esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
1. In this work, six clustering algorithms were compared to find the best one to analyze the acoustic emission data of crumb rubber concrete. Based on the results and analysis provided, the density peak clustering algorithm is considered to be an optimal algorithm based on the reliability of its computational results.
2. Therefore, the density peak clustering method was adopted to cluster the AE signals of the specimen and to investigate the variation of different damage modes during loading. The damage modes of concrete matrix fracture and rubber fracture correspond to peak frequencies of 40 and 100 kHz, respectively. Based on the results provided, combining AE technology with density peak clustering, the damage pattern identification of crumb rubber concrete could be carried out at a deeper level.
3. For the prediction of the ultimate load of crumb rubber concrete, ten different acoustic emission parameter data were selected to establish an acoustic emission single-parameter artificial neural network prediction model. The prediction results of these ten single-parameter models were compared with the real values, and the prediction errors were calculated separately. Furthermore, five optimal acoustic emission parameter data were selected as the artificial neural network data input end to establish the acoustic emission multiparameter artificial neural network prediction model so as to predict the ultimate load. According to the results, the prediction error is only 0.89%.
4. These methods and conclusions adopted in this study are general and practical for the application and monitoring of crumb rubber concrete in practical engineering. However, some imperfections remain, and in the future, it will be necessary to estab  
Figure 19: Single parameter (1–10), rise-time–amplitude (11), and multiparameter (12) absolute value of prediction error.  
Figure 18: Multiparameter neural network training performance.  
lish a deeper connection between AE parameters and other mechanical properties of crumb rubber concrete, as well as to explore newer and more efficient AE signal processing methods.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON]; investigation, J.S.; writing, X.C.; supervision, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by THE NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA, grant number 51408408 and THE SPONSORSHIP GUARANTEED WITH BASIC RESEARCH FUNDS PROVIDED BY POLITECHICO DI TORINO (ITALY).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this article are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
List of Symbols
# Uncertainty Analysis of 3D Line Reconstruction in a New Minimal Spatial Line Representation
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a compact representation of 3D lines and applied it to the uncertainty analysis of line reconstruction. A spatial line is represented by a distance and three angles in the proposed representation. The advantage of this representation is that there is no parameter redundancy  
Figure 13: Reconstructed 3D line map and map culling with different methods. The first column shows the mapped line segments in the image and the later two columns show the corresponding 3D line map from different viewpoints. In the first row, no lines are culled. In the second row, the line map is culled by reprojection error. In the third row, the line map is firstly culled by reprojection error and then culled by uncertainty.  
and each component has a clear physical meaning, which is well suited for uncertainty analysis. Based on the proposed representation, the quality of a line reconstructed from two-view triangulation can be measured by the confidence interval of each parameter. Furthermore, we extended the uncertainty estimation of the two-view triangulation to multi-view reconstruction. The proposed method is capable of distinguishing those poorly reconstructed lines from nearly degenerate cases. The main concern of our work is to provide a quantitative evaluation of reconstruction accuracy and detect the nearly degenerate cases of line reconstruction, especially under limited view range and baseline. By integrating the reprojection error and the proposed uncertainty analysis, we are capable of culling badly reconstructed from mismatches and nearly degenerate cases. The proposed method can be used in reconstructing high-quality 3D line models and localization. Our future work will apply the proposed method to visual odometry with line segments.  
Conceptualization, H.Z. and K.P.; methodology, H.Z.; resources, H.Z.; software, H.Z.; validation, D.Z., W.F. and Y.L.; supervision, Y.L.; visualization, K.P.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Z.; writing--review and editing, D.Z. and Y.L.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U1613218.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Protective Effect of  
Calendula _Spp. Extracts in Fibroblast Cell Line HS-68 Exposed to Oxidative Stress_  
After the preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant activity, the extracts made in ethanol 80%, SFE, and SFE CS were selected for the test vitro. The viability of human skin fibroblasts cells (HS68) was determined in order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extract of Calendula. Figure 5 shows the response of the fibroblast cells to increasing concentrations of Calendula extract with ethanol 80%, SFE, and SFE CS (Figure 5). Results are expressed as a percentage of vitality cells in respect to the control (cells with no treatment). Concentrations between 2.4-24 ug/mL does not exert a significant effect on the viability after 24 h of treatment compared with control (Co) (Figure 5). These results support the observations of [PERSON] et al. [52], who showed that Calendula extract in small concentrations can stimulate the proliferation of human fibroblasts.  
The experiment of induction of oxidative stress was carried with higher concentration of Calendula for all species, which does not induce significant toxicity. Figure 5 shows that the exposure of cells to a well-known concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) able to induce toxicity in this cell line [39; 43; 44] determined a significant decrease of vitality, calculated by MTT test (\(p<0.05\)).  
