esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The high penetration level of solar photovoltaic (SPV) generation systems imposes a major challenge to the secure operation of power systems. SPV generation systems are connected to the power grid via power converters. During a fault on the grid side; overvoltage can occur at the direct current link (DCL) due to the power imbalance between the SPV and the grid sides. Subsequently; the SPV inverter is disconnected; which reduces the grid reliability. DC-link voltage control is an important task during low voltage ride-through (LVRT) for SPV generation systems. By properly controlling the power converters; we can enhance the LVRT capability of a grid-connected SPV system according to the grid code (GC) requirements. This study proposes a novel DCL voltage control scheme for a DC-DC converter to enhance the LVRT capability of the two-stage grid-connected SPV system. The control scheme includes a \"control without maximum power point tracking (MPPT)\" controller; which is activated when the DCL voltage exceeds its nominal value; otherwise, the MPPT control is activated. Compared to the existing LVRT schemes the proposed method is economical as it is achieved by connecting the proposed controller to the existing MPPT controller without additional hardware or changes in the software. In this approach, although the SPV system will not operate at the maximum power point and the inverter will not face any over current challenge it can still provide reactive power support in response to a grid fault. A comprehensive simulation was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for enhancing the LVRT capability and stability margin of an interconnected SPV generation system under symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults.  
DC-link (DCL) voltage control; low voltage ride-through (LVRT); maximum power point tracking (MPPT); grid-connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system; grid code (GC); voltage sag
# Stochastic Generator of Earthquakes for Mainland France
## 4 Discussion  
### On the Use of Fault Probability Map  
The use of the spatial probability of faults to guide the location of generated earthquakes is a strong choice. As already stated, it comes from both various seismic origins in stable regions and the fact that existing faults are more likely to localize further seismic events [16]. The lack of completeness and clear definition of active faults have led us to consider all faults, regardless of their alleged importance and activity. This choice is questionable but consistent with the fact that, in stable regions, faults can be inactive over long periods of time [14,21]. Results described in this paper are encouraging, since they are consistent with data given as an input and with our knowledge of French seismicity. However, the method presented in this article corresponds to a first step in a new way to generate stable seismicity, and some improvements must be achieved.  
First of all, we have seen that the spatial distribution of past seismicity in mainland France is heterogeneous and that the strongest occurring earthquakes are concentrated in specific regions (Alps, Pyrenees and Rhine basin). To consider this statistical observation, we opt for a spatial limitation of magnitudes by applying regionalization. Still, we can imagine using other methodologies to generate seismicity in the most active French regions. For example, a methodology that is closer to what is conventionally carried out with FMD computed by region/zone or smoothly, e.g., [17,34,43] (for recent mainland France applications). Another possible methodology could be to compute a FMD of main shocks in the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Rhine basin and to use a spatial probability map of past seismicity. One could also use a spatial probability of faults weighted by stress rate or others tectonic and geologic information in order to address the seismic potential of faults.  
Furthermore, one can imagine weighting the probability map used in this study with our knowledge of intraplate domains. For example, various origins of stable seismicity in the long term could be considered: topography potential energy, erosion and glacial isostatic adjustment since the last glaciation and so on [16]. Transient processes (e.g., fluid  
Figure 12: Number of aftershocks produced by one main shock according to magnitude of the latter. Error bars correspond to standard deviation observed in the 100,000-year synthetic catalogue.  
pore pressure increase and hydrological or sedimentary load change [15]) leading to stable seismicity could also be taken into account.  
Finally, the use of a fault map calls for exhaustiveness of these faults. However, this is not the case, since the map used is only composed of terrestrial fault traces, excluding covered, deep and/or bathymetric faults. Attempting to complete this database should be one of the next steps of our work.
# Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis of Satellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review
## 4 Diagnostics
### Model-Based Methods
Additionally, in [50], a comparative analysis was conducted, evaluating each architecture's advantages and limitations. [PERSON] et al. [68] focused on managing formations that change with time, especially when leaders move and followers lack information about their actions. The study also investigated altering the number of leaders and followers in the formation. Arrays of KFs were developed to handle noise reduction and integrate data using the state vector. A \(\chi^{2}\)-test was utilized for FDI in this study. The coefficients in the formation control logic were set in advance, considering changes in the model, eliminating the need for real-time adjustments. The formation control law utilized integral state feedback based on the relative position integral of the agents, allowing followers to track leaders without their input.
