# Review on BCI Virtual Rehabilitation and Remote Technology Based on EEG for Assistive Devices
## 9 BCI Applications for Rehabilitation  
### Rehabilitation  
The principal goal of rehabilitation is to provide a person with a way to fully integrate into society and live plenty in all dimensions: economic, social, educational, and healthy. To achieve this goal, the rehabilitation process involves various methods, techniques, strategies, and tools (as seen in Figure 6). The rehabilitation specialists, who are the healthcare professionals in charge of aiding people to recover from an illness or injury, are given the implementation of these strategies. Examples of these professionals are physical therapists and occupational therapists. These specialists could aid in the recovery from different disabilities (sensory disability, communication disorders, difficulties in carrying out activities of daily living, etc.) through the descriptions of their illness and establishing rehabilitation tasks. Working together, they could create a standardized service system for rehabilitation. For proper functioning, these tools need information from the different measurements taken of a system to calculate a rehabilitation system's performance. The rehabilitation process, for example, can be measured as the accomplishment of goals, a goal being the association of the ability to perform a specific task. For example, a person could perform some movements (such as a soft object lift), and the specialist could compare the result with the rehabilitation goal or information about the desired level of movement and measure the performance of the rehabilitation itself. Among the rehabilitation specialists, there is a group focusing on mobility problems. Mobility encompasses the ability to move within a personal or public space and the difficulty of holding an object. The loss of the entire capacity of movement or having a dismissed capacity helps to understand the difference between the concepts of prosthetics and orthoses. While the former intends to provide a substitute for the ability or function and be able to recover it, the latter only provides help to the affected part. One of the measures that help the mobility specialist is the Full Meyer Assessment Scale (FMA) [81]. This is an index to assess the sensor-motor impairment in individuals who have had a stroke. The scale contains other pairs of letters representing the measured body part; UE is for upper extremities, and LE is for lower extremities. The scale was studied extensively and has interesting psychometric properties. It assesses body function according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The FMA motor assessment has a maximum score of 66 points for upper extremities and a maximum score of 34 points for lower extremities. These measures are recommended as core measures to be used in every stroke recovery and rehabilitation trial. Additionally, there exist other measures focused on the characterization and performance of the system, not on the rehabilitation, that are helpful to assess the responses to  
Figure 10: BCI applications by their final uses. rehabilitation goals. Measures such as the percentage of normality, a z-score, or a probabilistic number could define the ability of the system to meet the goal [10] and the success of practicing specific tasks of rehabilitation in order to bring a useful rehabilitation. This is the reason that could explain the two ways to measure the performance of the system through: (1) those tasks that characterize the human being and (2) those tasks that characterize the operation of the assistive system. These rehabilitation systems, as mentioned before, could be as simple as a pair of glasses and as complex as a BCI. The success of the intervention does not depend on the complexity of the rehabilitation system but on the adequate implementation of the rehabilitation technologies. Some recent studies have discussed the challenges of developing rehabilitation services and devices.