## 3 Results
### Collagenase and Elastase Inhibitory Activities in SF and SSF Extracts in Different Solvents  
Skin aging is a natural phenomenon that accompanies physiological aging, but it may be accelerated by environmental factors, such as UV radiation, which turns the skin dry and thin with reduced elasticity, resulting in the formation of wrinkles [72]. Collagen is one of the most abundant proteins in the human body that determines the elasticity of the dermis along with elastin. The degradation of collagen and elastin by collagenase and elastase, respectively, is known to induce wrinkle formation [73].  
To determine the antiaging activity of SF and SSF in different extraction solvents, the collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities were measured. The collagenase inhibitory activity in SF was higher in ethanol (28.7%) than that of methanol (25.6%) and water (23.1%) extracts, whereas for SSF, highest activity was observed in methanol extract (56.9%). Notably, the collagenase inhibitory activity in SSF methanol extract was the highest and 2.2-fold higher than that of SF methanol extract (Table 3). Similarly, the collagenase inhibitory activities in ethanol and water extracts were 1.1-fold and 1.3-fold higher for SSF than SF, indicating that the activity increased in all extraction solvents after steaming. [PERSON] et al. [74] evaluated the antiaging activity of five different fractions obtained from _Carpomitata costata_ and found a high collagenase inhibitory activity at IC\({}_{50}\) = 7.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL for the ethyl acetate fraction, which was reportedly correlated with high levels of phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Similarly, the SF and SSF methanol and ethanol extracts in the present study showed a high collagenase inhibitory activity compared to their water extracts, which may be attributed to the high levels of total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the methanol and ethanol extracts that affect the collagenase inhibitory activity.  
The elastase inhibitory activity in SF and SSF ranged 14-69% and 12-45%, respectively, across the different extraction solvents. For both SF and SSF, the elastase inhibitory activity was higher in ethanol extract than that of methanol or water extracts (Table 3). The highest elastase inhibitory activity was observed in the SF ethanol extract (68.6%), which was 1.5-fold higher than that of the SSF ethanol extract (44.7%). The SF methanol and water extracts also showed a higher elastase inhibitory activity (39.8% and 14.0%, respectively) than corresponding SSF extracts (16.0% and 12.4%, respectively). [PERSON] et al. [75] examined the elastase inhibitory activity in the acidified methanol extract of _Sargassum aquifolium_ and found that the activity increased with an increase in the extract concentration, due to the increase in phenolic content (100-300 \(\upmu\)g gallic acid/mL). Similarly, the SF and SSF extracts in the present study showed a high elastase inhibitory activity in ethanol and methanol extracts, which were shown to have high total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, whereas the lowest elastase inhibitory activity was found in water extracts. These results suggest that extraction using methanol or ethanol could be most suitable for extracting the compounds with antiwrinkle effects from SF and SSF.