esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Application of Deep Learning Techniques for the State of Charge Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries
###### Abstract
In contrast, this study proposes a method for predicting the SOC of lithium-ion batteries using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model. LSTM can learn long-term dependencies from sequence data, effectively modeling the complex nonlinear charging and discharging patterns of batteries. By comparing with existing studies, this paper aims to emphasize the superior prediction performance of LSTM and its potential to enhance battery management systems (BMS). This approach suggests the possibility of overcoming the limitations of traditional filter-based models and achieving high SOC prediction accuracy under various conditions. Artificial intelligence has become a critical issue globally, and SOC prediction using deep learning can handle the nonlinear characteristics of batteries in real time, demonstrating high adaptability to various battery types [18; 19]. In this study, we propose a method to estimate SOC using an RNN network with LSTM memory cells. For this, we downloaded and utilized measured data from the CS_2 lithium-ion battery provided by the University of Maryland School of Engineering, and we obtained training data through experiments on the structure and operation of the LSTM and the electrical discharge capacity. The collected data consisted of a total of four cells: CS_35, CS_36, CS_37, and CS_38. The structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 describes the artificial intelligence model and structure proposed in this study, as well as the composition and research methods of datasets for four types of battery cells. Section 3 details the design and structure of the LSTM model used in this paper, while Section 4 presents the experimental results. Finally, the conclusion of this paper is discussed in Section 5.
## 7 Conclusions  
MMW signals experience attenuation and scattering due to raindrops in rainy environments. While extensive research has focused on single scattering and attenuation effects, there has been limited investigation into the impact of multiple scattering on MMW fuze echo signals. This study establishes a mathematical model for MMW fuze echo signals considering multiple scattering processes under rainfall conditions and simulates these signals using the Monte Carlo method. In addressing the unique aspects of MMW fuzes during the Monte Carlo simulation, random sampling techniques are employed to model target scattering in the MMW frequency band. Additionally, the Gaussian distribution characteristics of the transmit antenna gain are accurately reproduced using Gaussian sampling methods. At the receiving antenna, the gain of the captured signal is evaluated through precise calculations of the reception angle.  
This study examines and analyzes the spectrum of the echo signal under various operating frequencies and rainfall conditions. The simulation results and experimental result reveal that rain backscatter noise primarily affects the lower end of the echo signal spectrum, potentially leading to misjudgments in detecting nearby targets. Rainfall increase in the bottom noise of the echo signal, which can interfere with identifying echo signals from more distant or weakly reflected targets. However, the correlation coefficient between the spectra obtained without rain and with torrential rain at 10-15 m for MMV fuzes ranges from 0.58 to 0.84, which indicates that rainfall does not significantly impact the detection and identification of strongly reflected targets at the high end of the spectrum. These findings, confirms the feasibility of the Monte Carlo simulation method for MMW fuze echo signals under rainy conditions. The modeling approach and experimental results presented in this paper offer valuable technical support for enhancing the environmental adaptability of MMW fuzes and exploring methods to resist natural environmental interference.  
Conceptualization, Z.H.; methodology, B.Y.; validation, Z.G.; formal analysis, Z.G.; resources, Z.H.; data curation, K.W.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Y.; writing--review and editing, K.W.; visualization, Z.G.; supervision, Z.H.; funding acquisition, Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Mitigating the Impact of Noise on Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing +
## 7 Discussion
### Impact of Attenuation  
In this manuscript, ideal distributed amplification has been considered. Under this assumption, and in the absence of noise, the optical channel is integrable through the NFT, and the theory underlying the NFDM concept is exact. The reason for this choice is that, even in such an ideal scenario,NFDM has not been demonstrated to outperform conventional systems. Therefore, we believe that the optimization of NFDM should be carried out in the simplest setup, and eventually tested in the more realistic one, in which fiber attenuation breaks the integrability and worsens the system performance (even when considering the lossless path-averaged model [41]).
# Qualitative Analysis of Sleeper Supporting Condition for Railway Ballasted Tracks Using Modal Test
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Track Using Modal Testing
#### 2.2.2 Test Results  
Modal testing was conducted on the gravel ballast of the operational tracks, and the FRFs and natural frequencies were measured, as shown in Figure 3. The first natural frequencies were calculated from the FRFs and are summarized in Table 2.  
According to the natural frequency analysis, as shown in Figure 3a, the left and right natural frequencies of sleeper #4 were similar, and poor gravel compaction was not observed during the visual inspection. However, as shown in Figure 3b,c, the natural frequencies were more than 50 Hz lower than those of sleeper #4. The visual inspection revealed poor gravel compaction and cracks in the sleepers, which reduced the spring stiffness of the ballast beneath them, resulting in relatively lower natural frequencies. Therefore, in gravel-ballasted tracks, changes in sleeper support conditions, such as sleeper damage, floating sleepers, and poor gravel compaction, can directly affect the natural frequencies.  
