esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Cost-Effective Auto-Scaling (CEAS) Framework
### Amazon EMR Cloud Computing Platform  
In the proposed CEAS framework, AWS cloud is selected to facilitate the Hadoop applications for processing big data on a cloud environment. Specifically, Amazon EMR is exploited for scaling Hadoop clusters due to its benefits over other cloud environments, e.g., in [25], which can be summarised as follows:  
1. _Cost saving_: The cost of EMR relies on the number of EC2 instances, the instance type and the region where the cluster is launched. On-demand pricing provides a lesser rate per hour, but the cost can be brought down by purchasing Reserved or Spot instances.
2. _Service integration_: The EMR can work together with other AWS services (e.g., Amazon EC2 instance, Amazon Virtual Private Cloud, Amazon S3, Amazon Cloud Watch) to offer networking, security and storage for the Hadoop cluster.
3. _Compatibility_: The EMR allows us to configure other applications like Hadoop, Hive and Spark on EC2 instances.
4. _Scalability_: The EMR provides the flexibility to increase or decrease the cluster size by checking the data on the Hadoop cluster.
5. _Reliability_: The EMR watches over the EC2 instances running in the cluster, and thus can replace or terminate the nodes automatically if there is a failure.
6. _Security_: The EMR provides the security for the Hadoop clusters and data by using EC2 key pairs.  
In the AWS cloud under investigation, the EMR offers a manageable Hadoop framework that distributes the data computation over multiple virtual Amazon EC2 instances and loads the data processing applications into Amazon S3. In this EMR architecture, the data can be stored in the Amazon S3 with respect to its size, compression and/or partitioning. Prior to processing the data, it is only required to be copied to HDFS once and does not need to be copied multiple times from Amazon S3 to Amazon EMR cluster due to the fact that the data processing task performs iterative work on a single data set. Thus, considerable reduction in processing times are achieved.  
In particular, this architecture is shown to be beneficial for scaling when the Amazon S3's scale allows the EMR nodes to run as many as needed to pull the data in parallel and the HDFS nodes can scale up when the data size increases. This implies that the requirement for additional storage of the HDFS nodes can be eliminated by exploring the storage capacity of the Amazon S3. Additionally, it is safe to shutdown the Amazon EMR cluster once the data processing job is done, while multiple jobs can be triggered on the same data set in the cluster without overburdening the nodes in the HDFS.
# Properties and Stability of Encapsulated Pomegranate Peel Extract Prepared by Co-Crystallization
###### Abstract  
Recently, there has been much interest in the phenolics of pomegranate peels because of their health-promoting effects. The incorporation of encapsulated phenolic extracts in functional foods, beverages, and dietary supplements can enhance their nutritional and health benefits. This paper aims to provide an overview of the encapsulation of pomegranate peel phenolic extract by co-crystallization, focusing on the properties of the encapsulated extract. Pomegranate peel extract encapsulated in sucrose by co-crystallization under conditions determined in our previous work is characterized by evaluating its properties--moisture content, solubility, bulk density, hygroscopicity, color, degree of encapsulation (using thermograms), crystallinity (using X-ray scattering), microstructure (with scanning electron microscopy), and storage stability in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The co-crystallized powder had a low moisture content (0.59%) and hygroscopicity (0.011%) and a high bulk density (0.803 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) and solubility (61 s). Its total phenolic content decreased by only 0.56% after storage at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 45 days, whereas its antioxidant activity was maintained at levels higher than 84%. The differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering techniques proved the successful encapsulation in the sucrose matrix and the fact that the extract remained liquid inside the porosity of the sucrose crystals.  
co-crystals; phenolic extract; _Punica granatum_ L. peel; sucrose matrix +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Thermal Analysis of Interstellar Laser Communication Payload  
The interstellar laser communication payload primarily performs functions such as interstellar network communication and ranging. Therefore, it maintains an interstellar pointing attitude while in orbit. This section applies the external heat flux analysis method for interstellar pointing attitude proposed in Section 2 to the thermal analysis of the interstellar laser communication payload. Considering the interstellar pointing attitude of the laser communication payload, a typical high-temperature scenario is selected, and the temperature results for key components of the payload are calculated and compared with in-orbit temperatures.  
