esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# On-Line Tendency Control of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration during Aerobic Fed-Batch Fermentations
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Corynebacterium Glutamicum Fermentation  
#### 2.1.1 Fermentation Conditions  
_C. glutamicum_ S9114 was used. The protocols used, including the seed microorganisms and media, were as described in a previous study [15].  
The composition of the media and the fermentation conditions were identical to those previously described [15, 16, 17]. _C. glutamicum_ S9114 was cultured for glutamate production at 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a 5 L fermentor (BIOTECH-5 BG, Baoxing Biotech Equipment Co., Shanghai, China). The substrate concentration was maintained at or above a suitable level (15 g/L) by feeding 50% (_w/w_) glucose (initial volume of 3.4 L)throughout the fermentation period. The pH was maintained at 7.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 by automatic addition of ammonia in water (25%, _w/w_), which also provided the nitrogen source for glutamate synthesis. The DO was maintained at various levels via manual or automatic control of the agitation speed based on specific requirements. The fermentor pressure was maintained at 0.07 MPa with an aeration rate of 1.60 vvm.
# Recent Advances in Optical Injection Locking for Visible Light Communication Applications
## 5 Future Trends of OIL in VLC  
Current researchers have focused on the key materials and devices, high-speed system technology, networking technology, and the applications of VLC. Towards high performance VLC links, the utilization of OIL technology in VLC systems calls for the development of compact, low cost and manufacturable OIL transmitter on a chip, enabling the on-chip integration of light emitters. The form factor of the existing OIL setups is still large when comparing with commercial transceivers in telecommunication applications. The eventual deployment of VLC systems in practical applications, such as in mobile devices and underwater wireless networks, requires the further scaling down of the device size when OIL is used in VLC transmitter. This could be performed by designing a copackaging scheme of optical components with diode lasers, or on-chip integration of light emitters with passive optical devices. Moreover, future work on developing a high-optical-efficiency OIL is an important research topic. There are various sources of loss in current OIL system that can lead to reduced energy efficiency. Since achieving a low power consumption is one of the key objectives in 6G, the study of OIL technology with high optical efficiency in a visible color regime is another essential point that further research can lay emphasis on.  
In addition, coherent optical communication is a promising approach for long-distance VLC, in which the requirements for narrow-linewidth and high-power devices are more demanding. Feedback mechanisms such as OIL can stabilize the frequency and reduce the spectral linewidth of the devices. Thus, future coherent VLC could be developed based on the high-performance visible light emitters using OIL.  
Looking beyond, investigations into the implementation of OIL could lead to more advanced high-performance devices and VLC systems in the future.
## 3 Conceptual Design
### Finite Element Models
#### 3.3.2 C2 FEM Description  
For the C2 configuration, a preliminary FEM model fully based on beam-like elements was conceived to be suitable for a genetic optimization design, aimed to simplify the architecture and to reduce the number of actuators. The geometrical optimization design parameters accounted for within the model were the thickness of the upper and lower skin, the vertical web and the x-element thickness. Such a FEM coarse model, generated for flexibility verification purposes, was adopted, being a good compromise between the preliminary results to be investigated (displacements and stress distributions) and the computational effort.  
All the 1-D elements had aluminum as a material, with the following properties:  
* E = 7.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) N/m\({}^{2}\)
* Poisson Ratio = 0.320
* G = 2.65 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) N/m\({}^{2}\)
* \(\rho\) = 2780 kg/m\({}^{3}\)  
Due to the number of parameters characterizing the C2 layout, a genetic approach was adopted to identify a suitable set of parameters, assuring the maximum fitting level of the target morphed shape compliant with the stress absorption capability of the structure. The optimization parameters illustrated in Figure 9 and summarised in Table 1 were considered for the optimization process:A schematization of the C2 FEM resulting from a first genetic optimization has been reported in Figure 10. In this case, the contraction of the actuation systems induces the deformation of the x-element, ensuring the morphed-down activation of the MF (Figure 11).
