esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Opportunistic Multipath Routing in Long-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks
###### Abstract  
To improve the packet delivery ratio in wireless sensor networks, many approaches such as multipath, opportunistic, and learning-based routing protocols have been proposed. However, the performance of the existing protocols are degraded under long-hop wireless sensor networks because the additional overhead is proportional to the number of hops. To deal with the overhead, we propose an opportunistic multipath routing that forecasts the required number of paths, as well as bifurcation based on opportunistic routing according to the reliability requirement. In the proposed scheme, an intermediate node is able to select a different node for each transmission and to handle path failure adaptively. Through a performance evaluation, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves a higher packet delivery ratio and reduces the energy consumption by at least approximately 33% and up to approximately 65% compared with existing routing protocols, under the condition of an 80% link success ratio in the long-hop sensor network.  
Keywords:long-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs); multipath routing; opportunistic routing; reliability; energy efficiency +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Numerical Simulation Study  
### Numerical Modelling  
Using the ABAQUS finite element software (v.5.4), a three-dimensional numerical model that considered fluid-solid coupling was established for the Zhuyuan-Bailonggang sewage interconnection pipe jacking project in Shanghai, as shown in Figure 4. The pipe jacking process was simulated using the equivalent layer method [20] and the displacement control method [6]. The dimensions of the model's computational domain were obtained from [PERSON] et al. [21] and [PERSON] et al. [22], with a longitudinal (Y-axis) length of 130 m, a lateral (X-axis) length of 50 m (12D), and a vertical (Z-axis) length of 30 m (7D). According to the verification of multiple simulation results, the analysis of formation deformation results at the boundary was not affected and the deformation was stable (see the simulation results of parameter deviation later). Therefore, the size of the model calculation domain was set reasonably to ensure that the boundary effect was effectively eliminated.  
The soil constitutive model adopted the modified Cam-clay model. Based on the field measurements and investigations, the physical and mechanical parameters of the soil layer can be obtained as shown in Table 1. The soil, equivalent layer, segment, and pipe jacking machine were simulated by solid elements. The length of each step of excavation was the length of a ring segment (2.5 m), and the length of the selected transverse monitoring section was four segments from the starting position. The simulation process was as follows: (1) The soil at the head position was killed, the pipe jacking head was generated at the same time, surface contact between the pipe jacking head and the soil was established, and the friction coefficient was 0.3 [20]; (2) Simultaneously with soil excavation, the field-measured soil pressure in the soil chamber was applied to the working face as the supporting pressure; and (3) the displacement control method was used to realize the dynamic simulation of pipe jacking. The lateral displacement of the over excavated part of the soil was constrained at the first ring segment after the tail of the pipe jacking machine, and was cancelled when the grouting body of the next ring segment was generated. The pipe-soil friction coefficient was 0.2 according to the test statistical data [23], and the dynamic friction coefficient of the pipe-slurry contact interface was in the range of 0.01-0.1 [24; 25]. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated until the end of excavation.  
Figure 4: Finite element model and size.
## 3 GAs for Multi-Objective Routing Optimization
### Fitness Evaluation and Objective Functions  
In multi-objective message routing for EnFVs, fitness evaluation is essential for assessing the quality of each solution or chromosome within the GA. It involves quantifying the performance of a solution based on the multiple objectives and constraints of the routing problem. Objective functions are used to measure the satisfaction level for each objective, enabling the comparison and selection of better solutions [29].  
The objective functions in multi-objective routing optimization for EnFVs consider various factors such as energy consumption, travel time, distance, congestion, charging station availability, flight restrictions, and environmental impact. These objectives represent the diverse requirements of the vehicles and the transportation system, aiming to optimize trade-offs between conflicting goals. The design of objective functions should be specific to the transportation system's characteristics and the routing problem's objectives. These functions need careful crafting to strike a balance between conflicting objectives and align with desired system performance.
