esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Comparison
### Experimental Results on LPNMR'09 Instances  
Table 1 shows the experimental results of PCC\({}^{2}\)LS and other comparison algorithms on LPNMR'09 instances.  
* The \"problem\" column shows the given number of vertices and edges in the input graph.
* The \"LB\" column shows the lower bound obtained by solving the Lagrangian dyadic problem using the subgradient method, which is used as a stopping criterion to verify that an optimal solution is found.  
* The \"LPNMR\" shows the best results originally provided in the literature [11].
* The \"average\" row represents the average of the best values of the corresponding algorithm over all LPNMR'09 instances.
* The \"Greedy\" column shows the best solution obtained by the greedy algorithm.
* The \"Avg\" column represents the average solution obtained from 10 runs based on different randomly generated seeds.
* The \"St.\" column represents the standard deviation of the best solution obtained from 10 runs of the corresponding algorithm.
* The \"Tim\" column represents the average running time of 10 runs of the corresponding algorithm.  
This way of presenting the results not only provides an evaluation of the performance of the algorithm on different instances but also analyzes the stability and efficiency of the algorithm by means of data such as mean, standard deviation, and running time.  
Based on the results presented in Table 1, it is evident that our algorithm, PCC\({}^{2}\)LS, demonstrates superior performance compared to other algorithms, namely MSLS and GRASP, across both instances (70 \(\times\) 250 and 90 \(\times\) 600). Specifically, when considering the average (Avg) performance metric, PCC\({}^{2}\)LS outperforms the other algorithms consistently. Moreover, examining the standard deviation (St.), it is noteworthy that the PCC\({}^{2}\)LS algorithm consistently achieves a value of 0 on every instance. This implies that each run of the PCC\({}^{2}\)LS algorithm consistently yields the best solution, which is similar to the performance of the MSLS and GRASP algorithms. Additionally, in terms of runtime, the PCC\({}^{2}\)LS and MSLS algorithms generally exhibit faster execution compared to the other algorithms, indicating their efficiency in addressing this particular type of problem.
## Materials and Methods  
### Preparation of Juglone and Algal Strains  
Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Due to the poor solubility of juglone in water, we prepared an experimental concentration of juglone using an organic solvent (methanol). The very small amount of methanol (ca. 1/1000, v/v) applied to the experiment in the final content did not harm normal algal growth, including the control.  
Four diatom species, including _Asterionella fornosa_, _Fragilaria crotonensis_, _Stephanodiscus hantzschii_, and _Synedra acus_, were isolated from the region of the water intake facility in Lake Paldang (Han River, South Korea; 37\({}^{\circ}\)31'18\" N, 127\({}^{\circ}\)16'52\" E) in March, 2016 (with the water temperature approximately 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Single strains were isolated from the collected samples using the capillary method [30]. Cells of the single-strain isolates were washed with distilled water and then inoculated into a diatom medium (DM) [31]. The cells were initially grown in 96-well microplates, and then gradually scaled up to 120-mL T-flasks at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C under a 14:10 h light-dark cycle of 100 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) provided by cool-white fluorescent lamps. The grown cells were stored in a refrigerator. The cyanobacterium _Microystis aeruginosa_ (NIER 10010) was obtained from the National Institute of Environmental Research (Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea). _M. aeruginosa_ exhibited a unicellular form under the culture conditions. The green algae _Scenedesmus quadricauda_ (AG 10003) and _Chorella vulgaris_ (UTEX 265) were obtained from the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (Daejeon, South Korea) and the Culture Collection of Algae (University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA), respectively. Diatom strains were grown in a DM medium at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while _M. aeruginosa_ and the green algae were grown in in Allen medium at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Recipes for the DM and Allen medium can be found in [PERSON] et al. [32] and [PERSON] [33], respectively. Test algae were stored under a 14:10 h light-dark cycle of 100 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) provided by cool-white fluorescent lamps in a shaking incubator for 2 weeks.
# Direct-Write Spray Coating of a Full-Duplex Antenna for E-Textile Applications
## Materials and Methods  
### Preparation and Characterization of the Barium Titanate Ultraviolet (UV) Curing Ink  
A dielectric ink for direct-write spray coating was prepared by mixing 4 wt.% BaTiO\({}_{3}\) (BT) nanoparticles (200 nm, purchased from Nanostructured Amorphous Materials Inc., Houston, TX, USA) with a urethane and acrylate UV-curable dielectric ink (C3-D1-1032 Dielectric photopolymer, Chem3, LLC, Stony Brook, NY, USA). The mixture was then stirred at 400 rpm for 24 h in order to disperse the nanoparticles, followed by an ultrasonic homogenizing process for 30 min. The solid BT content in the ink was fixed at 4 wt.% in the entire experiment.  
