esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effects of Isometric and Isotonic Training on Health-Related Fitness Components in Young Adults
## 3 Results  
The data of the isotonic training group and the isometric training group on health-related fitness variables from the pre- to post-training is presented in the Table 3.  
The analysis of results revealed that the isotonic training group improved in body mass index (from 23.32 \(\pm\) 0.65 to 23.95 \(\pm\) 0.92, \(p\) < 0.00), bench press 1 RM (from 41.80 \(\pm\) 14.06 kg to 56.20 \(\pm\) 12.68 kg, \(p\) < 0.00), number of sit-ups (from 23.54 \(\pm\) 3.70 to 29.22 \(\pm\) 3.88, \(p\) < 0.00), sit and reach distance (from 22.84 \(\pm\) 7.27 cm to 29.49 \(\pm\) 7.55 cm, \(p\) < 0.00), and 12 min run/walk distance (from 1226.0 \(\pm\) 199.9 m to 1469.0 \(\pm\) 249.4 m, \(p\) < 0.00). Similarly, the isometric training group improved in body mass index (from 22.86 \(\pm\) 0.77 to 23.31 \(\pm\) 1.00, \(p\) < 0.00), bench press 1 RM (from 42.44 \(\pm\) 11.44 kg to 48.48 \(\pm\) 10.38 kg, \(p\) < 0.00), number of sit-ups (from 24.10 \(\pm\) 3.05 to 25.98 \(\pm\) 2.88, \(p\) < 0.00), sit and reach distance (from 23.12 \(\pm\) 6.54 cm to 24.72 \(\pm\) 6.55 cm, \(p\) < 0.00), and 12 min run/walk distance (from 1272.0 \(\pm\) 180.0 m to 1361 \(\pm\) 198.1 m, \(p\) < 0.00).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline BMI & \\ Muscle Strength & \\ Flexibility & Dependent \\ Muscular Endurance & \\ Cardiovascular Endurance & \\ \hline Isotonic Group & Independent \\ Isometric Group & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Dependent and independent variables.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
12 weeks & Resistance training program \\ Weekly & Two sessions \\ Duration of each session & Forty five minutes \\ Isotonic exercise (group-I) & Ten \\ Isometric exercise (group-II) & Ten \\ Tests performed before and after 12-week & Pre and post-training testing of health-related \\ training schedule & fitness variables \\ Resistance training protocols & Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Details of the resistance training programs.  
Both isotonic and isometric groups have shown significant improvements in all health-related fitness components (Table 4). The isotonic training group increased in BMI by 2.70%, bench press 1 RM by 34.45%, number of sit-ups by 24.13%, sit and reach distance by 29.12%, and 12 min run/walk distance by 19.82%. The isometric training group increased in BMI by 1.96%, bench press 1 RM by 14.23%, number of sit-ups by 7.80%, sit and reach distance by 6.92%, and 12 min run/walk distance by 6.99%.  
However, a comparison between these groups revealed that the isotonic group improved more than the isometric group in all health-related fitness components, such as body mass index (0.74%), bench press 1 RM (20.22%), number of sit-ups (16.33%), sit and reach distance (22.2%), and 12 min run/walk distance (12.83%). However, significant between-group differences were revealed in the bench press 1 RM (\(p<0.01\)), number of sit-ups (\(p<0.02\)), and sit and reach distance (\(p<0.00\)) but not in body mass index (\(p>0.081\)) and 12 min run/walk distance (\(p>0.05\)).
## 4 Experimental Results
### Ablation Experiments
#### 4.6.2 Evaluation of the Attention Module  
By incorporating our proposed attention module with the encoder-decoder module, the detection AP is further improved by 2.14%, from 95.36% to 97.05%, as shown in Table 2. This comparison demonstrates that the proposed attention module is useful to detect pedestrians in IR images with changeable thermal energy by highlighting pedestrian regions while reducing background interference. The visual comparison of the encoder-decoder detection results and those of the AED-CNN detection is provided in Figure 9b,c. One can see that the encoder-decoder module without the attention module fails to detect pedestrians, when the brightness values of pedestrians are close to those of the background. However, the AED-CNN is able to successfully detect all pedestrians in these examples even when the thermal energy difference between pedestrians and background is indistinguishable.
