esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Changes in GBCA SI  
Figure 5 shows a graphical representation of the change in GBCA SIs in the MR phantom with varying TEs. Table 3 shows the results for SSI\({}^{1}\), FSI\({}^{1}\), CPFS, RSP, MPSI, MPP, EPMS, AST, and EP. As the TE decreased from 25 to 7 msec, SSI\({}^{1}\) changed from 100 to 112 a.u., and FSI\({}^{1}\) increased from 840 to 1236 a.u. Consequently, with decreasing TE, CPFS also increased from 740.0 to 1003.6%. RSP was found to be between 30 and 90 mmol, while MPSI increased from 1771 to 2425 a.u., and MPP changed from 2 to 4 mmol, while EPMS changed from 1671.0 to 2065.2%. AST increased from 600.8 to 996.6 a.u. with decreasing TEs. Table 3 shows the changes in EP mmol for each concentration with varying TE.  
Figure 5: Graphs of signal changes according to various conditions. (**a**) Signal changes at each TE by concentration; (**b**) signal changes at each concentration and AST by TE; (**c**) saline and fat signal changes at each TE; (**d**) CPFS and EPMS signal changes at each TE; (**e**) EP changes at each concentration. TE, echo time; AST, average of SI for each mol per TE; CPFS, contrast percentage of fat to saline; EPMS, enhancement percentage of MPSI to saline; MPSI, max peak signal intensity; EP, enhancement percentage; SSII, saline signal intensity of phantom study; FSI\({}^{1}\), fat signal intensity of phantom study.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Flexibility in Terms of CO\({}_{2 eq}\) Emissions  
In order to evaluate the flexibility in terms of emissions, we use a modified version of the flexibility KPI proposed by [PERSON] et al., 2015 [11]. The modified Flexibility index (Equation (4)), which ranges from 0% to 100%, is maximized when all the energy needed is consumed at a time of day when the CO\({}_{\text{2 eq}}\) emissions are at the lowest levels.  
\[Flexibility_{\text{CO2 eq}}=\frac{em_{el,max}-em_{el,arg}}{em_{el,max}-em_{el,min}} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 9: Flexibility index in terms of cost.  
The results for each building (reference, case A) and each control scenario are shown in Figure 10. We noticed that the reference control scenario presented a CO2 eq. emission flexibility of about 65% for the reference building and about 64% for the case A building. The flexibility increased in the CO2 PRBC scenario to about 70% for both buildings. Surprisingly, the cost PRBC presented the highest value of CO2 eq emission flexibility (71%), but with a small difference compared to the CO2 PRBC. The moderate increase between scenarios (about 6%) was attributed to the relatively high variation of CO2 eq intensity of electricity throughout the day and showed that PRBC is a promising type of control when the target is reduction of CO2 eq emissions.
# Leakage Effect on the Transmission Properties of a Duct Loaded with a Helmholtz Resonator
## 2 Acoustic Transmission of the DHR Device
### Acoustic Transfer Relations in the Duct
\right] \tag{42}\]  
Similarly, at the exit \(z=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{n+1}a_{m}\), we have  
\[p_{A_{n+1}}\!\left(\sum\limits_{m=1}^{n+1}a_{m}\right)=p_{\text{out}},\ U_{A_{n+1}}\!\left(\sum \limits_{m=1}^{n+1}a_{m}\right)=U_{\text{out}} \tag{43}\]  
Substituting Equation (39) into Equation (43), we obtain  
\[\left[ \begin{array}{c}p_{\text{out}}\\ U_{\text{out}}\end{array} \right]=\mathbf{M}_{3}\!\left[ \begin{array}{c}A_{n+ 1}^{+}\\ A_{n+1}^{-}\end{array} \right] \tag{44}\]where  
\[\mathbf{M}_{3}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}k\beta_{n+1}}& \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{j}k\alpha_{n+1}}\\ \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}k\alpha_{n+1}}&-\frac{\mathrm{j}k\alpha_{n+1}}{R_{n_{1} }}\end{array} \right] \tag{45}\]  
At the midpoint of the first neck \(z=a_{1}\), we have the following relation  
\[p_{A_{1}}(a_{1})=p_{A_{2}}(a_{1})=p_{1},\ U_{A_{1}}(a_{1})=U_{A_{2}}(a_{1})+U_ {1}(0) \tag{46}\]  
Similarly, at the midpoint of the \(i\)th neck \(z=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{i}a_{i}(2\leq i\leq n)\), the following conditions hold true  
\[p_{A_{i}}\left(\sum\limits_{m=1}^{i}a_{m}\right)=p_{A_{i+1}}\left(\sum\limits _{m=1}^{i}a_{m}\right)=p_{i}\,\ U_{A_{i}}\left(\sum\limits_{m=1}^{i}a_{i}\right)=U_{A_{i+1}} \left(\sum\limits_{m=1}^{i}a_{i}\right)+U_{i}(0) \tag{47}\]  