At 24 h post treatment, the concentration 24 ug/mL obtained from of ethanol 80%, SFE, and SFE CS extracts of _Calendula_ (CF, CI, and CA) shows a protective effect comparable to the effect induced by the synthetic antioxidant N-acetilcysteine (NAC) (Figure 6).  
Figure 4: Reducing power (EC\({}_{50}\), mg/mL) determined in extracts obtained from dried leaves of different Calendula species (_CM: C. martiima; CF: C. fulgida; CI: C. hybrid_ (martiima \(\times\) fulgida); CA: C. arrensis), with different solvents (Results of the statistical analysis are shown in Supplementary Table S4).  
The results indicate that these extracts (CF, CI, and CA) exerted a protective effect against oxidative damage, scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions. The treatment with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) induces superoxide production on the mitochondria and metal ions such as Fe\({}^{2+}\) or Cu\({}^{2+}\) reduce H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) to hydroxyl radicals [53].
## 9 Conclusions
**Abbreviations**  
**Abbreviation/**  
**Acronym**  
AF & Atrial Fibrillation  
AMI & Acute Myocardial Infarction  
ANN & Artificial Neural Network  
APC & Atrial Premature Contraction  
AUC & Area Under the ROC Curve  
BAN & Body Area Network  
BESys & Back-End System  
BSPM & Body Surface Potential Map  
CAD & Coronary Artery Disease  
CEEMDAN & Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise  
CHD & Cleveland Heart Disease dataset  
CKD & Chronic Kidney Disease  
CNN & Convolutional Neural Network  
CRP & C-Reactive Protein  
CVD & Cardio-Vascular Diseases  
CWT & Continuous Wavelength Transform  
DCT & Discrete Cosine Transform  
DDA & Differential Diagnosis Algorithm  
DENLMS & Delayed Error Normalized Least Mean Square algorithm  
DLAs & Daily Living Activities  
DSS & Decision Support System  
DWT & Discrete Wavelet Transform  
ECG & Electrocardiogram  
EEG & Electroencephalogram  
ELM & Extreme Learning Machine  
EMD & Empirical Mode Decomposition  
EMR & Electronic Medical Records  
ES & Expert System  
FAWT & Flexible Analytic Wavelet Transform  
FLD & Fishers Linear Discriminant  
GRNN & General Regression Neural Network  
GRU & Gated Recurrent Unit  
HDSS & Health Decision Support System  
HRR & Heart Rate Recovery  
HRV & Heart Rate Variability  
k-NN & k-Nearest Neighbor  
LDA & Linear Discriminant Analysis  
LEE & Log Energy Entropy  
LSTM & Long Short-Term Memory  
LV & Left Ventricle  
LVEF & Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction  
LVH & Left Ventricular Hypertrophy  
MP & Multilayer Perceptron  
MSE & Mean Square Error  
MULTISAB & MULTivariate Time Series Analysis in Biomedicine  
NCD & Non-Communicable Diseases  
NN & Neural Network
###### Abstract  
The formation and distribution of sedimentary facies of the Wufeng Formation reflect the evolution of Guangxi Movement and significantly impact shale reservoir quality in southern Sichuan Basin, China. This study characterizes the sedimentary facies and their evolution of Ordovician-Silurian transition shale based on detailed core descriptions, full-scale imaging of large slabs, and field emission scanning electron microscopy of argon-ion polished sections. There only exist fine-grained turbidite deposits, hemipelagic deposits, and shallow shoal deposits for the Wufeng shale. Fine-grained turbidite deposits consist primarily of clastic quartz and clay minerals and can be divided into nine subdivisions. Hemipelagic deposits are mainly composed of quartz, detrital carbonate, and clay minerals. Shallow shoal deposits are dominated by clay minerals, dolomite, and calcite, with carbonates primarily of autochthonous origin. The fine-grained turbidite deposits predominantly occur within the _Dicellograptus complanatus_ and _D. complexus_ graptolite biozones, while hemipelagic deposits are confined to the _Paraorthograptus pacificus_ bizozone, and shallow shoal deposits are restricted to the _Metabologrutus extraordinarius_ biozone. Formation and distribution of the three sedimentary facies are closely related to the Guangxi Movement. During the strong tectonic compression stage, sufficient sediment supply and intensive volcanic eruption favored the formation of the fine-grained turbidite deposits. Along with waning tectonic activity and reduced terrestrial input, hemipelagic deposits formed and then shallow shoal deposits. Sedimentary facies exert first-order controls on shale reservoir quality, with hemipelagic deposits exhibiting optimal reservoir characteristics. Laboratory analyses reveal that hemipelagic facies possess the highest porosity (3.34-4.15%) and TOC content (2.91-4.10%) due to biogenic quartz enrichment and minimal allochthonous dilution, whereas fine-grained turbidites show degraded properties (porosity: 1.58-3.81%; TOC: 0.15-2.6%) from high-energy siliciclastic influx. Shallow shoal deposits display intermediate values (porosity: 3.92%; TOC: 3.25%), constrained by carbonate cementation.  
