esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Case Study: LCA Results and Discussion
### Environmental Assessment
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Unit** & **Bitumen** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Limestone** \\ **Transport (78 km)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Fuel** \\ \hline GWP & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq & 2.59 & \(1.43\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.26\times 10^{-1}\) \\ ODP & kg CFC\({}^{-11}\) eq & \(3.64\times 10^{-6}\) & \(2.62\times 10^{-8}\) & \(4.00\times 10^{-7}\) \\ AP & kg SO\({}_{2}\) eq & \(2.44\times 10^{-2}\) & \(4.86\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.89\times 10^{-3}\) \\ EP & kg PO\({}_{4}\) eq & \(3.13\times 10^{-3}\) & \(9.39\times 10^{-5}\) & \(3.37\times 10^{-4}\) \\ POFP & kg NMVOC & \(2.37\times 10^{-2}\) & \(6.66\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.52\times 10^{-3}\) \\ ADP & kg Sb eq & \(1.39\times 10^{-7}\) & \(3.20\times 10^{-10}\) & \(4.43\times 10^{-8}\) \\ ADP (fossil fuels) & MJ & \(2.84\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.03\) & \(3.09\times 10^{1}\) \\ WU & m\({}^{3}\) & \(8.02\times 10^{-1}\) & \(7.37\times 10^{-3}\) & \(6.48\times 10^{-2}\) \\ CED & MJ & \(3.10\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.17\) & \(3.31\times 10^{1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Environmental impacts for binder, limestone transport, and fuel used in bituminous central. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Unit** & **Asphalp Paper** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Pneumatic** \\ **Roller** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Tandem** \\ **Vibratory Roller** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline GWP & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq & \(4.19\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.32\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.64\times 10^{-1}\) \\ ODP & kg CFC\({}^{-11}\) eq & \(7.90\times 10^{-8}\) & \(4.37\times 10^{-8}\) & \(3.09\times 10^{-8}\) \\ AP & kg SO\({}_{2}\) eq & \(3.27\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.81\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.28\times 10^{-3}\) \\ EP & kg PO\({}_{4}\) eq & \(7.23\times 10^{-4}\) & \(4.00\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.83\times 10^{-4}\) \\ POFP & kg NMVOC & \(6.06\times 10^{-3}\) & \(3.36\times 10^{-3}\) & \(2.37\times 10^{-3}\) \\ ADP & kg Sb eq & \(1.30\times 10^{-8}\) & \(7.17\times 10^{-9}\) & \(5.08\times 10^{-9}\) \\ ADP (fossil fuels) & MJ & \(6.15\) & \(3.40\) & \(2.41\) \\ WU & m\({}^{3}\) & \(2.48\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.37\times 10^{-2}\) & \(9.69\times 10^{-3}\) \\ CED & MJ & \(6.57\) & \(3.63\) & \(2.57\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Environmental impacts for equipment used in surface layer paving. operation of the final product (loader and telescopic handler). Grits pretreatment has the same operations as dregs, except for the scalping screen process. Table 11 shows the grits pretreatment impacts, mainly due to transport and drying. In addition to these impacts, the grits pretreatment operation also has impacts related to the loader and telescopic handler (Table 10) operations like the dregs. The main divergence between dregs and grits (Tables 10 and 11) results from the difference in moisture content between those wastes, which is higher in dregs. Therefore, transporting dregs to the waste manager consumes more fuel for the same amount of waste (on a dry basis). The drying period of dregs is also longer than the grits and, consequently, consumes more electricity.