Figure 8: Results of solar heat flux on different surfaces when \(\beta=56^{\circ}\).
## 4 Comparative Analysis
### Path Loss  
Figure 7 and \"Fit intercept\" in Table 2 indicate that the path loss at 14.6 GHz is larger than that at 3.6 GHz. As expected, the higher frequency leads to the larger propagation loss. The \"path loss exponent\" in Table 2 indicates a minimal difference in the path loss exponent for the two frequency bands. This observation is in line with what was experienced in [8; 10; 28]. In [8], a multi-frequency (0.8 GHz to 28 GHz) path loss model for external wall attenuation and indoor propagation was presented. For the indoor propagation, the measurement results show that the linear attenuation factor (similar to the path loss exponent) is not very sensitive to the frequency. In [10], the measured path loss exponents are 1.31 and 1.29 for centimeter- and millimeterwave ultra-wideband LOS channels, respectively. In [28], the exponents are similar at 1.33 and 1.31 for 5 and 60 GHz for indoor channels.  
Figure 6: Illustration of the LOS (line-of-sight) path and a reflected path.
# PV Sizing for EV Workplace Charging Stations--An Empirical Study in France
## 5 Sizing Procedure Examples
### Sizing PV Given a Targeted Number of EVs and a Targeted Mean Power Price  
As an illustration, let us consider that the CEA applies the method of this paper to size a PV plant located at Cadarache (near Aix-En-Provence, France) in order to charge its EV fleet in 2030. By using Figure 5, CEA observes that the number of EVs currently increases by approximately 100 per year. Thus, the number of EVs is assumed to be 1000 in 2030 (instead of 200 in 2022). By using Equation (8), this represents an annual consumption of \(12\times 100\times 1000\) = 1.2 GWh.  
Let us consider that the CPO has a target price of \(Pr_{CPO}=265\)\(\upxi\)/MWh. Equation (7) gives \(SPR=\frac{Pr_{CPO-2}-Pr_{SEV-CDO}}{Pr_{CPO-LP}-Pr_{SEV-CPO}}\approx 70\%\). Thanks to Figure 12, we identify that, in order to obtain an \(SPR\) of 70%, the ratio \(PTC\) has to be equal to 1.5, 2.5 and 4 for SC, MP and PC strategies, respectively.  
With an EV consumption of 1.2 GWh, these correspond to an annual PV production of 1.8, 3 and 4.8 GWh. Once the required annual PV production has been identified, the PV peak power can be determined using solar potential for a particular location. For example, it is estimated that the PV production is about 1.4 GWh/MWh at the location of the experiment (south orientation, tilt angle of 20\({}^{\circ}\) and system loss of 18%). With such hypotheses, the peak power of the PV plant has to be equal to 1.28, 2.14 and 3.42 MWp to reach the targeted \(Pr_{CPO-LP}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Interaction** & **Nomenclature** & **Prices (\(\upxi\)/MWh)** & **Price Structure** \\ \hline PVO cells to LP & \(Pr_{PVO-LP}\) & 120 & 120 Energy \\ LP sells to CPO & \(Pr_{LP-CPO}\) & 197 & 120 Energy + 13 Transport + 64 \\  & & & (Taxes and contribution) \\ ESEV cells to CPO & \(Pr_{ESEV-CPO}\) & 424 & 322 (Energy + transport), 102 (Taxes and contributions) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Electricity Prices for different stakeholder interactions. Notice that these prices are simple flat rates.
