## 4 Evaluation of the Routing Protocols
It forms a virtual tunnel for a strong connection from source to the destination. & 1. It gives better packet delivery rate, latency in compared to CARP and MUREO. & 1. It gives better packet delivery rate, latency in compared to CARP and MUREO. For evaluating the performance of both the terrestrial and underwater sensor networks, the most frequently used techniques are: (i) analytical modeling, (ii) real deployment, and (iii) numerical simulation. For UWSN protocols most researchers evaluate their scheme with analytical modeling and numerical simulation. The most commonly used simulation tool is NS-2. Table 4 presents the detailed comparison of the routing protocols considering delivery ratio, energy-efficiency, delay-efficiency, localization requirement, reliability and overall performance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Sl. No.** & **Name of the Protocols** & **Key Features** & **Main Drawbacks** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{8} & Location-Aware Routing Protocol (LARP) [58] & 1. Good packet delivery ratio. & 1. To work perfectly it needs very dense network. 2. It has low delay efficiency. \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & 1. Avoids Unnecessary flooding. & 1. This scheme increases the overhead. 2. Network is one restricted as the sink \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & 1. Avoids Unnecessary flooding. & 1. This scheme increases the overhead. 2. It works well with both the steady and moving nodes. 3. A source node has to know only its position and position of the destination. 4. It reduces energy consumption by maintaining different power levels. & 1. Water current may reduce cluster life by affecting its structure. 2. Inter-cluster communications \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & 1. It is a self changeable routing protocol which can assemble itself. 2. Distributed algorithm is used to form the clusters. 3. Intra-cluster Communications and inter-cluster communications are controlled by cluster head. 4. Random rotation of cluster head. 5. Energy efficient. 6. Increased throughput. & 1. Water current may reduce cluster life by affecting its structure. 2. Inter-cluster communications \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & 1. SEEC is location free routing scheme which features the energy efficiency 2. The whole deployed region is divided into few regions and dense and sparse regions are sorted out. 3. UW-Sinks collect the data from the sparse region whereas clustering scheme is applied in dense network regions. 4. It gives better energy-efficiency, network life-time, delivery ratio in comparison to DRR and EEDBR & 1. SEEC gives lower data throughput in comparison to comparison to DRR and EEDBR & 1. SEEC gives lower data throughput in comparison to comparison to comparison to DRR and EEDBR & 1. SeEC gives lower data throughput in comparison to comparison to comparison to comparison to DRR and EEDBR & 1. SeEC gives lower data throughput in comparison to comparison to comparison to comparison to DRR and EEDBR & 2. The delay efficiency of the network is average. 2. For the consideration of the PFNs the number of duplicate packet increased. \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{13} & Regional Sink Mobility (RSM) & 1. One node must be aware of the location of its neighboring nodes. 2. In both RSM and VSM sensor nodes are randomly deployed. 3. The whole region is divides into 3 equal parts in RSM and 10 equal parts in VSM. 4. They both have improved throughput, data receive rate and initial network stability than SEEC. & 1. Both the schemes have low residual energy. 2. Their network lifetime is less than SEEC. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._Different routing protocols are suitable for different conditions considering different parameters like network size, localization, reliability and node mobility. There is no routing protocol which gives most efficient performance in every scenario.