esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Microstructure and Hardness Character  
Hardness contour plots corresponding to microstructures of local location in the weld metal are shown in Figure 11. In the flat position, the microstructures in the weld metal consist of allotriomorphic acicular ferrite (AF) grains, polygonal ferrite (PF) grains, and bainite (B) in Figure 12a. In the overhead welding position, the convective heat transfer strongly flowed into the tail of the molten pool because the reversed gravity direction combined with backward flow. Hence, more molten metal piled up in the tail of the molten pool and the gravity effect extracted the molten pool into the top surface direction. These conditions delayed the molten pool solidification time or process. Therefore, the microstructures  
Figure 6: Welding signals with a WFR of 9 m/min.  
Figure 7: Formation of humping bead with a WFR of 9 m/min.  
in the weld metal consist of allotriomorphic polygonal ferrite grains with a small amount of acicular ferrite grains in Figure 10(b), and the distribution of hardness had the lowest values in the weld metal. In the vertical down position, because the gravity effect continuously pushed the molten pool into the arc center, a tail of the molten pool was caused by the rapid cooling rate. Hence, the microstructures in the weld metal mainly consist of acicular ferrite with small fractions of bainite as shown in Figure 10(c) and distribution of hardness had the highest values in weld metal, respectively. It was confirmed experimentally that microstructures and hardness characteristics of weld metals change according to the molten pool behavior on various welding positions in the same welding conditions. The experimental results for the cross-section of weld in various welding positions is shown in Figure 12. Table 3 summarizes the result of bead profiles in various welding positions.  
Figure 8: Synchronization of (**a**) arc images and (**b**) welding signals in vertical down position with a WFR of 7 m/min.  
Figure 10: Short circuit transfer in vertical down position.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Welding Position** & **Bead Width (mm)** & **Bead Height (mm)** & **Penetration (mm)** \\ \hline Flat & 6.1 & 2.2 & 1.8 \\ Overhead & 5.7 & 2.5 & 1.9 \\ Vertical down & 6.9 & 1.8 & 0.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Experimental results of bead profiles in various welding positions.  
Figure 9: Cushion effect in vertical down position.  
Figure 11: Hardness contour plots corresponding to microstructures in the weld metal: (**a**) flat position; (**b**) overhead position; (**c**) vertical down position.  
Figure 12: Experiment results of bead profiles: (**a**) flat position; (**b**) overhead position; (**c**) vertical down position.
# Enhancing Weather Forecasting Integrating LSTM and GA
## 3 Data and Methods  
The methodology developed in this paper involves a two-step approach: first, regression models are employed to estimate missing values in the input dataset; second, LSTM networks are utilized to forecast weather variables for a specified future horizon. The dataset and methods employed are detailed below.
## 1 Introduction
However, the real data rate depends on a number of factors, which have a cumulative influence: utilized media access control (MAC) protocol, reverberation time, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), impulse noises, relative speed of the transmitter, and receiver movement, etc. A multitude of such factors change the real data throughput from hundreds of bit/s to units of Kbit/s. The research was aimed at designing and testing of the multi-carrier modulation technique tolerant to the aggregation of the above mentioned parameters, but providing a relatively high data throughput in UAC systems. That goal requires solving problem of implementation of algorithms, operating without regular channel state estimation and multiple transmissions of test packets (signals). It is especially important for mobile communicating objects for saving time resource and increasing the total data rate. The resistance of the system for Doppler frequency shift is also vital, as well as the possibilities of utilization of non-complex algorithms of reduction of high-power impulse noises in receiving a path and supporting of non-coherent mode of the receiver. In this work, we present an underwater acoustic communication system exploiting frequency modulated multi-frequency signals (FM-OFDM) with QPSK modulation of sub-carriers. In the first section of the paper the features of multi-frequency signal forming with the angle modulation and demodulation algorithm are presented and advantages of the proposed solution in non-coherent detection of signal carrier and Doppler shift resilience are described. Analytical expressions for BER estimation while using QPSK modulation of OFDM subcarriers are shown along with the features of digital frequency demodulator operation in conditions of a multi-path channel. In the second part, the analysis of effectiveness of the proposed FM-OFDM-QPSK method (with the spread spectrum coefficients of 1, 2, 4, and 10) is conducted. Analytical expressions for BER and the results of numerical modeling of BER performance for different multipath channel responses are presented. In the third part the results of full-scale experiments with the proposed method at 25 km distances using low frequency (400 Hz) underwater acoustic equipment are shown and are analyzed along with the additional numerical simulation with strong Doppler shift. The dynamic of amplitude-frequency characteristics of underwater acoustic channel during experiments, channel impulse responses are presented. Values of BER for FM-OFDM-QPSK (with spread spectrum coefficient of 1, 2, 4, and 10) are obtained and are similar to the ones that were obtained during simulation.
