esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Comparative Study of the Presence of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetable Oils
## 2 Analysis of Publications and Trend of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetable Oils
### Comparison between the Most Studied Oils and Metals  
Olive, sunflower, rapeseed, and corn oils are the most studied edible vegetable oils. Likewise, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Fe are the most studied heavy metals. Taking these oils and heavy metals as a reference, it was possible to analyse the frequency of study of each metal in these oils (Figure 2).  
Cd and Pb are the most studied heavy metals in olive oil, with 31.25 and 27.08%, respectively, while Cu and Fe predominate in rapeseed oil, at 28.57% (Figure 2). In this sense, Cd is once again the predominant metal analyzed for the oils mentioned above, with the exception of rapeseed oil and, in addition, it is the one with the highest percentage of studies.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### First Design
#### 4.2.3 Punching Holes in the Top Plate and Magnet  
[PERSON] et al. [13] presented a new way to reduce the magnetic flux leakage on the microspeaker by punching circular holes into a magnetic circuit. In their study, there were holes punched in the inner plate and inner magnet, which were the main parts of the microspeaker's magnetic circuit. In the  
Figure 7: Analysis results with changing magnet grade: (**a**) force factor; (**b**) flux leakage.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Top Plate Thickness [mm]** & **Magnet Thickness [mm]** & **Force Factor [N/A]** & **Magnetic Flux Leakage [G]** \\ \hline
1.00 & 2.30 & 3.12 & 643.7 \\
1.05 & 2.25 & 3.11 (\(-\)0.32\%) & 626.6 (\(-\)2.66\%) \\
1.10 & 2.20 & 3.10 (\(-\)0.64\%) & 608.2 (\(-\)5.51\%) \\
1.15 & 2.15 & 3.09 (\(-\)0.96\%) & 592.9 (\(-\)7.89\%) \\
1.20 & 2.10 & 3.07 (\(-\)1.60\%) & 577.5 (\(-\)10.28\%) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Analysis results with different top plate thicknesses.  
same way, the holes were punched in the top plate and in the magnet of the linear vibration motor. The analysis results according to different hole diameters are shown in Table 4.  
Moreover, the analysis results of the force factor and the magnetic flux leakage with different hole diameters are shown in Figure 8. The force factor and the magnetic flux leakage decreased as the hole diameter increased.  
With the three approaches, the most significant reduction of the magnetic flux leakage is 15.40% when using an N35H magnet. The second-best reduction occurs with a 4.00 mm hole diameter in the top plate and magnet, where the magnetic flux leakage reduces by 13.36%. However, neither are acceptable results owing to a force factor reduction of 11.86% and 6.41%, respectively. The least reduction occurs in the case with a top plate (1.20 mm) and a magnet (2.10 mm), in which there is only a 10.28% reduction of the magnetic flux leakage with a 1.60% reduction in the force factor.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Hole Diameter [mm]** & **Force Factor [N/A]** & **Magnetic Flux Leakage [G]** \\ \hline
0.00 & 3.12 & 643.7 \\
0.50 & 3.11 (\(-\)0.32\%) & 640.8 (\(-\)0.45\%) \\
1.00 & 3.10 (\(-\)0.64\%) & 637.5 (\(-\)0.96\%) \\
1.50 & 3.09 (\(-\)0.96\%) & 634.6 (\(-\)1.41\%) \\
2.00 & 3.07 (\(-\)1.60\%) & 625.3 (\(-\)2.86\%) \\
2.50 & 3.04 (\(-\)2.56\%) & 613.8 (\(-\)4.65\%) \\
3.00 & 3.01 (\(-\)3.53\%) & 598.6 (\(-\)7.01\%) \\
3.50 & 2.97 (\(-\)4.81\%) & 580.0 (\(-\)9.90\%) \\
4.00 & 2.92 (\(-\)6.41\%) & 557.7 (\(-\)13.36\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Analysis results with different hole diameters.  
Figure 8: Analysis results according to different hole diameters: (**a**) force factor and (**b**) magnetic flux leakage.  
