# Management Information Systems for Tree Fruit--1: A Review
## 3 Literature Evaluation
### Literature Trends
Publication in the referred journal space requires an additional step, adding novelty in terms of the design, implementation or evaluation of the MIS. The highest number of papers per country originated from the United States and China; however, Denmark was notable for its publication rate relative to its production base [27; 28; 29; 30]. India and Brazil are likely sources of future activity, as BRICS economies with large fruit production bases, but currently, little research activity is available on this topic. The published papers targeted twenty different fruit commodities, with apple (27%) being the dominant application (Table 2). This result is expected, as the apple is the tree fruit with the highest global production (by weight) [31], and many apple production systems implement intensive management to achieve high production rates per hectare, e.g., through high-density plantings and operations such as trellising, flower and fruitlet thinning, with some operations now occurring at a tree level, e.g., machine vision-based flower thinning. The commodity with the greatest publication activity relative to the value of the crop was cherry, while research on citrus and banana was under-represented in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**County** & **Pub\%** & **Prod (\%)** & **Ratio** & **Crop** & **Pub\%** & **Prod (\%)** & **Ratio** & **MIS Type** & **Pub\%** \\ \hline United States & 18 & 3 & 7 & Apple & 27 & 9 & 3 & Web & 41 \\ China & 18 & 27 & 1 & Gen. orchard & 22 & - & - & Desktop & 32 \\ Spain & 10 & 2 & 5 & Citrus & 9 & 28 & 0 & Mobile & 22 \\ Italy & 8 & 2 & 4 & Olive & 8 & 2 & 4 & Web/Mobile & 12 \\ Australia & 6 & 0 & 15 & Cherry & 6 & 0 & 15 & Desktop/Mobile & 4 \\ Greece & 4 & 1 & 8 & Peach & 5 & 2 & 2 & Desktop/Web & 3 \\ India & 3 & 12 & 0 & Mango & 5 & 5 & 1 & Desktop/Web/Mobile & 1 \\ Portugal & 2 & 0 & 10 & Pear & 4 & 2 & 2 & & \\ New Zealand & 2 & 0 & 11 & Grape & 3 & 7 & 0 & & \\ Argentina & 2 & 1 & 3 & Kiwi & 3 & 0 & 7 & & \\ Canada & 2 & 0 & 22 & Nut & 2 & - & - & **Aim** & **Pub\%** \\ Germany & 2 & 0 & 8 & Berry & 2 & 1 & 1 & Development & 75 \\ Israel & 2 & 0 & 14 & Plum & 2 & 1 & 1 & Design & 23 \\ Chile & 2 & 1 & 2 & Almond & 2 & - & - & Implementation & 14 \\ Netherlands & 2 & 0 & 18 & Banana & 1 & 12 & 0 & Use & 10 \\ Switzerland & 2 & 0 & 37 & Cecropia spp. & 1 & - & - & Other & 2 \\ Malaysia & 2 & 0 & 12 & Jujube & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\ France & 2 & 1 & 2 & Litchi & 1 & 0 & 2 & & \\ Belgium & 2 & 0 & 22 & & & & & **Type** & **Pub\%** \\ Taiwan & 1 & 0 & 3 & & & & & & M-IS & 62 \\ Czech Republic & 1 & 0 & 29 & & & & & M & 38 \\ Malawi & 1 & 0 & 2 & & & & & & \\ Pakistan & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & & \\ Japan & 1 & 0 & 2 & & & & & & \\ UK & 1 & 0 & 9 & & & & & & \\ Brazil & 0.8 & 4 & 0 & & & & & & \\ Indonesia & 0.8 & 3 & 0 & & & & & & \\ Iran & 0.8 & 2 & 0 & & & & & & \\ Russia & 0.8 & 1 & 1 & & & & & & \\ Colombia & 0.8 & 1 & 1 & & & & & & \\ Denmark & 0.8 & 0 & 118 & & & & & & \\ Romania & 0.8 & 0 & 2 & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Orchard MIS publications by the topics of country of origin, crop, MIS type, aim of study and software type (as a % of the total number of publications, %Pub). A given publication can be assigned to more than one category within a topic. Tree-fruit production is given by topics of country and crop (as a % of total production on a weight basis). The ratio of country refers to the ratio of the % of publications to the % of global tree-fruit production for each country. The ratio on crop refers to the ratio of the % of publications to the % of global fruit production (on a weight basis) for each commodity. M-IS refers to a MIS incorporating a model as well as an information system, and M refers to the development of a model/tool without a supporting information system. Data are sourced from [27]. context of production value. This observation is consistent with most work originating from temperate climates and advanced economy countries.