## 3 Operational Requirements
### Technical Specifications
#### 3.4.1 Dimensions  
The compact dimensions of a fruit-harvesting robot are essential for its operation in agricultural fields, where rows of plants are often narrow and densely populated. These dimensions allow the robot to move with agility and precision between rows, avoiding damage to plants and ensuring access to all areas of the field. For example, a length of 1.5 m, a width of 0.8 m, and a height of 1.2 m are ideal ratios that balance maneuverability and operational capability, allowing the robot to enter tight spaces without compromising its functionality [54]. A moderate weight, around 120 kg, ensures that the robot maintains adequate stability while moving through the uneven and sometimes sloping terrain of crop fields. This weight is sufficient to provide the necessary traction on uneven surfaces and prevent the robot from tipping over, while also allowing for a significant payload of harvested fruits. In addition, this balanced weight facilitates the transport of the robot to the field and between different locations, allowing greater operational flexibility [55].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Specification** & **Detail** \\ \hline
**Processing and Control** & \\ Processing unit & Multicore CPU, GPU for image processing \\ AI algorithms & Neural networks for fruit detection, route planning \\ Communication protocols & ROS (Robot Operating System) \\ Control system & PID and fuzzy control for accurate motor coordination \\ \hline
**Gathering Capacity** & \\ Robotic arms & 1–2 robotic arms with adaptive grippers \\ Actuation system & Electric actuators with feedback control \\ End-effector type & Soft robotic gripper for delicate fruit handling \\ Time per pickup & 5–10 s per fruit \\ Load capacity & Up to 20 kg of fruit harvested \\ Maximum reach & 1.5 m \\ \hline
**Power System and Autonomy** & \\ Battery type & Lithium–ion battery, 48 V, 100 Ah \\ Battery life & 10 h of continuous operation \\ Power consumption & 500 W to 1000 W (depending on tasks) \\ Charging time & 4–6 h for a full charge \\ Solar charging & Optional solar panels for extended range \\ Energy management & Smart power distribution to critical components \\ \hline
**Interaction and Security** & \\ Communication & Wi–Fi, Bluetooth, 4G connectivity for remote monitoring \\ User interface & Touch screen, mobile app, voice command option \\ Safety sensors & Proximity sensors, emergency stop buttons, vision-based \\  & obstacle detection \\ Security features & Encrypted communication, password-protected access \\ Compliance & CE certification for machinery safety \\ \hline
**Environmental Conditions** & \\ Operating temperature & \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Water resistance & IP65-rated for protection against dust and water jets \\ Relative humidity & 10–90\% non-condensing \\ Wind resistance & Operational under wind speeds of up to 15 m/s \\ Ground adaptability & Capable of operating on loose soil, gravel, and wet surfaces \\ \hline
**Maintenance and Lifespan** & \\ Maintenance interval & Routine check every 100 h of operation \\ Spare parts & Modular design for easy replacement of damaged parts \\ Expected lifespan & 10 years with regular maintenance \\ Software updates & Over-the-air (OTA) updates for control software \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._The combination of compact dimensions and moderate weight also has a positive influence on the robot's energy efficiency. Smaller size and weight reduce power consumption during movement, extending battery life and increasing the operating time between recharges. This is crucial to maximize harvesting time in the field and minimize operational disruptions, contributing to more productive and economical harvesting [56].