esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Structure-Property Relation of Trimethyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids for Battery Applications
## 4 Conclusions  
The structure-property relationships of various ionic liquid electrolytes with the trimethyl ammonium cation were investigated with particular focus on their applicability in rechargeable lithium batteries. We investigated the influence of side chain length and composition, anion, and lithium concentration on the thermal and transport properties. The thermal transitions show a diverse behavior with crystalline phases for all samples with low lithium concentration, whereas samples with high lithium concentration formed glasses. The transport properties are comparable to other ionic liquid subclasses with accelerated dynamics for short side chains, ether functionalization, the use of the [FSI]\({}^{-}\) anion and low concentrations of lithium salt. The application of the Stokes-Einstein relation paired with IR-spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ion clusters or complexes involving the lithium cation, leading to slower dynamic of the lithium solutions compared to the bulk ionic liquids. It was shown that the ionic liquids exhibit a broad electrochemical window of > 4.5 V vs. Li/Li\({}^{+}\), which makes them suitable for high-voltage-applications. Half-cell tests against lithium metal at elevated temperatures showed better stability for TFSI-based salts than for FSI salts even if lithium plating was observed in all cell tests. In conclusion, it could be demonstrated that the novel ammonium based ionic liquids including [Li][TFSI] were able to successfully cycle NMC-Li cells at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10_3390/app11125679/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10_3390/app11125679/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10_3390/app11125679/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10_3390/app11125679/s1)): Synthesis of the ionic liquids and NMR resonances, experimental values for the transport properties, errors for data fitting, IR-spectra.  
Conceptualization, D.R. and A.H.; methodology, D.R. and A.H.; formal analysis, D.R. and A.H.; investigation, D.R., A.H. and T.Z.; resources, D.R.; writing--original draft preparation, D.R. and A.H.; writing--review and editing, D.R., A.H., F.P., C.W.M.K., T.Z., T.H. and R.H.; visualization, D.R. and A.H.; supervision, C.W.M.K. and T.H.; project administration, D.R. and A.H.; funding acquisition, C.W.M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Project ID 390874152 (POLIS Cluster of Excellence) and Saarland University.  
Not applicable.  
Measured data points are given in the supporting information.  
We thank [PERSON] for performing density and CV measurements.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology +
## 4 Experimental Results
### Comparison to RobustONoC  
We compared LightR to a state-of-the-art fault-tolerant design method for topologies, RobustONoC [15]. The idea of the RobustONoC is to add backup MRRs and waveguides into an existing topology to route a deviated signal back to its designated path. For each signal, the RobustONoC prepares two extra MRRs as backups. When modifying the structure of a topology, the RobustONoC randomly determines the positions of the extra waveguides and inserts backup MRRs at the end of each waveguide. According to the MRR usage results reported in [15], the LightR decreased the MRR usage by more than half versus the RobustONoC. For example, for a six-node network, the LightR decreased the number of MRRs by about 64% compared to the RobustONoC. The high MRR usage in the RobustONoC was mainly driven by inserting twice the number of MRRs into a topology.  
More importantly, regardless of the MRR usage in a topology, the RobustONoC considers only the single-fault model, which means that only one MRR can be defective at a time, and the other MRRs should work well. However, in practice, there can be multiple defective MRRs, even for a network with low MRR usage. Based on these facts, the RobustONoC can hardly promise reliable communication for WRONoCs. In contrast, the LightR showed its superiority in enhancing the reliability by significantly reducing the number of error communications in our realistic fault model.
# NASA Global Satellite and Model Data Products and Services for Tropical Meteorology and Climatology
## 4 Examples  
Two examples of using datasets and services at GES DISC are presented here. By no means all available datasets are included in these examples, other than to show how datasets and services can facilitate research activities.
## 3 Results
### SWCCs of Loess and Paleosol Samples  
Figure 6 shows the corresponding data points of the volume moisture content and matrix suction derived from experimentation. To quantitatively characterize the SWCC characteristics, the [PERSON] (1980) model was employed to fit the data points, according to  
\[\theta=\theta_{r}+(\theta_{s}-\theta_{r})/\left[1+(\alpha s)^{n}\right]^{m} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\theta\) is the volume moisture content, \(\theta_{s}\) is the saturated volume moisture content, \(\theta_{r}\) is the residual volume moisture content, \(s\) is matrix suction, \(\alpha,m,n\) are fitting parameters given in Table 4, and \(R^{2}\) is the fitting coefficient.  