# A Study of Emergency Aircraft Control During Landing
## 5 Aircraft's Model Identification
### State-Space Model Identification
#### 5.4.1 Measurement of Flight Parameters in Thrust Lever Input Trials  
As part of the data acquisition for identification, eight simulated flight trials were conducted, four with the landing gear retracted and four with it extended. During each flight, an automated input sequence was performed, recording specific parameters at a flight altitude of approximately 1000 ft and an aircraft weight of nearly 174,000 lb. The range of input frequencies was aligned with the dynamics of the lever-engine system. Hence, very rapid changes in lever deflection, which would have been filtered out by the system, were omitted. The shaping of the sequence took into account the so-called'small disturbance theory', a principle stating that small control excitations minimise non-linearity in the response of the test object. All flights followed a fixed pattern.  
Flights in a given configuration were conducted in pairs to obtain datasets both for model identification and verification. Each dataset included the recording of steady-state parameters a few seconds before the start of the manoeuvre and several dozens of seconds of the aircraft's free response after the input sequence. Exemplary input trial measurements are presented in Figure 11 in Appendix B.  
The excitation of the aircraft dynamics in the longitudinal channel was achieved by means of a collective deflection of the thrust levers from the position determined by the developed approximating functions (Section 5.3.3). The parameters captured included equivalent airspeed U\({}_{\text{EAS}}\), angle of attack \(\alpha_{\text{abs}}\), pitch rate q, and pitch angle \(\theta_{\text{abs}}\). The acquired data were converted to SI units. The averaged constant values recorded during the first 5 to 10 s of steady-state flight were then subtracted from the corresponding measurements to obtain the required increments of flight parameters.  
When conducting the measurement of lateral motion dynamics, the thrust levers were deflected opposite to each other. The use of equal-value inputs did not eliminate the phenomenon of cross-coupling between the channels affecting the final measurement results. Due to the non-linear relation between the lever position and the thrust produced by the engine, as well as the dihedral effect occurring when the aircraft rolls, performing any turns means inducing oscillations in the longitudinal channel. In an attempt to minimise the impact of these phenomena on datasets reliability, input shaping was applied.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Performance of the Soil Nail System  
Instrumental observations, including visual inspections and measurements, were made to assess the performance of the soil nail system. Monitoring deformations during the application phase is crucial for evaluating the safety of a ground support system. Additionally, soil nail pull-out tests were performed at each excavation stage to determine the final bond strength in situ. The data collected during this phase allowed for potential project revisions to optimize the design.  
In order to determine the performance of the soil nail support system, two inclinometers were placed behind the wall, and two soil nail pull-out tests were conducted: one at an elevation of +146.00 near Section 1-1\({}^{\prime}\) and another at an elevation of +138.50 near Section 2-2\({}^{\prime}\). The locations where the inclinometer measurements (IM1 and IM2) and pull-out tests (PT1 and PT2) were conducted are shown in Figure 11. Upon completion of the soil nail slope support system, the site conditions and measurement locations were documented (Figure 12).
## 3 Empirical Results
### Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Agricultural Green Development  
To identify the variations of agricultural green development between the years 2000 to 2020 more directly (Given 2000 is selected as the base period of agricultural green development), the spatial distribution map of agricultural green development level in 2001 and 2020 are drawn based on the SBM-GML index and the natural fracture method of ArcGIS10.8 software (Shown in Figure 3).  
Figure 3 shows that there are differences in the level of agricultural green development among provinces, and the overall agricultural green development has increased. In terms of time, the maximum value of agricultural green development varied from 0.79 to 1.06 from the years 2001 and 2020. Moreover, the number of provinces with high-levels of  
Figure 3: Spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural green development.  
Figure 2: The partial Moran’ \(I\) of environmental regulation, financial support for agriculture and agricultural green development in 2020.  
agricultural green development has increased, which shows a gradual trend for the better. The lowest level of agricultural green development was 0.62 in Shanxi Province in 2001, which may focus on the coal industry, and the highest level was 1.06 in Shaanxi Province in 2020, while Shanghai has the lowest level (0.27.The reason maybe that Shanghaitend to invest in secondary and tertiary industries [41].  
