# Therapeutic Potential of Chrysin in Improving Bone Health
## 4 Discussion  
Vitamin D has gained prominent value as a nutrient supplement from diverse sources and as an endogenous hormone biosynthesized from cholesterol by UV irradiation. Over the last few decades, the sunshine vitamin has gained optimistic importance in various pathological conditions in addition to former osseous effects [6]. The evidence stated that appropriate levels of serum 25-OH-D\({}_{3}\) have specified their essential role in the homeostasis of essential nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, which accentuates bone mass and mineralization. Several studies reported that alterations in these mineral nutrients would result in elevated bone turnover, most significantly in vitamin-D-deficient conditions [34]. As females are more prone to osteopororotic fractures and bone loss, female rats were preferred for the current study [35]. In our study, an eminent rise in the serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels was obtained among animals treated with different therapeutic interventions, suggesting their increased availability accompanied by the decline in urinary excretion, by which it was noticed that examined combinations of chrysin with CaCO\({}_{3}\) and/or vitamin D\({}_{3}\) showed potential interactions, which may also have a further impact on bone mineralization. Similar studies are available that support alterations in the serum and urinary levels of calcium with a vitamin-D-deficient diet and therapeutic interventions [36]. However, many more studies are warranted to conclude that this progress is dependent on decreased urinary excretion or may be due to increased absorption or decreased metabolism. In contrast, the animals fed a vitamin-D-deficient diet (group II) did not show any variance in calcium levels compared with normal animals, which suggests that the diet provided does not have any modulatory effect on calcium levels among DC animals. Nevertheless, diminished serum magnesium and phosphorus levels among vitamin-D-deficient animals assure the importance of vitamin D in maintaining appropriate mineral homeostasis. In the same vein, DC animals showed enhanced excretion of urinary calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium,  
Figure 3: Impact of chrysin on histopathology of bone. (**A**) Group I (normal group); (**B**) Group II (disease control); (**C**) Group III (chrysin); (**D**) Group IV (chrysin + CaCO\({}_{3}\)); (**E**) Group V (chrysin + vitamin D\({}_{3}\)); and (**F**) Group VI (chrysin + vitamin D\({}_{3}\) + CaCO\({}_{3}\)) showing alterations in normally growing cells (blue arrow) at the epiphyseal plate (yellow arrow) along with osteocytes (red arrow) in the bone matrix. which further supports the importance of vitamin D in the renal excretion of essential minerals [37, 38]. In this context, intensified serum ALP levels were noticed among group II animals, suggesting the induction of poor bone health, which also indicates the dynamic imbalance of bone tissue promoting bone resorption, which is consistent with previous reports [39]. Furthermore, a consistent decline in the serum ALP levels was obtained in animals treated with other therapeutic groups (groups III, IV, V, and VI), indicating considerable recovery of the disease condition. Other supportive data obtained from the study presented a positive correlation between body weights and bone parameters such as weight, hardness of tibia-fibula, and the femur of the animals with the course of chrysin treatment retrieving bone mass and the importance of vitamin D in bone mineral absorption. In contrast, group II animals mitigated this effect, which resembles the results obtained from earlier studies indicating that increased body weight is proportional to bone weight [40, 41]. No changes in the lengths of the femur bone and tibia-fibula bone were observed.