esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Nutritional Recommendations for Breath-Hold Divers
## 4 Dynamic and Depth Disciplines in Freediving  
In contrast to static apnea, dynamic apnea requires a high level of anaerobic functional capacity. This is partly due to a specific physiological mechanism known as the \"diving reflex\". It is activated by immersion in water during apnea, causing intense sympathetic activity and consequent peripheral vasoconstriction. As a result, blood flow to the large muscle groups of the legs and arms is significantly reduced, which causes increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism. The dominant energy metabolic background under these conditions becomes anaerobic glycolysis, with blood glucose and glycogen stored in the muscles and liver, serving as the key energy sources. Although the aerobic energy system contributes to overall endurance, anaerobic capacities dominate during high-intensity diving performances. Because of these specifics, nutrition must therefore ensure an efficient energy supply and support regeneration.  
The Mediterranean diet, as a basic dietary framework for freedivers, is ideally suited to these needs. This diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, which are essential for replenishing muscle glycogen stores which is beneficial for dynamic apneists. In addition to carbohydrates, increased protein intake is essential for muscle tissue regeneration after intense exercise. More easily digestible sources of protein, such as eggs, lean meat, fish, and plant-based proteins (tofu, tempeh, legumes), are optimal for supporting muscle fiber recovery and growth. At the same time, a balanced intake of healthy fats is important, with an emphasis on omega-3 fatty acids. Following all of this, calorie intake must be aligned with the diver's needs, especially during intense training sessions when physical conditioning is dominant, to avoid energy imbalance.  
Recommendations for nutrient intake include the implementation of a Mediterranean diet with the following food groups: Carbohydrates (40-60% of total intake): focus on complex carbohydrates like quinoa, sweet potatoes, oats, and brown rice to maintain steady energy levels. Protein (20-30%): focus on muscle regeneration with high-quality protein sources (lean meat, fish, eggs, and legumes). Healthy fats (20-30%): omega-3 (flax and chia seeds, fish, avocado) and omega-9 fatty acids (olive oil). Additional focus: supplementation with creatine, beta-alanine, and magnesium to support strength and endurance. The last meal before training (3-4 h) should incorporate complex carbohydrates and easily digestible proteins (whole-grain oatmeal with almonds and banana). After training, hydration comes first and then a small meal of a combination of fast-absorbing carbohydrates (rice and fruit, especially dates and bananas) and protein (Greek yogurt, protein shake) is recommended.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Matrix Fracture Toughness  
The fracture toughness values of each mixture are listed in Table 5. The matrix fracture toughness (\(K_{m}\)) for mode I decreased gradually as the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder increased. The fracture toughness of the HDCC45 mortar mixture was lower by 48.2% than that of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Mixture** & \(G_{d}\) **(MPa)** & \(\tau_{0}\) **(J/m2)** \\ \hline HDCC0 & 1.874 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.854 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ HDCC15 & 1.863 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.744 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ HDCC30 & 1.877 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.621 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ HDCC45 & 1.869 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.526 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Interfacial properties between the fiber and the matrix.  
the HDCC0 mortar mixture. The fracture energy (\(J_{tip}\)) is defined as the energy consumed by crack propagation and can be calculated using Equation (3).  
\[J_{tip}=\frac{K_{m}^{2}}{E_{c}}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(E_{c}\) is the elastic modulus obtained from the compressive test of matrix. The fracture energy of the HDCC45 mortar mixture was lower by 68.3% than that of the HDCC0 mortar mixture. Increased replacement ratio of the limestone powder caused reduced compressive strength and fracture toughness of the matrix.
# Robust Burst Detection Algorithm for Distributed Unique Word TDMA Signal
###### Abstract  
In recent years, distributed unique word (DUW) has been widely used in satellite single carrier TDMA signals, such as very small aperture terminal (VSAT) satellite systems. Different from the centralized structure of traditional unique word, DUW is uniformly dispersed in a burst signal, where the traditional unique word detection methods are not applicable anymore. For this, we propose a robust burst detection algorithm based on DUW. Firstly, we allocated the sliding detection windows with the same structures as DUW in order to effectively detect it. Secondly, we adopt the method of time delay conjugate multiplication to eliminate the influence of frequency offset on detection performance. Due to the uniform dispersion of DUW, it naturally has two different kinds of time delays, namely the delay within the group and the delay between the two groups. So, we divide the traditional dual correlation formula into two parts to calculate them separately and obtain a dual correlation detection algorithm, which is suitable for DUW. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that when the distribution structure of DUW changes, detection probability of the proposed algorithm fluctuates little, and its variance is \(1.56\times 10^{-5}\), which is 99.83% lower than the existing DUW detection algorithms. In addition, its signal to noise ratio (SNR) threshold is about 1 dB lower than the existing algorithms under the same circumstance of the missed detection probability.  