# Beyond the Horizon, Backhaul Connectivity for Offshore IoT Devices
## 2 Methodology  
For any IoT network on an oil and gas platform, cruise ship or cargo vessel on the Sea, the high-speed, long-range backhaul wireless communication link can be established using ED. The only parameter that varies for a high data rate, reliable link is path loss. Average path loss is predicted using parabolic equation and measured over the Sea. There is additional slow fading induced because of climatic variations which is calculated based on the ED height variations over the Sea.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Effect of Quadratic Damping  
The hydrodynamic viscous damping plays a dominant role in the total hydrodynamic damping force for the DeepCwind semi-submersible FOWT. However, additional damping, namely quadratic damping, is required to accurately represent the damping in a real system for modeling potential flow without hydrodynamic viscous damping elements. Therefore, the quadratic damping matrix \(B\)[22] in Equation (35) can be used to represent potential flow theory that captures the effects of this viscous damping. The elements in Table 4 indicate the required quadratic viscous drag coefficient needed to match the simulation Morison viscous drag coefficients.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Case Name** & **Model Description** & **Wave Heading** \\ \hline UOU & 1 st Order + QD + QS & 0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline LC1 & 1 st Order + QS & 0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC2 & 1 st Order + QD + QS & 0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC3 & 1 st Order + QD + QS + QTF & 0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC4 & 1 st Order + QD + Dyn + QTF & 0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC5 & 1 st Order + QD + Dyn + QTF & 30\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC6 & 1 st Order + QD + Dyn + QTF & 60\({}^{\circ}\) \\ LC7 & 1 st Order + QD + Dyn + QTF & 90\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} 1 st Order: first order potential flow theory; QTF: quadratic transfer function; QS: quasi-static mooring model; Dyn: dynamic mooring model.  
\end{table}
Table 3: The description of load cases.  
Figure 11a-c present the RAOs in the surge, heave and pitch modes by comparing our simulation results of LC1 and LC2 with the UOU data in [23]. In the surge mode, there is little difference between our simulation results and the UOU data. On the other hand, it appears that the quadratic damping has a tiny effect on the surge RAO of the DeepCwind semi-submersible FOWT. In terms of the resonance peak in the heave mode, the quadratic damping has a considerable contribution to the heave RAO. It is clearly found that the heave RAO obtained from LC2 agrees well with the UOU data. However, the UOU's simulation estimates lower pitch motion than the result of LC2 and LC1. Generally, our simulation result of LC2 is in good agreement with the UOU data.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mode** & **Surge** & **Sway** & **Heave** & **Roll** & **Pitch** & **Yaw** \\ \hline \(B_{i}\) & 1.25E6 & 0.95E6 & 3.88E6 & 3.35E10 & 3.35E10 & 1.15E10 \\ (Unit) & (N\({}^{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)) & (N\({}^{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)) & (N\({}^{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)) & (N\({}^{2}\)/rad\({}^{2}\)) & (N\({}^{2}\)/rad\({}^{2}\)) & (N\({}^{2}\)/rad\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(B_{i}\) denotes the \(i\)-th mode of the quadratic damping value.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Elements of quadratic damping matrix.  
Figure 11: _Cont._
###### Abstract  
High mobility and the complexity of mobile behavior are the main characteristics of nodes in Vehicle to Everything (V2X). Furthermore, these characteristics entail that resource deployment cannot effectively meet the demands of users for differentiated service quality. Due to this significance, the main objective of this study is to propose an intelligent congestion control strategy based on deep reinforcement learning (ICCDRL) in heterogeneous V2X, which can meet the diverse service needs of vehicles to some extent, so as to solve the problem of network congestion effectively. The proposal is implemented through three aspects: Firstly, the paper establishes a congestion control model based on DRL. Secondly, a large amount of QoS data is used as the training set to optimize the model. Finally, the congestion sensitivity factor is used to select the size of the congestion window for the next moment, resulting in an intelligent congestion control strategy based on QoS on-demand drive. For verification, a series of simulation experiments are designed on the ns-3 simulation platform. The results show that the proposed ICCDRL outperforms the traditional algorithm in terms of throughput, convergence, friendliness and fairness, and can effectively guarantee real-time, reliable information interaction in V2X.  
