# M-Shape PV Arrangement for Improving Solar Power Generation Efficiency
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a novel design scheme to reshape the solar panel configuration and hence improve power generation efficiency via changing the traditional PVpanel arrangement. Compared to the standard PV arrangement, which is the S-shape, the proposed M-shape PV arrangement shows better performance advantages. The sky isotropic model was used to calculate the annual solar radiation of each azimuth and tilt angle for the six regions which have different latitudes in Asia--Thailand (Bangkok), China (Hong Kong), Japan (Naha), Korea (Jeju), China (Shenyang), and Mongolia (Darkhan). The optimal angle of the two types of design was found. It emerged that the optimal tilt angle of the M-shape tends to 0. The two types of design efficiencies were compared using Naha's geographical location and sunshine conditions. Through economic analyses, both the photovoltaic base cost and the electricity sales revenue were calculated, and the results showed that the M-shape has better economic benefits compared to the S-shape design. The proposed method can save resources and improve economic efficiency as well. PV 2020 10 537 2020 202  
In the PV system, the power conditioning system (PCS) is important for solar energy facilities. Low-quality power will cause unnecessary damage to electrical equipment. PCSs are, however, relatively expensive, even though they play a major role in PV's efficiency. Therefore, it is more important to make full use of PCSs. One of the solutions to making efficient use of them is to overload the PVs. Sometimes, due to cloudy days or winter reasons, overloading is also needed. [PERSON] et al. [4] discussed the advantage of PV system-to-PCS overload. Overloading is a condition whereby the PV panel that has been installed exceeds PCS capacity. Oversizing the PV array-to-inverter ratio can improve solar-power system performance by increasing the number of solar panels to ensure maximum energy harvest from each PV module in the system; this is coupled with power-limiting functionality. Power limiting is a PCS's function that occurs when the available power from the PV arrays is greater than the PCS's rated input power. Power limiting is often called \"Clipping\" or \"Peak Cut\" due to the flattening effect on the system's daily production profile, as shown in Figure 1.  
It can be seen from Figure 1 that the time when M-shape output power grows is in the morning and nightfall. Changing the PV design can increase the maximum output power, which could lead to very good research. Many studies have proposed different PV tree designs [5; 6; 7]. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed an optimization based on a genetic algorithm for the positioning of solar panels and obtained a scheme with less than 2% shadow loss. [PERSON] et al. [6] analyzed the power generation and ground efficiency. It was pointed out that in Kuala Lumpur, Bhopal, and Barcelona, the power generation efficiency percentage increase was 17.79%, 41.06%, and 20.97%, and land-use efficiency increased to 32.09%, 43.35%, and 33.87%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [7] created a complex 3D leaf-like PV arrangement which can collect more sunlight than traditional flat configurations. It is concluded that in winter, trees increased the amount of sunlight captured during daylight by 322%, while in summer, the improvement was 57%. In those designs, the structural characteristics of the simulated trees were used to improve the reception of sunlight. This can greatly save the floor space and when used as street light, it can enhance the viewing of the block. It also satisfies the current pressing social, cultural, and environmental PV system design requirements. However, there is no obvious advantage in terms of power generation efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [8] wrote a review of the floating photovoltaic power plant. It was reported that the floating power plant is 11% more efficient than the land-sited PV system of a similar rating. Results showed that it is about 1.2% times higher than the conventional solar power plant in terms of the investment cost.