# Comparative Analysis of Skeleton-Based Human Pose Estimation
## 4 Experiment Results
### Video Dataset  
The mean PDJ for each action was calculated and the PDJ values for all actions are shown in Figure 4. Among three HPE libraries, MoveNet (orange box), MediaPipe Pose (red box), and PoseNet (green box) achieved slightly similar performances in terms of minimum, first quartile, median, maximum, and third quartile values. MediaPipe Pose (red box) had the highest PDJ in terms of maximum and median values, while MoveNet (orange box) scored the highest in terms of minimum, first, and third quartile values. OpenPose (blue box) portrayed a weak performance with the lowest values for all quartiles. Similar to Table 4, Table 5 lists the performance of the HPE libraries for all actions into five groups, which are 0%, 0-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, and 75-100%. There was no action showing 0% in all HPE libraries. In the range of 75-100%, MediaPipe Pose achieved the greatest number of actions, which was 5 actions. MoveNet and PoseNet achieved 4 actions in this group, while OpenPose showed 0 actions in this group. In the fourth group (50-75%), MoveNet achieved the greatest number of actions (10 actions), followed by PoseNet (7 actions), MediaPipe Pose (6 actions), and OpenPose (4 actions). In the first three groups (0-50%), OpenPose showed the greatest number of actions (10 actions), MediaPipe Pose and MoveNet showed 3 actions, while MoveNet showed 0 actions in these groups. Overall, MoveNet achieved the best performance because it achieved above 50% PDJ in all actions. OpenPose showed the worst performance since the PDJ for 10 actions were lower than 50%. Figure 4: PDJ in all actions in the video dataset. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **0\%** & **0\% \textless  
To get a better understanding of the performance of the HPE libraries for each action, the highest and lowest average PDJ values of each library for each action are highlighted in Table 6. Among 14 actions, the libraries achieved the best performance in Action 8 (jumping jacks). MediaPipe Pose showed the poorest performance in Action 12 (squat) among all actions. Coincidentally, both OpenPose and PoseNet showed the poorest performance in Action 2 (bench press). On the other hand, MoveNet showed the poorest performance in Action 4 (bowling). The overall average PDJ values for all actions are highlighted in the last row of Table 6. The performance rank from the highest to lowest PDJ values was MoveNet, MediaPipe Pose, PoseNet, and OpenPose. The performances among MoveNet, MediaPipe Pose, and PoseNet fell between 65% and 70%. The performance of OpenPose was much lower than the others, which fell at approximately 37%. Although MediaPipe Pose successfully detected 5 actions (refer Table 5), achieving between 75% and 100% PDJ, which was more than MoveNet, its overall performance was 1.38% lower than that of MoveNet. The ranking of each library for each action is listed in Table 7. MediaPipe Pose achieved the top performance in 7 of 14 actions. It achieved the second highest performance in 3 actions and the third highest performance in 4 actions. MoveNet achieved the highest performance in 6 actions, second highest performance in 5 actions, and third highest performance in 3 actions. PoseNet showed the highest performance in only Action 4 (bowling), second highest performance in 6 actions, and third highest performance in 7 actions. OpenPose showed the lowest performance in all actions among all the HPE libraries. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **MediaPipe Pose** & **OpenPose** & **PoseNet** & **MoveNet** \\ \hline Action 1 & 66.62 & 39.94 & 68.47 & 68.70 \\ Action 2 & 48.38 & 5.20 & 41.20 & 58.68 \\ Action 3 & 74.21 & 52.35 & 77.55 & 80.58 \\ Action 4 & 48.92 & 21.04 & 5  
Since the results in Table 6 show that the four HPE libraries achieved the best performance in Action 8 (jumping jacks) among all actions, a closer analysis was performed. MediaPipe Pose, MoveNet, and PoseNet reached approximately 92% while OpenPose achieved approximately 72% for Action 8.