Evaluating the Performance of Proposed Switched Beam Antenna Systems in Dynamic V2V Communication Networks  
[PERSON]  
1 Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberajaya 63000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberajaya 63000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberajaya 63000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberajaya 63000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 27 These authors contributed equally to this work. 78 Senior Member IEEE. 78223236782  
parking and blind spot detection. However, vehicles may move at differing speeds, causing communication problems, and rapid network changes can occur in V2V networks [6]. From an industrial perspective, the main issue in V2V communication is the efficiency of omnidirectional antennas. The study in [7] was conducted using switched beam antennas at the transmitting end and omnidirectional antennas at the receiving end, resulting in improved Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and probability values for the V2V link, but with power and resource waste affecting the overall channel traffic structure. Algorithms and beam management play a crucial role in enhancing efficiency and improving results. In the above research, both the transmitting and receiving ends were equipped with switched beam antennas for tracking capabilities. Before considering the experimentation and evaluation process, an initial pre-requisite analysis is discussed. The switched beam antenna consists of 20 or more directional antennas connected or switched through a series of Ethernet commands [8]. These components can be used to generate various predefined beam patterns that cover all directions around the antenna. The sharp azimuthal beams can provide a 360 degree coverage with little variation in maximum power [9]. The switched beam antennas have the ability to cover 360 degrees and provide a higher azimuthal beam coverage compared to Omni antennas [10]. They offer a superior range, coverage, capacity, link reliability, and spectrum efficiency for communication and electric vehicle (EV) applications. For V2V communications, link reliability could be significantly involved. Antenna beam forming and steering are increasingly used in wireless communication systems, particularly in 5G. This technology is advancing to meet the constant demand for faster data rates and higher mobile equipment densities. Beam shaping allows a system of multiple antennas to vary the direction of the overall beam, improving performance by allowing individual users to receive a specific beam and reducing interference. The beam power and computational complexity are significant issues that must be addressed. For V2V communications, link dependability is the central area of concern. The research on physical antenna constraints can be traced back to [PERSON]'s work published in 1948 [11]. [PERSON] determined the minimal feasible antenna quality factor (denoted by Q), the maximum gain, and the maximum possible ratio of gain to Q for a linearly polarized omnidirectional antenna using the spherical wave function expansion outside the smallest sphere surrounding the antenna. This restriction was also carried forward and, to some extent, is more practical for connected cars. Furthermore, beam tracking algorithms have numerous different implementations in the literature. Focusing on the core concept of V2V communication, V2V dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) calls for a quick and reliable communication link.