## 4 System Design
### Application Structure
#### 4.2.2 Server-Side  
The server-side application will handle features linked to providing an interface usable by the client, handling data storage and manipulation, handling document editing logic, provide security/integrity checks on all the used resources. The core server responsibility for a minimal viable product is the capability of handling the user-generated editing events and ensuring the consistency of content across all peers.
# A Novel Cell-Based Adaptive Cartesian Grid Approach for Complex Flow Simulations
###### Abstract  
As the need for handling complex geometries in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) grows, efficient and accurate mesh generation techniques become paramount. This study presents an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technology based on cell-based Cartesian grids, employing a distance-weighted least squares interpolation for finite difference discretization and utilizing immersed boundary methods for wall boundaries. This facilitates effective management of both transient and steady flow problems. Validation through supersonic flow over a forward-facing step, subsonic flow around a high Reynolds number NHLP airfoil, and supersonic flow past a sphere demonstrated AMR's efficacy in capturing essential flow characteristics while wisely refining and coarsening meshes, thus optimizing resource utilization without compromising accuracy. Importantly, AMR simplified the capture of complex flows, obviating manual mesh densification and significantly improving the efficiency and reliability of CFD simulations.  
Cartesian grids; adaptive mesh refinement; immersed boundary method Article  
1
## 4 Discussion
### Competency Assessment Evaluation
#### 4.2.4 Eye-Metrics  
The majority of literature (17/25, 68%) referenced eye-gaze metrics in the analysis of interpretation competency. This gaze-monitoring technique is generally referenced as a manner to understand search pattern behaviour [1]. For example, conclusions may arise that a faster time to first fixation (within an area of interest) may indicate a participant has more experience or is more familiar with a radiographic presentation and can identify abnormalities quicker than inexperienced counterparts. The goal of many studies is to observe any relationships between experience factors and eye-gaze metrics.  
There was no clear overarching positive or negative trend amongst the studies collected. Whilst individual articles present significant results, an adequate synthesis is not possible due to variable findings across these studies. For example, the studies by [PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] et al. [18], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] and [PERSON] et al. [23] provided significant evidence that an increase in experience; increases fixation duration, increases distances between fixations, provides greater fixation count and mean visit count. These studies are extremely strong in methodology, participant numbers and variance in demographics and analysis of significance. Other studies provided support in the form of generalised trends, such as [PERSON] et al. [29] which reflect similar statements.  
Studies by [PERSON] et al. [22], [PERSON] et al. [33], [PERSON] et al. [26] and [PERSON] et al. [20] provided results which reflected relationships between expert counterparts and a lower fixation frequency, shorter mean fixation durations, shorter times to first fixation and fewer fixations.  
Additionally, there were also studies which found a lack of significance between all participant groups and eye-gaze metrics, and some articles which found significance only between particular sub-categories of participants [27]. Conflicting information to an apparent main theme was also found within singular articles, such as in [PERSON] et al. [26] which suggested that there was no correlation of fixation duration and experience (in comparison to significance comparing greater experience to a lower fixation count), and [PERSON] et al. [33] which suggested that whilst time to first fixation statistics were shorter in attendings that produced accurate diagnoses (in comparison to trainees), the time to first fixation statistics were insignificant when considering overall results.  
There are four articles which did not explicitly utilise statistical significance in regard to eye-gaze metric analysis provide no additional persuasion or strong trends to change interpretation of the synthesis [19; 25; 28; 32]. The inconsistent findings from the current literature make it difficult to discern a main theme. Further analysis of the literature with additional information available could be been conducted to provide sufficient base for argumentation.
