# Exploring the Potential of Microextraction in the Survey of Food Fruits and Vegetable Safety
## 2 Extraction Approaches Used to Assess Food Safety
### Microextraction Approaches
#### 2.2.3 The Potential of Microextraction Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Extraction Method** & **Description/Analytical Technique** & **Contaminants/LODs** & **Matrix** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DLLME} & Glyphosate converted to dithiocarbamic acid & \multirow{4}{*}{Glyphosate (herbicide)/} & \multirow{4}{*}{Legumes} & \multirow{4}{*}{[122]} \\  & with carbon disulphide, followed by copper & & & \\  & in the presence of ammonia; complex & 0.21 mg L\({}^{-1}\) & & \\  & formation; collection in dichloromethane & & & \\  & drop/UV-Vis & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DLLME} & A total of 0.6 mL of CTAB (0.01 mol L\({}^{-1}\)), & & & \\  & ziram, 0.6 mL ascorbic acid (0.01 mol L\({}^{-1}\)); & & & \\  & 4.5 mL H\({}_{2}\)O (dilution);400 mL carbon & & & \\  & tetrachloride, 2.75 mL ethanol, 0.75 mL of & & & \\  & HACuL (\(1.52\times 10^{-4}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\)); cloudy & & & \\  & mixture centrifugation (80 s, 6000 rpm)/ & & & \\  & UV-Vis analysis (530 nm) of red & & & \\  & sediment phase & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GA-DLLME} & A gas bubbled into a test tube to disperse the DES (extraction solvent); cloudy solution & Dazinon, penconazole, & \multirow{4}{*}{[124]} \\  & formation; centrifugation; collection of the & & & \\  & sedimented phase/GC-FID (1 uL) & & & \\  & and fenzazquin/0.024-1.4 ug L\({}^{-1}\) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MCNOs-DLLME} & Magnetic carbon nano-onions absorbed the analytes; clean-up and preconcentration by DLLME/GC-MS & Several pesticides/ & \multirow{4}{*}{[125]} \\  & VAL extraction; DDLME of the supernatant by chloroform/LC-MS/MS (10 uL) & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{dSPE-DLLME} & An analytes adsorbed into the poly & \multirow{4}{*}{[127]} & Penconazole, chlorpyrifos, & \multirow{4}{*}{[126]} \\  & (\(\epsilon\)-caprolactone) grafted graphene quantum & & & \\  & dots sorbent; centrifugation and elution by & & & \\  & MeOH; eluent mixed with 1,1,2-TCE; & & & \\  & centrifugation/GC-FID (1 uL) & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CNPs-dSPE-DLLME} & An analytes adsorbed into the amorphous CNPs & \multirow{4}{*}{[127]} & \multirow{4}{*}{[127]} \\  & sorbent; centrifugation and elution of & & & \\  & supernatant with iso-propanol under & & & \\  & sonication; eluent mixed with 1,2-DBE; & & & \\  & cloudy solution formation; & dinonazole (fungicide)/ & & \\  & centrifugation/GC-FID (1 uL) & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{IL-DLLME} & A 5.0 mL sample diluted with ACN & \multirow{4}{*}{[127]} \\  & (0.3–280 ug L\({}^{-1}\)); spiked with 450 uL of & & & \\  & Cu(II) (5 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) at pH 5.5; TBZ-Cu complex & & & \\  & formation; 15 mg [C\({}_{4}\)mim][PF\({}_{6}\)] (extraction & & \\  & solvent); 300 uL. ACN (disperser solvent); & & \\  & extraction of the complex to IL phase; 15 mL & \multirow{4}{*}{[128]} \\  & H\({}_{2}\)O; doubling by ultrasonication (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, & & \\  & 10 min); analyte extraction into droplets of & & \\  & [C\({}_{4}\)mim][PF\({}_{6}\)]: centrifugation (3500 rpm & & \\  & 2 min); IL Phase dilution with 400 uL & & \\  & MeOH/UV-Vis (340 nm) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{dSPE-SFOME} & ACN extraction; clean-up and concentration & Organochlorine & \multirow{4}{*}{[129]} \\  & SFOME & by SFOME/GC-ECD & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{QuEChERS-MSPE-DLLME} & MSPE: 5 mL of sample absorbed in 50 mg of & \multirow{4}{*}{[130]} \\  & Fe\({}_{3}\)O4@SiO\({}_{2}\) magnetic nanoparticles; ACN & & & \\  & desorption; DLLME: 40 uL 1,1,2-TCE & & & \\  & (extraction solvent)/GC-FID (1 uL) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Preservatives} & \multirow{4}{*}{[131]} \\  & LDS-DLLME: 5 mL sample, 50 uL 1-heptanol & \multirow{4}{*}{[132]} \\  & (30 s; 2000 rpm); MPSE: 160 uL DA@Fe\({}_{3}\)O4 & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & nanoparticles (30 s; 2000 rpm); 200 uL & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & acidified ACN desorbed 1-heptanol by vortex & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & (20 s)/HPLC (20 uL) & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._