# Log Volume Measurement and Counting Based on Improved Cascade Mask R-CNN and Deep SORT
###### Abstract  
Logs require multiple verifications to ensure accurate volume and quantity measurements. Log end detection is a crucial step in measuring log volume and counting logs. Currently, this task primarily relies on the Mask R-CNN instance segmentation model. However, the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) in Mask R-CNN may compromise accuracy due to feature redundancy during multi-scale fusion, particularly with small objects. Moreover, counting logs in a single image is challenging due to their large size and stacking. To address the above issues, we propose an improved log segmentation model based on Cascade Mask R-CNN. This method uses ResNet for multi-scale feature extraction and integrates a hierarchical Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) to refine feature weights and enhance object emphasis. Then, a Region Proposal Network (RPN) is employed to generate log segmentation proposals. Finally, combined with Deep SORT, the model tracks log ends in video streams and counts the number of logs in the stack. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, achieving an average precision (_AP_) of 82.3, _AP_, of 75.3 for small, _AP_m of 70.9 for medium, and _AP_l of 86.2 for large objects. These results represent improvements of 1.8%, 3.7%, 2.6%, and 1.4% over Mask R-CNN, respectively. The detection rate reached 98.6%, with a counting accuracy of 95%. Compared to manually measured volumes, our method shows a low error rate of 4.07%.  
object detection; Cascade Mask R-CNN; attention mechanism; object track; Deep SORT; log volume measurement +
Footnote †: journal: _forests_
# The Interaction between the LEO Satellite Constellation and the Space Debris Environment
## 6 Discussion  
In this paper, the Starlink constellation planned by SpaceX Company is used as the research object. By changing the number of satellites in the constellation, the orbital height and inclination of the constellation, the effects of the launch of large constellations on space object flux, collision probability, avoidance maneuver times and future space debris environments are analyzed.  
According to the calculation, objects above 6 cm will cause catastrophic collisions of Starlink satellites, and the maximum flux on the satellite is during the working period in orbit, and the long mission cycle further increases the collision risk of this stage. In addition, the collision of the three orbital layers planned to be launched by the Starlink constellation is also analyzed. when the orbital height is similar, the collision probability of a single satellite increases with the promotion of the orbital inclination, but there are more satellites in the low-inclination orbit, the overall collision probability is higher, and the collision probability in the working phase in orbit is more than 60%.  
When a single satellite is maneuvering and avoiding, it is only necessary to consider the influence of maneuverability and mission execution efficiency. When studying the maneuver avoidance of constellations, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the factors such as the maintenance of constellation configuration, acceptable collision level, avoidance times, etc. This paper focuses on the analysis of the situation when the value of ACPL is \(10^{-4}\), during the operation of the satellite, taking reasonable circumvention measures can reduce the risk level by more than 50%. Affected by the number of satellites, the number of avoidance maneuvers in a low-inclination orbital layer is about 1500 and that in a high-inclination orbital layer is about 1500. In practical engineering applications, an efficient collision avoidance method for satellites can be developed according to ACPL values and risk assessment parameters.  
