esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Results and Analysis
### Baseline Approaches  
We compare the performance of PCR to the baseline approaches DARA [3], RIM [13] and DCR [27]. Like PCR, baseline approaches are distributed and exploit node mobility to restore connectivity. However, their procedures are different. When a node \(F\) fails, DARA selects a best candidate \(A\) among its 1-hop neighbors and replaces it. The algorithm is recursively applied to tolerate connectivity loss due to movement, _i.e._, \(A\) will be replaced with one of its neighbors and so on. On the other hand, RIM moves all the 1-hop neighbors towards \(F\) until they become connected. Like DARA, RIM is applied recursively to re-establish links affected by nodes movement. Both DARA and RIM are reactive schemes and do not provide for recovery ahead of time. Like PCR, DCR is a hybrid scheme that assigns a highest degree node as a backup.
# Conceptual Design and Preliminary Verification of Distributed Wireless System of Weigh-in-Motion
## 3 Design of Distributed WIM System
### Selection of Single-Chip Microcomputer  
Experiments have shown that the contact time between the driving vehicles on the way and the sensor ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 s. Therefore, when choosing a single-chip microcomputer, it is necessary to consider whether it has sufficient sampling frequency, as well as power consumption and performance. Through comprehensive consideration, the single-chip microcomputer STM32F103 RCT6 was chosen, and the widely-used kernel ARM cortex-M was adopted, which has the following characteristics: (1) with a 32-bit processor, it runs more efficiently than a single-chip microcomputer with only a 16-bit processor; (2) it includes 12-bit A/D converters; (3) it has faster data processing speed while the upper limit of its working frequency is 72 MHz; (4) it has small supply voltage ranging from 2 V to 6 V and low power consumption; (5) it has high integration, communication module, and other functional modules.
# Cross-Coupled Contouring Control of Multi-DOF Robotic Manipulator
## 2 Dynamic Model and New Cross-Coupled Control Law
### Equivalent Tracking Error of Contour Error  
As mentioned in the introduction section, the proposed contouring control law is implemented in the joint level. Therefore, the contour error of the end-effector must be mapped to the joint tracking error. A correlation between the joint space and the task space can be easily obtained by the following forward kinematics of the robotic manipulator:  
\[P_{t}=f(q) \tag{5}\]  
where \(f(q)\) is a nonlinear mapping function from joint space to task space through the forward kinematics of the robotic manipulator. By differentiating Equation (5), the end-effector velocity is related with the joint space velocity as:  
\[\dot{P}_{t}=\dot{f}\left(q\right)=J\left(q\right)\dot{q} \tag{6}\]  
where \(J(q)\) is the Jacobian matrix that transforms the vector of the generalized joint velocities to the vector of the generalized end-effector velocities.  
As pointed out in [10], the Jacobian transpose regulator and inverse Jacobian regulator are very robust with respect to uncertainty in kinematic parameters. Transforming of control space is necessary as the contour performance is measured in the task space but the driving actuators are controlled in the joint space. Similar to the process discussed in [10], the following equation is used to build the relationship of the errors between the task space and the joint space:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}e_{P}=J\left(q\right)e_{q}\\ \dot{e}_{P}=J\left(q\right)\dot{e}_{q}+\dot{J}\left(q\right)e_{q}\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
where \(e_{P}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}e_{x}&e_{y}&e_{\phi}\end{array}\right]^{T}\) is the error vector in the task space and \(e_{q}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}e_{q_{1}}&\cdots&e_{q_{n}}\end{array}\right]^{T}\) is the error vector in the joint space, respectively.  