However, these analysis results are still much higher than those at 50 G. Thus, other designs should be considered to obtain a greater magnetic flux reduction. To minimize the magnetic flux leakage and limit the reduction on the force factor to less than 5%, the lower magnet grade (N45H) and the top plate thickness (1.10 mm) are applied to the next designs.
# Tailored Magnetic Linear Birefringence in Wedge-Shaped Co Nanocluster Assemblies
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Preparation of Wedged 2D Assemblies of Co nanoclusters in Off-Axis Geometry  
A number of 2D assemblies of Co nanoclusters were grown by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) in high-vacuum environment (base pressure \(\sim\)10\({}^{-7}\) mbar). The ND:YAG laser operated at 532 nm, with 0.35 J/pulse and a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Its beam was efficiently collimated onto the Co target (99.95% pure) to reach an energy density about 10 J/cm\({}^{2}\). Grown Co nanoclusters were deposited at room temperature on glass substrates (18 \(\times\) 18 mm). An XYZ-manipulator allowed us to regulate the relative position of the substrate holder to the ablated Co target. With the above laser parameters, the plume of evaporated Co particles was intercepted by the substrate holder at a z-distance, d\(\sim\)5 cm, from the Co target, as shown in Figure 1. Prior to deposition, the glass substrate was glued on a 45\({}^{\circ}\) wedge and fixed to the holder. Thus, in this off-axis geometry, the substrate was finally orientated at an angle of 45\({}^{\circ}\) with respect to the normal of the Co target (z-axis); see Figure 1.  
Deposition time, t\({}_{d}\), was adjusted to 300 s to provide a measurable magneto-optical signal over the whole sample surface. Under the above growing conditions, 2D assemblies developed an intentioned thickness profile for the subsequent magneto-optical study. That wedge-shaped contour is outlined in Figure 1 (dashed red line) and characterized in the following Sections 2.2 and 3.1. Additionally, we tried to determine the structure of cobalt clusters with X-ray diffraction on the coatings. In the Supplementary Materials we have included XRD scans of our samples in Bragg-Bentano geometry with Cu-Ka radiation. These measurements in every sample show broad halos from which we cannot provide evidence for a particular crystalline phase fcc or hcp.
### Novelty and Key Contributions  
In this study, an enhancement to a previous novel approach is presented, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of aggressive behavior prediction in patients suffering from dementia. The integration of an audio-based detection system combined with a previously developed vision-based model can improve behavior prediction.  
The main contributions of this study are as follows:  
**Potential Benefits from the Previous Work:**  
* **Multimodal Aggression Detection:** The introduction of a multimodal technique is presented, combining previously existing visual-based aggression analysis with a new audio-based aggression analysis, thereby enhancing the system's robustness in real-world scenarios with improved noise reduction;
* **Advanced Audio-Processing Techniques:** In order to successfully extract audio features from audio files, advanced techniques of audio processing were used, such as Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), frequency filtering, and speech prosody, improving the model's classification accuracy;
* **Late Fusion Meta-Classifier:** A late fusion meta-classifier was applied to merge the multilayered model predictions into a unified data frame consisting of both audio and visual aggression predictions;
* **Clinical Applicability and Proof of Concept:** The results showcase that the multimodal framework's implementation improves the detection of early aggression behaviors, providing proof-of-concept validity for the future support of clinical practice.  
**New Insights:**
* The results of this multilayer approach demonstrate that when audio-based aggression predictions are merged with visual prediction, the overall aggression prediction is improved, providing a more comprehensive approach to patient behavior;
* The correlations between body movements and vocal frequencies provide insight into their association.  
**Practical Implications:**
* This multimodal system could support real-world clinical systems by providing real-time alerts generating suitable interventions;
* Because of its enhanced accuracy, this approach could be integrated into future clinical practice.