satellite communication; distributed unique word; TDMA; burst detection; robustness
## 3 Noise Improvement Plan
### Sound Design  
In the previous study, the AVC method indicated a decrease in noise levels, and we proposed a method focusing on maximum attenuation of the primary source of noise. However, because the AVC method cannot be applied in real time, due to error [15] and noise subjectivity, it is also important to consider enhancing the quality of sound as well. Sound quality can be improved not only by considering noise reduction, but also a system that applies psychoacoustics, which is concerned with the characteristics of residual noise to match human preference [16]. Several studies [17; 18] that linked annoying qualities of a sound to its loudness found significant correlations between annoyance and loudness judgments. Loudness judgments might be affected by the emotional experience. Significant unpleasant stimuli, compared to neutral or positive stimuli [19], might be perceived as louder due to their negative effect [20].  
By controlling for these psychological factors, we might be able to generate a more desirable sound. Generally, evaluation of the sound quality index can be done through [PERSON]'s method [21] of considering auditory systems in terms of loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength, etc. It is true that the factor of roughness has been standardized according to the international ISO 532B (ISO 532 B, 1975) regulatory standard [22]. However, the remaining factors have not been standardized; therefore, the results of most sound quality indices differ depending on the analysis method and program [23]. Hence, a method that can be judged more generally after sound quality improvement is needed. Musical tones are generally referred to as good-quality sounds due the harmonic nature of their compositional structure. With the organization of some peak frequency components in their specific compositional realm, harmonics are felt as comfortable sounds. However, previous literature reported that there have been discrepancies among the different sound quality indices. Therefore, we propose reforming residual noises from CAD/CAM milling machines using a harmonic structure of music according to the noise characteristics of the machinery after setting the standard of qualitatively preferred sounds as musical tones. Since musical instruments have unique harmonics, which are the main structure of music and the important factor in determining tone color [24], we tried to produce the most favorable sound by correcting the tone into harmonics similar to musical instruments.
# Preoperative Planning for Superior Messetric Artery Aneurysm
## 3 Results  
### The Characterization of the Aneurysm and of the Anatomy on Real Patient CT Data  
We applied the suggested pre-operatorary planning procedure on CT data from a male patient aged 74. The scans were performed using a Siemens Somatom go. Top 128 slice machine [18], with contrast substance (ULTRAVIST 370 I.V.). The series used for planning took 647 slices at a distance of 0.99 mm each. The reconstructed 3D image had \(655\times 512\times 647\) voxels.  
The results can be seen in Figures 1-9 and Table 1:  
* 3D reconstruction--various tissues, Figure 1; arteries and mesenteric artery aneurysm, Figure 5
* Virtual angiography--Figures 2 and 6-9  
Figure 9: Virtual angiography trajectory—”procedure” started opposite to the blood flow, bottom-up, with the final point into the aorta (direction is opposite to the blood flow).  
Measurements--Figure 3 and Table 1
* Stent simulation (diameter, length)--Figure 4.  
As you can determine from those figures, this particular aneurysm included the whole main part of the superior mesenteric artery, was fusiform in shape and involved all small intestinal branches, which makes the cases difficult to repair.  
In addition, the stent graft required to cover the whole dilated area was 5 mm in diameter and 123 mm in length. We used as an example those stents available for renal artery stenting (for example, the Herculink Elite(r) stent made by Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA, with dimensions of 7.0 \(\times\) 15 mm, 135 mm).
## 3 Results
### Challenges and Optimisations
#### 3.2.2 \"No-Data\"  
The Sentinel-1 product footprint is used for the selection of tiles covering the ROI, performed prior to downloading products so that only the required data are obtained and processed. However, the footprint provided by the Copernicus product can be larger than the region where data are present, creating a margin of \"no-data\" values at the boundary of the product, as shown by the yellow region in Figure 11. The mismatch between the original footprint and the region where data are available can lead to the erroneous selection of products when the ROI overlaps with the \"no-data\" region. One potential solution is to download all the Sentinel-1 products intersecting with the ROI and to process them with the SNAP pipeline to determine the exact footprint. However, this option increases both the download and processing time and memory requirements significantly. Thus, the framework introduces a buffered boundary inside the original footprint, as shown in  
Figure 10: Sentinel-2 RGB image patch for a group of farms (highlighted in red) in Scotland acquired two days apart: (**a**) Copernicus cloud percentage for the whole tile (S2A_MSIL2A_20200721T113321_N0214_R080_T30 VWH_20200721T141936) is 19.24%, but the ROI is covered with cloud. (**b**) Copernicus cloud percentage for the whole tile (S2B_MSIL2A_20200723T112119_N0214_R037_T30 VWH_20200723T132450) is 90.83%, but the ROI is cloud-free.  
green in Figure 11, which is then used for the selection of products. The latter approach implements faster product selection, while ensuring that only regions where data are available are downloaded and processed.