###### Abstract  
The passenger flow assignment in the rail transit network is the basis for determining the passenger spatiotemporal distribution and train operation organization plan. In previous studies, the passenger flow assignment problem mainly focused on lines within the same rail system. Few studies focus on lines with the integrated mode of cross-line and skip-stop operation between state and suburban railway due to fewer cases in practice. In this study, passenger congestion and fare policy are taken into account in the generalized travel cost function, and a passenger flow assignment model based on the path-sized logit (PSL) model considering train capacity is proposed. Meanwhile, a schedule-based spatiotemporal digraph is established to search for the shortest spatiotemporal travel path. Furthermore, an improved method of successive averages (MSA) algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model. The proposed model is verified by a numerical example. The sensitivities of three main parameters which influence the results are also analyzed. The results show that the assignment model based on PSL is practicable in integrated operation mode. The higher the passenger's familiarity with network information, the more accurate the assignment results. State trains are more attractive when the fare is lower than 0.5 CNY/km or the hourly wage is higher than 50 CNY/h.  
passenger flow assignment; cross-line operation; skip-stop; schedule-based network; stochastic user equilibrium (SUE); method of successive averages (MSA) +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article  
Research on Passenger Flow Assignment of Integrated Cross-Line and Skip-Stop Operation between State Railway and Suburban Railway  
Xiaoyu Huang  
School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.W.)  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
# An Emergency Message Routing Protocol for Improved Congestion Management in Hybrid RF/VLC VANETs
## 3 System Model
### Modeling the Channel for VLC and RF Links and the Multi-Hop Propagation
\[Q(i,r)=f(P_{r}(i,r),\text{interference},\text{contention}) \tag{7}\]  
Propagation path loss for multi-hop VLC link for a K-hop link between nodes \(i\) and \(j\):  
\[PL_{i,j}^{\text{multihop}}=PL_{i,r_{1}}+PL_{r_{1},r_{2}}+\cdots+PL_{r_{K},j} \tag{8}\]  
where \(PL\) is the path loss defined in Equation (3), and \(r_{1}\) to \(r_{K}\) are the intermediate relay nodes. For a K-hop RF link between nodes \(i\) and \(j\) through relays \(r_{1}\) to \(r_{K}\), the multi-hop RF CIR is:  
\[h(t)\text{RF,multihop}=h(t)i,r_{1}*h(t)r_{1},r_{2}*\cdots*h(t)r_{K},j \tag{9}\]  
where \(h(t)_{\text{RF}}\) is defined in Equation (4), and \(*\) represents the linear convolution of the individual RF CIRs for each hop. These equations model the end-to-end multi-hop propagation and channel for the VLC and RF links.
# Design and Implementation of an Indoor Localization System Based on RSSI in IEEE 802.11 ax
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, their low cost and simplicity make them accessible for a wide range of applications. This work presents the design and implementation of an indoor localization system using RSSI measurements in wireless sensor networks under the IEEE 802.11 ax standard [26] (2.4 GHz). The main contribution of this work is the implementation of an RSSI-based localization system [27; 28] combined with GPS, distinguished by its practical and accessible approach. Unlike other more theoretical or costly proposals, this system utilizes low-cost hardware, such as the ESP32 microcontroller and the NEO-6M GPS module, making it an economical and scalable alternative. As algorithms and propagation models continue to evolve, these technologies have the potential to significantly optimize operations in industrial and urban environments. The integration of GPS and RSSI into this solution offers an innovative and efficient method for real-time localization, with high applicability in real-world scenarios and a reduced cost compared to that of other approaches. The objectives of this work include the application of accessible hardware and the IEEE 802.11 ax standard to facilitate its implementation in environments such as warehouse logistics and industrial automation. We cover the design and implementation of a reproducible test environment that ensures controlled evaluation conditions; the comparison of several localization algorithms, such as trilateration, Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), and the Min-Max method, to identify the most accurate approach in indoor environments; and the conduction of detailed experimental validation to assess the system's performance under both controlled and operational conditions, ensuring the reliability of the obtained results. These objectives aim to address the challenges associated with signal variability and environmental factors while providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for real-time localization in various applications. The proposed methodology combines RSSI with positioning algorithms like trilateration, Min-Max, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to improve the accuracy. ESP32 microcontrollers and NEO-6M GPS modules determine the anchor node coordinates for position estimation. RSSI measurements were analyzed under varying conditions, with MLE achieving the highest accuracy, outperforming trilateration and Min-Max. Challenges include the sensitivity of the RSSI to interference and model calibration. Enhancing the system's robustness through algorithm fusion, Kalman filtering, and machine learning is discussed. The results suggest a cost-effective and scalable solution for IoT applications in industrial and logistics environments.
