# 3D Monitoring of Buildings Using TerraSAR-X InSAR, DInSAR and PolSAR Capacities
## 2 The Dataset and the Studied Buildings
### The Studied Buildings  
The buildings studied in this paper are known as Front de Seine elements. Front de Seine is a district in Paris, France, located along the river Seine in the 15 th arrondissement at the south of the Eiffel Tower. It is one of the few districts in the city of Paris containing high rise buildings as they have mostly been constructed outside the city. It includes about 20 towers with varied designs, reaching nearly 100 m of height. The geographical location of the studied area is represented in Figure 2. This figure also links the SAR image azimuth/range geometry, in which all our SAR image extracts are represented with the geographical coordinates of the area. Six buildings were monitored during study: the emblematic Eiffel Tower and the Cristal, Keller, Mirabeau, Espace 2000 and Perspective II Towers. An optical images of the Front the Seine and the interferometric fringes over these buildings are represented in Figure 3. The SAR sensor images the layover between the south-west facade of the buildings and the ground. As it can be seen in Figure 3, the studied buildings have different facade structure and material. The characteristics of these buildings is listed in Table 2. The Eiffel, Cristal, Keller and Mirabeau Tower are test buildings for the interferometric and the polarimetric experiences. In order to get buildings with the same orientation but different facade characteristics, the Espace 2000 and Perspective II Towers have been added to the polarimetric analysis. Due to the high variability in their facade, these two towers have a lower backscattered signal, as it can be seen in Figure 3  
Figure 1: Perpendicular baselines (in meter) between the master image (\(\blacksquare\)) and the other 97 images composing the interferometric dataset given the number of days between the acquisitions. The vertical dashed lines represent the years from the reference image. Figure 2: Geographical location of the studied area and the SAR images. and in Figure 3g for the Perspective II Tower, on which interferometric fringes can mostly be seen in the middle and the extremities of the facade. Nevertheless, the Espace 2000 Tower has the same orientation than the Keller Tower even if the proportions of the buildings differ. The main facade of Perspective II Tower and the Cristal Tower have the same orientation, modulated by the varying shape of their facade. For the Eiffel Tower, we can benefit from the comprehensive and expert knowledge of architects and structural engineers responsible for looking after and maintaining the monument and its facilities. La Societe d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) is the company running and maintaining the Eiffel Tower building. It has mandated the company OSMOS to monitor in situ the daily deformations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Tower** & **Height** & **Facade Material** & **Facade Structure** & **Shape** \\ \hline
1. & Eiffel & 321 m & & Iron beams & \\
2. & Cristal & 98 m & Glass & Slanted corner & Rectangular cuboid \\
3. & Keller & 98 m & Reinforced concrete & Concrete panels and windows & Rectangular cuboid \\
4. & Mirabeau & 70 m & Reinforced concrete & Metallic window frame & Tripode \\
5. & Espace 2000 & 98 m & Reinforced concrete & Small balconies & Rectangular cuboid \\
6. & Perspective II & 94 m & Reinforced concrete & Concrete panels and windows & Butterfly-shape footprint \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Characteristics of the six studied buildings. Figure 3: Optical image and interferometric fringes between the reference image and the 22-04-2009 image for the Eiffel, Cristal, Keller and Mirabeau Towers. (**a**) Front de Seine (©[PERSON] (**b**) Eiffel Tower fringes; (**c**) Cristal Tower fringes; (**d**) Keller Tower fringes; (**e**) Mirabeau Tower fringes; (**f**) Espace 2000 Tower; (**g**) Perspective II Tower. The phase \(\phi\) is coded by the hue while the degree of coherence \(\gamma\) is coded by the saturation. The value is the intensity of the reference image.