The viscosity of the ink under different shear rates was tested using a rheometer (MCR 302, [PERSON]). Surface tension of the ink was tested by a contact angle goniometer (First Ten Angstroms Europe; Cambridge, UK) with an automated syringe to form the pendant drop. The nanoparticle crystal structure phase was tested using a Rigaku SmartLab X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) with a CuK\(\alpha\) X-ray radiation source (\(\lambda\) = 0.154 nm). The XRD pattern was recorded from 2-theta = 10\({}^{\circ}\) to 60\({}^{\circ}\) at a scanning rate of 3\({}^{\circ}\)/min with a step size of 0.05\({}^{\circ}\).  
A 3D laser-scanning confocal microscope (Keyence, model VK-X1000) and a field emission electron microscope (FESEM) model FEI Quanta 650 were used to characterize the morphology of fabrics printed with conductive ink and BT dielectric ink.
# End Face Attitude Detection of Special Steel Bars Based on Improved DBSCAN
###### Abstract  
An end face attitude detection system for special steel bars is designed to solve the problem of defect localization for steel bar grinding. A circle detection method based on improved Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) is proposed for calculating special steel bars' end face attitude. Firstly, the images are subjected to edge detection, connected region marking, and improved DBSCAN in accordance with the image characteristics. After that, the arcs belonging to the same circle are clustered into the same category to create virtual connected regions. Then, circle parameters of a virtual connected region are clustered using an improved DBSCAN algorithm. The actual circle parameter is obtained by calculating the centroid of each category. Finally, the vector is generated under the set coordinate system, passing through the center of the circumcircle of the steel bar end and one endpoint of the two-dimensional code, and the angle of the vector is calculated to determine the attitude of the special steel bar's end face. The experimental results demonstrate that the method can obtain an attitude angle resolution of 0.2 degrees with an error range of \(\pm\)0.1 degrees. This will provide accurate defect localization support for the digitization and intelligence of the grinding platform on the special steel bar production line.  
special steel bar grinding; end face attitude; circle detection; DBSCAN; automatic grinding system +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are involved in promoting growth and triggering systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. Importantly, the release of VOCs by some PGPR strains confers improved plant uptake of nutrient elements from the soil. However, the underlying mechanisms of VOCs-regulated nutrient acquisition remain elusive. In this study, VOCs were extracted and identified from _Bacillus amyloidateaciens_ (strain BF06) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). BF06 VOCs exposure significantly promoted the growth and photosynthesis of _Arabidopsis_ plants. To explore how microbial VOCs stimulate growth in plants, gene expression profiles of _Arabidopsis_ seedlings exposed to BF06 VOCs were examined using transcriptomic analyses. In screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs), most upregulated DEGs were found to be related to amino acid transport, iron (Fe) uptake and homeostasis, and sulfate transport. Furthermore, BF06 VOCs significantly enhanced Fe absorption in plants under Fe-limited conditions. However, when nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was inhibited, BF06 VOCs exposure could not substantially augment Fe acquisition in plants under alkaline stress, indicating that VOCs-mediated plant uptake of Fe was required for induction of root NO accumulation. In addition, BF06 VOCs exposure led to a marked increase in some genes encoding for sulfate transporters, and further increased Se accumulation in plants. Intriguingly, BF06 VOCs exposure failed to increase Se uptake in _sulfur1;2_ mutants, which may indicate that high-level transcription of these sulfate transporters induced by BF06 VOCs was essential for enhancing Se absorption by plants. Taken together, our results demonstrated the potential of VOCs released by this strain BF06 to increase Fe and Se uptake in plants.  
iron deficiency; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; selenium; sulfate transporter +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Multiscale Approach to the Numerical Simulation of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
## 6 Conclusions  
This work shows a multiscale mathematical model of the solid oxide fuel cell. To build the model properly and to gain a set of benchmark data, the experimental investigation of the SOFC short stack and the direct FIB-SEM observation of the porous electrodes have been performed. For the FIB-SEM images segmentation, the semi-automatic algorithm is proposed. Based on the mathematical model, the finite volume numerical model was prepared.  
The calculated current-voltage characteristics have been compared to the one obtained from the experiment and a fair agreement was found between the empirical and numerical data. This indicates that the proposed multiscale model can properly predict the electric behavior of a SOFC. The analysis of the current generation inside the cell shows that the current is produced inside the cell primarily near the electrolyte. This effect is connected with a low mobility of the oxygen anions. Furthermore, the simulation of the cell enclosed in a constant temperature furnace, which is represented by the Dirichlet boundary conditions, demonstrates that the SOFC in this case is almost an isothermal system. Calculations with the averaged microstructure parameters adopted from the literature lead to a visible and significant discrepancy between the numerical and experimental data. This confirms that the microstructure has a non-negligible impact on the numerical calculations and should be introduced into the mathematical models of SOFCs.  
