## 4 Discussion
### Laser-Assisted Surgery in Stomatology
In situations where thermal damage is a concern, irrigation with saline during laser operation can effectively dissipate thermal energy. Studies have shown that a diode laser at 2 W can penetrate tissue effectively up to at least 2 mm, which can be sufficient to seal small lymphatic vessels, reducing postoperative edema. Research demonstrates that biopsies can be collected using diode lasers without altering the microanatomy of the specimen [53]. The choice of wavelength in diode lasers also plays a role, with a 980 nm diode laser cutting slightly faster than an 810 nm diode. This is because the 980 nm diode has greater water absorption, which is the predominant component in most oral tissues, compared to the 810 nm diode, which exhibits less affinity to water. This difference is particularly noticeable when ablating tissues with minimal pigmentation [53]. Neodymium-doped: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, similar to diode lasers, work well for soft-tissue ablation due to their affinity for pigmented tissues. However, the key difference is the high energy output of Nd:YAG lasers [53]. This high peak power enables the delivery of larger energy bursts in shorter pulses, allowing for deeper tissue penetration and generating a stronger thermal response in deep tissues, often leading to coagulation. In a study involving histological specimens just under 7 mm in size, Nd:YAG lasers exhibited significant thermal effects. The guidelines suggest that using a higher frequency with lower power settings can result in more precise incisions with less tissue damage [53]. Carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) lasers are effective for benign and premalignant intraoral lesion treatment, especially broad-based lesions, due to their collimated beam delivered through a hollow light guide. The wavelength of CO\({}_{2}\) lasers creates a thin layer of denatured collagen that acts as a biological wound dressing, reducing pain and sealing sensory nerve endings. While CO\({}_{2}\) lasers may result in more scarring compared to a scalpel, their high-water absorption ensures faster and cleaner cutting. Devices with an aerosolized water spray enhance safety during laser use [53]. Erbium lasers, including erbium-doped: yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium-doped: yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (ErCr:YSGG), are valuable in dentistry, offering applications in periodontal surgery, cavity preparation, and endodontics. Despite originally being considered hard-tissue devices, erbium lasers now provide predictable hemostasis for soft tissue [53]. Their high water absorption property results in a superficial high-impact effect, which minimizes tissue inflammation and postoperative pain. Histopathological evaluation suggests a thinner thermal damage zone with erbium lasers compared to CO\({}_{2}\) lasers. Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) lasers are valuable for excisional biopsies. Their green beam is fully absorbed into red tissues, avoiding deep thermal injury, making KTP lasers a favorable option for vascular lesions [53]. Moreover, laser surgery's ability to provide excellent hemostasis contributes to a clear surgical field, allowing for improved visualization of the margins during the procedure. This is essential for the surgeon to assess the extent of the lesion and ensure that the entire affected area is sampled, reducing the risk of leaving residual abnormal tissue behind [48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53]. In a nutshell, laser surgery has made substantial strides in the realm of biopsies, providing a precise and well-regulated approach to obtaining tissue samples. Although carbonization concerns are present, the judicious choice of laser parameters can effectively alleviate this issue. The assurance of achieving clear margins, made possible by the precision and hemostatic abilities of lasers, not only elevates the accuracy of biopsy procedures but also contributes to enhanced patient outcomes [51].