## 2 Numerical Methods  
### Numerical Setup  
The computational domain and grid are shown in Figure 1. A cylindrical rod with the same diameter D of the film cooling hole is used as a wake generator, and it is placed at 11.5D upstream of the film cooling hole. The computational study employs a structured hexahedral mesh, which facilitates enhanced control over grid quality and accurately represents the intricate flow features present within the computational domain. The grid configuration comprises approximately two million cells, with a more concentrated distribution in regions adjacent to the film cooling hole, the wake generator, and the plate surface. This arrangement is designed to capture flow details in these critical areas effectively. The mainstream fluid temperature is established at 273 K, and its velocity is set at 8 m/s, while the coolant jet entering the system is maintained at 300 K. More details about the experimental setting refer to [PERSON] et al. (2010).  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the computational domain and grid. (**a**) computational domain; (**b**) grid.  
The sweeping frequency of the rod is kept constant at 10 Hz, and the blowing ratio M is set at 0.3, 0.5, and 1. By adjusting the starting location of the rod, different phase lags are generated to evaluate the coupled effect of the incoming wake and pulsating jet on film cooling efficiency, as shown in Figure 2. Four different phases, i.e., 0, 0.25 T, 0.5 T, and 0.75 T, are selected for the present study.
# Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping
###### Abstract  
Lightning mapping systems based on perpendicular crossed baseline interferometer (ITF) technology have been developed rapidly in recent years. Several processing methods have been proposed to estimate the temporal location and spatial map of lightning strikes. In this paper, a single very high frequency (VHF) ITF is used to simulate and augment the lightning maps. We perform a comparative study of using different processing techniques and procedures to enhance the localization and mapping of lightning VHF radiation. The benchmark environment involves the use of different noise reduction and cross-correlation methods. Moreover, interpolation techniques are introduced to smoothen the correlation peaks for more accurate lightning localization. A positive narrow bipolar event (NBE) lightning discharge is analyzed and the mapping procedure is confirmed using both simulated and measured lightning signals. The results indicate that a good estimation of lightning radiation sources is achieved when using wavelet denoising and cross-correlations in wavelet-domain (CCWD) with a minimal error of 3.46\({}^{\circ}\). The investigations carried out in this study confirm that the ITF mapping system could effectively map the lightning VHF radiation source.  
interferometer (ITF); lightning mapping; magnetic direction finder (MDF); time of arrival (TOA) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 Discussion
### Clinical Implications and Institutional Infection Control Strategies  
As a tertiary care referral center, we serve people from urban, rural, and tribal regions across the state, thus increasing the chances of rising MDR pathogens. In response to this, we have implemented a structured Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (AMSP) along with maintaining a hospital antibiotic prescription policy that is regularly updated using the local antibiogram. The AMSP conducts periodic audits of prescriptions and provides guidance on empirical therapy to prevent irrational uses of broad-spectrum antibiotics.  
In our clinical practice, particularly in the ICU setting, antibiotics have been structured into first-line, second-line, and last-resort categories, depending upon the severity of infection, specimen source, and risk of resistance. The first-line antibiotics were typically initiated empirically when infection is suspected, such as Piperacillin/Tazobactam; Ceftiaxone/Cefotaxime (for community-acquired infections), and Cefotaxime, compared to Cefepime, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid for mild-to-moderate cases, and Levofloxacin for respiratory infections. Second-line antibiotics are used when there is a poor response to the previous group of antibiotics, leading to greater severity in infection rate, along with the detection of MDR cases. These include especially broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to carbapenem groups, such as Meropenem or Imipenem, whereas Vancomycin and Teichoplanin were used against MRSA, and Tigecycline was used for complications related to intra-abdominal or soft tissue infections. Third-line or salvage antibiotics are generally reserved for MDR and XDR and are used cautiously for resistant infections, such as combination therapy of Colistin and Meropenem, Fosfomycin, and Ceftazidime/Avibactam (for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales). The Antimicrobial Stewardship Program conducts regular audits and offers evidence-based guidance on empirical antibiotic use, particularly in the ICU setting, to prevent the irrational use of antibiotics, which reduces the risk of antimicrobial resistance development.  