## 1 Introduction
All these materials could therefore be increasingly used to reduce or eliminate the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, particularly in perishable foods such as fish products. The consumption of fish products is increasing in many places in the world, mainly due to the presence of high quality proteins with low fat content [33]. However, due to its abundance of nutrients, this type of food represents a suitable medium for the development of microorganisms, both spoilage and food-borne pathogens [34]. Foodborne outbreaks due to the consumption of seafood account for about 10-20% of all episodes caused by the consumption of contaminated food, but this percentage may differ between countries depending on the level of consumption, local traditions (use of raw fish or bivalve molluscs) and the monitoring system for the microbial quality of the product [33]. _L. monocytogenes_ is frequently isolated in raw fresh fish, and the level of contamination ranges between 0% and about 30% of the products, depending on geographical area [35]. It is frequently isolated from smoked salmon, fermented fish and fish salads, all products subjected to light preservation processes; treatments which, while bringing pleasant organoleptic properties, are not able to sanitize the product [36; 37]. High isolation rates of listeria are also reported for shrimp and shrimp products. In a study carried out in Chile [38], _L. monocytogenes_ was detected in 28% of tested fresh shrimp, whereas in Iceland, it was observed in 20.9% of tested fresh products [39]. Lastly, even if _L. monocytogenes_ has been isolated from a fish's surface, stomach, gills and intestines, seafood products can also be contaminated from different sources through cross-contamination, during production processes, transportation and in the market environment [36; 40]. The per capita consumption of seafood has greatly increased over the past two decades, and the consumption of raw seafood such as fish, crustaceans and molluscs pose a threat to consumer health. Hence, considering the public health implications of listeriosis and the persistence of the pathogen in seafood processing plants and on equipment [41], the aim of the present study was to create a natural and ecological antimicrobial barrier capable of counteracting the development of _L. monocytogenes_ on foods that come to our tables. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out in order to (i) evaluate the anti-_Listeria_ activity of two types of natural compounds used by themselves or in combination, viz., bacteriocin LP17 (bacLP17) produced by _Enterococcus mundtii_ LP17 (isolated from red mullet) and EOs derived from _Salvia officinalis_, _Citrus limon_, _Mentha pipertia and Thymus vulgaris_, spices widely used in the kitchen as natural flavourings; and (ii) determine in artificially contaminated shrimps the anti-_Listeria_ activity of the same, added alone or in combination, to an edible coating.
# Evaluation of Proximal Contact Tightness and Contact Area of Posterior Composite Resin Restorations
## 1 Introduction
The fact that the matrix bands used in sectional matrices are pre-curved ensures that the contact area in the restorations is not only tight but also reflects the natural contours of the tooth anatomically [18]. This ensures that the restoration in the relevant area is suitable and sufficient in terms of contact and contour. The oldest method used to measure the tightness of the contact area, both with healthy teeth and in restorations, is to remove a 0.03-0.05 mm thick metal band placed between the teeth by pulling it in the vertical direction and measuring the resulting resistance [19]. Some studies have tested dental floss, strip bands, isolation tapes, and matrices of various sizes [15; 18; 20]. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the tightness of the contact area formed by traditional and sectional matrix systems used in Class II restoration construction with a device designed and manufactured to measure even the smallest voltage differences. The initial hypothesis (h0) of the study was that there would be no difference between the matrix systems in terms of creating a good and tight contact area.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Project Background
#### 2.1.2 BIM Model Development  
Over 50 years, there had been several minor renovations and modifications which were not recorded in any hardcopy format. A BIM was developed based on the as-is condition from the original as-built drawings, terrestrial laser scanning survey data, and on-site survey data.  
Figure 1: Project site of Chiang Mai University Library during the renovation.  
The BIM model of the renovation project was initially created based on the as-built drawings; however, several details were missing either due to faded blueprints or non-recorded renovation activities. Moreover, information from a traditional two-dimensional blueprint was obscure and prone to error due to several unconnected figures, tables, and remarks. Then, a traditional on-site survey along with a terrestrial laser scan was carried out in order to collect the as-is condition of the building and surrounding area. Three-dimensional point cloud data were retrieved from the survey. Then, the point cloud data were laid on top of the existing as-built drawings to complete the building information. When data from different sources were combined, discrepancy data appeared, as illustrated in Figure 2, which shows an example of an opening position error when comparing the as-built drawings and as-is condition. Today, this approach is a typical initial BIM procedure for gathering data in renovation projects.  
