esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Amendments and Soil Properties
#### 4.1.5 Soil Phosphorus and Iron after Plant Harvest  
In general, soils experienced small increases in available P concentrations, which was especially evident across all treatments in soils in which radish was grown. This could have been associated with greater root biomass relative to lettuce, and hence production of root exudates that fueled rhizosphere microorganisms in support of P mobilization and mineralization, particularly in COMP. Further, root exudates in the form of organic acids like DOC can electrostatically repel phosphates, thereby increasing P availability in soil [95]. These responses appeared to be suppressed in BIOC, where soil available P was much lower relative to lab incubated, BIOC-treated soil. This could point to biochar-induced plant P deficiency. A study on P sorption from biochar produced from the fast pyrolysis of corn stover (_Zea mays_ L.), Ponderosa pine (_Pinus ponderosa Lawson_ and _C. Lawson_) wood residue, and switchgrass (_Panicum trigatum_ L.) found that corn stover sorbed 79% of bicarbonate-extractable P, while switchgrass biochar sorbed 76%, and Ponderosa pine wood biochar sorbed 31% [96]. The authors speculated that P sorption by biochar occurs mainly due to the exchange between anions of P in solution with the oxygenated functional groups on surface of biochar. Hence, some portion of P mobilized through root exudate may be readily sorbed. The effect of radish and lettuce on available Fe in soil was nominal, though the greater average concentrations in UNAM planted to radish can be probably explained by reduced plant uptake, which corresponds with less root biomass production in radishes grown in unamended soil.
# Enhancing PAPR and Throughput for DFT-s-OFDM System Using FTN and IOTA Filtering
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Ber  
This part compares the BER performance of IOTA and non-orthogonal waveform (NOW), based on QPSK and 16 QAM with different value of coding rate \(R\) and acceleration factor \(\alpha\). NOW denotes the algorithm of FTN-DFT-s-OFDM signaling based on the RRC filter.  
Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the BER performance based on the modulation order corresponding to MCS2 and MCS5 in Table 3.  
Figure 11: Performance of BER based on QPSK with \(R=679/1024\).  
Figure 10: Comparison of peak and average value of FTN under different acceleration factor \(\alpha\).  
From the above two figures, we can derive that the BER performance of IOTA will exceed that of the RRC under small values of \(\alpha\), and also the algorithm based on IOTA can support smaller \(\alpha\). When higher spectral efficiency is achieved with higher modulation orders, BER performance based on IOTA shows a slower decreasing trend compared with RRC. Thus, we can arrive at the conclusion that IOTA seems to be more suitable for FTN signaling, especially for the case with high spectral efficiency.  
Similarly to PAPR performance mentioned above, we give Table 4 listing the BER performance based on IOTA. SNR loss compared to RRC and baseline is listed, as well as the minimum supportable \(\alpha\) of IOTA and RRC.
## 5 Optimized Design of the Cooling Channel and Its Cooling Performance
### Transient Simulation Result Analysis
As the inlet velocity increased to match the same conditions, this difference gradually diminished, particularly after 1050 s when the  
Figure 19: Surface temperature distribution of the rudder shaft at \(t=1250\) s for the optimized cooling structure at inlet velocity of (**a**) 0.5 and (**b**) 0.3 m/s, respectively. temperature at the top of the rudder shaft decreased rapidly, indicating that the improved scheme offers better cooling performance. The phase change in the cooling water within the channel is illustrated in Figure 21. Observing the simulation results under the 0.5 m/s inlet velocity condition, in regions with higher heat flux, particularly on the upper surface of the micro-channel at the top, there is evidence of bubbly bubble and slug flow, as well as some annular flow. This suggests that the overall flow is in the saturated nucleate boiling regime. Additionally, in a small portion of the area, the fluid enters a droplet-annular flow state, indicating the presence of two-phase forced convection heat transfer. Overall, the degree of boiling in high-risk areas is relatively low, remaining within a safe range. In comparison, under the 0.3 m/s inlet velocity condition, a higher degree of phase change can be observed. On the upper surface of the collection chamber, there is a greater presence of fluid entering the droplet-annular flow state, with a larger area experiencing two-phase forced convection heat transfer. This presents a certain risk of heat transfer deterioration. However, within the drainage channel, the gas-liquid two-phase flow can still pass relatively smoothly in the form of saturated nucleate boiling. Therefore, it is determined that the risk under this condition is relatively controllable. Figure 21: Fluid phase fraction in the unoptimized structure at inlet velocity of 0.5 and 0.3 m/s, respectively (**a**,**b**). Figure 20: (**a**) Axial temperature distribution on the surface of the rudder shaft at \(t=1250\) s and (**b**) variation in the maximum temperature of the rudder shaft over time. The average surface pressure at the five cross sections shown in Figure 10 was calculated, and the results are presented in Table 11. Overall, the pressure drop corresponding to the 0.3 m/s inlet velocity condition is lower, approximately 78% of the total pressure drop under the 0.5 m/s inlet velocity condition. Additionally, the total pressure drop under the 0.5 m/s inlet velocity condition in the improved design is about 81% of that in the initial design at the corresponding inlet velocity. This indicates that the improved cooling scheme also has an advantage in reducing flow resistance.
