esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among athletes who engage in sports such as volleyball and skiing, which involve jumping and rapid changes in direction [1]. Approximately 250,000 ACL injuries occur in the United States [2]. Although ACL injuries can occur at any age, they are particularly prevalent among younger athletes. These injuries can begin as early as ages 10 to 12, with peak incidences reported between ages 14 to 18 for females and 19 to 25 for males [3].  
Surgical intervention is often required to restore the function of a damaged ACL, and athletes typically undergo about six months of rehabilitation before returning to their sport. Post ACL reconstruction, many athletes struggle to regain the pre-injury knee function necessary for their sport. Approximately 30% of high school athletes who undergo ACL reconstruction either quit sports or switch to a different activity [4]. Additionally, there is a high risk of subsequent ACL injuries to either the same or the opposite knee post reconstruction [5], necessitating cautious movements to minimize injury risk.  
While rigid knee braces can prevent dangerous movements that lead to ACL injuries, they hinder knee joint movement, limiting athletic performance. Alternatively, evaluatingACL injury risk through knee flexion and valgus angles, as shown in Figure 1, provides a screening method. ACL injuries frequently occur in non-contact situations [6], with increased risk when a small knee flexion angle coincides with the knee valgus [7]. The risk also escalates with larger knee valgus angles during jump landings and direction changes in practice [8]. Thus, measuring these angles during practice can screen athletes at high risk for ACL injuries.  
Research on estimating knee flexion and valgus angles (collectively referred to as knee joint angles) commonly uses 2D and 3D motion analysis. Two-dimensional motion analysis is simple, low-cost, and quick, making it suitable for large-scale screenings. However, its accuracy is limited by the potential misinterpretation of hip rotation or lower limb alignment as knee valgus. Conversely, 3D motion analysis provides precise knee joint angle estimates but is impractical for evaluating knee movements during regular games and practices due to its laboratory setting and high costs. This makes it inaccessible for high school students who are prone to ACL injuries, thereby unsuitable for large-scale screenings.  
This study aimed to develop a system to evaluate ACL injury risk in athletes' regular practice environments and notify those performing high-risk movements. This paper proposes a method to estimate knee flexion and valgus angles using a supporter device equipped with stretch sensors, and its accuracy was evaluated.  
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews related research, Section 3 describes the proposed system, Section 4 explains the evaluation experiments of the knee joint angle estimation method, Section 5 presents the results, Section 6 discusses the findings, and Section 7 concludes the paper.
# Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency
## 3 Comparison of Methods
### NRMSE Comparison of Estimation Methods
Table 1 presents the final comparison of the optimized NRMSE values achieved by the CHT and PLL methods across different wave cases. An analysis of the CHT and PLL methods reveals varying performance across the four test cases as shown in the Figure 7. In Cases 1 and 2, the HT method consistently achieved lower NRMSE values (16.91% and 16.93%) compared to PLL (18.82% and 21.46%). In Case 3, however, the PLL method outperformed CHT, achieving an NRMSE of 3.80% versus 6.80% for CHT. In the more challenging broadband condition of Case 4, CHT again demonstrated superior performance with an NRMSE of 14.59%, while the PLL method exhibited a slightly higher error of 17.40%. Overall, the results indicate that while the PLL method offers strong performance in sudden frequency change, the Hilbert-based method tends to provide more robust performance across a broader range of irregular wave conditions as shown in the Figure 8. Plus, the performance of the PLL is very sensitive to loop gain, while CHT is less so. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Case Number** & **CHT NRMSE (\%)** & **PLL NRMSE (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 16.91 & 18.82 \\
2 & 16.93 & 21.46 \\
3 & 6.80 & 3.80 \\
4 & 14.59 & 17.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: NRMSE comparison of CHT and PLL estimation methods.
