## 4 Discussion  
This study investigated the impact of VPST on biomaterials used in SP and GBR procedures, assessing its influence on surface hydrophilicity and healing outcomes. The results indicate that plasma treatment enhances the biological compatibility of the biomaterials, promoting effective osseointegration and favorable healing responses. Histological analysis at three months exhibited no signs of necrosis, inflammation, or scarring. Both soft and hard tissues showed physiological architectures with good vascularization. Post-surgery regenerated hard tissues revealed the presence of active bone cells secreting osteoid matrix and newly formed bone tissue, consistent with the expected healing timelaps. These findings align with previous studies reporting that early bone formation is characterized by the deposition of an osteoid matrix, which progressively mineralizes over time [13; 14; 15; 16]. Particles of bone graft were well integrated into the newly formed bone. Interestingly, many of these particles displayed surface lacunae compatible with osteoclastic resorption. Human osteoclasts cultured for 21 days on the surface of deproteinized equine bone granules (DEBGs) and deproteinized bovine bone granules (DBBGs) resorbed the biomaterials, exhibiting typical osteocl markers and morphological features more actively on DEBGs than DBBGs. These findings suggested that DEBGs support osteoclast differentiation and resorptive activity [16]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [17], in a clinical and histomorphometric study conducted six months after socket grafting, reported that DEBGs were associated with a significantly higher amount of newly formed bone and a lower percentage of residual biomaterial compared to DBBGs. In light of our findings, the presence of resorption lacunae observed on the surface of DEBGs might be attributed to the intrinsic properties of the material itself, which appear to be further enhanced by VPST treatment. In addition, VPST enhances surface roughness and wettability, promoting better cell differentiation and apatite formation, which are crucial for successful bone regeneration [18]. Hard tissue analysis, indeed, revealed numerous bone deposition lines, characterized by the presence of osteoblast-like cells actively secreting osteoid matrix. The secretory activity of osteoblasts plays a critical role in the formation of new bone and in the successful integration of the biomaterial within the host tissue. These findings confirmed that VPST treatment did not impair the osteoconductive properties of the DEBG graft, thereby supporting its compatibility with physiological bone regeneration processes. Furthermore, the simultaneous action of osteoblast-mediated matrix deposition and osteoclast-mediated resorption forms the foundation of physiological bone remodeling. Figure 13: (**A–C**). Histological sections of soft tissue collected three months after the surgical procedure. (**A**) The tissue exhibits a physiological architecture. The connective papillae interfacing with the epithelium (red asterisks) display normal morphology. No signs of inflammation, necrosis, or tissue distress are observed. Total magnification: 100X, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. (**B**) View of the dense connective tissue, characterized by tightly packed collagen fiber bundles and numerous small blood vessels (white arrows). Total magnification: 100X, Mallory’s Trichrome staining. (**C**) Under polarized light, the tissue appears to be slightly fibrotic: collagen fibers appear to be well defined, organized, and oriented in parallel, forming bundles consistent with post-surgical mature healing. Total magnification: 100X, Sirius Red staining. This dynamic process is tightly regulated through complex cellular cross-talk between these two cell types. Concerning the soft tissue, the histological analysis evidenced a physiological architecture with a slightly fibrotic connective component, consistent with post-surgical healing. These results align with those of [PERSON] et al.