## 2 Results and Discussion
### The Profile of Volatiles Compounds in Bee Products
On the other hand, a recent study demonstrated a higher number of volatiles (42 compounds) in honey from China, which included 14 aldehydes, 12 ketones, seven alcohols, three acids, three pyrazines, one ether, one ester, and one terpene [34]. In Polish honey, we did not detect volatiles from ketone, pyrazine, ether, and terpene groups, but were identified compounds from groups of: Monoterpenes, disulfides, and furans, which were not detected in the Chinese samples. Moreover, the other research also showed more volatiles (60) detected in unifloral Chinese kinds of honey [35]. The contribution of the sum of aldehydes in the honey accounted for over 27%. However, the contribution of monoterpens was higher than that of aldehydes and was estimated at 29% (Figure 1). In the case of acids, the major compound was 2/3-methyl-butanoic acid accounting for 51.5% and 7.4% of the total acids and volatiles, respectively. The major monoterpene turned out to be linalool, which accounted for 49.4% and 14.3% of total monoterpenes and aroma profile, respectively. However, the results presented in Table 1 indicate that the major volatile in the honey was benzaldehyde. Its contribution in the tested sample was approximately 26% of the total volatiles. Moreover, it was present in all bee products, with the highest relative content detected in honey, being higher by 88.5%, 89.4%, and 91.8% than in bee pollen, beebread, and bees wax, respectively (Table 1). Furfural was also present in the honey in a relatively high amount (18.4% of peak areas). It was also detected in the bee pollen, beebread, and bees wax, while as in the case of benzaldehyde, the highest contribution of this compound was determined in honey. The composition of volatiles of bees wax was significantly different than the profile of volatile compounds in honey, bee pollen, and beebread (Table 1). The HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis showed the presence of only five of the thirteen classes of chemical compounds detected in bee products. As mentioned above, a total of 20 compounds were identified in bees wax, including eight alkanes (X1, X2, X3, X5, X7, X17, X18, and X27), six alcohols (X29, X33, X38, X43, X51, and X52), four aldehydes (X21, X28, X35, and X37), and another two volatiles containing one monoterpene (X10) and one furan (X32). In the bees wax, the alkanes were the dominant group of compounds with 54.1% of contribution to the aroma profile (Figure 1). The next group of volatiles was aldehydes, which accounted for 37.1% of the aroma profile. Moreover, alcohols with the higher number of compounds (6) than aldehydes (4) were characterized by a lower contribution (5.0%) to the sum of volatiles detected in bees wax. The bees wax had the highest content of 2,4-dimethyl-heptane (18.9% of total peak area). Moreover, octanal and nonanal were the major contributors to the volatile composition in bees wax, accounting for 13.4% and 11.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the content of 4-methyl-decane (X7), \(\alpha\)-pinene (X10), nonadecane (X18), tetradecane (X27), 1-heptanol (X29), furfurral (X32), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (X33), benzaldehyde (X37), 1-octanol (X38), 1-nonanol (X43), benzyl alcohol (X51), and phenylethyll alcohol (X52) were below 3.2%. Although bees wax is a precious product and its aroma is one of its incredibly privileged properties, unfortunately, only one team has undertaken an attempt of analyzing the profile of its volatile compounds so far. The study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] showed the presence of 48 volatiles, divided into four different chemical classes. The larger number of volatile compounds identified in the above cited study compared to our research was due to the fact that the cited authors used two columns of different polarities. Moreover, the composition of bees wax is influenced by the genetic determinants of the bee colony and environmental factors [37].