esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Descriptions and Hypothesis
: \(f(p_{a})\) _shown in Equation (2) reflects the effect of product price on demand where \(q\) is the maximum demand without the effect of brand advertising and the sensitivity of demand to price \(\mu\) are positive constants._  
\[f(p_{a})=q-\mu p_{a} \tag{2}\]  
_They satisfy the following constraints \(0<p_{a}<\frac{q}{\mu}\)_  
**Hypothesis 5**. : _For simplicity, the original growth contribution rate \(\xi_{0}\) of the sales volume of products is \(\xi_{0}=1\) when there is no brand advertising on the e-commerce platform._  
**Hypothesis 6**. : _It is assumed that the derived growth contribution rate of sales promotion by brand advertising on the e-commerce platform which is related to the brand effect of the platform and the advertiser such that_  
\[\xi_{1}=\delta\big{(}\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)} \tag{3}\]  
_where \(\delta\big{(}\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)}\) is a function of the brand effect of a platform and the brand effect of the advertiser._  
**Hypothesis 7**. : _According to the literature [14; 15; 16], it is assumed that the cost of advertising effort is a convex function of the brand advertising effect since the cost of advertising effort and the brand advertising effect follow the law of marginal decline [16; 17], which satisfies the following Equations (4) and (5):_  
\[B_{p} =\frac{\gamma_{p}}{2}\mathrm{E}_{p}{}^{2} \tag{4}\] \[B_{a} =\frac{\gamma_{a}}{2}\mathrm{E}_{a}{}^{2} \tag{5}\]_They give (6):_  
\[\delta\big{(}\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)}=\sqrt{\frac{2B_{a}}{\gamma_{a}}} +\sqrt{\frac{2B_{p}}{\gamma_{p}}} \tag{6}\]  
_for \(\gamma_{a}>0\), \(\gamma_{p}>0\)_  
_Based on the above hypothesis, we update the demand function \(Q(p_{a})\) to \(Q\big{(}p_{a},\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)}\) which the brand effect of the platform and the advertiser is taken into account. It gives the following Equation (7):_  
\[Q\big{(}p_{a},\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)}=(\xi_{0}+\xi_{1})\cdot f(p_ {a})=f(p_{a})\cdot\big{[}1+\delta\big{(}\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)} \big{]} \tag{7}\]  
_Since the brand effect is related to the cost of advertising effort of the e-commerce platform and the advertisers. The demand function \(Q\big{(}p_{a},\mathrm{E}_{a},\mathrm{E}_{p}\big{)}\) could be updated again as the following function \(Q\big{(}p_{a},B_{a},B_{p}\big{)}\) in Equation (8):_  
\[Q\big{(}p_{a},B_{a},B_{p}\big{)}=(q-\mu p_{a})\left(1+\sqrt{\frac{2B_{a}}{ \gamma_{a}}}+\sqrt{\frac{2B_{p}}{\gamma_{p}}}\right) \tag{8}\]
## 6 Conclusions  
In this research, we have demonstrated through empirical evidence that combining various DIR systems, each with distinct attributes, surpasses the individual performance of any single DIR system. Moreover, within the ensemble framework, there is potential to create novel weak and strong DIR systems, incorporating diverse features or even alternative index structures, and seamlessly integrate them into the ensemble. Our research findings demonstrate that this ensemble of retrievals significantly outperforms most successful large-scale individual retrieval approaches, as measured by the MAP metric. The retrieval-ensemble approach enhances the accuracy and efficacy of DIR systems, offering a promising solution for handling diverse document images more effectively.  
In summary, this work not only introduces groundbreaking concepts in the field of DIR but also showcases the potential for utilizing these advancements in education, marking a significant step forward in the intersection of technology and learning. Looking ahead, one of our future research avenues involves improving the features employed in our retrieval methods to ensure they are rotation-invariant and enhance overall efficiency in speed and memory utilization.  