# New Landslide Disaster Monitoring System: Case Study of Pingding Village
###### Abstract  
The Linbeiken area is located in the village of Pingding, Taiwan. Since the Mindulle and Aere Typhoons in 2004, and as a result of the landslide triggered by the continuous heavy rainfall on 9 June 2006, there has been a persistent collapse of side slopes in the area. This paper describes the equipment that was installed to collect on-site topographic and hydrological information in the Linbeiken area upstream of the Pingding River and to monitor changes in the landslide area, as well as the measurements that were collected during the 2008 Typhoon Sinlaku. A case study of a landslide in Pingding, Taiwan was used to monitor the accurate coordinate changes in the potential landslide areas during typhoons. The goal of this study was to establish warning indexes, and to strengthen the software and hardware at the local disaster response center in the hope of gaining a full idea of the surface movement in landslide areas in future flood seasons. This is important for boosting the preparedness to adapt to landslide hazards, for improving disaster warnings, and for reporting efficiently to better protect the lives and property of local residents. The results show that the landslide disaster monitoring and warning system in Taiwan, as applied during Typhoon Sinlaku in 2008, is both effective and comprehensive.  
Global Positioning System (GPS); landslide; disaster prevention monitoring; disaster mitigation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Specificity of Portable Robot Manipulators  
The requirements for robot manipulators differ significantly from those of industrial robots. Key distinctions include a much lower structural mass, a higher load-to-weight ratio, and greater collision resistance. Because these manipulators are teleoperated and operate in highly unpredictable environments, their drive speeds are typically low. Moreover, the precision needed only has to match human capabilities rather than the higher standards of industrial robots. For tasks such as EOD, careless or imprecise movement could trigger hazardous events, so high speed is neither necessary nor advisable.  
Another important feature of these solutions is their ability to maintain position and orientation when drive power is lost, coupled with the inability to use automatic home positioning once the device is started. Portable robot manipulators also come in a wide variety of kinematic configurations. Most have serial structures, usually based on rotary joints. Unlike parallel mechanisms driven by linear actuators, which are common in heavy-duty applications, rotary drives provide the required workspace and allow the manipulator to fold into compact dimensions for transport.  
Most solutions of this type have a modular structure. In lightweight robots designed for special tasks, these joints are powered by electric motors equipped with gears to achieve the required torque and speed. The choice of gear type depends on various factors, but self-locking gears--such as worm or spiroid gears--are frequently used. Designs employing gears, such as harmonic or cycloidal drives, also exist.  
In this study, we assume that worm gears with integrated overload clutches are employed as the final drive stage. This solution provides joint compliance when the load limit is exceeded. Consequently, the worm gear housings serve as the manipulator's rotary joints.  
It is also assumed that, during the design stage, various components and design solutions can be freely considered, from which the best option is ultimately selected to build the manipulator. The proposed approach introduces a so-called \"library of solutions\", featuring worm gear drive components that meet the aforementioned requirements. Moreover, because the robot's movements are sufficiently slow, the resulting loads can be treated as quasi-static.  
Additionally, we assume that any dynamic loads--occurring, for instance, during collisions or when using devices such as shotguns, pyrotechnic disruptors, or window breakers--may lead to momentary overloads. In such situations, the overload clutches in the joints would engage or the robot might temporarily lose stability but the structure itself would remain undamaged.
## 3 Materials and Methods
compensates for the phase changes in the uplink and downlink is realized by the respective phase shifters, as shown in Figure 3. The \"Correction\" section in the figure compensates for the nonlinear factors introduced by relativistic effects and the ionosphere in real-time. The final phase shift values, allocated proportionally, are determined by considering phase variations detected in real-time across the entire link combined with the corrections. Once the phase shifters have been passed at the receiver and the requisite corrections have been made, a closed-loop feedback system maintains the carrier-phase value at approximately zero. The full-path phase noise can be progressively reduced, thereby minimizing the phase difference between the receiver and transmitter and enabling the ground station frequency standard to be recovered at the satellite. Implementing real-time correction and compensation at the ground station depends on knowing all the quantities to be compensated through Equation (3) in real-time at the ground station.
