## 1 Introduction
One of the significant issues with current BPHRS is the high cost and complexity of maintaining blockchain infrastructure, which significantly limits their scalability [21; 25; 26]. Additionally, these systems often struggle with seamless integration into existing healthcare infrastructures, making interoperability a substantial challenge [26; 27]. Privacy concerns are also prevalent, as many blockchain platforms provide limited control to patients once their health data are stored, mainly due to the immutable nature of the blockchain [12; 28; 29]. Moreover, scalability remains a concern as the volume of healthcare data grows, leading to inefficiencies in existing systems [28; 30; 31]. Current solutions, like Ethereum-based frameworks [32; 33], face challenges such as high energy consumption [34], while other platforms, like BlockMedCare, encounter difficulties in deployment and ensuring compatibility with healthcare systems [21; 25; 26; 35]. PHR-NFT directly addresses these shortcomings by leveraging the scalable and modular architecture of Hyperledger Fabric, which reduces operational costs and simplifies deployment. By integrating NFTs, PHR-NFT enhances interoperability, enabling seamless data sharing between blockchain platforms and legacy healthcare systems. This facilitates more effective collaboration between healthcare providers. Furthermore, using NFTs helps address scalability issues by linking each health record to a unique, easily trackable token, thus avoiding bottlenecks as data volumes increase. Privacy concerns are mitigated by giving patients full ownership and control over their health data through NFTs, offering flexible and temporary access to healthcare records as needed, all while ensuring compliance with privacy regulations like GDPR [23]. PHR-NFT offers an efficient solution to the essential security and privacy needs that come with healthcare administration systems. PHR-NFT shows notable advances in several areas, including data integrity, confidentiality, availability, effective interoperability, global accessibility, data privacy, and security, compared to current blockchain-based implementations described in related work. Key benefits of PHR-NFT include enhanced data integrity through unique NFTs that create an immutable distributed ledger, ensuring unauthorized updates are difficult. The system addresses confidentiality by empowering patients to control access to their personal health information, allowing only authorized users to view their electronic health records. PHR-NFT ensures availability by distributing data across decentralized nodes, eliminating reliance on single points of failure and maintaining uninterrupted access even during node failures. Its design promotes effective interoperability by facilitating seamless communication between healthcare professionals across various systems. It allows patients to access their authorized medical records globally via NFTs issued by the Ministry of Health (MoH). NFT integration further improves data security and privacy by limiting access to critical patient data to authorized parties only, thus optimizing data security, privacy, and confidentiality throughout the healthcare ecosystem. Overall, by offering a thorough method for safe and effective patient health record administration, PHR-NFT addresses essential gaps in the literature and improves already-existing BPHRS frameworks. The following are the key contributions of this research:  
* Proposing PHR-NFT, a blockchain-based patient tracking system that uses NFTs to securely store patient data, enhancing the privacy and security of health records. Our framework adopts a patient-centric approach, allowing patients to control their NFTs and grant access permissions to authorized stakeholders based on collaborators within the network. * Implementing patient NFTs on the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform. Smart contracts are utilized to automate health data sharing, ensuring that data are only shared with authorized parties after explicit patient consent.