heterogeneous V2X; deep reinforcement learning (DRL); intelligent congestion control; congestion sensitive factor; QoS +
Footnote †: journal: 2022, 14, 947. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050947](https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050947)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050947](https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050947))
# The Application of Fault-Tolerant Partition Resolvability in Cycle-Related Graphs
## 1 Introduction and Preliminaries
Let \(\aleph=\{\aleph_{\epsilon}:1\leq e\leq 4\}\) be a partition set of \(V(f_{\alpha\times 3})\) for \(\alpha\geq 3\). **Case(i): When \(\alpha=4\) and \(5\)**. For \(\alpha=4\), consider \(\aleph_{1}=\{v_{1},v_{2},v_{4},v_{5}\},\aleph_{2}=\{v_{3},v_{6}\},\aleph_{3}=\{ v_{7}\}\) and \(L_{4}=\{v_{8}\}\), and for \(\alpha=5\), consider \(\aleph_{1}=\{v_{1},v_{2},v_{6}\},\aleph_{2}=\{v_{3},v_{4},v_{5}\},\aleph_{3}=\{ v_{7},v_{8}\}\) and \(\aleph_{4}=\{v_{9},v_{10}\}\). It is obvious that \(\aleph\) is a fault-tolerant resolving partition of \(f_{\alpha\times 3}\). **Case(ii): When \(\alpha=3\epsilon\) for \(\epsilon\geq 1\)**. The partition representations of the vertices of \(f_{\alpha\times 3}\) with respect to \(\aleph_{1}=\{v_{i}:1\leq i\leq\alpha\},\aleph_{2}=\{v_{i}:\alpha+1\leq i\leq \alpha+\epsilon\},\aleph_{3}=\{v_{i}:\alpha+\epsilon+1\leq i\leq 2\alpha-\epsilon\}\) and \(\aleph_{4}=\{v_{i}:2\alpha-\epsilon+1\leq i\leq 2\alpha\}\) are shown in Table 8.
**Case(iii): When \(\alpha=3\epsilon+1\) for \(\epsilon\geq 2\)**. The partition representation of the vertices of \(f_{\alpha\times 3}\), where \(\aleph_{1}=\{v_{i}:1\leq i\leq\alpha\}\cup\{v_{\alpha+\epsilon+1},v_{2\alpha- \epsilon}\},\aleph_{2}=\{v_{i}:\alpha+1\leq i\leq\alpha+\epsilon\},\aleph_{3}= \{v_{i}:\alpha+\epsilon+2\leq i\leq 2\alpha-\epsilon-1\}\) and \(\aleph_{4}=\{v_{i}:2n-\It can be gleaned from Tables 8-10 that \(\aleph\) is a fault-tolerant resolving partition set of \(f_{x\times 3}\) such that \(\mathcal{P}(f_{a\times 3})\leq 4\). In addition, from Lemma 1, we have \(\mathcal{P}(f_{a\times 3})\geq 4\). Thus, \(\mathcal{P}(f_{a\times 3})=4\), which completes the proof.
# Studies on Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Columns with Ground Splice Sleeve
###### Abstract  
In order to validate the seismic performance of precast concrete members with steel sleeve connections, pseudo-static tests on four prefabricated columns with vertical grouted splice sleeve connections and on a control group of two cast-in-situ columns have been conducted. The test results indicated that the failure modes of the prefabricated columns and of the cast-in-situ columns are basically identical but differences exist in their crack distribution. The cast-in-situ columns mainly crack horizontally at the bottom of the column, whereas the prefabricated columns have horizontal cracks above the sleeves, and then form diagonal cracks downwards and develop many wider cracks within the range of height of 300 mm at the bottom of the column. The hysteresis curves of the prefabricated columns are plump, which demonstrates that prefabricated columns have satisfactory energy-dissipating capacity. Moreover, the stiffness degradation of the prefabricated specimens is slower than that of the cast-in-situ specimens. The ultimate displacement angle of the prefabricated columns is up to 1/104-1/54, which satisfies the requirements of the inter-story drift ratio during major earthquakes. Finally, some recommendations on practical seismic design pertinent to the precast concrete members with grouted splice sleeves are proposed.  