Based on Equations (35), (36), (38), (39), (46) and (47), the \(2n\) equations can be obtained, from which the transfer matrix from the first neck to the \(n\)th neck \(\mathbf{M}_{2}\) can be solved, see Appendix A. Finally, we obtain the transfer relation between the transmitted and the incident state parameters, given by  
\[\left[ \begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{out}}\\ U_{\mathrm{out}}\end{array} \right]=\mathbf{M}\left[ \begin{array}{c}p_{\mathrm{ in}}\\ U_{\mathrm{in}}\end{array} \right] \tag{48}\]  
in which, the total transfer matrix \(\mathbf{M}\) is the form  
\[\mathbf{M}=\mathbf{M}_{3}\mathbf{M}_{2}\mathbf{M}_{1} \tag{49}\]
## 10 Novel Imaging Using CXI
### Effective Atomic Number (\(Z_{\text{eff}}\)) Imaging  
Figure 1b can be considered from another viewpoint: the sensitivity ratio (ratio of the phase shift to absorption) corresponds to the atomic number because the thickness of the sample cancels out if the absorption edge of the elements composing the sample is excluded. In other words, information about sample elements can be obtained from phase shift \(\Delta p\) and absorption (\(I/I_{0}\)). Elemental mapping based on this principle is called \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) (effective atomic number) imaging [74], and the Z-number (\(Z_{\text{eff}}\) for complex material) can be calculated using an approximate equation for 17.8-keV X-rays:  
\[Z_{eff}=88.4\Bigg{(}\frac{2\Delta p}{\ln\left(\frac{I}{\text{t}_{0}}\right)} \Bigg{)}^{-0.347} \tag{6}\]  
Figure 21 shows photos, phase maps, and absorption maps of metal foils (Al, Fe, Ni, and Cu) obtained by CXI and the corresponding \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) images calculated using Equation (6). While the error was larger for Al due to the small absorption, the \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) values for Ni and Cu were 27.9 and 28.8, which are almost the same as the element numbers (28 and 29), indicating that the element type can be identified for a single element.  
Figure 20: Images of mouse leg obtained using (**a**) degree of coherence contrast, (**b**) phase contrast, and (**c**) absorption contrast. Reproduced from ref. [73] with the permission of AIP Publishing.  
Figure 22 shows the results of applying this method to a rusted iron plate [75]. Figure 22 shows the \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) image obtained in the same way as for Figure 21, and Figure 22 is a photograph of the sample. The \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) values for the areas marked by the orange circles were smaller than those for the other areas, indicating that those areas were more rusted than evident in the photograph. Rusting (oxidation) increases the relative oxygen content, and the \(Z_{\text{eff}}\) value seems to be conversely decreased. This imaging method cannot detect changes in valence quantitively, unlike XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) spectroscopy, but the X-ray energy can be set arbitrarily. Therefore, this method should enable observation of the internal state (rusting, oxidation, and degradation) of thick samples.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### XRF Soil Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Correlation Coefficients  
The Pearson correlation coefficients, presented in Table 7, indicate a significant strong association (>0.50) between Rb-Ba-V; Cu-Pb-Co-Zn-Sc; Pb-As-Co-Zn-Sc; As-Zn-Sc-Hg; Co-Zn-Sc; Ni-Sc-V; Mn-Sc; Zr-Sc-Hg-Ba-Ag; Hg-Sb-Cd and Ba-Cd for the playground samples. Regarding the edge of the park samples Rb-Cr-V-Ba; Cu-Zn-Zr; Pb-As-Zn-Ba-Cd; As-Co-Ni-Cd; Cr-V; Ni-Mn-Cd; Mn-Hg; Zn-Ba; Zr-Sb and Sb-Ba. The correlations among the metals indicate a common source [46] or similar behavior in the environment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{11}{c}{**(a)**} \\ \hline  & **Sr** & **Rb** & **Cu** & **Pb** & **As** & **Co** & **Cr** & **Ni** & **Mn** & **Zn** & **Sc** & **Zr** & **Hg** & **V** & **Sb** & **Ba**  