## 4 Discussion  
Secondary metabolites are the hidden gems of medicinal plants, driving their potential to heal, protect, and enhance human health. These potent compounds are responsible for crafting pharmaceutical medications, creating cutting-edge cosmetics, and combating diseases in plants and humans. What is truly fascinating is how the chemical composition of these plants can vary dramatically, even within the same species--especially those with anti-hyperlipidemic effects. This variability is not just random; it is a dynamic interplay of factors like climate, genotype, rainfall, geography, developmental stage, and  
Figure 2: Effect of _R. chalepensis_ ethanolic extract (RCEE) at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg on lipid profiles after 20 h. Values are presented as means \(\pm\) SD from five animals per group. HCG: hyperlipidemic control group; FF: fenofibrate. ns: non-significant; * \(p<0.05\); ** \(p<0.01\); *** \(p<0.001\). (**A) Total cholesterol (TC) levels (mg/dL). (**B**) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (mg/dL). (**C**) Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (mg/dL). (**D**) Triglyceride (TG) levels (mg/dL). the precise moment of harvesting. Even the extraction techniques can sway these life-changing metabolites' concentration and potency [17]. Understanding these nuances is critical to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of plant-based treatments for conditions like hyperlipidemia. Our meticulous analysis of the ethanolic extract of _R. chalepensis_, in contrast to the previous study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [11], revealed similarly high levels of quercetin (9.5%) and myricetin (8.0%). The primary compound in the previous study, camphene (8.0%), was not prominent in our extract. Furthermore, our research process identified phellandrene (0.1%) as the least abundant compound, in contrast to the previous study's \(\alpha\)-humulene (0.1%), underscoring the thoroughness of our approach. Both studies found monoterpenes to be the dominant class, with similar percentages (48.5% in our study vs. 45.7% in the previous study). Notably, flavonoids were also prominent in both studies, though phenols and organic acids showed some variation. Fatty acids were the category that represented the least in both studies. These results highlight the importance of _R. chalepensis_ extracts from several research studies, which have similarities and minor differences in chemical composition. These results highlight how important it is that _R. chalepensis_ extracts from several studies have certain similarities and minor differences in their chemical composition. They also emphasize the crucial influence of factors such as extraction methods and other factors on the plant's phytochemical profile, thereby contributing to our understanding of this field. Conversely, a Moroccan study identified 2-undecanone (64.35%) as the dominant compound in _R. chalepensis_ essential oil, along with piperoxyl piperazine (11.9%), 2-decanoate (5.12%), 2-dodecanone (4.52%), decipidone (3.9%), and 2-tridecanone (2.36%) [18]. In Iraq, the methanolic extract of _R. chalepensis_ was found to contain a fascinating variety of metabolites, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, and a cinnamic acid derivative, three\({}^{\prime\prime}\),\({}^{\prime}\)-disinapoylsucrose [19]. A Tunisian study added another layer of intrigue with LC-MS analysis, uncovering a wealth of coumarins and alkaloid compounds in _R. chalepensis_[20]. These studies underscore the diverse chemical compositions of _R. chalepensis_ from different regions. The differences in metabolite profiles and prominent chemicals that result from extraction techniques and geographic origin improve our knowledge of this area. This study is the first to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of _R. chalepensis_ ethanolic extract (RCEE). The findings indicate significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity in a rat model of Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, a commonly used model for evaluating lipid-lowering agents.