Keywords:construction industrialization; zero-carbon building; precast concrete column; grouted splice sleeve; pseudo-static test; low cyclic repeated loading test +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Implementation of MS Circle Map in Digital Image Encryption
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Goodness of Fit Test  
Statistical tests are methods used to evaluate security by analyzing the statistical properties of encrypted images. These tests determine whether an encrypted image can effectively hide the statistical characteristics of the original image, making it difficult to analyze and decrypt. In other words, statistical tests can be performed to measure the resilience of encrypted images to statistical attacks. Goodness of fit is one of the statistical tests that analyzes the uniformity of color intensity distribution in encrypted images. The more uniform the distribution, the more difficult it is for statistical attacks to occur.  
Color and grayscale images have intensity values ranging from 0 to 255 for each pixel color component. This means that there are 256 frequency classes with 255 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 1%, so the critical value obtained is 310.457388. The occurrence of each value of the pixel color component will be grouped according to its class and is called the observed frequency. The expected frequency for each class is calculated in the same way: (column total \(\times\) row total)/(grand total).  
Table 8 presents the results of the \(\chi^{2}\) test on encrypted color and grayscale images. Table 8 presents the \(\chi^{2}\) test results on encrypted color and grayscale images. The test results indicate that, for all tested images, the \(\chi^{2}\) values are smaller than the critical value, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis (H\({}_{0}\)). This proves that each class of pixel color intensity values is uniformly distributed, so that the image encrypted by function A is resistant to statistical attacks.
## 1 Introduction
Although previous studies have shown good examples on airport or reclaimed land subsidence monitoring by InSAR technique, the relationship between subsidence on reclaimed land and future land use has not yet been qualitatively analyzed. The subsidence risk of XXNA would have great potential risk for the safe operation of the whole airport, which needs an advanced and continuous high-accuracy subsidence monitoring. In this paper, the time series InSAR technique was utilized to monitor reclaimed land subsidence at XXNA based on 36 ascending Sentinel-1 SAR images acquired from January 2018 to April 2019. The main subsiding areas were found, and spatiotemporal subsidence characteristics were analyzed by combining with historical land reclamation and land use planning. Finally, we discussed potential risks of subsidence at XXNA by different quantitative statistical indicators.
## 3 Case Study
### Model Building and Sampling
According to the improved Weibull model incorporating field conditions listed in Table 3, it was required to specify the priors of shape parameter \(m\), scale parameter \(\eta\) and covariates \(\beta_{0}\), \(\beta_{1}\), \(\beta_{2}\), \(\beta_{3}\), \(\beta_{4}\) and \(\beta_{5}\). Since the data records were ranged in the first year of the utility tunnel project in this case study, it was concluded that the joint waterproof facilities were in the early failure stage of operation and maintenance. In this stage, the failure probability of joint waterproof facilities is highly subject to such field condition factors such as land subsidence and construction defects. The corresponding value of the shape parameter \(m\) in the early failure stage ranged from 0 to 1, i.e., 0 \(<m<\) 1. Assuming that the initial expectations of parameters \(m\) and \(\eta\) were 0.8 and 1.5, the Gamma priors that the unknown parameters \(m\) and \(\eta\) follow could consequently be specified as \(m\sim Gamma\) (0.8, 1) and \(\eta\sim Gamma\) (1.5, 1). For field condition covariates, due to the uncertainties of the covariate influence extent in different scenarios, they were temporarily assumed to follow the standard normal distribution, that is, \(\beta_{i}\sim N\) (0,1). The positive and negative values of \(\beta_{i}\) indicate the positive and negative effects of covariables, respectively. Posterior Estimation and Sampling  
Considering there were few relevant empirical references for the setting of the continuous variable \(t\), this case study used the self-adjusting NUTS (No-U-turn Sampler) for posterior sampling. Key indicators of the sampling process are listed as follows: the sample size was 6000, the fine-tuned sample size was 6000, the target acceptance rate was 0.8, and the number of parallel Markov chains was two. Figure 4 shows the sampling results of the eight model parameters. The left side of Figure 4 displays the distribution curve of sampling results of each parameter, with the dotted line and solid line representing the sampling results of two parallel Markov chains, and the right side plots the specific values of each sampling process. As can be seen from Figure 4, the sampling process showed the basic characteristics of uniform sampling, which also reflected the randomness of sampling. The sampling results of the two parallel Markov chains were close, indicating that the estimation results of model parameters were reliable.
