esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Target Detection Technology of Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Components Based on CV
## 4 Results  
The proposed BIM-based pipeline construction monitoring system was rigorously evaluated through a series of experiments involving six BIMs and real-world construction scenarios. A dataset of on-site images was collected and used to validate the accuracy of the BIM projection method, confirming its consistency in viewing angles and scale alignment. Using the SAM, pipeline structures were accurately segmented from both the BIM projections and construction site images, enabling precise comparative analysis. Edge detection and contour extraction techniques were applied to assess alignment between the as-built and design models, with performance evaluated using the F-score metric. A comparative study with existing edge detection methods demonstrated the proposed approach's superior accuracy and noise reduction capabilities. Additionally, Hu moment-based shape matching was employed to quantify discrepancies, effectively identifying construction deviations. Experimental results revealed that the proposed method achieved a 95.4% accuracy in detecting inconsistencies, highlighting its effectiveness in construction quality assessment and compliance verification. These findings confirm the system's potential as a reliable and automated solution for pipeline construction monitoring offering robust technical support for quality control and engineering management.
## 1 Introduction
We compared the derived COSMIC-2 thermal retrievals with in situ radiosonde data from Vaisala RS41 and RS92. Because those in situ comparisons are mainly over lands and islands over oceans, we also compare the STAR-derived COSMIC-2 wet-profile retrievals with measurements from the NOAA satellite IR and MW sensors to extend the validation globally. In the following study, we first describe the COSMIC-2 data characteristics and initial validation results for the UCAR-derived COSMIC-2 data products conducted by STAR in  
Figure 1: The focus functions of the STAR GNSS RO Data Processing and Validation System. Section 2. In the same Section, we also introduce the in situ radiosonde data and MW and IR satellite data. Section 3 presented the STAR's one-dimensional variation (1D-Var) approach to convert the refractivity to temperature and moisture profiles. We compared the STAR 1D-Var products with the collocated radiosondes in Section 4. UCAR also has developed their 1D-Var approach (see [[http://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/doc/documents/1](http://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/doc/documents/1) dvar.pdf]([http://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/doc/documents/1](http://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/doc/documents/1) dvar.pdf) (accessed on 26 September 2022) for WetPrf, and [[https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/nrt/](https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/nrt/)]([https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/nrt/](https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/nrt/)) (accessed on 26 September 2022) and [40] for WetPrf2. We also compared the STAR COSMIC-2 retrievals with those derived from the UCAR 1D-Var algorithm in the same section. We also used the 1D-Var-derived temperature and water vapor profiles to compute the simulated brightness temperature (BTs) for advanced technology microwave sounder (ATMS) and cross-track infrared sounder (CrIS) channels in the lower stratosphere, the upper troposphere, and the troposphere and compared them to the collocated ATMS and CrIS measurements in Section 5. We give our conclusions in Section 6.
## 2 Dataset and Methodology
Various wavelet filters exist, each with a distinct shape and frequency width. In this study, the Morlet wavelet was used owing to its balanced frequency localisation and uniform distribution. We used MATLAB's built-in functions to examine the signal spectrum and employed the wavelet tool provided by [43] for further analysis. To trace the geomagnetic field line between both hemispheres and identify the conjugate points, we used the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model. In this study, the latitudes at the beginning and end of the traced magnetic field lines were referred to as conjugate points. The magnetic field line was mapped from a point near Beirut port along the meridian path of the satellite to its conjugate point in the Southern Hemisphere, or vice versa. The IGRF toolbox is a MATLAB software (version 2024b) package available on the MathWorks website that uses the 12 th generation IGRF coefficient or on the GitHub link ([[https://github.com/wb-bgs/m_IGRF](https://github.com/wb-bgs/m_IGRF)]([https://github.com/wb-bgs/m_IGRF](https://github.com/wb-bgs/m_IGRF)), accessed on 21 May 2025) that uses the 14 th generation IGRF coefficients.
## 2 RESIW cross Section Design  
The ridge waveguides are a family of waveguides which are composed of one or several metallic ridges attached to the lower or upper walls of the waveguide [17]. The best known and studied ridge waveguides are the single and double ridge rectangular waveguides [18]. The metallic ridges allow a reduction of the cutoff frequency of the fundamental mode (\(TE_{10}\)), and an increase of the cutoff frequency of the first higher order mode (\(TE_{20}\)). Thus, a broader bandwidth can be achieved. In addition, the characteristic impedance of the fundamental mode (\(Z_{0}\)) is reduced [19].  