fine-grained turbidite deposits; hemipelagic deposits; shelf shoal deposits; Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) transition; Guangxi Movement
## 2 Methodology
### Vehicle Path Feature Extraction  
Vehicle path feature extraction represents the core technical innovation of this study, aiming to identify the sequence of nodes (intersections and OD points) traversed by vehicles from discrete trajectory point sequences, and subsequently calculate various traffic parameters. The vehicle path feature extraction process follows a systematic four-stage workflow: Stage 1 involves OD point addition, where virtual origin-destination points are strategically placed at network boundaries to capture vehicle entry and exit behaviors; Stage 2 implements regular polygon generation, creating coverage areas centered on each network node (intersections and OD points) with optimized radii to represent vehicle passage zones; Stage 3 performs trajectory point-labeling through geometric containment analysis, assigning each GPS coordinate to its corresponding node polygon using the inpolygon() function; Stage 4 executes path compression and route extraction, converting the sequence of labeled trajectory points into compressed vehicle paths and deriving OD characteristics for traffic parameter calculation.  
Figure 4: Illustration of calibrated intersection coordinate positions (no deviation occurred).
## 1 Introduction
Also, a standardized protocol for measuring muscle tone in the rehabilitation context is important to compare data from different studies and control the neuromuscular system [21]. Therefore, in clinical practice, the concept of pathophysiological neuromuscular response to passive muscle stretching should be considered implicit rather than explicit [22]. The lack of a clear conceptual diagnosis does not facilitate effective communication between professionals and makes it difficult to reach a consensus on the conceptualisation, interpretation, and measurement of outcomes [15; 16; 22]. Given this conceptual ambiguity and difficulty in defining tone, which is not precise and very \"examiner-centred\", there may be subjective variations during the clinical examination and variability in the same examination [2], causing some difficulty in its interpretation or measurement [5]. The variable nature of muscle tone definition and assessment in the context of neurological disorder rehabilitation can result in inconsistencies in treatment approaches and may compromise the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies [19; 23]. This inconsistency can result in varied interpretations of a patient's condition, which may influence the choice of therapeutic interventions and the expected outcomes [19]. The lack of a standardised method for assessing muscle tone can result in subjective differences that can hinder the development of cohesive, evidence-based intervention plans [24]. It is therefore challenging to determine whether the observed changes in muscle tone can be attributed to the natural evolution of the disorder, the impact of therapy, or variations in assessment techniques. Considering the above, and in order to improve knowledge about clinical practice in physiotherapy, the aim of this study was to review and summarise the assessment tools that have been use for measuring muscle tone in CNS disorders within the context of adult rehabilitation. Research Questions
* Primary question: What are the measurement instruments used to assess tone disorders in a clinical context in adults? * Secondary questions: i. What clinical conditions of the CNS were considered in the identified studies? ii. Which variable/concept is measured? iii. What procedures were used to test the concept identified?
# Influence of Oak Chips and Oak Barrel Ageing on Volatile Profile in Chardonnay Wine of Romania
###### Abstract
The effects of the chips addition in the alcoholic fermentation of wine led to contradictory results regarding the stabilization of the wine color, but all studies reported changes in the content of volatile and phenolic compounds [5; 10; 13; 15]. Red wine maturation in barrels has been a common practice for centuries. In recent years, the maturation of white wines encountered an increased interest in obtaining wines with improved sensory and quality properties. In Europe, the use of oak wood pieces in winemaking was approved in 2006 (Council Regulation EC No.2165/2005) [16] and since then the addition of oak chips has been generalized. The new EU Delegated Regulation 2019/934 currently regulates the use of oak wood chips in wine practices, which are used for several technological purposes. The main objective is the release of desirable compounds, such as aromas and polyphenolics, from the wood fragments into the wine during aging [16]. The volatile compositions of Chardonnay wines aged in barrels or with chips is studied extensively in Spain [17; 18], Greece [19], Italy [20], Australia [21]. Our research is the first attempt to study the volatile composition of Romanian Chardonnay wines, aged through different methods. Chardonnay is one of the grapevine varieties most distributed across the world [17], but in Romania, Chardonnay variety is planted on 2511 hectares representing about 3% of total vineyards [22]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two types of French oak chips (non-toasted and light toasted) and non-toasted Romanian oak barrel, during short ageing periods on Chardonnay white wine composition by using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Unlike most other white wine varieties which are not aged, Chardonnay wines commonly spend between several weeks to a year for ageing in oak barrels. We focused on identifying the chemical compounds according to contact time and wood type. This study provides important scientific content to winemakers.