From the spatial perspective, the level of agricultural green development is high in the east and low in the west; this may be because the eastern region has a good endowment of agricultural resources, while the southwestern region has poor natural conditions and a fragile ecological environment. In general, the level of agricultural green development has steadily improved in the whole country. Regions with high levels of agricultural green development could play a radiative driving role, and each province would complement and compensate others in resources and technologies in the process of promoting agricultural green development.
## 6 Creation of Next Generation
### General Process for Creation of Elements of the Next Generation  
After the elements of a generation has been evaluated, their fitness is known. Using the fitness of each element the natural selection ca be somewhat imitated to create the next generation from the current one. Procedures that define the changes that the element undergo are known as genetic operations (GO). Several of these procedures has been proposed along time. Among the most common are:  
* Replication: This function does not modify the element at all. This operation propagates the element without taking its performance into account.
* Mutation: This operation modifies only a specific part of and element.
* Crossover: Create a new element combining two current element called parents.  
Figure 7: Evolution Process.  
Replication of the elite means to select a number of elements with the highest fitness. Such elements are called the elite. The elite is selected to be part of the next generation without change in its structure or parameters. This makes sure the best elements are part of the next generation.  
Once the elite is propagated to the next generation, the tournament process, described below, is run iteratively to create element after element till the next generation is complete. The tournament consist in the following steps:  
1. Exclude the elite and select a subset of elements randomly.
2. The best element of this subset is fed to a genetic operation (replication, mutation or crossover).
3. If the chosen genetic operation were crossover, a second element is needed to be fed to the genetic operation; such second element is taken at random from the subset of selected elements by the tournament.
4. The genetic operation result in a new element which is part of the next generation.
# Exploring the Mechanisms of Humidity Responsiveness in Plants and Their Potential Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biomimetic Application
Further, because POM is 40% heavier than ABS, it can increase the sample weight. Based on the experimental results obtained in this study, we have conceived an initial model for a user-friendly humidifier that can be easily used in everyday life, approaching more practical applications. The wings of the pinecone humidifier performed the main humidifying function. Unlike other humidifiers, this operates based on the humidity of the surrounding environment, eliminating the need for additional energy consumption and thus offering the potential for energy savings. Of course, the engineering application and commercialization of a humidifier incorporating the characteristics of pinecone scales may pose challenges. However, in this study, we proposed a pinecone humidifier model based on fundamental research data on plant moisture absorption, expansion, and related factors. As an initial humidifier model with an opening-closing mechanism, we present the model of an environment-friendly humidifier applying the principle of a pinecone opening and closing based on humidity (Figure 6). The wing of the pinecone humidifier was separated into a straight-shaped upper part (A) and an oval-shaped lower part (B). The wings mimicked the scales of a pinecone. The upper part was divided into two parts so that different fabrics could be examined. For the upper part of the wing, which absorbs and emits water to regulate the surrounding humidity, fabric materials were employed. For the lower part, a sponge material that undergoes volume changes owing to the surrounding humidity was used so that the opening-closing mechanisms could be achieved. The central part of column (C), as the body of the humidifier, functioned to replenish water. A hard-frame plastic material was employed as the encircling part. The two passages inside the column, which allow the water to flow, result in wing wetting for the evaporation of water. In future biomimetic applications, extracting the characteristics of moss structure with super hydrophobicity and the movement of the telegraph tree in response to external sound could also be valuable. The results of this study demonstrated the potential for an efficient mechanical model that responds to humidity by mimicking plant characteristics, thereby not using electrical energy and contributing to energy savings. The data from the results could serve as foundational information for future applied research aimedat developing environmentally friendly, reversible, and high-performance biomimetic environmental-sensing sensors, especially in humid environments.
