esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Fungicidal Effect of Essential Oils of Fennel and Hops against Fusarium Disease of Pea  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Agrotechnology and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oxzapowskieego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.B.O.);  
[PERSON]DRESS] (K.J.J.)  
2 Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.A.D.);  
[PERSON]3 Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oxzapowskieego 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.G.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.J.)  
4 Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, ul. Brac Lensej 3, 05-090 Sekocin Stary, Poland;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
5 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +48-8952334925  
[PERSON] Abstract  
Modern integrated farming systems encourage the search for alternative (non-chemical), highly effective methods of plant protection. In this study, the fungistatic effect of fennel essential oil (FEO) and hop essential oil (HEO) on fungal growth and their ability to treat Fusarium wilt was investigated. The study was conducted _in vitro_ and in pot experiments. The severity of infection was assessed by disease index (DI), presence of _Fusarium culmorum_ gDNA (qPCR) and anatomical analyses of infected plant tissue using an optical (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Laboratory analyses showed that FEO inhibits myceltial growth of _Fusarium_ fungi (_F. azuaccumum, F. equivesi, F. oxysporum, F. pone, F. solani, F. sorrotichioides, F. tricinctum_), _Botrytis cinerea_ and _Cylindrocarbon destrucms_ more effectively than HEO. FEO at a concentration of 2000 ppm completely inhibited the growth of _F. culmorum_, _F. pone_ and _B. cinerea_. Both essential oils reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt caused by _F. culmorum_ in pea plants (DI, OM, SEM). The qPCR shows that both essential oils are also able to reduce the synthesis of trichothecenes in the tissues of infected pea plants. The results of the study suggest that FEO and HEO represent a broad spectrum bio-fungicidal agent that can be applied directly to plants at a concentration of 500 ppm, greatly reducing the level of infection.  
fungicidal activity; _Humulus lupulus_; _Feniculum vulgare_; _qPCR_; SEM
## 2 Experimental Programme
### Experimental Programme Details
#### 2.2.2 Fabrication of Void Slab for Test Specimens  
The initial step in the test specimen preparation involved the creation of hollow cores tailed to the desired void ratio levels. These hollow cores served as the internal hollow core part within the void slab specimens. The manufacturing process of the hollow core parts combining polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and an Extruded Polystyrene Form named \"Isopink\" was employed. The PVC pipes with a consistent outer diameter of 140 mm were halved longitudinally for installing Isopink and the pipes as shown in Figure 2. To achieve the targeted void ratios for the specimens, varying thicknesses of Isopink inserts were placed between the halved PVC pipe sections. The specific Isopink thickness for each specimen was determined based on its designated hollow core level. Figure 2 illustrates the geometry of the Isopink inserts for the specimens.  
After producing the void formers with PVC pipes and Isopink, the fabrication of the test specimens involved the following steps as described in Figure 3:  
1. Formwork construction: plywood formwork was constructed to replicate the desired dimensions of the reinforced concrete void slabs.
2. Hollow core integration: during the reinforcement placement stage, as depicted in Figure 1, a hollow core, prefabricated according to the designated void ratio as described in Table 1 was strategically positioned within the formwork.
3. Rebar securing: to prevent the buoyancy of the fresh concrete from displacing the hollow core during the pouring process, additional fixing reinforcement bars were  
Figure 1: Details of the specimens. (**a**) Front and side view of HC-30 specimen. (**b**) Front and side view of HC-30-45 specimen. (**c**) Front and side view of HC-30-90 specimen.  
Figure 2: The shape of Isopink and PVC pipe combined materials by the hollow core ratios.  
strategically placed. These bars ensured the hollow core remained in the intended position within the formwork.
4. Concrete placement and curing: once all reinforcement elements, including the fixing bars, were positioned as per the designated layout (see Figure 2), concrete was carefully poured into the formwork. Standard curing procedures were followed to ensure proper hydration and strength development of the concrete.