In practice, by properly selecting the geometrical parameters of the single and the double ridge waveguides, similar bandwidths can be achieved with either one. Therefore, to reduce the complexity of the manufacture, the single RESIW is our focus of study. The use of the conventional manufacturing techniques of planar technologies allows the creation of this single RESIW simply by piling substratesof the same height. This leads to an easy manufacture, but limits the freedom in the design of the ridge dimensions, as shown in Figure 1. The height of the ridge (\(h_{r}\)) is limited by the height of the substrate (\(h_{s}\)) and can only be a multiple of this height (\(h_{r}=n\,h_{s}\), where \(n\) is the number of ridge layers). The only parameter of the ridge transversal section that can be chosen freely is the ridge width \(w_{r}\).  
Appendix A shows that the one layer rectangular ridge ESIW proves to be the best compromise between maximizing the bandwidth and minimizing the related manufacturing cost and volume. Therefore, one-layer rectangular ridge ESIW is used in this work, where the waveguide width is \(a=15.7988\) mm (Standard waveguide WR-62) and the ridge width that maximizes the bandwidth is \(w_{r}=3.848\) mm.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Spatially Resolved Spectra of LS-APPJ
However, there are some differences between the active species: at a distance of 1-6 cm from the nozzle, the dominant excited molecule is N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B\({}^{2}\Sigma_{\rm u}^{+}\)); when the distance is larger than 6 cm, N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B\({}^{2}\Sigma_{\rm u}^{+}\)) decreases sharply, while N\({}_{2}\) (C\({}^{3}\Pi_{\rm u}\)) becomes the majority. The distributions of OH and O are similar to those of the active helium atoms He (3s\({}^{3}\)S), i.e., the highest intensities occur at the position of the jet nozzle, and then they decrease with the increasing distance. The different spatial distribution characteristics of N\({}_{2}\) (C\({}^{3}\Pi_{\rm u}\rightarrow\) B\({}^{3}\Pi_{\rm g}\)), N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B\({}^{2}\Sigma_{\rm u}^{+}\rightarrow\) X\({}^{2}\Sigma_{\rm g}^{+}\)), He (3s\({}^{3}\)S \(\rightarrow\) 2p\({}^{3}\)P, 706.5 nm), OH (A\({}^{2}\Sigma\rightarrow\) X\({}^{2}\Pi\)), and O (3p\({}^{5}\)P \(\rightarrow\) 3s\({}^{5}\)S\({}^{\circ}\), 777.4 nm) are mainly caused by the change in the He atom concentration and electrical field intensity in the plasma jet. The transmission distance of the active helium atoms He (3s\({}^{3}\)S) is less than 7 cm, mainly due to the reduction in the He atom concentration caused by the diffusion of nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the air. Additionally, the excited He atoms can be rapidly quenched by nitrogen and oxygen molecules, as shown in reactions (6, 13). At the distance of 1-6 mm, due to the low concentrations of N\({}_{2}\) and O\({}_{2}\) in the core of the plasma jet, a large population of Penning ionization between metastable He atoms and other particles is an important process to produce OH (A), O, N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B), etc. Regarding N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B), at the distance of 1-6 mm, it is mainly produced by Penning ionization, as shown in reaction (6). However, when the plasma moves forward, with the reduction in the helium concentration, the role of the metastable He atoms becomes less important, and N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\) (B) is produced by the high electric field at the head of the plasma bullet streamer.
# Cosmeceutical Potentials of _Equisetum debile_ Roxb. ex Vaucher Extracts
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of 5\(\alpha\)-Reductase Inhibition (Anti-Hair Loss Activity)
#### 2.8.2 Inhibitory Assay of 5\(\alpha\)-Reductase Activities  
_E. debile_ extracts were re-suspended using either 50% ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide: ethanol (1:1) to produce a final concentration of 1 mg/mL prior to being tested for inhibitory activities of 5\(\alpha\)-reductase. The testing mixtures were prepared by combining 0.2 mL of a plant sample, 1 mL of phosphate buffer (0.02 mM, pH 6.5), 0.3 mL of testosterone substrate (500 ppm) in 50% ethanol, and 1 mL of a rat microsomal suspension (4 mg protein/mL). The enzymatic reactions were activated by an addition of 0.5 mL of NADPH (0.77 mg/mL), which was followed by an incubation in a water bath at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. The reactions were immediately stopped by adding 5.0 mL dichloromethane. Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (100 ppm in 50% ethanol) was added to the sample as an HPLC internal standard. The amount of remaining testosterone substrate in the terminated enzymatic reaction was determined using the HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with the analytical reversed phase column Shodex C18-4E column (250 \(\times\) 4.6 mm, 5 \(\upmu\)m particle size) with the analysis conditions of column temperature at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a mobile phase of methanol:deionized water (65:35), a flow rate at 1 mL/min, an injection volume of 10 \(\upmu\)L, and a detection at 242 nm.  
