esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results
The levels of RMF and Fis were measured together with a control protein, RpO (\(\sigma^{70}\)), by Western blotting (**D**,**E**). Values are means \(\pm\) S.E. of triplicate determinations. Student’s \(t\)-test was performed for the values obtained in the presence of SPD versus in the absence of SPD. ns, \(p\geq 0.05\); \({}^{*}\), \(p<0.05\); \({}^{***}\), \(p<0.001\). Analysis by NMR of the Structural Change of the Bulged-out Region at the Initiation Site of the rmf mRNA by SPD  
We have previously shown that the structural change of the bulged-out region of the double-stranded RNA induced by SPD is strongly involved in polyamine stimulation of specific protein syntheses [23]. In order to elucidate a cytotoxic mechanism resulting from excessive accumulation of SPD in detail, the structural change of the initiation region of the _rmf_ mRNA (RMF-WT RNA) by SPD was evaluated by NMR analysis. In Figure 5A, the predicted secondary structure (43-mer nucleotides) of the initiation region of the _rmf_ mRNA was constructed based on the predicted secondary structure of the region by vsfold [37]. The 1D imino proton spectrum of the RMF-WT RNA showed that the overall secondary structure was not changed, but local structures were affected by addition of 3 mM or 30 mM SPD (Figure 5B). The chemical shift change of assigned imino proton signals for G2, U10, U11, G32, G33, and G38 by the addition of SPD are shown in Figure 5C. In general, the chemical shift changes induced by 30 mM SPD were greater than those induced by 3 mM SPD indicating that more SPD molecules bind to the RNA in the presence of excess amount of SPD. This result suggests that the structure including the bulged-out region in the mRNA became more structured in the presence of excess SPD, so that the SD sequence of the _rmf_ mRNA cannot approach initiation codon AUG.
## 2 Status and Literature Review
### Overseas Licensing Status  
Overseas is also not different from the domestic status. Singapore, Norway, and the United States also use BIM to operate construction projects, but design drawings required at the licensing stage are prepared through additional work in the BIM model. Singapore mandates the submission of BIM models through an E-Submission called CORENET [15]. However, the main purpose is not to review or simulate using the BIM model, but to view the drawings (manual post-processing tasks such as adding annotations and zoning are required) automatically generated through the model. However, the post-treatment process is still done manually, and various R&D projects are in progress to minimize this process [16]. For example, the Building Construction Authority (BCA) iGrant Stage 2 project attempted to develop a program that automatically reviewed the laws on accessibility of persons with disabilities, one of the laws required in the licensing process, using open BIM data. In addition, various R&D tasks are being carried out in various government departments, such as PUB and URA to increase the utility of the BIM model, which is a testament to the lack of high utilization of the BIM model overseas. In addition, Norway established a licensing platform called Statsbygg and built a BIM-based licensing environment. In order to utilize the BIM model, various efforts are being made, including the release of STATSBYGG BIM Manual 1.2 [17]. In particular, 34% of the 131 requirements can be automatically reviewed through BIM-based regulation review, and the remaining 66% require review through drawings and design documents [18]. The US also released the BIM dataset under the leadership of General Services Administration for BIM-based licensing. By allowing a single authoring tool, it provides an information system based on a binary format like Revit. However, the level of detail (LOD) is lowered because the standard is established for the main purpose of reading drawings, rather than direct use of the BIM model [19]. As in the case of Korea, the above-described foreign cases are not directly using BIM data, but are only at the level of model creation for creating licensed drawings [20]. In addition to this, projects are made with individual BIM authoring tools rather than open BIM, resulting in poor accessibility, which is polarizing the technology gap.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Variability and Correlation of Payoya Goat Cheese Volatile Compounds and Odour Attributes  
Odour and flavour descriptors associated with volatile compounds detected in Payoya goat cheeses are presented in Table 5. The conversion] of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic hydrolysis (lipolysis) is essential to flavour development in many cheese varieties [49]. Fatty acids are not only key aroma contributors themselves but are also precursors of many other crucial compounds [48]. Short-chain fatty acids like acetic and propaneic acids typically have vinegar, sour, or pungent odours [45; 56; 57]. Straight medium-chain fatty acids contribute significantly to the aroma of many cheese types [48], producing slight rancid cheese-like notes. However, high concentrations of these fatty acids can produce undesirable attributes. Other members of this chemical family, such as odd-numbered-chain fatty acids (heptanoic and nonanoic acids), impart a goat flavour to goat cheese [45; 48; 56]. This potent odour is also caused by branched-chain fatty acids present in Payoya goat cheese, like 4-methyl octanoic acid [45]. Although its concentration was moderate, 3-methylbutanoic acid was also present in our samples. This fatty acid is derived from leucine amino acid breakdown and is related to very-ripe-cheese aroma due to the rancid, cheesy, sweaty, and putrid odours it imparts [57; 58]. Ketones have low perception thresholds and contribute to the pungent aroma of blue cheeses. However, butan-2-one, which has a milky, toasty, and sweet odour, was identified as a main odorant of cheddar cheese in moderate concentrations. Moreover, 2-heptanone and 2-nonanone, with musty