As can be seen from Figure 6, the higher the \(\theta\), the smaller the \(s\). And yet their SWCCs' shapes are quite different due to their varying textures. The \(\theta_{s}\) of loess is higher than that of the paleosol. This could be attributed to the superior compactness of the paleosol compared to loess (\(\rho_{\text{d,loess}}=1.49\) g/cm\({}^{3}\), \(\rho_{\text{d,paleosol}}=1.51\) g/cm\({}^{3}\)). As \(s\) grew, the \(\theta\) of the paleosol exceeded that of loess under the same \(s\), revealing that the paleosol had a stronger water-holding capacity.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Fitting Parameters Based on VG Model**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{R^{2}}\)} \\  & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\) & \(\mathbf{n}\) & \(\mathbf{m}\) & \(\mathbf{\theta_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{\theta_{r}}\) \\ \hline Loess & 0.0358 & 2.1561 & 0.5362 & 0.5007 & 0.1029 & 0.9976 \\ Paleosol & 0.0292 & 2.0102 & 0.5026 & 0.4780 & 0.1439 & 0.9996 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Fitting parameters of SWCC model for loess and paleosol.  
Figure 5: Relationship between cohesion and initial moisture content.  
Figure 6: SWCCs of loess and paleosol samples (note that the \(\mathit{AEV}\) is the air entry value).
## 2 Biogas Production in AnMBRs
### Process Yield
#### 2.2.1 Impact of HRT
Indeed, at an HRT of 24 h, the biogas yield was equal to 0.28 L/g COD, while at an HRT of 16 h and 12 h, it was equal to 0.26 L/g COD, and 0.17 L/g COD, respectively. On the other hand, the above-discussed results are not in line with those presented in [77; 96; 100] wherein it was found that HRT does not have an impact on the biogas production in AnMBRs. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [100] used a laboratory-scale AnMBR equipped with a tubular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration membrane. They demonstrated that the obtained methane yield was equal to 0.21-0.22 L/g COD, regardless of the applied values of HRT (12-6 h). In turn, in [96], two AnMBRs with MF and UF membranes for the treatment of municipal wastewater were used. The process was conducted under a wide range of HRT values, from 24 h to 12 h. It was demonstrated that in an AnMBR equipped with the MF membrane, under the HRT of 24 h; 12 h; 14.4 h; and 12 h, the methane yield was equal to 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 L/g COD; 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 L/g COD; 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.03 L/g COD; and 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.02 L/g COD, respectively. In turn, with regards to the AnMBR system with a UF membrane, under the HRT of 24 h; 14.4 h; and 12 h, the methane yield was 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.04, 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.03 L/g COD; and 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.02 L/g COD, respectively. As demonstrated above, defining the impact of HRT on the biogas production in AnMBRs applied for municipal and domestic wastewater is not straightforward. Therefore, in the current study, we performed an analysis data collected from the literature [70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 77; 78; 83; 85; 87; 89; 90; 92; 95; 96] (Figure 5). It can be seen that, generally, the highest methane yield values have been obtained for the shortest HRT. However, the most suitable value of HRT in AnMBRs technology applied for biogas production depends on other operational factors, including temperature. Based on the literature review and findings presented above, it can be concluded that further experimental studies on the impact of HRT on the biogas yield in AnMBRs are highly warranted. It is important to point out that HRT may also have a significant impact on the membrane fouling mechanism. For instance, in [91], it was documented that performing wastewater treatment in a laboratory-scale AnMBR under HRT for longer than 12 h leads to membrane pore blocking. On the other hand, for HRT less than 8 h, the main reason for the decline of permeate flux was the formation of a cake layer on the membrane surface. These findings can be explained by the fact that, generally, shortened HRT results in an enhanced accumulation of particulates and colloidal matter in a feed.
