## 1 Introduction  
Monitoring the intensity of vibrations induced during blasting operations in open-pit mines of rock materials is a crucial component of the mines' preventive activities, aimed at minimizing the impact of these vibrations on structures in the vicinity. This yields a positive outcome in terms of documenting vibration intensity, conducting ongoing control, and assessing their effects on objects, providing important information for mining supervision while being positively received by residents and users of neighboring properties. In Polish open-pit mines, monitoring is mostly conducted using the Mining Vibration Monitoring System (MVMS) [1, 2]. Since 2013, the measurement stations of the system have been equipped with full automation for data measurement and transmission. Measurement data, in the form of complete vibration records, are collected on a server, eliminating the need for the direct handling of the measurement stations, thus ensuring their continuous operation 24/7. As a result, the server collects data not only from blasting operations but also from other events that may cause vibrations. It is easy to identify incidental influences (e.g., household movement, traffic, etc.) by analyzing the vibration records--the timing of the event, its duration, and the nature of the vibration record. Open-pit mines conduct blasting operations during specific hours defined in the mining plant's schedule, so occurrences at other times prompt the verification and identification of the vibration source [3, 4]. In regions with several open-pit mines, it sometimes happens that stationsrecord vibrations from blasting operations at all surrounding mines where the measurement station is installed. For example, Figure 1 (based on own research) shows the percentage contribution of three open-pit mines to the events recorded by a single measurement station. In regions where underground mining is also conducted, the historical records of the system's operation include registrations of mining tremors generated in these mines. The underground exploitation of coal deposits is accompanied by mining tremors of various origins and mechanisms [5]. Depending on the energy and hypocentral distance of the events that occur, different intensities of their impact on the surface terrain are observed. In the southern regions of Poland, events with energies E \(\geq 10^{4}\) J are recorded annually, ranging from 3.2 to 6.5 thousand, while strong mining tremors with energies E \(\geq 10^{5}\) J are recorded annually, ranging from 400 to 1000 [1; 3; 6]. In the analyzed case, the recorded vibrations are induced by two different sources: vibrations induced by the detonation of explosive material during blasting operations in an open-pit mine and vibrations induced by mining tremors associated with coal exploitation in an underground mine. It should be noted that blasting operations are a controllable source of vibrations, whereas mining tremors are random events, mostly associated with rock mass relaxation. An important distinction between these sources is the ability to determine the occurrence time and forecast the intensity of the impact [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. In the case of blasting operations, research is conducted on predicting the impact of induced vibrations on the surrounding environment since the introduction of large quantities of explosive material [12; 13]. Research places a significant emphasis on designing blasting operations with consideration for protecting buildings in the vicinity of the mine, which is related to forecasting the intensity of induced vibrations [14; 15]. Computational tools such as Orica's Multiple Seed Waveform (MSW) and Multiple Blashole Fragmentation (MBF), or Austin Powder Company's Paradigm, are used in design work [16; 17].