## 3 Results  
### Hip Joint  
The biomechanical characteristics of lower limb joints between shoes with different height differences and normal height difference running shoes were analyzed using paired samples \(t\)-test. According to Table 1, significant differences were found in the hip joint hip abduction range during the landing phase between M6 and M9 conditions compared to NS (\(p\) = 0.021, \(p\) = 0.039). Differences in hip joint flexion-extension power were observed under M6 (\(p\) = 0.021) and M9 conditions (\(p\) = 0.006), while hip joint extension peak moments differed under L6 (\(p\) = 0.045). As shown in Table 2, during the push-off phase, significant differences in hip joint peak angular velocities of extension (\(p\) = 0.008) and abduction (\(p\) = 0.016) were noted under L6 compared to NS. The hip joint flexion-extension range differed under M6 (\(p\) = 0.014). Significant differences in hip joint minimum power (\(p\) = 0.006), external peak moment (\(p\) = 0.004), and external work (\(p\) = 0.022) were found under M6. Under M9, hip joint flexion-extension power (\(p\) = 0.002), external peak moment (\(p\) = 0.002), power (\(p\) = 0.001), and work (\(p\) = 0.001) showed significant differences. L6 showed differences in hip joint extension power (\(p\) = 0.011), peak moment (\(p\) = 0.009), work (\(p\) = 0.033), and flexion-extension power (\(p\) = 0.019). Significant differences in hip joint external power were observed under M9 (\(p\) = 0.042). All significant differences in the hip joint results were presented in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Joint**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Neutral**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Medial**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Lateral**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & **6 mm** & **9 mm** & **6 mm** & **9 mm** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Hip**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**Sagittal**} & ROM (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 3.26 \(\pm\) 1.29 & 3.24 \(\pm\) 1.41 & 3.17 \(\pm\) 1.39 & 2.99 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 3.06 \(\pm\) 0.79 \\  & & Peak angular velocity (rad/s) & 2.74 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 2.50 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 2.31 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 2.59 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 2.69 \(\pm\) 0.62 \\  & & Peak moment (Nm/kg) & -3.33 \(\pm\) 1.27 & 3.60 \(\pm\) 0.69 & \(-\)3.31 \(\pm\) 0.73 & \(\mathbf{-439\pm 0.95}\) & \(-\)3.94 \(\pm\) 1.14 \\  & & Maximum power (w/kg) & 8.96 \(\pm\) 3.97 & 7.30 \(\pm\) 1.78 & 8.43 \(\pm\) 5.75 & 8.32 \(\pm\) 5.41 & 9.89 \(\pm\) 5.85 \\  & & Minimum power (w/kg) & -7.70 \(\pm\) 4.81 & -6.06 \(\pm\) 2.21 & -5.08 \(\pm\) 1.69 & -7.06 \(\pm\) 2.71 & -6.58 \(\pm\) 3.30 \\  & & Positive work (\(|\)/kg) & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\  & & Negative work (\(|\)/kg) & \(-\)0.38 \(\pm\) 0.23 & \(-\)0.29 \(\pm\) 0.14 & \(-\)0.24 \(\pm\) 0.12 & \(-\)0.36 \(\pm\) 0.17 & \(-\)0.33 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Frontal**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**Sagittal**} & ROM (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 12.57 \(\pm\) 4.03 & **10.69 \(\pm\) 2.76 \({}^{\circ}\)** & **10.51 \(\pm\) 3.78 \({}^{\circ}\)** & 11.19 \(\pm\) 4.03 & 11.80 \(\pm\) 3.10 \\  & & Peak angular velocity (rad/s) & 3.95 \(\pm\) 1.29 & 3.39 \(\pm\) 1.00 & 3.31 \(\pm\) 1.18 & 3.61 \(\pm\) 1.13 & 3.68 \(\pm\) 0.93 \\  & & Peak moment (Nm/kg) & \(-\)1.82 \(\pm\) 0.31 & \(-\)1.78 \(\pm\) 0.32 & \(-\)1.72 \(\pm\) 0.21 & -1.95 \(\pm\) 0.21 & -1.98 \(\pm\) 0.61 \\  & & Maximum power (w/kg) & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.60 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 0.20 \(\pm\) 1.08 \\  & & Minimum power (w/kg) & \(-\)6.33 \(\pm\) 3.26 & \(\mathbf{-420\pm 1.40}\) & \(\mathbf{-409\pm 2.95}\) & \(-\)5.90 \(\pm\) 2.32 & \(-\)6.12 \(\pm\) 2.89 \\  & & Positive work (\(|\)/kg) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\  & & Negative work (\(|\)/kg) & \(-\)0.43 \(\pm\) 0.19 & \(-\)0.33 \(\pm\) 0.09 & \(-\)0.34 \(\pm\) 0.17 & \(-\)0.52 \(\pm\) 0.15 & \(-\)0.55 \(\pm\) 0.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}