# Evaluation of Green Strategies for Prolonging the Lifespan of Linear Wireless Sensor Networks
## 8 Conclusions  
This paper explored various energy management strategies aimed at extending the lifespan of linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs). By examining the challenges posed by linear deployments of WSNs, such as those encountered in border surveillance and road, bridge, railway, and pipeline monitoring, this study emphasizes the critical need for effective energy management solutions. It broadly classified energy management strategies for extending the lifespan of WSNs into three categories: energy conservation, energy-balancing technique, and energy-harvesting technique. Furthermore, it evaluates the suitability and impact of these techniques when applied to LWSNs, highlighting that not all approaches suitable for traditional WSNs are equally effective for linear configurations. Techniques such as clustering, topology control, energy-aware routing, geographic routing, etc., which rely on proximity-based communication and node redundancy, are found to be less suitable for LWSNs due to the linear arrangement of the nodes, large distances, and limited routing options. The adoption of effective green strategies is thus crucial for LWSN applications where energy efficiency and sustainability are paramount. By utilizing energy-saving and energy-harvesting techniques, LWSN monitoring systems can minimize operational costs, reduce the environmental impact, and extend a network's lifetime.  
Conceptualization, V.N.; methodology, V.N. and F.M.; investigation, V.N.; resources, V.N., F.M., G.S.K., P.C. and K.T.; writing--original draft preparation, V.N.; writing--review and editing, V.N., F.M., G.S.K., P.C., K.T., W.B.N., E.M.D.D., M.L.K. and P.T.; visualization, V.N. and P.C.; supervision, F.M. and B.Z.; funding acquisition, P.C. and K.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper was supported by the ReACTIVE Too project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research, Innovation, and Staff Exchange Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action (Grant Agreement No. 871163). Scientific work is published as part of an international project co-financed by the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled \"PMW\" in the years 2021-2025, contract no. 5169/H2020/2020/2. Additionally, this scientific work is also published as part of an international project, ReACTIVE Too, co-financed by the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled \"PMW\" in the years 2021-2025, contract no. 5872/H2020/2024/2.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Research on Multi-Scale Point Cloud Completion Method Based on Local Neighborhood Dynamic Fusion
###### Abstract  
Point cloud completion reconstructs incomplete, sparse inputs into complete 3D shapes. However, in the current 3D completion task, it is difficult to effectively extract the local details of an incomplete one, resulting in poor restoration of local details and low accuracy of the completed point clouds. To address this problem, this paper proposes a multi-scale point cloud completion method based on local neighborhood dynamic fusion (LNDF: adaptive aggregation of multi-scale local features through dynamic range and weight adjustment). Firstly, the farthest point sampling (FPS) strategy is applied to the original incomplete and defective point clouds for down-sampling to obtain three types of point clouds at different scales. When extracting features from point clouds of different scales, the local neighborhood aggregation of key points is dynamically adjusted, and the Transformer architecture is integrated to further enhance the correlation of local feature extraction information. Secondly, by combining the method of generating point clouds layer by layer in a pyramid-like manner, the local details of the point clouds are gradually enriched from coarse to fine to achieve point cloud completion. Finally, when designing the decoder, inspired by the concept of generative adversarial networks (GANs), an attention discriminator designed in series with a feature extraction layer and an attention layer is added to further optimize the completion performance of the network. Experimental results show that LNDM-Net reduces the average Chamfer Distance (CD) by 5.78% on PCN and 4.54% on ShapeNet compared to SOTA. The visualization of completion results demonstrates the superior performance of our method in both point cloud completion accuracy and local detail preservation. When handling diverse samples and incomplete point clouds in real-world 3D scenarios from the KITTI dataset, the approach exhibits enhanced generalization capability and completion fidelity.  
point cloud completion; local neighborhood dynamic fusion; generative adversarial networks; attention discriminator +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Smart Manufacturing, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China 12 State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China 2  
Footnote 2: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}; Tel.: +86-155-7255-0477
## Materials and Methods  
### Strain and Culture Conditions  
_Limnospira indica_ PCC 8005 from the Culture Collection of Institute Pasteur (France) was studied. The strain was cultivated in modified Zarrouk medium [25] with the following composition (g L\({}^{-1}\)): 16.8 NaHCO\({}_{3}\), 2.5 NaNO\({}_{3}\), 0.5 K\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\), 1.0 K\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), 1.0 NaCl, 0.04 CaCl\({}_{2}\), 0.08 EDTA, 0.08 MgSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)7H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.01 FeSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)7H\({}_{2}\)O and 1.0 mL of trace elements stock solutions (g L\({}^{-1}\)): 0.23 MnCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.03 CuSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)H\({}_{2}\)O and 0.11 ZnSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)7H\({}_{2}\)O.  
Cultures were conducted in batch mode for 20 days in 600 mL rectangular photobioreactors (PBR) equipped with a temperature probe to control an external water bath (RE415, Lauda) and circulation in a thermal jacket, a condenser to limit water losses, an injection site for sterile CO\({}_{2}\)/air mix (1% CO\({}_{2}\)) and a sampling system. Photobioreactors were placed on a magnetic stirrer and homogeneity of the cultures was achieved with magnetic stirring bars. Light was provided by 3 halogen lamps (Sylvania professional 25, BAB 38, 12 V, 20 W), with the light irradiance controlled by a power supply. A calibration was performed via measurements of irradiance as a function of the power supply and distance between the lamps and photobioreactors using an LI-COR quantum sensor (LI-190 SA), and for this study, the irradiance applied was set to 120 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) with continuous illumination.  