As \(e_{\phi}\) does not affect the contour error according to Equation (3), submitting Equation (7) into Equation (3), one can see that the contour error can be expressed as a function of the tracking errors in the joint space as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}e_{c}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-C_{x}&C_{y}&0\end{array} \right]e_{P}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-C_{x}&C_{y}&0\end{array}\right]J\left( q\right)e_{q}\\ \dot{e}_{c}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-C_{x}&C_{y}&0\end{array}\right]e_{P}= \left[\begin{array}{cc}-C_{x}&C_{y}&0\end{array}\right]\left(\dot{J}\left( q\right)e_{q}+J\left(q\right)\dot{e}_{q}\right)\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]
## 5 Discussion
### Characteristic Timescales  
The timescale \(\tau_{1}\approx 2\) weeks is consistent with the findings of [6; 50] focused on fire activities that occurred in several areas of the world, and could have an anthropic origin [50]; indeed, activities related, for instance, to agriculture, such as burning stubble during the summer months, might be scheduled on a quasi-weekly basis and this could have an effect by exerting the quasi-weekly timescale. Ref. [51] used statistical methodologies well suited for detecting weekly periodicities in time series of fire counts and for identifying the weekday with the lowest number of fires; their study revealed how the anthropogenic activity impacts on the seasonal character of global vegetation burning, by precisely individuating a global fire activity cycle with a minimum on weekends. Such a minimum was presumably due to labor laws in most countries and the influence of the Christian religion that prescribes Sunday as the weekday of rest. However, it cannot be excluded that weekly meteoclimatic factors could affect fuel moisture in a site-specific way [52].  
The increased occurrence of fires during the summer months might lead to the emergence of the timescale \(\tau_{2}\approx 3\) months, representing the upper timescale of the fractal regime in the time distribution of fire events, but also linked with the seasonality of themeteo-climatic conditions of the investigated area. Until a timescale of about 3 months, fire events exhibit consistent scaling properties, likely driven by similar meteo-climatic conditions. However, beyond \(\tau_{2}\), there may occur a blending of various temporal dynamics influenced by different meteo-climatic conditions, causing the time distribution of fires to deviate from fractal behavior, as evidenced by the lack of scaling observed in the AF curve for timescales larger than \(\tau_{2}\).
###### Abstract  
Private Set Intersection Cardinality (PSI-CA) is a cryptographic method in secure multi-party computation that allows entities to identify the cardinality of the intersection without revealing their private data. Traditional approaches assume similar-sized datasets and equal computational power, overlooking practical imbalances. In real-world applications, dataset sizes and computational capacities often vary, particularly in Internet of Things and mobile scenarios where device limitations restrict computational types. Traditional PSI-CA protocols are inefficient here, as computational and communication complexities correlate with the size of larger datasets. Thus, adapting PSI-CA protocols to these imbalances is crucial. This paper explores unbalanced scenarios where one party (the receiver) has a relatively small dataset and limited computational power, while the other party (the sender) has a large amount of data and strong computational capabilities.This paper, based on the concept of commutative encryption, introduces Cuckoo filter, cloud computing technology, and homomorphic encryption, among other technologies, to construct three novel solutions for unbalanced Private Set Intersection Cardinality (PSI-CA): an unbalanced PSI-CA protocol based on Cuckoo filter, an unbalanced PSI-CA protocol based on single-cloud assistance, and an unbalanced PSI-CA protocol based on dual-cloud assistance. Depending on performance and security requirements, different protocols can be employed for various applications.  
p 1 2024 16 2024 1  
computation (2 PC) tasks. Specifically, it involves a sender and a receiver who aim to collaboratively determine the number of common elements in their private datasets. Throughout this process, only the receiver obtains the cardinality of the set intersection, while the sender remains unaware of it. The topic of private-set intersection cardinality is widely researched due to its significant practical applications
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Setup
#### 4.1.2 Jfmql100 TAI  
The heterogeneous FPGA JFMQL100 TAI chip of the Fudan Micro Company integrates a processing system (PS), programmable logic (PL), and Buyi AI acceleration engine based on a four-core processor with rich characteristics. The schematic diagram of each unit is shown in Figure 13. The PS is a four-core high-performance 64-bit energy-efficient Cortex-A53 processor based on ARM v8 instruction set architecture, which can be used as the main task management processor of the system, including SDIO, QSPI, UART, Ethernet, and other interfaces. The abundant programmable resources and high-speed interface resources at the PL can also complete the main interface logic functions, including the main control board GTX high-speed communication interface, LVDS interface, PCIE2.0, HDMI, and other high-speed and low-speed interfaces from the backplane; its rich programmable logic resources greatly improve the flexibility and scalability of the system. The Buyi AI acceleration engine is an ASIC AI processing engine integrated into the chip, which supports a variety of quantization precision tasks and has a strong AI computing capability. The quantization computing power for int8 reaches 27.52 TOPs, and for int16, it reaches 6.88 TOPs.  