Figure 4 depicts the analysis of the FRFs for all concrete sleepers on both the up and down tracks prior to construction. Specifically, as shown in Figure 4a, the first mode frequency ranged between 100 and 125 Hz on the up track near the excavation site, and many first modes were distributed between 150 and 200 Hz. For the down track, which was farther from the excavation site, the first mode occurred at 125-150 Hz for some sleepers, whereas for most sleepers, it ranged between 200 and 250 Hz, as illustrated in Figure 4b.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Category**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\#4**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\#3**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\#11**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Left** & **Right** & **Left** & **Right** & **Left** & **Right** \\ \hline First Natural Frequency & 183.8 & 178.8 & 111.9 & 115.0 & 123.1 & 122.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Natural frequency analysis results (up track).  
Figure 3: Frequency response function (FRF) measurement results (up track). (**a**) #4; (**b**) #3; (**c**) #11.  
The analysis prior to construction indicated that the up track experienced reduced stiffness, attributable to floating sleepers and poor gravel compaction. Conversely, although some sleepers exhibited floating or reduced stiffness on the down track, most maintained normal first natural frequencies.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### SIF Retrieval Algorithm  
For SIF retrieval at the canopy level, algorithms based on the Fraunhofer Line Discrimination (FLD) principle [34] are most commonly used. Several different FLD-based algorithms have been developed, including the standard FLD [34], the 3-band FLD (3 FLD) [35], the improved FLD (iFLD) [36], and the principal component analysis-based FLD (pFLD) ([PERSON] et al., 2015). The 3 FLD algorithm has been proven to be relatively robust and simple to use for data with a spectral resolution of 0.3 nm [5], especially for the O\({}_{2}\)-A band. Using the 3 FLD algorithm, only three spectral samples in the region of the absorption band are needed. Several spectral fitting methods (SFM) have also been proposed and have been proven to be more reliable for SIF retrieval from spectral data that have a relatively low spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. However, the SFM methods require continuous spectral measurements, which means the atmospheric correction must be applied to many more wavelengths. Therefore, in this study, the 3 FLD algorithm was selected for the SIF retrieval. Using this method, the SIF can be calculated as:  
\[SIF_{in}=\frac{\left(E_{left}w_{left}+E_{right}w_{right}\right)L_{in}-E_{in} \left(L_{left}w_{left}+L_{right}w_{right}\right)}{\left(E_{left}w_{left}+E_{ right}w_{right}\right)-E_{in}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(w\) is the weight of the band and is inversely proportion to the distance between the left-hand/right-hand band and the inner band; \(E\) is the downwelling irradiance arriving at the TOC; \(L\) is  
Figure 3: Illustration of the tower-based automatic spectral observation system.  
the total upwelling radiance at the TOC; and the subscripts \"_in_\", \"_left_\" and \"_right_\" refer to the bands inside, at the left of and at the right of the absorption band, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 4.  
For tower-based observations, downwelling irradiance arriving at the sensor (\(E_{sensor}\)) and upwelling radiance arriving at the sensor (\(L_{sensor}\)) were measured. Once the upward and downward atmosphere transmittances (\(T_{\uparrow}^{\dagger}\) and \(T_{\downarrow}^{\dagger}\)) were estimated using the LUT approach, the downwelling irradiance arriving at the TOC (\(E_{canopy}\)) and upwelling radiance at the TOC (\(L_{canopy}\)) can be calculated using Equations (5) and (6). And consequently, the SIF values at TOC can be retrieved using the 3 FLD algorithm (Equation (9)).
# Detecting and Mitigating Attacks on GPS Devices
## 3 GNSS Overview
### Other GNSS Systems
A unique feature of BeiDou-3 is the introduction of inter-satellite crosslinks that are capable of providing ranging measurements both within and across satellite orbital planes. This capability aims to reduce orbital errors, mitigate stale ephemeris, and consequently provide enhanced accuracy. While there are many key differences between these various systems, the operating principles are similar. They are all predicated on a receiver estimating the range between itself and each observable satellite and using that information to generate its self-positionestimate. Each system has code observables, phase observables, and Doppler frequency observables. For more discussion about the subtle differences between these systems in terms of design choices and services offered, the authors of [29; 30] provide an overview and comparison between several of these systems. Note that the authors of [29] limit their comparison between GPS and GLONASS, while the authors of [30] consider all four of these systems. Figure 3 shows the spectrum of these various systems relative to one another [30].
# Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Use in Biomedical Field
## 2 Synthesis Methods
### Physical Methods
#### 2.1.4 Wire Explosion  
The wire explosion method is a novel physical methodology used to synthesize MNPs. The procedure is both safe and clean, and it is highly efficient without the need for additional stages like separating nanoparticles from the solution or treating leftovers. This technique has been employed to synthesize iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) specifically for applications involving arsenic removal from water. Although the nanoparticles created using this process are ecologically friendly and energy-efficient, they are not uniformly dispersed, which may restrict their use in some applications [12; 13; 14].
# Quantitative Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of Dredging and Dumping Activities at Sea
## 3 Results
### Results of Particle Tracking (PT) in 2D Model  
The impact of the dumped spoils on water quality of Nhon Hai commune, Quy Nhon resulted from the concentration of suspended material. The landfill of dredged material was 2.6 km to the south of the Nhon Hai commune (Figure 1). The dredged material, transported to the landfill by a hopper barge, was dumped in the following steps: The bottom door of the hopper barge was opened, and the material fell out of the deck and plunged into the sea. To evaluate the environmental impacts of dredge deposits, the study undertook a 2D model simulation, assuming that the dredged material was transported by a hopper barge at a rate of 2304 m\({}^{3}\)/day; the concentration of suspended solids at the dumping position was 0.04 m\({}^{3}\)/s and 0.50% of particles split from the dumped materials. MIKE 21 PT was decoupled from the hydraulic MIKE 21 HD. The simulated streamflow, as well as its momentum, would affect the concentration of the material. The results of the simulation of the three scenarios: Northeast (S1), calm wind (S2), and southwest (S3), are shown in Figure 11. The parameters of particle tracking (PT) used to simulate these scenarios in the 2D model are presented in Table 3. The distribution of sediment and the transmission distance of sediment particles are presented in Figure 11. After dumping, the seabed level in scenario 1 (S1) did not increase considerably (0.04 m); however, the seabed level in scenario 3 (S3) increased by 0.1 m to 0.2 m, and the seabed level increased  
Figure 10: The simulation results of S3. Streamflow field during (**a**) low tide; (**b**) high tide. Distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) during (**c**) low tide; (**d**) high tide.  
by 0.05 m in the calm wind scenario (S2). The results of MIKE 21 PT show the following changes in seabed at the dumping position:  
* In the case of calm wind (S2) and northeast wind (S1), the changes in seabed level due to the dumping of spoils were relatively similar.
* The increase in seabed level due to the dumping of spoils over a period of approximately 180 days was between 0.08-0.16 m over 0.0285 km\({}^{2}\).  
As for the movement of particles at the dredged position, the element block moved to under the dredging position approximately 2.4 km in S1, and above the dredging position in S2 approximately 1.3 km. In S3, the element block moved quite far from the dredging position, approximately 2.9 km. Therefore, the results of the simulation were qualified, as the dredging position was situated far from the sea; therefore, it is significantly affected by the direction and velocity of wave and wind in the dredging position.  
Figure 11: The simulation results of transferring sedimentation position in low tide and high tide in S1 (**a**,**b**); S2 (**c**,**d**); S3 (**e**,**f**).
# A Low-Cost Contactless Overhead Micrometer Surface Scanner
## 1 Introduction
### The Proposed Approach  
To the best of our knowledge, the proposed work exhibits the following novel characteristics.  
The cost-efficient motion mechanism of a Cartesian 3D printer (C3 Dp) is used to (a) systematically place the camera at prescribed locations and (b) to collect proprioceptive data that improve registration accuracy. The motion model of the C3 Dp provides 3 Degrees of Freedom (see Figure 1, left). These are sufficient to place the camera at any frontal posture of the volume above the scanned surface. The scanner motors may exhibit backlash, which points to localization uncertainty, but not exhibit error accumulation. Using this motion mechanism, images are systematically acquired. We compensate for the potential lack of accuracy due to low-end hardware or mechanical jitter by strategically acquiring auxiliary images that help the generation of spatially accurate scans.  
Image registration is based on the fusion of visual and proprioceptive data. The stepper motor is used to anchor error accumulation per motor step, due to the (approximately) repeatable nature of stepper motors. To cope with the uncertainty of motor error, we strive to acquire as many registration cues as our memory can store. Images that capture neighboring surface regions overlap laterally. Please confirm for all Additionally, auxiliary images are acquired. These images overlap medially, due to elevations of the camera relative to the scanned surface, and are used to provide additional registration cues. However, the registration of images at different scales is not trivial for large-scale differences [16; 17]. Therefore, we elevate the camera in controlled steps, safeguarding the preservation of registration cues across the scale.  