## 4 Discussion
Brainon upregulated BDNF protein levels as well as phosphorylated CREB protein levels in the hippocampal comparison with those in the SCO-treated group. ROS induces oxidative stress and is significant in the pathology of AD [9; 28]. Excessive oxidative damage induces neuroinflammation and results in neurotoxicity, contributing to clinical symptoms of AD, including cognitive deficits [29; 30] Antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD-1 and SOD-2, play a protective role against oxidative stress by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide anions to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Results from previous studies show that ACh exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress by increasing the expression of SOD, and that ACh levels are positively related with those of SOD [31; 32]. In the present study, treatment with Brainon recovered the antioxidant defense system by increasing SOD and ACh levels in the hippocampal tissues of SCO-induced mice. ROS-caused oxidative stress is considerably correlated with neuroinflammation, which exacerbates neurodegenerative disorders and contributes to the progression of AD. SCO administration upregulated IL-1\(\beta\), IL-6, and TNF-\(\alpha\) levels in mouse hippocampi, and these findings were consistent with the results from previous studies [33; 34]. However, Brainon suppressed the SCO-induced neuroinflammationary cytokines in the SCO-treated mouse hippocampi. ROS, the primary cause of oxidative stress, is also responsible for the initiation of apoptosis. It promotes the overexpression of the proapoptotic protein, Bax, leading to cell death. The antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, which has effects opposite to those of Bax, is regulated by CREB. Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation promote neuronal cell death by increasing caspase activator release in the hippocampal tissue [12; 35; 36]. Our results suggested that SCO activated Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved-PARP, while downregulated protein expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, we found that Brainon alleviatedthe overexpression of Bax and the activation of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved-PARP, and on the other hand increased protein expression of Bcl-2 in SCO-treated mice. To summarize, Brainon was found to have an anti-annesic effect, which could be regulated by cholinergic activity and the CREB-BDNF signaling pathway, and by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptotic properties.
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Computational Demand  
Table 17 reports, for each image descriptor, the average Feature Extraction time per image (FE) and the average Classification time per subdivision into the training and test set (CL). The figures were recorded from Experiment #1. For a fair comparison, all the features were computed using the CPU only (no GPU acceleration was used). To facilitate a comparative assessment, we subdivided the whole population into quartiles (columns Q\({}_{FE}\) and Q\({}_{CL}\) of the table). On the whole, the results indicate that the best performing hand-crafted descriptors (e.g., OCLBP, LCVBP and ICM) were generally slower than the CNN-based methods in the feature extraction step; in the classification step, however, the situation was inverted in favour of the hand-crafted descriptors due to the lower dimensionality of these methods.
# Research on Lane Detection Based on Global Search of Dynamic Region of Interest (DROI)
## 6 Discussion of Results  
In order to validate the advantages of the proposed algorithm, it was tested using the Caltech data sets. The obtained results demonstrate that the positive detection rate reaches 99.21% and the missing detection rate is about 2.7%, which is superior to other mainstream methods in terms of accuracy.  
Furthermore, 5683 frames of road images including highway, rural road, wet roads, and mountain roads during the daytime and at night were further detected using the proposed method. The results show that the positive detection rate reaches 99.07%, while the misdetection rate is lower than 3%, which indicates that the proposed algorithm provides good adaptability in different complex environments.
## 3 Discussion of the Results
### Deformation Energy Absorption Mechanisms  
The brittle nature of the lattice PLA structures controls the load-resistance mechanisms of the Reference sample (Figure 6b). The teeth-shaped diagram of the Reference specimen (green diagram in Figure 12) supports this inference, which also aligns with the results in the literature, as reported in [13; 34; 44; 45], where the interested reader can find relevant details. Therefore, this discussion focuses on the results of the LW-PLA alternatives.  
The concentration of internal damage in the top part of Sample 1 (Figure 8b) can explain the relatively low load-bearing capacity of this specimen (e.g., blue curve in Figure 12). In other words, the compression failure localized in the top zone of this sample (Figure 8b) does not ensure the activation of the entire lattice structure and raises the resultant deformability. The alternative, Sample 2, presents a similar picture (Figure 8c), where the bottom corners of the specimen do not exhibit severe damage. This observation reveals that not all of the internal structure parts were activated during the compression tests. In addition, the middle gap between the sample and the table reflects the deformation release of the specimen after removing the compression load, and the permanent compression effect is localized in the center part of the prototypes, as shown in Figure 8.  
