# Interference Challenges and Management in B5G Network Design: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Interference in B5G Networks
### Device-to-Device (D2D)
#### 4.2.5 Related Work in D2D
However, the transmission power factor for the BSs, RNs, Cus, and D2D users that has massive effects on power consumption was not considered in this study. In [101], the authors proposed a distributed resource allocation based on a one-to-many matching algorithm. This algorithm aims to minimize the co-/cross-tier interference between D2D and cellular communication in HetNet while maximizing the network data rate and satisfying the QoS requirements of D2D communication. The proposed algorithm can be used to allocate the resources of D2D communication in both half-duplex and full-duplex modes with considering the SIC in full-duplex mode due to self-interference. Simulation results stated that the proposed algorithm can realize the performance of the network nearby 93.7% of optimum performance with less overhead and complexity. Moreover, the proposed algorithm converged to a stable matching and terminated after a finite number of iterations. Nonetheless, if the density of FBSs increases, co/cross-tier interferences on network communications also increase. This leads to a decrease in the number of communications that reuse sub-channels. In [102], a novel overlapping coalition formation game (OCFG) was proposed to solve the issue of mutual interference management and allocate resources in D2D communications as well as, enhance the average rate of all the D2D links in uplink D2D communications underlying cellular network concerning the QoS of every CU and D2D links. In the D2D links reselection process, the singular reward of each D2D link in terms of data rate and the overall utility of the coalitional structure in terms of the average data rate of all coalitions were compared. The simulation results stated that the proposed algorithm can enhance the performance significantly as compared with other existing schemes. Yet, when the D2D links' transmission power increased, the interference between UEs also increased, and this caused a system throughput degradation. That means increasing the D2D links' transmission power cannot always optimize the system performance. In [103], the D2D-eICIC algorithm was proposed to improve the SE performance of eICIC applied to HetNet. The proposed algorithm uses D2D communications to assist in delivering the downlink data transmission to macro user equipments (MUEs) during almost blank subframes (ABSs). The proposed algorithm's performance depends on the traffic load at the SBSs and the relay channel conditions. The simulation results stated that the SE and sum rate of the proposed algorithm achieves better performance than the traditional eICIC and the baseline schemes in moderate traffic load conditions. However, the mobility of devices that affect the system power consumption was not considered in this study. In [104], a new architecture called NOMA-V2X was proposed for 5G-enabled vehicle networks to enhance the network's throughput. In NOMA-V2X architecture, there are three main kinds of communication groups that coexist: V2I groups, multi-V2V groups, and uni-V2V groups. In the proposed system, multi-V2V and downlink V2I communications are subjected to two types of interference concurrently, while the uni-V2V communication group is subjected to just inter-group interference. The simulation results stated that the network throughput is significantly improved with the help of the proposed resource allocation protocol for the proposed system. Nonetheless, increasing the number of vehicles caused an increase in the communication groups assigned to the same RB, resulting in increased interference between the communication links. Moreover, when the transmission power of the roadside unit (RSU) was increased, the total data rate was minimized proportionally. This is because the level of interference becomes more severe as the transmit power of the RSU increases. Furthermore, the total data rate of the network decreases when the speed of the vehicle increases.