esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Comparative Study of Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Applicators
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Applicators Structure: Geometrical Characteristics  
The applicators to be examined herein (the authors made any possible effort to comply with the PRISMA process [50]) are illustrated in Figure 1 and are proposed in [21, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. The complete flow diagram detailing the PRISMA screening and selection process is provided in the Supplementary Materials (see Supplementary Figure S1).  
The triaxial, choke dipole, balun-free base-fed monopole, balun-free helical dipole, and multi-slot antennas are all constructed out of UT-085C. The FSD antenna (Figure 1g) was fabricated using 50 \(\Omega\) UT-085C-LL semi-rigid coaxial cable from Micro-Coax (Pottstown, PA, USA). The monopole antenna (Figure 1) was constructed out of RG-405. The dimensions of the coaxial cable of the capacitive capped monopole, dual-slot antennas, and helical open waveguide were specifically defined by authors for their optimal applicators' performance. Furthermore, all the applicators with their geometrical parameters are presented at Figure 1 and enlisted with detail in accompanying Tables, (Tables 1 and 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Coaxial Cable Dimensions** & **Outer Conductor Diameter (mm)** & **Inner Conductor Diameter (mm)** & **Center Conductor Diameter (mm)** & **Commercial Coaxial Cables** & **Figure, References** \\ \hline Monopole & 2.18 & 1.68 & 0.51 & RG-405 & Figure 1a, [43] \\ \hline Capacitive capped monopole & 2.197 & 1.676 & 0.511 & NA & Figure 1b, [44] \\ \hline Multi-slot & 2.2 & 1.68 & 0.51 & UT-085C & Figure 1c, [21] \\ \hline Dual-slot & 0.86 & 0.66 & 0.2 & NA & Figure 1d, [45] \\ \hline Triaxial & 2.2 & 1.68 & 0.51 & UT-085C & Figure 1e, [47] \\ \hline Choke dipole & 2.2 & 1.68 & 0.51 & UT-085C & Figure 1f, [47] \\ \hline Balun-free base-fed monopole & 2.2 & 1.68 & 0.51 & UT-085C & Figure 1g, [47] \\ \hline FSD & 2.2 & 1.676 & 0.515 & UT-085C-LL & Figure 1h, [46] \\ \hline Balun-free helical dipole & 2.38 & 1.67 & 0.51 & UT-085C & Figure 1i, [48] \\ \hline Helical open waveguide & 7.96 & 6.36 & 1.9 & NA & Figure 1j, [41] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Coaxial cable dimensions of the designs under study.  
Figure 1: Topology of all designs considered in this work. The above figures represent: Monopole [43] (**a**), Capacitive capped monopole antenna [44] (**b**), Multi-slot antenna [21] (**c**), Dual-slot antenna [45] (**d**), Triaxial antenna [47] (**e**), Choke antenna [47] (**f**), Balun-free base-fed monopole antenna [47] (**g**). Floating sleeve dipole (FSD) antenna [46] (**h**), Balun-free helical dipole antenna [48] (**i**), and Helical open waveguide structure [41] (**j**). The light blue, purple, and white colors indicate Teflon, air, and copper, respectively.
# Effectiveness of Laser-Assisted Teeth Bleaching: A Systematic Review
## 5 Conclusions  
The reviewed studies partially demonstrate that laser-assisted bleaching significantly influences the color change seen in natural teeth. Among the various lasers evaluated, the diode laser showed the most consistent positive effects on bleaching outcomes, especially when used in combination with LED light, and lasers with shorter wavelengths generally provided better results. Certain lasers, such as the KTP laser, demonstrated promising outcomes on specific stains; others, like the argon laser, proved less effective. The Er,Cr:YSGG and Er:YAG lasers also showed beneficial effects, though with some variations in their efficacy and required activation times. Overall, laser-assisted bleaching enhances whitening results, but further research is crucial to refine the protocols used and achieve more consistent and dependable outcomes.  