Conceptualization, E.O.; methodology, A.E.T. and E.O.; validation, A.E.T. and E.O.; analysis, Y.I.A.; writing--original draft preparation, E.O. and Y.I.A.; writing--review and editing, Y.I.A. and A.E.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data availability StatementData are available on request due to privacy.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Booking Holdings Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 2 PDFT Simulations of Porphyrins in Nanostructures
### Porphyrins as Nano Wires, Sheets, Tubes, and Ladders
Instead of 2D polyporphyrin (PP) nanosheets, nanowires of 1D PPs were also studied using PDFT. Some 1D porphyrins are also referred to as tape porphyrins in the literature. [PERSON] et. al. [69] studied the electronic structure of metal-polyporphyrin (MPP) and metal-polyhexapyrin (MPHP) tapes using GGA-PBE functionals. While different MPHP and MPHP (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ru) tapes were studied for their conductive (metals/half-metals/semiconductors) behavior, it was reported that doubly linked CoPHP, NiPHP, and double, triple-linked RuPP has half-metallic nature with potential applications for spintronic devices. [PERSON] et al. studied 1D PP nanowires linked with acetyl linkers with various transition metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in the porphyrin cores using GGA-PBE [45] and GGA+U [67; 68] functionals. Of all the PPs, ZnPP and NiPP nanowires are nonmagnetic while the rest are magnetic with magnetic moments like their corresponding monomer structures. Among all the metal-PP nanowires with acetyl linkers, only MnPP nanowires exhibit half-metallic behavior.
## 3 Probabilistic Evaluation of ALSC Based on BASPCE
### Deterministic Evaluation of ALSC  
The load increasing multiple \(\lambda\) can be used to quantify the ALSC. The \(\lambda\) is determined by gradually increasing the load until encountering any electrical or operational constraint violation. The deterministic ALSC problem can be mathematically formulated as follows [6]:  
Objective:  
\[\max\lambda \tag{7}\]  
Subject to:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}f(x)+\lambda b=0\\ U_{\min}\leq U_{i}\leq U_{i\max}\\ S_{ij}\leq S_{ij\max}\\ P_{Gi}\leq P_{Gi\max}\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]  
where \(f(x)\) represents the power flow equation; \(b\) is the load growing vector; \(U_{i}\) is the nodal voltage amplitude of bus \(i\); \(U_{i\min}\) and \(U_{i\max}\) are the minimum and the maximum nodal voltage amplitude limitation of bus \(i\), respectively; \(S_{ij}\) is the apparent power of the branch between bus \(i\) and bus \(j\), and \(S_{ij\max}\) is the maximum apparent power; \(P_{Gi}\) is the active power output of the generator at bus \(i\), and \(P_{Gi\max}\) is the maximum power output limitation of the generator at bus \(i\).  
RPF is a commonly used method for solving deterministic ALSC problems. Its basic principle involves starting from the initial conditions and gradually increasing the load according to a specified load growth pattern, repeatedly performing deterministic power flow (DPF) calculations until any electrical constraint is violated. The detailed calculation steps of deterministic ALSC evaluation by RPF can be found in reference [8].
# Calculation of Safety Factors of the Eurocodes
## 4 Discussion  
The calculations above are based on the dependent load combination (8.12) of [1]. In the independent load combination (8.13a,b), load reduction of approximately 10% occurs which means that the lines of Figure 5 lie about 10% higher when the load consists of equal permanent and the variable load, i.e., in this load combination, the lines are almost straight between the cases when the permanent load or the variable load is acting alone.  
Using these equations, designers can verify existing partial safety factors or calculate new ones or calculate reliabilities accounting for the true distribution of properties. A need for such a calculation may occur in many special cases, e.g., the following ones:  
* If the resistance of a structure is uncertain, and therefore, the structure is proof-loaded, the equations can be used to determine the required proof-load for the target reliability.
* In the current Eurocodes, the safety factors are set for 50-year loads. If the actual service time is different, the equations modify the safety factors.
* In case the resistance of a roof girder is uncertain, a feasible concept is to remove the snow load if it exceeds a critical value. The present equations can be applied to calculate this critical value.  
