esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Voids Detection in Bonded Metal/Composite Assemblies Using Acousto-Ultrasonic Method
## 1 Introduction
[27] identified critical parameters for the damage detection sensitivity via numerical simulations using a spectral-element-model-based analysis and experimental results obtained from aluminum coupons. Their results indicated that the uncertainty in the sensor-transmitter installation and the damage propagation path have a significant effect on the recorded signals and the damage index evaluation. Wave propagation was also simulated in the context of acoustic emission [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43], where the source was not a controlled emission signal but originated from a damage mechanism occurring in the material. Since both AU and AE techniques use the same acquisition system and the same sensors, wave propagation modeling [34; 35; 36; 40; 41; 42; 43] and receiver sensor modeling [37; 38; 39; 44] are equivalent. The AE source modeling is, however, quite different from models developed in acoustics, since the sources (for instance, crack propagation) are not controlled in the AE analysis. Although the literature in the field of acoustic emission modeling is relatively significant, few authors simulated wave propagation in the context of AU. In a previous paper [24] concerning the experimental characterization of metal/composite or concrete/composite assemblies using AU, we showed that the identification of this kind of defect is quite difficult. Nevertheless, the proposed methodology proved to be sensitive to all the studied defects in two different bonded assemblies. Therefore, more investigations are necessary to define the limits of the method. In order to increase the robustness of the technique, a more quantitative approach based on modeling work is required in order to quantify the defect influence on wave propagation through the assembly and the corresponding acquired signals. This paper deals with numerical AU simulations in assemblies made of a steel substrate and a unidirectional composite laminate bonded with an epoxy adhesive. The objective of this work is to investigate numerically the sensitivity of the AU technique to voids within the joint. Three-dimensional FE models are developed to simulate the influence of voids and sensor location on the recorded signal. The paper is structured as follows. The experimental and numerical approaches are presented in Sections 2 and 3. In Section 3.3, we study the received signals obtained with two kinds of sensors, a perfect sensor and an R15 sensor, and highlight the influence of the receiver sensor location on the composite plate.
## 3 Result  
### PS and DS InSAR  
Figure 7 presents the average deformation rates in the Jiuzhaigou area for 2017-2020, using inverse distance weight interpolation to fill in missing values and resampling to 30 m \(\times\) 30 m. This is consistent with the fact that only a few cells were at high deformation rates in the three years following the earthquake, with most cells showing very little deformation. In areas of high deformation, it is often associated with artificial activity.  
The 2017 earthquake, and subsequent tectonic movements and human-made activities, produced large-scale surface deformation in the Jiuzhaigou region. Figure 7a illustrates the estimated deformation map for the SAR images. The PS points obtained by the PS-InSAR method are mainly concentrated in urban areas, such as human-made structures and exposed rock masses. Then, with the addition of DS points, reliable deformation signals were obtained not only in the urban areas but also in non-urban areas, such as mountainous and densely vegetated areas. In the study area, landslide deformation values ranged from \(-\)56 mm/year to 42 mm/year, with intense deformation concentrated on the side slopes of towns and roads. In addition, there was also relatively large deformation on hilltops due to snow and freeze-thaw. Figure 8 shows the deformation rate map for a local area of landslide, where the change in landslide YG145 was very pronounced in the period following the earthquake, and correspondingly the landslide susceptibility in this area was much greater than in the surrounding areas where the change was not as pronounced.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**InSAR Deformation**} \\ \hline  & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\  & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\  & 2 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\  & 3 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\  & 4 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\  & 5 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 6 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The correction matrix of dynamic landslide susceptibility maps. LSM degree is 1 = low; 2 = low-medium; 3 = medium; 4 = medium-high and 5 = high.  
Figure 7: (a) InSAR deformation of study area. (b) The index of \(v_{slope}\), where each cell is 30 m \(\times\) 30 m, and \(v_{slope}\) reverse directional deformation leading to the landslide is considered to be 0.