In summary:  
* The diode laser demonstrated the most consistent positive effects on bleaching outcomes.
* The Er:YAG laser has a more beneficial effect on endodontically treated teeth, thanks to the possibility of using a lower HP concentration compared to the walking bleaching method.
* When assisting whitening with a diode laser, it is more beneficial to use a shorter wavelength.
* Laser-activated bleaching reduces post-treatment hypersensitivity.
* Laser bleaching may have an adverse effect on the physical parameters of restorative materials. This requires further in-depth study.  
Conceptualization, J.K. ([PERSON]), J.M. and M.D.; methodology, J.K. ([PERSON]) and J.M.; software, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); validation, J.K. ([PERSON]) and J.M.; formal analysis, M.D.; investigation, W.S., J.K. ([PERSON]), J.K. ([PERSON]), B.P., M.Z.-D., S.K. and W.D.; resources, J.M. and J.K. ([PERSON]); data curation, J.M. and M.D.; writing--original draft preparation, B.P., M.Z.-D., J.K. ([PERSON]), J.K. ([PERSON]), S.K. and W.D. writing--review and editing. M.D. and J.M.; visualization, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); supervision, M.D. and J.M.; project administration, J.M. and M.D.; funding acquisition, J.M. and M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was financed by a subsidy from Wroclaw Medical University, number SUBZ.B180. 24.058.  
Not applicable.  
The authors state that there are not any conflicts of interest related to this study.
## 3 Methodology
### Feature Selection  
Feature selection was used to combat the curse of dimensionality and accelerate the training phase of machine learning algorithms. This was done by selecting only the most important or relevant features according to certain measures. Two significant classifications for feature selection are the wrapper and filter methods. Wrapper methods utilise the machine learning algorithm to test each feature subset. The result is typically better than filter methods but at the cost of further computational complexity. Filter methods are independent of the machine learning method to be applied but perform much faster. Data features were reduced in this process, but data integrity was also preserved to make it suitable for further analysis. Irrelevant and useless features were also eliminated for the quality preparation of data to obtain good results.
# Performance of CRTS-II Ballastless Track-Bridge Structural System Rebars under Fatigue Loading Test
###### Abstract  
To study the evolution of mechanical properties of steel rebars in the China Railway Track System Type II (CRTS II) ballastless track-bridge structural system under repeated train loads, a 1/4 scale three-span ballastless slab track simple-supported bridge structural system specimen was manufactured and subjected to a multistage fatigue test with 18 million cycles. The experimental results show that the strain amplitude of the steel bar changes proportionally to the fatigue stress amplitude, and there is an obvious strain increase in the loading stage 4, where the fatigue stress amplitude is the largest. During the test, the cumulative strain-amplitude ratio first decreases then increases. At the end of the test, the cumulative strain-amplitude ratio increases by 5.46% and 5.32%, respectively, at L/2 and L/4 sections. The load-strain curve of the steel rebar keeps the shape of an oblique straight line. The slope increases first and then decreases with a degradation at the end of the test of 5.15% and 4.81%, respectively, at L/2 and L/4 sections. The mechanical properties of the rebar are enhanced under the first three million fatigue loading cycles: this is the fatigue strengthening stage. The mechanical properties of reinforcement gradually degrade from the three millionth cycle to the end of the test: this is the fatigue damage stage. Finally, based on the material fatigue damage model and the multistage cumulative damage criterion, the change rule of the load-strain curve slope of steel rebars in the fatigue damage stage is obtained by finite element simulation. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data, proving the validity of the calculation method proposed in this paper.  
railway bridge; rebar; fatigue test; strain amplitude; load-strain curve
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Development of Predictive Models for Estimating Bolme Abrasion Value (BAV)  
This section introduces soft computing analyses to estimate BAV values. For this purpose, several soft computing techniques, including multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), the M5 model tree algorithm (MSP), and artificial neural networks (ANN), were implemented for assessing varying BAV values. Before performing soft computing analyses, the dataset was randomly divided into training (70/100) and testing (30/100) datasets. In other words, the predictive models were first trained using the training datasets (\(n=86\)) and analyzed using the testing datasets (\(n=37\)) for validation.
