## 2 Related Work  
This section discusses research in the field of network security, with a focus on WLANs and their resilience against APTs. The first paper [4] covers various aspects of wireless network security, including both theoretical analyses and practical applications. This work also focuses on Wi-Fi Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) in applications like geo-fencing and mobile identification, revealing vulnerabilities in distance measurement manipulation. This highlights a crucial gap in current Wi-Fi security protocols. Another significant study [5] analyzes the development of wireless networks, particularly their use in public LAN and military applications. It emphasizes the security challenges these networks face, such as data integrity and Denial of Service attacks, underscoring the importance of robust security protocols. In [6], the authors examine wireless communication security in the context of personal devices connected to Wi-Fi networks. The focus is on the evolution of WLAN technologies and the increasing prevalence of wireless attacks, which is crucial to understanding the vulnerabilities of modern wireless networks. The work in [7] introduces a systematic methodology for analyzing 802.11 WLAN networks using wardriving. The study, conducted in Finland, reveals that while most WLAN networks use WPA2 encryption, a significant number remain unencrypted or use insecure protocols, pointing to widespread security oversights. The paper [8] addresses the issue of rogue access points in WLAN 802.11 technology, categorizing various wireless attacks and focusing on those using rogue access points. This includes a range of attack methodologies that reveal the extent of potential threats in wireless networks. An analysis of the open and accessible nature of wireless networks is presented in [9]. The study contrasts the security vulnerabilities of wireless systems with more secure wired networks and outlines the fundamental security requirements of wireless networks, dissecting threats across network protocol layers. In [10], a comprehensive analysis and solution framework for WLAN security is proposed, focusing on the four-layer network architecture. The SAEW system, consisting of the security assessment (SAW) and security enhancement (SEW) subsystems, employs fuzzy logic for vulnerability analysis and introduces measures for security enhancement. The paper [11] discusses the growth in the use of wireless network devices and the associated security challenges. It highlights threats such as data theft and unauthorized access, particularly focusing on vulnerabilities in the WPA2 protocol. In [12], a critical examination of the IEEE 802.11 ac standard is provided, evaluating its security and performance. The study finds that 802.11 ac, despite its speed advancements, shares the same security vulnerabilities as its predecessors, 802.11n and 802.11g. The paper [13] investigates the Wi-Fi 802.11 standard's frames for detecting attacks. The study focuses on tracking attack parameters and exploring frame types for network attack detection. Ref. [14] aims to analyze preventive measures for wireless network security threats, studying network attack behaviors related to Wi-Fi. This paper takes a case study approach to understand the impact of these threats and proposes practical solutions. More recently, several works have emerged that highlight both the evolution and the remaining limitations of WLAN security frameworks. For example, Ref. [15] provides a comprehensive review of cyberattack trends, including APTs and wireless vulnerabilities, but lacks formal modeling of attack surfaces. The work in [16] introduces WiFly, a hardware-based attack tool that exposes protocol weaknesses but does not analyze attack scalability or APT resource escalation. On the defensive side, Ref. [17] emphasizes AI-driven approaches for WLAN security but offers limited insight into multi-vector threat alignment. Similarly, Ref. [18] focuses only on Easy Connect vulnerabilities without assessing holistic or layered WLAN threats. Ref.