## 5 Discussion
### The Impact of Extreme Climate on the Ecological Quality of Vegetation  
From the correlation coefficient of the spatial distribution, in comparison to the response patterns observed on the inter-annual scale, the intra-annual scale EQI influence upon extreme climate indices in the basin demonstrates a more geographically concentrated spatial distribution. The main reason is that the EQI's inter-annual correlation with the extreme climate indices reflects the correlations of long-term sequence trends, while the intra-annual analysis of the EQI and the extreme indices eliminates some influencing factors with seasonal characteristics [81]. Additionally, vegetation is less distributed in the basin, and the gobi and desert areas are larger than that of the oasis. Moreover, the oases within the basin display a concentrated distribution pattern that is specific to the region. The regional concentration of the correlation coefficient is more pronounced at the intra-annual scale. The extreme warm temperature indices TN90P, TX90P, and extremum indices TNn contribute positively to the growth of vegetation in the concentrated oasis area of the Tarim Basin, while they have an inhibitory impact on the desert vegetation outside the oasis area. Conversely, these indices have an inhibitory effect on desert vegetation outside the oasis region. The primary factor contributing to this difference is that precipitation is only one of the water sources required for oasis vegetation, whereas high temperatures provide sufficient heat for photosynthesis, which promotes the growth of vegetation [12]. The increasing temperature results in glaciers and snow melting, which also promotes improvements in the oasis vegetation's ecological quality [82]. However, the decrease in glacier area and snowfall during the summer and autumn seasons poses a threat to ecological and agricultural security of downstream oases, increasing the risk of flood disasters [83]. The rise in temperature causes intensified drought stress, which causes the increased evaporation of soil humidity and severely impedes desert vegetation growth [84]. Therefore, the SU25 exerts a greater influence on desert vegetation. The cold indices TN10P and TX10P have an eminent inhibitory influence on oasis vegetation. The dominant cause of this phenomenon is the low temperature, which shortens the period of vegetation growth. Especially in April and October, the basin temperature is low, which results in an insufficient accumulated temperature for vegetation growth. This negatively impacts vegetation development. The DTR inhibits oasis vegetation growth and is associated with an increase in nighttime temperatures. The rise in nighttime temperatures will lead to crop respiration and organic matter decomposition [43]. Research has shown that a rise in the minimum day and night temperatures has a significant positive impact on shrubs and desert vegetation, reducing the hazard of vegetation damage by frost [43; 85]. This is consistent with the positive effects of the TN10P, TX10P, and DTR on the desert vegetation observed in this study. Extreme precipitation on an inter-annual scale is an important factor in improving the desert vegetation EQI. Except for a few oasis areas, the duration of CDD has a detrimental impact on vegetation in other regions, particularly on desert vegetation. The SDII, RX1d, and RX5d have promoting effects on oasis and desert vegetation, except in non-vegetated areas. They exhibit a significant positive correlation with vegetation in desert regions. In Xinjiang, about 50% of all of the precipitation falls under extreme precipitation. The increase in precipitation in Xinjiang is primarily driven by extreme precipitation [64], indicating that extreme precipitation contributes significantly to vegetation development and distribution in most areas. However, the increase in precipitation, along with a decline in extreme cold events and a rise in extreme warm events, will worsen the extreme climate activities, risking ecological and agricultural security [83].