## 4 Grinding Wheel Preparation and Process Parameter Optimization
### Optimization of Laser Cladding Process Parameters
The range analysis of the orthogonal experiment is shown in Table 8. For the molten pool depth (h), the order of influence of each factor is as follows: scanning speed (\(V_{\rm s}\)) > powder feeder speed (\(V_{\rm r}\)) > laser power (\(P\)). Among these, scanning speed has the most significant effect on the molten pool depth. This is because, with a constant laser power, scanning speed determines the amount of energy input into the working area of the laser, which in turn affects the amount of energy absorbed by the base material, thereby influencing the depth of the molten pool. On the other hand, the influence of laser power on the molten pool depth is less noticeable compared to the other two factors. This is likely because the selected laser power values are relatively reasonable, and can achieve a good cladding effect. For the shape factor, the order of influence of each factor is as follows: scanning speed (\(V_{\rm s}\)) > laser power (\(P\)) > powder feeder speed (\(V_{\rm r}\)). However, according to the actual situation, the effects of the three factors on the shape factor are relatively similar. Therefore, the values of laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeder speed are all important. To present the impact of each factor's level on the shape factor and the molten pool depth, the relevant values obtained from the range analysis were plotted as factor-indicator line charts, as shown in Figure 17. It can be seen that increasing the laser power and powder feeder speed causes the molten pool depth (h) to initially decrease and then increase. The variation in molten pool depth corresponding to the powder feeder speed has a larger range. On the other hand, increasing the laser scanning speed causes the molten pool depth to initially increase and then decrease, with a relatively large variation in the molten pool depth. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & **Laser Power \(P\)** & **Powder Feeding Tray** & **Scanning Speed \(V_{\rm s}\)** \\  & **(W)** & **Speed \(V_{\rm r}\) (r/min)** & **(mm/s)** \\ \hline K\({}_{\rm n1}\) & 10.748 & 8.827 & 8.25 \\ K\({}_{\rm n2}\) & 8.802 & 9.245 & 9.826 \\ K\({}_{\rm n3}\) & 9.381 & 10.859 & 10.849 \\ k\({}_{\rm n1}\) & 3.583 & 2.942 & 2.75 \\ k\({}_{\rm n2}\) & 2.934 & 3.082 & 3.275 \\ k\({}_{\rm n3}\) & 3.127 & 3.620 & 3.616 \\ R\({}_{\rm n}\) & 0.649 & 0.678 & 0.866 \\ Primary and & & \(V_{\rm s}\) \(>P>V_{\rm r}\) & \\ secondary order & & & \\ Excellent level & 250 & 1.5 & 5 \\ Excellent & & \(P\) = 250 W, \(V_{\rm s}\) = 5 mm/s, \(V_{\rm r}\) = 1.5 r/min \\ combination & & & \\ K\({}_{\rm h1}\) & 0.586 & 0.564 & 0.564 \\ K\({}_{\rm h2}\) & 0.561 & 0.552 & 0.628 \\ K\({}_{\rm h3}\) & 0.571 & 0.602 & 0.526 \\ k\({}_{\rm h1}\) & 0.195 & 0.188 & 0.188 \\ k\({}_{\rm h2}\) & 0.187 & 0.184 & 0.209 \\ k\({}_{\rm h3}\) & 0.190 & 0.201 & 0.175 \\ R\({}_{\rm h}\) & 0.008 & 0.017 & 0.034 \\ Primary and & & & \\ secondary order & & & \\ Excellent level & 250 & 1.5 & 4.5 \\ Excellent & & \(P\) = 250 W, \(V_{\rm s}\) = 4.5 mm/s, \(V_{\rm r}\) = 1.5 r/min \\ combination & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Orthogonal experiment range table. depth. The line chart clearly shows that laser scanning speed has the greatest impact on the molten pool depth. As shown in Figure 17, increasing the laser power causes the shape factor of the cladding layer to first decrease and then increase. The initial decrease is larger than the subsequent increase, but it still reduces the range of the shape factor corresponding to laser power. This indicates that the influence of laser power on the shape factor is relatively small. As the laser scanning speed and powder feeder speed increase, the shape factor shows a monotonic increase. Based on the influence on the shape factor, the optimal parameters are laser power \(P\) = 250 W, laser scanning speed \(V_{\text{s}}\) = 5 mm/s, and powder feeder speed \(V_{\text{r}}\) = 1.5 r/min.