## 5 Conclusions  
The first and most important conclusion is the applicability of the presented methodology to the detection of maintenance operations in defined FBs. The results range between the 2.5% and 3.3% of error in the training and validation datasets. However, the F1-Scores in the validation dataset were in the order of 70%, which reveals that there still some false positives and false negatives. With the test dataset, the operations were only detected if more than 50% of the area was operated.  
The wanted improvements, relative to other methods, were achieved; there is no need of confirmation if a change really happened; Sentinel-2 data, which give future works a better frequency of observations, were used; a specific kind of change is detected and usually is not confused with the background effects of phenology, and the less common vegetation indices had good performances in the detection.  
As future work is expected to develop techniques for obtaining more observations, this compensates those affected by partial cloudy conditions. This implies the application of techniques to recover deteriorated images due to atmospheric conditions, and with the resource to radar data from Sentinel-1 (generating time-series of this data, as in [31]). The last may be used just for the image recovery, but also to get more information. Additionally, testing the ANN with the difference between the feature values in consecutive months instead of using the values of the two months is intended. This will lead to an ANN with less features; consequently, a simpler ANN. Finally, a different class for continuous operations could be defined, that is characterized by another changes, which can be misclassified as seasonal changes due to the phenology.  
Conceptualization, J.E.P.-P., V.A., A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R.; methodology, J.E.P.-P. and A.M.; software, J.E.P.-P.; validation, J.E.P.-P., A.M., V.A. and J.M.N.S.; formal analysis, J.E.P.-P., V.A., A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R.; investigation, J.E.P.-P., V.A., A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R.; writing--original draft preparation, J.E.P.-P. and A.M.; writing--review and editing, J.E.P.-P., V.A., A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R.; supervision, A.M. and J.M.N.S.; project administration, A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R.R.; funding acquisition, A.M., J.M.N.S., J.M.F. and R.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Fundacao de Ciencias e Tecnologia (FCT) under the framework of projects FUELMON (PTDC/CCI-COM/30344/2017), foREST (PCIF/SSI/0102/2017) and PEST (UID/EEA/00066/2019). The Forest Research Centre is a research unit funded by FCT (UIDB/00239/2020).  
The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Institute of Nature and Forest Conservation (Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza e das Florestas, ICNF) for presenting us this research topic and supplying data regarding the maintenance operations.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results  
### Determining Criteria of Sectors and Alternative Sites  
In the considered case study, in the area of Ky Khang, couples of environmental conflicts between the titan mining industry and other economic sectors are found across conflict hotspots. These couples are indicated by criteria in Fuzzy AHP model. Conflict hotspots are defined by alternative sites in Fuzzy TOPSIS model. It is supposed that conflicts occur based on eight criteria (\(C_{j}\)) and are responsible for five alternatives sites (\(A_{i}\)). The eight criteria entail agriculture (C1), aquaculture (C2), fishing (C3), salt production (C4), tourism (C5), forestry (C6), settlement (C7), and industry (C8) (Figure 2). Five alternatives sites include the beach (A1), a protected forest area (A2), an agricultural area (A3), a settlement area (A4), and an industrial area (A5). Since titan mining is popular along the coast, it conflicts with the eight criteria of sectors at the five alternatives sites. Impacts concern land use and competition with other sectors, use of fresh water during mining process, and emission of pollutants to air, soil and sediments. Consequently, mining destroys protection forests near the coast, reduces both surface and underground water quality and quantity, increases salinity, and destroys beaches.  
In beach area (A1), titan mining impacts aquaculture, fishing, and tourism negatively by destroying beaches, eroding the coastline, and changing landscapes visually. Parts of titanium dumps were filled by clastic sedimentary rocks. Sand dunes have changed leaving hollow pits and deep holes. New sandy dunes of 6-10 m have appeared, consisting of silky sand, and being mobile by the wind. Mining leaves disposal sites and reservoirs over large areas.  
