## 3 Peptides with Antihypertensive Activity
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cheese** & **VPP** & **IPP** & **IC\({}_{50}\)** \\ \cline{2-4}  & **(mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mg cheese \(\times\) mL\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hard cheeses**} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Emmental:} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{cave-aged, aged 12 months} & 100.1 & 23.5 & \(7.1\pm 0.2\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{reserve, aged 8 months} & 68.6 & 13.2 & \(9.9\pm 0.2\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{organic, aged 4 months} & 153.7 & 35.8 & \(7.5\pm 1.8\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{classic, aged 4 months} & 42.6 & 4.6 & \(10.5\pm 0.6\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Gouda old} & 97.7 & 90.1 & \(2.0\pm 0.3\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Gruyere AOC:} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{viewx, aged 12 months} & 13.7 & 7.9 & \(29.4\pm 16.8\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{sale, aged 10 months} & 68.7 & 20.4 & \(14.2\pm 0.9\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{mi-sale, aged 8 months} & 22.7 & 14.9 & \(18.7\pm 6.1\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{doux, aged 5 months} & 53.0 & 9.3 & \(14.9\pm 0.7\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Hobelkase from the Bernese Oberland} & **\textasci24.1** & **95.4** & \(\textasci26.6\pm 0.2\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Parmino} & 2.0 & 0.8 & \(28.6\pm 4.2\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Sbrinz} & 28.0 & 9.4 & \(16.4\pm 5.5\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Semi-hard cheeses**} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Appenzeller: \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{aged 7–10 months (1/4 fat)} & 94.4 & **64.9** & \(\textasci24.2\pm 1.6\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{extra, aged 6–7 months} & 29.3 & 14.5 & \(16.8\pm 1.1\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{surchoix, aged 4 months} & 26.7 & 17.8 & \(8.0\pm 1.0\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{aged 3 months (1/4 fat)} & 56.0 & 10.5 & \(7.1\pm 1.9\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{classic, aged 3 months} & 22.0 & 8.5 & \(17.6\pm 7.6\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Edam} & 1.0 & 0.1 & \(13.3\pm 0.4\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Küsnachter} & 25.7 & 18.0 & \(19.6\pm 2.4\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Mountain cheese Graubünden:} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\frac{1}{4}\) fat} & 32.0 & 22.7 & \(4.8\pm 0.0\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\frac{1}{2}\) fat} & 10.4 & 7.1 & \(8.9\pm 4.1\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{full fat} & 25.1 & 4.3 & \(9.2\pm 1.4\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Quantification of VPP and IPP in cheeses of Swiss origin with their corresponding ACE inhibitory activity expressed with IC\({}_{50}\) values. Adapted with permission from [29], Copyright Elsevier, 2007. According to the scientific reports, sequential motif located between 60 and 70 residue of \(\beta\)-casein is considered as strategic zone due to its ACE-inhibiting, immunostimulating, and opioid potential [32]. The example of peptide derived from \(\beta\)-casein showing dual bioactivity is \(\beta\)-cascomorphin-7 (YPFGPI; fragment 60-66) acting as opioid and ACE inhibitory agent [26]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] identified this peptide in different dairy products including commercial cheeses like e.g., Brie, Cheddar, Gouda, Fontina, and Gorgonzola (see Table 2).