The authors have suggested that the loads are combined dependently [7,8]. The dependent load combination results in the same outcome as presented here for the permanent loads and about 20% higher safety factors for the variable loads.
# A Survey on Intrusion Detection Systems for Fog and Cloud Computing
## 5 Intrusion Detection in Fog, Edge, and Cloud Computing
### Open-Successes for Fog Computing in the IoT Environment
#### 5.2.2 Network Bandwidth Constraints  
Fog computing technology has the ability to provide a reduction to the amount of data needed to be deployed to the cloud by enabling data processing around the following: 'Application demands', 'Available networking', and 'Computing resources'--this contributes to saving network bandwidth.
# Development of Navigation Network Models for Indoor Path Planning Using 3D Semantic Point Clouds
## 2 Methodology
### Space Classification  
For the classification of point clouds, we adopted the key concept of navigable space classification from the IndoorGML standard [31]. We classified the point clouds into general space (e.g., offices, conference rooms, and storage), connection space (e.g., doors and virtual doors) and transition space (e.g., hallways and stairwells), as shown in Table 1. These three space categories together form the navigable space, which is an important component of the indoor navigation network.  
However, the number of space categories can be adjusted based on specific applications or objectives. For example, if it is necessary to highlight certain areas such as building entrance, emergency exit, or water closet (WC), additional space types can be introduced. In this work, the detailed connectivity provided by connection spaces and transition spaces is sufficient for constructing an effective indoor navigation network, so we classified the point clouds into just these three categories.
## 4 CNQF Prototype and Testbed Implementation
### CNQF Prototype Development
#### 4.1.2 MMS Implementation  
In order to enable closed-loop QoS control within CNQF prototype, the MMS network monitoring element has been implemented as a _netmon_ class. The main feature of netmon class is the provision of functions to enable SNMP based measurements using available Management Information Blocks (MIBs). Thus CNQF can create and install instances of _netmon_ at various PEPs and communicate with SNMP agents at the PEPs via the _netmon_ instance. In order to monitor attributes such as bandwidth on a router interface, the _netmon_ instance is supplied with the IP address and MIB OIDs (Object Id) representing the required attributes as well as the SNMP _community string_. The CNQF _netmon_ class incorporates an SNMP agent which is built using _SNMP4j_[36], an open source object oriented SNMP API for Java managers and agents. SNMP4j supports command generation (manager mode) and command responding (agent mode) as well as synchronous and asynchronous requests. Table 1 depicts the RFC 1213 MIB OIDs used within the _netmon_ class for bandwidth monitoring. From the MIB attributes, _netmon_ calculates the bandwidth using:  
\[\text{BW (bits/s)}=((\text{O(t)}-\text{O}(t-\Delta t)\text{ )*8})/\Delta t \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta t\) is the interval between two SMNP _get_ operations which are used to read the MIB values O(t) which is basically a counter indicating the number of octets sent (ifOutOctets) or received (IfInOctets) on the network interface. Since the MIB variables are stored as counters, two poll cycles are taken by the _netmon_ instance and the difference is calculated to obtain the bandwidth. Utilization is calculated using:  
\[\text{BWU (\%)}=((\text{O(t)}-\text{O}(t-\Delta t)\text{ )*8*100})/(\Delta t\text{ * ifSpeed}) \tag{2}\]
# Mobility-Multihoming Duality
## 4 ILNP Implementation in Linux  
ILNP is an Experimental status protocol from the IETF, with the relevant RFCs for this proposal being RFC6740/1/3/4 [40; 41; 43; 49]. We have implemented ILNP in Linux [50] as a superset of IPv6. The changes required within the IPv6 implementation are, in summary, the following:  
1. Modification of IPv6 packets for ILNP packets with the addition of the ILNP IPv6 extension header defined in [41].
2. Additional ICMPv6 messages for the LU handshake, as defined in [40].
3. L64 state management and IPv6 RA handling compatible with ILNP.
4. A simple load-sharing mechanism to distribute packets across multiple interfaces.
5. Modifying the route selection mechanism and associated functions for IPv6.
6. An additional sysctl interface call to enable/disable L64 values. This is for management plane functions, and it does not require applications to be modified.
