## 3 The Proposed SP-IoUAV Model
### Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
#### 3.3.2 Intrusion Detection Engine
These historical data allow the IDS to fine-tune its anomaly detection algorithms and response tactics, improving the overall efficacy and resilience of the intrusion detection and prevention system. Moreover, the database is critical in blacklist management, which protects the UAV network by preventing future contacts with known dangerous entities or sources of intrusion attempts. * **Database Protection**: Our proposed model employs a strong multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanism to ensure the highest level of security for sensitive data and secure system access. The MFA system combines three types of authentication: traditional username and password, and advanced facial recognition technology. In the first layer of authentication, users must provide a unique username and a strong, complex password during the login process. By preventing unauthorized access and protecting against brute-force attacks, this traditional method adds a fundamental level of security. A username and password combination serves as an important security barrier, allowing only authorized users to access the system. Facial recognition is used as an additional authentication layer in our model to increase security. During the login process, the system uses a camera or an image sensor to capture the user's facial features. These facial features are then compared to the stored biometric data to confirm the user's identity. Facial recognition adds a biometric factor to the authentication process, making it extremely difficult for unauthorized users to impersonate legitimate users. This advanced layer of security significantly strengthens the system's defense against unauthorized access attempts. By integrating these three authentication factors, multi-factor authentication ensures a robust and secure access control system. Even if an attacker manages to obtain the username and password through phishing or other means, they would still need to pass the facial recognition step, ensuring that only authorized users gain access to the system. As a result, our intrusion detection system (IDS) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the smart-city environment remains protected from potential security breaches and data breaches, upholding data privacy and system integrity. Algorithm 10 summarizes the database accessibility. ```
Data: Username, Password, Facial Image Result: Access Granted or Denied
1 for each user attemptdo
2 User provides a username and password for authentication. ifusername and password match the stored credentialsthen
3 User is prompted to submit their facial image for facial recognition. The system captures and analyzes the facial image for facial features and unique characteristics. iffacial recognition is successfulthen
4 Grant access and log the successful access attempt. 5 end if
6
7 else
8 Deny access due to facial recognition failure and log the unsuccessful attempt. 9
10 end if
11
12 end for
13
14
15 else
16 Deny access due to invalid username/password and log the unsuccessful attempt. 17
18 end if
19
20 end for
```

**Algorithm 10** Database Accessibility Algorithm with MFA

### Smart City Control Center

The smart city control center is a critical component in our proposed model, serving as the central command hub for overseeing and managing the UAV network's security and operations within the smart city environment. It gathers real-time data from the intrusion detection system (IDS) and other surveillance systems deployed across the city. Utilizing advanced data analytics and AI algorithms, it processes and analyzes incoming data to identify potential security threats and anomalies in the UAV network. Prompt response to detected intrusions and appropriate actions to mitigate security risks are facilitated by leveraging IDS outputs. Moreover, the smart city control center coordinates UAV responses during emergencies, disaster management, and citywide events. It dynamically adjusts UAV flight paths, allocates resources, and communicates with operators to ensure efficient UAV operations.