# Reputation Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain Based on Information-Centric Networking
## 2 Related Works  
### Blockchain Consensus Mechanism  
One of the core components of blockchain technology is the consensus mechanism, which ensures consistency among nodes in a distributed network. Since the emergence of Bitcoin [1], various consensus mechanisms have been proposed, including Proof of Work (PoW), PoS, and PoA. PoW is the consensus mechanism adopted by Bitcoin, wherein miners generate new blocks by solving complex mathematical problems [1]. However, block generation in PoW requires substantial computational power and introduces block confirmation delays, leading to inefficiency and low transaction throughput. The Bitcoin network's transaction rate is only seven transactions per second [5], rendering PoW inadequate for real-world scenarios that demand high transaction rates and network scalability. The PoS mechanism [6] alleviates the high energy consumption associated with PoW. For instance, Algorand [16] employs a pure PoS approach, where nodes are randomly selected to propose and validate blocks based on their stake, achieving high throughput and low latency with minimal energy use. The core idea of PoS is that the higher a user's stake in the system, the more likely they are to obtain the right to record new blocks. [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed the Casper [17] mechanism, which combines PoS with Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus theory in a partial consensus mechanism. A prominent example of BFT-based consensus is Tendermint [18], which uses PBFT to achieve deterministic finality in permissioned or small-scale networks, ensuring agreement despite faulty nodes. In Casper, new blocks are proposed through a cyclic block signing scheme under PoS, and mining is accomplished through voting. Cryptocurrency holders can become miners by staking their holdings in the system. Miners receive rewards when they generate or validate blocks on the main chain; if they violate the protocol, they are penalized [17]. Another extension of PoS is Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) [19], where miners are elected by other nodes, and voting is weighted according to each voter's stake in the network. In DPoS, the number of block producers is fixed, and each round allows one participant to produce a block. If a miner does not act appropriately, they can be removed through community voting. While the DPoS mechanism enhances consensus efficiency, it also amplifies the influence of nodes with large stakes, promoting centralization. This exemplifies the well-known blockchain trilemma, which posits that a blockchain system cannot simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and scalability [20; 21]. To balance the decentralized nature of blockchain with consensus efficiency, several reputation-based consensus mechanisms have been proposed. PoA [7; 22] combines elements of PoW and PoS by selecting a small number of authoritative nodes to participate in block generation based on their off-chain reputation. This mechanism is typically employed in private or permissioned blockchain environments. PoR [23] is another reputation-based consensus mechanism used in permissioned blockchains. It extends PoA by allowing only authorized nodes to participate in the consensus process. Moreover, PoR substitutes miner and cryptocurrency rewards with reputation-based incentives, encouraging nodes to engage in consensus activities. ReCon [24] selects a limited number of validator nodes based on external reputation rankings and improves the BFT consensus protocol. The mechanism updates node reputation scores based on the outcomes of the on-chain consensus process, thereby reducing the impact of Sybil attacks. BRBC [25] is a reputation-based consensus mechanism designed for private blockchain environments. It introduces node maturity as the standard for initial reputation, whereby nodes with longer network uptime have a higher chance of being selected as miners. Only consensus nodes with reputation scores exceeding a predefined threshold are permitted to participate in consensus.