###### Abstract  
The verification of the integrity and authenticity of multimedia content is an essential task in the forensic field, in order to make digital evidence admissible. The main objective is to establish whether the multimedia content has been manipulated with significant changes to its content, such as the removal of noise (e.g., a gunshot) that could clarify the facts of a crime. In this project we propose a method to generate a summary value for audio recordings, known as hash. Our method is robust, which means that if the audio has been modified slightly (without changing its significant content) with perceptual manipulations such as MPEG-4 AAC, the hash value of the new audio is very similar to that of the original audio; on the contrary, if the audio is altered and its content changes, for example with a low pass filter, the new hash value moves away from the original value. The method starts with the application of MFCC (Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients) and the reduction of dimensions through the analysis of main components (principal component analysis, PCA). The reduced data is encrypted using as inputs two values from a particular binarization system using Collatz conjecture as the basis. Finally, a robust 96-bit code is obtained, which varies little when perceptual modifications are made to the signal such as compression or amplitude modification. According to experimental tests, the BER (bit error rate) between the hash value of the original audio recording and the manipulated audio recording is low for perceptual manipulations, i.e., 0% for FLAC and re-quantization, 1% in average for volume (\(-6\) dB gain), less than 5% in average for MPEG-4 and resampling (using the FIR anti-aliasing filter); but more than 25% for non-perceptual manipulations such as low pass filtering (3 kHz, fifth order), additive noise, cutting and copy-move.  
hash; integrity; authenticity; Collatz conjecture; audio forensics 28 December 2019; 28 December 2019
# Dependency Analysis based Approach for Virtual Machine Placement in Software-Defined Data Center
## 4 Proposed VM Placement Strategy  
### Dependency Analysis  
To reduce the amount of data traffic in the physical network, it is necessary to place highly dependent VMs in the same PM. The traffic dependency among the VMs is analyzed using the traffic information matrix \(\mathbf{W}\). This information enables the subsequent clustering of highly dependent VMs.  
Usually, data centers run thousands of VMs so the dimension of \(\mathbf{W}\) could be extremely large, making it difficult to analyze the traffic dependency of the VMs using \(\mathbf{W}\). In this study, PCA is used to reduce the number of dimensions and extract the features. In PCA, eigenvectors (called the principal components in PCA) are identified for the original values that are correlated with each other [46]. Then, the eigenvectors are used to create new data with a lower dimension. Correlation indicates that there is redundancy in the data. Due to this redundancy, PCA can be used to reduce the original variables into a smaller number of new variables. Thus, by PCA, \(\mathbf{W}\) is converted to a matrix with fewer dimensions (\(n\) by \(k\)), which is denoted as \(\mathbf{W}^{\prime}\) and referred to as the VM dependency matrix. An example of the PCA-based dimensional reduction from \(\mathbf{W}\) to \(\mathbf{W}^{\prime}\) is illustrated on Figure 3: the \(n\)-dimensional data are converted to two-dimensional data and depicted on a XY coordinate plane. Each point represents a VM, the size of each point is proportional to the VM resource requirement, and the distance between each pair of points represents the traffic dependency of those VMs.  