To maximize mosaic resolution, we obtain the largest number of pixels per unit area that we can. Thus, we select an affordable lens that can provide focused images at the closest possible distance or, otherwise, a \"macro lens\". Telecentric lenses would be extremely more useful. However, not only they are more expensive, but they are also bigger and heavier. The latter two properties would escalate the cost of a motion mechanism with the same motion precision much more than the lens would.  
Figure 1: Abstraction of C3 Dp motion (**left**, recreated from [15]) and proposed scanning locations (**right**).  
As a trade-off between the available memory and the requirement for as many registration cues as possible, we acquire images in a pyramidic scheme, as shown in Figure 1 (right). The base of the pyramid (called layer 0) represents the set of images acquired as close as possible to the surface. Higher layers represent imaging at larger distances. In the figure, each node represents a point in 3D space where the sensor will acquire a frontal image of the scanned surface.
## 5 Impact of Color Conflicts Caused by Late Arrivals, Node Mobility or Topology Changes
### Conflict Causes
#### 5.2.2 Creation of New Links  
A valid coloring can become invalid due to the creation of new links. These new links cause color conflicts because there exist two nodes with the same color that violate the coloring rules. For instance in a general application, two nodes \(A\) and \(B\) that initially were not 1-hop, 2-hop or 3-hop neighbors become 1-hop, 2-hop or 3-hop neighbors. This happens because of node mobility, late arrival of a node or topology change. Let us assume that \(C\) arrives late and becomes 1-hop neighbor of node \(A\) and 1-hop or 2-hop neighbor of node \(B\). Because of \(C\), nodes \(A\) and \(B\) that are now 2-hop or 3-hop neighbors can no longer share the same color. We can notice that the breakage of existing links never causes color conflicts. In other words, link breakage preserves the valid coloring, unlike link creation.
# Dynamics of Microbial Community Structure and Metabolites during Mulberry Ripening
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Dynamic Changes in Basic Physiological Indicators of WHDS during Ripening  
The physicochemical differences in WHSD at different ripening stages were significant and were analysed by measuring the pH, weight of single fruit, soluble solids, juice yield, total acid, and total sugar. As can be seen in Table 1, the pH of the seedless Big Ten ranged from 3.55 \(\pm\) 0.02 to 3.78 \(\pm\) 0.04; the weight of the individual fruits increased with maturity and reached a maximum value of 2.08 \(\pm\) 0.02 g at S4. WHSD belongs to the aggregation class of drupes, where the level of juice yield affects the flavour and texture of the fruit, as well as fruit wine fermentation production. It had a juice yield above 20% throughout the ripening stage, which increased significantly (\(p\) < 0.05) from 23.05 \(\pm\) 0.29% in S1 to 52.76 \(\pm\) 0.38% in S4. Both soluble solids and total sugars in WHDS increased significantly (\(p\) < 0.05) with maturity from 8.85 \(\pm\) 0.41 B.rix to 21.64 \(\pm\) 0.58 B.rix and 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L to 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.66 g/L, respectively, whereas the total acid content decreased significantly (\(p\) < 0.05) with maturity, which is highly similar to that of grape ripening [25].  
Existing research shows that mulberry is rich in phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other biologically active substances; the appropriate consumption of polyphenic fruits can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and other diseases while also slowing down the oxidation of cells, thus playing an anti-ageing role [26; 27]. As shown in Table 1, the total phenol content of WHDS ranged from 7.13 \(\pm\) 0.03 g/L to 26.15 \(\pm\) 0.43 g/L, and the total flavonoids ranged from 0.89 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L to 0.89 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L, both of which increased with maturity and both of which peaked at S4. Anthocyanines enriched in mulberries are natural colouring agents [28], with the six most common being geranium, cornflower, delphinium, peony, petunia, and mallow pigments [29]. Glycos-lated and acylated anthocyanins have strong stability [30], so the anthocyanins found in the fruits are mainly present in the form of anthocyanins after harvesting. The anthocyanins in WHDS increased significantly from 72.73 \(\pm\) 0.62 mg/L in S1 to 587.60 \(\pm\) 7.38 mg/L in S4 (\(p<0.05\)) and then decreased significantly to 341.09 \(\pm\) 4.81 mg in SS (\(p<0.05\)). The anthocyanin content in S4 was about 3-10 times higher than that of grapes [31], making this the best time to obtain the natural pigments and supplement with anthocyanin.