## 3 5G and Beyond
### Cloud-Based 5G/6G Systems
#### 3.2.3 Cloud-RAN  
The key idea behind Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) is to break down the base station functionalities by decoupling the base station into a remote radio head (RRH) and base band unit (BBU). It then centralizes the BBUs from multiple sites into a single geographical location, such as a cloud DC utilizing cloud computing [37]. Enhanced mobility management is also considered to be one of the key advantages of C-RAN [38].  
The China Mobile Research Institute (CMRI) announced that by adopting C-RAN, a 15%-reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX) and a 50%-reduction in operational expenditure (OPEX) can be achieved [38; 39].
# From Phase Space to Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Exploring [PERSON]'s Theorem and Its Implications
## 4 Adaptability of the Formulation
### Nonelastic Collisions Between Particles  
According to Equation (53), the invariance of volume for canonically conjugated variables is not verified which implies that, in the presence of entropy gradients or out-of-equilibrium systems, there is no conservation of momentum nor kinetic energy (see also Ref. [24]) in particle collisions.  
This means that in the presence of entropy gradients or out-of-equilibrium systems, there is no conservation of momentum or kinetic energy in particle collisions. This lack of conservation of these quantities is significant because it implies that the usual assumptions made in equilibrium systems, where entropy gradients are absent, do not hold in out-of-equilibrium systems. This result is not new and has previously been discussed in the literature. For further details on the topic, Ref. [9] is also included. Knowledge of how systems that are far from equilibrium--like many biological, ecological, and social systems--behave requires a knowledge of the non-conservation of momentum and kinetic energy in particle collisions in out-of-equilibrium systems. More thought and consideration go into understanding and modeling these kinds of systems than is required for equilibrium systems, where the assumption of entropy gradients is often accurate.  
Several publications offer important theoretical frameworks and insights into the complexities of momentum and kinetic energy non-conservation in nonelastic collisions inside non-equilibrium systems. In their exploration of the relationship between non-equilibrium correlations and memory effects in quantum kinetic equations, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2000) provide insight into the complex interplay between dynamical development and energy conservation in quantum systems [44]. This analysis is supplemented by discussions by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2012) [45] of the effective dynamics of nonabelian plasmas that are out of equilibrium, and the conceptual difficulties surrounding momentum and kinetic energy in educational settings, as highlighted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2009) [15]. Moreover, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2015) present a collision-aware Lorentz-invariant chiral kinetic theory that sheds new light on entropy and conservation laws [16]. Last but not least, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]'s 2007 investigation of angular momentum conservation in heavy-ion collisions provides an insightful analysis of its implications on elliptic flow and the polarization of released hadrons [11]. Together, these studies improve our knowledge of the intricate behavior of systems that are far from equilibrium and the need to re-evaluate conservation rules in these situations.
# Towards Automatic License Plate Recognition in Challenging Conditions
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, one of the aims of this research is to design an accurate LP recognition technique with the capability to handle diverse license plates. Fortunately, numerous research groups have compiled numerous LP datasets. Few of the databases also contain clear vehicle images in different environments and road conditions. We aimed to contribute to the field with this manuscript, as highlighted below. * Inspired by recent trends in machine learning, a robust LP recognition method is proposed in this paper that accurately recognizes various license plates. Particularly, our developed system uses an intelligent combination of Faster RCNN to detect various vehicles, morphological image processing methods to locate the LP area, and finally, the deep learning-based method to recognize the detected license plate. The systemic application of various modules enables us to achieve a reliable and accurate LP recognition method. Figure 1: Various license plate challenges. * We consider the license plate as an object for detection and recognition tasks. The output of our created approach for detecting vehicles is a rectangle encompassing the vehicle and license plate region. In contrast, for the license plate recognition task, our system displays the vehicle license plate alphabets and characters above the real license plate once it has been located in the image. * Our developed technique supports different types of plates from PKU, AOLP, and CCPD datasets. Our obtained results indicate that our developed method effectively recognizes the LPs of these databases. Moreover, our developed technique is intelligent, as it systematically achieves the aforedescribed tasks. This manuscript is organized as follows: In Section 2, recent license plate recognition techniques are briefly listed. In Section 3, our proposed method is described in detail. Our findings during simulations are listed in Section 4, followed by the conclusions, which also hint at the future extension of this work.