## 3 Introduced Concepts and Methodologies
### Design Principles  
Although deep learning-based methods have demonstrated their great capability for signature verification, most of these classifiers still rely on large-scale (or at least a certain large size) datasets to process learning tasks. Undoubtedly, it will reduce the applicability of the signature verification system, therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to address this challenge with only single reference sample. Furthermore, another objective is to make our verification results more acceptable by visualizing CNN networks' decisions and providing appropriate explanations.  
This paper examines assumptions that our method can be used even under the extreme condition of only single genuine reference sample, by extracting sufficient and useful local features from additional forgeries. Consequently, we designed 12 experiments with different sample sizes to confirm our assumptions and further enhance its effectiveness by using visual interpretation techniques.  
The final verification results can be obtained by the voting method with different threshold and can be adjusted according to different types of application requirements. For example, in courts of law, this threshold will be chosen to be very high, whereas for typical business applications, a balance must be sought between verification accuracy and customer convenience.  
Figure 2: Saliency maps for the predicted class. (**a**) Dog and its saliency map marked by grayscale (taken from [5]); (**b**) signature and its saliency map marked by jet-colormap (taken from our experiment).
# Test Method for Single Satellite's Inter-Satellite Link Pointing and Tracking via Ground Station
## 3 Inter-Satellite Links Pointing and Tracking in-Orbit Test Method
### Time Difference in Tracking Based on Newton-Raplson Method  
According to the test process for a single satellite's inter-satellite link pointing and tracking, the local satellite first points to ground station A at time \(t_{1}\) and then points to ground station B at time \(t_{2}\). Since the maneuvers of the antenna and the altitude of the satellite are not instantaneous, the time difference \(\Delta t\) between the local satellite points to ground station A and to ground station B should be considered, \(\Delta t=t_{2}-t_{1}\). The Newton-Raphson method is employed to calculate the time when the local satellite points to the ground station B \(t_{2}\) and the time difference \(\Delta t\). Then, the position vector of the virtual target satellite \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{2})\) at time \(t_{2}\) is propagated.  
The Newton-Raphson method is a typical root-finding algorithm that solves the next value using current values. The main steps of the Newton-Raphson method are as follows:  
1. Determine the iteration variable;
2. Establish an iterative relationship by recursion or by working backward;
3. Set a fixed number of loops to end the iterative process to achieve control of the iterative process.  
Based on the Newton-Raphson method, an iterative method to solve the position vector \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{2})\) of the virtual satellite at time \(t_{2}\) and the time difference \(\Delta t=t_{2}-t_{1}\) is developed. The initial time of \(\Omega\) is set as the time \(t_{1}\). In this situation, the position of the virtual target satellite is obtained as \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{1})\). The time difference \(\Delta t\) of the virtual target satellite from \(\mathbf{r}_{A}(t_{1})\) to \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{1})\) can be calculated as follows:  
\[\Delta t=\arccos\left(\frac{\mathbf{r}_{A}(t_{1})\cdot\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{1})}{|\mathbf{r}_{A }(t_{1})|\cdot|\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{1})|}\right)\cdot\frac{T_{o}}{2\pi} \tag{19}\]  
Subsequently, a new position \(\mathbf{r}_{B^{\prime}}(t_{1}+\Delta t)\) is obtained using the time difference \(\Delta t\). Based on the Newton-Raphson method, the position of the virtual satellite is iteratively updated from \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{1})\) to \(\mathbf{r}_{B}(t_{2})\) until the time difference \(\Delta t\) converges at a fixed value. Meanwhile, considering both the computation efficiency and position accuracy, a fixed number of loops is set as five. After five iterations, the convergence error of time \(t_{2}\) is about \(10^{-5}\)-\(10^{-7}\) s (based on the altitudes of local and target satellites), which is observable in practical missions.