Figure 12: Sample images of the validation datasets. (**a**) example of dataset 1; (**b**) example of Dataset 2; (**c**) example of dataset 3; (**d**) example of Dataset 4.  
Figure 13: System block diagram of JFMQL100 TAI.
# Optical Lensless-Camera Communications Aided by Neural Network
## 1 Introduction
(3) To adapt our decoding algorithm to the time-varying environments, we designed an adaptive training sequence adjustment mechanism.
# Line-Shaped Illumination: A Promising Configuration for a Flexible Two-Photon Microscopy Setup
## 3 Overview of Applications
### Two-Photon Cross-Sections  
The above-described technique exploiting LSTPM to measure nonlinear fluorescence spectra of dyes has been extended to obtain absolute measurements of the two-photon cross-section as a function of wavelength. In a pioneering work, two dyes which are commonly used for staining in standard white-light microscopy, eosin and hematoxylin, have been investigated [14]. First, their relative TPA spectra have been measured following the procedure described in the previous section. They are compared to the corresponding one-photon absorption spectra in Figure 7.  
The absolute values of the cross-sections provided in GM units were then evaluated by comparison to a dye with a known cross-section, following the procedure detailed in [14]. The TPA spectrum of Alexa 488 displayed in Figure 6 and the corresponding numerical values of the cross-section, which are available in the literature [21], are assumed as the reference data. Particularly, the cross-section of eosin was estimated from the ratio of the values of the measured fluorescence intensity. The data were rescaled by the ratio of the quantum yields and concentrations of the two dyes, which were assumed to be equal for the one-photon and the two-photon processes [22]. On the other hand, as far as hematoxylin is considered, its specific quantum yield is not known, so the same procedure provides the values of the so-called action cross-section [23]. The final results are shown in Figure 8, where the absolute TPA cross-sections of eosin and hematoxylin are displayed at several wavelengths and concentrations in water solution.  
These data demonstrate the reliability of the LSTPM setup to suitably assess the TPA properties of a given sample. Particularly, the proposed technique is able to overcome the low signal-to-noise ratio of TPA measurements, which is often regarded as one of the main issues of such a kind of measurements [7]. This makes the proposed method very promising for the development of relatively easy and cheap setups for nonlinear absorption characterization.  
Figure 7: Adapted from [14]. (**a**) Comparison between the one-photon absorption spectrum (OPA, black) from the literature and the measured two-photon absorption spectrum (TPA, red) for eosin. (**b**) Comparison between the one-photon absorption spectrum (OPA, black) from the literature and the measured two-photon absorption spectrum (TPA, red) for hematoxylin. Reproduced with permission from the authors, J. Microsc.; published by Wiley, 2018.
## 1 Introduction
CME can be efficiently extracted by methods such as spatial filtering, mainly stacking, principal component analysis (PCA) and Karhunen-Loeve expansion (KLE) methods [19; 20]. Among them, PCA filtering shows the best performance, making the station coordinates more convergent and effectively reducing the uncertainty of station coordinates [21]. [PERSON] et al. applied PCA for CME extraction of GNSS time series on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and evaluated the effect of CME on velocity [22]. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of the Sichuan regional reference frame based on 25 national reference stations from 2015-2021. GNSS baselines can weaken the effects of some common errors, making the baseline time series signals subject to weaker linear and nonlinear effects compared with single stations. Therefore, the Delaunay method is used to construct the baseline triangulation network of each reference station within the region. The time series of each baseline is used for subsequent analysis together with the time series of the reference station. First, the periodicity in the time series is demonstrated by the Lomb-Scargle periodogram (LSP) and then the influence of CME extracted by PCA in each direction is analyzed. The velocity field calculated from the coordinate positions is used to analyze Sichuan's spatial and temporal motion patterns, including horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, a covariance model of the stochastic influence of each component of the baseline by the station motion is constructed to characterize the stochastic influence of the regional reference frame. The key points mentioned above can guide the research of plate motion trends and the maintenance of the reference frame in Sichuan Province.
