# The Progress of Cobalt-Based Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries and Sodium Ion Batteries
## 3 Preparation Methods of Synthesizing Cobalt-based Active Materials
### Other Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Types of Materials** & **Synthetic Method** & **Co Source** & **Reference** \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanotubes & Heat treatment (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Oxygen) & Co\({}_{4}\)(CO)\({}_{12}\) & [73] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) thin films & Electrodepositing & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) & [88] \\ \hline porous Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) thin films & Electrodepositing & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) & [87] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) microspheres & Hydrothermal (200 \({}^{\circ}\)C,3 h) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [21] \\ \hline needelike Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanotubes & Galvanic replacement & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [65] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanosheets & Hydrothermal (140 \({}^{\circ}\)C,20 h) & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [54] \\ \hline agglomerated Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) & Heat treatment (600 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & Co\({}_{3}\)(NDC)\({}_{3}\)(DMF)\({}_{4}\) & [74] \\ \hline macroporous Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) platelets & Heat treatment (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [75] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/graphene & Galvanic replacement & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co \\ \(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [110] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/graphene & Galvanic replacement & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [111] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) porous nanocages & Heat treatment (400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co \\ \(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [76] \\ \hline single-crystalline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanobelts & Hydrothermal (120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 24 h) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [57] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanorods/graphene & Hydrothermal (180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 8 h) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [112] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/graphene & Hydrothermal (120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 12 h) & CoSO\({}_{4}\)\(\bullet\)7H\({}_{2}\)O & [113] \\ \hline mesoporous Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) & Galvanic replacement & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [114] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanocages & Heat treatment (550 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)nH\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [77] \\ \hline graphene/Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) & Hydrothermal (80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 h) & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [115] \\ \hline CoO/graphene & Heat treatment (350 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Ar/H\({}_{2}\)) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [78] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/graphene & Galvanic replacement & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [116] \\ \hline multi-shellled Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) hollow & Heat treatment (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & Co(Ac)\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O & [69] \\ microspheres & Heat treatment (400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [35] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} hierarchical Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CNTs \\ \end{tabular} & Galvanic replacement & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [63] \\ \hline bowl-like hollow Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) & Heat treatment (400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & \begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [117] \\ \hline mesoporous Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoflakes & Heat treatment (250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & CoCO\({}_{3}\) & [118] \\ \hline hollow structured Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) & Heat treatment (400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [119] \\ nanoparticles & Heat treatment (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & CoCO\({}_{3}\) & [120] \\ \hline peapod-like Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@carbon & Heat treatment (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Ar) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [121] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CNT nanocomposites & Heat treatment (300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Air) & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [122] \\ \hline layer-by-layer Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/graphene & Hydrothermal (170 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 15 h) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [123] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CNTs nanotubes & Hydrothermal (120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 2 h) &
\begin{tabular}{c} (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)Co\(\bullet\)4H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\ \hline Co/Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles & Electrospinning & CoCl\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [94] \\ \hline Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@NC & Heat treatment (550 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Ar) & ZIF-67 & [124] \\ \hline carbon doped Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) hollow & Hydrothermal (180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 12 h) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [125] \\ \hline Ni-doped Co/CoO/NC hybrid & Heat treatment (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Ar) & Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\bullet\)6H\({}_{2}\)O & [126] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}