## 1 Introduction  
The seismic design and analysis of steel-concrete composite structures encounter numerous significant challenges that necessitate in-depth exploration. Although these structures are commonly utilized, considerable uncertainties persist regarding the intricate interactions between steel and concrete elements when subjected to intense seismic forces. Existing design codes frequently fall short in adequately addressing the nonlinear behavior exhibited by composite systems, particularly at the junctions of the materials. Moreover, the variety of composite configurations complicates the development of standardized design methodologies, while the absence of extensive long-term performance data introduces further uncertainty in durability assessments. Conventional analytical models may overly simplify the dynamic response features of composite structures, which could result in designs that are either excessively conservative or insufficiently robust. Additionally, the construction industry grapples with challenges in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of innovative composite solutions in comparison to traditional building methods, particularly when factoring in life-cycle performance during seismic events. These critical concerns highlight the necessity for a comprehensive review of the existing knowledge and practices related to steel-concrete composite structures. As urban areas continue to expand and face increasing seismic risks, understanding the behavior of these composite systems under earthquake loading has become crucial for ensuring structural safety and resilience. This review paper seeks to offer a thorough examination of the existing body of research concerning the seismic analysis and design of steel-concrete composite structures. This article examines key research developments, design methodologies, and practical applications that have emerged mainly over the past decade. The paper covers various composite systems, including composite beams, columns, connections, and innovative hybrid structural solutions. This review encompasses the following areas:  
* The fundamental principles of steel-concrete composite action under seismic loading
* Experimental studies on the seismic performance of composite elements and systems
* Analytical and numerical modeling techniques for predicting composite behavior
* Current design codes and standards for seismic design of composite structures
* Emerging technologies and novel composite systems for enhanced earthquake resistance
* Case studies of notable composite structures in seismic regions  
By synthesizing the latest research findings and practical insights, this paper seeks to identify knowledge gaps, highlight promising research directions, and provide valuable guidance for engineers and researchers working on the seismic design and analysis of steel-concrete composite structures. To provide a comprehensive review, the following 12 topics are examined in depth:  
1. Beam-column joints of composite frames under seismic loads: the behavior of composite beam-column connections under seismic loading is examined, including moment-resisting frames and various joint configurations. Research on load transfer mechanisms and failure modes is discussed. 2. The seismic behavior of steel-concrete composite shear walls: composite concrete/steel shear wall systems, including steel-plate shear walls with concrete infill and composite coupling beams, are reviewed. Their effectiveness in lateral load resistance and energy dissipation is analyzed. 3. Modeling techniques for composite members and structures under earthquake excitation: advanced numerical modeling techniques for composite structures, including finite element analysis, multi-scale modeling approaches, and the challenges in accurately representing composite behavior are discussed. 4.