# Fog Computing: Enabling the Management and Orchestration of Smart City Applications in 5G Networks
## 2 Related Work
### Ambition  
In this article, a fog computing framework is proposed to enable autonomous MANO functionalities for smart city applications in 5G Networks. This work extends the current state-of-the-art within fog computing, NFV and MANO paradigms by introducing a fully-integrated and autonomous fog node management system, which combines monitoring and data analysis operations alongside management and orchestration decisions. Our approach follows the guidelines of the ETSI NFV MANO architecture and the standards of ETSI oneM2M in terms of device management and security. Furthermore, a novel fog protocol is introduced, which enables the exchange of application service information between FNs and the cloud layer, improving the performance of application-to-resource provisioning results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Description** \\ \hline OpenStack [28] & OpenStack allows the management of virtualized resources such as virtual disks, computational nodes and networks. OpenStack addresses the management paradigm of the ETSI MANO NFV architecture. \\ \hline OpenBaton [29] & OpenBaton is an ETSI NFV compliant NFVO. OpenBaton has a modular implementation allowing the integration of other software modules without having to modify or understand its core implementation. OpenBaton supports a plugin system to incorporate virtual infrastructure managers, such as Openstack. \\ \hline OpenMano [30] & OpenMANO is an approach to the management and orchestration of ETSI NFV standardization. However, although OpenMano allows the definition of network services and their instantiation and deletion, it does not provide a virtual network function manager. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: NFV open source projects. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Description** \\ \hline OpenDayLight [31] & OpenDayLight is an open source project hosted by The Linux Foundation working on a platform to accelerate the adoption of SDN technologies. OpenDayLight aims to solve a wide range of common network problems in an automatic manner by making networks more programmable and intelligent. \\ \hline ONOS [32] & ONOS is an open source SDN networking operating system that aims to provide a scalable and modular platform that eases the development of SDN applications and services. \\ \hline Ryu [33] & Ryu is a component-based SDN framework. Ryu provides software components with well defined APIs to create new network management and control applications. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: SDN open source projects. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Description** \\ \hline OMA LwM2M [34] & OMA LwM2M is a device management protocol designed for IoT networks and the demands of M2M environments. \\ \hline Leshan [35] & Leshan is a LwM2M server and client Java implementation, which provides software libraries to help the development of other LwM2M applications. \\ \hline
5G-EmPOWER [36] & 5G-EmPOWER is a multi-access edge computing operating system supporting heterogeneous radio access technologies. 5G-EmPOWER aims to provide full visibility of the network state and allow the dynamic deployment and orchestration of NSs. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: M2M open source projects. In summary, this work looks beyond existing and ongoing research projects that individually address some of the requirements, but have not yet delivered an integrated and autonomous solution for the resource management and orchestration issue in smart cities. Smart city applications will introduce a set of stringent requirements, such as low latency and high mobility, since services can be requested on-demand simultaneously by multiple devices on different locations. To deal with these limitations, efficient resource provisioning is needed in order to address these constraints introduced by smart city applications while minimizing resource costs.