## 3 The Differences between Human Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence  
The theory of artificial intelligence began with the concept of machines imitating humans. It enables computers to realize functions such as cognition, recognition, analysis, and decision making [25]. Its essence is to help humans solve problems and create solutions that are similar to or even beyond human thinking patterns [26]. Overall, the similarities and differences between artificial intelligence and human intelligence can be summarized as follows:  
Figure 1: The cognitive foundations of artificial intelligence and human intelligence. Note: the figure is drawn by the authors. 1. **Information processing**: Artificial intelligence can process information faster than humans can in specific tasks. In complex data analysis and graphic impact recognition, artificial intelligence performs faster and more accurately and can complete ultra-complex operations in an extremely short time. In other aspects, artificial intelligence may exhibit very low levels of intelligence, but for humans, it is very easy to handle. 2. **Knowledge field**: AI will surpass human ability in some specific fields such as playing Go, mathematical computing, natural language processing, and other tasks. Artificial intelligence has no memory bias, can continuously accumulate knowledge and experience, and ensures that knowledge in related fields is called up at any time. 3. **Learning ability**: Artificial intelligence can learn from a large amount of data and analyze and process various complex situations through machine learning and deep learning methods. Humans can acquire knowledge through self-learning and exploration and quickly adapt to new environments. In future developments, it is worth exploring how to combine machine-learning capabilities with human intelligence. 4. **Physiological characteristics**: Artificial intelligence has no limit to fatigue and can carry out the same thing itrelessly for a long time without fatigue under high-intensity labor; at the same time, artificial intelligence can operate and work in harsh environments without proper living conditions, such as a lack of air, food, and water, high temperatures, and pressures. 5. **Emotional cognition**: Humans can perceive and understand the emotions of others, but current artificial intelligence lacks this ability and is temporarily unable to possess human subjective abilities such as inspiration, feeling, or human cross-domain reasoning and drawing analogies. They rely only on data and experience to create or solve problems. There are no subjective factors, such as emotions. 6. **Moral ethics**: Human beings are social animals with strong moral ethics and concepts of right, wrong, good, and evil. They have an innate sense of beauty. As a product of human intelligence, artificial intelligence itself does not have a subjective sense of morality and ethics, which is one of the fundamental differences between humans and machines. Human knowledge, experience, and energy are limited, and few or no one can solve the same problem for a long time. Simultaneously, the complexity of the problem directly affects the final solution of the solver. When the problem solver cannot find an optimal solution, the proposed solution has a certain degree of subjectivity and may even be incorrect. However, there are exceptions where people have magical skills--inspiration and intuition--that can help them find shortcuts to solving problems in a short period. From a design perspective, as artificial intelligence accumulates experience in different fields, its insight into the relationships between things will gradually improve, and the repetition of this process will continuously feedback on its ability to solve problems. When the computing power, analytical ability, and insight of artificial intelligence surpass those of humans, the solutions provided by artificial intelligence in many fields will be superior to those of humans.