# BIM-Based Model Checking: A Scientometric Analysis and Critical Review
## 1 Introduction
As regulators, governments can achieve higher work efficiency and more precise inspection reports through automated checking processes. On the other hand, as the institutions that set rules and standards, governments significantly influence rule interpretation and data standardization, which is crucial for the development of BMC. [PERSON] et al. [9] summarized research and applications related to ARC, and defined the rule checking process into four stages: rule interpretation, building model preparation, rule execution, and rule check reporting. This has become a classic paradigm in the BMC field, influencing much BMC research. Within the scope of this review, over 60% of the articles mention his theory. According to this classification method, 30% of the research is related to rule interpretation, 12% to building model preparation, and 53% simultaneously involve both. Additionally, [PERSON] [2] categorized BMC theory from the perspective of research objects, including validation checking, model content checking, smart object checking, and design option checking. These definitions help researchers to precisely use and jointly understand the terms, thereby avoiding confusion and ambiguity among different studies. In contrast, since most research is related to rule interpretation, some review studies focus on the classification of rules [1; 10]. Furthermore, most current studies use cases and models related to residential buildings, but [PERSON] et al. [11] discussed the categorization of regulations, rule storage, and development standards of ACC tools in infrastructure engineering. With the evolution of BMC technology, more theories and techniques are being introduced. As a result, some studies focus on specific vertical domains rather than the entire BMC process. For example, [PERSON] et al. [12] discussed the extensive applications of the semantic web technology in the AEC domain, including overcoming information silos, cross-domain linking, and logical reasoning, which efficiently facilitated information management and exchange. [PERSON] et al. [13] revealed that ACC is a prominent research topic in the ontology domain through critical cluster analysis. He found that significant keywords related to ontology have transitioned from \"project management\" and \"knowledge management\" to \"building information modeling\" and \"compliance control\", indicating the widespread dissemination of ontology concepts in BMC. Additionally, current reviews and research articles primarily focus on the rules, with little research approached from the perspective of data within BIM models. [PERSON] [14] reviewed and analyzed studies about the integration of BIM and GIS (geographic information system) in the building permit process. The interoperability discussed involves the compatibility and scalability of data. The former refers to the capability of data to be interpreted by different systems without modification, while the latter refers to the capability of data to be modified according to system requirements, both aimed at accurately transmitting data. The interoperability ensures the interaction between the BIM models and the surrounding environment, and is one of the necessary conditions for data flow in the BMC process. Theories and technologies related to BMC have been developing for decades, with the number of related studies increasing annually and new methods continuously being introduced to this field. However, the maturity of BMC remains insufficient, with few studies systematically analyzing it using quantitative methods. To address this gap, this study combines scientometric analysis and a critical review, proposing the following four research questions:  
RQ1: How has the publication situation of BMC evolved? RQ2: What are the core topics associated with the BMC process? RQ3: What are the challenges facing the development of BMC now? RQ4: What are the potential directions of BMC in the future? This study searched 891 research articles related to BMC from the WOS and SCOPUS databases.