# Energy Consumption Analysis of a Rolling Mechanism Based on a Five-Bow-Shaped-Bar Linkage
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] proposed an analytic workspace determination method, and a simple algorithm for their trajectory planning was provided for prescribed Cartesian trajectories. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] presented a general framework for planning point-to-point motions that extended beyond the static workspace of six-degree-of-freedom cable-suspended parallel mechanisms. Furthermore, Bezier curves are widely used in machine tool machining [30; 31; 32], CAD/CAM design [33; 34], and trajectory optimization and prediction for mobile robots [35]. A path-smoothing technique was proposed using Bezier curves to ensure smoothness and continuity of spiking points [36]. A new strategy was developed to plan the smooth path for mobile robots through an improved PSO algorithm in combination with the continuous high-degree Bezier curve [37]. A novel path and velocity planning method for lane changing collision avoidance of intelligent vehicle based on cubic 3D Bezier curve was proposed to guarantee the flexibility of the path [38]. [PERSON] et al. [39] proposed a new approach for the smooth path planning of mobile robots based on a new quartic Bezier transition curve and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] presented a composite polynomial consisting of cubic polynomials and Bezier curves to obtain a smooth trajectory in the vicinity of the starting and ending points. Inspired by the insights above, this study proposes a trajectory planning method based on the workspace of the CoM. Specifically, using different height points located on the symmetric centerline of the workspace of the CoM as via points, the CoM trajectory is planned by high-order differentiable composite polynomial functions. In addition, Lagrange's equation, including the Rayleigh dissipation function, is established to consider the viscous friction in the joint. Then, the relationship between energy consumption and the height of the via point is identified, which provides a reference for reducing energy consumption during locomotion. The structure and content of this paper are organized as follows. The mechanical structure, the kinematic model, and the CoM trajectories planning are elaborated in Section 2. The dynamics and energy consumption models under different CoM trajectories are described in Section 3. The analysis results of the kinematics simulation of the mechanism based on ADAMS are given to verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation results in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion and future work are discussed in Section 5.
## 3 Results
### Determination of Antimicrobial Activityby the Agar Dilution Method  
The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EOs) and their combinations with vitamin C was additionally assessed using the agar dilution method. This allowed for a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy under solid medium conditions. For _Escherichia coli_, the combination of oregano essential oil (OEO) at 5% (\(v/v\)) with vitamin C at 20 mg/mL resulted in complete growth inhibition. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the combination was determined to be 4% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)), compared to the higher values observed for the individual components. In the case of _Candida albicans_, a decrease in the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) from 5% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)) for pure OEO to 2% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)) for the combination was observed.In contrast, results obtained for _Staphylococcus aureus_ suggested a possible antagonistic interaction. The MBC of pure OEO was 4% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)), while the combination with vitamin C required a higher concentration of 5% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)) to achieve comparable antimicrobial activity.A similar pattern was observed with thyme essential oil (TEO). Against _C. albicans_, the combination with vitamin C reduced the MFC from 5% to 2% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)). However, for _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_, no significant difference was noted between the activity of the pure TEO and the combination, with MIC values remaining at 5% (\(\
icefrac{{\tau}}{{v}}\)) in both cases.Control experiments using vitamin C alone (1-20 mg/mL) showed no inhibitory effect on any of the tested strains following 24 h of incubation. These results confirm that, at the tested concentrations, vitamin C does not exhibit independent antimicrobial activity.A summary of the results obtained from the agar dilution method is presented in Table 3.
# An Edge-Based Approach to Partitioning and Overlapping Graph Clustering with User-Specified Density
## 2 Literature
At present, several popular libraries such as Scikit-learn, NetworkX, igraph, and MATLAB include the implementation of many algorithms, such as fluid communities, Louvain, and the spectral method described above, and they can be easily used. To date, there has not been a graph clustering algorithm that allows users to specify some form of density in the resulting clusters. The only attempt to satisfy this requirement in partitioning clustering is in [16]. It merits special attention, and the comparison with the approach in this work is discussed in Section 4. The work described in this manuscript is the first attempt to integrate overlapping clustering with user-specified density. The significance of this approach lies in advancing overlapping clustering. It also presents an understanding of complex relationships within networks where entities often belong to multiple clusters simultaneously, especially in the fields of social network analysis, biology, and information retrieval. The study not only presents another novel approach but also has various applications highlighted in the Introduction section. It also identifies a research gap in overlapping clustering algorithms and extends the understanding in this field.