###### Abstract  
A novel nanopositioning platform (referred as NanoPla) in development has been designed to achieve nanometre resolution in a large working range of 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm. Two-dimensional (2D) movement is performed by four custom-made Halbach linear motors, and a 2D laser system provides positioning feedback, while the moving part of the platform is levitating and unguided. For control hardware, this work proposes the use of a commercial generic solution, in contrast to other systems where the control hardware and software are specifically designed for that purpose. In a previous paper based on this research, the control system of one linear motor implemented in selected commercial hardware was presented. In this study, the developed control system is extended to the four motors of the nanopositioning platform to generate 2D planar movement in the whole working range of the nanopositioning platform. In addition, the positioning uncertainty of the control system is assessed. The obtained results satisfy the working requirements of the NanoPla, achieving a positioning uncertainty of \(\pm\)0.5 \(\upmu\)m along the whole working range.  
Keywords:2D positioning control; nanopositioning; Halbach linear motors; positioning uncertainty +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 System Model
### Human Layer
#### 4.2.2 Teachers  
It is widely acknowledged that the quality of a country's education system relies heavily on its teachers, who are considered the central element of the learning process. Teachers utilize smartphones, computers, and cameras to transmit data to the fog layer. They employ smart technology to enhance their teaching methods, making their classes more captivating, engaging and, ultimately, more effective.
## 5 Challenges and Future Research Trends  
In this Section, the extension of the C-DGNSS concept beyond land-based vehicles is discussed, along with emerging challenges and future trends. Moreover, the \"moving base station\" technique can be fairly applied to drone positioning, drone-to-drone, drone-to-car communications, internet of drones (IoD), multi-UAV systems, UAV swarms, coordinated drones, and to improve their relative position accuracy further [28; 29; 30].  
Considering a swarm of UAVs or a multi-UAV system, in order to maintain a coordinated and planned formation, a very accurate and efficient relative positioning method must be employed. Similar to land vehicles, open-sky conditions are favorable for GNSS-only positioning and navigation. On the other hand, in urban centers, the likelihood of an inner-system collision is high.  
Future work will include low-cost C-DGNSS aided with a MADM module for drone vehicles in deep urban, suburban, and rural regions, simulations with experimental drone-to-car positioning measurements, and GNSS/INS integration in coordinated drone formations.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, we proposed a framework that integrates 5G technologies (network slicing, MEC, SDN) with deep learning models to support safety applications in IoV. Remote driver monitoring to detect drowsy drivers using AI models and switching the vehicle into teleoperation mode was our deployed case study. Evaluation of the proposed SDN-VANET QoS-based model showed significant improvements in terms of average RTT and average throughput in all scenarios investigated. This is due to various reasons. First, the application of 5G technologies, namely; MEC and network slicing. Secondly, the integration of the deep-learning model with SDN reduces the bandwidth required since only critical cases are reported to the RCC. Finally, deploying the SDN paradigm allowed the success of the adaptation phase of the algorithm as a result of the global view of network conditions the SDN paradigm offers. Furthermore, the proposed work has presented a machine learning architecture that would extract facial landmarks per video frame and then input it to a dense deep learning model to detect whether or not the driver is drowsy and accordingly report to the control room. The proposed dense model was compared to benchmarks and provided an improvement in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure. In the future, in the context of SDN, we will explore if the usage of hierarchical controllers will improve performance and will give more support to the requirements of safety applications by making each controller responsible for a part of the RAN.  
Conceptualization, S.N.S. and C.F.; methodology, S.N.S. and C.F.; software, S.N.S. and C.F.; validation, S.N.S. and C.F.; formal analysis, S.N.S. and C.F.; investigation, S.N.S. and C.F.; resources, S.N.S. and C.F; writing--original draft preparation, S.N.S. and C.F.; writing--review and editing, S.N.S. and C.F.; visualization, S.N.S. and C.F.; project administration, C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 14: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of Scenario 3 for Infotainment Server e.  
Figure 15: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of Scenario 3 for Infotainment Server e2.
