# Characterization of Six Cold-Pressed Berry Seed Oils and Their Seed Meals
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sterol and Tocopherol Contents  
In most vegetable oils, sterols are the principal components of unsaponifiable substances. The main sterols of vegetable oils are \(\beta\)-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterrol, and brassicasterol (2018). The phytosterol content in the berry seed oils from the present study is shown in Table 4. The highest values of total phytosterols, exceeding 4500 mg/kg, were determined in blueberry oils, while the lowest amounts were detected in the raspberry oils. In most oils, \(\beta\)-sitosterol was the predominant phytosterol, the highest amount of which was found in blueberry oils (4300 mg/kg). Blueberry oils also contained the highest amounts of campesterol, but no brassicasterol was detected in these oils. The highest amount of brassicasterol was detected in one of the sea buckthorn oils. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sterols (mg/kg)**} \\ \hline
**Plant Species** & **Brassicasterol** & **Campesterol** & **Stigmasterrol** & \(\beta\)**-Sitosterol** \\ \hline Blackcurrant 1 & 172.4 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 272.9 \\ Blackcurrant 2 & 102.5 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 210.0 \\ \hline Raspberry 1 & 115.1 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 194.0 \\ Raspberry 2 & 137.7 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 182.2 \\ \hline Blackberry 1 & 46.8 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 243.8 \\ Blackberry 2 & 71.4 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 481 \\ \hline Blueberry 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 200 & 34 & 4300 \\ Blueberry 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 190 & 18 & 4200 \\ \hline Strawberry 1 & 1.3 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 474 \\ Strawberry 1 & 42 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & 347 \\ \hline Sea Buckthorn 1 & 465.7 & \textless{}0.1 & 0 & 584.3 \\ Sea Buckthorn 2 & 120.5 & 23.2 & 17.9 & 633.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Sterol content of oils from blackcurrant, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, and sea buckthorn seed oils (mg/kg). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Fatty Acid (g/100 g Oil)**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **C14:0** & **C16:0** & **C16:1** & **C18:0** & **C18:1** & **C18:2** & **C18:3\(\omega\)3** & **C18:3\(\omega\)6** & **C20:0** & **C20:1** \\ \hline Blackberry 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 5.3 & 0.1 & 3.7 & 19.5 & 49.4 & 17.4 & N.D. & 1.1 & 0.4 \\ \hline Blackberry 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 4 & \textless{}0.1 & 3.1 & 19.1 & 51.0 & 16.6 & N.D. & 1.0 & 0.4 \\ \hline Raspberry 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 3.2 & 0.1 & 1.4 & 14.9 & 43.6 & 29.6 & \textless{}0.1 & 0.6 & 0.1 \\ \hline Raspberry 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 3.1 & 0.1 & 1.3 & 15.6 & 45.6 & 29.2 & \textless{}0.1 & 0.5 & 0.1 \\ \hline Blueberry 1 & 0.4 & 7.3 & 0.4 & 2.0 & 21.2 & 37.9 & 24.3 & \textless{}0.1 & 2.0 & 0.2 \\ \hline Blueberry 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 4.2 & 0.1 & 1.2 & 20.8 & 42.9 & 30.3 & \textless{}0.1 & 2.0 & 0.2 \\ \hline Strawberry 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 3.4 & 0.2 & 1.4 & 15.7 & 38.9 & 36.3 & \textless{}0.1 & 0.9 & 0.3 \\ \hline Strawberry 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 4 & N.D. & 1.0 & 16.0 & 46.0 & 35.0 & N.D. & N.D. & N.D. \\ \hline Blackcurrant 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 5.5 & \textless{}0.1 & 1.6 & 14.4 & 47.7 & 13.2 & 15.8 & 0.2 & 1.1 \\ \hline Blackcurrant 2 & \textless{}0.1 & 6 & \textless{}0.1 & 1.6 & 15.1 & 45.2 & 11.8 & 15.9 & 0.2 & 1.1 \\ \hline Sea buckthorn 1 & \textless{}0.1 & 7.1 & 0.5 & 2.8 & 22.9 & 35.4 & 29.8 & \textless{}0.1 & 0.5 & 0.2 \\ \hline Sea buckthorn 2 & N.D. & 7.7 & N.D. & 2.1 & 15.4 & 38.9 & 36.3 & N.D. & N.D. & N.D. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Fatty acid composition of cold-pressed seed oils. From Table 5, it can be seen that except for in blueberry oil, \(\alpha\)- and \(\delta\)-tocopherol are predominantly present in all oils. Blackberry oils contained the highest total amount of tocopherols (1036 mg/kg) as well as the highest amount of \(\delta\)-tocopherol (555.2 and 957.9 mg/kg).