# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E--General)  
Human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the interaction between people, technology, and the environment in which they work or live. The goal of HF/E is to optimize system elements to increase efficiency, safety, and comfort while minimizing errors, stress, and fatigue. This approach has been applied in a variety of sectors, including industry, healthcare, transportation, and information technology and encompasses a wide range of aspects such as work environment design, work organization, cognitive ergonomics, and physical ergonomics [91]. In human-centric systems, the synergy between the micro- and macro-ergonomics and a holistic approach is important for the development and implementation of the new technologies, but also in its incorporation in long-lasting corporate strategy. The use of mobile applications as a screening tool is a way to create healthy work conditions, which are so-called quick risk assessment tools (QRAs) [92]. To master both technical and human factors and ergonomics aspects of the production, the maturity level should be acknowledged, but the company should be aware of possible pitfalls when implementing new strategies. The four possible scenarios can be an outcome where: (1) technological maturity develops positively while the HF/E maturity does not change, resulting in a non-optimal utilization of the technology and exposure of the personnel to different types of health and safety hazards; (2) HF/E maturity develops positively, but technological maturity fails to develop when highly skilled personnel works with technologies that do not support their competence, which leads to a decrease in productivity and challenge in personnel motivation and commitment \begin{table}
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**Title** & **Authors** & **Year Published** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline Sustainable Human-Machine Collaborations in Digital Transformation Technologies Adoption: A Comparative Case Study of Japan and Germany [88] & & Cultural differences influence the implementation of collaborative robots, with the US and Germany focusing on autonomous control through IoT, while Japan emphasizes robot-human collaboration, reflecting a philosophy where robots complement multi-skilled workers who gain proficiency through repeated tasks. \\ \hline Supporting decision-making of collaborative robot (cobot) adoption: The development of a framework [89] & & The implementation of collaborative robots (cobots) in manufacturing addresses the fifth industrial revolution’s need for customized mass production, with a proposed decision framework combining quantitative and qualitative criteria to guide sustainable integration based on a weighted scoring method adaptable to specific enterprise needs. \\ \hline A tool to evaluate industrial cobot safety readiness from a system-wide perspective: An empirical validation [90] & & The CSRAT tool, designed to assess the safety readiness of collaborative robots (cobots) across five dimensions and 23 risk factors, was validated through a web-based survey and focus groups, confirming its effectiveness in preparing for cobot installation and identifying associated risks. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: _Cont._to work; (3) high technological maturity is achieved, but HF/E maturity decreases, resulting in a non-optimal use of technologies and possible hazards to human health and safety; and (4) technological maturity decreases, yet the HF/E maturity develops into a high level, resulting again in non-optimized production and challenges in personnel motivation and commitment to work. This holistic approach, which is micro-ergonomics and macro-ergonomics, is still an area that has not been studied profoundly in the manufacturing sector [93].