# Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure
## 3 Results
### Categorization of Vehicle Automation Levels  
The automation levels determine how the different aspects of the dynamic control of the vehicle are divided between the human and the car, depending on the different aspects of the control. Each has its own specific characteristics (e.g., highway merging, high-speed driving, low-speed driving in traffic congestion, and others). Categorization of vehicle automation levels consists of six levels of vehicle driving automation, starting with level 0 for the lowest recognized category and ending with level 5 for the highest category [31]. Level zero represents the most common vehicles in today's traffic, where the driver controls the vehicle, and no autonomous system is present, even though the car has enhanced warning or intervention systems, such as blind spot monitoring, which alerts the driver but does not further intervene in the steering. The first stage is called driver assistance, which is a driver assistance system that performs steering or acceleration/deceleration depending on the driving mode, usinginformation about the driving environment and expecting the driver to perform all other aspects of dynamic driving. This is also defined as driver assistance systems, such as lane keeping or active cruise control, which can accelerate and decelerate the vehicle according to a set distance from the vehicle in front. If both systems are present in the car and able to work together at the same time, they fulfill the prerequisite for the second level of categorization, which is called partial automation. It should be added that in the zero, first, and second stages, it is assumed that the surroundings are monitored by a human driver who is driving the vehicle and is ready to intervene and take control at any moment. The third stage is called conditional automation and consists of the vehicle being able to accelerate, decelerate, and steer up to a certain speed, while the driver must be able to take control of the vehicle if necessary, but until such a need arises, the vehicle takes care of monitoring the surroundings. The fourth level is called high automation and is an improvement of the previous level, but the difference is that this kind of car can cope in most situations without the need for human intervention. The fifth level, the highest possible category of vehicle automation, is called full or complete automation, which means fully autonomous driving of the vehicle without any human driver activity. In the highest three levels of automation, the car itself, and not the human, monitors the surroundings [32]. Figure 2 presents a comparison of the share of autonomous vehicle sales of levels 2-4 in total vehicle sales in 2025 and 2030 by level of automation. In 2025, the share of total sales of autonomous vehicles of \"Level 2--Entry\" will be approximately 47% of all vehicle sales; in 2030, this figure will decrease to 39%, but at the same time, sales of vehicles with a higher level of autonomy will increase. In 2025, sales of autonomous vehicles in the \"Level 2--advanced\" category are expected to account for 12% of total sales, so in 2030, this figure will rise to 17%. Equally, there will be an increase in Level 3 vehicles, which will see their share of total sales rise from 4% to 5%. The most significant growth, however, can be seen in \"Level 4--highly-autonomous vehicles\", which will see an increase from 0% to 3% between 2025 and 2030. Again, these statistics only prove that the growth in sales of autonomous vehicles cannot be stopped, and thus, everybody needs to adapt to this trend and seize the opportunity to integrate and exploit the synergistic potential offered by the combination of smart cities and Autonomous Vehicles as much as possible [33]. Figure 2: Levels 2–4 autonomous vehicle sales as a share of total vehicle sales in 2025 and 2030, by automation level. Own processing according to Statista data.