# Influence of Pre-Treatment on the Seasonal Variation of Smoked Baltic Strat Texture and Color
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Moisture Content and pH of Smoked Sprats  
The moisture content in the smoked sprat was not affected by the season (Table 3), indicating that more moisture was lost from mid- and late-season fish during the smoking process. The highest moisture content was detected in the control samples, irrespective of the season. Pre-treatment with salt and/or acid reduced the smoked sprat moisture content, especially in late-season fish.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Content (g/100 g)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Early*** & **Mid** & **Late** \\ \hline Protein & \(16.4\pm 1.3\) a  & \(14.9\pm 1.2\) a  & \(16.8\pm 1.3\) a  \\ Fat & \(19.2\pm 1.7\) a  & \(12.9\pm 1.1\) b  & \(12.1\pm 1.1\) b  \\ Moisture & \(62.4\pm 1.2\) b  & \(69.2\pm 1.2\) a  & \(70.0\pm 1.2\) a  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The chemical composition of fresh Baltic sprat during the catching season.  
Sprats subjected to pre-treatment with the solutions containing CaCl\({}_{2}\) exhibited a decreased moisture content in comparison to the other samples. According to [PERSON] et al. [13] this could be attributed to the formation of protein-protein linkages upon the addition of calcium ions, leading to the creation of rough protein aggregates and subsequently reducing the water binding capacity.  
The pH of the smoked sprat was reduced after the application of any pre-treatment material selected compared to the control sample without pre-treatment (Table 4).  
The application of both calcium chloride and acetic acid caused a bigger change in the pH of smoked sprat compared to the application of sodium chloride solely. Similar results were revealed by [PERSON] et al. [14], indicating that the pH of frankfurter sausages with dicationic salts added decreased. In the current study, the pH of the sprats remained above the isoelectric point of the myofibrillar protein, which is pH 5.3. The pH is an important factor influencing the water-binding capacity of muscle proteins [7].
# Benefits of Advanced Air Mobility for Society and Environment: A Case Study of Ohio
## 4 Benefit Factors
### BF-3: Cost and Delivery Time Savings in Package Delivery by Drones
#### 4.3.2 Lead Time Savings  
A delivery drone's objective is to deliver packages quickly anywhere, especially in difficult-to-reach regions. It can be designed to transport packages from their base to a specified location, such as the address of the customer who requested the item. Based on 2018 industrial drones specifications, a drone's delivery time for a 5 m urban trip was calculated as 8 min to deliver package in front of a customer's doorstep, whereas the calculated delivery time by a car was 19 min [52]. Based on this calculation, the drone delivery times are estimated to be 7 min in the year 2020 and 5 min in year 2025. According to [52], the estimated time savings are 12 min and 14 min, respectively. Thus, we considered the Average Time Savings (ATS) associated with each drone delivery trip as 13 min relative to ground delivery trips. Using the values of \(p_{SMCO_{i}}\) (see Section 4.3.1), \(ATS\) and \(VDTS\) (see Section 4.4.2), we computed the Cost of Lead Time Savings (\(CS_{i}^{ld}\)) in year \(i\):  
\[CS_{i}^{ld}=p_{SMCO_{i}}\times\frac{ATS}{60\times 24}\times VDTS\qquad i\in\{2022,2023,...,2032(year)\}. \tag{19}\]
# Monitoring Vegetation Change and Its Potential Drivers in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2019
## 2 Materials and methods  
### Study Area  
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is in the northern borderlands of China, between 7 deg12' and 126 deg04' E and 37 deg24' and 53 deg23' N. With a total area of 118.3 km2, it is the third largest province in China, accounting for 12.3% of the country's total land area. The area predominantly experiences a temperate continental monsoon climate, with marked regional and seasonal differences. Precipitation decreases from the northeast to the southwest, exhibiting marked gradient differences. The average annual temperature increases from the northeast to the southwest [56]. There is a rich variety of soil types that are distributed from east to west as black soil, dark brown loam, black calcareous soil, chestnut calcareous soil, brown loam, gray calcareous soil, sandy soil, and gray desert soil [57]. The vegetation types include forest, grassland, and desert in the order of decreasing precipitation from east to west, with three sub-categories of grassland vegetation: Meadow grassland, typical grassland, and desert grassland, depending on the climatic zone [58] (Figure 1).  
Figure 1: Study area, and the different vegetation and steppe types in Inner Mongolia.