## 1 Introduction
Also, the speech intelligibility for speech buried in noise is improved. Different from the previous SCE algorithm, the proposed scheme is to improve the frequency resolution not by changing the peak-valley difference of the amplitude spectrum, but by executing piecewise-linear frequency shift of the input signals. Parameters of the proposed algorithm can be adjusted easily to facilitate hearing aid personalization by simply changing frequency stretching and compression ratios. The proposed algorithm was implemented in a system. Six hearing-impaired persons (subjects) with V-shaped audiograms were tested. Experimental results indicated that the proposed piecewise-linear frequency shifting algorithm effectively improved the speech discrimination scores and decreased the speech reception thresholds of the tested subjects. The overall speech discrimination score of monosyllabic vocabulary in pure speech was improved by nearly 10%, while the speech reception threshold of disyllabic spondaic vocabulary in a noisy setting was reduced by 2\(\sim\)8 dB. This paper is organized as follows. Firstly, the piecewise-linear frequency shifting algorithm is introduced in Section 2. Subsequently, implementation of the algorithm in a hearing aid system is explained in Section 3, and the experimental results are shown and discussed in Section 4. Finally, a conclusion is presented in Section 5.
# A Dual-Band 8-Antenna Array Design for 5G/WiFi 5 Metal-Frame Smartphone Applications
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion  
### S-Parameters  
The presented 8-port antenna array was successfully manufactured and subjected to measurements, with the top and bottom views showcased in Figure 7. Each element was connected to a 50-Ohm SMA connector, and the S-parameters were obtained using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) with model number N5224A produced by Keysight Technologies (Santa Rosa, CA, USA). The essential parameters of MIMO antennas, such as radiation pattern and efficiency, were evaluated in a standard microwave anechoic chamber. The detailed testing procedure is depicted in Figure 7b. Firstly, the calibration of the vector network analysis test port was performed, demonstrating the calibration process utilizing a standard 50-Ohm connector. Secondly, when examining the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of ports 1 and 2, all ports were connected to other standard matched loads, thus restoring the authentic operation of the antenna to the greatest extent. Finally, the specific process for measuring the radiation pattern, antenna efficiency, and other parameters of the antenna in the standard microwave anechoic chamber is presented. Figure 8 showcases the remarkable agreement between simulation and measurement results. In Figure 8a, it is observed that the measured S\({}_{11}\) was below \(-6\) dB within the designated frequency band (3.36-4.2 GHz and 4.37-5.95 GHz), while the measured transmission coefficients (S\({}_{12}\), S\({}_{23}\), S\({}_{14}\), and S\({}_{18}\)) all fell below \(-16.5\) dB within the desired frequency range. The \(-6\) dB bandwidth met the standards for a mobile phone antenna operating in sub-6 GHz bands. The isolations between nonadjacent antennas significantly surpassed those between adjacent antennas, and while not depicted in the figure, they were well within acceptable ranges. The measured S-parameters affirm that the proposed 8-port MIMO antenna effectively covered the 5G China band N78 (3.4-3.6 GHz),  
Figure 6: Surface electric field distribution of the antenna at (**a**) 3.5 GHz, (**b**) 4.9 GHz, and (**c**) 5.5 GHz.  
N79 (4.4-5.0 GHz), and WiFi 5 (5.15-5.85 GHz). The disparities between simulated and measured outcomes could arise from differences in the SMA connector used for simulation compared to measurement, as well as welding factors and operational errors.  
Figure 8: Measured S-parameters: (**a**) reflection coefficients; (**b**) transmission coefficients.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Photos of the fabricated prototype: top view and bottom view. (**b**) Photos of the testing process.
## 3 Results
### Microstructure and Phases  
#### 3.3.1 Microstructure  
All the TSA-coated steel specimens were tested at OCP in synthetic seawater (ASTM D1141). The specimens had holidays/damage exposing steel to \(\sim\)5, 10, 15 and 18% of the geometric surface area. After testing, the holiday/damage region in all specimens were covered with a grey/white deposit. The surface of the TSA coating also had a deposit, but of a slightly different colour (Figure 2).  
