### Brief on Solar PV Policies in Malaysia  
Malaysia began to implement polices to encourage renewable energy storage in 2011 with Feed-in Tariff [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. In 2016, the scheme changed to NEM, which was modified in 2019. These polices are implemented with the aim of meeting the target for installing renewable energy in Malaysia. In achieving the aspirational goal of having 20% renewable energy in the country's national installed capacity mix by 2025, the major renewable resource that will contribute to the RE mix is solar energy [12; 13; 14]. Three types of NEM have been implemented in recent years [14] i.e., NEM 2016 (NEM 1.0), NEM 2019 (NEM 2.0), and recently, NEM 2021 (NEM 3.0) [15; 16; 17]. In NEM 2016, Equation (1) is the total cost of the electricity bill generated monthly for the customer and is computed by deducting the price of the power generated by PV, which is MYR 0.31, from the price of the power consumed by the customer from the grid. The power generated by PV and the price of generated energy are computed using Equations (2) and (3), respectively. \[\text{Bill price}=\text{ price of consumed energy }-\text{ price of generated energy } \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{Price of generated energy }=\text{ power generated by PV }\times\text{displaced }\cos\text{t by the grid } \tag{2}\]  
\[\text{Price of consumed energy }=\text{ power consumed by the customer }\times\text{ price tariff } \tag{3}\]  
However, in 2019, the NEM strategy changed, since not many customers installed PV systems based on the poor financial return from this policy. The policy now offsets the customer cost for every 1 kWh produced by the PV system with 1 kWh consumed from the grid. Equations (4) and (5) shows the monthly electricity bill computed after deducting the power generated by the customer from the power consumed:  
\[\text{Total power }=\text{ power consumed from grid }-\text{ power generated by PV } \tag{4}\]  
\[\text{Electricity bill }=\text{ total power }\times\text{ price tariff. } \tag{5}\]  
Based on other case studies, this policy has a better financial return than NEM 2016 [10]. For commercial and industrial systems, the maximum capacity of the PV system installed is 1 MW or 75% of maximum demand (MD) of their existing installation, or 60% of the fuse rating of the transformer [12; 13]. For domestic or residential consumers, the maximum capacity of the PV systems installed is less than or equal to 12 kW for a single phase or 72 kW for a three-phase system [11]. NEM 3.0 consists of three programs, each of which are assigned to a specific market sector. The first program is NEM Rakyat, which covers the residential segment [18; 19]. A 100 MW capacity is allocated to this program, effective from 1 February 2021 [20]. The program applies the one-to-one NEM 3.0 policy for 10 years [21]. The allowed maximum PV installation capacity for the domestic consumer is 4 and 10 kW for single-phase and three-phase NEM consumers, respectively. The second program, called NEM GoMEn, covers government ministries and entities and has 100 MW allocated for solar power implementation. The program also applies a one-to-one offset for 10 years [22]. The maximum allowed PV installation capacity is 1000 kW per single account with a maximum of 75% from the MD, i.e., the average of the recorded MD of the past year or the declared MD for consumers with less than a one-year record. This is applicable for medium-voltage consumers and for low-voltage consumers not exceeding 60% of the fuse rating (for direct meters) or 60% of the current transformer (CT) rating of the metering current transformers, as shown in Table 1[23]. Solar PV systems have many types based on different categories such as grid dependency. Some of the PV systems connect to the grid and use it as a battery storage alternative, and some systems are totally independent from the grid and use battery storage to store energy for nighttime use [16].