## 2 Literature Review  
Product recovery aims to divert end-of-life (EOL) products from landfill and to utilize them in another use cycle. From an environmental point of view, product reuse is the ultimate recovery option, followed by material recycling and then energy restoration. Product reuse usually involves processes required to restore a specific level of functionality and performance to a product. Remanufacturing, the subject of this research, is one of these processes. There is an established body of literature that explores and demonstrates the environmental savings associated with remanufacturing and other recovery options of products at its EOL. Samples of case studies examined in the literature are discussed below. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] studied and addressed the environmental benefit of remanufacturing the rear sub-frame in the Volvo V2 program. The frame is made mainly from aluminum, in addition to rubber and steel. The life cycle assessment approach is followed to compare the environmental benefits of the remanufactured sub-frame with the new one. The environmental significance of remanufacturing telecommunication networks equipment was studied by [PERSON] et al. [3]. Two types of equipment were used to conduct the study. The LCA approach was used to analyze the impacts of the life phases of this equipment. The use phase is not considered in the analysis due to the fact that both remanufactured and new equipment will have the same impact. The remanufacturing sustainability of alternators was studied by [PERSON] et al. [4]. They conducted economic, societal, and environmental analyses. The life cycle assessment approach was used to analyze the environmental impacts of three types of alternators. The remanufacturing of a diesel engine, in the Chinese truck industry, was the focus of a study by [PERSON] et al. [5]. A life cycle assessment for a new diesel engine and its remanufactured equivalent with an upgrade to liquefied natural gas (LNG) was the subject of the study and showed that the remanufactured LNG engine had less environmental impact than a new equivalent diesel engine. [PERSON] et al. [6] implemented the cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach in assessing the remanufacturing of a diesel engine in the automotive industry. Six environmental categories were used to conduct the comparison. Although the literature is rich in research that covers many aspects of remanufacturing, AC remanufacturing has not been fully addressed. The author is not aware of any industrial example of the full remanufacturing of an AC. In the literature, there is research that states that it deals with a remanufactured AC, but in fact, the processes and practices are similar to repairs rather than remanufacturing. Additionally, the processes and practices noted herein dealt with the remanufacturing of the compressor, and not the whole AC. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] used the life cycle assessment approach to compare the environmental performance of two different refrigerators that go into residential ACs. In this study, the authors compared the AC model HCFC22 (R22) to the AC model HFC410A. The study found that the HFC410 had less ozone depletion potential along with a slight reduction in contributions to global warming potential  
[PERSON] et al. [8] discussed the limitations of the LCA method; furthermore, they proposed the integration of remanufacturing and emerging technologies in the industry. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] found that it was not always a great strategy to increase government subsidies in order to decrease the environment pollution through remanufacturing or recycling. Before increasing government subsidies, policy makers need to learn more about the competitive markets and environmental impact per unit product. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] analyzed the interaction between cleaner remanufacturing production and financing portfolio strategy, and a dyadic closed-loop supply chain model was constructed.