# Agreement Between Tele- and Face-to-Face Assessment of Neuromotor Development in High-Risk Children
## 1 Introduction
Practitioners within primary healthcare environments assume a critical function in the preliminary identification of neuromotor conditions, for which different assessment tools are available, typically selected based on customary practice and pragmatic considerations, rather than on the foundation of empirical knowledge concerning the precision and efficacy of the tests and their theoretical underpinnings [17]. Certain assessment tools are designed to emphasize a neurological evaluation from a holistic standpoint [18; 19], while others are rooted in methodologies that employ standardized scoring systems [20], the observation of developmental milestones and particular facets of motor behavior [21; 22], or the qualitative assessment of motor function [23; 24]. A previous systematic review has shown positive results in the use of telerehabilitation approaches when face-to-face care is limited in pediatric care due to geographic or health-related situations [16]. To our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the comparability between face-to-face and neuromotor development tele-assessment in high-risk children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement between the face-to-face assessment and tele-assessment of neuromotor development in a sample of high-risk children between 0 and 18 months of age. We hypothesized that the neurodevelopmental assessment based on the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the levels of motor evolution (Niveaux d'Evolution Motrice, NEM) scores would not differ between telerehabilitation and face-to-face methods.
# Implementing an Industry 4.0 UWB-Based Real-Time Locating System for Optimized Tracking
## 2 Literature Review  
### Research Methodology  
A systematic literature review of indoor positioning systems and techniques was carried out (Figure 1). Scopus was used as the main scientific database in which the terms \"indoor positioning system\" and \"real time locating system\" were include g o o G im\").  
materials and because it provides more accurate distance measurements. Figure 2 also shows that, since 2017, UWB technology has been the dominant method for IPS for two fundamental reasons: (i) its high positioning accuracy due to the bandwidth range advantage; and (ii) the implementation cost has significantly decreased over the years due to the availability of more affordable UWB hardware.
## 1 Introduction  
Bar codes are widely used in the field of warehouse identification. In many cases, they are gradually replaced by RFID tags to provide greater automation, increase reading speed and reduce error rates. Reading RFID tags has a number of advantages over barcodes. It can be performed without the need for direct visibility and it is also possible to load multiple pieces of tags at once, see [PERSON] et al. [1]. The reading of these identifiers is performed mainly in two ways, namely by reading with a hand-held reader or by a reading gate. In the case of a hand-held reader, there is always a need for human effort, which is associated with low speed, probability of error and omission. The reading gate finds its use where the flow of goods passes through one place, such as a gate through which a goods forklift or a belt conveyor passes. However, in the case of goods placed in a large outdoor warehouse, we can imagine two tasks, where both of these options meet their limits.  
The first task is a quick and automatic inventory of the entire outdoor warehouse. A warehouse worker with a hand-held reader would have to go around all the placesand load every item, which of course would take him a lot of time, open up space for human error and it may also be difficult to access some places (such as boxes of goods above human reach). The second case is the automatic localization of specific goods to determine the coordinates on the area of the outdoor warehouse. Using a reading gate at the entrance and exit of the warehouse, we provide an overview of what entered the warehouse and what left the warehouse, but we are no longer able to say exactly where the goods are located. In our paper we try to optimize both of these tasks using a combination of UAV's and a lightweight RFID reader. The UAV, equipped with GPS and tracking and positioning system, carrying the reader can perform the inventory automatically according to the specified trajectory, faster, without errors, with a defined and repeatable route.  
For each implementation of UHF RFID (ultra high frequency, radio frequency identification), it is necessary to design an optimal solution regarding the nature of the environment, identified objects and the required reading distance. However, the use of this technology in outdoor warehouses is associated with new problems connected to the readability of UHF RFID tags on objects containing larger amounts of water, such as raw wood or snow and ice. Specific approaches will also require the placement of a high-performance reader on a movable carrier--UAV. The main goal of this paper is to find the optimal height for reading UHF RFID tags using a reader with an antenna placed on a UAV. The first steps to determining altitude are to find statistically significant differences in the RFID tag's radio frequency response to the tag retrieval attempt and the response properties of neighboring tag.