## 3 Results  
### Water Quality  
The water quality measurements in the Grand River are recorded in Table 1. The means \(\pm\) standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated from three measurements at each site (Tables 1 and 2, Figure 2). Missing values were due to probe calibration issues on that day. In summer 2019, there was an increase in the values at DS1 when compared to US1, which sometimes continued downstream. In the fall, US2 had changes in conditions when compared to US1 (Table 1). Temperature measurements usually varied daily. In fall 2019, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, conductivity, and chloride concentrations (see Table 2) increased downstream from the MWWTP with detectable levels of ammonia, i.e., 0.10 mg/L, at both DS1 and DS2 relative to reference sites. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Season**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Temp (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Avg.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**TDR (ppm)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**pH**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Turbidity**} \\  & & & & & (\#S/cm) & & & **(NTUs)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Summer 2019} & US1 & 23.47 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 7.39 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 384.70 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 275.60 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 8.37 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 5.07 \(\pm\) 0.28 \\  & US2 & 23.035 \(\pm\) 0.03 & * 8.43 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 422.83 \(\pm\) 0.41 & - & - & 4.75 \(\pm\) 0.66 \\  & DS1 & 24.52 \(\pm\) 0.03 & * 12.86 \(\pm\) 0.20 & * 627.33 \(\pm\) 27.88 & * 416.00 \(\pm\) 18.39 & 8.39 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 4.68 \(\pm\) 0.56 \\  & DS2 & 25.27 \(\pm\) 0.07 & * 10.10 \(\pm\) 0.18 & * 512.33 \(\pm\) 4.84 & * 346.67 \(\pm\) 3.54 & 8.56 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 4.35 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fall} & US1 & 9.10 \(\pm\) 0.19 & - & 268.10 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 251.02 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 8.5 \(\pm\) 0.0 & 3.34 \(\pm\) 0.48 \\  & US2 & * 11.53 \(\pm\) 0.07 & - & * 373.07 \(\pm\) 0.40 & * 326.52 \(\pm\) 0.47 & 8.46 \(\pm\) 0.0 & 6.90 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\  & DS1 & 9.20 \(\pm\) 0.05 & - & * 479.57 \(\pm\) 7.17 & * 446.12 \(\pm\) 6.80 & * 7.48 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 5.43 \(\pm\) 0.23 \\  & DS2 & 9.07 \(\pm\) 0.05 & - & * 351.77 \(\pm\) 2.03 & 295.45 \(\pm\) 27.23 & 8.33 \(\pm\) 0.0 & 3.50 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A summary of the water conditions during the sampling of fishes. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard error of the mean (SEM; \(n=\)3 per site). Water quality measurements were taken on the same day as the sampling at that site where fish were collected from. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH in summer 2019 and dissolved oxygen (DO; mg/L) measurements from fall 2019 were unavailable due to instrument calibration issues on the day of sampling. An asterisk indicates a significant difference in concentration compared to US1 ([PERSON]’s multiple comparisons test, \(p<0.05\)). NTUs, nephelometric turbidity units; US1, upstream 1; US2, upstream 2; MWWTP, municipal wastewater treatment plant; DS1, downstream 1; DS2, downstream 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ammonia**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Nitrite**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Nitrate**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Chloride**} \\  & & & & (mg/L) & \\ \hline US1 & 0.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 27.66 \(\pm\) 1.30 \\ US2 & 0.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.00 & * 3.94 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 54.01 \(\pm\) 0.30 \\ DS1 & * 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.00 & * 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.00 & * 6.50 \(\pm\) 1.10 & * 77.66 \(\pm\) 3.60 \\ DS2 & * 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.00 & * 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.00 & * 3.69 \(\pm\) 1.00 & 46.29 \(\pm\) 3.60 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and chloride concentrations at sites where fish were collected during this study in fall 2019. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SEM (\(n=\) 3 per site). Concentrations were only available from the fall 2019 sampling period. The values show that there were increased, measurable amounts of nitrogenous compounds and chloride downstream from the MWWTP.