## 2 Results and Discussion
### Biological Activities of the Selected Compounds
#### 2.2.2 Cytotoxic Activity  
The in vitro growth inhibitory activity of the prepared products was examined versus the liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2), the colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) and the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound No.**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Tested Microorganisms**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fungi**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gram +ve Bacteria**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gram –ve Bacteria**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & _A. fumigatus_ & _C. albicans_ & _B. subtilis_ & _S. aureus_ & _E. coli_ & _P. vulgaris_ \\  & **RCMB 002568** & **ATCC 10231** & **NRRL-B-543** & **RCMB 010010** & **ATCC 25955** & **ATCC 13315** \\ \hline
**6** & 13.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 10.8 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 9.3 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 14.3 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 8.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 17.2 \(\pm\) 1.2 \\
**7** & 18.5 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 15.9 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 15.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 9.1 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 9.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 18.3 \(\pm\) 1.1 \\
**10b** & 10.9 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 13.2 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 8.5 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 8.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 10.1 \(\pm\) 0.7 \\
**10e** & 0 & 0 & 8.2 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0 & 13.2 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 8.4 \(\pm\) 0.8 \\
**13a** & 9.1 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 13.7 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 10.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 15.2 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 8.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 9.2 \(\pm\) 0.8 \\
**13c** & 9.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 14.1 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 16.9 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 15.8 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 15.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 0.8 \\
**13e** & 0 & 0 & 8.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 \\
**16** & 0 & 11.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 9.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 12.6 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 10.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 13.8 \(\pm\) 1.4 \\
**20** & 10.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 16.3 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 8.1 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 8.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 7.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\
*** Ketoconazole** & 23.7 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 27.6 \(\pm\) 1.2 & - & - & - & - \\
*** Ciprofloxacinacin** & - & - & 29.4 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 26.1 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 25.7 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 28.6 \(\pm\) 1.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* * Ciprofloxacinacin and ketoconazole were used (at 1 mM conc.) as standard drugs against the tested bacteria and fungi *.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: The in vitro antimicrobial results of the newly synthesized products at 10 mM expressed as inhibition zone diameter (mm) in the form of mean \(\pm\) standard error. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** & _A. fumigatus_ & _C. albicans_ & _B. subtilis_ & _S. aureus_ & _E. coli_ & _P. vulgaris_ \\
**Code** & **RCMB 002568** & **ATCC 10231** & **NRRL-B-543** & **RCMB 010010** & **ATCC 25955** & **ATCC 13315** \\ \hline
**6** & 2500 & 5000 & 2500 & 1250 & 5000 & 625 \\
**7** & 312.5 & 625 & 625 & 5000 & 500 & 312.5 \\
**10b** & 2500 & 625 & 1250 & 10,000 & 5000 & 5000 \\
**10e** & \textgreater{}10,000 & \textgreater{}10,000 & 10,000 & \textgreater{}10,000 & 1250 & 10,000 \\
**13a** & 5000 & 1250 & 2500 & 1250 & 5000 & 5000 \\
**13c** & 2500 & 625 & 625 & 625 & 625 & 2500 \\
**16** & \textgreater{}10,000 & 5000 & 5000 & 1250 & 5000 & 625 \\
**20** & 5000 & 625 & 2500 & 10,000 & 5000 & 10,000 \\
**Ketoconazole** & 3.9 & 1.9 & - & - & - & - \\
**Ciprofloxacinacin** & - & - & 0.24 & 0.98 & 0.49 & 0.24 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* * Antifungal and antibacterial activities were expressed as MIC values in uM.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: MIC of the newly synthesized products against the tested bacteria and fungi *. breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231) using colorimetric MTT assay compared to the cisplatin anticancer reference drug. A dose-response curve was plotted from data generated, and IC\({}_{50}\) was determined (the test compounds concentration needed to kill 1/2 of cell population) (Figure 2). The average IC\({}_{50}\) of three independent studies was used to calculate cytotoxic activity. Generally, the results in Table 3 and Figure 2 revealed that all the tested compounds have different inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, compounds **6**, **13e**, **16**, **20** and **13c** were less active than counterparts with a lower tendency to inhibit the three carcinoma cell lines.