Building infrastructure in a protected forest (A2) needs cutting trees, takes aquaculture ponds and mangrove farms, and kills sea fishes as a results of environmental pollution.  
Titan mining takes arable land and decreases crop yields in agricultural area (A3). It causes competition spatially between titan mining and areas for salt production and decreases the quality and the yields of the salt due to pollutants. Crops on the fields and houses are flooded by sand. Mining damages soil surface: A large amount of soil and rocks are removed from the ground and leave holes behind. Surface water is polluted by overflowing acid effects, toxic pollutants and water-soluble solids release from deposits and sediments. Mine waste discharges sediments in rivers and streams.  
Also, titan mining affects negatively buildings, heritage sites, and tourism infrastructures in the settlement area (A4). In industrial area (A5), titan mining and other industrial activities emit pollutants in the environment, which stress both locals and tourists. Mining machines, pumps and transport cause noise, which directly affects residents and tourists.  
Levels of Environmental Conflict and Priority Alternative Sites to Implement Conflict Prevention Solutions
## 4 Analysis
### Markov Processes (Uncertainty Modeling)
#### 4.1.5 Steady-State Probabilities  
After solving the system of equations (based on the transition matrix), the steady-state probabilities \(\pi_{1},\pi_{2},\pi_{3},\pi_{4}\) represent the long-term likelihood of being in each state:  
\[\pi_{1}-\text{\emph{Probability that cargo is waiting at the port}}.\]  
\[\pi_{2}-\text{\emph{Probability that cargo} is in \mathbf{transit}}.\]  
\[\pi_{3}-\text{\emph{Probability that cargo} is \mathbf{delayed}}.\]  
\[\pi_{4}-\text{\emph{Probability that cargo} is \mathbf{successfully delivered}}.\]The solution gives us the following steady-state probabilities:  
\[\begin{array}{l}\pi_{1}=0.15\\ \pi_{2}=0.50\\ \pi_{3}=0.10\\ \pi_{4}=0.25\end{array}\]  
Interpretation:  
\(\bullet\) 15% of the time, cargo is waiting at the port.  
\(\bullet\) 50% of the time, cargo is in transit.  
\(\bullet\) 10% of the time, cargo is delayed.  
\(\bullet\) 25% of the time, cargo has been successfully delivered.  
This indicates that while a large portion of the cargo is in transit, 10% of the cargo faces delays. The system also shows that a significant portion of the cargo flow is delivered in a timely manner, but there is room for improvement in reducing delays.
## 2 Design and Implementation  
A typical block strategy of wireless power transfer and CMOS neuron IC that provides interested interfacing are shown in Figure 2. The antenna, RF power harvesting, and retina neuron circuit are interfacing between them through wireless power transfer. The full integration structure provides exterior part (outside the contact lens) and interior part (after ganglion cell inside the eye) for retinal image processing. The antenna receives RF signals from video camera and sends to the power harvester circuit for appropriate Direct Current (DC) power. Finally, CMOS neuron retina provides read-out spikes with respect to intensity of light.  
The transmission method of power and data transfer between devices on contact lens and implant device inside eye mainly depend upon light, which carries a packet of information for image acquisition by retina. In order to maintain safety standards, RF telemetry has been employed on contact lens where antenna delivers the RF power to harvest circuit. The harvesting circuit provides DC power to custom micro-light-emitting diode (\(\upmu\)-LED). The \(\upmu\)-LED is mainly responsible for light production and transmission. Once light passes through ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors, it eventually stimulates the photoreceptors that convert it into electrical signals. These photoreceptors generate signals that are transmitted through an intermediate layer of neurons to the ganglion cells. Finally, they would propagate the information to the optic nerve and then to the brain in form of action potentials. These action potentials in form of output spikes are generated by neuron retina circuit. Section 2.1 provides antenna design and its performance evaluation, while analysis and implementation of RF power harvesting circuit is discussed in Section 2.2. A retina neuron circuit that provides event matrix of read-out spikes will be discussed in Section 2.3.