Figure 15: Comparison of the computations with two different microstructure parameters with the experimental results for \(T_{\mathrm{fur}}=650\,^{\circ}\)C, \(\chi_{\mathrm{H_{2}}}=0.6\), \(\chi_{\mathrm{N_{2}}}=0.4\)  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.S.S. and G.B.; software, M.M.; investigation, M.M., K.B., and G.B.; writing--original draft preparation, M.M.; writing--review and editing, K.B., S.K., J.S.S., and G.B.; visualization, M.M.; supervision, S.K., J.S.S.; project administration, G.B.; funding acquisition, G.B.  
**Funding:** The present study was financially supported by the FIRST TEAM program (Grant No. First TEAM/2016-1/3) of the Foundation for Polish Science co-financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund.  
**Acknowledgments:** The numerical computations made use of computational resources provided by the PL-Grid (Prometheus computing cluster).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Economic Feasibility of Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants Providing Ancillary Services
###### Abstract  
The electricity generated by some renewable energy sources (RESs) is difficult to forecast; therefore, large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) are required for balancing supply and demand. Unlike conventional pumped storage hydropower (PSH) systems, underground pumped storage hydropower (UPSH) plants are not limited by topography and produce low environmental impacts. In this paper, a deterministic model has been conducted for three UPSH plants in order to evaluate the economic feasibility when considering daily turbine cycle times at full load (DTCs) between 4 and 10 h. In the model, the day-ahead and the ancillary services markets have been compared to maximize the price spread between the electricity generated and consumed. Secondary regulation, deviation management and tertiary regulation services have been analyzed to maximize the income and minimize the cost for purchasing energy. The capital costs of an open-loop UPSH plant have been estimated for the case of using the existing infrastructure and for the case of excavating new tunnels as lower reservoirs. The net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PB) have been obtained in all scenarios. The results obtained show that the energy generation and the annual generation cycles decrease when the DTC increases from 4 to 10 h, while the NPV and the IRR increase due to investment costs. The investment cost of a 219 MW UPSH plant using the existing infrastructure reaches 366.96 M\(\&\), while the NPV, IRR and PB reached 185 M\(\&\), 7.10% and 15 years, respectively, participating in the ancillary services markets and considering a DTC of 8 h.  
energy storage; underground pumped storage; economic feasibility; ancillary services; day-ahead market; underground space +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
14 May 2020; 5 June 2020; 6 June 2020
# Reliable and Energy-Efficient LEO Satellite Communication with IR-HARQ via Power Allocation
## 4 Algorithm Implementation and Simulation Results
### Simulation Results of the Outage Probability of IR-HARQ  
In this section, we calculate the outage probability of IR-HARQ using different methods. Without losing generality, we take \(P_{1}=\ldots=P_{L}\) as an example. Figure 4 shows a comparison of the outage probability obtained by the approximation method in [24] and the exact value obtained by the MNI method under the Rician factor of \(K=0\) (Rayleigh fading). When \(L=2\) and \(P=1\), the approximation error is more than 50% in Figure 4a. When \(L=3\) and \(P=45\), the approximation error is about 17% in Figure 4b.  
As can be seen from Figure 4, the outage probability calculated by the NI-FFT method is almost the same as the exact value obtained by the MNI method. The results of the proposed NI-FFT method under different rates \(R\) are shown in Figure 5. It also proved that the proposed NI-FFT method can calculate the outage probability of IR-HARQ more accurately. Furthermore, when \(L\) increases, the NI-FFT method is still applicable.
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review on hyperscanning research (measuring brain activity simultaneously from more than two people interacting) using an explicit systematic method, the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Data were searched from IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Engineering Village, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were journal articles written in English from 2000 to 19 June 2019. A total of 126 empirical studies were screened out to address three specific questions regarding the neuroimaging method, the application domain, and the experiment paradigm. Results showed that the most used neuroimaging method with hyperscanning was magnetoencephalography/electroencephalography (MEG/EEG; 47%), and the least used neuroimaging method was hyper-transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) (1%). Applications in cognition accounted for almost half the studies (48%), while educational applications accounted for less than 5% of the studies. Applications in decision-making tasks were the second most common (26%), shortly followed by applications in motor synchronization (23%). The findings from this systematic review that were based on documented, transparent and reproducible searches should help build cumulative knowledge and guide future research regarding inter-brain neural synchrony during social interactions, that is, hyperscanning research.  