## 2 General CFD Software Based on Finite Volume Method
### Parallel Solving Algorithm
#### 2.2.2 Communication Patterns after Parallel Decomposition  
Since each grid block only needs to communicate with its neighbors. The first step in establishing the communication relationship is to find all the neighboring grid blocks and store them in the local array. Each grid block then only has information about itself and its neighbors, which are \"localized\" grid blocks. When the parallel scale increases, the current grid only needs to traverse the \"localized\" grid blocks when communicating, which greatly improves the efficiency of communication. MPI asynchronous communication is also used to further improve communication efficiency. An example of a communication model is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Example of communication between four processes. The top left indicates the subgrid to be calculated. The upper right indicates the three different process states during communication. The bottom indicates the state of each process at the same time step. Note that each process performs a time step of computation after receiving data, hence skip.  
Figure 2: Grid data decomposition. The left figure shows the original grid model. The right side indicates the four sub-grids after data decomposition. Dummy cells are generated at the boundary of each subgrid. It is only used for data communication during grid computation of different processes.
# Mono Camera-Based Optical Vehicular Communication for an Advanced Driver Assistance System
## 5 Conclusions  
In this article, a new modulation technique for vehicular OCC systems was proposed to transform the current two camera-based systems into one. The proposed system not only is economical but also overcomes several technical issues of the up-to-date standardized modulation techniques. Although OCC is a communication technique, we provided two driver-assistance systems: vehicle localization and road curvature estimation from the rear LED shapes of FWVs. Two NN-based approaches were taken to detect LEDs and estimate the road curvature. The localization resolution, data rate, and maximum communication distance could be further improved using a high-quality IS.  
The contribution of the authors are as follows: conceptualization, M.O.A.; methodology, M.O.A. and M.K.H.; software, M.F.A.; validation, M.O.A., M.K.H., and M.F.A.; formal analysis, M.S. and I.J.; writing--original draft preparation, M.O.A.; writing--review and editing, M.F.A., M.K.H., M.S., and M.H.R.; supervision, Y.M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2017-0-00824, Development of Intelligent and Hybrid OCC-LiFi Systems for Next Generation Optical Wireless Communications) and in part by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2021-0-01396) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 14: BER vs. difference between two threshold levels.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussions
As described before, the laser tends to lase at longer wavelengths with low pump thresholds due to small thermal population caused by the large splitting of the ground manifold. However, according to the room-temperature unpolarized emission spectrum of the Yb:GYSO crystal, broader emission bandwidth appears within the 1039 nm and 1056 nm bands. Therefore, one may expect to get much shorter pulses when mode-locking in this spectral range. We carefully aligned the laser cavity to another mode-locking regime by adjusting the position of the concave mirror M2 and optimizing the angles of HR and OC where the central wavelength shifted to the shorter wavelength. The shortest pulse duration of 55 fs was obtained. The corresponding spectrum is shown in Figure 6a. The central wavelength was at 1054 nm with 23.5 nm bandwidth. The time-bandwidth product was 0.349. Due to the higher pump threshold and larger reabsorption coefficient at shorter wavelengths as well as the surface reflection loss by the prisms, the output power was lower than that at 1094 nm. The average power was only 27 mW for a pump power of 5 W. The output power may be increased by replacing the prism pair with customized Gires-Tournois interferometer (GTI) mirrors and by optimizing the transmission of the output coupler. Since the Yb:GYSO crystal has a broad emission spectrum, sub-50 fs pulses should be feasible with the KLM method.