For all conditions (control and MF application), four replicates were tested. Pictures and a scheme of experimental devices are presented in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Experimental device used for the _L. indica_ PCC8005 cultivation. (**A**) Cultures with magnetic field application through coils and (**B**) cultures control without MF application but in the same temperature, luminosity and aeration conditions. (1) Coils with 400 turns used to generate the MF, (2) illumination provided by 3 halogen lamps and (3) 600 mL photobioreactors. (**C**) Scheme of the experimental devices (control).
## 5 Discussion  
This article presents a novel mathematical model and artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) with a Pareto-based approach to solve multi-objective three-dimensional single-container loading problems. The mathematical model is constructed as a multi-objective three-dimensional problem under complex constraints such as box rotation and non-overlapping boxes. To investigate the optimal solution, the LINGO optimization solver was implemented. To obtain accurate results using the Pareto-based approach with the ABC algorithm, optimal parameters were identified as per Table 6. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that setting the function evaluation, crossover rate, and mutation rate to 50 \(\times\) 1000, 0.5, and 0.1, respectively (as shown in Table 10), leads to optimal solution outcomes. In Experiment B, the performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using the optimal parameter settings identified in Experiment A. The LINGO optimization solver was utilized to compare the optimal solutions provided by the proposed method with the exact solutions. An open dataset from the OR-Library database [36] was employed, and the comparison results from Table 11 indicated that, in all cases, one solution obtained from the Pareto optimal set is identical to that obtained from the LINGO optimizer. These findings suggest that the proposed algorithm can be an effective alternative to the LINGO optimization solver, particularly when the computational time required to solve the problem is significantly lower than that of the exact method. This advantage is evident from the results presented in Table 12. Table 14 presents the results of the relative improvement (RI) of different approaches for medium to large problems of the well-known Loh and Nee (LN) test cases [37]. The comparison results indicate that the proposed method outperformed or was equal to its competitors, with only 3 cases resulting in a worse solution out of 150. These findings suggest that the proposed method is significantly more effective than the other methods. However, it should be noted that the exact method cannot provide a solution for all cases. For the large instances in Experiment C, we generated a dataset of container sizes and boxes consisting of 225 cases with variations in dimensions and profit per box, with only container size being set. It is important to note that LINGO cannot find a solution within a reasonable computing time (10 h) for small problem sizes, thereby restricting its ability to handle large and complex problems. Table 15 presents the Pareto front results of the ABC algorithm with the Pareto-based approach. It has proven capable of solving optimization problems of varying complexities and sizes, with an average resolution time of only 114.94 s and a very low average standard deviation of 4.26, which is significantly shorter than the 15-minute average required for manual planning. This has resulted in an 87.23% improvement in time efficiency. Consequently, it can be concluded that the proposed approach is effective at solving real-world problems based on the solution quality and computation cost.
## 5 WST Applications
### Food Industry  
The food industry is nowadays facing critical changes in response to consumer needs, which in addition to health and safety concerns, demand an ever larger diversity of food products with high quality standards.  
The quality of these products might change rapidly, because they are submitted to a variety of risks during production, transport and storage that are responsible for material quality losses. Parties involved need better quality assurance methods to satisfy customer demands and to create a competitive point of difference. Successful supply chain logistics calls for automated and efficient monitoring and control of all operations. The monitoring should allow establishing a better knowledge, detecting weakness, and optimizing the whole process, all things that potentially would have a significant impact on the supply chain [91].  
Also, there is an increasing demand of traceability in the food chain, statutory requirements are growing stricter and there is increasing pressure to develop standardized traceability systems. From the raw material to the sale of goods, more and more information needs to be gathered and made available. In the next years, the lowering cost of WST will provide the opportunity to track and trace not only large and expensive products, but small and cheap ones, creating a new generation of intelligence products [92]. Moreover, the information gathered by the WST can be linked with a traceability system in each step of the life of the product, \"_from farm to fork_\" [93].  
Products can be tracked and traced from the field to the industry. [PERSON] _et al._ designed and implemented a WSN-based system for monitoring the productive cycle of high-quality wine in a Sicilian winery. Nodes were deployed both in the field and in the cell, where wine aging is performed [30].  
WSN was also studied for the supervision of temperature during assessment of canned food sterilization, developing a mathematical model analyzing wireless sensor nodes during the process [94].
