## 2 Related Work  
Research conducted in [15] proposed an intrusion detection system (IDS) for reducing the bad influence of malicious nodes on the transmission of data. The mechanism of location  
Figure 1: UWSNs Architecture. monitoring is adopted in the proposed DOIDS. The DOIDS is suitable for underwater networks in which the deployment of sensor nodes is sparse. The malicious nodes are detected through the clustering algorithms known as DBSCAN. In order to reduce the DOIDS rate of false detection, a function is defined, known as the decision function. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improved the accuracy rate of detection from 3% to 15% in different scenarios. For the underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) environment, the researchers in [31] developed a secure routing system. A brief signature scheme is provided for the purpose of establishing a secure path among the source and the destination nodes, because it is challenging to establish a trusted third party in UASNs. The researchers proposed a signature system that increases security and can fend against forgery attacks. A trusted third party online is not necessary for the suggested strategy. The authors provided a trapdoor approach to achieve anonymity among sensor nodes. The proposed routing protocol offers anonymity and mutual authentication between the origin and target nodes, preventing identity deception among sensor nodes. It also ensures security in the UASNs environment through the use of digital signatures and bilinear map trap-door technology. The overhead for managing a large number of pre-shared keys is decreased in the suggested method by the trap door. Opening the trap door includes one hash operation and one bilinear mapping. The NS2 simulator with UWSNs simulation package known as AquaSim has been used for the performance evaluation of the scheme proposed in this research. Throughput, consumption of energy and PDR are used to compare the performance of GPNC with LB-AGR. The outcomes demonstrate increased security and network performance for the suggested approach. The authors in [32] proposed a distributed technique to defend against certain routing attacks in the context of UWSNs. The suggested mechanism can identify internal and external attacks on routing protocols, including wormhole and sinkhole attacks. The suggested technique uses two phases: silent surveillance and detection. For detection and mitigation, the sensor nodes eavesdrop on the communication of neighboring sensor nodes. Upon initial deployment, each sensor node identifies its neighbors using a secure protocol for discovering neighbors. The goal of neighbor activity surveillance is to find malicious UWSNs activity. As a result of the sinkhole attack, packets that are received may be altered or dropped. The method proposed by the research compares the incoming and outgoing traffic of each neighboring sensor node to identify sinkhole attacks. The signatures would not match if the malicious node lost or altered the packets, and an attack would be identified as a result. The mechanism suggested in this study can identify active attacks but not passive ones. For example, the proposed mechanism cannot identify a malicious node that captures traffic for analysis but does not interfere with it or drop it. By comparing the signatures, the suggested approach can also identify attacks that use encapsulated and out-of-bound wormholes. When a malicious node is found in the UWSNs environment, the network is isolated from the malicious node using an isolation strategy. As a result, the malicious node is prevented from taking part in UWSN activities and from interrupting routing operations. The Castalia simulator, which is based on OMNET++, was used to put the research theory into practice. This research can be expanded in the future by creating mechanisms for more attacks in the UWSN environment. A protocol of secure discovery of neighbors was suggested in [33] for UASNs environment.