## 9 Conclusions  
The preliminary observations of the common spectral patterns of ionospheric disturbances are promising for the future spectral recognition of short, along-track disturbed signals. Therefore, this study suggests that continuous tracking of seismic activity from the satellite orbit and spectral analysis of LEO along-track signals are fundamental and can facilitate the division of disturbed signals of different kind, e.g., distinguish preseismic from co-seismic ones. This also suggests that the processing of ground GNSS observations for LAIC studies should also use spectral analysis and must be considered not only at the time and place of the strongest earthquakes. The visual observation of the correlations between Swarm Ne disturbances, seismicity, ap index, Dst index, and solar radio flux in Figures 7-15 has been summarized by PCCs, calculated between Swarm Ne PSDs from three Swarm satellites and four remaining quantities: the cumulative sum of seismic energy, ap and Dst indices, and F10.7. The PCCs that were determined for the original data series (except seismicity, for which the shortest-term 5-day sum is used) are notable (\(\geq\)0.3) only in three nighttime cases, but even these cases confirm the best correlation of the Swarm-seismicity pair. The 5-day averaging of all data series (except F10.7 due to its smooth long-term character in daily series) leads to a slight increase in correlations while still maintaining an advantage of Swarm-seismicity pairs. The increase of the averaging window to 7 days confirms the dominant correlation between Swarm Ne PSDs and weekly seismic energy, with the PCC reaching or exceeding 0.3-0.4 in all nighttime cases. At the same time, no significant increase in the PCC for the other data pairs is attained after 7-day averaging of the analyzed series. The averaging with a 10-day window increases all nighttime correlations of Swarm-seismicity pairs to 0.4-0.7, whereas the other pairs infrequently obtain an PCC equal to at most 0.3. These numbers strongly suggest that longer-term (several day) disturbances in Ne at a 300 km wavelength, recorded by Swarm 450 km over the tectonic plate boundary, are correlated predominantly with seismicity. Moreover, the correlation of seismicity with nighttime Ne variations is strong even without the determination of the respective time shift between these two phenomena. This can suggest that taking into account the time shift resulting from, e.g., the precursory character of Ne disturbances, can provide an even larger PCC. The first rough conclusion from the analysis of daytime Swarm LP observations is that the daytime LP Ne signal is less sensitive to ionospheric disturbances from the lithosphere at a 300 km wavelength. However, high PCC values at an 80 km wavelength in Papua New Guinea in the winter and spring support the suspicion that by analyzing very high frequencies, we can detect LAIC from the Swarm orbit, also in the daytime. The long-term disturbances approximated by 7- and 10-day moving medians of the Swarm Ne PSD reveal a notably better correlation with persisting long-term seismic activity than individual Ne signal disturbances with individual large earthquakes. The persisting Swarm Ne disturbances often precede significant seismic activity, which can point to their precursory character. However, there are also many examples of disturbances occurring just after shallow earthquakes, at the end of an earthquake series, or in the middle of the series, which proves that this analysis over a longer time span is relevant, whereas a selective approach to seismicity studied with respect to LAIC can hide some important information. Conceptualization, W.J., P.W., R.H. and M.H.-P.; Methodology, W.J., P.W. and M.H.-P.; Software, W.J. ; Validation, H.Y., E.M.-M. and V.G. ; Formal Analysis, B.M., A.G.-R. and A.K.-G.; Investigation, W.J., P.W. and A.K.-G.; Resources, A.K.-G. and A.G.-R.; Data Curation, W.J. and B.M. ; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, W.J. ; Writing--Review and Editing, B.M. and M.H.-P.; Visualization, W.J.