## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.3.1 Ecological Quality Assessment Framework  
This study aimed to establish an adaptive framework for ecological assessment, focusing on the interaction between the ecological environment and human activities. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) [61], commonly employed for addressing complex indicator assessment problems such as sustainability issues [62], was utilized to delineate the study objectives. These objectives were then categorized into target, criterion, and indicator layers based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model (refer to Table 2). Seeking to elucidate the \"Function-Interaction-Pressure-Stability\" relationship between humans and the environment, four aspects of indicators were employed to reflect the overall ecological quality:  
* Is the area rich in ecological resources? Are the ecological functions well developed? (Ecological function) [63]
* Are the ecosystems in the area compatible with natural conditions and able to establish positive interactions? (Ecological interaction) [64]
* Is there pressure from human activities in the area? What is the intensity of the pressure? (Ecological pressure) [65]
* How well does the area maintain its stability when disturbed and disrupted? (Ecological stability) [66]. (1) Ecological function (EF) reflects the resource and health of the ecosystem, encompassing vital processes such as biological production, energy flow, and material cycling. It directly reflects the quality of the ecological environment [63]. Four types of data are employed to characterize ecological function. The combination of NDVI and LAI provides insights into the vegetation cover and greenness of the study area [67; 68]. GPP is linked to fixed biological resources, as well as vegetation resistance and restoration capabilities [69]. LC delineates surface land use patterns and landscape states, with ecosystem service values varying significantly across different land use patterns. Consequently, the ecological function indicator can be calculated using Formula (5): \[\text{EF}=w_{NDVI}\times NDVI_{norm}+w_{LAI}\times LAI_{norm}+w_{LULC}\times LC _{norm}+w_{GPP}^{EF}\times GPP_{norm}\] (5)  
Figure 2: Technical route of this study. (2) Ecological interaction (EI) signifies the interactions of the ecological environment with the surrounding natural conditions [70]. Ecological climate, which influences the survival and growth of plant and animal life, serves as a notable example of ecological interaction [71]. In this context, Tmp, Pre, and PM2.5 are utilized to delineate ecological interactions. Temperature and precipitation, being fundamental elements of climate, contribute to forming temporally and spatially diverse climatic conditions. PM2.5, as a crucial air quality indicator in densely populated and industrial areas like urban agglomerations, holds direct implications for urban livability and human health [72]. The ecological interaction indicator can be derived using Formula (6):  
\[\text{EI}=w_{Tmp}\times Tmp_{norm}+w_{Pre}\times Pre_{norm}+w_{PM2.5}\times PM2.5 _{norm} \tag{6}\]  
(3) Ecological pressure (EP) primarily arises from human activities, delineating the impact on the ecological environment resulting from human society's production and life. Disturbances to the ecosystem, such as pollution emissions, indiscriminate logging, and alterations to lakes and fields, are key contributors to ecological pressure [73;74]. GDP and population density are employed as measures of ecological pressure, signifying that regions with higher GDP and population density may experience elevated resource consumption, land transitions, and more substantial pressures on the ecological environment [75]. Ecological disturbance indicators can be computed using Formula (7):  
\[\text{EP}=w_{HD}\times HD_{norm}+w_{GDP}\times GDP_{norm} \tag{7}\]  
(4) Ecological Stability (ES) denotes the capacity of an ecosystem to resist and recover from disturbances, maintaining its operational balance [76].