## 6 New Challenge: Security  
The concept of security encompasses many aspects, including the security of data, communication, and resistance to manipulation from outside. Some security solutions are mandatory for the proper functioning of in-vehicle [61], vehicle-to-vehicle [62], and vehicle  
Figure 8: Intel Mobileye Bank of data “Streetlights and traffic lights around the world”, available to download from [[https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05](https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05)]([https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05](https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05)) -mobileyes-selfdriving-secret-200 pb-of-data.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2025). Figure 9: Intel Mobileye Bank of data “Tractors around the world”, available to download at [[https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05-mobileyes-selfdriving-secret-200](https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05-mobileyes-selfdriving-secret-200) pb-of-data.pdf]([https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05-mobileyes-selfdriving-secret-200](https://download.intel.com/newsroom/archive/2025/de-de-2022-01-05-mobileyes-selfdriving-secret-200) pb-of-data.pdf) (accessed on 23 March 2025). to-something [63] communication networks. Moreover, the privacy of the telematic data in vehicles is threatened [64], as well as the process of charging electric vehicles [65]. Privacy attacks primarily focus on driver fingerprinting, location inferencing, and driving-behavior analysis [66]. Cybersecurity risks for the HMIs of AVs in Europe stem from their reliance on complex software, artificial intelligence, and connectivity, making them vulnerable to threats such as hacking, data breaches, and malicious interference. These risks could compromise vehicle control, expose sensitive user data, or disrupt communication with infrastructure, potentially leading to severe consequences for both passengers and the broader transport ecosystem. The repercussions are therefore similar to those of safety. To date, no widely documented real-world cyberattack specifically targeting a fully AV has been publicly confirmed. A notable demonstration of vulnerability occurred in 2015 involving a Jeep Cherokee, which, while not fully automated, had semi-automated features. Security researchers [PERSON] and [PERSON] [67] remotely hacked the vehicle via its connected UConnect infotainment system (Figure 10). They gained control over critical functions, including the brakes, steering, and engine, while the car was being driven on a highway. For instance, they were able to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel, forcing the driver into a ditch at low speed as a controlled experiment. They also managed to incorporate a functionality scan on vulnerable vehicles that enabled them to scan other vulnerable vehicles and to infect them. This incident, though staged for research purposes, highlighted the potential risks of cyberattacks on vehicles with automated capabilities. Chrysler subsequently recalled 1.4 million vehicles to patch the vulnerability [68]. This example underscores how a cyberattack could theoretically disrupt an AV's operation, posing risks to safety if exploited maliciously. Effective strategies against cyberattacks are developed by automotive OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers), as attackers will still try to gain access to secured systems [69]. The new solutions involve the latest technologies, such as artificial intelligence [70], machine learning [71], and blockchain technology [72]. An important step is made by uncorrelating these risks from traditional safety analyses and suggesting a dedicated framework for security.