## 1 Introduction
The differences of PPP performance within and without its service area can be investigated. The Iridium satellite constellation, as the largest LEO constellation so far, is the best choice to simulate to study the PPP performance. The LeGNSS and its space segment are presented in the next section, followed by describing the simulation configuration. Then, the global positioning availability is evaluated in terms of the number of visible satellites. Furthermore, the convergence time on a global scale is presented along with the comprehensive analysis of four specific stations. Finally, the conclusions are summarized.
# Surface Subsidence Monitoring in Kunming City with Time-Series InSAR and GNSS
## 3 Dataset and Processing
### Data  
In this paper, 35 Sentinel-1A descenting orbit images are selected from about 3 years from March 2018-December 2020. The imaging mode is IW, the image incidence angle is 39.61\({}^{\circ}\), the polarization mode is VV and the resolution is 5 m \(\times\) 20 m. Furthermore, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) selected in this paper is derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data of NASA with a resolution of 30 m. At the same time, the CORS data sampled in the 30 s during January 2019-December 2020 are obtained. Since the ascending orbit images during the same period could not completely cover the study area, the monitoring situation of deformation in the study area can't be compared, so the comparative analysis is carried out based on the CORS data.
## 4 Conclusions  
It is possible to design a reflector in order to get a minimal heated region using an elliptical shape and additional straight reflectors. The heated region can be minimised to a width of less than 1 cm, which is similar to the heated region of a commercially available line heater. The biggest advantage of using an optimised reflector is the ability to use widely available halogen tube lamps. An optimised line heating source is necessary in order to further optimise the process of dynamic line scan thermography. The theoretical heated region of the optimised heating source is 4 mm and the width of the commercially available source is 1.13 cm. The resulting heated region is only 35% of the initial width leading to a better focus of the available energy and thereby a higher energy density. The MES-heater has an energy density of 44.25 [W/cm\({}^{2}\)] and the optimised heat source a density of 125 [W/cm\({}^{2}\)], which corresponds to an improvement of 282.5%, at least theoretically. In future work, the proposed source could be experimentally developed and tested in order to compare the theoretical data with experimental data.  
S.V.: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Writing--original draft. B.R.: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Writing--review & editing. X.M.: Supervision, Writing--review & editing. G.S.: Conceptualisation, Supervision, Resources, Funding acquisition, Writing--review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Research funded by: the TETRA fund of the Flanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship Agency (VLAIO) (HBC 0032 2017) \"Smart Integration of Numerical modelling with Thermal inspection, SINT\" and Research Foundation-Flanders under grant Doctoral (PhD) grant strategic basic research (SB) 1 SC0819N ([PERSON]).  
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.
# A Review of Regional and Global Gridded Forest Biomass Datasets
## 3 Current Gridded Forest Biomass Maps
### Forest AGB Maps from Field Inventory Data and Optical and/or Radar Remotely Sensed Data
#### 3.2.8. EU-Wide Growing Stock and Biomass Maps  
[PERSON] et al. [70] linked field inventory plot data directly to remotely sensed data using an automatic upscaling approach, and mapped the growing stock and above-ground woody biomass for the entire European Union for the year 2000 with a spatial resolution of 500 m. They initially mapped the fractional cover for broadleaved and conifer forest using MODIS reflectance, meteorological data, CORINE Land Cover 2000, and MODIS VCF (Vegetation Continuous Fields), and then calculated forest growing stock by weighting the class mean values with fractional cover maps and the NFI data. Forest AGB was obtained by converting the growing stock results using biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEFs). Validation of growing stock with field-based estimates at the regional level showed a correlation coefficient of 0.97, and a mean absolute error of 25 m\({}^{3}\)/ha. Despite the high correlations, accuracy assessment showed a slight underestimation of growing stock in regions with high growing stock volume due to saturation.