## 2 NMG Classification  
NMGs are classified based on system topology, control strategy, operation mode, generation scale, and application type. The system topology categorises NMGs based on power supply, such as alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), and hybrid [17]. Control strategies divide NMGs into three groups: centralised, decentralised, and hybrid [18]. In the centralised control strategy, all endpoints are controlled by the same networked microgrid controller (NMGC). In the decentralised strategy, endpoints are managed by local controllers. The hybrid strategy combines both strategies, with endpoints being connected to local controllers, and all local controllers being controlled by an NMGC. Operation modes consist of grid-connected and off-grid modes based on the main grid connection status. Off-grid mode ensures continuous electricity flow by operating independently when main grid faults occur [19]. Based on a generation scale, NMGs are classified as small, up to 10 MW; medium, from 10 MW to 100 MW; and large, greater than 100 MW [20]. Finally, NMGs can be used in various areas, including communities, military bases, and business parks. Different generation and storage assets such as solar panels, wind turbines, and flow batteries can be used to develop NMGs, as illustrated in Figure 4. While electricity is shared between NMG endpoints, control data that hold instant current, voltage, and power values are transmitted between endpoints.  
Figure 4: An illustration of NMG structure. The NMG endpoints, _i, j, k,..., m_, are comprised of various DERs. Control data, containing reference values of current, voltage, and power, are transmitted bidirectionally between NMG endpoints.
## 3 System Model and Proposed Technique  
In digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM), data is encoded as a number of discrete time intervals. The symbol length is variable and is determined by the data that is to be modulated. A guard interval may be introduced in order to avoid two adjacent pulses occurring, where the time interval is zero. Table 2 shows a DPIM-modulated signal in comparison with a PPM-modulated signal. The DPIM-modulated signal \(S(t)\) can be represented by Equation (1) as [32].  
\[s(t)=\begin{cases}P_{s},&nT_{c}\leq t<(n+1)T_{c}\\ 0,&(n+1)T_{c}\leq t<(n+k+1)T_{c}\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
where \(T_{c}\) is the bit duration, while \(n\) = 0, 1, 2, 3,... and \(k\) = 0, 1, 2, 3,...  
A major advantage of DPIM is high spectral efficiency when compared with PPM due to a variable symbol size. Only the longest symbol has a length equal to a PPM symbol, which can be seen from Table 2. The 2-bit data word and the corresponding DPIM-modulated waveforms are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively.
