## 1 Introduction
### Applications for VR and AR in Medical Education and Surgical Planning  
There are research cases where VR or AR has been applied to practical, clinical training and surgical planning. In the case of VR, the University of Northampton developed a VR simulation integrating four head-mounted displays (HMD) and a screen to enhance clinical response and team collaboration among nurses [11]. The University of Oxford developed the VR-based Oxford Medical Simulation to enhance the clinical skills of healthcare professionals working at John Radcliffe Hospital [11; 12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] developed a VR-based cardiac anatomy education system using stereo 3D glasses to address the limitations of traditional anatomy education. [PERSON] et al. [14] developed a VR-based anaphylactic shock emergency response training simulation that allows simultaneous access for three users, including an instructor. [PERSON] et al. [15] developed a VR tool for teaching fracture type 1 using an HMD and Leap Motion (Ultraleap, San Francisco, CA, USA) [16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] conducted a study involving 22 orthopedic trainees, dividing them into a VR-based total knee replacement simulator group and a traditional surgical manual group to compare educational outcomes. The results demonstrated that VR training was superior to traditional methods. [PERSON] et al. [18] conducted research involving fourth-year medical students, separating them into two groups: one trained using a VR-based self-directed ultrasound program and the other through instructor-led sessions. The findings revealed that VR-based learning was equally effective as traditional instructor-led training. [PERSON] et al. [19] compared the error rates occurring during simulated practice between a VR-based arterial blood gas training group and a traditional training group and found that the VR training group demonstrated a 40% lower error rate compared to the traditional training group. [PERSON] et al. [20] created a VR-based echocardiography simulator that enables users to practice with nine different types of cardiac models using an HMD and a controller. [PERSON] et al. [21] developed a multi-user VR echocardiography simulator that allows for ultrasound simulation on one normal cardiac and seven abnormal cardiac 3D anatomical models. They also verified the educational effectiveness of the simulator through a study involving medical students. [PERSON] et al. [22] developed a VR surgical-planning tool for liver tumor resection and confirmed its potential by having four expert surgeons plan surgeries for two liver tumor cases using the VR tool. [PERSON] et al. [23] demonstrated the high potential and prospects for VR and AR applications in surgical education, planning, and assistance in the field of cardiac surgery. [PERSON] et al. [24] confirmed that applying VR surgical planning in lung segmentectomy can provide additional clinical value and found that using both 2D CT and VR tools simultaneously can lead to highly confident surgical planning. [PERSON] et al. [25] analyzed cases where VR technology was applied in spinal surgery and found that VR-based surgical planning contributes to reduced radiation exposure, shorter surgical times, and decreased estimated blood loss, confirming VR technology's potential to bring significant advancements to spinal surgery. [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated and analyzed research cases integrating VR into the medical and radiology fields, confirming the potential of VR technology in radiology. [PERSON] et al. [27] compared the clinical practice performance of a VR-based radiography training group and a traditional training group, finding that the VR training group demonstrated superior performance compared to the traditional training group. [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated and analyzed various applications of VR and AR technologies in medical and clinical education, confirming their potential to enhance the quality of medical education and improve learners' practical skill proficiency. [PERSON] et al.