The collision of satellite constellations may lead to satellite failure and the increase of space debris. The NASA Break-up model is used to simulate the impact on the space environment after the collision between a single satellite and other mission satellites. On this basis, the Delta debris long-term evolution model and Monte Carlo method are used to evolve the number of space objects in the next 20 years. The number and growth ratio of space objects are analyzed in the case of introducing the Starlink constellation and adopting different PMD success rates for satellites in the constellation. The improvement of the success rate of PMD can alleviate the growth rate of space objects, but cannot offset the impact of the introduction of constellations.
# Coupled Elastic-Plastic Damage Modeling of Rock Based on Irreversible Thermodynamics
## 4 Validation
### Eastern Yunnan-Western Chongqing Shale
#### 4.2.3 Verification Result  
The mechanical parameters from Table 2 were input into the constitutive model to simulate and compare with the triaxial compression test data of Eastern Yunnan-Western Chongqing shale. Figure 11 shows the stress-strain curves at bedding plane angles of 0\({}^{\circ}\), 22.5\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 90\({}^{\circ}\) under different confining pressures. Here, the scatter points represent experimental data, and the solid lines are the computational results of the constitutive model. Comparing the theoretical curves with the experimental data, it is observable that the constitutive model effectively describes the increase in shale strength under high confining pressure, the nonlinear stage before peak strength, and the material softening caused by the evolution of internal microcracks after the yield point. As the confining pressure increases, the transverse strain of the rock body is inhibited, reducing the brittle behavior of the shale and enhancing its plastic behavior, thereby increasing peak strength. Figure 11b-d display the triaxial compression curves at bedding plane angles of 22.5\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 90\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, with stress-strain curve trends similar to Figure 11a. Notably, at a bedding plane angle of 45\({}^{\circ}\), the strength of the shale is the lowest, and the theoretical curve aligns well with the indoor experimental data. Overall, the elastoplastic damage coupled constitutive model established in this paper accurately reflects the mechanical characteristics of shale under different confining pressures and bedding angles.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Value** \\ \hline Elastic parameters & \(E=28.0\) GPa, \(\
u=0.14\) \\ Plastic parameters & \(\alpha_{1}=0.8\), \(\alpha_{2}=0.3\), \(\kappa=87.5\) MPa, \(h_{1}=1.0\), \(h_{0}=3.6\), \\ \(b=500\) \\ Damage parameters & \(\omega_{c}=0.7\), \(B_{\omega}=0.5\) MPa\({}^{-1}\), \(r=0.2\) \\ Damage softening parameters & \(a=3.45\text{exp}(-0.047\sigma_{3})+1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mechanical parameters of the elastoplastic damage coupled model for Eastern Yunnan–Western Chongqing shale [110].  
Figure 11: _Cont._
# A Phase Error Correction System for Bioimpedance Measurement Circuits
## 2 Methods
### Experimental Setup  
The SD system proposed in this paper was tested under various loads and frequencies employing the setup shown in Figure 5a. This arrangement includes a power supply, a signal generator to generate V\({}_{\text{in}}\), an oscilloscope, and a DAQ module for data transmission to the PC. The experiments were conducted with both resistive and capacitive loads. Figure 5b also provides a photograph of the SD system with phase compensation on the printed circuit board, highlighting its key stages.
# PrECast: An Efficient Crypto-Free Solution for Broadcast-Based Attacks in IPv4 Networks
## 2 Taxonomy of Broadcast-Related Problems in IPv4 Networks
### Attacks from an Internal Network
The main purpose of doing so is to launch an MITM attack and to direct corporate traffic to an external network. The proxy and gateway hijackings have a similar effect compared with DNS and DHCP hijackings. The attacker can also target individual hosts. All the above attacks fall into the active category, wherein an attacker actively participate in the network activity. In a passive attack, an attacker will passively listen and collect all valuable information on various network services and important hosts in the network (such as the default gateway, DHCP servers, etc.) by listening to ARP requests. Even though this is not an attack by itself, an attacker can collect sufficient information about the network and launch an attack at a later point in time. He/she may also forward vital information about the network to someone external to the network. We presented a taxonomy of the above-mentioned attacks in Figure 1.  