# Novel Generalized Three-Step Phase-Shifting Interferometry with a Slight-Tilt Reference
## 4 Conclusions  
We have proposed a method to extract unknown phase shifts in TGPSI with a slight-tilt reference. The major merit of the proposed method is that only two subtractions are used to calculate the unknown phase shifts. The technique is simple and yet powerful as no iteration is needed. It is convenient and accurate. The method needs only three interferograms to complete the phase shift extraction and wavefront reconstruction without iteration. Simulations and optical experiments have verified the feasibility and validity of the proposed method. It should be noted that this method works well when the zero-frequency component in the object spectrum is sufficiently large because the location of this spectrum is easy to find under such condition. For some extreme cases of complicated object waves, a slightly larger tilt angle is needed and the advantage of the efficient use of the space-bandwidth product is not obvious when this method is compared to the off-axis technique. This method is expected to be an attractive alternative for wide-ranging digital holography applications as it allows the full and efficient use of the space-bandwidth product of the limited resolution of digital recording devices because a slight tilt reference of 0.1 degrees is used.  
Conceptualization, X.X.; methodology, X.X., T.M. and Z.J.; software, X.X. and T.M.; validation, T.M. and L.X.; formal analysis, D.D. and F.Q.; investigation, X.X. and T.M.; resources, X.X.; data curation, T.M.; writing--original draft preparation, X.X. and T.M.; writing--review and editing, X.X. and T.-C.P.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017 YFC1404000), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2019 MD023) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (15 CX05033A).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
### Scattering Phase Matrix
#### 3.2.3 Generalized Spherical Functions

Table 1: Expansion Coefficients for Rayleigh Scattering. where  
\[c=\frac{2(1-\rho)}{2+\rho}\qquad d=\frac{2(1-2\rho)}{2+\rho}\]  
and \(\rho\) is the depolarization ratio given by Equation (43). The matrix \(\mathbf{P}_{\ell}^{m}(u)\) occurring in Equation (47) is defined as:  
\[\mathbf{P}_{\ell}^{m}(u) = \left( \begin{array}{cccc}P_{\ell}^{m,0}(u)&0&0&0\\ 0&P_{\ell}^{m,+}(u)&P_{\ell}^{m,-}(u)&0\\ 0&P_{\ell}^{m,-}(u)&P_{\ell}^{m,+}(u)&0\\ 0&0&0&P_{\ell}^{m,0}(u)\end{array} \right) \tag{55}\]  
where  
\[P_{\ell}^{m,\pm}(u)=\frac{1}{2}[P_{\ell}^{m,-2}(u)\pm P_{\ell}^{m,2}(u)] \tag{56}\]  
and the functions \(P_{\ell}^{m,0}(u)\) and \(P_{\ell}^{m,\pm 2}(u)\) are the generalized spherical functions. More details about these functions and how they are computed are available in Appendix B of the book by [PERSON] et al. [5]. We note that in the scalar (unpolarized) case all the components of the Stokes scattering matrix \(\mathbf{F}_{S}(\Theta)\) [see Equation (18)] are zero except for \(a_{1}(\Theta)\), and:  
\[a_{1}(\Theta)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{M}\alpha_{1,\ell}(\tau)P_{\ell}^{0,0}(\cos\Theta )\equiv p(\tau,\cos\Theta)\approx\sum_{\ell=0}^{M}(2\ell+1)\chi_{\ell}(\tau)P_ {\ell}(\cos\Theta) \tag{57}\]  
since \(P_{\ell}^{0,0}(\cos\Theta)\equiv P_{\ell}(\cos\Theta)\), where \(P_{\ell}(\cos\Theta)\) is the Legendre polynomial of order \(\ell\), and \(\alpha_{1,\ell}(\tau)\equiv(2\ell+1)\chi_{\ell}(\tau)\). Note also that the expansion coefficients given above are for the scattering phase matrix \(\mathbf{P}_{S}(\Theta)\), which relates the incident and scattered Stokes vectors in the representation \(\mathbf{I}_{S}=[I,Q,U,V]^{T}\).