## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxic Activity
Kale sprouts caused an increase in DLD-1 cells viability, and the effect was dependent on the used \(\gamma\)-PGA concentration, regardless of the harvesting day. A similar increase was observed for HCT116 cells, but only for 6-day-old sprouts. For the 7- and 8-day-old sprouts, such an effect was noted only for the treatment with 0.05% \(\gamma\)-PGA. Conversely, the cytotoxic effect on HT29 cells was higher only in the case of the 8-day-old sprouts treated with 0.01% \(\gamma\)-PGA, as compared to the other treatments. In lupine sprouts, stimulation with \(\gamma\)-PGA in most cases decreased the cytotoxic effect observed in the untreated sprouts. This was especially observed in 8-day-old sprouts, where the treatment with \(\gamma\)-PGA led to a clear reduction in cytotoxicity. Cell viability of the DLD-1 cell line increased by 14.4% in LS8_0.1%PGA and by 20.2% in LS8_0.5%PGA. An even more pronounced effect was observed in HCT-116, where \(\gamma\)-PGA greatly reduced the cytotoxic effect at the lower concentration but had little impact at the higher concentration, and cell viability returned to the values observed in control sprouts. The opposite trend was noted for 10-day-old lupine sprouts, where the cytotoxic effect on HCT116 cells was enhanced in the case of the treatment with 0.1% \(\gamma\)-PGA. Such an enhancement was also observed for HT29 cells, treated with the extracts from 6- and 8-day-old sprouts with 0.1% but not 0.5% \(\gamma\)-PGA. What is most important is that none of the tested extracts were toxic to non-cancerous colon epithelial CCD 841 CoN cells, which implicates their safety and selectivity of action, as compared to doxorubicin toxicity (IC\({}_{50}\) 1.7 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL). To sum up, both kale and lupine sprouts may be important in the context of chemoprevention of colon cancer, with the predominance of the former, as a varied cytotoxic effect was noted on cancer cells differing in their malignancy. Among them, highly aggressive HCT116 colon cancer cells were significantly affected by kale sprouts (IC\({}_{50}\) in range 130.1-153.4 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL), which should be underlined. As to our best knowledge, this is the first ever attempt to fortify sprouts with \(\gamma\)-PGA, and we can only compare the obtained results with some other fortification approaches in terms of the effect on cytotoxic activity. In our previous experiments, we reported on the significant enhancement of the cytotoxic effect of selenium-enriched kale sprouts for colon cancer HT29 cells, with a weaker effect on colon cancer Caco-2 cells [42], and also colon carcinoma SW480 and SW620 cells [43], in a dose-dependent manner. A similar effect was also noted by [PERSON] et al. for selenium-enriched Chinese kale seedlings on Caco-2 cells [44]. A significant decrease in colon cancer CT26 cells' viability was observed for cabbage and broccoli sprouts enriched with sulfur salts [46]. Only scarce data exist on the cytotoxic activity of lupine sprouts. One study reported on selenium-enriched lupine sprouts, with no enhancement in cytotoxic activity observed towards human leukemia HL60 cells [47]. Our previous study indicated a significant improvement in the cytotoxic effect on breast cancer MCF7 cells of lupine sprouts, stimulated to grow with different LED lights, and the effect was dose and time dependent [35]. Solid-state fermentation of lupin with _Bifidobacterium_ species exhibited cytotoxic effects against two cancer cell lines, along with antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties [48]. Another study explored the effect of LED lights on isoflavone content in lupin sprouts and their impact on normal and cancerous breast and prostate cells. Certain LED light conditions enhanced cytotoxic activity against cancer cells while remaining safe for non-cancerous cells [35]. Figure 2: Cytotoxic potential in the most concentrated extract of control lupine sprouts (LS) and those supplemented with \(\gamma\)-PGA (LS_0.1%PGA and LS_0.5%PGA), harvested after 6, 8, and 10 days.