Negative and positive controls were prepared for computing the inhibitory capacity of plant samples. The reaction mixtures for both controls were assembled and carried out similarly to the plant samples described above. The negative control was an enzymatic reaction without any inhibition (0% inhibition). It was prepared by substituting the plant sample with 50% ethanol. The positive control represented 100% inhibition of 5\(\alpha\)-reductase activity. It was prepared by using dichloromethane to denature any protein or enzyme from a microsomal suspension preceding an initiation of the enzymatic reaction. The % inhibition was calculated by peak area ratio (R) of the remaining testosterone and internal standard using the following equation [50]:  
\[\%\;\text{inhibition}=[(\text{R}_{\text{sample}}-\text{R}_{\text{ negative}})/(\text{R}_{\text{positive}}-\text{R}_{\text{negative}})]\times 100\]  
In this study, finasteride was used as a commercial standard in order to compare an inhibitory capacity of the _E. debile_ extracts. Finasteride was prepared in various concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 \(\upmu\)M to produce a standard curve. The inhibitory capacities of all plant extracts against 5\(\alpha\)-reductase were expressed as finasteride equivalent 5\(\alpha\)-reductase inhibitory activity (FEA) values, representing a unit of mg finasteride equivalent per 1 g plant extract.
## Materials and Methods
### Measurements  
The structure of the synthesized monomers was identified by FTIR, \({}^{1}\)H, and \({}^{13}\)C NMR spectroscopies. \({}^{1}\)H and \({}^{13}\)C NMR spectra were registered on a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer at room temperature (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany). The NMR experiments were recorded with a 5 mm four nuclei direct detection z-gradient probe. Chemical shifts were reported in \(\delta\) units (ppm) and were referenced to the residual solvent signal (D\({}_{2}\)O at 4.78 ppm for \({}^{1}\)H). NMR spectra were recorded using standard pulse sequence as delivered by Bruker with TopSpin 4.0.5 spectrometer control and processing software. All the spectra were registered at room temperature (24 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in D\({}_{2}\)O water at pH = 5, with acquisition parameters ns = 64. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany). To evaluate the conversion degree by FTIR analysis, homogeneous mixtures of photopolymerizable monomers were synthesized by following the data listed in Table 1 and then manually coated on KBr pellets and irradiated with UV light. The FTIR absorption spectra were registered at different irradiation times, and the modification, which appeared in the C=C stretching vibration at 1638 cm\({}^{-1}\), was used to estimate the degree of conversion. The irradiation of the monomer mixtures containing ZnO or ZnO-SnO\({}_{2}\) was carried out by using the UV light with an intensity of 40 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) generated by a Hg-Xe lamp (Hamamatsu Lightningcure Type LC58, Model L9588, HAMMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Iwata City, Shizuoka Pref., Japan). The UV-Vis absorption spectra were obtained on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 2 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, MA, United States). XRD spectra were measured on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany) diffractometer by using Cu K\(\alpha\) radiation (\(\lambda\) = 0.1541 nm). The spectral patterns were registered from 20\({}^{\circ}\) to 100\({}^{\circ}\), at a scan rate of 0.02\({}^{\circ}\) min\({}^{-1}\). Raman spectroscopy experiments were performed by using a Renishaw in Via confocal microscope equipped with a He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm (17 mW) and a CCD detector coupled to a Leica DM 2500 M microscope. All experiments were performed in backscattering geometry, using a 100\(\times\) objective with a numerical aperture of 0.75, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. All spectra were read with the WiRE 3.2 software (Renishaw, New Mills, GL, UK). TEM and SEM micrographs were obtained at 120 kV, by using a Hitachi High-Tech HT7700 (Hitachi High-Tech GLOBAL, Tokyo, Japan) instrument and an environmental scanning electron microscope QUANTA200 coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (ESEM/EDX), respectively (FEI Company, Netherlands). The total organic carbon (TOC) of the MG solution before and after visible irradiation in the presence of L3 film was measured by using a Multi N/C 2100 Analyticjena analyzer (Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany).
