# Microbial Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Petroleum Products--A Mini Review
###### Abstract  
The demand for technological and industrial change has become heavily dependent on the availability and use of petroleum products as a source of energy for socio-economic development. Notwithstanding, petroleum and petrochemical products are strongly related to global economic activities, and their extensive distribution, refining processes, and final routes into the environment pose a threat to human health and the ecosystem. Additional global environmental challenges related to the toxicological impact of air, soil, and water pollutants from hydrocarbons are carcinogenic to animals and humans. Therefore, it is practical to introduce biodegradation as a biological catalyst to address the remediation of petroleum-contaminated ecosystems, adverse impacts, the complexity of hydrocarbons, and resistance to biodegradation. This review presents the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in water and soil, focusing on petroleum biodegradable microorganisms essential for the biodegradation of petroleum contaminants. Moreover, explore the mineralization and transformation of complex organic and inorganic contaminants into other simpler compounds by biological agents. In addition, physicochemical and biological factors affecting biodegradation mechanisms and enzymatic systems are expanded. Finally, recent studies on bioremediation techniques with economic prospects for petroleum spill remediation are highlighted. bioremediation; biodegradation; petroleum products; hydrocarbons; microorganism; phytoremediation +
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Soil pollution from petroleum is also one of the serious global problems. Everyday operations such as oil exploration, waste disposal (disposal of fuel and oil), and accidental spills cause serious environmental problems that lead to oxidative stress and alter the chemical composition of soils with low nutrient availability [3]. Petroleum has a negative impact on seed germination, reduces photosynthetic pigments, slows absorption, inhibits root growth, causes leaf defects, and causes cellular damage. Others include disruption of biological membranes, disruption of signaling of metabolic routes, and disruption of plant root structure [4]. Studies have shown that low molecular weight hydrocarbons can enter plant cells and destroy their plant. However, this occurs when the development of cancer and other diseases is associated with petroleum and its derivatives, as there is evidence of petroleum contamination in diagnosing nervous system depression, anesthesia, and eye irritation in humans [5]. Due to the high toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity of petroleum pollutants, their accumulation rate predominantly affects the entire human food chain. This indicates that petroleum contamination does not negatively affect plant growth but also affects people and the environment. The term biodegradation has been defined as the biologically catalyzed reduction in the complexity of chemical compounds [6]. Organic substances such as these petroleum contaminants or products mentioned above are reduced into minor compounds by living microbes, reducing their defects. The environmental degradation of organic petroleum and other aromatic compounds is a complex task. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics are largely determined by the type and quantity of oil or petroleum products used. Others include seasonal environmental conditions, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition [7]. The activity of the microbial population impacts a significant role in the biodegradation of pollutants from petroleum hydrocarbons and petrochemicals have been extensively studied, although growth rates vary [8]. These microbes arise from bacteria, fungi, yeast, and some algae that have been found to break down hydrocarbons in motor oil [9]. Studies over the last few decades have also shown that there is only sparse information on the role of algae and protozoa in their performance in the biodegradation of petroleum products [9].