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**(b)**} \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Sr**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Rb**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cu**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pb**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**As**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Co**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cr**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ni**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Mn**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Zn**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sc**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Zr**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Hg**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**V**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sb**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ba**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cd**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ag**} \\ \hline Zr & \(-\)0.19 & 0.11 & 0.51 & 0.22 & \(-\)0.27 & \(-\)0.35 & 0.16 & \(-\)0.30 & 0.11 & 0.38 & & 1.00 & & & & & & \\ Hg & \(-\)0.18 & 0.20 & \(-\)0.23 & \(-\)0.60 & \(-\)0.40 & \(-\)0.62 & 0.44 & 0.32 & 0.50 & -0.52 & 0.17 & 1.00 & & & & & \\ V & \(-\)0.63 & 0.77 & 0.08 & 0.01 & \(-\)0.41 & \(-\)0.05 & 0.70 & 0.02 & 0.09 & 0.22 & 0.07 & 0.03 & 1.00 & & & & \\ Sb & \(-\)0.13 & 0.02 & 0.19 & \(-\)0.11 & \(-\)0.25 & \(-\)0.01 & 0.12 & \(-\)0.22 & 0.28 & \(-\)0.02 & 0.77 & 0.27 & \(-\)0.03 & 1.00 & & & \\ Ba & \(-\)0.61 & 0.86 & 0.35 & 0.54 & \(-\)0.04 & \(-\)0.06 & 0.32 & 0.05 & \(-\)0.05 & 0.70 & 0.30 & \(-\)0.16 & 0.70 & 0.21 & 1.00 & & \\ Cd & 0.19 & 0.18 & 0.09 & 0.59 & 0.66 & 0.26 & \(-\)0.51 & 0.78 & 0.12 & 0.36 & \(-\)0.10 & \(-\)0.08 & \(-\)0.08 & \(-\)0.14 & 0.23 & 1.00 & & \\ Ag & \(-\)0.67 & 0.41 & 0.10 & 0.30 & \(-\)0.10 & \(-\)0.26 & 0.37 & 0.11 & 0.34 & 0.35 & 0.02 & \(-\)0.13 & 0.32 & \(-\)0.28 & 0.30 & 0.11 & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: _Cont._
# Optical Link Design for Quantum Key Distribution-Integrated Optical Access Networks
## 4 Integration of CV-QKD Protocol in OANs
### Cost-Effective CV-QKD Implementation Integrated with OAN  
Considering the cost-sensitive nature of OANs, CV-QKD must be designed with cost efficiency in mind. To reduce complexity, low-order discrete modulation schemes (e.g., QPSK, 16-QAM) are preferable over Gaussian modulation, as they require lower resolution DACs and ADCs. Although this approach reduces the secret key rate, the accumulated secret keys over extended periods can still ensure secure communication. LLO-based CV-QKD is considered more suitable for OANs. The TDMA scheme reduces the TLO power, directly degrading the SNR of the detected signal. While EDFAs can be used to boost the TLO, their high cost and large footprint make them impractical for OANs. LLO eliminates the need for the TDM-based multiplexing of pilot and QKD signals, further reducing pulse generation costs. For detection, heterodyne measurement is preferable, since it can avoid precise phase locking, which is challenging to achieve in real-time.
# Designing and Simulating the Control Process of a Feed Pusher Robot Used on a Dairy Farm
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Computer and Physical Modeling  
Computer modeling involved the use of MATLAB Simulink software. Its libraries of configurable blocks, representing real-life components, such as electric motors, axis and frames, allow for the designing of an accurate robot model. The present research modeled a robot that uses two stepper motors with rigid linkage to the wheels through a reduction gear to drive, allowing a precise positioning of the robot. Also, a designed intelligent control system enabled the robot to follow the pre-configured path and react to unexpected obstacles [34].  
The physical model was built on a scale of 1:1 using aluminum extrusions and equipped with stepper motors, a control and communication system, and sets of sensors for positioning. The model can provide feedback both through a wireless connection and an installed display. Also, the research team tested a binocular vision system based on an Nvidia Jetson platform. Figure 3 shows its double-camera configuration and a control board.
## 1 Introduction
### Modified Electrode Types  
Electrodes play a crucial role in electroanalytical techniques, as they provide the interface between the analyte and the electrochemical cell. Electrochemical sensors have emerged as a promising approach for the detection of antibiotics, due to their low cost, high sensitivity, and ease of use [26; 28].  
