## 2 A Literature Review  
### Industry 4.0 Technologies  
Industry 4.0 represents a fundamental paradigm shift in the way industries operate, largely driven by the integration of advanced technologies that reconfigure production processes and business models in unprecedented ways. Industry 4.0 utilizes the convergence of multiple cutting-edge technologies, such as the IoT, AI, robotics, big data analytics, cyberphysical systems, and cloud computing, to create intelligent manufacturing ecosystems that offer enhanced flexibility, efficiency, and responsiveness [27]. These technologies enable real-time data capture, analysis, and decision-making, which revolutionize supply chain dynamics, predictive maintenance, and overall production efficiency [28] while simultaneously reducing downtime and mitigating risks associated with traditional manufacturing systems [29]. Moreover, the digital connectivity afforded by these technologies fosters great integration across various facets of industrial operations, allowing for seamless communication between machines, processes, and human operators, thereby facilitating adaptive and self-optimizing production lines [30]. This technological interconnectivity drives improved operational performance and catalyzes innovation in product development and customization when companies can now leverage data-driven insights to fine-tune processes and tailor products to meet specific market demands [31]. In addition, the adoption of these advanced technologies under the Industry 4.0 framework has a profound impact on workforce dynamics by necessitating the development of new skill sets, promoting a culture of continuous learning and adaptation, and encouraging a more collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to problem-solving [32]. Furthermore, the relevance of technology in Industry 4.0 extends to its ability to enhance sustainability through improved resource management and energy efficiency [33], thereby aligning industrial processes with global environmental and economic goals [34]. Industry 4.0 provides a novel pattern for organizing resources and processes to adapt to the changing environment [35]. Meanwhile, Industry 4.0 is not a solitary concept but consists of a number of related technologies, including the IoT [36; 37], blockchain [38], and big data analytics [39; 40], among others. Industry 4.0 technologies have attracted much attention from academic circles and industries [37]. Scholars have researched Industry 4.0 technologies in the following aspects. First, the concepts and characteristics of Industry 4.0 technologies have been explored. Introduced in 2011, Industry 4.0 has been determined as a growth engine in Germany and has triggered many societal changes, providing a precedented paradigm for various sectors [41]. The Industry 4.0 environment is filled with complexity from a systematic perspective [42; 43]. Continuous input of resources, in-depth interactions among the elements, and dynamic changes in contexts have made Industry 4.0 technologies increasingly complex [41; 42; 44]. The Industry 4.0 technologies have long been considered a \"system of systems\" [45; 46]. According to [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [47], Industry 4.0 complexity consists of three dimensions (i.e., implementation, management, and technology), suggesting that further insights into Industry 4.0 technologies are needed to address these complexities. Second, the determinants of adopting and implementing Industry 4.0 technologies have been widely explored and can be divided into three categories. The first category is associated with SI. The support of governments and the market is essential in Industry 4.0 adoption, as it can determine the amount of attention and effort that can be put into this field [48; 49]. Collaborations with other institutions, notably financial institutions and technical organizations, are conducive to obtaining their partners' production factors (e.g., capital and resources) [48; 49; 50].