# 2D Phase-Based RFID Localization for On-Site Landslide Monitoring
## 2 Instrumentation and Methods
### RFID Instrumentation and Localization
#### 2.2.2 RFID Localization Scheme  
TD-PD is a relative ranging technique based on phase variation \(\delta\phi=\phi_{1}-\phi_{0}\) between two measurements at different points in time. \(\delta\phi\) is related to the radial distance variation \(\delta r=r_{1}-r_{0}\) between the tag and reader antenna, by the following equation:  
\[\delta r=-\frac{c}{4\pi f}\delta\phi \tag{1}\]  
where \(f\) is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave (see values above) and \(c\) is the speed of light in the propagation medium. It is important to note that Equation (1) is only valid for displacements smaller than \(\lambda/4\approx 8\) cm between two phase measurements because of phase ambiguity. In the present case, this condition is generally fulfilled as the incremental displacements are small compared to the wavelength (usually less than 1 cm between  
Figure 1: **(Top)** The Harmalière landslide location in France. (**Bottom**) Overview of the Harmalière landslide, with the RFID tag distribution (red points). Blue points : antennas and acquisition system. The dotted black line represents the landslide scar, the gray dotted lines represent 1-meter isolines.  
two successive acquisitions). Moreover, a series of phase measurements can generally be unwrapped using well-defined algorithms. In this case, Equation (1) is valid for any unwrapped phase variation.  
Section 3 presents a multidimensional localization scheme based on TD-PD.
# Different ISO Standards' Wear Kinematic Profiles Change the TKA Inlay Load
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup of the Wear Simulator for Validation of the Finite Element Model  
An experimental wear simulator test to validate the in silico model was performed on a servo-hydraulic knee wear simulator (EndoLab GmbH, Rohrdorf, Germany). The kinematic and force patterns for the mechanical simulator were based on level walking according to ISO standard 14243-1:2002 (force-controlled standard) [9]. Internal/external rotational torque, anterior/posterior force, and axial force were generated by hydraulic cylinders accordingly. The axial force was applied in a medio-lateral compartment ratio of 60% to 40%; therefore, a lateral implantation offset of 5.6 mm (0.07 times the width of the tibial component) was implemented. To simulate the knee ligaments, the wear simulator included spring restraints of 30 \(N\)/mm in anterior/posterior translation and 600 \(N\)mm/\({}^{\circ}\) in internal/external rotation, also defined in the ISO standard.  
The movement constraints of the various components of the knee system in the wear simulator were as follows: The femoral component was restricted to move in anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, axial translation, internal/external rotation, and varus/valgus rotation. Flexion/extension was free, and the axis of the J-curved femoral component was developed according to the ISO standard. In two positions, 30\({}^{\circ}\) of flexion and 60\({}^{\circ}\) of flexion viewed on the sagittal plane, a line was drawn perpendicular to the ground and through the contact point of the femoral condyles. The crossover point of these two lines was defined as the flexion/extension axis. The tibial component was only restricted in flexional rotation. Anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and axial movement were free, while varus/valgus and internal/external rotation were possible. For comparison with the in silico model, the kinematic data of the experimental setup were processed after 5000 cycles to ensure that the same surface geometry was maintained between the in silico model (no wear simulated) and the experiment due to the changing surface during the experimental wear test.
# Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission
## 5 Fibers with Anti-Resonant Guidance
### Chromatic Dispersion of Gas  
The contribution of gas to chromatic dispersion of hollow-core fiber is negligible. For example, the material dispersion of argon at atmospheric pressure and room temperature [40] is approximately \(-\)0.048 ps/nm\(\cdot\)km @ 850 nm, \(-\)0.012 ps/nm\(\cdot\)km @ 1310 nm and \(-\)0.009 ps/nm\(\cdot\)km @ 1550 nm. For comparison, the tolerances of a chromatic dispersion in a solid single-mode fibers allowed in IEC and ITU-T standards [29; 77; 78; 79] are up to \(\pm\)3 ps/nm\(\cdot\)km.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Chlorination Experiments  
The OLM chlorination experiments were performed by mimicking the conditions of a typical WWTP. A 10\({}^{-5}\) M solution of the drug was treated for 1 h with 10% hypochlorite(OLM:hypochlorite molar ratio of 1:1; concn.) at room temperature [31; 32]. Then, the OLM chlorination experiments were repeated by treating \(10^{-3}\) M with a much lower ratio of OLM:oxidizing agent (1:5 or 1:6) so as to ensure the degradation of the studied contaminant and the possibility of isolating sufficient quantities of degradation byproducts for their subsequent structural identification. The course of the reaction was monitored by HPLC, and the DPs obtained were isolated by column chromatography, HPLC, and GC (Scheme 1) and completely characterized using NMR (see Supplementary Materials) and MS analyses. DP10-DP17 were isolated in relative percentages of 0.31, 0.13, 0.14, 0.32, 0.11, 0.21, 1.22, and 1.34, respectively. The proposed mechanism of their formation from OLM is displayed in Figure 3. DP10-DP15 were isolated for the first time. The quantity of OLM recovered after chromatography of the initial extract of the chlorinated solution and its identification by comparison with an authentic commercial sample allowed to evaluate a percentage of mineralization around 59% under the specified conditions, while the formation of DPs is around 20%.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Triaxial  
Figure 8 presents the stress-axial strain-volumetric strain curves of the standard consolidated drained triaxial tests of artificially cemented specimens of iron ore tailings moulded with \(\gamma_{d}\) of 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\) and 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\). All specimens have shown a quite stiff response at small axial strains (connected to the contraction of the material), followed by quite brittle behaviour (strong strain-softening response), and the tendency to dilation of the material. The brittleness and dilation tendency are gradually suppressed due to the increase of confining pressures.  
The peak failure envelope leads to a peak angle of shearing resistance (\(\varphi^{\prime}_{peak}\)) of about 34.1\({}^{\circ}\) for both dry unit weights and a peak cohesion intercept of (\(c^{\prime}_{peak}\)) of 80.9 kPa for (\(\gamma_{d}\)) of 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\) and 157.2 kPa for (\(\gamma_{d}\)) of 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\). The increase of the degree of compaction at standard Proctor energy from 89% to 99% did not cause any change in \(\varphi^{\prime}_{peak}\) but almost double \(c^{\prime}_{peak}\). On the other side, the critical state line reaches an angle of shearing resistance at a critical state (\(\varphi^{\prime}_{cs}\)) of 36.3\({}^{\circ}\).  
Values of secant deformation modulus (\(E_{sec}\)), obtained at axial strains of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% and for confining stresses ranging from 50 to 200 kPa, are presented in Table 3. Regarding the specimens prepared with \(\gamma_{d}\) = 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\), it can be seen in Table 3 that the higher modulus is \(E_{sec}\) = 816.1 MPa (for \(\varepsilon_{a}\) = 0.1% and confining pressure of 200 kPa), while for specimens prepared with \(\gamma_{d}\) = 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\), the higher modulus is \(E_{sec}\) = 2599.9 MPa; the latter (\(\gamma_{d}\) = 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\)) being more than three times the secant modulus value at \(\gamma_{d}\) = 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(\gamma_{d}\) = 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\) \& 3\% PC III} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(\gamma_{d}\) = 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\) \& 3\% PC III} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**E\({}_{sec}\) (MPa)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**E\({}_{sec}\) (MPa)**} \\ \hline Confining Pressure & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 0.1 & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 0.5 & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 1.0 & Confining Pressure & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 0.1 & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 0.5 & \(\varepsilon_{a}\) (\%) = 1.0 \\
50 kPa & 714.7 & 441.6 & 355.1 & 50 kPa & 1888.9 & 1412.8 & 378.6 \\
100 kPa & 740.2 & 605.3 & 524.2 & 100 kPa & 2042.7 & 1652.9 & 812.5 \\
200 kPa & 816.1 & 500.1 & 526.6 & 200 kPa & 2599.9 & 1808.6 & 965.3 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{(a)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(b)} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Secant modulus (\(E_{sec}\)) of cement treated iron ore tailings (at distinct axial strains) considering dry unit weights of (a) \(\gamma_{d}\) = 17 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\) and (b) \(\gamma_{d}\) = 19 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{3}}\).
