## 3 Results  
Twenty-six men and 30 women were included in the ASP group (mean age 64.8 years, range 34.4-75.5), and a mean follow-up duration was 13.7 years (range 2.2-23.6). Fourteen men and 17 women were included in the non-ASP group (mean age 57.5 years, range 38.4-75.8), and a mean follow-up duration was 11.7 years (range 2.3-22.0). In the ASP group, 33 patients were preoperatively diagnosed with spinal stenosis and 23 patients with spondylolisthesis. In the non-ASP group, 15 and 16 patients were diagnosed with spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis, respectively. There were 35 cases of L4-5, 7 cases of L5-S1, and 14 cases of L4-5-S1 in the ASP group, and there were 20, 4, and 7 cases of L4-5, L5-S1, and L4-5-S1, respectively, in the non-ASP group. The average time from surgery to  
Figure 1: Superior facet joint violation by transpecicular screw evaluated using computed tomography. (**A**) The right is 2 points, the left is 1 point, and the final score is 3 points; (**B**) the right is 0 point, the left is 2 points, and the final score is 2 points. diagnosis of ASP was 3.2 years (range 0.9-5.4). The pre-operative demographic data did not differ significantly between the groups (Table 1). Facet violation was seen in 53 (47.3%) of 112 screws in the ASP group, and 19 (30.6%) of 62 screws in the non-ASP group. Among them, 13 patients (26 screws, 23.2%) in the ASP group and 3 patients (6 screws, 9.7%) in the non-ASP group showed bilateral facet joint violation, accounting for a significant difference between the two groups. Forty-four (44.9%) of the 98 screws inserted in the L4 in the ASP group and 9 (64.3%) of the 14 screws inserted in the L5 in the ASP group were associated with facet joint violation. In the non-ASP group, 17 (31.5%) of the 54 screws in the L4 and 2 (25%) of 8 screws in the L5 showed facet joint violation, and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In patients diagnosed with spinal stenosis, 32 (48.5%) of 66 screws in the ASP group and 11 (36.7%) of 30 screws in the non-ASP group were observed. In patients diagnosed with spondylisthesis, 21 (45.7%) of 46 screws in the ASP group and 8 (25.0%) of 32 screws in the non-ASP group were observed. No statistically significant differences between the two groups in facet joint violation by preoperative diagnosis were detected (Table 2). According to our scoring system, the facet joint violation types were as follows: type I, 59 screws (52.7 %); type II, 26 screws (23.2 %); and type III, 27 screws (24.1 %) in the ASP \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **ASP Group** & **Non-ASP Group** & \\  & **(\(n=56\))** & **(\(n=31\))** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline Sex, male/female (\(n\)) & 26/30 & 14/17 & 0.91 \\ Age (y) & 64.8 \(\pm\) 7.01 & 57.5 \(\pm\) 8.76 & 0.38 \\ BMI (Kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 24.75 \(\pm\) 2.93 & 24.93 \(\pm\) 2.30 & 0.77 \\ Follow up duration (y) & 13.7 \(\pm\) 5.73 & 11.7 \(\pm\) 6.26 & 0.13 \\ \hline Preoperative diagnosis (n) & & & \\ Spinal stenosis & 33 & 15 & \\ Spondylisthesis & 23 & 16 & 0.34 \\ \hline Level of operation (n) & & & \\ L4-5 & 35 & 20 & \\ L5-S1 & 7 & 4 & \\ L4-5-S1 & 14 & 7 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Pearson’s chi-square test, independent \(t\)-test data are presented as median \(\pm\) standard deviation. The \(p\)-values are of inter-group comparisons, with \(p<\) 0.05 indicating statistical significance.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Preoperative demographic data.