# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 3 Results
### Socioeconomic, Cultural, Environmental, and Experential Factors
People who consider travel a necessity or have flexibility in their travel plans tend to charge outside their homes, while those who typically do not plan their travel choices mostly tend to charge their vehicles at home. Recently, the service experience at charging stations has been recognized as being influential in the charging decision process [45; 62; 98]. Analyzing the impact of the service level of charging stations on user choice, it has emerged that high satisfaction scores of previous users and short queuing times attract more EV drivers [62]. The cited study identified two types of decision-making models among the participants: (1) those who prioritize service quality, which represents the majority of the interviewees and includes younger drivers with more driving experience and higher incomes, and (2) those who consider multiple factors, such as range, parking time, and charging fees, known as pragmatic drivers. A recent study [59] revealed that individuals with higher income levels who travel longer distances tend to opt for public charging infrastructure. On the other hand, those who prefer charging their electric vehicles at night and are more sensitive to charging prices are likely to be more satisfied with private charging infrastructure. Furthermore, the choice of charging at public charging stations is directly influenced by weather conditions [98], environmental conditions, comfort, or any faults at the EVSE [45], meaning that the comfort of charging stations is not a trivial factor. These studies emphasize that the service level and users' satisfaction are relevant in the EVSE choice. Controlled charging is a useful way of reducing peak demand and making the most of renewable energy sources. While people generally accept overnight charging controlled by energy suppliers, some have concerns about privacy. The cost incentives offered by controlled charging are well-received by users, but the goal of maximizing renewable energy use has been less successful [48]. A recent study by [PERSON] et al. [49] found that participants were willing to accept controlled charging only if it led to significant reductions in charging costs. Moreover, the participants preferred a user-led strategy over a network manager-led one because it was perceived to have a lower risk of not fully charging a vehicle at the required time. Effective policies capable of influencing charging choices are of great interest to local or national authorities. Applying a tax is generally effective in inducing users to move their cars when they run out of charge. However, this behavior is not unique, and three categories stand out: subjects sensitive to the application of the tariff, users who move their cars regardless of the tariff, and those who do not move their cars, regardless of the established fee level [73]. The last group may be more sensitive to the scarcity of other parking opportunities and mostly consists of drivers who rely on charging using public infrastructure. Indeed, a pilot experiment on dedicated neighborhood charging showedthat potential users of electric vehicles value charging options combined with parking and spaces bookable within the city, especially because parking is a problem experienced by users of both electric and non-electric vehicles [70]. Another strategy for indirectly controlling charging is to act on its price. The authors of [74] examined user response to dynamic charging pricing. Respondents could choose whether to book immediately with a guaranteed price or wait for a better rate but take on the risk of an increase in costs, with a known probability. Most of the survey participants, particularly those who were older or had a fixed job, preferred a certain price to an uncertain one. Parents, people with a higher education level, and those who have been driving EVs for longer are more likely to exhibit strategic behavior.