# Towards a Heat-Resistant Tethered Micro-Aerial Vehicle for Structure Fire Sensing
## 3 UAV Design  
### Operational Requirements  
Firefighters from Servicio de Bomberos de Navarra provided their insight and knowledge to help us define the proper operational requirements for the MAV. As a result, the selected operational requirements are summarized below.  
The maximum take-off weight was set to 250 g (excluding cable weight) to comply with the simplest regulations [27]. After measuring the selected motor and propellers' maximum static thrust and applying a performance factor due to duct losses, the maximum take-off weight was set to 500 g, as 50% of the maximum thrust. If the 250 g limitation is omitted, more powerful motors may be employed, scaling the size slightly but allowing the tether length to be extended significantly to provide the UAV with greater operational range.  
Situational awareness and quick inspections of structure fires typically do not last longer than 5 min before intervention [28]. Therefore, a minimum operational time of 5 min was picked.  
Moisture released during burning can lead to fog formation, diminishing visibility. Additionally, the optical properties of smoke, including its attenuation of light, vary with the wavelength, which can affect visibility in different spectral ranges [29]. Research indicates that the optical density of smoke, which is a measure of how much light is scattered or absorbed by smoke particles, significantly affects visibility [30; 31]. Based on the experience of firefighters (professional consultancy was provided by Servicio De Bomberos de Navarra), a tether length of 5 m is sufficient to cover most dangerous scenarios while still providing helpful visual-thermal aid, especially in smoke-dense conditions, making it easy to handle and maneuver.  
Finally, a maximum continuous operating temperature of 100 degC was selected, limited by heat-exposed components such as motors and propellers. These components cannot be isolated from external air conditions and therefore limit the maximum continuous service temperature (CST). For reference, commercial UAV brushless motors are generally rated for ambient temperatures of around 100 degC [32], whereas high-heat polycarbonates (common in high-performance propellers) can maintain a CST of 100 to 140 degC [33].  
Other operational requirements include enough weight margin for various payloads to be equipped, easy maintenance, a thermal sensing camera, and the option to fit FPV capabilities.
## 1 Introduction  
The nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasmas (NTAPP) have been studied for their applications in the various fields of the ozone synthesis, surface modification, plasma chemistry, and biomedicine, including the skin cosmetics, skin diseases, and wound healing [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. The NTAPP-using plasma jets and the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) devices have been reported in the biomedical field [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. A plasma jet is generated by the applying of a high voltage to the end electrode of the gas injector. The discharge gas in the plasma jets is used for various gases such as the inert gas [17; 18; 19; 20], nitrogen gas (N\({}_{2}\)), air [12; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25], and mixtures thereof [26; 27; 28]. In the DBD devices, the plasma is generated on the surface of the dielectric layer by the applying of a high voltage to the electrode enclosed in the dielectric layer. The two plasma types generated in the DBD devices are as follows: The human-skin floating electrode as the ground electrode [4; 6], and the plasma generated in the dielectric layer corresponding to the high-voltage electrode around the ground electrode [29; 30; 31; 32].  
Since the first DBD experiments were reported by Siemens [7] in 1857, DBDs have been known for more than a century [33; 34]. Quartz and alumina have been used as the dielectrics of the DBD devices [5; 6; 7]. The polymer film has also been considered for the DBD-device application. It is easy to handle the flexible polymer films regarding various geometric-structure forms due to their flexibilities. In addition, since the film dielectric layer is made as thinly as possible, the discharge voltage could be reduced, and this is advantageous for the DBD-device fabrication. Recently, the flexible polymer films have been used to manufacture a flexible plasma pad that can be applied for the wearable DBDs, such as the patches, bands, hats, and socks [35; 36].  
In this study, the discharge properties of various dielectric materials with thin solid plates and thin flexible films were examined regarding the DBD devices, with an especial focus on the plasma-discharge plasma erosion on the dielectric surface. The results of this study demonstrate that, for the DBD dielectric-layer application, the polymer films are vulnerable to the plasma erosion. The advantageous results of the reinforced silicone (Si) coating on the polymer films against the plasma erosion are described.