7. An additional sysctl interface call to change host-wide operation to ILNP. This, again, is for management plane functions, and it does not require applications to be modified.  
The last two of the items listed above are local management mechanisms. The first five of these items modify the processing of the transmission and reception path for IPv6 packets, and so they are described in separate sections below. The state information related to those first five items is managed within an in-kernel data structure that represents the ILCC.
## 3 Quantitative Characterization of Bituminous Sandstone Damages under Cyclic Loading and Unloading
### Elasticity Modulus Method  
Based on continuum theory, studying rock damage from the macroscopic perspective is the initial idea to study damage mechanics. Specifically, the elasticity modulus method is relatively universal. The calculation formula is [21]:  
\[D_{E}=1-\frac{E}{E_{0}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(E\) is the elasticity modulus after sample damages, determined by the value corresponding to the last unloading curve under cyclic loading and unloading; \(E_{0}\) is the elasticity modulus before damages, which is determined by the value corresponding to the first loading curve under cyclic loading and unloading.  
The damage variable (\(D_{E}\)) of the rock samples under cyclic loading and unloading was calculated using Equation (2). Results are shown in Table 2.  
Table 2 shows that after cyclic loading and unloading, the elasticity modulus of rock samples decreased. In particular, the elasticity modulus was decreased to the maximum extent by 43.9% when the amplitude reached 40% \(\sigma_{\text{c}}\).  
Given the sample loading and unloading amplitudes, the damage variable of rock samples increased from 0.133 to 0.166 with the increase in the number of loading-unloading cycles (\(f=20\%\)\(\sigma_{\text{c}}\)), from 0.189 to 0.217 (\(f=30\%\)\(\sigma_{\text{c}}\)), and from 0.277 to 0.309 (\(f=40\%\)\(\sigma_{\text{c}}\)). Except for sample 1, damages of other rock samples defined by the elasticity modulus method were slightly higher than those determined by the longitudinal wave velocity method. Given the same number of loading-unloading cycles, the growth rate of rock damages increased with the increase in loading and loading amplitudes, reaching 42% and 46% (\(n=10\)), 35% and 45% (\(n=20\)), and 31% and 42% (\(n=30\)). The damage growth rate in the elasticity modulus method showed better laws than that in the longitudinal wave velocity method. However, the analysis results were generally similar. The increase in amplitudes and the number of cycles facilitate the damage development of rock samples. However, the growth rate of damages increased first and then decreased and finally became stable.
# Shedding Light on the Volatile Composition of _Broa_, a Traditional Portuguese Maize Bread
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of the Volatile Composition of Broas
#### 3.4.2 Contribution of Carotenoids for _Broas_' Volatile Composition  
_Broas_ produced from maize flours with a higher content in carotenoids showed higher amounts of geranylacetone and \(\alpha\)-ionone (R \(>\) 0.85, \(p\) < 0.01) (Supplementary Table S8). Thus, maize flours with higher amounts of volatiles from carotenoids' oxidation generated _broas_ with higher amounts of carotenoids' oxidation volatiles (Supplementary Table S7). For instance, although 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one was not detected in _broas_, _broas_ prepared from maize flours with higher contents in this compound showed higher geranylacetone contents (R = 0.832, \(p\) < 0.01). Both of these compounds can result from the degradation of phytoene and \(\zeta\)-carotene [7; 61].  
Significant negative correlations were found between carotenoids' content and some compounds formed during bread making (fermentation and/or baking), namely \(\gamma\)-\(N\)-caprolactone, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), hexanoic acid and indole [20; 21; 25], suggesting that carotenoids inhibited the formation of these compounds (Supplementary Figures S4 and S5).  
A positive correlation was observed between \(\gamma\)-\(N\)-caprolactone present in _broas_ and pantolactone in maize flours (Supplementary Table S7), which indicates that pantolactone might have participated in further reactions during bread making, originating \(\gamma\)-\(N\)-caprolactone. Carotenoids could have contributed to the increase in other compounds formed during bread making, such as 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2-methoxy-2,3,3-trimethylbutane and acetic acid, since significant positive correlations were found between them and carotenoids' content (Supplementary Figure S5).