Modified electrodes have been applied in various fields such as energy production and analytical chemistry. Modified electrodes have been particularly successful in the electrochemical determination of trace levels of amino acids, peptides, proteins, alcohols, and sugars, but they have also been used to study inorganic ions. However, modified electrodes can be limited by long-term stability and the ability to restore activity after surface contamination [29]. Compared to modified electrodes, the surface properties of bare solid electrodes have certain limitations, such as smaller specific surface areas, fewer surface functional groups, and poorer specificity [30]. These shortcomings are not conducive to the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of the substance to be tested on the electrode surface. Therefore, researchers have focused more on chemical or chemically modified electrodes [31; 32]. It can be expressed as a solid electrode with a specific microstructure after the surface has been artificially modified and has a significant performance improvement [26].  
Some common types of modified electrodes include:  
* Carbon paste electrodes: These electrodes are made by mixing carbon particles with a binder material to form a paste, which is then applied to the surface of a conducting substrate. Carbon paste electrodes are often used in potentiometric and amperometric measurements.
* Electrodes modified with enzymes: Enzymes can be attached to the surface of an electrode to create a biosensor. The enzyme is chosen based on its ability to catalyze a specific reaction with a specific analyte.
* Electrodes modified with nanoparticles: Nanoparticles can be attached to the surface of an electrode to create a modified electrode with improved catalytic activity or sensitivity.
* Microelectrodes: These are small electrodes with dimensions in the order of micrometers. They are often used to study electrochemical processes at the microscopic scale.
* Electrodes modified with chemical modifiers: Chemical modifiers can be used to modify the surface of an electrode to make it reactive with certain analytes.
# An Edge-Based Approach to Partitioning and Overlapping Graph Clustering with User-Specified Density
## 3 Preliminary
### Illustration of Edge Degree, The Edge with Average Edge Degree, and Relative Density of a Cluster  
To visually illustrate the concepts of edge degree, the edge with an average degree, and relative density of a cluster, an arbitrary simple graph comprising 15 nodes and 25 edges is presented in Figure 3.  
In Figure 3a, the edge degree of each edge is determined using Equation (1), which is calculated as the sum of the degrees of the two endpoints minus 1. Figure 3b highlights the edge with an average edge degree (i.e., edge (0, 7)) using Equation (2). In Figure 3c, internal and external edges are indicated by dotted lines and solid lines, respectively. Cluster 1 (in yellow) showcases an internal degree (\(\mathit{int}_{\mathit{deg}}(c_{1})\)) of 8 and an external degree (\(\mathit{ext}_{\mathit{deg}}(c_{1})\)) of 10, as determined by Equations (3) and (4), respectively. This yields a relative density (\(\delta_{r}(c_{1})\)) of 0.44, calculated using Equation (5). In the case of the second cluster (in red), it indicates an internal degree (\(\mathit{int}_{\mathit{deg}}(c_{2})\)) of 7 and an external degree (\(\mathit{ext}_{\mathit{deg}}(c_{2})\)) of 8. Consequently, the relative density (\(\delta_{r}(c_{2})\)) for this cluster is 0.46. Further details on the partitioning and overlapping clustering processes are covered in Section 4.
# Developments in Contact Lens Imaging: New Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography
## 2 Clinical Uses in CL Practice
### Static and Dynamic Assessment of CL Fitting  
In the primary position, the ideal soft lens fit should be well-centered. The lens edge must always rest on the conjunctiva well clear of the limbus. A natural blink should induce movement that is observable [22; 27]. This is especially important in toric and multifocal soft lens fitting. As these lenses are generally aspheric in nature, a decentered lens induces visually compromising aberrations, such as as astigmatism, coma, and curvature [22]. Proper lens movement facilitates tear exchange underneath the lens and the removal of debris and inflammatory mediators [24]. Traditionally, the dynamic assessment of lens fitting has been performed via slit-lamp biomicroscopy evaluation. The ease of displacement or recovery speed of the push-up test can be registered and measured by video capture [24; 30]. As the OCT allows for objective quantitative measurements of CL movement, it is thought to be a perfect complement to slit-lamp examination [53].  
RGP lens fitting is more complicated and usually requires additional knowledge and clinical experience. The standard criterion for evaluating the lens-to-cornea fit has been to examine the fluorescein test and slit-lamp with a cobalt filter. [PERSON] et al. compared the results of fitting RGP lenses with two methods and showed that fitting with a commercial SOCT is less accurate than the traditional subjective method according to the qualitative assessment of the difference in gaps between the front of the cornea and the lens, depending on changes in the base curve radius test lens.  
In 2010, an analysis of blink-induced vertical movements of the interior lens edge of soft and rigid CLs using video-rate imaging modes of SOCT was reported. The method allowed the simultaneous real-time quantitative measurement of the movement of the CL and an objective evaluation of the fitting relationship between the lens and the ocular surface [10].  
