# Spectrum Values in Suburban/Urban Environments above 1.5 GHz
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, the basic approach in [3] is referenced to provide the suburban scenario numerical results but with several expansions and a novel user classification method designed for urban scenario, as described below:  
* Much wider frequency bands ranging from 500 MHz to 40 GHz are investigated. In suburban environments, 500 MHz to 1.5 GHz, 1.5 GHz to 3 GHz, and 3 GHz to 11 GHz using Hata and SUI models are investigated. For urban environments, 500 MHz to 40 GHz using the 3D propagation model by 3 GPP is evaluated. * For urban environments, eight types of users are considered under conditions of non-line-of-sight (NLoS) or line-of-sight (LoS), indoor or outdoor, and user location in the cell. The variation of signal propagation due to various factors is one of the main technological challenges in the spectrum management field [10]. It is also important to consider diverse user conditions, especially for indoor environments, where most data traffic is generated but users experience poor quality of service [11]. * For urban environments, various simulation parameters in the 3D model by 3 GPP are taken into consideration to reflect a more practical environment. The 3D model includes such parameters as different shadow fading for LoS and NLoS, different base station (BS) antenna heights for outdoor and indoor environments, parameters used in penetration loss calculation, and effective environment heights. Furthermore, the urban environment is categorized into UMa and UMi-street canyon scenarios. In the UMa scenario, base station antennas are mounted above the rooftop levels of surrounding buildings. In contrast, in the UMi-street canyon scenario, the antennas are below the building rooftops. Another difference between UMa and UMi-street canyon is that the Inter-site Distance (ISD) for UMa is bigger than that for the UMi-street canyon. For service providers, a spectrum license is difficult to obtain and requires a large investment. Therefore, every carrier seeks to maximize the spectrum value. The worldwide commercial launch of 5G is expected in the following one or two years, with providing the diverse services or user cases such as autonomous vehicle, emergency communication, remote surgery, smart city, and so on. Among them, the smart city is considered to be the most powerful use case on the economic sectors such as automotive, construction, energy, finance, media, consumer, and transport [12]. That is, the 5G communication network must be able to provide numerous services with different scenarios while keeping the network cost effective and energy efficient, i.e., green communication. In addition to the conventional frequency bands for 3G or 4G, the new frequency bands over 1.5 GHz (e.g., 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz) will be used for 5G. Such wide choice of the frequency bands with various service scenarios can make the operator difficult to select the appropriate frequency bands with different scenarios. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and understand the spectrum values in suburban/urban above 1.5 GHz with different scenarios, in order to maximize the efficiency in terms of spectrum, cost, and energy for green communication in smart city. The distinctive contributions and innovations of this paper are summarized as follow:  
* To reveal the complicated urban city environment for spectrum value analysis, a novel method of classifying users is designed depending on their specific propagation conditions. Different user types can also stand for different application scenarios in smart city;
* To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature which includes the similar investigations on spectrum values in suburban/urban environment above 1.5 GHz by means of novel analysis model and state-of-art propagation model;
* To provide general guidelines for frequency selection and deployment in different network environment and scenarios wide range of spectrum covering both the conventional frequency bands and novel 5G spectrum bands are investigated. The paper is organized as follows.