## 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Practices** & **Compliances** & **Traditional Cultivation** & **Organic Cultivation** & **Conventional Cultivation** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Pest management} & Chemical use application & No chemical use [72] & No chemical use [1] & More agrochemicals used [59] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Pest management} & \multirow{5}{*}{An eradicative method is used in traditional farming [96]} & Organic farming employs plant-derived pest control compounds, microbial-based insecticides, and biopesticdies derived from organic material for effective pest management [97; 98] & Chemical pest control is used in conventional agriculture [99] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & In organic farming, natural amendments are used, and it also uses biological remedies, physical weeding, and crop rotation to combat disease [101] & Synthetic amendments (fungicides, pesticides) are used in conventional farming [101] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Storage} & \multirow{5}{*}{The traditional storage methods, including tree shade, small huts, straw, leaves, and sorghum salts, are used for insulation and sun protection, sometimes selling products after harvest [102]} & The storage system utilizes vapor barrier materials, like polyethylene liner, bags, sacds, cloth-coated boxes, and recyclable packaging for low temperature and high humidity [102] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Harvesting} & \multirow{5}{*}{Manual harvesting [102]} & Manual harvesting and machinery use [59] & Manual harvesting and machinery use [59] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Containers like bags, crates, hampers, baskets, cartons, bulk bins, and cartons, bulk bins, and patellerical containers are used [104] & Manual harvesting and machinery use [59] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Packaging and handling} & \multirow{5}{*}{Packing harvested produce or recycled bags [103]} & Containers like bags, crates, hampers, baskets, cartons, bulk bins, and patellers [104] & Containers like bags, crates, hampers, baskets, cartons, bulk bins, and patellerical containers are used [104] & Containers like bags, crates, hampers, baskets, cartons, bulk bins, and patellerical containers are used [104] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Transport} & \multirow{5}{*}{Knowledge} & Less transportation sometimes is required when selling produce immediately after harvest [102] & Lower transport requirements. Products are often sold at local markets [104] & Large volumes of produce are transported by large trucks [104] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Consumers and product marketing} & \multirow{5}{*}{Attitude} & It is safe for human health [31] & Promote a healthier lifestyle. Improve taste [25] & Its products are recognized as risk factors for their safety and quality [28] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & & Less perfect product (environmental and insect damage) [25] & Perfect graded products [28] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & Affordability & Low costs [31] & More expensive [1; 25] & Expensive \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._and biomass burning also contribute to CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, as do land-use changes, such as deforestation. Agriculture is also considered a major source of CH\({}_{4}\) and nitrous oxide (N\({}_{2}\)O) emissions, estimated to account for about 50% and 70% of total anthropogenic emissions, respectively [35]. In order to simultaneously achieve increased crop yields and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in small-scale homesetad crop cultivation, a variety of approaches are needed, as no single approach can adequately address the complexity of crop production and the challenge of greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously. Adopting different approaches can result in positive synergistic effects that exceed the additive effects of each approach used separately. Nonetheless, due to the lack of scientific data in the field, further efforts are urgently needed, including research and field demonstrations, to identify optimal combinations of different approaches [62].