## 4 Simulation Scenarios  
To evaluate the performance of the implemented MPPT algorithms under realistic operating conditions, two sets of simulation scenarios were defined: one with a single bypass diode and another with three bypass diodes to simulate PSC.  
Table 4 summarizes the four scenarios for the single bypass diode configuration. These include uniform irradiance, varying irradiance, varying temperature, and simultaneous variation of both parameters, enabling assessment under static and dynamic environmental conditions. The corresponding temperature and irradiance profiles for each scenario are illustrated in Figure 5, which shows the environmental input conditions applied to the PV model in these simulations.  
Figure 4: DC/DC buck converter.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Component** & **Calculated Value** & **Simulation Purpose** \\ \hline Duty cycle (\(D\)) & 0.555(5) & Fundamental conversion ratio for ideal voltage step-down \\ Inductor (\(L_{o}\)) & 1658.71 μH & Minimum value to maintain CCM at \(\Delta I=0.268\) A \\ Capacitor (\(C_{o}\)) & 1675 μF & Exact value to achieve \(\Delta V=1\) mV ripple \\ Switching freq. (\(f_{\mathrm{s}}\)) & 20 kHz & Balance between switching losses and dynamics \\ Current ripple (\(\Delta I\)) & 0.268 A & 20\% of \(I_{out}\) for stable MPPT operation \\ Voltage ripple (\(\Delta V\)) & 1 mV & 0.005\% of \(V_{out}\) for algorithm precision \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Theoretical buck converter parameters used in simulations.  
Table 5 presents the PSC scenarios using three series-connected cell groups, each with its own bypass diode. These configurations simulate different shading patterns by assigning independent irradiance levels to each cell group while maintaining the ambient temperature at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Analysis of I-V and P-V Curves Under PSC Conditions  
To understand the formation of multiple local maxima and the GMPP under partial shading, it is essential to analyze the I-V and P-V characteristic curves for each PSC scenario illustrated in Figure 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Scenario Description** & **Fixed Parameters** \\ \hline
1 & Uniform irradiance (1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\
2 & Variable irradiance (G) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\
3 & Variable temperature (T) & G = 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) \\
4 & Simultaneous G and T variation & — \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: PV panel scenarios with single bypass diode.  
Figure 5: Non-PSC operating conditions: (**a**) Case 1, (**b**) Case 2, (**c**) Case 3, and (**d**) Case 4 from Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Case** & **PSC Configuration** & **Fixed Parameters** \\ \hline
1 & G = [900, 1000, 200] W/m\({}^{2}\) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\
2 & G = [200, 400, 300] W/m\({}^{2}\) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\
3 & G = [900, 100, 150] W/m\({}^{2}\) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\
4 & G = [300, 200, 100] W/m\({}^{2}\) & T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: PSC with three bypass diodes.  
These characteristic curves validate the importance of testing algorithms under non-uniform conditions to assess their capability to detect the true GMPP efficiently.