# Effective Management System for Solar PV Using Real-Time Data with Hybrid Energy Storage System
## 1 Introduction
Figure 1: Typical DC microgrid (uG) system. The role of these converters is to balance the voltage level and power levels of different RESs and ESSs scattered at different locations [10]. The major problems associated with parallel operation of DC-DC converters are proper power-sharing, maximum power tracking for RESs, power loss in the converters, managing energy storage devices, voltage regulation, etc. [11]. \(\upmu\)Gs have a common advantage to collaborate and exchange control locally inside the given system. Therefore, it is important to devise a strategy that empowers such local energy transfer between \(\upmu\)Gs that need energy and \(\upmu\)Gs that have an excess of energy to move [12; 13]. However, such collaboration raises numerous new challenges. Various power-sharing strategies in the literature, addressing the above-mentioned issues are discussed below [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. In [14], a DC power source hybrid battery-SC based low-complexity control was proposed. The advantage of this scheme is less control complexity and being easier to implement. In [15], ramp-limit control is applied to limit the changes in power with the electric double-layer capacitor, but it does not allow continuous power application in the system. A control scheme is proposed in [16] for maintaining the power balance at DC \(\upmu\)G in renewable and load variations as well. However, this strategy creates stress on the battery due to sudden changes in battery currents. The high-power density devices such as SCs are employed in [17] to protect the batteries from sudden changes in load or sources. In [18] the \(\upmu\)G with the seamless transition between various \(\upmu\)G operating modes has been proposed based on the adaptive battery control strategy. In the \(\upmu\)G, the battery is modeled as a circuit equivalent instead of a constant voltage source for effective charging and discharging of the battery. In the control strategy that causes a DC link voltage to deviate from the reference value for sudden load variations, however, the batteries' slow response is not taken into consideration. In [19], an energy management system with storage describes the stored energy created by DG units or during the time where power from the network is most economical. A central EMS for DC \(\upmu\)G was proposed in [20]. The advantage of this control is to decrease the effect of the high penetration of sustainable power source on the utility lattice and smoothen the impact of \(\upmu\)G control change on power quality dependent on central EMS for DC \(\upmu\)G scale framework. In [21; 22], a normal boost converter is employed in renewable integrated systems. However, it has the drawback of switching losses, high current ripples, and minimizes the efficacy of the system. In [23; 24], the high efficacy interleaved boost converter (IBC) approach for DC \(\upmu\)G was proposed. The IBC increases the performance of the system, and will effectively minimize the input and output ripples and increases the efficacy of the system. Taking the above-mentioned advantages and disadvantages of various power-sharing strategies into consideration, the aimed control scheme purpose is to (i) minimize the PV power fluctuations with ramp-limit control, (ii) the IBC will remove the current ripples and increases the efficacy of the overall system, (iii) reduces the battery unit current stress and improves the battery life span, (iv) maintains the power balance and steady DC link voltage at the DC \(\upmu\)G. Hence, the improved control scheme achieves fast-acting DC link voltage to ensure better performance in the renewable integrated system. In this paper, the objective function of the proposed method is discussed in Section 2. In Section 3, the proposed system structure and control configuration is explained. The Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) implementation is discussed in Section 4. Section 5 presents the results and discussion, and Section 6 is the conclusion.