\({}^{-}\)-scavenging ability in the & & parts of _P. officinalis_ & IC\({}_{00}\) = 32.66 (ug/mL) & \\ Evans Blue Solution & 1.0-100 ug/mL & & Methanol extract from the aerial & _P. obscure_: & \\  & & parts of _obscars_ & IC\({}_{00}\) = 36.71 (ug/mL) & \\ \hline  & & Yunnanic acid from Aerial part of & & \\ Peroxynitrite-scavenging assay & 1.0-50.0 ug/mL & _P. officinalis_ & IC\({}_{00}\) = 50.45 (ug/mL) & [29] \\  & & methanole extract & & \\ \hline  & & Yunnanic acid from Aerial part of & & \\ Antis oxidant & 1.0-50.0 ug/mL & & _P. officinalis_ and _P. obscure_ & IC\({}_{00}\) = 7.14 (ug/mL) & [29] \\  & & methanolic extract & & \\ \hline  & & Methanole extract from the aerial & \(57.126\pm 8.14\%\) of lipid & \\  & & parts of _P. officinalis_ & & hydrogenatedgeneration \\  & & & parts of _P. officinalis_ & \(57.746\pm 8.885\%\) of dibubrituric & \\ ONOO\({}^{-}\)-induced peroxidation of blood & & & acid-ractive substances formation & \\ plasma lipids & 1.0-100 ug/mL & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & Methanole extract from the aerial & \(53.805\pm 9.55\%\) of lipid & \\  & & & hydropropseudesgeneration & \\  & & parts of _P. obscure_ & & \(63.759\pm 9.306\%\) of dibubrituric & \\  & & & acid-ractive substances formation & \\ \hline  & & & Polyphenols from the ethyl alcohol & \\ DPPH & 3 mg/mL & & extract of root culture (ECRVO) of _P. officinalis_ & 86.96\% & [21] \\ \hline DPPH & 3 mg/mL & & Proanthocyanathins from the ERCOO & 51.25\% & [21] \\ \hline DPPH & 3 mg/mL & & Flavoods from the ERCOO & 75.47\% & [21] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Different biological activity observed of lungworts observed in in vitro/in vivo studies. \begin{table}