The cross-sections of specimens showed a deposit on steel covering the entire holiday. An example of the specimen with one damage (18.3% area) is shown in Figure 5a. The deposit on the steel surface had a two-layer structure, comprising a thin Mg-containing layer adjacent to steel and a thicker Ca-containing layer above. It is evident from EDX analysis that the deposit formed adjacent to the substrate contained Mg and O, while the layer further away from the substrate had Ca, O and C. No Mg was found in this outer layer away from the substrate (Figure 5b,c).  
A thin deposit (\(\sim\)10 \(\upmu\)m) was also seen on top of the thermal spray layer (Figure 5d). This was seen in all specimens (irrespective of the damage size or area). The deposit on top of the thermal spray Al layer had multiple layers. The layer closest to Al had Al and O, the layer above to it had Mg and O in addition to Al (Figure 5e,f).  
Figure 4: Calculated corrosion rate of TSA specimens showing the effect of damage size (**a**), and distribution (**b**). The measurements were carried out in synthetic seawater (ASTM D1141) at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The amount of deposit on the TSA surface varied, but no correlation was found between the area, size or the number of damage and the amount of deposit on TSA. The white deposit on the surface of TSA was predominantly composed of Al and O (Figure 6). Some trace elements were also noted in the EDX pattern, but these are consistent with the constituents of synthetic seawater or the mounting compounds.  
Figure 5: SEM micrographs of the cross-section of TSA specimen with one holiday (18.3% area) (**a**), (**d**); showing EDX patterns of regions 1 (**b**), 2 (**c**) and A1 (**e**) and A2 (**f**).
# Optoelectronic Devices Based on Atomically Thin Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
## 2 Basic Optical Properties
Reproduced with permission from [10], Copyright American Chemical Society, 2010. **(b)** Photoluminescence spectra for mono- and bilayer MoS\({}_{2}\). Inset: Thickness-dependence of the quantum yield. Reproduced with permission from [5], Copyright American Physical Society, 2010. The exciton binding energies \(\Delta E_{b}\) of TMDs have been determined by several groups using different experimental and theoretical techniques. [14; 16; 18; 19; 22; 23; 24] The binding energy decreases with thickness due to stronger screening and also depends on strain and the dielectric environment [25]. For example, optical reflection measurements of monolayer WS\({}_{2}\) yielded multiple resonances that can be associated with the excitonic Rydberg series (1 s, 2 s, 3 s, _etc._) [18]. By fitting the resonance locations to a hydrogenic Rydberg spectrum, an exciton binding energy of 0.32 eV was determined. Similar results have been obtained for other TMDs (see Table 1). The strong confinement of excitons in TMDs leads to short radiative lifetimes, which could enable light emitters with high modulation bandwidth. In addition to neutral excitons, charged excitons, or trions (quasi-particles that are composed of two electrons and a hole, or two holes and an electron), have been studied by electrostatic control of the doping level in a field-effect transistor configuration [15; 23; 26]. Photoluminescence measurements demonstrated the evolution from positively charged, to neutral, and then to negatively charged excitons as the gate voltage was increased. These measurements directly revealed the trion binding energy in the range 20-40 meV, which by far exceeds that of 3D semiconductors. Energies for positively and negatively charged trions are similar due to similar effective electron and hole masses. The band structure of a TMD monolayer exhibits two in-equivalent valleys, \(K\) and \(K^{\prime}\), located at the corners of the Brillouin zone. Because of broken inversion symmetry, spin orbit interaction splits the valence bands, giving rise to the aforementioned A and B-exciton transitions in the optical spectra. Time-reversal symmetry requires that the spin splitting is opposite in both valleys. As dictated by optical selection rules, right and left-handed circularly polarized light couples to the \(K\) and \(K^{\prime}\) valleys, respectively. As a result, spin and valley degrees of freedom are coupled [27], which allows for selective valley population using circularly polarized light excitation. The valley polarization was found to remain largely preserved during the exciton lifetime [28; 29]. The ability to excite, control and read-out the valley polarization could, in the future, lead to \"valleytronic\" devices that exploit the valley degree-of-freedom for information processing.
