## 3 Results
### Effectiveness of Ground-Based Albedo Modification
#### 3.2.3 Differences in Cooling Effects of GBAM between Morning and Afternoon for Each Level of SD  
For each level of SD, the difference in cooling effects of GBAM between AEs in the morning and afternoon with meteorological conditions less affected by solar radiation was as follows. In all levels of SD, the AEs difference between morning and afternoon was less than about 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, excluding the range of SVF 0.8-1.0: \(-\)0.710 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)0.553 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), \(-\)0.603 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), \(-\)0.345 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8), and \(-\)2.024 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.8-1.0). From the same perspective, the difference in cooling effects of GBAM between morning and afternoon with meteorological conditions affected by solar radiation was as follows. As the SVF increased, the difference in cooling effects between morning and afternoon also tended to increase: \(-\)0.306 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)0.184 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), \(-\)0.771 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), \(-\)1.586 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8), and \(-\)6.814 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.8-1.0). With an SVF of \(<\) 0.8, the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & **SVF** & **0.0–0.2** & **0.2–0.4** & **0.4–0.6** & **0.6–0.8** & **0.8–1.0** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Less affected by solar radiation} & 9:00 & 0.018 & \(-\)0.650 & \(-\)1.922 & \(-\)2.386 & \(-\)4.620 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 11:00 & 0.701 & \(-\)0.250 & \(-\)1.918 & \(-\)3.379 & \(-\)6.494 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 13:00 & 1.025 & \(-\)1.102 & \(-\)2.750 & \(-\)4.277 & \(-\)7.900 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15:00 & 1.167 & 0.452 & \(-\)0.930 & \(-\)2.966 & \(-\)4.263 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 17:00 & 0.971 & \(-\)0.246 & \(-\)1.704 & \(-\)2.110 & \(-\)2.803 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(\rm T_{min}\)–\(\rm T_{max}\) & \(-\)1.149 & \(-\)1.554 & \(-\)1.820 & \(-\)2.167 & \(-\)5.097 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A.M. & 0.360 & \(-\)0.450 & \(-\)1.920 & \(-\)2.883 & \(-\)5.557 \\ \cline{2-6}  & P.M. & 1.069 & 0.103 & \(-\)1.317 & \(-\)2.538 & \(-\)3.533 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(\rm T_{AM}\)–\(\rm T_{PM}\) & \(-\)0.710 & \(-\)0.553 & \(-\)0.603 & \(-\)0.345 & \(-\)2.024 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Affected by solar radiation} & 9:00 & 0.842 & 0.180 & \(-\)1.605 & \(-\)3.101 & \(-\)9.462 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 11:00 & 0.003 & \(-\)0.981 & \(-\)3.015 & \(-\)4.989 & \(-\)10.827 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 13:00 & 0.817 & \(-\)0.220 & \(-\)2.262 & \(-\)5.104 & \(-\)9.943 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15:00 & 0.927 & \(-\)0.657 & \(-\)2.095 & \(-\)2.809 & \(-\)5.159 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 17:00 & 0.530 & 0.224 & \(-\)0.984 & \(-\)2.110 & \(-\)1.502 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(\rm T_{min}\)–\(\rm T_{max}\) & \(-\)0.924 & \(-\)1.205 & \(-\)2.031 & \(-\)2.994 & \(-\)9.325 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A.M. & 0.423 & \(-\)0.401 & \(-\)2.310 & \(-\)4.045 & \(-\)10.145 \\ \cline{2-6}  & P.M. & 0.729 & \(-\)0.217 & \(-\)1.540 & \(-\)2.460 & \(-\)3.331 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(\rm T_{AM}\)–\(\rm T_{PM}\) & \(-\)0.306 & \(-\)0.184 & \(-\)0.771 & \(-\)1.586 & \(-\)6.814 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Cooling effect (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of ground-based albedo modification (GBAM) for each spatial density (SD) condition.  
difference in cooling effects was \(\sim\)1 \({}^{\circ}\)C; in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0, the difference in cooling effects was \(-\)6.814 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table 5).