# Adaptive Access Selection Algorithm for Large-Scale Satellite Networks Based on Dynamic Domain
## 2 System Model and Problem Definition  
### Large-Scale Satellite Network Model  
This paper uses the large-scale constellation StarLink as the modeling object. The first phase of the Starlink constellation consists of five Shells [23] defined as \(S^{1}\), \(S^{2}\), \(S^{3}\), \(S^{4}\), and \(S^{5}\) from near to far from the ground. The number of orbits of each Shell, the number of satellites in each orbit, and the orbital inclination parameters are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the StarLink constellation. Each color represents a shell.  
The constellation is defined as an undirected graph \(G=(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{E})\), where \(\mathbf{S}\) represents the satellite nodes, defined as \(\mathbf{S}=\left\{S^{1}_{1,1},S^{1}_{1,2},...,S^{L}_{n,m},...,S^{5}_{\mathcal{N} _{5},\mathcal{M}_{5}}\right\}\), where \(L\) denotes the Shell serial number, \(n\) denotes the orbit serial number, \(m\) denotes the satellite serial number within the orbit, \(\mathcal{N}_{L}\) denotes the total number of orbits on shell \(S^{L}\), \(\mathcal{M}_{L}\) denotes the number of satellites per orbit of shell \(S^{L}\). Table 1 shows that there are \(\sum\limits_{L=1}^{5}\mathcal{N}_{L}\times\mathcal{M}_{L}=4409\) satellites in StarLink constellation. \(\mathbf{E}\) represents the set of inter-satellite links (ISLs) and ESLs in the constellation, \(\mathbf{E}=[ISL,ESL]\). Each satellite can establish ISLs with the surrounding satellites [24], and satellites in the communication domain of ES can establish ESLs.  
Figure 2 shows the topological relationship between the ES and the satellite network. The shadow area in the figure is the communication domain calculated according to the minimum elevation angle of the ES. Define the set of satellites in the communication domain of the ES as \(\mathbf{V}\). If \(S^{L}_{n,m}\in\mathbf{V}\), then \(S^{L}_{n,m}\) can establish an ESL with ES. The satellite establishing ESL with ES is defined as \(\vartheta\). ES sends packets to \(\vartheta\), and the satellite forwards  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Shell** & **Orbits** & **Satellites/Orbit** & **H (Km)** & **Inclination** \\ \hline \(S^{1}\) & 72 & 22 & 550 & 53\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(S^{2}\) & 32 & 50 & 1110 & 53.8\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(S^{3}\) & 5 & 80 & 1130 & 74\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(S^{4}\) & 5 & 75 & 1275 & 81\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(S^{5}\) & 6 & 75 & 1325 &packets according to the routing table. As the yellow arrow in Figure 2 shows the packet forwarding path, the set of satellites on the path is defined as \(V^{\prime}\). The satellite set in the communication domain and belonging to the forwarding path is defined as \(V^{\prime\prime}\), namely \(V^{\prime\prime}=V\cap V^{\prime}\). In Figure 2, \(\left\{\tilde{v},S^{L}_{2,2},S^{L}_{1,2},S^{L}_{1,3}\right\}\subseteq V^{\prime\prime}\).  
Figure 1: The first phase of Starlink.  
Figure 2: Communication domain of the ES.
# Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring
## 2 Research on Graphene-Based Flexible ECG Electrodes
### Modified-Graphene-Based ECG Electrodes
#### 2.5.3 Intercalation Doping Graphene ECG Electrode  
If monolayer graphene is directly applied to ECG electrode, it very easily cracks due to external stress [70], resulting in rapid increases in electrode resistivity. If multiple layers of graphene are used to relieve stress by sliding between graphene sheets, the electrical connection between graphene sheets is not guaranteed. To take full advantage of the sliding between graphene sheets while ensuring good interlayer interconnection, [PERSON] et al. used molybdenum chloride (MoCl\({}_{5}\))-intercalated bilayer graphene (Mo-BLG) to prepare a graphene ECG electrode [71]. To create a larger-scale, high-quality, high-conductivity, and stretchable graphene ECG electrode, they used CVD graphene and transferred it by a wet method to form the layer-by-layer graphene structure. Then the few-layer graphene was put into an N\({}_{2}\)-filled tube with MoCl\({}_{5}\) and MoO\({}_{3}\) powder and heated. The resulting Mo-BLG was transferred to the SEBS substrate and encapsulated (Figure 4c). Due to the self-barrier doping effect, the Mo-BLG can maintain stable impedance for a long time, and the interlayer doping can lubricate and interconnect the graphene sheet for good stretching properties. With a low sheet resistance (40 \(\Omega\)/square) and higher signal-to-noise ratio than commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes, the electrode, which can withstand stress while wearing, is suitable for long-term and reliable ECG monitoring.
# A UAV Coverage Path Planning Method Based on a Diameter-Height Model for Mountainous Terrain
## 3 UAV Coverage Path Planning Method Based on the DH Model
### Coverage Path Planning Method Based on the DH Model
#### 3.2.1 The Equal-Interval Spiral Ascent CPP Method  
For the CPP problem on the surface of the DH model, the equal-interval spiral ascent CPP method can be performed as the following steps:  
1. Calculation of the number of spiral turns According to the trajectory width \(L\), the number of turns for sweeping coverage in the side surface of the frustum and the upper surface of the cone are termed as \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\), respectively. \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) can be calculated with (3) and (4), respectively. \[n_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(h_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(\left(d_{1}-d_{2}\right)/2 \right)^{2}}}{\text{L}}\] (3) \[n_{2}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(h_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(d_{2}/2\right)^{2}}}{\text{L}}\] (4)
2. Calculation of the spiral paths on the 2D projection plane According to the side surface of the frustum in the DH model, the spiral path simply takes the circular center \(O_{i}\) as the spiral center, \(d_{1}\) is regarded as the starting radius of the spiral path, and \(d_{2}\) is used as the ending radius. Then, the spiral path will make a circular motion along the center of the spiral, and its spiral radius will gradually decrease with the increase of the rotation angle \(\theta\). The abovementioned spiral path method is also applicable to the spiral path generation on the surface of the cone in the DH model. However, it is noted that, with regard to the coverage path of the cone, the spiral path needs to reach the spiral center when the spiral radius decreases to zero. The corresponding relationship between the varying spiral radius \(r\) and the rotation angle \(\theta\) can be calculated according to (5).  
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of different parameters about the different coverage path patterns.  
\[r=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\dfrac{d_{1}}{2}-\dfrac{(d_{1}-d_{2}) \theta}{4n_{1}\pi}&(0\leq\theta\leq 2n_{1}\pi)\\ \dfrac{d_{2}}{2}-\dfrac{(\theta-2n_{1}\pi)d_{2}}{4n_{2}\pi}&(2n_{1}\pi\ \leq \theta\leq 2(n_{1}+n_{2})\pi)\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]
3. Calculation of spiral ascent 3D paths for DH model surfaces  
On the basis of the second step, the z-coordinate component needs to be calculated according to the heights of the DH model, resulting in transforming the spiral 2D path into the spiral ascent 3D path. Essentially, the height value (z-component) \(h\) of the vertex on the spiral ascent 3D path corresponds to the spiral radius \(r\). The relationship between the two can be calculated according to (6). Thus, by using this equal-interval spiral ascent CPP method, the final generated spiral ascent 3D path for DH side surfaces can be illustrated in Figure 5.  
\[h=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\dfrac{(d_{1}-2r)h_{1}}{d_{1}-d_{2}}&\left(\dfrac{ d_{2}}{2}\leq r\leq\frac{d_{1}}{2}\right)\\ \dfrac{(d_{2}-2r)h_{2}}{d_{2}}+h_{1}&\left(0\leq r\leq\frac{d_{2}}{2}\right) \end{array}\right. \tag{6}\]