# Two-Parameter Probabilistic Model and Experimental Research on Micron Particle Deposition
## 1 Introduction
The relative objectivity of the test results means experimental simulation is often used to measure the flow data related to particle deposition and verify the mathematical models of flow simulation and computational fluid dynamics calculation results. [PERSON] [26] found that particles were deposited on both the bottom and top surfaces of horizontal pipes, and the amount of particles deposited on the top surface of pipes increased with the increase in particle size. [PERSON] [27] simulated the particle pollution distribution on insulators by setting up a wind dynamic field experiment. Different gas flow directions led to the non-uniform deposition distribution of particle pollution. [PERSON] [28] tested three tubes of a different roughness (smooth glass tube, roughness height k = 0.5 and 1.5); the deposition velocity of a rough surface increases with increasing roughness, that is, the roughness produced by particle deposition makes the deposition phenomenon more obvious. Similarly, [PERSON] [29] showed that the critical heat flux of a 3 \(\upmu\)m SiO\({}_{2}\) deposited surface can be increased by 77.4% compared with that of a non-deposited surface, based on the comparison of the deposition of silicon dioxide (SiO\({}_{2}\)) on the deposited surface and non-deposited surface, which also confirmed that deposited particles will present different deposition states due to different collision objects, and gave experimental characteristics of deposition of 1 \(\upmu\)m and 3 \(\upmu\)m particles. Similar to the simulation studies, experimental results also confirm that the cleanliness of the sedimentary wall has an obvious influence on the actual particle migration and deposition; that is, the difference between the two deposition targets will lead to inaccurate results of the particle deposition law. Therefore, judging deposition targets is the premise for deciding whether particles deposit or not. Based on the deposition calculation method which can be generally applied to all forms of particle collision, the deposition law of particles of a micron size on different-cleanliness wall surfaces is further explored, and the influence of different conditions on particle deposition efficiency and deposition distribution is understood. Especially, the deposition law of micron particles in a gas transmission pipeline is analyzed, from the two angles of simulation and experimental simulation. It is of great significance, to serve the development of major scientific engineering and manufacturing science and technology fields.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Load-Deflection Curves  
From the load-deflection curves in Figure 12, it can be seen that, before the crack emerges, the curve is basically linear, and at this time, the beam is in the elastic stage. When the crack occurs, the curvature of the load-midspan deflection curve of the reinforced beam starts to reduce. However, the curvature change in the reinforced beams is not obvious due to the high tensile strength of the epoxy mortar. With the continuous increase of the load, the stirrups start to yield, causing the growth rate of the beam's shear capacity to slow down, while the deflection develops faster. After the beam reaches the ultimate capacity, the control beam A0 undergoes brittle shear failure, and the peak rapidly drops. Because the epoxy mortar used in the reinforced beams is also a brittle material, the peak rapidly drops to a load lower than that after the failure of contrast beam A0 after failure.  
The ultimate capacities of the beams were, respectively, enhanced by 17.6%, 40.9%, and 60.6% through the three reinforced beams. Due to the fact that the tensile strength of epoxy mortar is significantly greater than that of concrete, the portion of the concrete cover bonded to the reinforcement layer detaches from the original beam. As a result, the ultimate capacity does not increase linearly with the thickness of the reinforcement layer. Furthermore, as the ultimate capacity of the beam is enhanced, the area of concrete failure within the reinforced beam expands. When the reinforced beam attains the ultimate  
Figure 11: Failure modes of test beams.  
Figure 12: Load–deflection curves.  
load, the bearing capacity of the beam drops to a greater extent compared to that of the control beam A0.
# Evaluating Resilience and Thermal Comfort in Mediterranean Dwellings: A Level(s) Framework Approach
## 1 Introduction
### Alignment with Global Sustainability Agendas
While the existing literature has predominantly concentrated on the construction of new buildings or the adaptation of buildings to extreme conditions, this research places a particular emphasis on the rehabilitation of the existing building stock. This approach aligns with European policies on urban regeneration and the principle of the circular economy, which promote extending the life span of existing buildings through sustainable interventions. A central aspect of this study is the integration of thermal comfort within a broader resilience framework, which represents a novel approach compared to previous studies that address these concepts separately. Rather than focusing solely on energy efficiency or strategies to reduce environmental impact, this study explores how building rehabilitation interventions can simultaneously improve both thermal comfort and resilience. This is especially relevant in the context of energy poverty, an increasingly prevalent issue in many urban settings, particularly among vulnerable groups such as the elderly. Furthermore, the use of the Level(s) framework in this study enables a more structured and measurable assessment of key indicators related to thermal comfort and adaptability. Unlike other studies that have focused on implementing technological solutions without considering the entire life cycle of buildings, the Level(s) framework offers a robust tool for measuring the environmental and social performance of buildings over time, which is crucial for designing solutions that are sustainable in the long term.