# Ocean-Current-Motion-Model-Based Routing Protocol for Void-Avoided UASNs
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed an oceancurrentmotionmodel-based routing protocol (OCMR) for voidavoided UASNs. This protocol provides an effective method of suppressing the problem of the routing void and the node rapidly selecting the relay node in the candidate forwarding set. In the OCMR protocol, we designed the fitness function with the initial energy, relative velocity, node density, and outage-probability-based modified WOA. To accelerate the convergence of the traditional WOA, we inferred the protectionradius-based optimal outage probability to form the search coverage, which composed the candidate forwarding set. Aiming to solve the problems associated with a routing void, we devised a voidavoided strategy to select an alternate relay node in the alternate forwarding set, which improves the connectivity of the network. Extensive simulation demonstrates that the OCMR protocol outperforms the VBF, HH-VBF, and QELAR protocols in terms of the PDR, average end-to-end delay, and average energy consumption. Additional factors that can be adaptively adjusted will be taken into account in terms of the fitness function in a future study.  
Figure 16: Comparison of average energy consumption with different node initial energies.  
**Author Contributions**: Methodology, Z.T.; validation, Z.T. and Y.L.; formal analysis, Z.T. and H.S.; investigation, S.H. and S.S.; data curation, Z.T. and Y.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.T.; writing--review and editing, H.S.; visualization, Z.T.; supervision, H.S. and S.H.; project administration, H.S.; funding acquisition, H.S. and S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding**: This research was funded by the Key Program of Marine Economy Development Special Foundation of the Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province, grant number GDNRC [2023]24; the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 62271426; the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi, grant number AB21196066; and the Key Research and Development Program of Guilin, grant number 2020113-6.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement**: Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Automated skin lesion classification using machine learning techniques is crucial for early and accurate skin cancer detection. This study proposes a hybrid method combining the Hermite, Radial Fourier-Mellin, and Hilbert transform to extract comprehensive features from skin lesion images. By separating the images into red, green, and blue (RGB) channels and grayscale, unique textural and structural information specific to each channel is analyzed. The Hermite transform captures localized spatial features, while the Radial Fourier-Mellin and Hilbert transforms ensure global invariance to scale, translation, and rotation. Texture information for each channel is also obtained based on the Local Binary Pattern (_LBP_) technique. The proposed hybrid transform-based feature extraction was applied to multiple lesion classes using the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2019 dataset, preprocessed with data augmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves classification accuracy and robustness, highlighting its potential as a non-invasive AI-based tool for dermatological diagnosis.  
skin lesion classification; Hermite transform; radial Fourier-Mellin transform +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Comprehensive Review of Sensor-Based Smart Building Monitoring and Data Gathering Techniques
## 3 Smart Building Monitoring Applications  
A comprehensive building optimization system utilizes all facets of building and facility management. These systems enable the monitoring of space utilization, water consumption, energy usage, and allocation, among other factors. Advancing this monitoring further, data from IoT sensors tagged by location or asset type and linked with business rules can activate algorithms to detect, predict, and respond to anomalies [16].
## 1 Introduction  
Many concrete structures in civil engineering use prestressing steel wires as reinforcement elements bearing fatigue loads. Nowadays, cold drawing is the conforming process most widely used in industry for obtaining prestressing steel wires. Residual stresses appear in cold-drawn pearmitic steel wires due to the non-uniform distribution of plastic strain during wire drawing [1]. Such residual stresses are a problem of major concern in engineering, since they can produce--under certain conditions--the catastrophic failure of structural components such as prestressing steel wires [2]. So, any effort leading to reduced residual stress is very welcome. In the particular case of wire drawing, different methods are used to obtain more efficient and reliable components. Some of them are composed of diverse post-drawing treatments whose aim is to release the stress distribution after the cold drawing process [3]. Others are based on design modifications of the process, mainly focused on the die geometry [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. However, for certain cases (mainly when the surface residual stresses are compressive in nature), an improvement of the mechanical behavior against fatigue is achieved [12]. Thus, the use of surface post-treatments such as shot peening (whose aim is to introduce compressive stresses in the component surface and its vicinity) is currently widespread in industry.  