On the contrary, the modified metastructural prototypes (Figure 11) did not exhibit signs of uneven permanent deformation, with all of the failure concentrated in the center (strengthened) zone of the prototypes. However, Sample 3 shows a disordered failure pattern of the core structure (Figure 11a). This buckling-like failure can explain the alteration in the load-displacement diagrams for Samples 3 and 3r, as shown in Figure 10. In other words, an insufficient rigidity of the stiffening core does not prevent it from buckling, which can cause it to change shape and alter its structural performance. The modified Sample 4 did not demonstrate signs of buckling of the internal core (Figure 11b), which stabilized its deformations and ensured a robust structural configuration under repeated loads (Figure 10). This observation can form a governing design condition for the metastructures, where the structural core must ensure deformation stability. In this context, local buckling is preferred against the global buckling characteristic of Sample 3 (Figure 11a). Future DfAM strategies must prioritize core stabilization and a uniform energy distribution to achieve optimal performance.  
Figure 12: Compressive test results of the modified prototypes after normalization.
# Study of a Small Robot for Mine Hole Detection
## 2 Functional Analysis and Mechanical Modeling
### Mechanics Modeling  
Figure 2 shows a force analysis diagram of the crawling wheel of a small robot used for mine hole detection. The rotary motion of the motor on the left is transferred to the ball screw, and the nut is driven to move back and forth via the rotation of the screw to convert the rotary motion of the motor into the linear motion of the nut. The sleeve moves back and forth with the nut, thus driving the push rod and the drive arm up and down, realizing the crawler wheel's extension and retraction and the reducer's function and regulating the positive pressure. Exploring the relationship between the pushrod thrust and the positive pressure on the crawler wheel can help with stepper motor selection and traction evaluation.  
To model the mechanics, the axial thrust provided by the sleeve actuator is determined by the spring elasticity and the fixed position of the screw nut, which is held in place by the stepper motor turning the screw nut to the proper position. The gravity of the rod is ignored in the calculations due to the light weight of the rod and the fact that only the relationship between thrust and positive pressure is discussed here.  
According to the geometric relationship of the structure, Equation (1) can be established to indicate the initial position in the horizontal and vertical directions.  
\[\begin{cases}x=L_{1}\cos\alpha_{1}+L_{2}\cos\alpha_{2}\\ y=L_{1}\sin\alpha_{1}=L_{2}\sin\alpha_{2}\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
The variation in both sides of Equation (1) gives Equation (2):  
\[\begin{cases}\Delta x=L_{1}\sin\alpha_{1}\times\Delta\alpha_{1}+L_{2}\sin \alpha_{1}\times\Delta\alpha_{2}\\ \Delta y=L_{1}\cos\alpha_{1}\times\Delta\alpha_{1}=L_{2}\cos\alpha_{2}\times \Delta\alpha_{2}\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
Integrating Equation (2) yields:  
\[\Delta x=(\tan\alpha_{1}+\tan\alpha_{2})\times\Delta y \tag{3}\]  
Figure 1: Functional analysis.  
Figure 2: Schematic analysis of the crawler wheel force.  
Based on the principle of imaginary work, that is, assuming an imaginary displacement, the force \(F\) multiplied by the imaginary displacement is equal to the imaginary work, and the total imaginary work is 0.  
