## 6 Security Considerations within 5G  
5G meets IoT requirements that have never been met before in terms of bitrate, latency, reliability, and many other factors. However, because the general lack of security in IoT systems has not been addressed, this section discusses how security considerations in 5G, in relation to IoT scenarios, have been addressed in the literature. By the time 5G is a wireless communication network, many of its security schemes and solutions will be derived from other wireless technologies. However, because it uses licensed spectrum, the main security concerns are inherited from legacy cellular networks, such as long-term evolution (LTE). As a result, 5G is developed with a flexible security scheme and methods to deal with new requirements arising from a large number of potential use cases where 5G will be used. Moreover, it supports new trust models as well as new threat-handling models, and finally, to handle MMTC (massive machine type communications) traffic and management and a large number of different types of connected devices. As already discussed, the control and user planes are separated in layers and therefore network mechanisms are implemented in a different way than the cellular networks. 5G provides several advantages for IoT and IIoT systems, including low latency, high speed, and many others, but it also introduces the abovementioned concerns. 5G-enabled IoT is a state-of-the-art topic and lots of proposed solutions are emerging, allowing 5G to be an optimal communication platform for IoT. The greatest advantage of 5G in terms of IoT security is the flexibility of the system, which allows for efficient, use-case-specific solutions. An effective way to improve security is by using PLS solutions and lightweight cryptography techniques so as to improve security on low-powered nodes, which are major drivers of IoT. The main security concerns are identified as follows: (1) common attacks in communication networks, (2) attacks towards control plane, (3) cloud-based SDN and VFN issues, (4) traditional IoT issues, and (5) attacks towards low-powered nodes [73]. Consequently, the abovementioned issues raise new security threats and challenges, as presented in Table 7. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **Description** & **Wi-Fi6** & **4G** & **5G** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Latency} & Delay between the sender and receiver of & \multirow{3}{*}{20 milliseconds (ms)} & \multirow{3}{*}{30–50 ms} & \multirow{3}{*}{1–10 ms} \\  & the data—the lower the latency, the more & & & \\  & ‘real-time’ the experience of the event & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Reliability/Availability} & How efficient the network is in & \multirow{3}{*}{99.99\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{99.99\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{99.99\%} \\  & transporting data between the source and & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & destination & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & without packet loss & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Throughput} & Theoretical maximum amount of data & \multirow{3}{*}{9.6 Gbps} & \multirow{3}{*}{30 Mbps–1 Gbps} & \multirow{3}{*}{10 Gbps} \\  & moved from one place to another in a & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & given period & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Speed} & Expected practical speeds per user or & \multirow{2}{*}{1 Gbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{20–50 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{Up to 1 Gbps} \\  & device & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Connection Density} & Number of connected devices per unit & \multirow{2}{*}{8 per part} & \multirow{2}{*}{12 per part} & \multirow{2}{*}{100 per part} \\  & area & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Energy} & Comparative power consumption levels & Medium & High & Medium \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Real-time high-capacity, low latency 5G applications (adapted from [72]). Based on the abovementioned, critical security capabilities will be required at the device and network levels to address complex applications such as smart cities, smart networks, and so on. Security is extremely complicated in the diverse 5G-IoT systems.