# Automatic Modulation Classification Using Hybrid Data Augmentation and Lightweight Neural Network
## 5 Conclusions  
This article proposes a lightweight and efficient AMC method and validates it using a modulated signal dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that this method has higher classification accuracy, stronger robustness, and better generalization ability compared to three other comparison methods, with the accuracy improved by at least 2%. Additionally, the ablation experiment further confirms the effectiveness of each module in this method, with an accuracy improvement of about 8%. In the complexity analysis, the proposed lightweight AMC method outperforms the non-lightweight method, with advantages in both model complexity and computational complexity. However, the effect of noise on feature extraction is not considered in this paper, so future work will explore various signal-to-noise ratios and other schemes, such as Transformer or LSTM for effective feature extraction from time-series data. Overall, the proposed method has broad applications in various IQ signal-based electromagnetic signal identification tasks, including radiation source identification. Based on complex-valued separable convolution, the network framework can be easily modified or expanded according to the target task requirements, and further performance improvements can be achieved by combining with other data augmentation methods.  
**Author Contributions:** Methodology, F.W. and T.S.; Software, F.W., C.H. and Q.L.; Validation, C.H.; Investigation, T.S.; Writing--original draft, F.W.; Visualization, Q.L.; Supervision, T.S.; Project administration, Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **Parameters** & **FLOPs** & **Size/KB** \\ \hline CVResNet & 1,848,965 & 117,750,272 & 7376 \\ Lightweight CVResNet & 308,117 (83.34\%\(\downarrow\)) & 19,115,008 (83.77\%\(\downarrow\)) & 1424 (80.69\%\(\downarrow\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The parameters, FLOPS, model size of CVResNet, and lightweight CVResNet.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number U20B2038.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The research data can be available via email requirement.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Transcriptional Analysis of Masson Pine
## 5 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Abbr.** & **Full Name** & **Abbr.** & **Full Name** \\ \hline PS & Photosystem & LEC & Light Harvesting Complex \\ PC & Plastocyanin & RuBP & Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate \\
3-PG & 3-Phosphoglycerate & 1,3-DPG & 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate \\ PGAL & 3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde & DHAP & Dihydroxy-Acetone Phosphate \\ FBP & Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate & F-6-P & Fructose-6-Phosphate \\ E-4-P & Erythrose 4-Phosphate & SBP & Sedoheptulose-1,7-Diphosphate \\ S-7-P & Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate & R-5-P & Ribose-5-Phosphate \\ Ru-5-P & Ribulose-1,5-Phosphate & Xu-5-P & Xylulose-5-Phosphate \\
6-PG & 6-Phosphogluconate & 6-PG-L & Gluconolactone-6-Phosphate \\ G-6-P & Glucose-6-Phosphate & 2-PG & 2-Phosphoglycerate \\ PEP & Phosphoenolpyruvic & EP & Enolpyruvic Acid \\ Pyr & Pyruvic Acid & AcCoA & Acetyl CoA \\ ICL & Isocitric Acid & KGA & \(\alpha\)-Ketoglutaric Acid \\ SUA & Succinate Acid & H2 MA & Malic Acid \\ OAA & Oxaloacetic Acid & RCA & Rubisco Activase \\ PGK & Phosphoglycerate Kinase & GAPDH & Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate \\  & & Dehydrogenase & Dehydrogenase \\ TPI & Triose-Phosphate & TRA & Transaldolase \\  & Isomerase & TKL & Transketolase \\ FBPase & Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase & TKL & Transketolase \\ RPI & Ribulose Phosphate & SBPase & Sedoheptulose-1,7-Bisphosphatase \\ RPK & Phosphoribulokinase & RPE & Ribulose Phosphate Epimerase \\