Since the ARP-poisoning attack is a precursor to several LAN-based attacks, in the next section, we review the state-of-the-art solution to solve ARP-poisoning attacks and the strengths and weaknesses of the solutions available in the literature.
# On Maximizing the Probability of Achieving Deadlines in Communication Networks
## 6 Simulation Implementation
### Benchmarking Protocols  
The DAP performance obtained with the AMPAD was compared to the DAP of distance vector routing (Section 5.2.4 in [37]) based on three common and widely used metrics [6; 7].  
The average delay (AD) aims at minimizing the average delay of packet deliveries. Considering the delay experienced along different paths, the routing algorithm can dynamically adjust routing decisions to steer traffic away from congested links or nodes.  
The hop count (HOP) routes packets by minimizing the number of hops used to reach the destination node. This routing method is relatively simple to implement and requires minimal computational resources compared with other routing algorithms. Its low overhead is particularly attractive for energy-constrained wireless mesh networks.  
The expected transmission count (ETX) [38] selects the path with the lowest expected number of transmissions from a source to a destination. By considering the link quality, links with poor performance are avoided and packets are routed through paths with higher link quality, reducing the energy consumption associated with retransmissions.  
The implementation of these routing alternatives is identical to the protocol used for the AMPAD, with the only difference being that, instead of determining probability density functions (PDFs) and exchanging the corresponding cumulative distribution functions (DAP-CDFs), only the values of the respective metrics are estimated and exchanged. Forwarding decisions are made by choosing the neighbor with the minimum metric value to the destination node. The \"count to infinity problem\" is avoided using the same method based on sequence numbers described in Section 3.1.  
Note that for all comparison metrics, a node's neighbors are defined as the nodes whose packet loss rate, seen at the NET, is below a certain threshold. This enables the examination of the effects caused by lossy links.
## 4 Discussion
Phenethyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol were found to be highly effective against all the test fungi with MIC values of 270 to 1704 ppm, and thus potentially holds promise in plant disease management and plant quarantine [37]. Ethyl palmit is known to be a component of honeybee brood pheromones. Isophorone and 4-Oxoisophorone \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compounds** & **CAS No.** & **RT** & **RIa** & **RIb** & **Major Ions** & **Propolis** & **Reference** \\ \hline Acetylfuran & 1192-62-7 & 5.299 & 916 & 915 & 95, 101, 42, 67 & – & \\ Benzaldehyde & 100-52-7 & 7.484 & 961 & 961 & 106, 105, 77 & + & [22; 24] \\ Octanal & 124-13-0 & 9.606 & 1005 & 1001 & 43, 56, 84, 69 & + & [22] \\ Limonene & 138-86-3 & 10.725 & 1027 & 1030 & 68, 93, 44, 136 & + & [22] \\ Ocimene & 13877-91-3 & 11.894 & 1051 & 1044 & 93, 91, 97, 136 & \(-\) & \\ Linalool & 78-70-6 & 14.510 & 1103 & 1104 & 93, 71, 121, 43 & + & [22] \\ Lilac aldehyde A & 53447-46-4 & 16.954 & 1153 & 1154 & 71, 55, 93, 43 & \(-\) & \\ \(\alpha\)-terpineol & 10482-56-1 & 18.801 & 1191 & 1187 & 121, 93, 59, 136 & \(+\) & [22; 24] \\ Ethyl octoate & 106-32-1 & 19.315 & 1202 & 1196 & 88, 101, 57, 127 & \(-\) & \\ Decanal & 112-31-2 & 19.591 & 1208 & 1195 & 57, 82, 70, 43 & \(+\) & [22] \\ Dehydro-ar-ionene & 30364-38-6 & 26.043 & 1351 & 1349 & 157, 142, 172, 44 & \(-\) & \\ \(\alpha\)-cedrene & 469-61-4 & 28.488 & 1408 & 1408 & 119, 93, 161, 105 & \(+\) & [24] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Notes: Rla: retention index calculated as determined on HP-5 MS column using the homologous series of n-alkanes (C6–C40); Rlb: retention index from the NIST network database; \(+\): Main constituents in propolisis and is often detected in propolisis; \(-\): Not the main constituents in propolisis.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Potential markers in AMC identified by GC\(-\)MS.  
