# Automated Schedule and Cost Control Using
## 3 Methodology
### Methods
#### 3.2.2 Automated Schedule and Cost Control
### Comparison between Manual and Automated Calculations

To validate the accuracy of the automated user interface, the authors compare manual and automated techniques in progress calculations. Figure 5(a,b) show the comparison results between the manual and automated calculations on 25 December 2020 and 20 January 2021. Firstly, on 25 December 2020, the calculations are approximately similar in BCWS, but they differ in both BCWP and ACWP calculations due to the included cost of formwork and steel fixed rebar of stairs on the second floor in manual calculations. The same issue happened on 20 January 2021, where the manual result of BCWP and ACWP was slightly higher than the automated result because the manual results included the cost of the formwork of the third-floor slab. The proposed system does not calculate the objects that are not fully constructed (colored in blue) but takes the occlusion objects that failed to be recognized (colored in yellow) into account in its estimation formula. The automated results differ only by 1.35% from the manual calculation. This variation comprises only the objects that are not fully constructed and the wrongly recognized objects. Further, Table 7 compares manual and automated calculations regarding SPI and CPI, where the results showed a slight difference in SPI results between manual and automated calculations, even though it does not affect the project's status. At the same time, the CPI results showed approximate results between manual and automated calculations. The study findings above prove the validity of the proposed system. Hence, this system can be adapted to construction projects, enhancing the monitoring and controlling process as well as increasing the efficiency of schedule and cost updates with less time. This system can be developed outside the Autodesk platform, expanding the knowledge beyond one platform. Additionally, this system can be expanded to incorporate more domain knowledge (sus \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scan Date** & **BCWP (S)** & **ACWP (S)** & **CPI** & **5D Performance** \\ \hline
25 December 2020 & 868655 & 397099 & 2.188 & Under Budget \\ \hline
20 January 2021 & 894171 & 408763 & 2.188 & Under Budget \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Result of the earned value (CPI) to determine the project’s 5D progress (Including cost from unrecognized elements). Figure 6: The results between manual and automated calculations on two selected dates: (a) 25 December 2020, (b) 20 January 2021.

tainability 6D, facility management 7D). Further, this system can be conducted in different types of projects, which could highlight other factors for improvement. ## 5 Conclusions

This paper presented an automated progress-tracking system that integrates 5D information data with laser scanning using the data collected from a superstructure construction project. The proposed system algorithms were based on the intersection percentage between models, alignment accuracy, and Lalonde features. The proposed system also automatically estimates the construction progress and updates the project status in schedule and cost with less computational time. The main findings of the case study revealed that the object recognition indicators (recall and precision) achieved a remarkably decent performance of 98% and 99%, respectively. The proposed system also uses a color-coding system to address the different conditions of elements. Additionally, it also considers occlusions when calculating the recognized progress. The proposed system also shows that the automated calculations of updated schedules and costs can improve progress estimation results compared to manual calculations, where there is a slight variation of only (1.35%) between manual and automated calculations. The reason is that the current system's estimation formula does not consider the cost of not fully constructed objects until they are completed.