# Public Perception of the Introduction of Autonomous Vehicles
## 2 Materials and Methods
Respondents were from three major stakeholders' groups, which are industry (12.4%), government (59%), and general public (28.6%). The respondents' management role was recorded using a scoring system from the highest level of leadership or management to no management role at all. There were six levels of choice. We had the following responses: At the highest level, level 5, we had 29.5% participants. Following that, level 4 comprised 21%, level 3 comprised 12.4%, level 2 comprised 9.5%, level 1 comprised 11.4%, followed by level 0 at 16.2%. Women scored less than the men on average age (t = \(-2.9883\), \(p\) = 0.006) and the level of management role (t = \(-2.4485\), \(p\) = 0.022). This is due to the following reasons: (a) this study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, where women could not drive legally until June 2018 (about four years before the survey was conducted); (b) in the Saudi workforce, men have dominated this sector for decades, and the participation of women has effectively commenced in the past few years, since 2018. Accordingly, there are constraints in our survey. Most of the participants were male, comprising 82.4% of the respondents, compared to 57.76% nationally [27]. Despite the fact that the difference in the genders' sizes does not generate any bias, this limits the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Demographic** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Gender**} \\  & & \(n\) (\%) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Male** & **Female** & **N (\%)** \\  & **89 (82.4)** & **19 (17.6)** & **108** \\ \hline Age group & & & \\
18–25 & 15(13.89) & 9 (8.33) & 24 (22.22) \\
26–35 & 37(34.26) & 7 (6.49) & 44 (40.75) \\
36–55 & 36(33.33) & 3 (2.78) & 39 (36.11) \\ Above 55 & 1(0.92) & 0 & 1 (0.92) \\ \(t\)-test & \(-2.998\) [0.006 ***] & & \\  & (\(-0.950\), \(-0.176\)) & & \\ \hline Education level & & & \\ Primary school & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ High school & 5 (4.63) & 0 & 5 (4.63) \\ Diploma & 4 (3.70) & 3 (2.78) & 7 (6.48) \\ Graduate Degree & 30 (27.78) & 9 (8.33) & 39 (36.11) \\ Postgraduate Degree & 50 (46.29) & 7 (6.49) & 57 (52.78) \\ \(t\)-test & \(-1.046\) [0.304] & & \\  & (\(-0.573\), \(0.185\)) & & \\ \hline Transport mode & & & \\ Car owner & 87 (80.56) & 17 (15.74) & 104 (96.3) \\ Use Public transport & 2 (1.85) & 2 (1.85) & 4 (3.7) \\  & 1.118 [0.277] & & \\  & (\(-0.072\), \(0.237\)) & & \\ \hline Stakeholder group & & & \\ Industry & 14 (12.96) & 2 (1.85) & 16 (14.81) \\ Government & 53 (49.08) & 9 (8.33) & 62 (57.41) \\ Traffic Authority & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Just Public & 22 (20.37) & 8 (7.41) & 30 (27.78) \\ \(t\)-test & \(1.405\) [0.173] & & \\  & (\(-0.187\), \(0.987\)) & & \\ \hline Level of Management role & & & \\ Level 0 & 11 (10.18) & 6 (5.56) & 17 (15.74) \\ Level 1 & 9 (8.33) & 3 (2.78) & 12 (11.11) \\ Level 2 & 10 (9.26) & 3 (2.78) & 13 (12.04) \\ Level 3 & 10 (9.26) & 3 (2.78) & 13 (12.04) \\ Level 4 & 22 (20.37) & 0 & 22 (20.37) \\ Level 5 (Highest) & 27 (25.00) & 4 (3.70) & 31 (28.7) \\  & \(-2.449\) [0.022 **] & & \\  & (\(-2.152\), \(-0.185\)) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \(p\)-value is in square bracket; values below \(t\)-test value and \(p\)-value are confident interval values; ** indicate significant at \(p\)-value \(p<0.05\), and ** indicate significant at \(p\)-value \(p<0.01\).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Demographic data of the participants. representation of one gender. However, the percentage of women participants in this study is higher than in recent studies, as reported in [31]. According to the National news [32], Saudi women represent approximately 35% of the Saudi workforce. Another constraint is that only one response was recorded from a participant older than 55 years. This is most likely because the study was distributed over social networking websites and online automotive groups. In Saudi Arabia, this older age group is hard to be found there. Most of the participants were in the age interval of (25, 55) years, representing 76.7% of the sample (compared with 51.86% in population nationally [27]).