(ketoisophorone) also revealed a higher response in ACC, and have been reported to be present in plant essential oils and in most honey [35; 38]. Isophorone can be oxidized to 4-Oxoisophorone during the drying process [38]. Isophorones and their derivatives showed wide antimicrobial activity against different indicator pathogenic microorganisms, such as _E. coli_, _Bacillus subtilis_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, and _Salmonella typhimurium_[39].
# A Novel Cryptography-Based Architecture for Secure Data Asset Sharing and Circulation Systems
## 6 System Implementation
### System Function Comparison
#### 6.5.1 Multi-Party Sharing  
Data access control, authentication, and authorization are critical for precise management of data asset ownership and usage rights. Existing solutions often rely on traditional cryptographic methods to ensure confidentiality but struggle to support flexible changes in permission rules. To address this, a novel method for the precise management of data assets in uncontrolled environments is proposed to ensure secure data exchange and sharing. Based on attribute sets of different data assets and data users, attribute-based encryption is employed to achieve fine-grained access control based on attributes such as time and location. By analyzing multidimensional trust evaluation factors for data assets and users, a continuous dynamic trust evaluation method is established to enable the dynamic authentication of data. Additionally, precise control over the distribution and revocation of keys for data users ensures fine-grained dynamic authorization during data asset circulation. From the comparison of security features provided in Table 1, it can be seen that this approach balances the efficiency of rights determination and control for data assets in uncontrolled environments, reduces the correlation between ciphertexts and complex access control policies, and enhances the precision of defining data asset ownership boundaries, overcoming the limitations of static, passive and inefficient control mechanisms.
# Towards Sulphite-Free Winemaking: A New Horizon of Vinification and Maturation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Phenolics and Total and Bleachable Anthocyanins Content  
Phenolic compounds are of the utmost importance in the quality of red wine due to their strong influence on colour, mouthfeel, and ageability. In the present study, the total phenolic contents, expressed as g/L of catechins, showed a typical trend during the winemaking process. Indeed, their content increased during the initial months, coinciding with the fermentation process, during which there was also an increase in both the alcohol content (Figure 1), characterized by a strong solubilising power on polar compounds [50], and the temperature, which also plays an important role in the extraction of phenolic compounds. In the following months of wine maturation, instead, these secondary metabolites underwent to a decrease that could be explained by their ability to react with oxygen molecules. Phenolic compounds exhibited the same development in both the investigated vinification processes, and few differences between traditional and Bioma wines were observed (Table 4). The obtained results evidence a good management of the operative variables, such as temperature and oxygen control, which are able to significantly influence the stability of wine phenols. The performed assay was not able to discriminate among the different classes of phenolic compounds, but this trend could very likely be attributable to anthocyanins, which are phenolic compounds that, due to the presence of conjugated bonds in their structure, are responsible for the red or purple colour of wine. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that their extraction reaches a maximum in the early stages of the fermentation and that the concentration drops thereafter [51]. This hypothesis was confirmed by the results of total and bleachable anthocyanins performed on the analysed wines, whose concentrations trend during the wine fermentation and ageing was comparable to that of the total phenolic compounds. However, the decrease in the concentration of anthocyanins varied depending on the vessel in which the wine underwent the maturation process, being more marked in the wood barrels (Table 3). Indeed, barrels may be considered as an active vessels responsible for a remarkable oxygen transmission rate that plays a fundamental role in the ageing process, enhancing the oxidative reactions that influence the stability of anthocyanins [52]. These molecules are, in fact, very unstable in their free form and tend to interact with other phenolic compounds, including those from wood, and with low-molecular-weight compounds, which promote colour-stabilisation reactions; these reactions are favoured by the presence of oxygen, which plays an important role in the quality of the final wine.  
Figure 5: Volatile acidity of the traditional and Bioma wines during wine ageing in wood and steel.