# A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches to Modelling Decision-Making in Information Warfare Scenarios
## 2 Information Warfare
### Types of Information Warfare Operations
#### 2.4.1 Offensive Operations  
Offensive information warfare operations attempt to control the information environment by paralysing, deteriorating, interrupting, destroying or attempting to deceive information and information systems [34]. The following types of offensive information warfare have been discussed in the literature. Command and control warfare [25] attacks an opponent's command and communications infrastructure. It aims to degrade the opponent's responses to further military action. The destruction of command facilities disrupts military decision-making. Likewise, the destruction of communications infrastructure disrupts the flow of information between decision-makers and the troops implementing those decisions. Command and control warfare has also been categorised simply as 'physical destruction' [20] or 'physical attacks' [34]. These more general terms once again remind us that information warfare has relevance beyond the military context. Military deception falsely represents the attacker's capabilities or intentions to the enemy [20]. More specifically, deception is a series of measures that manipulate, deteriorate or falsify evidence to trigger a reaction that is detrimental to the enemy's interests [34]. Deception may involve the employment of physical or electronic means to camouflage one's own force posture [24]. Examples of physical deception include the deployment of dummy aircraft on the tarmac of an air base, or broadcasting radio situation reports from \"phantom\" (dummy) units [24]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] define psychological warfare as using information to affect the enemy's reasoning and thereby their behaviour. [PERSON] [7] and [PERSON] [34] define psychological warfare in a similar way as the use of information against the human mind. Classical psychological warfare techniques include air dropping propaganda leaflets and using airborne loudspeakers that broadcast demands for surrender [24]. Figure 2: Framework to classify information warfare games. [PERSON] [25] divides psychological warfare into four sub-categories based upon its intended target: counter-will operations, cultural conflict, counter-forces attacks and counter-commander operations. Counter-will operations and cultural conflict are aimed at civilian populations. Counter-will operations counter the opponent's national will by transmitting a deceptive message to a population. For example, messages may suggest that present and future military attacks are likely to fail. Cultural conflict targets an opponent's culture. For example, it may attempt to replace their traditions and beliefs with those of the attacker. In contrast, counter-forces and counter-commander attacks target an opponent's military troops more specifically. Counter-forces attacks aim to convince troops that fighting is against their best interests. Counter-commander operations intend to confuse and disorientate an opponent's military commanders, detrimentally affecting their decision-making abilities. Many aspects of psychological warfare have a long history, independent of the use of ICT. However, ICT can faciliate wider and faster application of psychological warfare techniques. Cyber-bullying is a recent example of the changing nature of psychological cyber-attacks. Early definitions of electronic warfare describe it as attempts to degrade the physical basis of an opponent's communications [25; 35] and attempts to deny the enemy accurate information from the environment [20]. More recent work describe the goal of electronic warfare as controlling the electromagnetic spectrum [34]. [PERSON] [7] lists three main targets for such electronic warfare attacks: radar receivers, communication systems or communicated messages. Attack types include electronic attacks (jamming), physical assaults or decryption of sensitive messages [24]. More recently, the focus of electronic warfare has altered to include attacks on services which support physical layer activities [26].