6-PGDH & 6-Phosphogluconate & G-6-PD & Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase \\ G-6-Page & Glucose-6-Phosphatase & HK & Hexokinase \\ PK & Pyruvate Kinase & PGAM & Phosphoglycerate Mutase \\ CS & Citrate Synthase & ICD & Isocitrate Dehydrogenase \\ OGDC & \(\alpha\)-Ketoglutarate & SDH & succinate Dehydrogenase \\  & Dehydrogenase & TP & Triose Phosphate \\ MDH & Malate Dehydrogenase & UDP-Glc & Uridine Diphosphate Glucose \\ ADP-Glc & Glucose & & UMP-Glc & Uridine Diphosphate Glucose \\ M-6-P & Mannose-6-Phosphate & M-1-P & Mannose-1-Phosphate \\ GDP-Man & Guanosine Diphosphate & GDP-Fuc & Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose \\ UDP-Rha & Uridine Diphosphate & UDP-Gal & Uridine Diphosphate Galacturonate \\  & Rhamose & UDP-GlyclcA & Uridine Diphosphate \\ UDP-GlcA & Glucuronate & UDP-Xyl & Uridine Diphosphate Xylose \\ UDP-Api & Uridine Diphosphate & UDP-Arap & Uridine Diphosphate Arabinose, \\  & Apiose & & Pyranose form \\ UDP-Araf & Uridine Diphosphate, & FDA & Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase \\ GPI & Phosphoglucose & PGM & Phosphoglucoutatase \\  & Isomerase & & Adenosine Diphosphoglucose \\ SP & Starch Phosphorylase & AGP & Pyrophosphorylase \\ SSS & Soluble Starch Synthase & GBSS & Granule-bound Starch Synthase \\  & Starch Branching & UGP & UDP-Glucose Pyrophospharylase \\  & Enzyme & Cellulose Synthase & \\ CesA & Catalytic Subunit & Csl & Cellulose Synthase \\ MPI & Phosphomannose & & PMM & Phosphomannomutase \\  & Isomerase & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Abbreviation in this study.
# Mechanical Properties and Formaldehyde Release of Particleboard Made with Lignin-Based Adhesives
## 4 Conclusions  
The research presented in this paper shows that magnesium lignocellulosic has a great potential to be used as an adhesive in particleboard manufacturing when cross-linkers such as PMDI and glucose are added in the adhesive recipes. The process of mild oxidation of lignocellulosic with hydrogen peroxide caused only minor changes in its chemical structure and its bonding properties. Particboards glued only with oxidized lignocellulosiconate (20% reported in oven-dried wood) without cross-linkers did not meet the required standard performance. An addition of cross-linkers, such as PMDI, of 3% (reported in the weight of dried wood particles), or mixed PMDI (1% and 2%, respectively), of the weight of the dried wood particles) and glucose (1% of the lignocellulosic content), improved the bonding properties enough to meet the requirements of the panels P2 designed for indoor use (furniture included), according to EN 312: 2004. FTIR analysis confirmed cross-linking reactions involving PMDI, the oxidized magnesium lignocellulosic and glucose.  
Formaldehyde emission released from the experimental panels ranged between 0.347 mg/m\({}^{2}\).h and 0.789 mg/m\({}^{2}\).h, the lower limits corresponding to values of formaldehyde generated by several natural wood species, as other researchers also stated in their study [74]. The experimental results proved that cross-linkers, such as PMDI and glucose contribute not only to a higher internal cohesion of boards, but they may act as formaldehyde scavengers.  
The paper promotes a solution for the use of lignin in eco-adhesives for wood-based panels, currently limited to indoor applications. Further tests must be done in order to extend their uses for outdoor applications. This study aligns with the new regulations concerning formaldehyde emission, which requires reaching E0 class in the future.  
