## 3 Results
### Field-Data Example
To comprehensively evaluate the suitability and imaging effectiveness of different seismic attributes in fault detection, we extracted horizon slices at the same target interval  
Figure 8: OOCA coherence slices at (**a**) 10 Hz, (**b**) 25 Hz, (**c**) 35 Hz, and (**d**) the fused result. The main fault is highlighted in (**a**) (blue arrows); secondary faults become clearer in (**b**,**c**) (yellow and green arrows). The fused result ((**d**), red arrows) shows both high continuity and detail. using the original seismic amplitude, maximum positive curvature, C3 coherence, and the proposed OOCA coherence attribute, as shown in Figure 9a-d. The original amplitude slice (Figure 9a) mainly reflects seismic energy distribution, displaying amplitude anomalies near structural zones. However, it provides limited delineation of fault boundaries and internal details. The maximum positive curvature attribute (Figure 9b) shows sensitivity to major fault boundaries and partially reveals local secondary faults (highlighted by red and blue dashed boxes) yet lacks clarity and structural continuity in detail. The C3 coherence slice (Figure 9c) effectively enhances lateral discontinuities, clearly imaging the main fault boundaries. Nevertheless, it exhibits poor resolution of smaller-scale features in structurally complex areas such as fault intersections (see red and blue boxes). In comparison, the OOCA coherence slice (Figure 9d) demonstrates superior continuity along the main fault and provides clearer imaging of internal small-scale faults. Areas such as the fault intersection zone (red box) and the southern branching fracture clusters (blue box) are distinctly and continuously resolved. These results confirm that the OOCA method offers improved structural continuity and spatial resolution, providing reliable attribute support for high-precision seismic interpretation in structurally complex regions. Figure 9: Attribute slices extracted along the same horizon: (**a**) original seismic amplitude, (**b**) maximum positive curvature, (**c**) C3 coherence, and (**d**) directional coherence using the proposed OOCA method. Red and blue dashed boxes highlight areas where fault clarity and fracture detail vary significantly across methods. The OOCA result (**d**) offers improved fault continuity and enhanced imaging of small-scale discontinuities. Figure 10 shows detailed horizon slices (a-c), extracted from the area marked by the red dashed box in Figure 9, and corresponding vertical cross-sections (d-f) through exploration well W1 along the yellow dashed line. At the slice scale, both maximum positive curvature (Figure 10a) and C3 coherence (Figure 10b) attributes partially identify major and secondary faults. However, despite some structural responses near well W1, neither clearly resolves these secondary faults effectively. In contrast, the OOCA coherence slice (Figure 10c) distinctly illustrates the spatial distribution and detailed geometry of secondary faults and branching fracture systems. During drilling, when well W1 reached a depth of 3124 m in the fourth hole section, drilling parameters included a weight on bit of 3-6 t, flow rate of 2500-2800 L/min, pump pressure of 10-19 MPa, and rotation speed of 50-60 r/min. The on-site monitoring indicated an abrupt decrease in returns, approximately 2 MPa drop in pump pressure, rapid fluid level drop in the circulation tank, and total lost returns in the annulus, with an instantaneous leakage rate of up to 90 m\({}^{3}\)/h. After unsuccessful plugging attempts, drilling was terminated. In vertical cross-sections through well W1 (Figure 10d-f), neither the maximum positive curvature (Figure 10d) nor the C3 coherence (Figure 10e) clearly delineates the spatial extent and continuity of faults near the wellbore. Conversely, the OOCA coherence profile (Figure 10f) significantly enhances spatial resolution and clearly images detailed and continuous fault systems around the well, particularly at the severe lost circulation zone marked by the blue arrow.