\[N\times\Delta y=F_{2}\times\Delta x \tag{4}\]  
Substituting Equation (3) into Equation (4), the relationship between thrust and positive pressure is obtained as follows:  
\[F_{2}=\frac{N}{\tan\alpha_{1}+\tan\alpha_{2}} \tag{5}\]  
\(F_{1}\) can be calculated using Equation (6):  
\[F_{1}=\mu\times N \tag{6}\]  
In Equation (6), \(\mu\) is the coefficient of friction, and substituting Equation (5) into Equation (6) yields the relationship between the traction force \(F_{1}\) and \(F_{2}\):  
\[F_{1}=\mu\times F_{2}\times(\tan\alpha_{1}+\tan\alpha_{2}) \tag{7}\]
# Effects of Fineness and Dosage of Fly Ash on the Fracture Properties and Strength of Concrete
###### Abstract  
This study focuses on evaluating the effects of the fineness of fly ash on the strength, fracture toughness, and fracture resistance of concrete. Three fineness levels of fly ash that respectively pass sieves--no. 175, no. 250, and no. 32--were used. In addition to the control concrete mixture without fly ash, two fly ash replacement levels of 10% and 20% by weight of the cementitious material were selected for the concrete mixture. The experimental results indicate that the compressive strength of the fly ash concrete decreases with the increase in the replacement ratio of fly ash but increases in conjunction with the fineness level of fly ash. The presence of finer fly ash can have beneficial effects on the fracture energy (\(\mathrm{G_{F}}\)) of concrete at an early age (14 days) and attain a higher increment of \(\mathrm{G_{F}}\) at a later age (56 days). The concrete containing finer fly ash was found to present larger critical stress intensity factors (\(\mathrm{K^{S}_{IC}}\)) at various ages, and the \(\mathrm{K^{S}_{IC}}\) also increases in conjunction with the fineness levels of fly ash.  
Keywords:fly ash; fineness; compressive strength; fracture energy; critical stress intensity factor +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Departure from Flux-Gradient Relation in the Planetary Boundary Layer
## 1 Introduction
Consequently, \(\beta=0^{\circ}\) is inherently assumed in numerical models when applying a flux-gradient relation to express the vertical transport of horizontal momentum. [PERSON] et al. [7] observed vertical profiles of \(\beta\), which were non-zero, using measurements from a profiling lidar up to 200 m at Hovsere, a close-to-flat site in Denmark. However, as  
Figure 1: Definition of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) relative to the mean wind vector, the vertical gradient of the mean horizontal wind speed vector and the stress vector. mentioned by the authors, the observed misalignment could have been a product of the surface heterogeneity at the site. In a study focused on low-level jets over open-water fetch, [PERSON] et al. [8] showed a mismatch between lidar-observed and WRF-derived momentum flux projected onto the direction of the mean wind, where lidar-based second-order statistics were filtered due to the effect of the probe volume when compared to sonic anemometer measurements. However, they did not address the limitations of the WRF model with regards to the flux-gradient relation validity. Using large-eddy simulation (LES) of the neutral, unstable, and stable over flat terrain, [PERSON] et al. [7] found \(\beta\) values close to zero throughout the PBL. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] performed an LES of the stable PBL and found a maximum of \(\beta\approx-10^{\circ}\), but they did not attempt to further investigate the misalignment (personal communication). This work presents mean wind and momentum flux vertical profiles computed both at an offshore and an onshore location using observations from a long-range profiling Doppler wind lidar and the WRF model output from the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) project (hereafter NEWA-WRF), which uses a PBL scheme where the momentum transport is parameterized with a flux-gradient relation [10]. The objectives herein are threefold:  
1. The comparison of onshore and offshore vertical profiles of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) between lidar observations and the NEWA-WRF output;
2. Analysis of the behavior of \(\beta\) as well as the wind direction bias between lidar observations and the NEWA-WRF output as a function of atmospheric stability;
3. The evaluation of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) profiles using idealized LESs under offshore- and onshore-like surface conditions. In the preliminary study of [PERSON] et al. [11], negative values of \(\beta\) were observed by analyzing offshore lidar measurements. The present work extends the work in [PERSON] et al. [11] by assessing the validity of the flux-gradient relation, i.e., whether or not \(\beta\) approaches zero, using not only offshore, but also onshore, lidar measurements. Further, we include the analysis of the vertical profile of \(\beta\) using idealized LES with surface boundary conditions resembling onshore and offshore conditions. We also discuss the consequences of the departure from flux-gradient relation for, e.g., mesoscale models.