Conceptualization, C.C. and G.B.P.; methodology, C.C., G.B.P., O.Z., M.C.T. and A.L.; software, C.C., M.C.T. and G.B.P.; validation, C.C., G.B.P., O.Z., M.C.T. and A.L.; formal analysis, C.C. and O.Z.; investigation, G.B.P., M.C.T. and A.L.; resources, G.B.P.; data curation, C.C.; writing--original draft preparation, C.C. and O.Z.; writing--review and editing, C.C., M.C.T. and O.Z.; visualization, O.Z. and M.C.T.; supervision, C.C.; project administration, G.B.P.; funding acquisition, G.B.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure 7: Power curve fitting of formaldehyde emission.  
**Acknowledgments:** We hereby acknowledge the structural funds project PRO-DD (POS-CCE, O.2.2.1., ID 123, SMIS 2637, No. 11/2009) for providing the infrastructure used in this work and Contract No. 7/9.01.2014.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Laser-induced periodic surface structures have been extensively studied for various materials because of their promising applications. For these applications, uniform rippled structures with well-defined large areas are required. However, the efficient fabrication of uniform rippled structures is a challenge. Morphologies of rippled structures of multiple-shot-ablated regions considerably affect the processing efficiency of uniform rippled structures because incubation effects are crucial. In this study, the effects of a pulse number and irradiation modes on surface morphologies of rippled structures on the titanium surface are experimentally studied. The experimental results indicate the following: (1) Samples first irradiated using several shots and then using remaining shots by designing laser pulse irradiation modes exhibit improved surface morphologies, such as larger ablation areas and finer rippled structures. (2) When the pulse number in the first series is less than that in the second series, the rippled structures are characterized using larger areas and periods. (3) The ablated areas with rippled structures increase with the increasing number of pulses. (4) The periods of ripples reduce with the increasing number of pulses. Therefore, according to different requirements, uniform rippled structures can be efficiently fabricated and adjusted using the designed laser pulse modes and pulse number.  
Keywords:surface morphologies; subwavelength-rippled structures; femtosecond laser; incubation effect +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# The Evolution and Optimization Strategies of a PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchains
## 3 An Introduction to Mainstream Consensus Algorithms
### The Mainstream Consensus Algorithms Used in Consortium Blockchains
#### 3.3.1 DPoS
[71] re-imagined the federated learning market through a social IoT framework governed by DPoS, incentivizing data contributions while maintaining model integrity--an important advancement in distributed machine learning ecosystems. The surveyed literature highlights the evolution of DPoS from a blockchain consensus mechanism to a cross-domain coordination tool. Reference [67] demonstrates its adaptability to industry demands, while [68] emphasizes its potential as a driver of large-scale, interoperable decentralized systems. Ongoing challenges include balancing decentralization with regulatory compliance in public sector applications [66] and optimizing energy efficiency in resource-intensive deployments [69]. Emerging research avenues include quantum-resistant DPoS variants and hybrid consensus models that integrate machine learning for adaptive validator selection. These developments may solidify DPoS's role in next-generation infrastructures, from smart cities to Industry 4.0 ecosystems. As shown in Table 7, existing improvements to the DPoS algorithm can be systematically categorized into three main directions: security enhancement, vertical scenario adaptation, and efficiency and resource optimization. Security-enhancing methods strengthen resistance to Sybil attacks and data leakage protection by incorporating dynamic validator election, anomaly detection mechanisms, and privacy-preserving computation technologies (such as zero-knowledge proofs), ensuring the trustworthiness of consensus participants and the confidentiality of data. Research on vertical scenario adaptation customizes consensus rules and interaction protocols to meet the differentiated needs of fields such as transportation, industrial IoT, and federated learning. Examples include privacy-preserving carpool transaction verification, multi-robot collaborative scheduling, and real-time synchronization in digital twins, highlighting DPoS's flexible scalability in cross-domain applications. The efficiency optimization direction focuses on lightweight designs (such as edge device resource management) and real-time performance improvements (such as consensus acceleration in latency-sensitive scenarios). However, this optimization strategy inevitably increases centralization risks, undermining decentralization.