# Integrated Photonics for IoT, RoF, and Distributed Fog-Cloud Computing: A Comprehensive Review
## 6 Key Enablers of High-Speed Networks Technology  
Advancements in PICs are being driven by several foundational technology areas that are critical to the evolution of high-performance computing and communication systems [22; 23]. These include the integration of CMOS photonics with electronic control circuits for compact, low-power architectures; high-speed optical interconnects to meet growing bandwidth demands; and energy-efficient designs to support sustainable operation. Key enablers such as compactness and scalability, optical switching and routing, and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are essential for realizing dense, flexible networks. Furthermore, coherent optics offers enhanced spectral efficiency and transmission reach, while emerging domains such as quantum and advanced computing are leveraging PICs for ultra-fast, secure, and parallel processing capabilities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application** & **PIC Sensor** & **PIC Research Opportunities** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Healthcare and Hospitals} & Surfix Diagnostics’ Photonic Biosensors for medical diagnostics [32] & \\ \cline{2-3}  & PHOSFOS—Flexible Photonic Skins for biomedical sensing [33] & PIC-based continuous blood monitoring; wearable diagnostics; on-chip hormone/glucose detection; multi-virus diagnostics in handheld \\ \cline{2-3}  & SiN digital Fourier transform spectrometer for a non-invasive glucose monitor [36] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Smart Transportation} & INPHOMI Optical Gyroscope and Lidar Sensors [37] & PIC radar for autonomous vehicles; real-time traffic flow and vibration monitoring \\ \cline{2-3}  & Low-power Electro-Optic Comb Spectrometer for acceleration sensing [38] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Video Surveillance and Security} & High-speed back-illuminated CMOS sensor for photon-counting X-ray imaging [39] & PIC-based hyperspectral cameras; integrated surveillance sensors across visible, IR, and X-ray; edge-AI optimized photonic security networks \\ \cline{2-3}  & Ge-on-Si CMOS NIR image sensor with microhole pixels [40] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Smart Home, Building, and Industry} & MantiSpectra’s Near-IR Sensor for material identification [41] & On-chip VOC detectors for indoor air quality; integrated fire and anomaly detection \\ \cline{2-3}  & Amazone Photonics Fiber Temperature Sensor [42] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Manufacturing} & PhotonFirst Integrated Sensors for pressure and strain [30] & Real-time defect detection in production lines; integrated chemical sensors in smart materials \\ \cline{2-3}  & PHOSFOS–Flexible Photonic Skins for structural monitoring [33] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Logistics} & Nanostructured PIC-based temperature indicator for cold-chain logistics tracking [43] & Photonic temperature and humidity sensing for cold-chain tracking; integrated PIC accelerometers for shock and vibration monitoring; gas/VOC leakage sensors in containers; multi-sensor PIC tags for smart logistics and supply chain transparency \\ \cline{2-3}  & PhotonFirst Sensors for structural/thermal monitoring [30] & High-temperature PICs for oil/gas sensing; radiation-resistant sensors for nuclear facilities \\ \cline{2-3}  & Amazone Photonics Fiber Temperature Sensor [42] & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._