## 4 Model Validation
### NPP Validation between Simulated NPP and MOD17 NPP  
To further assess the model accuracy, this study also performed a comparative analysis on the estimated NPP based on GLO-PEM and MOD17 NPP products in 2003 and 2008 (Figure 5). The results indicated that the NPP values estimated by the model were generally consistent with the ones of MOD17 NPP, and the correlation coefficients at the pixel scale in 2003 and 2008 were 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Therefore, the accuracy of NPP estimated by this model, which could represent the distribution of forests NPP of Northeast China, was relatively high.
## 4 Discussion
### ATP-PCr Contribution  
Significant findings regarding the ATP-PCr system highlight its higher contribution in the running tests, likely due to the increased need for rapid energy repletion. This is crucial for sports that require quick recoveries between high-intensity efforts, such as soccer, illustrating the PCr system's importance in sport-specific performance contexts. In both the running and cycling protocols, the ATP-PCr system's absolute and relative contributions were more pronounced compared to the glycolytic and oxidative energy systems contribution. Notably, the ATP-PCr system's contribution in running was statistically different from that in cycling, with running demonstrating a higher ATP-PCr contribution as depicted in Table 3. However, the outcomes from performance variables did not align with these physiological findings. The performance data showed a higher PP and MP in the cycling test compared to the running test as indicated in Table 2. The post-sprint VO2-time integral offers a viable metric for assessing the contribution of PCr stores, especially considering that the replenishment of PCr stores is presumed to be the primary objective during the rest intervals between sprints [16; 17; 18]. This methodology represents the only current non-invasive approach for discerning the contributions from three distinct energy systems [46; 47; 48; 49].
The interval parameter value included the true value of the point parameter value, and the uncertainty parameter was used ensure accurate calculation results. By the combination of the interval analysis method and the finite element method, [PERSON] [30] proposed the interval finite element method and applied it to the calculation of the engineering structure, thereby making the structural calculation more accurate. [PERSON] [31] used the interval evaluation method for the comprehensive analysis of the highway subgrade in the karst area. This method allows for the more reasonable, operable evaluation of the subgrade stability of the karst area. Several uncertainty parameters exist in the slope stability analysis. [PERSON] [32; 33; 34] used interval mathematics to evaluate the stability and reliability of slopes and solved the issue of several slope uncertainties. Therefore, in this study, cement-treated aggregate base material specimens are formed by vibration molding at cement contents of 3%, 4%, and 5%; different curing times; and aggregate base materials, which were maintained at a standard curing time until different curing times, after 24 h of water saturation. Specimens were subjected to unconfined compressive strength tests at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days; indirect tensile strength tests also at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days; and flexural tensile strength tests at 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days using a material test system (MTS), followed by fatigue life measurements of the 28-day and 90-day specimens at different stress ratios. Different from the aforementioned fatigue life researches of Weibull distribution which adopted both single stress state and different specimen shape, and size to analysis and evaluation of fatigue characteristics, the former researches failed to draw a certain conclusion and decrease the uncertainty of test conditions. Based on the results obtained from fatigue tests, this relationship has been obtained for fatigue life and equivalent fatigue life at different stress states, different curing times and cement content and, a P-S-N standardization model of fatigue characteristics of cement-treated aggregate base materials at different stress states was established by the Weibull distribution. The standardization model reduced or even eliminated the uncertainty of evaluation of cement-treated aggregate base material fatigue characteristics caused by the different test conditions. The new method based on the interval analysis of the fatigue equation decreased uncertainty, caused by inadequate sampling representation; low precision; and insufficient stability of test equipment, thereby decreasing errors caused by materials, structures, the environment, and loads, making the fatigue life interval more reasonable and scientific compared to the point value fatigue life and more consistent with the actual situation.