# Microbially Induced Desaturation and Carbonate Precipitation through Denitrification: A Review
## 4 Potential Applications of Denitrification-Based MICP Biotechnology  
As nitrate reducing (denitrifying) bacteria are ubiquitous and could be isolated from various different environments, applications of MICP through denitrification is not limited by the regions or countries. Indeed, the variety of countries where MICP through denitrification was investigated for different purposes confirms the great potential of the technology for solution of certain problems worldwide (Table 2). As discussed above, depending on the application environment, denitrification-based MICP leads to a new concept which is a two-stage process, so called microbial induced desaturation and precipitation (MIDP). On the one hand, certain applications of denitrification-based MICP solely focus on the calcium carbonate precipitation, such as soil reinforcement, microbial self-healing concrete, calcium and metal removal from industrial waste streams, removal of undesirable compounds (organic matter, crusts, and mineral salts) from artwork and historical monuments (Table 2). On the other hand, some applications focus on both the desaturation effect due to biogas generation and the agglomerating effect due to mineral precipitation and thus they are considered as MIDP applications. Liquefaction mitigation can be mentioned among the MIDP applications (Table 2). In the following sections, MICP- and MIDP-driven applications will be discussed separately.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Applications** & **Process** & **Microorganisms** & **Author and Ref** & **Country/Region** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Soil reinforcement} & \multirow{6}{*}{MICP} & \multirow{6}{*}{_Pseudomonas denitrificans_} & [PERSON] [24]; [PERSON] [31]; & \\  & & & [PERSON] [20]; [PERSON] et al. & \\  & & & [32] & Netherlands \\  & & _Castellaniella denitrificans_ & [PERSON] et al. [8] & UK \\  & & _Halomonas halodenitrificans_ & [PERSON] et al. [29] & USA \\  & & Denitrifiers from natural soil & [PERSON] [17]; [PERSON] et al. [25; 33] & \\  & & Nitrate reducing biogranules & [PERSON] et al. [30; 34; 35]; & \\  & & _Diaphrobacter nitroreducens_ & [PERSON] [36] & Belgium \\  & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\  & & _Nitrate and sulfate reducing_ & & \\  & & _Nitrate and sulfate reducing_ & & \\  & & _biogranules_ & [PERSON] et al. [37] & Australia \\ Corrosion inhibition of & & Nitrate reducing biogranules & [PERSON] et al. [34; 38] & \\ steel in reinforced & MICP & _Diaphrobacter nitroreducens_ & Belgium \\ concrete & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\  & & _Diaphrobacter nitroreducens_ & [PERSON] et al. [30] & Belgium \\ Treatment of industrial & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\ wastewater (calcium, & & & \\  & & & \\ nitrate, zinc, nickel, & & & \\ fluoride removal) & & _Nitrate reducing biogranules_ & \\  & & _Diephrobacter nitroreducens_ & & \\  & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\  & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\ Remediation of artwork & & _Pseudomonas stutzeri_ & & \\  & and historical & & \\ monuments & & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & & \\  & & _Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes_ & \\  & & _Pseudomonas chlororapinis_ & & \\  & & _Paracoccus denitrificans_ & & \\  & & _Acitovorax_ sp. & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Organisms involved in the applications of microbially induced desaturation and carbonate precipitation by denitrification.