Cold drawn wires are highly susceptible to degradation phenomena related to hydrogen damage, in particular to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) [13; 14; 15; 16]. Stress-strain state plays a key role in such a type of failure [17; 18]. Thus, a reduction of the residual stress state yields to a reduction of the HE susceptibility of prestressing steel wires, thereby reducing the risk of in-service failure. In this paper, the effects of diverse cyclic loading scenarios on the residual stress field generated by cold drawing are analyzed. To achieve this goal, firstly, a numerical simulation by the finite element (FE) method was carried out for estimation of the residual stress distribution in a real (commercial) prestressing steel wire. Later, a wire with the aforementioned residual stress field was simulated by FE under different in-service fatigue load cases to reveal the effect of the cyclic loading scheme.
# Study About the Performance of Ascon in Arduino Devices
## 2 The Ascon Cipher Suite
### The Ascon Permutation
#### 2.4.2 Substitution Layer, \(p_{s}\)  
The substitution layer, \(p_{s}\), modifies the \(S\)-state using 64 parallel applications. For this process, Ascon uses the S-boxes of 5 bits, i.e., it takes 5 bits of input and returns 5 bits of output. The S-box takes one bit from each 64-bit register word vertically and performs a substitution based on Table 4. Each 64-bit register word bit contributes one bit to each of the 64 S-boxes, where \(x_{0}\) always contributes with the MSB and \(x_{4}\) with the LSB.  
The lookup table goes from 0 to 31, in binary, because it covers all possible combinations of 5 bits in five different positions. Figure 2 represents the S-box and these operations are applied in this bitsliced form, with operations performed on the entire 64-bit words.  
The easiest way to implement the S-box is to use a look-up table, but this option has a high area cost. An alternative is to use coordinate functions, which require less  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(x\) & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 \\ \(S(x)\) & 4 & 11 & 31 & 20 & 26 & 21 & 9 & 2 & 27 & 5 & 8 & 18 & 29 & 3 & 6 & 28 \\ \hline \(x\) & 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 & 21 & 22 & 23 & 24 & 25 & 26 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 30 & 31 \\ \(S(x)\) & 30 & 19 & 7 & 14 & 0 & 13 & 17 & 24 & 16 & 12 & 1 & 25 & 22 & 10 & 15 & 23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Lookup table of the Ascon S-box.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(p^{a}\) & \(p^{b}\) & \(p^{b}\) & & \(p^{a}\) & \(p^{b}\) & \(p^{b}\) & \\ \(p^{12}\) & \(p^{8}\) & \(p^{6}\) & **Constant**\(c_{r}\) & \(p^{12}\) & \(p^{8}\) & \(p^{6}\) & **Constant**\(c_{r}\) \\ \hline
0 & & & 000000000000000000000060 & 6 & 2 & 0 & 0000000000000000000006 \\
1 & & & 00000000000000000000000000 & 1 & 7 & 3 & 1 & 0000000000000000000087 \\
2 & & & 000000000000000000000000 & 2 & 8 & 4 & 2 & 0000000000000000000078 \\
3 & & & 000000000000000000000000 & 3 & 9 & 5 & 3 & 00000000000000000069 \\
4 & 0 & 000000000000000000000000 & 10 & 6 & 4 & 00000000000000000000005a \\
5 & 1 & 00000000000000000000000000 & 5 & 11 & 7 & 5 & 000000000000000000000004b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Specification of round constant \(c_{r}\).  
