# Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities
## 7 Conclusions  
The growth of the population and scarcity of fossil fuels have increased the demand for energy efficiency management in smart cities. In smart cities, the major contributor to energy consumption is the lighting system. Generally, the lighting system in smart cities is provided through streetlamps and lampposts. The integration of advanced sensing and communication protocols in a single lamppost will establish a smart infrastructure in smart cities. The single lamppost system can offer a multitude of services to the citizens residing in smart cities, including real-time environment information, Wi-Fi hotspots, EV charging ports, smart lighting, etc. In this study, we have proposed IoT-assisted fog- and edge-based architecture for implementing smart lampposts that provide a multitude of applications. The smart lamppost is capable of providing applications such as smart lighting, digital signage, environmental sensing, push to talk systems, charging port infrastructure, Wi-Fi mobile and mesh, image sensing pedestrian counting, parking monitoring and public security, and digital street signs. To realize the proposed architecture, we have designed and implemented individual applications including environmental sensing, smart sensing, and image sensing. Environmental and light intensity prototypes are based on the Arduino \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Objective** & **Lighting** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Environmental** \\ **System** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Image** \\ **Monitoring** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Communication Architecture** \\ \end{tabular} & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[44]} & IoT-enabled & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{LoRa} & Relay & Limited to \\  & & & & & & & \\  & lamppost for & & & & & & \\  & controlling light & & & & & & \\  & with respect to & & & & & & & controlling \\  & traffic & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[45]} & Health monitoring & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & HC12 & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & Limited to \\  & of solar lamppost & & & & & & \\  & including LED & & & & & & \\  & lights & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[46]} & Automatic & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & Only for \\  & lamppost with & & & & & & controlling the \\  & parallel connected & & & & & & light \\  & solar”. & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[47]} & Controlling light & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & Internet of \\  & through light & & & & & Things (IoT) & controlling \\  & intensity and & & & & & enabled Relay & highway \\  & movement & & & & & Network. & lighting \\  & of vehicles. & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[48]} & Glowing the lights & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{No} & \multirow{4}{*}{Zigbee} & Not proposed & Only control \\  & & & & & & & the streetlights. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Proposed & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed smart \\ lamppost system \\ based on IoT and \\ LoRa network \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{4}{*}{LoRa} & IoT assisted & \multirow{4}{*}{-} \\  & & & & & Fog and edge & \\  & & & & & node based & \\  & LoRa network & & & & architecture & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparing results of previous studies with the proposed study. UNO and image sensing is based on the ESP 32 cam module. We have obtained the sensory value of the environment (temperature, humidity, and CO level) on the IoT server. The sensory values conclude that the lighting system and environmental parameter monitoring component of the smart lamppost are able to provide real time values and plot these in graphical representation. The image sensing is used for sensing the movement of the humans passing across the smart lamppost.