# Key Management Scheme Based on Route Planning of Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks
###### Abstract  
In many wireless sensor network application scenarios the key management scheme with a Mobile Sink (MS) should be fully investigated. This paper proposes a key management scheme based on dynamic clustering and optimal-routing choice of MS. The concept of Traveling Salesman Problem with Neighbor areas (TSPN) in dynamic clustering for data exchange is proposed, and the selection probability is used in MS route planning. The proposed scheme extends static key management to dynamic key management by considering the dynamic clustering and mobility of MSs, which can effectively balance the total energy consumption during the activities. Considering the different resources available to the member nodes and sink node, the session key between cluster head and MS is established by modified an ECC encryption with Diffie-Hellman key exchange (ECDH) algorithm and the session key between member node and cluster head is built with a binary symmetric polynomial. By analyzing the security of data storage, data transfer and the mechanism of dynamic key management, the proposed scheme has more advantages to help improve the resilience of the key management system of the network on the premise of satisfying higher connectivity and storage efficiency.  
wireless sensor networks; key management; mobile sink; route planning; elliptic curve cryptography +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Phase-Modulated Continuous-Wave Coherent Ranging Method and Anti-Interference Evaluation
###### Abstract  
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been applied in many areas because of its excellent performance. An easily achievable, cost-effective, and high-performance ranging method is a major challenge of LiDAR. Meanwhile, with the increasing applications of LiDAR, numerous LiDARs can be made to operate simultaneously, and potential interference is inevitable. Therefore, immunity against interference is paramount in LiDAR systems. In this paper, we demonstrated a ranging method referred to as phase-modulated continuous-wave (PhMCW). A detection range of 50 m and a ranging error of 2.2 cm are achieved. A one-dimensional scanning LiDAR system that is capable of detecting targets at 28 m is built, demonstrating the validation of the PhMCW method. Moreover, we propose a quantitative method for evaluating the anti-interference capability of lidar systems. The \(p\)-values of the Ljung-Box test were 0.0589 and 0.6327 for ToF and coherent LiDAR interferences, respectively, indicating that the PhMCW system is immune to interference. The proposed method can be applied to all types of LiDAR systems, regardless of the ranging method or beam-steering technique used.  
LiDAR; PhMCW; anti-interference capability +
Footnote †: journal:
## 1 Introduction
### Context  
Traditionally, multicast distributions have been classified in terms of structure, either tree or mesh. They were also classified according to how the sources in a multicast group share the multicast distribution; whether it is one per source (source specific) or a common one for all sources (shared tree or mesh). A tree _versus_ a mesh is a tradeoff between availability, robustness, and resources consumed. Redundant paths in mesh structure result in higher availability and more robustness. An inherent advantage of shared structures is that no separate mechanism is needed for source discovery. As long as receivers are connected to the common structure, they will receive packets from all sources. With a source specific distribution mechanism, receivers must have some method of discovering the sources within a multicast group. In principle, a directory based solution is possible, ad hoc networks will typically use broadcasting for source announcement. Source specific tree/mesh has the potential for being more efficient (fewer hops between a source and the receivers).  
The type of distribution mechanisms affects how resource reservation and admission control is handled. In a shared tree/mesh, without QoS, a new source needs only to find the shortest path to the shared tree. However, in a QoS setting, a source must try to be admitted by all relaying nodes in a shared structure. Shared structures also allow different styles of resource reservation. The reservation can be per source or be shared. The latter is typically exemplified by voice conferences in which participants seldom talk simultaneously. They can therefore share the same reservation, and in this situation a reservation per participant would be a waste of resources. This concept is formalized in the resource usage filter defined in Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) [55]. Most protocols based on a shared tree use shared reservation style [29, 32, 43]. Only the protocol ODQMM [38] utilizes both types of reservations, shared and source specific reservation.
## 5 Results
### Statistical Significance of Performance Differences  
To assess whether the performance gains achieved by our approach over the method proposed by [PERSON] et al. [19] are statistically significant, we conducted hypothesis testing across multiple evaluation metrics.  
[PERSON] et al. [19] reported only aggregate scores without per-fold results, which precludes a direct two-sample comparison. As an alternative, we applied one-sample \(t\)-tests [50] using the per-fold metrics obtained in our experiments. These values were compared against the single-point values published in their study for the shared metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.  
