## 2 Results and Discussion
### Antihydrotival Activity  
Recently, we have been confronted with the global problem of the excessive use of pesticides and other, mainly synthetic means for plant protection against pathogens. The resulting environmental and human health consequences prompt us to focus on natural resources from which we can learn ways to combat various diseases. Even though natural means of protection against plant pests can hardly compete with the effect of synthetic agents, mainly for economic reasons, we must not slacken our efforts to determine the most effective methods of plant protection that do not have harmful effects on the environment. In several of our previous articles, we have confirmed our hypothesis of the antiphytoviral activity of plant constituents, especially essential oils. More recently, in addition to essential oils, we have focused on hydrosols as they are harmless, non-toxic aqueous solutions of volatiles that are by-products of essential oil distillation that can be easily and safely applied to plants. Knowing that plants of the Apiaceae family are widely used for food, flavour, fragrance, and medicinal purposes and that the rediscovery of this family may give rise to a new generation of botanical chemicals for industrial applications [33], we decided to investigate the antiphytoviral potential of _P. ramossissima_, especially since the plant is a rich source of myristicin, which is known for its insecticidal activity [34]. The viral disease caused by TMV has serious impact on vegetable crops, reducing yield and affecting quality, making efficient, environmentally friendly antiviral agents of natural origin a challenge for TMV eradication and/or prevention of TMV infestation. Previous findings on the antiviral efficacy of aromatic plants [8] and the composition of _P. ramossissima_ volatiles presented in this paper (Tables 1-3) have prompted us to conduct antiviral studies with essential oil and hydrosol of this plant species to increase our knowledge of the biological activities of the Apiaceae family and volatiles in general. The results of the efficacy of EO and HY against TMV infection in local host plants are shown in Figure 6. Simultaneous inoculation of the virus with the tested extracts was effective for both EO and HY, although EO showed stronger antiviral activity with an inhibition rate of 43.9%. (Figure 6b). Both EO and HY showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of local lesions in the treated leaf halves (Table 4b). In a similar experiment where _Micromeria crotatica_ essential oil was incubated with viral inocula for 0, 1, 2, and 3 h before inoculation and then tested against satellite-associated cucumber mosaic virus, the antiviral activity did not exceed 40% [8]. The efficacy of HY has generally never been tested by simultaneous inoculation with viral inocula, and thus the antiviral activity of HY, which reached 34.0%, provides new insight into the possibility of its effect on viral  
Figure 5: Antiproliferative activity of methanol extract of _P. ramossissima_ on HeLa, HCT116, and U2 OS cancer cell lines expressed as mean IC\({}_{50}\) values after three independent experiments \(\pm\) SD (standard deviation). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test followed by [PERSON]’s multiple comparison test. No statistically significant difference was found. infections. We also investigated the effects of the pretreatment of EO and HY on the defence response of local host plants to TMV infection. Although plants treated with both extracts before viral infection reduced the number of local lesions compared with control plants, only the reduction achieved by hydrosol treatment was statistically significant (Table 4a), reaching a promising inhibition rate of 68.2% (Figure 6a).