# TARCS: A Topology Change Aware-Based Routing Protocol Choosing Scheme of FANETs
## 3 A Topology Change Aware Routing Protocol Choosing Scheme (TARCS)
### Adaptive Routing Choosing Scheme (ARCS)  
The next step of TARCS is to perform adaptive routing selection, ARCS, after obtaining the results of the surrounding topology changes. The ARCS includes node mobility mode discrimination and routing protocol selection. The judgement role is:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}Routing\ protocol\ A,if\ TCD_{nturk}\leq TCD_{TH}\\ Routing\ protocol\ B,if\ TCD_{nturk}>TCD_{TH}\end{array}\right. \tag{4}\]  
In practical applications, the \(TCD_{TH}\) can be pre-calculated with reference to a specific moving model. Experiments in Section 4 show the specific calculation process of the threshold value. It is also possible to set a threshold range for discrimination. If the perceived result \(TCD_{nturk}\) is within the allowed interval, the current route protocol is continued to be used, and if the perceived result exceeds the threshold interval, the routing protocol selection is restarted.  
Routing is based on the appropriate mobility model for each routing protocol. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate and classify possible scenarios, each mobility model with its \(TCD_{TH}\), and the corresponding routing protocols in advance. After the routing protocol is selected, nodes communicate through the newly set routing protocol until the next topology change perception.
# The Role of Cryptogams in Soil Property Regulation and Vascular Plant Regeneration: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
Cryptogams (lichen, liverwort, and moss) [1] are widely distributed on Earth and can be found in arid, humid, cold, and hot climates [2]. They simultaneously exert their ecological effects in a variety of environments on Earth. However, they often produce different or even diametrically opposed ecological effects in different studies. For example, a large number of studies have found that a cryptogam presence leads to increased soil water loss and thus reduces soil water content [3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. However, there are also a considerable number of studies on the accumulation of soil water caused by cryptogam [8; 9; 10]. In addition, a great deal of research has also found that cryptogams cause changes in soil water distribution in different soil layers [11; 12; 10; 13]. This involves the influence of cryptogam on non-rainfall water input, evaporation, soil infiltration capacity, water-holding capacity, water diffusion capacity, and water absorption capacity. In most cases, soils covered with cryptogams have higher fertility, such as OM [14; 15], TOC [16; 17], TN [18; 19], TP [20; 21], and TK [22; 23], not to mention higher nutrient availability [24; 25; 26; 27]. However, it has also been found that lichen leads to a decrease in soil OM content [28], moss reduces the availability of soil N [29], and moss crust leads to a reduction in phosphorus available [14]. The accelerated weathering of the parent material and the special life activities of moss will also release many micronutrients (Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Zn) into the soil [30; 31], resulting in an increase in micronutrient content.  
There are many ways in which cryptogams can affect vascular plant regeneration, and the results are varied. A large quantity of research exists discussing the physical barrier effect [32], allelopathy [33], and the indirect effects of cryptogams on vascular plant regeneration through their impact on soil [34]. The physical barrier effect of cryptogam is that the thick and dense cryptogam layer can limit the entry of vascular plant seeds [32] or light [35] into the soil, resulting in the failure of regeneration. The allelopathy of cryptogam plants refers to the effect of their secondary metabolites on seed germination and seedling growth in vascular plants [36]. Soil water content, nutrient content, and soil temperature have important effects on seed germination and seedling growth of vascular plants [26,37]. However, cryptogam often leads to changes in soil moisture [10], nutrient [17] content, and soil temperature [38], indirectly affecting the regeneration of vascular plants. In addition, in some other studies, cryptogams have also influenced growth and reproduction by competing with vascular plants [39], hindering the mycorrhizal infection of vascular plants [36], or limiting the reproductive capacity of individual vascular plants [19].
# Focus on Disaster Risk Reduction by ResNet-CDMV Model After Natural Disasters
## 2 Related Studies
For the monitoring and early warning of the types of secondary disaster factors, the current research mostly adopts a combination or independent form of basic theory, experiment, and simulation [34; 35]. At present, there is a clear demand for monitoring and early warning of disaster factors, but the technologies and methods for the specific implementation process are too scattered, among which the identification of flammable objects, explosive objects, toxic substances, trapped persons, and building collapse are all at the level of mechanism analysis, single technology realization, model analysis, and other physical phenomena application and interpretation, which are difficult to use for monitoring before secondary disasters. In terms of fire identification, with the participation of advanced algorithms such as artificial intelligence and deep learning, relevant scenes are identified [36]. Similar to flammable objects, explosive objects, toxic substances, and trapped persons, dangerous buildings also have clear physical sources. Visual characteristics of physical objects are obtained by constructing the correlation between physical objects and disaster event types. Using deep learning algorithms to identify phenomena and build early warning strategies for secondary disaster events is an important task that needs to be carried out in step with the current development level of science and technology.