## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model-Specific Parameters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Land Cover Specific Parameters**} \\ \hline
**Parameter Name** & **Trees** & **Cropland** & **Grassland** & **Shrubland** \\ \hline Canopy Clumping Index & 0.6 & 0.8 & 0.7 & 0.7 \\ Vcmax 25 & 55 & 50 & 45 & 33 \\ Maximum Leaf N Content & 1.5 & 1.8 & 1.55 & 1.5 \\ Actual Leaf N Content & 1.4 & 1.5 & 1.45 & 1.3 \\ Leaf Boundary Layer Conductance & 0.085 & 0.07 & 0.08 & 0.07 \\ Leaf Boundary Layer Cuticular & 0.00017 & 0.00015 & 0.00015 & 0.00015 \\ Maximum stomatal Conduction & 0.005 & 0.004 & 0.005 & 0.006 \\ Minimum stomatal Conduction & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Ratio Of Gmax Of Overstroy To Understory & 0.75 & 0.65 & 0.5 & 0.75 \\ Coefficient in relationship Between Gs and PPFD & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\ Change Of Stomatal Conductance With VPD & 0.056 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.05 \\ Leaf Water Potential At Stomatal Opening & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ Leaf Water Potential At Stomatal Closure & 10 & 8 & 8 & 8 \\ Minimum Temperature For Photosynthesis & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Maximum Temperature For Photosynthesis & 37 & 37 & 37 & 37 \\ Optimum Temperature For Photosynthesis & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 \\ Leaf Resp Coeff & 0.004 & 0.008 & 0.005 & 0.0005 \\ Stem Resp Coeff & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.001 \\ Coarse Root Resp Coeff & 0.001 & 0.0015 & 0.0015 & 0.0015 \\ Fine Root Resp Coeff & 0.003 & 0.003 & 0.003 & 0.003 \\ Leaf Exp Respiration Constant & 2.5 & 2.1 & 2.3 & 2.3 \\ Stem Exp Respiration Constant & 2.3 & 2.1 & 2.1 & 1.5 \\ Root Exp Respiration Constant & 2.1 & 1.9 & 2 & 1.9 \\ The Decay Rate Of Roots & 0.943 & 0.9 & 0.95 & 0.95 \\ Stem Litter C Turnover Fraction & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Root Litter C Turnover Fraction & 0.4 & 0.4 & 0.4 & 0.4 \\ Leaf Growth Resp Fraction & 0.5 & 0.35 & 0.4 & 0.45 \\ Stem Growth Resp Fraction & 0.4 & 0.6 & 0.5 & 0.3 \\ Root Growth Resp Fraction & 0.45 & 0.25 & 0.25 & 0.25 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Biophysical parameterization of the STEPS model specific to major land cover classes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Aerodynamic**} \\ \hline zo & canopy roughness length & 0.25 \\ d & displacement height & 1.34 \\ Cd & leaf drag coefficient & 0.3 \\ rb & leaf boundary resistance & 10 \\ CR & drag coefficient for isolated tree & 0.35 \\ CD1 & fitting parameter & 20.6 \\ Psicor & roughness layer correction & 0.2 \\ CS SOIL & drag coefficient for soil & 0.01 \\ rbs & soil boundary layer resistance & 10 \\ rwc & within canopy layer resistance & 0 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Leaf-Biochemical**} \\ \hline Vcmax 25 & maximum caboxylation rate at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 60 \\ Ball Berry Slope & slope of Ball–Berry equation & 8 \\ Ball Berry 0 & intercept of Ball–Berry equation & 0.01 \\ Type & photochemical pathway (0-C3, 1-C4) & 0 \\ kV & Vcmax canopy extinction coefficient & 0.64 \\ Rd param & leaf respiration parameter & 0 \\ Kn 0 & Non-photochemical heat dissipation light response & 2.48 \\ Kn alpha & Non-photochemical heat dissipation light response & 2.83 \\ Kn beta & Non-photochemical heat dissipation light response & 0.114 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: List of relevant parameters used for SCOPE simulations. TSEB requires rather fewer parameters to calculate the latent heat fluxes of soil and canopy (Table 6). One key parameter is the Priestley-Taylor coefficient (\(\alpha\)PT) that governs the potential transpiration rate of the canopy based on available energy and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). For this experiment, a uniform value of \(\alpha\)PT equal to 1.26 is applied across all vegetation types, except for forest ecosystems, where it is adjusted based on the canopy height [41; 42]. Soil resistance constants (Rs), represented by parameters (b, c), are set at (0.012, 0.0025), which specifies the resistance to water vapor diffusion from the soil surface to the atmosphere.