Figure 3: Grouping VMs using PCA and gravity-based clustering.
## 4 Results of Oscillation Mode under Different Parameters
### Different Stiffnesses  
In order to reveal the impact of \(K\) on the oscillation mode, five complete responses of the regular triangular prism under different \(K\) are compared in Figure 12. In this figure, the system mass is \(m=32.81\) kg, and the damping coefficients are \(c=92.52\) N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\). The descriptions of \(A^{*},f^{*},U_{r}\), LL, UL and CV are listed in the Abbreviations.  
According to Figure 12, the following characteristics can be found.  
For \(800\) N/m \(\leq K<1200\) N/m, the prism undergoes the HG responses which consist of the complete VIV branches and incomplete galloping branches. In the responses, CV are observed, but the VIV-galloping transition branches and the self-excited regions cannot be observed. Moreover, as \(K\) increases, the CV drops from \(11.625\) to \(10.375\), and the galloping branch is gradually widened thereby modifying to low velocity, i.e., the ability of the triangular prism to be externally excited from VIV to galloping is enhanced as the stiffness increases.  
When \(K\) increases to \(1200\) N/m, the prism exhibits the CG response which consists of the complete VIV branches and complete galloping branch. In the responses, CV is exactly equal to the coincidence velocity (\(U_{r}=8.87\)) of UL, LL. Although self-excited regions still cannot be observed at this stiffness, the prism can be self-excited from VIV to galloping at the coincidence velocity \(U_{r}=8.87\).  
When \(K\) enters into the range of \(1200\)N/m \(<K\leq 1600\) N/m, the oscillation mode of the prism transitions from CG to SG. In the responses, the complete galloping branches and the VIV-galloping transition branches are observed. However, the VIV branches are incomplete. Moreover, as \(K\) increases, the LL decreases from \(7.875\) to \(7.25\) while the UL increases from \(11\) to \(12.25\), leading to the expansion of the self-excited region and illustrating that the ability of the triangular prism to be self-excited from VIV to galloping is enhanced as the stiffness increases.  
Figure 12: Oscillation modes under different stiffnesses \(K\): (**a**) Amplitude ratio \(A^{*}\) versus reduced velocity \(U_{r}\); (**b**) Frequency ratio \(f^{*}\) versus reduced velocity \(U_{r}\).  
According to the above analysis, the impacts of system stiffness \(K\) on the oscillation modes of triangular prisms can be summarized as follows. When the stiffness is low, the oscillation mode of triangular prism is HG; as the stiffness gradually increases, the oscillation mode gradually transitions from HG to CG, followed by SG. Therefore, the ability of the triangular prism to be excited (including the self-excited and externally excited) from VIV to galloping is gradually enhanced as the stiffness increases.
# Finding Patterns in Signals Using Lossy Text Compression
## 4 Linear-Time, Streaming, and Parallel Computation  
The algorithms in the previous sections are optimal but take polynomial time in the input (length of string). However, their running time can be easily reduced to be linear in the input, by running them on _core-sets_ for segmentation [29; 30]. Roughly speaking, core-set is a problem-dependent reduction of the input, such that running the existing algorithm for solving the problem on the core-set, would yield a provable approximation compared to the result of running the algorithm on the complete data. In fact, using traditional merge-reduce trees, core-sets can be computed on streaming data, when we allow them to have only one pass over the input string, and use memory and update time per new letter, that are only poly-logarithmic in the input. Similarly, we can compute core-sets in parallel, either on few \(M\) threads, or on distributed data over \(M\) machines on the network (\"cloud\"), and reduce the running time by a factor of \(M\).  
More formally, for the problem in this paper, we use core-set construction for segmentation. This algorithm gets an ordered set of \(n\) points over time, and returns an ordered set \(C\) of _constant_ size with appropriate weights in \(O(n)\) time. The sum of distances from the original set to every signal that consists of a constant number of \(k\) linear segments, is approximated by \(C\), up to \((1+\varepsilon)\) multiplicative factor, where \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\) is constant. More generally, the core-set time has roughly quadratic dependency on \(k\) and \(1/\varepsilon\); see [29; 30] for details. Unlike many solutions in machine or PAC-learning, in this and most core-sets there are no special assumptions on the size of input or its distribution (i.e., worse case input is assumed).  
