## 7 Discussion  
### National Identity Apostle Model  
The study presents an alternative method to that used by the literature to analyze whether different types of national identity are affected by country, political orientation, and age using two waves of the ISSP national identity module. Indeed, many researchers have found various dimensions that structure individuals' national identities. The ethnic and civic dimensions were obtained following [4; 9; 10] using EFA and MGCFA to identify the dimensions of national identity. The EFA and MGCFA identified which items needed to be included in each dimension. Ethno-national identity is based on ethnic heritage, such as being born in the country, having national ancestors, professing the country's predominant religion, having lived most of the time in the country, and possessing the country's citizenship. This type of nationalism has been much claimed in history and the present day. It is typical to resort to national identity based on ethnic criteria when people go through moments of both economic and social crisis [59]. Clear examples are the exploits of Fascism and Nazism during the post-World War I crisis. [PERSON] and [PERSON] took advantage of the moment of identity crisis and the consequences of the Great War to emphasize the importance of fighting the enemy who undermined national integrity [2]. We can also see these attitudes from European extremists, such as [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] in France, Italy, Spain, and Hungary. Now, the national enemy is the immigrant, as he is \"the different\" who threatens the identity and economic stability of the country [1]. Civic national identity is represented by liberal principles, independent of wealth, race, ethnicity (language and culture), gender, religion, or place of birth. The civic dimension of nationalism is based on the following three things: speaking the country's language, being a citizen of the country, and, above all, respecting the laws and institutions of the country. Civic national identity is typical in those multicultural societies, such as the United States and the countries of Northern Europe [60; 61]. The civic and ethnic national identity are studied at the individual level through the fuzzy hybrid approach and fuzzy clustering. The ethnic dimension analysis showed that a large majority (84.2%) is between giving a lot or intermediate importance to the five items included in the factor. There were only 15.8% of citizens who could be considered non-ethnic nationals. Therefore, for over a third of the sample citizens, national identity coincides with the speeches of European leaders such as [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [9]. In addition, less than a fifth [1] of citizens do not share these extreme or intermediate ethnic opinions and can be associated with other leftist positions, such as the sympathizers of Podemos in Spain [7]. On the other hand, citizens that support civic criteria give more importance to items, such as speaking the language, respect for laws and institutions, and feel (nationality), are the vast majority, over 60%. [PERSON] [10] believed that citizens cannot be only divided into two categories supporters of civic dimension and supporters of ethnic dimension and mentioned two additional categories for those citizens who do not give importance to any item (post nationalists) and those who give importance to all the items (credentialists). The four categories can be individually extracted through the apostle model. Other authors have defined credentials as those who are mobilized for all the items [9]. In this sense, the mentioned authors contended that this national identity category considers that all the ethnic and civic items are important. On the other hand, the post nationalists do consider that all the items, independently of their dimension, are not important. [PERSON] [9] named this category as the \"non-mobilized citizens\". Finally, through the extension of the apostle model, the number of categories is enlarged to sixteen.