# Radioactivity in Soils of Kosovo and Radiological Implications
###### Abstract  
This study was carried out to determine the presence of the main radionuclides from natural and artificial radioactivity in the soil of Kosovo, using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The mean activity concentration for Ra-226, Th-232, K-40, and Cs-137 was 22.32 \(\pm\) 1.41, 22.14 \(\pm\) 1.31, 358.16 \(\pm\) 8.85, and 12.94 \(\pm\) 0.44 Bq/kg, respectively. Radium equivalent activity ranged from 47 to 100 Bq/kg. The mean of calculated values for the gamma index (I\({}_{\
u}\)), external hazard index (H\({}_{\rm ex}\)), absorbed dose rate (ADR), annual gonadal dose rate (AGDE), annual effective dose rate (AEDE), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were 0.61, 0.22, 0.4 nGy/ h, 275 uSv/year, 49 uSv/year, and 170, respectively. In conclusion, the radiological parameters arising from the soil samples of Kosovo belong to the normal range of radionuclides, compared to those compiled by UNSCEAR from worldwide reports; therefore, health hazards are insignificant.  
radioactivity; spatial mapping; Kosovo; soil; radiological hazard Article
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussions
### Classification Report-Performance Evaluation  
The performance evaluation of our proposed indoor scene recognition model is represented by using matrices such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score, as shown in Table 2, and the ROC plot for our model is shown in Figure 11.  
\[\text{Accuracy}=\frac{TP+TN}{TP+FP+TN+FN} \tag{8}\]  
\[\text{Sensitivity}=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{9}\]  
\[\text{Specificity}=\frac{TN}{TN+FP} \tag{10}\]  
\[\text{Precision}=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{11}\]  
\[\text{F1}-\text{score}=\frac{2*recall*precision}{recall+precision} \tag{12}\]  
_TP_--True positive, _TN_--True Negative, _FP_--False Positive, _FN_--False Negative  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Proposed Model** & **Specificity** & **Sensitivity** & **Precision** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline DenseNet201 & & & & \\ (Feature extraction) + & 0.96 & 1 & 0.94 & 0.95 \\ LSM classifier & & & & \\ Accuracy & & 0.96\% & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance matrices of our proposed model for indoor scene classification.  
Figure 10: Accuracy and loss plots of training and validation.
## 5 Verification of Measurements
### Display of Circle Diagram from Measured Currents for a One-Phase Fault  
A circle diagram of stator currents is shown in this subsection to show the distribution of the MMF in a five-phase induction motor during a one-phase fault. This is the same measurement as in Section 5.1. The measurement parameters, 1000 rpm, and 3.5 Nm are the same as in the previous case.  
Figure 24a depicts the measured stator currents in Matlab during a one-phase fault operation. Figure 24b depicts the _dq_ currents of the measured currents, and Figure 24c depicts a circle diagram of the current independence \(i_{d}\) on \(i_{q}\) in a one-phase fault operation.  
This is a nonsinusoidal MMF, as shown in the circle diagram in Figure 24c, because it does not represent a symmetric circle.  
Figure 22: Torque ripple dependence for constant nominal motor torque.  
Figure 23: Measurement for normal operation: (**a**) stator currents; (**b**) transformation of measured _abcde_ currents into _dq_ system; (**c**) circle diagram.  
Figure 24: Measurement for one-phase fault: (**a**) stator currents; (**b**) transformation of measured _abcde_ currents into _dq_ system; (**c**) circle diagram.  
Display of Circle Diagram from Measured Currents for Editing of the Control to Non-Symmetrical Currents  
A circle diagram of stator currents is provided in this subsection to show the distribution of the MMF in a five-phase induction motor during control editing to unbalanced currents. The measurement parameters are 1000 rpm and 3.5 Nm, as in the previous case.  
Figure 25a depicts the measured stator currents plotted in Matlab. Figure 25b depicts the \(dq\) currents of the measured currents, and Figure 25c depicts a circle diagram depicting the dependence of the current \(i_{d}\) on \(i_{q}\) in the editing of control to unbalanced (nonsymmetrical) currents.  
The Figure 25c circle diagram depicts a sinusoidal MMF once again. This indicates that the new fault-tolerant control adjustment for unbalanced currents is accurate. And the motor properties will be better than in a one-phase fault operation with no control editing.
