# Light It Up: Boarding for Automated Low-Capacity Shuttles through Ambient Visual Cues
## 5 Results
### Quantitative Results  
All data from questionnaires were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25, 2017 and Microsoft Excel Version 16, 2019. A mean total score and mean values per participant for each UEQ factor were calculated: _attractiveness_, _transparency_, _efficiency_, _controllability_, _stimulation_, _originality_ for the UEQ, and _pragmatic_ and _hedonic quality_ for the short-UEQ. **Short-UEQ**: Six conditions, and, thus, short-UEQs were analysed for each participant. These six conditions consisted of two sub-conditions for each factor, i.e., control (C), static LED (S), and animated LED (A). Comparing the sub-conditions depending on their main condition, we found no big differences. In the control conditions, some difference occurred with respect to the hedonic quality and in the overall ranking. No significant differences between Control Condition 1 (C1) and Control Condition 2 (C2) were found. A Friedman test [40] was performed to uncover any significance between the three conditions. This was followed by a pairwise comparison with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test [41] to distinguish between conditions and in which UEQ items the differences occur. All values related to the conditions with lights were consistently good. The pragmatic quality [35] also performed well in the control condition. The hedonic quality [35] and the overall quality of the control condition were in the neutral range. No major differences between the two light conditions were found. In none of the following high qualities was there a significant difference between static lighting and animated lighting. In contrast, there were always significant differences between the control condition and these two conditions (see Table 1). With respect to the _pragmatic quality_, the Friedman test showed a statistical significance (\(\chi^{2}\) (2) = 24.277, \(p<0.001\)). The significant differences occurred between the static-lighting (S) condition compared with the control (C) (z = \(-\)3.859, \(p<0.001\)) and the animation condition (A) compared with the control (C) (z = \(-\)3.930, \(p<0.001\)). With respect to the _hedonic quality_, the Friedman test showed a statistical significance (\(\chi^{2}\) (2) = 13.865, \(p<0.001\)). Moreover, significant differences were found between the static-lighting condition (S) compared to the control (C) (z = \(-\)3.270, \(p<0.001\)) and the animation condition (A) compared to the control (C) (z = \(-\)3.862, \(p<0.001\)). With respect to _overall quality_, the Friedman test showed statistical significance (\(\chi^{2}\) (2) = 17.906, \(p<0.001\)). As expected, significant differences were, again, found between the static-lighting condition (L) compared with the control (C) (z = \(-\)3.747, \(p<0.001\)) and the animation condition (A) compared with the control (C) (z = \(-\)4.073, \(p<0.001\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Conditions** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Control to Animated Light**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Control to Static Light**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Static Light to Animated Light**} \\ \hline
**Factors/Ranks + Sig.** & **>** & **=** & **<** & **_p_** & **>** & **=** & **<** & **_p_** & **>** & **=** & **<** & **_p_** \\ \hline Pragmatic quality & 3 & 2 & 20 & 0.000 & 2 & 3 & 22 & 0.000 & 9 & 8 & 10 & 0.920 \\ Hedonic quality & 4 & 1 & 22 & 0.000 & 7 & 2 & 18 & 0.001 & 10 & 1 & 16 & 0.576 \\ Overall & 3 & 0 & 24 & 0.000 & 6 & 1 & 20 & 0.000 & 12 & 1 & 14 & 0.550 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of Conditions with short-UEQ items based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test results; no-light condition shows significant differences compared to all other conditions. There are no significant differences in static-light and animated-light conditions regarding the short-UEQ items. These results support our hypothesis that a light is more supportive in the boarding process than no help. Results showed that the control condition is rated significantly lower compared to the two light conditions in all qualities.