Following the above procedure, the BIM model was created for visualization of the project (3D BIM) and the project schedule (4D BIM). Figure 3 displays the 3D BIM model for visualization. It displayed the final appearance when the renovation was completed. This was used for communication between project stakeholders. The scheduling and cost data model are displayed in the BIM model from a combination of the 3D BIM and a project Gantt chart, as illustrated in Figure 4. The appearance of building elements was changed and highlighted according to a specific date. This allowed the project stakeholders to discuss and monitor the current project schedule in an efficient manner. Moreover, the 4D BIM renovation was helpful since several demolition tasks were not displayed in the model but required significant project resources. This allowed the project stakeholders to plan and schedule for non-element construction tasks much more easily than in a traditional approach. In this 4D BIM, a demolition model and a new renovation model were overlapped for planning and scheduling in different project phases.  
During construction, schedule and resource information was collected on site and put back into the model for control and monitoring. Finally, total cost data were then used for project management throughout the project life cycle.  
Figure 2: Point cloud dataset from terrestrial laser scanner overlaid on the existing building and its surrounding of Chiang Mai University Library.
## 3 Results  
Of the 70 subjects who were screened for inclusion, 53 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 11 were not willing to participate (Figure 5). A total of six patients were enrolled in this pilot study (from 1 October 2018 to 30 June 2020): Group 1, three boys; Group 2, three patients (two boys and one girl). Figure 4: **(A)** Sagittal CBCT image showing 1. the midpoint of the sella-basion line (So), 2. the most posteroinferior point on the clivus (Ba), 3. the most superior point of the epiglottis (E), 4. the most posterior point of the nasal spine (PNS), 5. the tip of the nasal bone (NTip), and 6. the most anterior point of the nasal spine (ANS). (**B**) 3D reconstruction of the nasal cavity (green), nasopharynx (yellow), velopharynx (pink), and oropharynx (purple), delimited by five anteroposterior planes. (**C**) The centerline for the total airway. Figure 3: Landmarks and measurements. (**A**) Coronal CBCT image showing the left and right greater palatine foramen. (**B**) Sagittal CBCT image showing: 1. centroid of the lacrimal foramen right (LF-R) and 2. the most inferior point of the right lacrimal duct (LD-R). (**C**) 3D image showing the left and right lacrimal canal, 3. centroid of the lacrimal foramen left (LF-L), and 4. the most inferior point of the left lacrimal duct (LD-L). Baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 3. In Group 1, all subjects were wet every night before treatment start; after RME treatment, one patient decreased from seven to one enuresis episode per week. In Group 2, the frequency of bedwetting decreased in one patient before activating the appliance, and one patient had a reduced number of wet nights per week from seven to four after expansion (Table 4). Regarding urine production volume, four of the six patients showed a decrease after the active treatment started (Figure 6). Figure 5: CONSORT diagram of patient selection and randomization allocation. CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Patient**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Age, y**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gender \({}^{\text{a}}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Frequency of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Previous Treatment**} \\  & & & & **Bedwetting per** & & **for Bedwetting** \\ \hline
1 & 7.34 & M & 1 & 7 & Medicine & 0.24 \\
2 & 12.66 & M & 1 & 7 & Alarm & 0.10 \\
3 & 8.56 & M & 1 & 7 & Medicine & 0.62 \\
4 & 9.08 & M & 2 & 7 & Medicine & 0.57 \\
5 & 12.28 & M & 2 & 7 & No treatment & 0.36 \\
6 & 13.28 & F & 2 & 3 & Medicine and Alarm & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \({}^{\text{a}}\) M indicates male; F, female. \({}^{\text{b}}\) 1 indicates Group 1 (Activation treatment group); 2, Group 2 (Delayed treatment group).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Baseline characteristics.