## 3 Results
### TMT Trend
Figure 2: The Microwave Sounding Unit/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) (1978–2022)-derived temperature trend (\({}^{\circ}\)K/year) for pre-monsoon (March, April, and May, MAM) and post-monsoon/winter months (December, January, and February, DJF) for (**a**) mid-troposphere temperature (TMT) and (**b**) lower troposphere temperature (TLT). The dots on the trend maps indicate that the linear trend over the region (pixel or grid) is statistically significant. * The IG west shows an increase in monthly warming trend from December to May, with peak trends in December (0.013 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), March (0.017 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), and May (0.014 \(\pm\) 0.007 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3). * The IG east also shows a monthly warming trend from December to March, with a peak trend in February (0.025 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3). * The dust source regions show an increased warming trend in December, January, February, and March, with a peak trend in March (ranging from 0.027 \(\pm\) 0.007 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year to 0.051 \(\pm\) 0.013 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), which coincides with the occurrence of peak warming in the IG west and western Himalayas (Figure 2). * The monthly breakup of the TMT anomaly (Table 6, Figures 4 and 5) reveals the following:
* The highest anomaly over the eastern Himalayas, with a peak in February (0.705 \({}^{\circ}\)K) and December (0.606 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * Relatively, the anomaly in the western Himalayas is much lower in February (0.152 \({}^{\circ}\)K) and December (0.107 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * Similarly, the TMT monthly anomaly is higher from November to March for Tibet, the Eastern Himalayas, and the IG plains (east and west) except for the western Himalayas, where the peak is in May (0.273 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * The western Himalayas show higher values of anomaly during MAM months (0.213 to 0.273 \({}^{\circ}\)K), with a peak in May (Figures 4 and 5). * The IG west shows an increase in monthly warming trend from December to May, with peak trends in December (0.013 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), March (0.017 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), and May (0.014 \(\pm\) 0.007 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3). * The IG east also shows a monthly warming trend from December to March, with peak trend in February (0.025 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3). * The dust source regions show an increased warming trend in December, January, February, and March, with a peak trend in March (ranging from 0.027 \(\pm\) 0.007 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year to 0.051 \(\pm\) 0.013 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), which coincides with the occurrence of peak warming in the IG west and western Himalayas (Figure 2). * The highest anomaly over the eastern Himalayas, with a peak in February (0.705 \({}^{\circ}\)K) and December (0.606 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * Relatively, the anomaly in the western Himalayas is much lower in February (0.152 \({}^{\circ}\)K) and December (0.107 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * Similarly, the TMT monthly anomaly is higher from November to March for Tibet, the Eastern Himalayas, and the IG plains (east and west) except for the western Himalayas, where the peak is in May (0.273 \({}^{\circ}\)K). * The western Himalayas show higher values of anomaly during MAM months (0.213 to 0.273 \({}^{\circ}\)K), with a peak in May (Figures 4 and 5). * The IG west shows an increase in monthly warming trend from December to May, with peak trends in December (0.013 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), March (0.017 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), and May (0.014 \(\pm\) 0.007 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3). * The IG east also shows a monthly warming trend from December to March, with peak trend in February (0.025 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Figure 3).