# Optimization of Multistage Coilgun Based on Neural Network and Intelligent Algorithm
## 2 Simulation Model
### Experimental Verification  
A prototype of a single-stage SICG is shown in Figure 4. Its parameters are the same as those in Table 1. We will use it to verify the accuracy of the current wire method.  
Figure 4: Prototype of single-stage SICG.  
First, we must verify the accuracy of the external circuit simulation. We connect a 0.1 \(\Omega\) resistor in series with the external circuit, charge the capacitor fully, use a switch to trigger the capacitor to discharge, and measure the voltage on the resistor. A comparison between the results of the simulation and the experiment is shown in Figure 5. Then, we apply ANOVA to compare the results. The analysis of variance result for the simulated data is 3.8561, while the analysis of variance result for the experimental data is 4.0255. This demonstrates that our external circuit simulation is valid.  
Next, we verify the accuracy of the model's simulation. We place a photoelectric sensor near the muzzle of the barrel and connect it to the single-chip microcomputer. The photoelectric sensor can convert the optical signal into an electrical signal. When an obstruction passes through the sensor, the output of the sensor changes from a low level to a high level, and the duration of the high level is recorded by a single-chip microcomputer. Assuming that the speed of the projectile remains unchanged during the high level period the speed of the projectile is equal to the length of the projectile divided by the duration of the high level period. The single-chip microcomputer completes the calculation and outputs the result to the LCD screen.  
The measurement results are shown in Figure 6a, in which it is shown that the resulting muzzle velocity is 20.718 m/s. The simulation results of the current wire model are shown in Figure 6b. It can be seen from the figure that the muzzle velocity is 22.424 m/s. It can be seen that the difference between the two results is less than 10%. The difference should stem from the fact that the actual hand-wound coil is not as ideal as it is in the simulation model. In addition, there are other pertinent factors such as friction and air resistance. The above experiment was repeated three times, and the difference between the results was less than 10% each time, which shows that it is feasible to replace the results of real experiments with the results calculated using the CFM.  
Figure 5: Comparison of voltage waveforms.
###### Abstract  
The determination of seepage field is the basis to design seepage drainage facilities and dam slopes in tailings pond. However, in the design of a dry-stack tailings pond with a long service life, previous research has been mostly limited to the influence of short-term rainfall, and a proper concept has not been formed to guide the calculation of the seepage field in the design of a dry-stack tailings pond under the cumulative effect of long-term periodic rainfall. The objective of this study is to propose a new concept to concisely determine the seepage field for the design of a dry-stack tailings pond under multi-year periodic rainfall. To this end, the calculation model of the seepage field of a dry-stack tailings pond under multiyear rainfall was established. The evolution process of the seepage field was studied by numerical simulation based on the calculation model and the final form of the seepage field evolution of a dry-stack tailings pond was found. Accordingly, a new concept, the relatively stable seepage field (RSSF) which can be used as the basis for seepage drainage facilities and the dam slope design of a dry-stack tailings pond, was proposed and named. Furthermore, the influencing factors of a relatively stable seepage field were studied by numerical simulation. The results show that: (1) the cumulative infiltration of long-term periodic rainfall is the main reason for the formation of the RSSF, and (2) under the condition of constant annual rainfall, the distribution of the RSSF has little to do with the selection of rainfall mode. Therefore, a new understanding has been formed from this article whereby the RSSF is an essential basis to be considered in the design of the dam slope and drainage system of a dry-stack tailings pond.  
the dry-stack tailings pond; design; tailings dams; relatively stable seepage field; rainfall +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
Footnote 1: School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China  
2
Footnote 2: Key Laboratory of Roads and Railway Engineering Safety Control (Shijiazhuang Tiedao University),  
Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang 050043, China  
3
Footnote 3: Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +86-138-3214-3763