## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.2 Wireless Protocols
The sensors continuously measured physical and chemical parameters, including pH, conductivity, calcium levels, temperature, fluoride, and dissolved oxygen. The real-time data gathered by these sensors were efficiently transmitted over a 4G network. The data acquisition system was specifically designed to send water quality data to a monitoring center using a 4G communication infrastructure. In cases where the data needed to be sent but no connection was available, the 4G communication module would enter a deep sleep mode to conserve energy. It would then periodically attempt to establish a 4G connection until it successfully transferred the data when the connection was restored. * 5G Cellular (Fifth Generation)  
As 4G networks reached their capacity limits, there was a growing need for a faster, more efficient, and more robust network. The proliferation of IoT devices, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality applications demanded a new solution. Fifth-generation technology is designed to deliver faster data speeds, lower latency, and massive device connectivity. It utilizes higher radio frequencies and small-cell technology to provide faster data rates, often in the gigabit range, and can simultaneously connect a vast number of devices, something that makes it ideal for the IoT. An additional study that has been carried out for the development of 5G is that of [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. [43], whose article focuses on the integration of new wireless networking technologies, particularly 5G, into smart grids to address the increasing energy demands in the modern smart grid era, with a focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The authors emphasize the need for distributed energy generation and efficient energy storage solutions to effectively meet these requirements. The integration of smart grid technologies, including advancements in WSNs and embedded systems, enables the cost-effective implementation of smart grid monitoring and automation systems. These technologies are crucial for transitioning from traditional centralized grids to modern decentralized grids that can efficiently manage energy production and consumption. The article highlights the need for a secure and efficient telecommunications network to manage various elements of the smart grid, such as control systems, electrical distribution, and transmission. Additionally, the article emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the network is cost-effective, stable, and resistant to transient power system issues and external sources of electromagnetic interference. Lastly, the article of [PERSON] et al. [44] explores the practical implications of deploying 5G technology in vertical sectors, focusing on the transportation sector, particularly the railway domain The paper presents a case study involving a 5G-enabled railway deployment, which serves as an empirical analysis of 5G capabilities in a specific vertical. Two transportation use cases related to railway operations are explored. The first use case focuses on replacing traditional cable-based train detection sensors with wireless 5G communication. This aims to eliminate the need for construction work and offers a more flexible and cost-effective solution. The second use case leverages 5G to provide live video footage of approaching level crossings to train conductors, enhancing safety conditions. The paper offers insights into the real-world applications of 5G technology in the railway sector, concluding that 5G technologies offer various system capabilities that result in performance improvements and the creation of new connectivity opportunities. In the ever-evolving landscape of communication technologies, the journey from 2G to 5G reflects a remarkable progression that has significantly shaped the way we connect and interact. The advent of cellular IoT, spanning from 2G to 5G, has been a transformative force, enabling a myriad of IoT devices to seamlessly communicate over cellular networks. The studies cited illuminate the practical implications of these cellular advancements.