# Binary PSO with Classification Trees Algorithm for Enhancing Power Efficiency in 5G Networks
## 5 Numerical Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SC transmission power [13]} & SFR: 20 dBm(center), \\  & 22 dBm(edge) \\  & No SFR: 22 dBm \\ \multirow{3}{*}{SC baseline power (\(P_{min}\)) [14]} & 6.8 W \\  & Maximum number of UEs in the SC (\(U_{max}\)) [9] & 30 \\  & Swarm size (\(N_{par}\)) [9] & 25 \\  & Maximum IW (\(\omega_{max}\)) [33] & 0.9 \\  & Minimum IW (\(\omega_{min}\)) [33] & 0.4 \\  & Maximum velocity of the particle (\(v_{max}\)) [9] & 0.6 \\  & Minimum velocity of the particle (\(v_{min}\)) [9] & \(-\)0.6 \\  & Maximum number of iterations (\(Z_{max}\)) [59] & 500 \\  & Total bandwidth [13] & 20 MHz \\  & RB bandwidth [13] & 180 KHz \\  & Maximum number of RBs [13] & 106 \\  & Number of sub-bands (\(N_{sub}\)) [13] & 7 \\  & Noise power spectral density [14] & \(-\)174 dBm/Hz \\  & SINR threshold (\(SINR_{thr}\)) [9] & \(-\)5 dB \\  & SC inactive level (\(\beta\)) [14] & 0.63 \\  & Portion of power consumption due to the & 4 \\  & feeder losses and power amplifier (\(\theta\)) [14] & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation Parameters [9; 13; 14; 33; 59]. Figure 5: Number of active SCs for various numbers of UEs for different values of IW. is very close. Moreover, the number of active SCs increases on increasing the number of UEs, since more SCs are switched on to sustain the minimum SINR of the UEs. The total system throughput for various numbers of UEs is shown in Figure 7. The proposed algorithm has the largest system throughput, since the proposed algorithm alleviates the interference levels, as it utilizes the SFR and switches the SCs on/off using the BPSO algorithm. The \"BPSO only\" algorithm has lower system throughput than the proposed algorithm because of its larger interference levels for not using SFR. The \"random 10%\" algorithm has lower system throughput than the \"BPSO only\" algorithm because of the random selection of the switched-off SCs, which is not the optimum one. The \"always on\" algorithm has the minimum system throughput because it has the largest interference levels as all the SCs are continuously active and it does not utilize the SFR. The total power consumption of the system for various numbers of UEs is presented in Figure 8. The \"always on\" algorithm has the largest power consumption since no switching-off techniques are used. The \"random 10%\" algorithm has less power consumption than the \"always on\" algorithm because of the power savings from the switched-off SCs and higher power consumption than the \"BPSO only\" algorithm. The proposed algorithm consumes the least power because of the turning-off of the SCs utilizing BPSO, then applying the SFR minimizing the power consumption furthermore, because of the reduced transmission power for the UEs in the center region. In the proposed algorithm, the power consumption increases with the increment of the number of UEs, as more SCs are kept active to ensure the QoS of the UEs. Figure 6: Number of active SCs for various numbers of UEs in case of linearly increasing IW. Figure 8: Total system power consumption for various numbers of UEs. Figure 7: Total system throughput for various numbers of UEs. The PE of the system for various numbers of UEs is demonstrated in Figure 9. The proposed algorithm has the highest PE because of the reduced power consumption and the elevated system throughput. The \"BPSO only\" algorithm has lower PE because of its alleviated throughput and higher system power consumption compared to the proposed algorithm. The \"random 10%\" has lower PE than the \"BPSO only\" algorithm because of its alleviated system throughput caused by the random choice of the switched-off SCs. The \"always on\" algorithm has the least PE, since it has the largest power consumption and the least data rates because all the SCs are continuously active.