# Network Coding for Efficient Video Multicast in Device-to-Device Communications
## 3 System Model
### Network Model
During the decoding operation, the destination nodes extract random matrix and encoded data from the packets respectively; then, conduct matrix inversion operation; finally, multiply the obtained inverse matrix with encoded data slices to recover the original data, as shown in Equation (3). Some of the data in the matrix may be re-encoded data \((X_{t},Z_{t})\). \[\left[ \begin{array}{c}p_{1}\\ p_{2}\\ \vdots\\ p_{K}\end{array} \right]=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1K }\\ a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2K}\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ c_{K1}&c_{K2}&\cdots&c_{KK}\end{array} \right]^{-1}\left[ \begin{array}{c}Y_{1 }\\ Y_{2}\\ \vdots\\ Z_{K}\end{array} \right] \tag{3}\]  
According to related research [31], when the finite field has a size of \(GF(256)\), the balance between memory overhead and computational efficiency can be best maintained, so in this paper, we set the size of the finite field at \(GF(256)\).
###### Abstract  
Poor subpleural perfusion (PSP) on dual-energy computed tomography (DE-CT) suggests microvasculopathy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, whether the microvasculopathy findings are equivalent to those in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of microvasculopathy in CTEPH compared to those of that in PAH. **Methods:** We retrospectively reviewed subpleural perfusion on DE-CT and the hemodynamics of 23 patients with PAH and 113 with inoperable CTEPH. Subpleural perfusion on DE-CT was classified as poor (subpleural spaces in all segments with little or no perfusion) or normal. **Results:** PSP was observed in 51% of patients with CTEPH and in 4% of those with PAH (\(p<0.01\)). CTEPH patients with PSP had poorer baseline hemodynamics and lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide divided by the alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) than those with CTEPH with normal perfusion (pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR]: \(768\pm 445\) dynes-sec/cm\({}^{5}\) vs. \(463\pm 284\) dynes-sec/cm\({}^{5}\), \(p<0.01\); DLCO/VA, \(60.4\pm 16.8\)% vs. \(75.9\pm 15.7\)%, \(p<0.001\)). Despite the existence of PSP, hemodynamics improved to nearly normal in both groups after balloon pulmonary angioplasty. **Conclusions:** PSP on DE-CT, which is one of the specific imaging findings in CTEPH, might suggest a different mechanism of microvasculopathy from that in PAH.  
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary arterial hypertension; dual-energy computed tomography; poor subpleural perfusion; microvasculopathy; balloon pulmonary angioplasty +
Footnote †: journal:  
Accepted: 10 August 2022  
Published: 15 August 2022  
**Published:** **Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
###### Abstract  
A battery management system (BMS) plays an important role in electric vehicles (EVs) in order to achieve a reasonable-lasting lifetime. An equalizing method is essential in order to obtain the best performance. A monitoring system is required to check if any cell voltage is high or low. In this paper, an equalizing and monitoring system for an ultra-light electric vehicle is proposed. The monitoring system detects if one cell is fully charged or all cells are fully charged and the equalizing system tops each cell at the desired voltage. To solve this issue, a light-emitting diode (LED) band gap is used as a voltage reference to inform the user if any cell is at its high voltage. A smart monitoring displays on the liquid crystal display (LCD), if one cell is high or all cells are high. This detection also provides a signal to the microcontroller to turn on/off the charger if all cells are high. Also, a Bluetooth module was designed to command the microcontroller the charger to turn on/off via voice/text message by using a smartphone. Additionally, a new smart monitoring system based on the Bluetooth model (HC05) and mobile app has been made in order to monitor individual cell voltage. A major feature of the system is to draw a very-low current, so that the system does not contribute significantly to the self-discharge of the battery and the circuit does not need sophisticated control. Manufacturers of large electric vehicles may have more intelligent systems that may require a permanent connection to the grid and allow high standby losses, where more state of charge (SOC) may be lost per day. The paper is rather focused on reducing the standby losses, and to activate the equalizer only when charging and/or driving. The experimental results are performed in order to verify the feasibility of the proposed circuit.  
BMS; EV; equalizing method; LED; LCD; Bluetooth; smart monitoring