# 5G Network Deployment Planning Using Metaheuristic Approaches
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Result for Different Carrier Frequencies Using PSO  
Table 6 presents the outcomes of employing PSO for diverse 5G Multi-Tier RAN planning scenarios. The study focuses on parameters within the 5G Link Budget Calculator, specifically targeting carrier frequencies of 28 GHz for downlink (DL) and 3.6 GHz for uplink (UL), along with corresponding bandwidths and distances. The careful consideration of these variables, such as 100 MHz for DL and 40 MHz for UL, and distances ranging from 220 m to 75 m for 28 GHz and 795 m to 170 m for 3.6 GHz, provides a comprehensive foundation for analysis. The initial configuration involves 115 base stations (BSs) for 28 GHz and 147 for 3.6 GHz. Before the elimination of specific BSs, the final configuration maintains the BS count while achieving substantial improvements in coverage and capacity. After post-optimization, the final BS count remains at 115 for 28 GHz and 147 for 3.6 GHz, with coverage reaching 0.9895 for 28 GHz and staying at 1 for 3.6 GHz. Capacities witness significant enhancements, reaching 0.9756 for 28 GHz and 0.7916 for 3.6 GHz. However, after eliminating certain BSs, the final configuration indicates a reduction in the number of BSs to 63 for 28 GHz and 110 for 3.6 GHz. While the coverage for 28 GHz slightly decreases to 0.9618, the coverage for 3.6 GHz remains unchanged at 1. Capacities experience a decrease, reaching 0.9166 for 28 GHz and 0.7395 for 3.6 GHz. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO in optimizing 5G RAN planning, achieving a balance between BS count, coverage, and capacity for different frequency bands. The initial arrangement of base stations (BS) for both the 28 GHz and 3.6 GHz frequency bands is depicted in Figure 4a. For the 28 GHz band, the figure illustrates the distribution of 115 initial BSs across the planning scenario. Similarly, for the 3.6 GHz band, the initial arrangement showcases 147 BSs strategically placed according to the specified parameters. Figure 5a captures the arrangement of BSs before any elimination in the 28 GHz frequency band. Additionally, Figure 5b showcases a Voronoi Plot corresponding to the 28 GHz frequency band. Voronoi diagrams are instrumental in illustrating the partitioning of space based on the proximity to different BS locations. The distinctive polygons in the plot delineate regions of influence for individual BSs, providing a clear visualization of how the network space is divided among the remaining BSs after the PSO optimization and prior to any elimination. Figure 6a showcases the configuration of BSs after the elimination process in the 28 GHz frequency band. Following the PSO and the subsequent removal of specific BSs, this visual representation provides insight into the revised network layout. The reduced number of BSs, now totaling 63, is strategically arranged, reflecting the optimized configuration after the elimination process. In Figure 6b, the corresponding Voronoi Plot for the 28 GHz frequency band is presented. The Voronoi diagram illustrates the adjusted coverage areas for each remaining BSs after the elimination, depicting the spatial partitioning of the network. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Using PSO for Optimization**} \\ \hline  & **Carrier Freq (Table 5)** & **28 GHz** & **3.6 GHz** \\ \hline  & Initial BS No. & 115 & 147 \\ Initial Arrangement & Initial Cov & 0.8993 & 1 \\  & Initial Cap & 0.868 & 0.927 \\ \hline  & Final BS & 115 & 147 \\  & Final Cov & 0.9895 & 1 \\  & Final Cap & 0.9756 & 0.7916 \\ \hline  & Final BS & 63 & 110 \\  & Final Cov & 0.9618 & 1 \\  & Final Cap & 0.9166 & 0.7395 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Result for different 5G Multi-Tier RAN planning scenario using PSO. Figure 4: Initial arrangement of BSs (**a**) for 28 GHz and (**b**) for 3.6 GHz. Figure 5: Using PSO for 28 GHz. (**a**) BSs before elimination. (**b**) Voronoi Plot for BSs before elimination.