## 3 Results  
### Extraction of BSF and Its IV and SMP Properties  
Figure 1 shows the differences in the physical appearance of the extracted BSFs obtained using hexane, petroleum ether, and ethanol. BSF extracted using a nonpolar solvent is lighter in colour than is polar-solvent-extracted BSF. The hexane and petroleum-ether extracts showed similar appearances, with a common yellow oil-colour, and they solidified faster than did the ethanol extracts. A similar observation was reported in the extraction of kariya seed oil: nonpolar solvents produced yellow oil extracts, and the polar solvent produced a cloudy, dark-golden oil extract [35]. The variation in the extracted BSF appearances was presumably associated with the acid value and free-fatty-acid content, in which free fatty acid is more soluble in the polar solvent [36]. Therefore, the ethanol-extracted BSF had a darker-golden appearance than the hexane and petroleum-ether extracts. The TFC, IV, and SMP properties of the extracted BSFs are shown in Table 1. The solvents selected, such as hexane and petroleum ether for the current study, are typically used to extract oil from plant kernels [17], while ethanol is considered a green solvent in chemical extraction because of its low toxicity. Among the extraction solvents, hexane produced a high TFC, followed by the petroleum-ether and ethanol extracts. It can be seen that the hexane had a higher level of efficiency for extracting the BSF. The solutes and solvent interactions, boiling temperature, and solvent polarity might be the prominent factors that influenced the BSF's yield, extraction efficacy, and composition [17]. The hexane's low-polarity properties caused rapid molecule-transfer between the solvents, thus leading to a high TFC in the hexane-extracted BSF as compared to the petroleum-ether- and ethanol-extracted BSFs [37]. The presence of the antioxidant compounds and other extract compounds, soluble primarily in polar solvents, presumably led to the low yield of TFCin the ethanol-extracted BSF. The extraction yield for the 3 extracts was comparable to the reported fat content of mango seed fat, with values of 5.73-7.74% in a previous study [38]. On the other hand, the extracted BSFs' physicochemical properties, such as the IV and the SMP, also showed variation in their values. As seen in Table 1, petroleum-ether-extracted BSF has the lowest IV, followed by the hexane- and ethanol-extracted BSFs. The IV is used to determine the unsaturation levels and the stability of oil for industrial applications [39]. A low IV in the petroleum-extracted BSF indicates that it is prone to better resist oxidation, and it has a higher quality and longer shelf-life than the other two extracts. This behaviour is supported by the results of our previous study, in which the petroleum-ether extracts with low IVs showed a low acidity, with a value of 3.74 mg KOH/g, and had better thermal profiles than the ethanol extracts, with a 7.41 mg KOH/g acid value [40]. The changes in the IV also are associated with the FA composition. A low unsaturation value indicates a low presence of unsaturated FA (UFA); thus, petroleum-ether extracts have more saturated FA (SFA) than hexane and ethanol extracts. The extraction solvents also influence the SMP for the extracted BSFs. The petroleum-ether-extracted BSF showed high SMP values followed by the hexane and ethanol extracts. The low IVs in the petroleum-ether extracts indicate more SFAs and a higher melting-point-TG content than the other solvents; thus, the SMP is higher. The trends in the efficacy of the extraction solvents and the changes in the physicochemical properties for the extracted BSF align with the results reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] and [PERSON] et al. [20].