Since [PERSON] et al. [19] did not report ROC-AUC values, this metric was excluded from the statistical analysis to ensure fair comparison.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **[PERSON] et al. [19]** & **DL Proposal** \\ \hline Accuracy & 0.7646 & 0.9548 \\ F-score & 0.6216 & 0.9522 \\ Precision & 0.6165 & 0.9597 \\ Recall & 0.6277 & 0.9492 \\ ROC-AUC & Not Reported & 0.9523 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: A comparison of classification results on the _xAPI_ dataset between [PERSON] et al. [19] and our DL proposal. The ROC-AUC was not reported in [PERSON] et al.’s study.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Fold** & **Accuracy** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **F1-Score** & **ROC-AUC** \\ \hline
1 & 0.9433 & 0.9447 & 0.9433 & 0.9726 & 0.9815 \\
2 & 0.9958 & 0.9448 & 0.9658 & 0.8959 & 0.9581 \\
3 & 0.9708 & 0.9560 & 0.9008 & 0.8959 & 0.9581 \\
4 & 0.9400 & 0.9483 & 0.9483 & 0.9483 & 0.9620 \\
5 & 0.9400 & 0.9600 & 0.9900 & 0.9870 & 0.9696 \\
6 & 0.9400 & 0.9600 & 0.9900 & 0.9870 & 0.9296 \\
7 & 0.9400 & 0.9479 & 0.9000 & 0.9466 & 0.9167 \\
8 & 0.9500 & 0.9989 & 0.9600 & 0.9922 & 0.9802 \\
9 & 0.9692 & 0.9670 & 0.9692 & 0.9666 & 0.9625 \\
10 & 0.9733 & 0.9333 & 0.9333 & 0.9333 & 0.9279 \\ \hline Average & 0.9548 & 0.9597 & 0.9492 & 0.9522 & 0.9523 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The performance metrics for each independent fold in the external 10-fold cross-validation. The metrics reported are accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC.  
The results indicate statistically significant improvements in all evaluated metrics (\(p<0.001\)), with 95% confidence intervals from the proposed method consistently exceeding the reported values. These findings suggest that the performance gains observed in the proposed AutoML-enhanced DL framework are unlikely to be due to chance.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization Structure of Collagen
#### 3.3.4 Effect of NaCl Solubility  
Figure 4 shows the percentage relative solubility of all acid-soluble collagens (AAC, LAC, and CAC) with varied concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) ranging from 0 to 60 g/L. All collagens had a high relative solubility in the range of 0-10 g/L NaCl. This is because salt ions connect weakly to the surface of charged protein groups at low NaCl concentrations, and as a result, they do not upset any of the hydration loops on the collagen domain [51].  
In most instances, the solubility of collagen in acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 M decreased as the NaCl concentration increased [2]. The results were consistent to [PERSON] et al. [59] of collagen from haruan scales (_Channa striatus_) and [PERSON] et al. [28] of collagen from barramundi skin (_Lates calcarifer_). At a NaCl concentration of 30 g/L, however, the graphs for all three acid-soluble collagens showed a substantial decrease in relative solubility to 50 g/L. Reduced collagen solubility may have resulted from the out-salting phenomenon, which occurs at relatively high NaCl concentrations. Increased salt concentration increases hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between protein chains and competition for water with salt ions [51]. In addition, this substantial decline can be attributed to the effects of salinization [24]. The solubility of collagen, for instance, is found to decrease with increasing salt chloride concentration. This results in a boost in ion strength, which in turn decreases protein solubility and precipitates stimulated proteins [55].  
Figure 4: Effect of solubility of needlefish skin collagens extracted with different acids at different concentration of NaCl. AAC: acetic acid collagen; LAC: lactic acid collagen; CAC: citric acid collagen. Different letters indicated significant differences between the samples.  
Figure 3: SDS-PAGE protein pattern of acids-soluble collagen for non-reducing and reducing conditions. Lane M: molecular weight marker; Lanes 1 and 4: acetic acid extraction (AAC); Lanes 2 and 5: lactic acid extraction (LAC); Lanes 3 and 6: citric acid extraction (CAC).