## 3 Experimental Results
### Behavioral Data Analysis
To further explore the relationship between fatigue and task interruption complexity, a 2(fatigued, non-fatigued) \(\times\) 2(simple task interruption, complex task interruption) \(\times\) 3(pre-interruption trials, interruption trials, recovery trials) repeated-measures ANOVA was performed. The results (see Table 3) showed that, in the non-fatigued condition, task interruption type had a significant main effect on RT (\(F\)(1, 36) = 27.143, \(p\) < 0.01, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.24), but no significant effect on ACC (\(F\)(1, 36) = 5.714, \(p\) = 0.54). This indicates that, despite longer RTs for complex tasks, sufficient cognitive resources and processing capacity maintained high ACC levels. In the fatigue condition, task interruption type significantly affected both RT (\(F\)(1, 36) = 15.490, \(p\) = 0.04, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.054), and ACC (\(F\)(1, 36) = 12.822, \(p\) = 0.007, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.170), reflecting the detrimental impact of fatigue on cognitive resource allocation and performance. In recovery trials, there was no significant difference in RT (\(F\)(1, 36) = 1.739, \(p\) = 0.224), but ACC showed a significant decline (\(F\)(1, 36) = 48.000, \(p\) < 0.01, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.420).
## 5 User Study
### Result
#### 5.5.4 MVF Can Perform Comparisons More Easily Than EBC  
The accuracy results are summarized in Table 4 and Figure 7(a).  
From Q2, \"You find it's easier to compare attribute values between authors if the attribute appears only/more than once\" and Q5, \"You find the position mapping of the attributes is easier for you to compare attribute values between authors\", we found that the MVF and EBC have significant differences in comparability. The MVF can perform comparisons more easily for common tasks. The score of the MVF was significantly higher than that of EBC in both attribute occurrence times (Table 4-5) (6) and position mapping (Table 4-7) (8) factors. In addition, the MVF was larger than the EBC (Table 4-7) (8) with an average difference of 1.3 points in position mapping, indicating that the attribute location of the MVF was conducive to attribute comparison. At the same time, EBC was relatively unfavorable to the comparison. Hence, H4 was accepted.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Natural Gas and Hydrogen
#### 4.2.5 Thermal Conductivity of Surrounding Rock  
We set the thermal conductivity of the salt rock to 6.5 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5.5 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 4.5 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The temperature variations around the cavity under these three different thermal conductivities are depicted in Figure 10. For both hydrogen and natural gas, as the thermal conductivity of the surrounding rock decreases, the peak and valley temperatures around the cavity progressively diminish. At the same thermal conductivity, the temperatures during hydrogen storage are consistently higher than those observed during natural gas storage. The reason lies in the fact that hydrogen possesses a higher calorific value compared to natural gas. According to [PERSON]'s law of cooling, the convective heat transfer coefficient of hydrogen, under the influence of cyclic storage and release, is significantly greater [35]. This further elucidates why, under the same conditions of thermal conductivity of the surrounding rock, the temperature of hydrogen exceeds that of natural gas.  
Figure 11 presents the thermal distribution contours of surrounding rock after three years of injection and withdrawal cycles with varying thermal conductivity coefficients.  
Figure 10: Temperature variations around the cavity with different thermal conductivities.  
Figure 9: Vertical monitoring point setting and temperature variations.  
When storing the same type of gas, variations in thermal conductivity affect the extent of thermal effects; a higher thermal conductivity results in a deeper penetration of thermal effects into the rock strata, although the overall trend of thermal influence remains unchanged. The thermal effects of hydrogen are generally greater than those of natural gas, and the thermal exchange with the surrounding rock is also more pronounced.
### Assessment of Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of PA6/Cellulose Composite
###### Abstract  
Cellulose is being considered as a suitable renewable reinforcement for materials production. In particular, cellulose based composites are attracting global interest for their unique and intrinsic properties such as strength to weight ratio, dimensional stability and low thermal expansion and contraction. This article investigates the preparation of cellulose pulp fibers with polyamide-6 (PA6) polymer and the effect of fiber orientation within the matrix on the final properties of the biocomposite. Cellulose pulp fibers were melt compounded with PA6 using a thermo-kinetic mixer. Different formulations were prepared and the compounds were manufactured into test samples by injection molding. Mechanical characterization revealed that elastic modulus and the flexural properties increased linearly with the fiber composition. The effect of fiber orientation was examined from square samples out of which individual specimens were cut at different directions with respect to the flow direction. The contributions related to fiber content and effect of fiber orientation on the tensile properties assessed lent positively towards parallel oriented samples (0\({}^{\circ}\)) with respect to flow direction. Furthermore, the cellulose network within the biocomposite revealed the superior interfacial properties between the cellulose and PA6 matrix when observed under a scanning electron microscope.  
**Keywords: cellulose; polyamide-6; dispersion; orientation; interface**