## 4 Results
### Keyword Analysis Overview (2006-2024)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**R** & **Keyword** & **Cluster** & **L** & **TLS** & **N** & **R** & **Keyword** & **Cluster** & **Link** & **TLS** & **N** \\ \hline
1 & learning systems & 2 & 194 & 565 & 107 & 16 & natural language processing & 1 & 76 & 111 & 16 \\
2 & machine learning & 1 & 166 & 417 & 92 & 17 & natural language processing & 4 & 62 & 91 & 15 \\
3 & education computing & 2 & 140 & 352 & 60 & 18 & neural networks & 2 & 53 & 76 & 15 \\
4 & educational data & 5 & 116 & 254 & 60 & 19 & text mining & 4 & 42 & 58 & 14 \\
5 & teaching & 2 & 119 & 232 & 38 & 20 & artificial neural network & 1 & 45 & 69 & 13 \\
6 & deep learning & 3 & 78 & 130 & 33 & 21 & data mining technology & 2 & 44 & 63 & 13 \\
7 & big data & 4 & 82 & 141 & 32 & 22 & support vector machine & 1 & 60 & 87 & 13 \\
8 & forecasting & 3 & 101 & 186 & 31 & 23 & data science & 4 & 34 & 54 & 12 \\
9 & e-learning & 5 & 94 & 190 & 30 & 24 & feature extraction & 2 & 54 & 85 & 12 \\
10 & computer aided & 5 & 89 & 175 & 24 & 25 & internet & 1 & 52 & 66 & 12 \\
11 & learning & 1 & 83 & 140 & 23 & 26 & intelligent systems & 4 & 52 & 63 & 11 \\
12 & algorithm & 1 & 79 & 113 & 19 & 27 & optimization & 2 & 45 & 63 & 11 \\
13 & learning analytics & 4 & 39 & 82 & 19 & 28 & student performance & 3 & 41 & 58 & 11 \\
14 & higher education & 3 & 36 & 53 & 17 & 29 & data analysis & 1 & 54 & 73 & 10 \\
15 & data handling & 2 & 78 & 114 & 16 & 30 & pattern recognition & 2 & 42 & 52 & 10 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Top 30 keywords (2006–2024). Figure 2: Co-occurrence network of keywords (2006–2024). * Cluster 1: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning  
This cluster (pink) encompasses a variety of terms related to \"artificial intelligence algorithms\", \"machine learning\", \"artificial neural networks\", \"supervised learning\", and \"deep learning\", among others. In the educational context, these technologies are increasingly being used to personalize learning and improve teaching efficiency. For example, ITSs leverage ML to tailor content and pedagogical strategies to the individual needs of each student. \"Predictive models\" and \"neural networks\" can analyze large volumes of data on student performance to predict academic outcomes, enabling more timely and effective interventions. Furthermore, the use of \"explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)\" ensures that the decisions made by these systems are understandable and transparent, which is essential to gaining the trust of educators and students [47; 48]. * Cluster 2: Data Science and Predictive Analytics  
This cluster (green) focuses on terms related to \"data analytics\", \"data mining\", \"predictive analytics\", and \"big data\". In education, \"data science\" plays a key role in \"learning analytics\", which enables teachers and administrators to analyze the patterns of student behavior, identify areas for improvement, and personalize teaching strategies. \"Predictive analytics\" techniques are used to forecast student performance and predict which students may need additional support, facilitating informed decision-making [49]. In addition, \"big data\" in education helps to manage large volumes of data generated by online learning platforms, \"MOOCs\" (Massive Open Online Courses), and educational management systems, improving management and curriculum design [50]. * Cluster 3: Educational Technologies and Teaching Systems  
This cluster (red) includes terms such as \"distance education\", \"educational technology\", \"teaching systems\", and \"e-learning\". Educational technologies are transforming the way we teach and learn, especially with the adoption of \"virtual learning environments\", \"virtual reality\", and \"simulation-based learning\". \"E-learning\" platforms and \"learning management systems\" (LMSs) enable more flexible, accessible, and student-centered teaching. The use of \"intelligent tutoring systems\" and \"recommendation systems\" improves the student experience by offering them personalized resources tailored to their needs.