## Circular Polarizer and Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna Design
### Design of Circular Polarizer
A resonance centered at 2.632 GHz can be seen from this figure, which is associated with the circular polarization. Additionally, for the RHCP case the surface magnetic field distributions on the top side of the model (i.e., port 2) at 2.584 GHz within a 10-dB range are investigated and shown in Figure 5a-d for four different phases: 0\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), 180\({}^{\circ}\), and 270\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. One can observe that an RHCP characteristic appears as the tip of the magnetic vectors change counterclockwise within one period, which verifies the polarizer's operation. For the LHCP case, the corresponding \(\mid\)S\({}_{21}\mid\) and magnetic field distributions at the four phases are similar to the RHCP case, except for the magnetic vectors varying clockwise. Since the polarizer at the RHCP case is a mirror image of itself at the LHCP case, the performance of the constituted antenna in RHCP and LHCP should be identical [15]. In addition, the utilized waveguide model has two PEC sides of opposite and a large plane source is imposed on port 1, which could result in the incident field (used for excitation of the polarizer) having characteristics approximate to the near field from the source. Thus, when the polarizer is integrated into a microstrip antenna and excited by the EM in near field, it could have similar characteristics to the polarizer placed in the environment of Figure 4a. Figure 4: (a) Waveguide model for investigation on the proposed polarizer; (b) \(\mid\)S\({}_{21}\mid\).
# Dense Robust 3D Reconstruction and Measurement for 3D Printing Process Based on Vision
## 4 Dense 3D Reconstruction of Point Clouds and Surface Texture Reconstruction in 3D Printing Process
### Dense Reconstruction of Point Cloud and 3D Reconstruction of Surface  
The SFM algorithm only gets a sparse three-dimensional point cloud, which also has a large range of voids inside, and the details are not sufficient, which cannot meet the reconstruction requirements of 3D printed parts, and further dense reconstruction is needed. Patch based multi view stereo vision (PMVS) has the characteristics of simple operation, more accurate reconstruction model, and can well deal with external point interference and occlusion ([PERSON] et al., 2017). This paper uses this method to obtain dense point clouds. However, in the actual application process, there will be more discrete points, which will affect the final reconstruction effect. In order to get a better effect, the traditional PMVS algorithm and the statistical outlier removal function encapsulated by PCL point cloud library are used in this paper to remove the discrete outer points through statistical analysis, so as to obtain a better dense reconstruction effect. The principle is to count the information of each point and its surroundings, solve the distance between each point and its surroundings, and calculate the average value. The result of the average value is expressed by Gaussian distribution as follows:  
\[D=\sum_{i=1}^{n}d_{i}/n \tag{16}\]where \(D\) is the average distance of the Gaussian distribution, \(n\) is the total number of neighborhood points around the point, and \(d_{i}\) is the distance between the neighborhood points and the point. According to the threshold value set by \(D\), the discrete outer points that do not meet the requirements will be removed to obtain the dense point cloud with better effect. Since Delaunay triangulation has a strong adaptive ability and good anti-image noise effect when it is extended to three-dimensional space [28], Delaunay triangulation is applied to surface reconstruction after obtaining dense point clouds in this paper, and for the real-time requirement of 3D printing, divide and conquer algorithm with low computational complexity is selected. The common texture map operator encapsulated in OpenGL library is used to realize the texturization of mapping, restore and reconstruct the real texture of the object, and finally obtain the 3D reconstruction model of color restoration.
# An Overview of Indoor Positioning and Mapping Technology Standards
## 4 Our Research on IPMN Standards
### Standards for Indoor Map Data
#### 4.2.5 Specification for Digital Indoor Map Products  
This specification determines how indoor maps can become authorized digital indoor map production, public or government assets. It specifies the basic requirements for indoor map products, just like traditional digital outdoor map products, such as Digital Line Graphic (DLG) products.