# A Cost-Optimized Model for Dynamic Port Hinterland
## 2 Literature Review
### Sustainability and Digital Technology  
The integration of sustainability concerns and digital technologies represents the newest frontier in hinterland research. Environmental considerations gained prominence through [PERSON] et al.'s analysis of carbon pricing impacts [59] and [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s work on sustainable transport practices [60]. This trend continued with [PERSON] and [PERSON] examining port city sustainable development from a stakeholder perspective [6], while [PERSON] and [PERSON] examined port-hinterland sustainability relationships [61].  
Digital transformation has emerged as a crucial factor in modern port operations. [PERSON] et al.'s work on big data applications [62] and [PERSON] et al.'s analysis of Industry 4.0 technologies demonstrate the increasing importance of digital solutions [63]. Recent contributions from [PERSON] and [PERSON] on digital twins [64] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] on IoT and AI applications highlight the rapid technological evolution in port logistics [65]. The latest research by [PERSON] et al. [66] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [67] examines technological integration and network disruptions, respectively, pointing toward future developments in the field.  
The integration of sustainability into logistics operations has evolved significantly. [PERSON] et al. reviewed sustainable practices in industrial supply chains [68], while [PERSON] et al. examined the impact of environmental cost regulations [69]. Building on this, [PERSON] et al. established a framework for implementing circular economy principles in logistics networks [70]. Authors like [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [71] have expanded on this framework, incorporating environmental costs and sustainability factors.  
In Table 5, the contribution of these authors is summarized schematically.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Author(s)** & **Year** & **Key Contribution** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [59] & 2013 & Analyzed carbon pricing impact on supply chains \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [60] & 2015 & Created sustainable transport practices framework \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [72] & 2018 & Developed sustainable hinterland framework \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [68] & 2018 & Reviewed sustainable industrial practices \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [61] & 2019 & Analyzed port-hinterland sustainability \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [62] & 2019 & Developed big data implementation framework \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] & 2019 & Examined port city sustainable development from a stakeholder perspective \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [71] & 2019 & Incorporated environmental costs and sustainability factors \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [63] & 2020 & Created Industry 4.0 integration model \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [69] & 2020 & Analyzed environmental cost implications \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [70] & 2020 & Developed circular economy framework \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [64] & 2021 & Created a digital twin implementation model \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [65] & 2024 & Developed IoT/AI integration framework \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [66] & 2024 & Created a technological integration model \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [67] & 2024 & Analyzed network disruption impacts \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: References about Sustainability and Digital Technology.