## 1 Introduction  
Modern instrumental methods of analytical chemistry, including gas chromatography GC and high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC methods, allow the determination of trace amounts of analytes in tiny sample volumes. In analytical procedures for determining micro-trace amounts of analytes, the sample preparation stage plays a crucial role because it involves the separation of analytes from the matrix and their preconcentration to such values that allow analysts to conduct detection or determination. The stage of analytical procedures mentioned above should be consistent with the tenets of sustainable eco-development and the principles of green chemistry, which include the need to reduce the use of toxic organic solvents as much as possible. Compatible with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation techniques include solid-phase microextraction techniques, which are increasingly used in analytical laboratories. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME),developed in the 1990s by [PERSON], enables rapid, accurate, reproducible, and selective isolation of compounds from a liquid or gas matrix. Over the past two decades, there has been significant development of SPME, which has resulted, among other things, in the development of the thin-film solid-phase microextraction technique, TF-SPME (thin-film solid-phase microextraction). The SPME technique involves the sorption of analytes from a matrix into a solid phase placed on the surface of a thin glass fiber or metal rod. In the TF-SPME technique, the sorption phase is applied to a flat substrate or is a self-supporting membrane. Microextraction sorbents used in the TF-SPME technique are characterized by a larger surface area of the sorption phase than the SPME fiber. Consequently, they have a higher sorption capacity, enabling faster microextraction of analytes than microextraction conducted on the SPME fiber. The dynamic development of materials chemistry makes it possible to use increasingly advanced materials as sorption phases in TF-SPME techniques and to perform selective microextractions from very complex matrices with analytes in trace amounts.  
Over the last few years, a large number of reviews, dedicated to solid-phase microextraction, have been published. They present various aspects of the application of solid-phase microextraction techniques in the determination of analytes isolated from complex aqueous [1], biological, and food matrices [2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. However, there are few publications of the review type devoted exclusively to the TF-SPME technique. According to the knowledge of the authors of this publication, only three review-type papers are related to the TF-SPME technique. [PERSON], [PERSON], and co-workers discuss the fundamental principle of TFME and its benefits versus the rod fiber geometry of SPME and demonstrate the agreements of the experimental data for the available TFME systems with the theoretical concept [7]. [PERSON] and co-workers show, in their review, coating techniques for applying sorption layers to solid substrates [8]. In addition to the techniques used in the preparation of TF-SPME devices, [PERSON] and co-workers describe pivotal steps in the development of the TF-SPME technique with thermal desorption [9]. The main aim of our review is to present the development of the TF-SPME technique over the period 2010-2024. It contains an overview of the most commonly used techniques of applying active phases in the preparation of TF-SPME instruments, the characteristics of materials used as sorption phases, and the characteristics of analytes isolated from water, food, and biological matrices, using the TF-SPME technique.