# Antioxidant Activity of _Panax ginseng_ to Regulate ROS in Various Chronic Diseases
## 6 _P. ginseng_ in ROS-Mediated Diseases
### Antioxidant Activities of P. ginseng in Sensor Impairment  
#### 6.1.1 Ototoxicity  
Age-related hearing loss is considered to be an ROS-mediated disorder. Other causes of hearing loss are noise, antibiotics (Aminoglycososide, cisplatin) consumption, and immune-mediated hearing loss [75]. Many studies have exhibited that ginseng is helpful to preventotoxicity caused by different sources. Aminoglycos including gentamicin react with iron in the inner ear and produce ROS with damage to hair cells and neurons. [PERSON] et al. showed that ginsengoble Rb1 and Rb2 are effective against aminoglycososide-induced hearing loss by attenuating ROS generation and IL-6 inhibition [76]. The organ of Corti reaches its maximum intensities of ROS and RNS generation after seven to ten days of noise insult [77]. Additionally, ginsengoble Ck and Rg2 have therapeutic effects against noise-induced hearing loss in mice by reducing the levels of ROS and RNS [78]. Ginseng extract protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity of the auditory cell line (HEI-OC1) due to its anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects [79].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Diseases** & **Ginseng/Ginsenosides** & **Action** & **Model** & **References** \\ \hline Cerebral & & & & \\ ischemia/reperfusion & Re & \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)GSH-Px, \(\downarrow\)MDA, & In vivo/Rats & [64] \\ damage & & & & \\ Mitochondrial & Rb1, Rg1 & \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)complexes I-V, \(\uparrow\)ATP & & \\ oxidation & Rb1, Rg1 & \(\downarrow\)ROS & In vivo/Mice & [62] \\ Cerebral & & \(\uparrow\)NQO1, \(\uparrow\)HO1, \(\uparrow\)SOD2, & & \\ hypoxic-ischemic & Red ginseng & \(\uparrow\)Gpx1, & In vivo & [65] \\ damage & & \(\downarrow\)IL-18, \(\downarrow\)iNOS & & \\ Hepatic disease & Red ginseng & \(\downarrow\)MDA, \(\downarrow\)DCF, \(\uparrow\)GPx, \(\uparrow\)GR, & & In vitro & [66] \\  & & \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)SOD & & \\ Pheochromocytoma & Red ginseng & \(\downarrow\)DCF, \(\uparrow\)GCLC, \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)CAT & & In vitro & [67] \\  & & \(\uparrow\)Nir2, \(\uparrow\)HO-1 & & \\ Skin cancer & Red ginseng & \(\uparrow\)GSH, \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)Vit C, & & \\  & & \(\downarrow\)TBARS & In vivo/Mice & [68] \\ Diabetes & Red ginseng & \(\uparrow\)GSH, \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)GPx, & & In vivo/Mice & [69] \\  & & \(\uparrow\)GR, \(\downarrow\)MDA & & \\ Aging & Red ginseng & \(\downarrow\)MDA, \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)GPx, & & [70] \\ Nerve disorder & Red ginseng & \(\uparrow\)GRx, \(\downarrow\)MDA, \(\downarrow\)ROS & In vivo/Mice & [71] \\  & & \(\uparrow\)SOD, \(\uparrow\)CAT, \(\uparrow\)GPx, & & \\ Kidney disease & Rd & \(\downarrow\)MDA, \(\downarrow\)urea nitrogen, & In vivo/Rats & [72] \\  & & \(\downarrow\)creatinine & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Notes: \(\uparrow\)-Increases, \(\downarrow\)-Decrease, **abbreviations**: ROS-reactive oxygen species, MDA-malondialdehydedehyde, SOD-superoxide dismutase, Enose-endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Nrf-nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, HO-1-Heme oxygenase-1, GSH-glutathione, IL-19-interleukin-1/g, GSH-Px-glutathione peroxidase, CAT-catalase, Ck-Copound K, LDH-lactate dehydrogenase, ATP-adenosine triphosphate, NQO1-NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductaseinase 1, iNOS-inducible nitric oxide synthase, DCF-Deoxycformycin, GR-glutathione reductase, GCLC-Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic, Vit-c-Vitamin C, TBARS-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, GST-glutathione-S-Transfer.  
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._