# Quantifying Emotions in Architectural Environments Using Biometrics
## 3 Analysis of Selected Papers
### Outcomes
#### 3.4.1 Effects of the Design Characteristics on Emotions  
The outcomes showed a positive relationship between design interventions and emotional responses in architectural environments. Furthermore, the findings showed that types of design characteristics could cultivate positive emotion in built or virtual environments. * Curvilinear forms (unlike rectilinear) engender a higher experience of pleasure and are correlated with positive ratings [25; 31; 34]. Proportion is also a design element that affects a participant's emotional assessment. An interior with a golden ratio principle accompanies a pleasurable experience [33]. Low complexity for low-fashion-involvement group and high complexity for high-fashion-involvement group engender higher experiences of pleasure [23]. For the composition of constituent elements, diverse and less fragmented scenes inspire positive feelings [40]. The visual attraction  
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\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Interventions** & **Visual Stimuli** & **Biometric (Tools)** & **Biometric (Indicators)** & **Outcomes** & **Author (Year)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Color (Hue): - Red - Green - Blue - Gray - White - Black & - EEG - EEG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  
also indicates what design elements should be incorporated for attention. The result of one paper showed that a large media screen in the center of the wall and building with high contrast and punched windows compared to blank or featureless facades induces attention [28]. * The layout of retail stores is related to respondent characteristics. When the consumers' fashion involvement is low, high visual complexity produces a negative effect. However, such a negative effect decreases with high fashion involvement [23]. * Solid wood has regenerative and is suitable for healthcare environments [29]. Adding natural elements, such as biophilic design, reduces stress and anxiety and improves physiological and cognitive performance [37]. * Warm colors, such as red and yellow, were seen to have arousing properties, whereas the color blue was rated more pleasant than red and yellow [24]. However, red had a higher affection rate in another setting than blue and a higher positive rate when introduced in a room color with a work task [30]. In a room designed for leisure, grey tones were highly preferred, while for work and study, subdued colors were preferred [33]. The higher proportion of greenish color improved comfort and relaxation, a result that was reconfirmed in an environment with a higher presence of plants [40]. Similarly, bright color, defined as light-bounce intensity set above average, or 2.0 in Unity 3D in a virtually configured environment, induced positive emotion [5]. * Modern and cutting-edge furniture (unlike no furnishing) engender greater pleasure. Comparing empty and object-filled interiors, indistinctive in the type of furniture, rooms with objects were rated more favorably [36]. * A combination of direct and indirect (rather than explicit) lighting engenders a higher experience of pleasure [32]. In a virtually configured environment, standard lighting, defined as lighting with intensity above average (intensity > 3.5 in the gaming engine), induced positive emotion [5]. Our findings showed that form and color were the most highly used design intervention to influence positive emotions. The form could be tested through rectilinear or curvilinear shapes, ceiling height, openness or closure, window, grid, free-form layout, etc. Color could be tested in multiple schemes, including different tones and monochromatic or multichromatic. The combination of form and color could also create new comparison conditions. For example, the grid layout and homochromatic rooms make up a low-complexity indoor environment; free-form and multichromatic decorative patterns make up a high-complexity indoor environment.