To apply Algorithms 1 and 2 on this core-set, we consider the input string to be a signal over integers that represent the letters. We also assume that the optimal RRLE has at most \(k\) leaves (more generally, has length of at most \(k\)), so that every relevant RRLE candidate will be approximated by the core-set \(C\). This assumption is natural, e.g., in our system, since the number \(k\) of patterns in the protocol is significantly smaller than the length \(n\) of the highly sampled signal.
# Design Strategies for Mobile Click-and-Load Waiting Scenarios
## 4 Results
### Waiting Interface Strategies in Page-Level Transitions
#### 4.1.2 Content Page Hierarchical Navigation Scenario  
In the content page scenario, repeated measures of ANOVA were conducted on users' responses across different interface strategies. The results showed that for hierarchical page transitions (parent-child navigation), there were significant differences in time perception across the five interface conditions (F = 6.759, \(p\) < 0.001). The mean reproduced durations, ranked from shortest to longest, were as follows: Interface 5 (blank screen + spinner) < Interface 1 (blank screen) < Interface 4 (spinner + skeleton screen) < Interface 3 (skeleton screen) < Interface 2 (spinner), indicating that Interface 5 led to the shortest perceived waiting time. Significant differences were also found in the loading speed among the interface strategies (F = 3.023, \(p\) < 0.05). Ranked from highest to lowest means, the order was Interface 5 > Interface 4 > Interface 3 > Interface 1 > Interface 2. This suggests that users perceived Interface 5 to be the fastest. Satisfaction ratings also showed significant variation across interface conditions (F = 2.784, \(p\) < 0.05). From highest to lowest, the mean satisfaction scores were Interface 5 > Interface 4 > Interface 2 > Interface 3 > Interface 1. No significant differences were observed in emotional valence, although Interface 4 yielded the highest average score. Similarly, no significant differences were found in arousal level, with Interface 5 having the lowest mean arousal level score. LSD post hoc tests were conducted on all dimensions with significant within-subject effects. The results are visualized in Figure 9.  
1. Time Perception: The reproduced duration for Interface 5 was significantly lower than that Interfaces 1, 2, and 3, indicating that users perceived Interface 5 to have a shorter wait time. Additionally, Interface 4 had a significantly lower perception of time than Interface 2, suggesting that the inclusion of a two-stage skeleton screen in spinner-based loading interfaces reduced users' perceived wait duration.  
Figure 9: Results of interface strategy for content page scenario (Experiment 1). Vertical lines: standard deviations (SDs). **: \(p\) < 0.01, *: \(p\) < 0.05.  
Loading Speed: Interface 5 yielded significantly higher loading speed than Interfaces 1 and 3. Given that the actual waiting time remained constant across conditions, this indicates that users subjectively experienced Interface 5 to be faster.
## 1 Introduction
This information was used by the researcher to distinguish vegetation from bare soil and to perform an automatic classification of the point clouds where the soil points were subtracted from the vine points, resulting in a vegetation index-based automatic calculation of canopy heights within the research areas. The monitoring of the vine's ecosystem structure is a labor-intensive task and is mostly performed manually. Manual measurements are often inconsistent, leading to errors in the metrics, and only small regions can be sampled [15]. The ecosystem structures of vines correlate with plant growth, health status, and potential yield [16]. UAS-based remote sensing methods for data acquisition have the benefit of delivering sub-centimeter spatial resolution imagery in a fast and efficient way in comparison to proximal sensing. Satellite-based imagery provides valuable insights at a landscape scale, but the spatial resolution is often too coarse for precision viticulture [17]. In the review paper of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15], the researchers state that future research should investigate the optimal flight angles of UAS-mounted sensors in order to collect valuable data for the geometric characterization of vines. In the current study, 3D point cloud analysis combined with object-based image analysis is used to detect and segment single vines. The derivation of single plants in the research area enables the calculation of ecosystem structures at the single-plant level. The study's contribution to precision viticulture involves accurately identifying individual plant locations and extracting the geometric parameters of vines associated with the identified individual plants using high-resolution, UAS-based 3D point clouds.
