The Technical-Tactical Patterns of Scoring Actions in Male Visually Impaired Judokas: A Weight Category Analysis  
[PERSON]  
1 Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.-S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.F.-M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.J.-S.-P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.C.A.-G.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.-S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.F.-M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.J.-S.-P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.C.A.-G.)  
[PERSON]  
2 Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research, Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain
penalizing actions that disrupt the flow of the match [3; 4]. As a result, the most commonly used techniques have changed, favoring a more dynamic approach with an emphasis on quick and effective throws [5]. In parallel, these adaptations have also been integrated into Para-judo, ensuring that both modalities evolve in unison. Consequently, the analysis of effective techniques that lead to scoring must consider the particular context of Para-judo. It is important to note that para-judokas start the match with a grip; when they release the grip, the match stops. There is less struggle for the grip, and the resting times are longer because they take more time to return to the starting position after a matte due to their visual impairment. It is essential to consider the specific adaptations, both tactical and technical, that arise from the unique characteristics of these athletes. Despite the constant updates to the rules, the primary objective of judo remains the same: to achieve an ippon to secure victory. The pursuit of strategies to achieve this goal has been a central focus of judo research [6], as it allows for the identification of the most effective sequences and techniques. Although individual techniques have evolved over the years, the groups of techniques most frequently used have remained relatively stable. Ashi-waza (leg techniques) are the most common, followed by te-waza (arm techniques), sutemi-waza (sacrifice techniques), and koshi-waza (hip techniques) [7; 8]. This consistency in the use of certain technical groups suggests the existence of effective scoring patterns, which may also be present in Para-judo. Success in judo does not depend solely on the technique used. Other factors also play a role as prerequisites for a successful throw. Among these factors is the grip (kumikata). The sleeve-lapel grip is the most common in high-level competitions [9]. This type of grip provides optimal control of the opponent, which is essential for preparing any offensive action. Additionally, prior movements are crucial for the effectiveness of the techniques. There are more effective attack directions to score [10; 11]. It has been documented that the most successful judokas employ at least four different movements before attacking [12]. This suggests a complex strategy to prepare and destabilize the opponent. Attacking in multiple directions, at least three, increases unpredictability and makes it difficult for the opponent to defend. This enhances the chances of success [13; 14]. High-level judokas tend to vary their attack directions to create more points of imbalance and overcome defenses [14; 15]. Furthermore, studies suggest that the ability to execute techniques bilaterally is associated with better combat performance and greater efficiency in technique application [16]. The duration of the combats also provides relevant information to understand when most scoring actions occur. In the combats of judokas with visual impairment at the 2018 IBSA World Judo Championships, 32.8% of the combats ended in the first minute, 25.4% in the second minute, 16.4% in the third minute, 18.5% in the fourth minute, and only 6.9% reached the Golden Score period [17]. These data suggest a trend toward the early resolution of combats.