## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulating Agro-Based Materials Production
#### 3.5.1 Agro-Based Concrete Simulation--Alkaline Extraction
The specific surface area measurements offer insights into how the hemp shiv interacts with various extraction conditions, shedding light on the material's porosity and surface reactivity. To further elucidate these interactions, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to examine the crystalline structure of the hemp shiv under different conditions. This analysis will help determine whether changes in surface area correlate with alter \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Control** & **50 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **NaOH RT** & **NaOH 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) RT** & **Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \hline HS1 & 157.9 & 171.1 & 182.5 & 172.7 & 151.7 & 153.3 \\ \hline HS2 & 153.2 & 145.0 & 173.0 & 146.1 & 167.0 & 153.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Specific surface area (\(a_{s}\)) expressed in m\({}^{2}\)/g for “agro-based concrete” simulation. ations in the crystalline phases of the material, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of temperature and alkaline treatment on hemp shiv. * X-ray diffraction of hemp shiv particles  
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provides valuable insights into the crystallinity of cellulose in hemp shiv, particularly through the calculation of the Scherrer index [55]. This index helps quantify the percentage of crystalline regions within the cellulose structure. In the context of simulating agro-based concrete by liquid extraction, alkaline treatments with Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) and NaOH, applied at either room temperature (RT) or 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, facilitate the hydrolysis of non-crystalline compounds such as lignin, hemicelluloses, and pectins. This hydrolysis enhances the accessibility of cellulose, potentially affecting its crystallinity. The results of the cellulose crystallinity are presented in Figure 6.  
For HS1, the crystallinities under various treatment conditions are presented in Figure 6. The control sample exhibits a crystallinity of 29.1%, serving as a baseline. When treated with water at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the crystallinity of HS1 slightly decreases to 28.1%. Treatment with NaOH at RT results in a crystallinity of 27.9%, which remains nearly unchanged when the temperature is increased to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (28.5%). Similarly, when Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) is applied at RT, the crystallinity is 28.2%, but this increases to 30.1% when the temperature is raised to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The overall variation in crystallinity across all conditions for HS1 ranges from 27.9% to 30.1%, indicating a relatively stable crystallinity except for a noticeable increase in the Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) treatment at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This suggests that the combination of base and or elevated temperature does not change the cellulose crystallinity. Similar results are also found in the literature. [PERSON] et al. (2021) found a crystallinity of 27.1% in untreated hemp shiv powder [55]. Figure 6: Percentage of crystallinity of HS1 and HS2, measured after applying the conditions of the “agro-based concrete” simulation. HS1 is represented in orange shades, while HS2 is represented in shades of blue. HS2 displays different crystallinity trends under similar conditions (Figure 6). The control sample for HS2 shows a crystallinity of 29.2%. When treated with water at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the crystallinity slightly decreases to 28.7%. NaOH at RT increases the crystallinity to 29.5%, but when the temperature is raised to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a significant drop to 27.7% is observed. Ca(OH)2 treatments, both at RT and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, maintain higher crystallinity levels at 29.5% and 29.7%, respectively.