# Assessing the Efficacy of Seawater Batteries Using NASICON Solid Electrolyte
## 1 Introduction  
The major contribution to climate change due to carbon emissions from fossil fuels necessitates the development of sustainable and clean energy sources and the decarbonization of existing ones [1, 2, 3]. Significant environmental degradation is the result of global dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels. To address this pressing global energy problem, a transformative strategy is necessary. Despite their benefits, renewable energy sourcesare restricted by natural constraints. Therefore, a solution for energy storage that is characterized by simplicity, efficiency, resource abundance, and environmental friendliness is crucial [4]. The grid's flexibility and efficiency are enhanced by energy storage through the provision of rapid response and balancing services, which ultimately improves its overall stability and reliability. Furthermore, these technologies are crucial in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling the use of renewable energy sources and optimizing energy use, thereby assisting in global efforts to combat climate change [1; 5; 6]. Using rechargeable batteries is a cost-effective method of storing electricity, resulting in a significant decrease in global carbon emissions and a delay in the onset of an energy crisis [7; 8]. Energy storage is a process that stores energy produced at one time for later use. Energy storage technologies that can store electricity, thermal energy, or mechanical energy in different forms include batteries, pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheels, and thermal energy storage systems [1]. The development of new materials and technologies, along with constant improvement and creative redesign, has been intensified due to the global shift toward sustainability. In this context, electrochemical energy storage (EES) is crucial, from mobile computing and communication activation to large-scale intermittent energy storage [9]. The popularity of renewable energy sources is leading to the need for high-performance and sustainable electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The rising demand for LIBs in commerce, as well as the limited availability and uneven geographic distribution of lithium resources, have led to a steady increase in raw material prices [4; 8]. Solid sodium-ion batteries, which have high energy density and good safety, are viewed as promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage systems [10]. However, the considerable interfacial resistance and dendrite growth between sodium electrolytes and solids, especially at high current densities, severely limits their development [11; 12]. The success of alkali-ion intercalation in solid materials was the basis for the development of modern Na-ion batteries, which is attributed to initial research. In 1976, it was noteworthy to publish the first papers on Na-ion and Li-ion intercalation in successive months. [PERSON] and his colleagues demonstrated a Na-ion battery that had specific components for the cathode, electrolyte, and anode in 1987. [PERSON] et al. exhibited remarkable cycle stability in their system by filing a patent for an alternative battery design. Between 1990 and 2000, research on sodium-ion batteries declined as lithium-ion batteries dominated the market after Sony's commercialization [4]. The competitiveness of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) over lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be attributed to the fact that sodium is abundantly available and cheap for fixed land-based power applications and grid stabilization [4; 8; 11]. The energy storage requirements of the metal sodium battery can be met with the high specific capacity (1165 mAh g\({}^{-1}\)) and a relatively low electrochemical potential (\(-\)2.7 V) of Na metal. Low thermal stability, flammability, and electrolyte leakage are common issues experienced by conventional SIBs that are derived from organic liquid electrolytes. To solve this problem, mechanically stable solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) can replace traditional liquid electrolytes.