# Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
## 3 Impact of the Increase in Electromobility on Ecology
### The CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions
Carbon is represented by about 26.4%. Thus, one kilogram of brown coal corresponds to 0.264 g of carbon [19]. If ideal combustion is considered, the following equation is used:  
\[C+O_{2}\to CO_{2} \tag{11}\]  
Based on the determined molar masses (see Table 5), the molar mass of carbon dioxide can be determined and then the amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning 1 kg of carbon can be determined. \[M_{\text{CO}_{2}}=M_{C}+M_{O_{2}}=12.011+(2\text{:}15.9994)=44.0098\text{ g}/\text{mol}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(M_{\text{CO}_{2}}\) is molar mass of carbon dioxide (g/mol), \(M_{C}\) and \(M_{O_{2}}\) is the molar mass of carbon and oxygen (g/mol), respectively, then:  
\[m_{\text{CO}_{2}\text{1 kgC}}=\frac{M_{\text{CO}_{2}}}{M_{C}}=\frac{44.0098}{12.011}=3.664\text{ kg}, \tag{13}\]where \(m_{CO_{2}1 kgC}\) is amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning 1 kg of carbon (kg). This value multiplied by the carbon content of brown coal according to [18] determines the amount of CO\({}_{2}\) produced by burning 1 kg of brown coal, as follows:  
\[m_{CO_{2}BC}=m_{CO_{2}}\%C_{BC}=3.664.\frac{26.4}{100}\cong 0.9673\;\text{kg}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(m_{CO_{2}BC}\) is amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning 1 kg of brown coal (kg) and \(\%C_{BC}\) is percentage of carbon in brown coal. The resulting value of carbon dioxide produced by burning the amount of brown coal needed to produce 1 kWh will be:  
\[P_{BCyour}=el_{total/2019\cdot P\%BC}=30000\text{-}0.228\cong 6840\text{ GWh}/\text{year}, \tag{6}\]0  
where \(m_{CO_{2}BC1 kWh}\) is the value of carbon dioxide released during the production of 1 kWh (kg/kWh). Such a structured calculation can also be performed to determine CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from the combustion of black coal. It is necessary to recalculate all formulas with the corresponding coefficients, consider the ratio of black coal in the energy mix, its heat value and the percentage of carbon. An almost identical calculation with the changed values results in 1.306 kg of carbon dioxide, which is produced by burning the amount of black coal needed to produce 1 kWh. From these data it is possible to calculate carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to one kilowatt hour produced based on the following formula:  
\[ \begin{gathered} m_{CO_{2}}=\left(m_{CO_{2}BC}\cdot p_{BC}\right) +\left(m_{CO_{2}call}\cdot p_{call}\right)+\left(m_{CO_{2}oil}\cdot p_{oil} \right)+\left(m_{CO_{2}gas}\cdot p_{gas}\right)+\\ \left(m_{CO_{2}solar}\cdot p_{solar}\right)+\left(m_{CO_{2}nuclear }\cdot p_{nuclear}\right)+\left(m_{CO_{2}hydro}\cdot p_{hydro}\right)+\left(m_{ CO_{2}wind}\cdot p_{wind}\right)=\\ \left(958.\frac{22.8}{100}\right)+\left(1180.\frac{142}{100} \right)+\left(920.\frac{149}{100}\right)+\left(790.\frac{13.17}{100}\right)+ \left(37.\frac{182}{100}\right)+\\ \left(82.\frac{53.7}{100}\right)+\left(23.\frac{8.08}{100}\right)+ \left(28.\frac{175}{100}\right)=550.79\;\text{g}/\text{kWh},\end{gathered}  \tag{16}\]  
where \(m_{CO_{2}}\) represents the total mass of CO\({}_{2}\) related to the production of 1 kWh (g/kWh), \(m_{CO_{2}n}\) represents the mass of CO\({}_{2}\) according to the type of fuel (n) per 1 kWh (g/kWh) and \(p_{n}\) represents the percentage ratio of individual energy sources in the energy mix of Slovakia. In order to be able to use this value, it must be converted to CO\({}_{2}\) emissions per kilometer. First, it will be based on ADAC's measured consumption of EVs from Table 1, which is multiplied by a coefficient including charging losses. This value is 25.73 kWh/100 km and is further calculated as follows:  
\[m_{CO_{2}/1 km}=P_{RE}\cdot\frac{m_{CO_{2}}}{100}=25.73\cdot\frac{550.79}{100} \cong 141.72\;\text{g}/\text{km}, \tag{17}\]  
where \(m_{CO_{2}/1 km}\) is the amount of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions driven per kilometer (g/km) and \(P_{RE}\) is the average consumption of EVs based on Table 1 (kWh/100 km). In the current energy situation, the value of carbon dioxide emissions per kilometer of EV is almost 50 g more than allowed by the prescribed standard for 2021.