# Open Data for Open Innovation: An Analysis of Literature Characteristics
## 4 Discussion  
After analysing the characteristics of previous literature that jointly analyses open data and open innovation, we discuss the different knowledge areas focused on this topic. We observe that open data and open innovation studies are addressing the topic from different perspectives. While open data has been analysed under the Computer Science, Engineering and Public Administration disciplines, open innovation has been developed in the Management and Innovation subjects. Subsequently, we develop these arguments according to the knowledge areas identified in our analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Geographical Area** & **Author/s, Year** \\ \hline Italy & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2017 [39]; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2017 [40] \\ \hline Japan & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2014 [72]; [PERSON], \\  & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [68]; [PERSON], [PERSON], \\  & [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2016 [73] \\ \hline Kazakhstan & [PERSON], 2017 [10] \\ \hline Netherlands & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2012 [28] \\ \hline Singapore & [PERSON], 2013 [33] \\ \hline Sweden & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2014 [44]; [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [43]; [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2018 [69] \\ \hline Switzerland & [PERSON], 2018 [35]; [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2018 [74] \\ \hline Spain & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2016 [58]; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2017 [38] \\ \hline Taiwan & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2012 [56]; [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2013 [57] \\ \hline United Kingdom & [PERSON], 2015 [55]; [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2018 [46] \\ \hline United States & [PERSON], 2016 [63] \\ \hline
**Many geographical areas** \\ \hline Australia and United Kingdom & [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [50] \\ \hline Australia, New Zealand, European Union and Japan & [PERSON], [PERSON], Yoshida \& [PERSON], 2016 [62] \\ \hline France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Greece & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2017 [37] \\ \hline Sweden and Netherlands & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [71] \\ \hline United Kingdom, Canada & [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [64] \\ \hline United States and Russia & [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2016 [60] \\ \hline United States and Switzerland & [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2015 [27] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(>\)10 Geographical areas} & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2014 [49]; [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2016 [54]; [PERSON], [PERSON], \\  & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2017 [53] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: \(Cont\). Knowledge areas such as Information Technology and Computer Science help to understand how the data must be (characteristics, quality... ) and the format in which data have to be published for performing open innovation. Additionally, we think that it is necessary to deepen the study of the data publishing mediums (platforms, webs... ) and their utility for performing open innovation. On the other hand, it is interesting to know how the data can be reused for performing open innovation. So, literature focused on the Public Administration area offers a framework which allows us to analyse the ecosystem of reusers and the products and services that can be obtained under the open innovation paradigm. Regarding the Management and Innovation subjects, previous literature shows theoretical open innovation models that can be adapted for studying the use of open data for performing open innovation. More empirical studies that develop applications about this topic are necessary. In some knowledge areas such as Systems Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Pharmacology and Chemoinformatics, and Museology, the case study methodology is too frequent. These papers offer cases or examples of open innovation activities obtained from open data.