## 8 Potential Applications  
As suggested in Figure 1, potential applications for botanical extracts obtained from biorefinery could include bio-functional feed and nutraceuticalists, cosmetics, and even biomedicines. This is due to various health-beneficial properties and bioactivities of the compounds found in such extracts. Halophytes can provide a healthy and nutritious food source, but botanical extracts could also be utilized in bio-functional food and nutraceuticalists [6,22,23,32]. Sufficient consumption of phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which helps prevent diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [27,29,34,56]. The state-of-the-art literature review concerning the bioactive secondary metabolites in halophytes shows that many species are rich in these protective compounds and vitamins, which are essential nutrients for human health.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **Solvent** & **Method** & **Concentration** & **Unit** & **Ref.** \\ \hline _Arthrocennium indicum_ & Hexane & & 2.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 & mg/100 gFW & [39] \\ \hline _Arthrocennium macrostachyum_ & Hexane & & 8.74 \(\pm\) 0.19 & mg/100 gDM & [6] \\ \hline _Cakile marituma_ & Methanol & & \(\sim\)200 & \(\mu\)g/gDM & [93] \\ \hline _Haloceneum strobilaccum_ & Hexane & & 3.35 \(\pm\) 0.08 & mg/100 gFW & [90] \\ \hline _Mesembryanthemum nodiform_ & Ethyl acetate & & Not detected & & [32] \\ \hline _Salicornia ramossissima_ & Ethyl acetate & & 241 \(\pm\) 10 & \(\mu\)g/100 gFW & [5] \\ \hline _Sarcocornia fruticosa_ & Ethyl acetate & HPLC-FDA & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.07 & mg/100 gDM & [6] \\ \hline _Sarcocornia fuentis_ & Ethyl acetate & HPLC-FDA & \(\sim\)18 & mg/100 gDM & [32] \\ \hline _Sarcocornia perennis_ & Hexane & & 1.11 \(\pm\) 0.10 & mg/100 gDM & [6] \\ \hline _Suaea fruticosa_ & Hexane & & 11.42 \(\pm\) 0.14 & mg/100 gFW & [90] \\ \hline _Suaea matrituma_ & Ethyl acetate & HPLC-FDA & \(\sim\)12.5 & mg/100 gDM & [32] \\ \hline _Teucrium alopecurus_ & Hexane & & 316.25 & mg/kg & [94] \\ \hline _Teucrium polium_ & Hexane & & 277.25 & mg/kg & [94] \\ \hline _Teucrium nabli_ & Hexane & & 296.04 & mg/kg & [94] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: \(\alpha\)-Tocopherol (vitamin E) concentrations measured from halophyte biomasses.  
Botanical extracts are commonly used as cosme ingredients, and the potential of halophyte extracts for the cosmetics industry has been reported [2; 3; 11; 39; 96]. Extracts are often used in cosmetics due to their antioxidant activity, but anti-ageing, photoprotective, and skin-whitening properties of halophyte extracts have also been reported [61; 96; 97; 98; 99].  
In some applications, such as utilizing specific pharmacological compounds, it is desirable to isolate specific compounds from botanical extracts. This can be done with filtration or serial solvent extractions when the characteristics of the targeted compounds are known [100], and some of the commercialized plant extracts used for pharmacological purposes have a high market value [101]. However, in plant extracts, various compounds found in the matrix work together and single compounds are rarely responsible for the bioactivity of the botanical extract [100]. Anti-inflammatory effects, radical-scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity have made halophyte extracts interesting for pharmaceutical applications [2; 13; 41; 102; 103]. Many studies have also reported the antimicrobial effect of halophyte extracts against pathogenic strains, making them interesting for the biomedicine industry [2; 11; 35; 40; 55; 61; 104].