# Control Strategy of Multiple Battery Energy Storage Stations for Power Grid Peak Shaving
## 2 Methodology
### Peak Load Shifting Control Strategies
#### 2.1.1 Control Strategy for Constant Power Charging and Discharging Mode  
The constant power charging and discharging control strategy operates on a daily time scale and minimizes load fluctuations. Assuming that the charging and discharging power of the BESS remains constant, the start and stop times for charging/discharging are controlled by real-time load values, with the specific operational mode illustrated in Figure 1. After regulation by the BESS's charging and discharging processes, load fluctuations will be maintained between the peak-shaving line and the valley-filling line, thereby achieving peak-shaving and valley-filling functionality.  
Under this strategy, since the load power is typically much larger than the energy storage power, the BESS charges and discharges at its rated power. The charging and discharging times of the BESS can be calculated based on the total capacity and rated charging/discharging power. Additionally, the BESS charges and discharges uniformly throughout the day, and the number of charging and discharging cycles can be determined based on the load curve.  
The specific steps are as follows: first, based on the charging and discharging power \(P_{charge}\) and \(P_{discharge}\) and the capacity E of the BESS, the charging and discharging times T\({}_{\text{charge}}\) and T\({}_{\text{discharge}}\) are determined. After determining the charging and discharging times, draw a line L parallel to the horizontal axis based on the lowest point and the peak point of the known load curve. Set the step size for moving along the positive direction of the axis to \(\Delta\)L and calculate the distance d between the two intersection points of line L and the curve. When d = T\({}_{\text{charge}}\), the time interval between these two intersection points is the desired reasonable charging time range. If not, continue moving line L along the positive direction of the \(Y\)-axis until the reasonable charging time range is determined. Similarly, draw a horizontal line at the minimum load point and gradually move it upward in the same step size L until the total time interval between the horizontal line and the load curve equals T, thereby determining the discharge time range. The flowchart of the constant power control strategy is shown in Figure 2.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a new method of CID and AoD estimation for mmWave cellular systems with beamformers, where different beam weights generated by ZC sequence are used for neighboring BSs in the initialization stage. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the conventional method by simulation with a simple mmWave cellular model in a LOS dominant condition. Simulation results show that the performances of CID detection and AoD estimation of the proposed method are similar to those of the conventional method even though the beam training signals in the proposed method are transmitted simultaneously from all neighboring BSs. That is because the signals generated by the proposed beam weights have a low correlation among different BSs and zero correlation among different beams transmitted from the same BS. The proposed method can reduce the processing time (1.6-6.25%), compared with the conventional method. In this paper, CID and AoD estimation method is presented for mmWave cellular systems in LOS dominant conditions. In the future, we plan to analyze the performance of the proposed method in mmWave channels with no dominant LOS path.  
Y.J.K. developed the CID and AoD estimation technique for mmWave cellular systems. Y.S.C. supervised the project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2018R1A4A1023826) and (2018R1A2B2002621).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 6 60 GHz WiFi: IEEE 802.11 ay  
The 60 GHz WiFi is also a great candidate to support high-data-rate applications of future 6G networks. IEEE released its first millimetre-wave WiFi standard, IEEE 802.11 ad, in 2012, and at the time, it was the only multi-Gbps WiFi standard available. The standard operates with 2.16 GHz of bandwidth in the 57-71 GHz range and supports maximum data rates of 6.7 Gbps [57]. However, it was soon realized that the applications of 60 GHz WiFi such as uncompressed video streaming, snap wireless file synchronization, and wireless virtual and augmented reality demand much higher data rates and reliability.  
To improve IEEE 802.11 ad to support such emerging applications, the IEEE 802.11 ay task group was formed in 2015 [58]. The following subsections will discuss the basic building blocks of the 60 GHz WiFi standards, with a primary focus on the IEEE 802.11 ay standard.