## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, time series InSAR and MSBAS techniques are utilized to investigate the multi-scale and multi-dimensional surface deformation of Shandong peninsula. Sentinel-1A/B SAR imagery from five tracks acquired from October 2016 to July 2019, as well as descending RADARSAT-2 images acquired from April 2012 to June 2016, are all considered.  
The spatial pattern and temporal evolution over the entire peninsula are investigated with the SBAS algorithm. The precision of our measurements is 1.3 cm/a based on independent InSAR measurements for the same regions. On the whole, most of the deformation areas occurred along the northern coastline of the peninsula (i.e., YRD) and the maximum subsidence velocity reached 290 mm/a.  
Two-dimensional deformation rates and time series for both the vertical and east-west directions over Dongying city are calculated using MSBAS algorithm. The results show that there is not only vertical land subsidence, but also eastward deformation, which enriches the previous research results.  
In total, twelve regional areas with land subsidence are identified over the whole Shandong peninsula and the detailed results is summarized. The localized land subsidence areas are associated with overexploitation of brine and underground water, aquaculture and land reclamation, and fault activity. The maximum land subsidence occurred in inland Guangzhou with the annual rate being 105 mm/a due to the overexploitation of groundwater. In addition, several faults in Guangzhou and Weifang affected the local subsidence due to the heterogeneous strata across the fault. Lastly, land reclamation suffers from land subsidence significantly. InSAR time series results reveal the different temporal evolutions, which obey the [PERSON] theory of consolidation very well.  
Our research into the characteristics of spatiotemporal evolution and the mechanisms of land subsidence can be referred to local underground fluid exploitation and land reclamation.  
All authors participated in editing and reviewing the manuscript. [PERSON] implemented the methodology, analyzed InSAR results, made the figures and wrote the original paper. [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed the research program, supervised the research and provided valuable suggestions for the revision. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] made contributions to the results interpretation. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC (Grant No. 41874005 and 41929001), the Special Project granted by the China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 2018010103) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (No. 300102269722, 300102269303, 300102269104).  
The authors would like to thank the European Space Agency for providing the Sentinel-1 ASAR data freely. SRTM DEM can be freely downloaded from [[http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/cbanddataproducts.html](http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/cbanddataproducts.html)]([http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/cbanddataproducts.html](http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/cbanddataproducts.html)). The MSBAS software package can be downloaded from [[http://insar.ca/](http://insar.ca/)]([http://insar.ca/](http://insar.ca/)). Thanks go to Google Earth for providing the optical images. We also would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their elaborate comments.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.