The institution is a tertiary care hospital, NABH accredited, and equipped with a fully functional Hospital Infection Control Committee. It is led by the Head of the Institution as the main personnel and comprises 20 trained professionals that include microbiologists, an Infection Control Officer, and Infection Control Nurses. Under the HICC, we have implemented standardized surveillance protocols, hospital specific guidelines, and infection prevention measures to mitigate healthcare-associated infections. This policy encompasses regular monitoring of the hospital environment, AMR tracking, and targeted intervention during surges in season, especially in the ICUs and high-risk associated wards. The data for our study reinforces the importance of implementing these infection control measures during the surges in pathogens during the monsoon and post-monsoon periods.
# Review of Satellite Remote Sensing of Carbon Dioxide Inversion and Assimilation
## 5 Conclusions and Prospect
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this article: \begin{tabular}{l l} ACOS & Atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) Observations from Space \\ ADEOS & Advanced Earth Observing Satellite \\ AIRS & Atmospheric Infrared Sounder \\ AIUS & Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder \\ ANN & Artificial neural network \\ BESD & Bremen optimal Estimation DOAS \\ BRDF & Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function \\ CCDAS & Carbon-Cycle Data-Assimilation System \\ CDIAC & Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center \\ CMAQ & Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System \\ CO\({}_{2}\)M & European Copernicus anthropogenic CO\({}_{2}\)-monitoring mission \\ CTDAS & CarbonTracker Data-Assimilation Shell \\ CTMs & Chemical Transport Models \\ CrIS & Cross-track Infrared Sounder \\ DA & Data Assimilation \\ DDA & Deep Data Assimilation \\ DOAS & Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy \\ EC & Eddy Covariance \\ EnKF & Ensemble Kalman Filter \\ ENVISAT & European Environment Satellite \\ FTS & Fourier Transform Spectrometer \\ GAS & Greenhouse gases Absorption Spectrometer \\ \end{tabular}
# Data-Driven Approach for Defining Demand Scenarios for Shared Autonomous Cargo Bike Fleets +
## 4 Demand Scenario Generation
### Dataset Description  
#### 4.2.1 Survey on Mobility Needs  
The survey we evaluated for this study was part of several data collection instruments and methods developed by scientists from both logistics and human sciences collaborating on the AuRa project. They were used to investigate individual mobility needs in Magdeburg as well as the acceptability of autonomous (cargo) mobility [12,15]. Next to measures considering aspects of acceptability research, a comprehensive online survey in which a total of 1099 respondents participated between April and June 2020 [15] posed questions that access the usage potential of OSABS.  
Of the participants, 50.1% were male, 49.1% were female, and 0.4% were diverse. Participants had an average age of 40.57 years (\(SD\) = 16.31 years), and ages ranged from 18 to 88 years. Other analyses from this survey were previously reported in [15].  
To find out more about the intention to use autonomous cargo bikes, the participants were asked how likely they were to replace conventional modes of transport with autonomous cargo bikes for various trip purposes. In addition, they were asked about their intention to use autonomous cargo bikes, what distance they would cover on average in everyday life with an autonomous cargo bike, and whether they believed OSABS to be a climate-friendly means of transport.
# Toward Improving the Reliability of Discrete Movement Recognition of sEMG Signals
## 2 Literature Review
The other algorithms, such as neural networks, SVDD, and binary-type classifiers, may have significant problems in high computational costs. A classification scheme based on boosting and random forest classifiers is proposed in [37]. It was shown that the proposed classifier has good error distribution among the classes. A 92% accuracy can be obtained in recognizing trained movements and 20% for untrained movements. A comparison between the classifier proposed in [37] and the classifier proposed in this study has been conducted.
## 3 Feature Extraction and Application to Floor Classification and Landmark Detection
### Semisupervised Discriminant Analysis  
Both principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) have been widely used for feature extraction. These methods play the role of reducing dimensionality by highlighting meaningful elements from the original data vector. FDA is a supervised learning as it  
Figure 3: Sparsity of a raw Wi-Fi RSSI set.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Experimental floor plan and (**b**) RSSI value of Wi-Fi AP2 according to the distance.  
uses only labeled data, and PCA is an unsupervised learning because it uses only unlabeled data. The combination of FDA and PCA is categorized into the semisupervised learning.
## 8 Phase Two Testing and Results
### Large-Scale Test Results  
Table 3 shows the mean, standard deviation (SD), and two-tailed \(p\)-values when comparing results from the 3 DTouch and HOMER-S methods.  
3 DTouch was slower than the HOMER-S method in all of the large-scale tests. While both methods allowed users to select an object and transformation mode, the actual manipulation was achieved by swiping on the touch screen for 3 DTouch and one-to-one proxy manipulation for HOMER-S. The results from Table 3 clearly illustrate that users in our test cases uniformly preferred manipulation via intuitive device movement. It is interesting that this preference was consistent even for the ill-designed Test 5, although with a higher variability between users.