According to [PERSON] et al., combining ultra-high-resolution and ultra-long scan-depth OCT has enabled the dynamic tracking of lens micro-movements and the overall shape of the ocular surface [24]. A recently-published study demonstrated the feasibility and good repeatability of a novel method based on the ultra-long scan-depth OCT system to assess the centration and movement characteristics of CLs [54].
# A Wireless Hand Grip Device for Motion and Force Analysis
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In this section, the main requirement of the system's design is introduced and the different electronic devices and their layout are described. The minimum requirements or functionalities that the wireless hand device needs to satisfy in order to be useful as a rehabilitation system are proposed. These main requirements are:  
* Gauges or linear potentiometers to obtain the magnitude of the hand's force;
* Accelerometer and Gyroscope (9 DOF) to obtain device's 3D position and orientation;
* Resistive pressure sensors FSR for the fingers;
* Self-contained device with incorporation of batteries;
* A PIC to convert the A/D data and send it by RF to the PC;
* Wireless communication, RF module (Bluetooth).  
Considering the previous functional requirements and taking into account portability and low-cost, we opted for items with the following mechanical properties: tensile strength and sufficient compression to withstand the grip force exerted by the hand without deforming or breaking apart. For all these reasons, the material used was polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
The device has two blocks. The first block contains all electronic components, such as, sensors, battery, microcontroller and the communication module. This block is subdivided in three parts: the main body and two covers, the block was put together using 4 screws in each cover. The second block is responsible for transmitting the force exerted by the hand to the two force sensors. This block is attached to the main body with 4 screws; sufficient clearance is provided as to not affect the force measurements. Additionally, the central part of the main body is reinforced using a 4 mm \(\times\) 140 mm aluminum sheet. Three-dimensional shaders of the prototype are shown below in Figure 1.  
The original PVC block was milled using an industrial CNC Odisea milling machine and all data and coordinates was introduced using the machine's front panel. In the case of commercial industrial production, a mechanical design using plastic injection will be considered in order to decrease final costs.
## 4 Discussion  
The results presented in Section 4 try to determine possible correlations between the H/V predominant period and the gravity residuals. Figures 7-10 show, in general, that there is a direct correlation between both parameters: the higher the period, the higher the negative gravimetric anomaly. However, the robustness of this correlation depends on particular geological/morphological conditions. Considering each city individually, the best results are obtained in Vina del Mar (Figure 3) as can be seen in Figure 7. The whole sedimentary basin in the city is infilled by the same unconsolidated fluvial sediments, composed mainly of fine sands overlying a well-defined and quite homogeneous bedrock (Jurassic granitoid) [46]. In these conditions, there is a clear trend between both parameters with a very low dispersion. This trend improves when only the soils with seismic classifications of D and E are considered (lower panel of Figure 7). The reduced difference between both data sets can be attributed to the fact that more than the 80% of the soils in the city correspond to type D and E. Soils with classifications D and E are soils with low shear-wave velocities (lower than 350 m/s at least in the upper 30 m) or with predominant periods higher than 0.4 s. This indicates that they have a high impedance contrast with the rock (see Table 2, where the A0 from H/V is higher in the three fine soils than in the dense soil of Iquique). On the other hand, the worst results are obtained in sites such as Iquique, where only a 10% of the soils are classified as D or E. In this city, the soils are more rigid, composed mainly of dense gravels, with velocities over 350 m/s and a very shallow bedrock in a great part of the city. This situation decreases the impedance contrast between soil and rock, and consequently, decreases the quality of the correlation between predominant period and gravity residuals. Figure 8 shows that there is no correlation at all between both parameters. Additionally, the presence of a heterogeneous bedrock can lead to some errors in the estimation of the gravity in which part of the signal is in fact the response of a mass defect/excess of the basement, and not an increase/decrease of the sedimentary thickness. This could add some noise, affecting the correlation with the period, as well. This last situation is observed in Santiago, which is the biggest and extended city in the country and encompasses the largest number of measurements in this study (around 300 sites). Even though the negative correlation between gravity and H/V predominant period exists, the results are more disperse than in Vina del Mar. The correlation improves when only relatively soft sites are considered, although with a lower R\({}^{2}\) than in Vina (0.22 compared to 0.82). This higher dispersion can be explained, first, by the heterogeneous basement that induces some errors in obtaining the gravity residuals, as explained earlier. As in Iquique, the basement in Santiago is complex, including rock with different