Figure 2: Ascon S-box [10].  
area. In algebraic form, the S-Box can be represented by coordinate functions in the following way:  
\[y_{0} =x_{4}x_{1}\oplus x_{3}\oplus x_{2}x_{1}\oplus x_{2}\oplus x_{1}x_{ 0}\oplus x_{1}\oplus x_{0},\] \[y_{1} =x_{4}\oplus x_{2}x_{3}\oplus x_{3}\oplus x_{3}x_{1}\oplus x_{2} \oplus x_{1}x_{2}\oplus x_{1}\oplus x_{0},\] \[y_{2} =x_{4}x_{3}\oplus x_{4}\oplus x_{2}\oplus x_{1}\oplus 1,\] \[y_{3} =x_{4}x_{0}\oplus x_{3}x_{0}\oplus x_{4}\oplus x_{3}\oplus x_{2} \oplus x_{1}\oplus x_{0},\] \[y_{4} =x_{4}x_{1}\oplus x_{4}\oplus x_{3}\oplus x_{1}x_{0}\oplus x_{1},\]  
where each \(y_{i}\), \(i=0,\ldots,4\), is one of the five 64-bit words, \(x_{i}\), after the S-box has been applied.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Extraction Yield  
Extraction yields of ethanolic extracts are presented in Table 3. Comparing the whole fruiting bodies, the highest extraction yields were recorded for _A. bisporus_ (white), _A. bisporus_ (brown) and _P. eryngii_, reaching approximately \(\sim\)40%. Contrastingly, _P. ostreatus_ showed the lowest yield (\(\sim\)18%). In a previous study, the extraction yield from _P. ostreatus_ was substantially higher and accounted for almost 30%, whereas for _A. bisporus_ (white) the yield was similar to the present study [21]. The highest differences between stems and caps were noticed in _P. nameko_ and _P. ostreatus_, where caps gave lower yields compared to stems. In the cases of _P. eryngii_ and _A. bisporus_ (brown), these differences were not substantial. On the contrary, the caps of species like _L. edodes_ and _A. bisporus_ (white) gave higher yields compared to their stems.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Serviceability  
Structural design, particularly for buildings, must consider the serviceability of the structures by satisfying the allowable deflection criteria, even though the ultimate limit state was generally verified in advance. The diversity of serviceability conditions could not all be handled by simply limiting the flexibility of the structures. Each individual condition must be addressed by the designer, for specific performance requirements.  
For beams NB60, HB60, MB60, and LB60, the mid-span deflections corresponding to the ultimate load were 2.80, 5.37, 3.49, 7.08 mm, respectively. The corresponding mid-span deflection was not consistent with the shear strength. However, the shear strength of the RC beams made of recycled aggregate concrete was higher than that of the natural aggregate concrete beam, but the deflections of the high-, medium-, and low-quality recycled aggregate concrete beams were 1.92, 1.25, and 2.53 times higher, respectively. Therefore, careful consideration should be given when designing concrete structures using a low-quality recycled aggregate.  
A better relationship between the shear strength and corresponding mid-span deflection could be achieved for the small beams. A higher shear strength was associated with a larger mid-span deflection. Beam MS60 had a 29.6% lower shear strength and a 54.9% lower deflection, than the beam NS60, indicating the improved performance of the medium-quality recycled aggregate, despite its lower shear strength. In contrast, beams HS60 and LS60 had 17.6% and 20.4% lower deflections and 14.8% and 27.5% lower shear strengths, respectively, than the beam NS60, which was nearly the same rate as that for the reduction in strength.
# Transition Metal Coordination Compounds as Novel Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
## 2 Characterization and Principle of Operation of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
### Compounds Used as Redox Mediators
One example is the cobalt tris(bipyridine) redox pair [Co\({}^{2+}\)(bpy)\({}_{3}\)], showing a redox potential of 0.56 V with respect to NHE.