hyperscanning; electroencephalography (EEG); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS); magnetoencephalography (MEG) 2020 10 6669 10.3390/app10196669
## 3 Analysis of Experimental Results
### Effect of Dynamic Disturbance on the Failure Pattern of Siltstone Specimens
When the initial average stress is 10.05 MPa, the failure mode is shear, with a clearly visible vertical main crack penetrating through the specimen. When the initial average stress is 10.96 MPa, the macroscopic crack of the specimen becomes the shear surface inclined at 60 degrees from the top to the bottom. When the initial average stress is 11.87 MPa, the specimen can no longer bear axial stress and cyclic disturbance, the failure mode is tensile/shear mixed, the integrity of the failed specimen is poor, the rupture surface is rough, showing the characteristics of brittle failure. When the specimen is ruptured, rock fragments burst with a loud sound. Figure 5: _Cont._  
Therefore, it can be seen from the macroscopic failure of the specimen that under the cyclic dynamic disturbance, the failure mode gradually transitions from shear failure to shear-splitting mixed failure. Under large initial average stress (i.e., 18.264 MPa), a higher degree of scattering and fragmentation is observed, and the main crack extends to the bottom of the specimen, which shows that the failure mode of the specimen is closely related to the magnitude of the initial average stress. Figure 5: Axial stress-axial strain curves of siltstone samples under different \(\sigma_{\rm c}\).
# Ground Stability Analysis in Non-Open-Cut Tunneling Method Using Small-Diameter Steel Pipe Piles
## 6 Conclusions  
This study led to the following conclusions:  
1. Whereas the tunnel face collapsed to the ground surface when the pressure panel was pulled back (Stage 1) in the absence of any pile, the settlement of the ground was restrained by approximately 83-97% when the piles were installed because they prevented ground settlement. As the cover depth decreased, the ground settlement increased because of the lack of the arching effect of the ground. The displacement of the ground surface occurred upwards during the step of pushing the precast structure (Stage 2) when there was no pile. However, when the piles were installed, they prevented the heave and dispersed the displacement of the ground forward. The heave of the ground surface was restrained by approximately 14-43%. These tendencies were observed particularly at low cover depths in all cases.
2. During Stage 1, as the cover depth increased, both the ground load and stress acting on the pile increased. During Stage 2, as the cover depth decreased, the overburden load, which counters the force of heave, was small and the piles were bent more. The stresses acting on the piles generally increased.
3. During Stage 1, if the height of the precast structure is greater at the same cover depth, the stresses acting on the piles are large owing to ground loss. However, in the case of Stage 2, the stresses acting on the piles are low because the lower precast structure was further away from the surface of the ground.
4. During Stage 1, the shoe structure was reduced by 33% of the stress acting on the piles. During Stage 2, the shoe structure was reduced by an average of 49% of the stresses acting on the piles using Jumunjin sand in model tests.
5. During Stage 1, at low cover depth, the amount of ground settlement and stress acting on the piles increased as the construction of the tunnel progressed. During Stage 2, no tendency of stresses acting on the piles according to the progress of the construction was seen.  
[PERSON] supervised the research; [PERSON] proposed the concept of research and developed study; [PERSON]-[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to reviewing the final paper and made recommendations for paper revision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Seoul Institute of Technology (SIT) (2020-AA-006, A study on the smart measurement management system and policies for securing safety of underground construction site).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 26: Variation in stress acting on Pile-1 during Stage 2 of each construction cycle at cover depth of 1.5 m.
# Application of RFID to Soil-Erosion Research
## 4 Analysis and Discussion
### Experiment 2
#### 4.2.2 Recording of Particles after the Rainfall Event  
The locations and timings of particles leaving the plot are consistent with previous studies on interrill erosion. Reference [14] used a simulation model to predict an observed downslope pattern of soil loss. From this model, they were able to argue that soil erosion is greatest (i) where areas of flow are adjacent areas where flow is absent or shallow so that detachment by rainsplash is most effective and can splash particles into the flow, (ii) where flow is shallow enough to permit splash detachment, and (iii) where flow velocities are high enough to transport particles dislodged within or splashed into it. Reference [11] showed that the transport competence of rain-impacted overland flow is a function of the product of rainfall and flow energies. The RFID particles used in this experiment were too large to be splashed by rainfall impact, but observations during the experiment showed they could be dislodged, and thus become more readily available for transport by the flow. Due to their size, the competence of the flow to transport the particles would be a factor in determining their removal from the plot. The flow competence would be at a maximum at line 4 of the array where the flow was deepest, but this line would have the lowest value for rainfall energy. The product of rainfall energy and flow energy would reach a maximum away from this line, corresponding to the locations of most particles removed from the plot. Likewise, as discharge increased both down the plot and through time (plot discharge increased up to minute 12 of the experiment) dislodgement of particles by raindrops decreased, most likely accounting for the very small difference between locations of particles recorded before and after minute 9.