# The Influence of Bearing Clearance on the Load Capacity of Gas Polymer Bearings
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Bearing Prototype Assembly  
In Figure 1, the assembly of the GPB prototypes is presented. The rigid housing of the bearing is made of aluminium with an outer diameter of 40 mm. The overall length of the bearing is 25 mm. The area where the foils and the polymer layer are placed is shorter than the housing. The resulting shoulders are used to mount two spring washers on both sides as a stop in the axial direction. The seat for the polymer and the foils is 0.5 mm longer than the axial length (L = 20 mm) of the used polymer sheet and the metal foils. This additional clearance in axial direction is provided to avoid deformation restrictions at the edges of the unconstrained polymer layer. The height of these shoulders has to be high enough to ensure that the axial movement of the rubber is restricted but it has to be low enough to avoid physical contact between the rotor and the spring washer. For the determination of the shoulder height, the stiffness of the polymer and the possible radial deformation due to the pressure field have to be considered. The inner diameter of the washer is 1 mm smaller than the seat of the polymer and adjustment foil, resulting in a stop height of 0.5 mm. With an NBR layer thickness of about 2 mm, the shoulder height is less than or equal to a quarter of the height of the rubber and adjustment foil. The elastic polymer structure is made of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with a hardness of 50 \(\pm\) 5 Shore A. The layer has a nominal thickness of 2 mm and a width of 20 mm. The rubber is loosely placed on its seat and not fixed at any edge. Thin metal sheets between the housing and the polymer are used to adjust the nominal radial clearance between the bearing and the shaft. In this study, high precision adjustment foils with a thickness of 20, 50, 75, and 100 \(\upmu\)m were used to reduce the radial clearance. The top foil of the test bearings, as well as the adjustment foils, has a thickness of 50 \(\upmu\)m and is made of stainless steel. A borehole that slightly cuts the polymer seat of the housing was provided to fix the top foil on one edge via clamping.
# Investigation on the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Prostodontics
## 4 Discussion
### Application of AI in Prosthodontics  
Artificial intelligence (AI) uses machine-learning models to simulate human intellect and behavior. This model is based on the statistical analysis of past data and was trained using previously gathered data [82; 83; 84; 85; 86]. Digital data are generated at an exponential rate, which helps to train AI systems to produce more precise results. With the introduction of artificial intelligence-based technologies in prosthodontics, fundamental shifts were witnessed in their application to automatic diagnoses, predictive measurements, and classification or diagnostic tools [63]. All aspects of modern dental technology are used in prosthodontics. The digital impression with an intraoral scanner replaced the more traditional methods of impression-making. Intraoral scanners are reliable enough for everyday use, especially when only a single crown or short-span FPD is to be fabricated [64]. However, advancements in the scanning field led to its use in complete denture fabrication and maxillofacial intraoral scans.  
In fixed prosthodonics, margin detection was completed using AI following an intraoral scan [65]. CAD/CAM, a common acronym for \"computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing\", is used in the creation of both permanent and removable dental prostheses [34]. An ideal crown design for a variety of circumstances may be provided by this technique using data from many actual crowns.  
In recent times, many different areas of dentistry used digital tools to help patients obtain the beautiful new smiles they always wanted. These include 3D face tracking and affordable virtual 3D data hybrids such as fragmented cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scans, and face scans. Any therapeutic action that changes a patient's smile is predicated on the virtualization of their anatomy [67]. The initial grin designs were created using simple sheet drawings made from two-dimensional printed pictures of patients [68].  
Various applications of AI in prosthetic dentistry and its combination with other branches of dentistry led to a wide variety of innovative opportunities, such as the generation of occlusal morphology in crown contemplation of the opposing teeth, even in cases of wear or fracture, programmed teeth setting for dentures, or automatic framework designs for removable dental prostheses [41]. Ultimately, AI, when used as an educational tool, guides new students, graduates, and even postgraduates. AI also provides the opportunity to support less-experienced undergraduate students in their professional development [42].