# Seismic Risk Assessment of Chania, Greece, Using an Integrated Computational Approach
## 3 Development of a Hazard Model  
### Quakeist Initial Data  
The GIS software QGIS in conjunction with QuakeISTwasused to analyze the hazard parametersand create the risk maps. More specifically, QuakeIST was used to configure and ultimately calculate the seismic hazard as well as the possibility of structural partial or total damage (i.e., collapse). QGIS was used for both data collection, display, and creation of the final tables used in QuakeIST. QuakeIST uses various models for calculating direct damage/macroseismic models [39], the capacity spectrum [40], N2 [41], and fragility functions, while users can select vulnerability parameters from the software library or add new ones. QuakeIST with various seismic scenarios (ground motion values) has been applied in severalcities in Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Iceland [42]. Layers with different types of information can be created for the population as well as structures and infrastructure (buildings, bridges, water, electricity, gas networks, etc. ), while different damage maps can be exported for each layer. Data sets used in this study were compiled from various agencies and consist of topographic maps from the Geographic Service of the Hellenic Army, a topographic map being a generalized geological map with the geological formations and tectonic faults of the study area [34]; statistical data related to the buildings from the latest national statistical survey [43]; geophysical data [35]; lifelines; emergency population concentration areas;as well as major infrastructure, e.g., public buildings, archeological sites, monuments and historical buildings, museums, galleries, hospitals, stadiums, bus stations, schools, higher educational and research facilities, harbors, and bridges, in Chania as defined by [PERSON] et al. [27]. The buildings in the city of Chania are categorized as follows:  
1. Construction year: The structures of the city are classified into four categories based on their construction period and their expected response to seismic loads [27]. The first class includes the buildings (one- or two- and rarely three- or four-floor historical, neoclassical, and some residential buildings constructed before and after World War II made of stone masonry, reinforced concrete, etc.) until 1961. The second class includes the simple reinforcedconcrete buildings (i.e., moment-resisting frames) constructed between 1961 and 1985 (following the first national earthquake design code established in 1959). The buildings constructed between 1985 and 1992 can be included in the third class as they were constructed with stiffer reinforced concrete frames including shear walls following an improved seismic norm established in 1984. The last class includes the more recent structures, built after 1995, when the New National Earthquake Design Code (NEAK) of Greece was established (and revised twice, in 2000 and 2003, incorporating Eurocode 8 (EC8) in the sequence). This categorization of the buildings is crucial for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the city. However, there are uncertainties in this categorization, as often structures are subjected to various structural interventions without following any seismic norm guidelines. 2. Construction materials (steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, masonry, wood, etc. ): To simplify the modeling, two main materials, reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry (M), are considered. Based on the use of the different percentages of RC/M, three categories were formed for each block of buildings in Chania. 3. Number of floors: Two classes, one with fewer than and one with more than three stories, are considered, while for each building block, the average number of stories is used. 4. Root cover: Two categories are considered: flat, made of reinforced concrete, and inclined tiled roofs. 5. Density of adjacent buildings and other minor parameters.