# Hybrid LLC Converter with Wide Range of Zero-Voltage Switching and Wide Input Voltage Operation
###### Abstract  
A new hybrid inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) converter is investigated to have wide voltage input operation capability and zero-voltage turn-on characteristics. The presented circuit topology can be applied for consumer power units without power factor correction or with long hold-up time requirement, photovoltaic energy conversion and renewable energy power transfer. To overcome the weakness of narrow voltage gain of resonant converter, the hybrid LLC converter with different turns ratio of transformer is presented and the experimental investigation is provided to achieve wide voltage input capability (400 V-50 V). On the input-side, the converter can operate as full bridge resonant circuit or half bridge resonant circuit with input split capacitors for high or low voltage input region. On the output-side, the less or more winding turns is selected to overcome wide voltage input operation. According to the circuit structures and transformer turns ratio, the single stage LLC converter with wide voltage input operation capability (400 V-50 V) is accomplished. The laboratory prototype has been developed and the experimental waveforms are measured and demonstrated to investigate the effectiveness of the presented hybrid LLC converter.  
hybrid LLC converter; wide voltage input; zero-voltage switching; dc-dc converters +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Result  
### Evaluation of Data Consistency  
#### 3.1.1 Seasonal Change Consistency at the Site Scale  
The FPAR\({}_{\rm ANN}\) was evaluated through the eddy covariance-based GPP observations from the flux towers of ChinaFLUX and were compared with the other datasets (i.e., FPAR\({}_{\rm MCD15A2}\) and FPAR\({}_{\rm BNU}\)). The results showed the FPAR\({}_{\rm ANN}\) is significantly and linearly correlated with the GPP observations from the flux towers and has good performance compared to the other datasets (Figure 1b, Table S1). The new data showed better performance with higher \(R^{2}\) for some vegetation, such as alpine shrubs with an \(R^{2}\) of 0.89 and 0.77 for alpine stepe at HBGC and DX, respectively, and comparable performance (\(R^{2}\) = 0.44) for temperate meadow, while the \(R^{2}\) was 0.50, 0.46 and 0.37 for FPAR\({}_{\rm MCD15A2}\), NDVI3g, and FPAR\({}_{\rm BNU}\) for the temperate meadow, respectively. For forest sites, the ANN-based FPAR data, FPAR\({}_{\rm ANN}\)showed good performance (\(R^{2}>0.24\)) for forests with strong seasonal changes in QYZ and CBS, while it was limited (\(R^{2}<0.12\)) for forests with little seasonal change in DHS and XSBN.
###### Abstract  
The generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) through stereogrammetry of optical satellite images has gained great popularity across various disciplines. For the analysis of these DEMs, it is important to understand the influence of the input data and different processing steps and parameters employed during stereo correlation. Here, we explore the effects that image texture, as well as the use of different matching algorithms (Block Matching (BM) and More Global Matching (MGM)), can have on optical DEMs derived from the flexible, open-source Ames Stereo Pipeline. Our analysis relies on a \(\sim\)2700 km\({}^{2}\) clip of a SPOT6 tristereo scene covering the hyperarid, vegetation-free Pocitos Basin and adjacent mountain ranges in the northwestern Argentine Andes. A large, perfectly flat salt pan (paleolake bed) that covers the center of this basin is characterized by strong contrasts in image texture, providing a unique opportunity to quantitatively study the relationship between image texture and DEM quality unaffected by topography. Our findings suggest that higher image texture, measured by panchromatic variance, leads to lower DEM uncertainty. This improvement continues up to \(\sim\)10\({}^{3}\) panchromatic variance, above which further improvements in DEM quality are independent of local image texture but instead may have sensor or geometric origins. Based on this behavior, we propose that image texture may serve as an important proxy of DEM quality prior to stereo correlation and can help to set adequate processing parameters. With respect to matching algorithms, we observe that MGM improves matching in low-texture areas and overall generates a smoother surface that still preserves complex, narrow (i.e., ridge and valley) features. Based on this sharper representation of the landscape, we conclude that MGM should be preferred for geomorphic applications relying on stereo-derived DEMs. However, we note that the correlation kernel selected for stereo-matching must be carefully chosen depending on local image texture, whereby larger kernels generate more accurate matches (less artifacts) at the cost of smoothing results. Overall, our analysis suggests a path forward for the processing and fusion of overlapping satellite images with suitable view-angle differences to improve final DEMs.  
Keywords:stereo-matching algorithms; stereogrammetry; photogrammetry; Ames stereo pipeline; geomorphology; earth surface processes; curvature; SPOT; more global matching; block matching +
Footnote †: journal: