esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Simulation Methodology
### Numerical Model Based on FEM-SPH-SALE Coupling Algorithm  
In this paper, the FEM-SPH adaptive algorithm and S-ALE fluid/structure coupling algorithm are combined to put forward a new FEM-SPH-SALE numerical computation method. The proposed method is adopted to build a model for a water-exiting vehicle breaking ice as shown in Figure 4. We employ the FEM for the vehicle model, the S-ALE for the fluid model, and the FEM-SPH adaptive algorithm for the ice model. In the initial stage, fluid/structure interaction between the vehicle, ice, and fluid is generated through the S-ALE algorithm. When the vehicle comes into contact with the ice, the vehicle based on the FEM and the ice based on the FEM-SPH adaptive algorithm interact through the penalty function contact algorithm, and the ice begins to deform. When the deformation of the ice reaches the critical strain, the ice elements is converted into SPH particles.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \(\sigma_{HEL}\) (MPa) & 5200 \\ \hline \(T_{HEL}\) (MPa) & 3438.1 \\ \hline \(G\) (MPa) & 4444.4 \\ \hline \(A\) & 1.4 \\ \hline \(B\) & 0.09 \\ \hline \(C\) & 0.2287 \\ \hline \(M\) & 1.2 \\ \hline \(N\) & 0.8918 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main parameters for JH-2 model.  
Figure 4: Computation model for a water-exiting vehicle breaking ice.  
The penalty function contact algorithm defines the vehicle and ice as the primary surface and secondary nodes, respectively. At each time step, it detects whether the secondary nodes penetrate the primary surface. If penetration occurs, a normal spring is placed between the primary surface and the secondary nodes to limit the penetration. The force generated by the spring is called the contact force, which is proportional to the stiffness of the contact \(k\) and the penetration depth \(\delta\).  
\[F=k\delta \tag{35}\]  
The vehicle consists of a head and a cylindrical section. The head is streamlined and made of aluminum alloy. The ice is a cuboid, which is simulated by the JH-2 constitutive model. The state equation of air is as follows [43]:  
\[P=C_{0}+C_{1}\phi+C_{2}\phi^{2}+C_{3}\phi^{3}+(C_{4}+C_{5}\phi+C_{6}\phi^{2})U \tag{36}\]  
where \(\phi=\rho/\rho_{0}\) with \(\rho\) for the current density and \(\rho_{0}\) for the initial density; \(C_{0}\)-\(C_{6}\) are constants.  
The state equation of water is as follows:  
\[P=\frac{\rho_{0}c^{2}\phi[1+(1-\frac{\gamma_{0}}{2})\phi-\frac{\theta}{2}\phi^ {2}]}{1-(S_{1}-1)\phi-S_{2}\frac{\phi^{2}}{1+\phi}-S_{3}\frac{\phi^{3}}{(1+ \phi)^{2}}}+(\theta\phi+\gamma_{0})U \tag{37}\]  
where \(\theta\) is the first-order correction factor of \(\gamma_{0}\); \(\gamma_{0}\) and \(S_{1}\)-\(S_{3}\) are constants [44].  
The velocity of the vehicle is along the normal direction of the sea ice and points toward the surface of the ice. The boundary of the ice layer uses the no-reflection boundary condition.  
The parameters of the computation model are as given in Table 2:
## 3 Noise Measurement and Reduction in Mode-Locked Lasers
### Comb-Line Noise
#### 3.3.2 Comb-Line Noise Stabilization  
_Phase lock to radiological references:_ Phase locking both the carrier-envelope offset frequency and the repetition rate frequency in an OFC to absolute radio frequency references is the most common and practical way for comb-line noise stabilization. In this manner, every comb mode is able to inherit the stability of the radio references, which is at \(10^{-12}\)-\(10^{-13}\) level in \(1\) s [10; 93]. However, in short-term scale, the linewidths of these OFCs are still not obviously narrowed down (at \(>\)kHz level) due to the inferior short-term stability of radio references. To obtain'real' narrow linewidth OFCs, one can trace the comb modes to narrow-linewidth optical references. In this technique, the beat note signal between an OFC's certain comb line and an external optical frequency reference is phase-locked to a radio reference through fast cavity length feedback. Meanwhile, \(f_{\textit{ceo}}\) is phase-locked to a radio reference. This method can push the residual phase error to \(<\)1 rad, linewidth to sub-mHz levels, and frequency stability down to \(10^{-17}\) level (\(1\) s average time) [126; 127; 108; 128].  
_Phase lock to two optical references:_ On the other side, [PERSON] et al. proposed another stabilization scheme to fulfill low-noise OFC operation in 2008 [129]. In their  
Figure 7: Comb-line noise PSD measured by DOH technique. Reprint with permission from [73]. Copyright 2020 Optical Society of America.  
approach, two comb modes in an OFC are selected and phase-locked to two optical references. All the comb modes in the OFC are capable to inherit the stability of the optical references. This type of phase-stabilized OFCs, benefiting from relatively narrow linewidth, are widely served as indispensable laser sources in dual-comb spectroscopic applications e.g., spectroscopy [129], distance measurements [11], and low-noise microwave generation [130].  
_Phase lock to optical fiber delay lines:_ Optical fibers are another potential candidate of being reliable references for comb-line noise stabilization due to their superior short-term stability. [PERSON] et al. phase-locked individual comb mode of an OFC to the fiber delay line while _/coo_ to a radio reference [131]. The fully stabilized OFC has sub-\(10^{-15}\)-level fractional frequency stability and 28-Hz absolute linewidth. This approach enables narrow linewidth OFCs based on an all-fiber, compact, practical photonic platform. Figure 8 summarizes the performance of the comb-line noise reduction methods mentioned above.
# Three-Dimensional Resource Allocation in D2D-Based V2V Communication
## 1 Introduction
For this purpose, in [2], a multi-mode scheme is presented. Graph theory has been applied for resource allocation in D2D communication in several research works in the past. Interference-aware graphs have been proposed in [3; 4]. Joint power and RB allocation using graph theory was studied in [5]. However, in traditional graph theory, the relationship is restricted to pairs of edges and is not sufficient to model multiple-user relationships. In order to model the relationship between multiple users more accurately, a hypergraph theory- based resource allocation is proposed in [6]. A detailed analytical study for radio resource management in D2D based V2V is presented in [7]. D2D-based V2V communications with latency and reliability constraints are presented in [8], with the author highlighting the requirements for vehicular users and proposing a separate resource block allocation and power control (SRBP) algorithm. In [9], the author extends the work in [8] by transforming the latency and reliability constraints in optimization constraints and solving them using a new Separate Resource Block and Power Allocation (SOLEN) algorithm. Resource allocation for D2D-based vehicular communication is presented in [10]. In this paper, the author investigated the capacity maximization problem by finding the optimal power for D2D-based vehicular communication by taking into account the differentiated quality of service requirements for vehicular users to build the optimization problem, while also taking into account the slowly varying large-scale fading information only. A set of three types of user equipment (UEs) in a vehicular scenario with a cellular user, and safety and non-safety based V2V communication is presented in [11]. It uses a local search-based 3D matching approach for resource allocation in V2X communication by using the 3D matching model based on the hypergraph and greedy algorithm. Joint power and user pairing for maximizing the ergodic capacity is presented in [12]. Recently, several articles have utilized graph theory for resource allocation in D2D [13; 14; 15]. Hypergraphs being one of the most important topics among all these articles. Most of the work on hypergraphs have been limited to a 2-dimensional problem, where two different kinds of user equipment are present in the network. In our paper, we have extended the power allocation strategy presented in [10] for a case with three user types. Secondly, we have extended the work in [6] into resource block allocation using signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) thresholds for two to three types of users. Graph coloring based on the adjacency matrix has been used to color the graph. The paper is divided into six sections. Section 2 introduces the network architecture and system model. Section 3 gives a detailed overview of the steps involved in resource allocation. Section 4 gives the simulation and results. Section 5 presents the discussion and future directions. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
# Decoupled Monte Carlo Tree Search for Cooperative Multi-Agent Planning
## 1 Introduction
To remedy this problem, we propose to use stochastic action selection policies where the action selection for each agent is a result of a stochastic process. We evaluated different stochastic action selection policies on different problems and showed that \(\epsilon\)-greedy had the best performance for most of the problems. We also identified a miscoordination problem in decoupled MCTS planning. When the agents do not coordinate their selection of actions, their performance decreases depending on the problem. This is common, especially for problems having penalties for miscoordination. We propose a combination method on top of decoupled MCTS. After the decoupled MCTS, a centralized MCTS search tree is constructed using the individual action evaluations of decoupled MCTS. Since the construction of all possible joint actions is intractable, we generate a subset of joint actions. The joint actions are chosen based on the statistics of individual actions constituting the joint action. We showed that this method improves the performance of decoupled MCTS when the search is not shallow. We compared our proposed method with the state-of-the-art decoupled planning method [8] from the literature. We showed that our method outperformed it with a performance improvement of more than 10% in warehouse commissioning problems. We also report that our method is easy to generalize to all sets of multi-agent planning problems because it does not require a greedy algorithm to represent the other agents' behaviors. The contributions of the paper can be summarized as follows:  
* We present a unique problem in decoupled MCTS planning that occurs when deterministic action selection policies are used and propose to use stochastic action selection policies to solve it. * We present the coordination problem in decoupled MCTS and propose to combine the evaluation of individual actions to plan over joint actions. * We analyze different cooperative problems and show the limitations of decoupled MCTS when a combination strategy is used. In Section 2 we provide a short survey of the literature by summarizing the work done on the different aspects of multi-agent planning. We present the problem description in Section 3. In Section 4, we provide a brief background on Monte Carlo Tree Search. We present the proposed decoupled planning approach in Section 5. In Section 6, we show the results of the experiments in different settings. Finally, we provide the conclusions in Section 7.
# Non-Terrestrial Networks with UAVs: A Projection on Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
## 8 Conclusions  
Towards reaching the full potential of NTNs, in this article we have focused on the role of UAV networks, i.e., FANETs, catalyzing the integration between terrestrial and flying networks while provisioning various UAV-aided applications in 5G and beyond. In particular, we have identified that DTN-based routing methods and ML-assisted techniques are promising to further improve the connectivity and resource efficiency of FANETs, as partly evidenced by our LAROD-based FANET routing case study. Meanwhile, we have also discussed that there still remain a variety of research questions on mobility management,privacy, advanced transmission techniques, and so forth. Based on this, investigating how to make DTN and ML-assisted FANETs compatible with other NTN components while jointly optimizing the integrated network resources could be an interesting avenue for future research.  
Conceptualization, M.N. and J.C.; methodology, M.N.; software, M.N.; validation, M.N., B.A.H. and S.W.L.; formal analysis, M.N.; investigation, M.N. and B.A.H. and S.K. and J.P. and S.W.L. and J.C.; resources, M.N. and B.A.H. and S.K. and J.P. and S.W.L. and J.C.; data curation, M.N.; writing--original draft preparation, M.N. and B.A.H. and S.K. and J.P. and S.W.L. and J.C.; writing--review and editing, M.N. and J.P. and S.W.L. and J.C.; visualization, M.N. and J.C.; supervision, J.C.; project administration, J.C.; funding acquisition, J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021-0-00794, Development of 3D Spatial Mobile Communication Technology).  
The study did not require ethical approval.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
3 GPP 3 rd Generation Partnership Project A2A  Air-to-Air A2G  Air-to-Ground ACK  Acknowledgment AI  Artificial Intelligence ARQ  Automatic Repeat Request CAGR  Compound Annual Growth Rate CRC  Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI  Channel State Information DL  Deep Learning DNN  Deep Neural Network DQL  Deep Q-learning DQN  Deep Q-Network DTN  Delay Tolerant Network eMBB  Enhanced Mobile Broadband ESN  Echo State Networks FANET  Flying Ad-hoc Network FDD  Frequency Division Duplex FL  Federated Learning FLS  Flooding-based Location Service G2A  Ground-to-Air GEO  Geosynchronous/Geostationary Equatorial Orbit gNB  Ground New Base Station GPS  Global Positioning Systems HAAP  High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms HAP  High Altitude Platforms HARQ  Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request ICO  Intermediate Circular Orbit IEEE  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IMU  Inertial Measurement Unit ISI  Inter-Symbol Interference
## 1 Introduction
### The Current Study  
The main purpose of this paper was to examine how transparency information can be presented to support user trust calibration in highly automated driving systems (SAE level 4 automation) under different levels of driving scenario urgency. In highly automated driving systems, the system does not issue takeover requests (TORs), and the driver no longer has the responsibility of supervising driving task, but is free to engage in NDRT. The HMIs in highly automated driving systems are only used to present new possibilities that are not safety critical [33], such as SAT information about the ADS.  
Building on the discussion of projection information (SAT level 3) in a time-sensitive situation [25; 32], we attempted for the first time to experimentally verify the effects of SAT information obtained from the HMI on driver trust and reliance and particularly, to verify whether SAT level 1 + 3 information offers advantages in terms of enhancing human trust without increasing the workload in urgent driving scenarios. Thus, we designed interface concepts with different levels of SAT information (SAT level 1, SAT level 1 + 3, and SAT level 1 + 2 + 3) and created different urgent driving scenarios in a simulated highly automated driving system to explore the benefits and limitations of these SAT conditions in impacting user trust and reliance on the ADS. We formulated the following hypotheses, based on prior research:  
**H1:**: _Participants expressed greater reliance on and trust in the ADS after viewing the SAT interface than before this experience._
**H2:**: _Participants in high transparency conditions show a greater reliance on and trust in the ADS than those who were in the SAT level 1 condition._
**H3:**: _Participants in the low urgency driving scenarios expressed greater reliance on and trust in the ADS than those in the high urgency driving scenarios._
**H4:**: _Participants in the SAT level 1 + 3 condition did not have higher workloads compared to those in the SAT level 1 condition, but participants in the SAT level 1 + 2 + 3 condition had higher workloads compared to those in the SAT level 1 condition._  
The remaining article is structured as follows; first, a detailed description of the methodology, including the participant details, the apparatus used, the experimental design, and procedures employed, is provided. Then, a statistical analysis is provided to demonstrate the relationship between the data collected and the independent variables. Further, the discussion and interpretation of the experiment results are provided, followed by the study limitations and the scope of future research. Finally, the conclusions of this study are reported.
## 1 Introduction  
The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer is an important thermoplastic elastomer used in many fields, such as wires, cables, wrappers, encapsulations, adhesive and the drug industries [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. However, EVA is particularly flammable and its subsequent combustion emits toxic smoke CO which limits its application in numerous fields. Therefore, flame retardancy and smoke suppression become an important requirement for EVA [7; 8; 9; 10]. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a kind of layered materials that consist of positively charged layers and the interlayer anions. Their general formula can be represented as [M\({}^{2+}\)-\({}_{1-x}\)M\({}^{3+}\)x(OH)\({}_{2}\)]\({}^{x+}\)[A\({}^{n-}\)]\({}_{x/n}\) mH\({}_{2}\)O, where M\({}^{2+}\) and M\({}^{3+}\) are divalent and trivalent metal cations, \(x\) is the M\({}^{3+}\)/(M\({}^{2+}\)+M\({}^{3+}\)) molar ratio and A\({}^{n-}\) is an \(n\)-valent interlayer anion [11; 12; 13; 14]. In recent years, LDHs as EVA copolymer halogen-free flame retardants and thermal stabilizers are a rather promising application due to the highly tuneable properties of structure [15; 16; 17]. It is well known that homogeneous dispersion and good compatibility of LDHs with polymer matrices contribute to improving the flame retardancy and thermal stability of LDHs/polymer composites [18; 19]. Therefore, most studies to date have concentrated on the LDHs of intercalated modification with organic modifier [20; 21]. However, although organo-modifiedtreatment can enhance the hydrophobicity of LDHs, the use of large amounts of organic modifiers is not only detrimental to the flame retardancy of LDHs/polymer composites due to the existence of large amounts of carbon, but is also not environment-friendly. Therefore, a small amount of organic modifier combined with other effective ways to improve the hydrophobicity of LDHs is expected.  
In our earlier research, NiMgAl-LDHs clearly showed higher flame retardant efficiency in comparison with MgAl-LDHs in the EVA matrix [22; 23]. Furthermore, we explored NiMgAl-LDHs with rare earth ions to improve the hydrophobicity of LDHs. The result indicated that La or Ce evidently enhance the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of LDHs/EVA composites. However, the rare earth is especially rare and precious. It has an impact on the industrial application of materials containing rare earth [24]. In addition, CO\({}_{2}\) from the interlayer carbonate of LDHs can contribute to isolating oxygen during combustion [25]. Therefore, in the present study, NiMgAl-LDHs containing carbonate slightly surface-modified with sodium stearate and doped with inexpensive transition metal cations (Mn\({}^{2+}\), Co\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), Zn\({}^{2+}\)) were synthesized. This study mainly focuses on the effects of the transition metal ions on the crystallinity, morphology, thermal property and hydrophobicity of the LDHs. Moreover, the influences of the transition metals on the thermal properties and flame retardancy of LDHs/EVA composites are also investigated.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
In this study, the variations of carbon dioxide emissions amongst the different slab systems were dependent upon reinforcing bars. The reason for the variance of reinforcing bars in the slab systems was that the application of rebars is due to the design requirements and standards [49; 50]. Reinforcing bars are the most significant element in reinforced concrete structures to reduce vulnerability by increasing tensile strength. In particular, numerous beams and girders of reinforcement bars are embedded into the ordinary reinforced concrete slab. Beams and girders would distribute service and permanent loads of the slab, as well as resist external forces in a structure. However, the flat plate slab and voided slab systems would require lesser amounts of reinforcing bars over the ordinary reinforced concrete slab, as in both cases, the number of beams and girders were reduced. In particular, the decreased number of beams and girders in the flat plate slab and voided slab systems might not only require less quantity of rebars, but also a lesser amount of forms, which during the manufacturing of building materials would make it possible to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions.  
Meanwhile, approximately 270,000 and 1400 kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. for steel decking and void formers, respectively, were attributed to the voided slab system. The total amount of carbon dioxide generated from steel decking and void formers was almost the same as the emissions from reinforcing bars. In the case of the voided slab system, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions was reduced by approximately 10%, even though the CO\({}_{2}\) generated from steel decking was quite large. Based on these results, ready-mixed concrete was the most significant factor in determining the overall reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the different slab systems. Therefore, further design optimisation would be able to reduce the total carbon dioxide emissions of the building materials. Moreover, the application of high-strength materials, such as high-strength concrete and rebars, as well as recycled materials and by-products, would be a useful approach to mitigate the environmental impacts from building materials.  
Table 5 shows that the carbon dioxide emissions from the transport of building materials were determined by the distance between the location of manufacturers and the construction site. Consequently, a potential way to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from transporting the building materials would be in selecting the manufacturer who was proximate to the construction site. Moreover, the utilisation of imported building materials was beneficial to the economic perspective, which would reduce the cost of construction. However, the environmental loads from such material would have more environmental impact, compared to the domestically produced one. In this regard, further research to compare the domestic and imported building materials should be carried out to verify the influences, since the spatial restrictions are disappearing.