## 1 Introduction
They used Fourier IR spectroscopy to quantitatively analyze the aging effects on functional groups. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [13] conducted short-term and long-term aging tests on base materials and asphalt binders using the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV). By combining these tests with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR, they investigated the effects of aging on asphalt properties and explored the underlying causes. [PERSON] [14] prepared self-adhesive, polymer-modified asphalt waterproofing membranes using four different base asphalts and studied the changes in their low-temperature flexibility before and after thermo-oxidative aging. He also proposed an index system for evaluating the aging resistance of these membranes. In addition, the issue of asphalt aging has garnered significant attention in the field of asphalt concrete roads and has been extensively studied [15,16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] reviewed the aging of road asphalt and its potential solutions, proposing methods to mitigate the aging process. [PERSON] et al. [18], using the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) test and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) test, investigated the effects of aging on the low-temperature properties of four types of asphalt and concluded that both aging and low-temperature conditions negatively impact their performance. [PERSON] et al. [19] examined  
Figure 1: Self-adhesive waterproofing membranes: self-adhesive coil structure. the mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixtures at low temperatures through low-temperature bending tests, finding that porosity had the greatest effect on their low-temperature performance. [PERSON] et al. [20] suggested that lignite-processed products could be used to improve the aging resistance of asphalt. [PERSON] et al. [21] studied the effects of three anti-aging agents on enhancing asphalt properties. The effects of aging caused by freeze-thaw cycles should not be overlooked. [PERSON] et al. [22] investigated the evolution of the low-temperature properties of rubber-modified asphalt under freeze-thaw conditions through both water and salt freeze-thaw cycling tests. [PERSON] et al. [23] analyzed the apparent morphology and mechanical properties of modified asphalt subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, concluding that these cycles reduce the low-temperature performance of asphalt binders, with salt freeze-thaw cycles causing more severe surface damage than water freeze-thaw cycles. [PERSON] et al. [24] studied the aging of SBS waterproofing membranes due to immersion and freeze-thaw cycles, finding that immersion aging significantly affects the performance of the polyester tire base. They also summarized the impact of these two aging forms on the tensile strength of the membrane. In building-waterproofing projects, natural factors such as climate change, sunlight, and rain can accelerate the aging of self-adhesive membranes, leading to a decline in their impermeability, adhesion, low-temperature bending performance, and tensile strength  
mboxciteB11-applsci-3175125,B25-applsci-3175125. While existing research has primarily focused on the aging performance of SBS-modified asphalt, there has been limited investigation into the aging of self-adhesive asphalt waterproofing membranes. In response to this gap, this paper simulates the natural aging process of self-adhesive membranes using a film oven and a freeze-thaw cycle test chamber to examine changes in their low-temperature flexibility and mechanical properties under the combined effects of thermo-oxidative aging and freeze-thaw cycles. The changes in functional groups of the self-adhesive membranes under different aging conditions were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), while the surface changes after coupled aging were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, this study summarizes the effects of different aging conditions and durations on the performance of self-adhesive membranes, providing a scientific basis for practical engineering applications.