# Q-Learning Empowered Highly Dynamic and Latency-Aware Routing Algorithm for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
## 5 Simulation Results
### Simulation Result and Analysis
When using a combination of link expiration time (LET) and node aggregation degree (COH) for routing coefficients, the best packet delivery rate is achieved for 15 nodes at speeds of 15 m/s and 30 m/s, while low delays can be ensured and maintained at speeds of 10 m/s and 25 m/s. For 20 nodes, this combination achieves the best packet transmission rate at a speed of 20 m/s and low delays at 30 m/s. Figure 17 presents a comparative performance analysis of three routing coefficients under the Paparazzi mobility model. The results indicate that, at 15 nodes, the inclusion of node topology degree in the calculation under the Paparazzi mobility model yields the best performance in terms of both packet delivery rate and delay. Figure 16: Contrastive illustration under the RWP model. Figure 18 illustrates a runtime comparison between QEHLR and PARRoT. QEHLR exhibits significantly higher computational efficiency than PARRoT, while maintaining a throughput that is comparable to that of PARRoT. This is attributed to the fact that QEHLR reduces the prediction of 3D velocity to a single step and obtains velocity directly through the mobility model, thereby reducing the complexity of the algorithm and significantly decreasing the runtime. Figure 17: Contrastive illustration under the Paparazzi model. Figure 18: The comparison of two Q-learning based protocols.
## 3 Bibliometric Assessment
### Bibliographic Data
#### 3.2.2 Bibliographic Coupling Links
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sources**} & **Total Link Strength** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Documents**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Citations**} & **Normalized Citations** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Publication** \\ **Year** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Citations** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Normalized** \\ **Citations** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Remote Sensing & 6668 & 45 & 785 & 63 & 2021 & 17 & 1 \\ International Journal of Applied Earth & 2094 & 12 & 166 & 16 & 2021 & 14 & 1 \\ Observation and Geoinformation & 2050 & 9 & 348 & 22 & 2021 & 39 & 2 \\ Agricultural and Forest Meteorology & 1608 & 8 & 509 & 30 & 2020 & 64 & 4 \\ Computers and Electronics in Agriculture & 1464 & 11 & 75 & 8 & 2020 & 7 & 1 \\ Sustainability (Switzerland) & 1217 & 10 & 35 & 4 & 2021 & 4 & 0 \\ ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing & 885 & 4 & 106 & 8 & 2021 & 27 & 2 \\ Science of the Total Environment & 869 & 10 & 75 & 18 & 2021 & 8 & 2 \\ International Journal of Remote Sensing & 829 & 4 & 6 & 1 & 2022 & 2 & 0 \\ Agricultural Systems & 584 & 5 & 97 & 5 & 2020 & 19 & 1 \\ European Journal of Agronomy & 557 & 2 & 67 & 5 & 2020 & 34 & 3 \\ GIScience and Remote Sensing & 524 & 3 & 41 & 2 & 2020 & 14 & 1 \\ Frontiers in Plant Science & 517 & 8 & 1493 & 14 & 2020 & 187 & 2 \\ Geo-Spatial Information Science & 507 & 3 & 12 & 2 & 2021 & 4 & 1 \\ IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing & 483 & 5 & 28 & 3 & 2021 & 6 & 1 \\ Sensors & 454 & 3 & 5 & 5 & 2022 & 2 & 2 \\ Precision Agriculture & 403 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2022 & 1 & 1 \\ ISPRS International Journal of & 386 & 3 & 30 & 2 & 2020 & 10 & 1 \\ Geo-Information & 380 & 6 & 306 & 9 & 2020 & 51 & 2 \\ Environmental Research Letters & 380 & 34 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2022 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Top 20 sources with the highest total link strength for bibliographic data, considering full counting and 1 as the minimum number of occurrences of a source. Figure 5: Network visualization map for bibliographic data (bibliographic coupling links and sources as items), considering full counting and 1 as the minimum number of occurrences of a source. (**a**) Full network; (**b**) network around some of the items with the highest documents.
# A Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Reference Architecture for Attack Surface Analysis
## 3 A CAV Reference Architecture: Components and Related Attack Surfaces
### Edge Reference Architecture
#### 3.3.6 Microservices  
Microservices involve an application or services designed to provide functionality via a collection of loosely coupled services. These microservices each provide a single service compared to a monolithic model which provides multiple services at once. Benefits to this style of architecture include: improved scalability to a large number of users and increased resistance to certain attacks. A modular architecture is easier to test and develop, reducing the likelihood of bugs and vulnerabilities being present.  
Any services that are used internally do not need to be exposed to the wider internet, which reduces the attack surface compared to a monolithic application. However, while each individual microservice has a smaller attack surface, the inter-microservices communications become a possible avenues of attack.