# Challenges of Using Blockchain in the Education Sector: A Literature Review
## 1 Introduction
Another significant concern is the lack of interoperability between the numerous blockchain networks. This is due to the lack of common standards that would enable multiple networks to interact with each other. Furthermore, there is also the issue of how to integrate blockchain technology with legacy systems [7, 13, 14, 15]. Despite blockchain being known for its security and the community's efforts to make the platform stable and secure, security remains a challenging issue, and there are specific blockchain security issues and vulnerabilities that must be considered [16]. However, the literature reported other challenges in terms of privacy, a lack of qualified professionals, legal and financial issues, and stakeholder awareness, among other problems [7, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20]. In other literature reviews, previous research attempted to partially summarize the available knowledge regarding blockchain for education applications. Some discuss, for example, blockchain-based applications and opportunities in the field of education [2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18, 19]. However, these reviews did not focus primarily on the challenges of adopting blockchain in education. For example, one study [18] is a systematic review of research exploring blockchain-based educational applications. Thus, these reviews focused on the educational applications that have already been built with blockchain technology, and on the advantages that blockchain technology could bring to education. However, the same study [18] discussed only briefly and generally the issues of adopting blockchain technology in education; for example, the security issue in [18] was discussed in just one line of the study. In addition, several challenges were not discussed or reported at all, such as the lack of standardization, sustainability, legal issues, the lack of skills, and more. Therefore, it did not provide a complete review of all the blockchain challenges in education. Furthermore, the reported challenges were not classified or organized using any type of classification framework. [PERSON] et al. [6] published a systematic literature review that reviewed the advantages, barriers, and applications of blockchain in the education sector. It briefly presented only some of the technical challenges such as security data unavailability and scalability, with very limited or no discussion of other types of challenges such as organizational and environmental issues. Another literature review [7] presented a systematic overview of blockchain projects and solutions in higher education. In addition, the challenges of implementing a specific blockchain-based platform named EduCTX were reported. However, the reported challenges were related to implementing a specific educational solution for managing certificates; it is, therefore, not a complete review of all the technical, organizational, and environmental challenges of the adoption of blockchain in the education sector. Other researchers proposed solutions for some issues related to the adoption of blockchain in the education sector [10, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. However, they focused on a specific issue. In addition, although the literature has discussed some of the obstacles to the application of blockchain in education, it is still fragmented. Therefore, this review is important in providing a state-of-the-art overview of all types of challenges of adopting blockchain in education. In this way, this review makes a unique and timely contribution to the literature on education technology by examining barriers to the acceptance of blockchain technology in education. In addition, this review classified the identified challenges according to the TOE framework [29] into technological, organizational, and environmental contexts. Furthermore, the current review will help academics, policymakers, and managers interested in gaining knowledge of this promising technology to assess the applicability of blockchain in the educational field. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.