esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 5G HetNet Services, Architecture, and Related Technologies
### 5G Technologies
#### Massive MIMO  
The massive MIMO (M-MIMO) system equips a base station (BS) with hundreds or even thousands of transmitting and receiving antennas, allowing it to serve a large number of UEs simultaneously. The M-MIMO technique is necessary in the 5G network to handle the massive increase in connected UEs without congestion. Compared to the MIMO technology used in 4G systems, the deployment of M-MIMO in 5G HetNets can improve signal quality (QoS) and UE performance at the cell edge, enhancing cell throughput [59]. M-MIMO's use of a large number of receiving and transmitting antennas also improves the data rate and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) quality [60]. This technology can enhance the next generation of 5G by improving energy efficiency by up to 100 times and increasing capacity by up to 10 times.  
Moreover, M-MIMO minimizes latency in the air interface and simplifies transceiver design [61; 62]. Additionally, M-MIMO is a scalable technology that ensures uniformly excellent service to end-users. The integration of M-MIMO technology with UD-HetNets can be utilized to reduce issues of inter-cell interference (ICI) and load balancing in 5G HetNets.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Unresolved Issues and Future Directions  
As stated in the article, NOMA-based MEC technologies have a lot of benefits, yet they also have many shortcomings, such as short battery life, high energy consumption, unfair workload offloading and resource allocation, restrictive latency constraints, and security issues. In this part, the problems associated with the unresolved issues are emphasized. Furthermore, the potential areas for future study to solve the problems presented are highlighted. This research also suggests new application scenarios that show the range of NOMA-based MEC solutions. The unresolved issues and future directions are presented in Table 7.
###### Abstract  
Electromyogram (EMG) signals cannot be forged and have the advantage of being able to change the registered data as they are characterized by the waveform, which varies depending on the gesture. In this paper, a two-step biometrics method was proposed using EMG signals based on a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) network. After preprocessing of the EMG signals, the time domain features and LSTM network were used to examine whether the gesture matched, and single biometrics was performed if the gesture matched. In single biometrics, EMG signals were converted into a two-dimensional spectrogram, and training and classification were performed through the CNN-LSTM network. Data fusion of the gesture recognition and single biometrics was performed in the form of an AND. The experiment used Ninapro EMG signal data as the proposed two-step biometrics method, and the results showed 83.91% gesture recognition performance and 99.17% single biometrics performance. In addition, the false acceptance rate (FAR) was observed to have been reduced by 64.7% through data fusion.  
biometrics; gesture recognition; user identification; electromyogram signal +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Effects of Lithium Chloride and Nitric Oxide Inhibitor on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in the Rat
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Animals  
Seventy male Sprague Dawley adult rats with an average weight of 275 \(\pm\) 25 g obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran were used in this study. It seems that OTM is efficient [27] and not highly affected by the remodeling and modeling processes occurring during growth cycle in adult rats [28]. Animals were kept in the plastic cages accessing a standard 12-h light-dark cycle. A diet of soft laboratory pellet was used for the feeding to minimize animal discomfort and the possibility of intraoral appliances displacement. Animals had free access to water and pellet. The study was performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health. The rats were randomly divided into seven study groups (N = 10 in each group);Untreated animals were left without any interventions (i). The control group had OTM and received daily i.p saline (ii). The Li300 and Li600 groups had OTM and received 300 and 600 mg/kg LiCl per os (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively (iii, iv). The concentrations used and the routes of the application in rats were established by us [29; 30; 31] and others [10], even though daily i.p administration of LiCl is also effective to reduce OTM [9]. L-NAME group in which the animals received 10 mg/kg daily i.p of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME (v); nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) as we have established in OTM [16], Li300-L-NAME and Li600-L-NAME groups with OTM (vi; vii). All injections were administered starting from the first day of appliance insertion to the 14 th day.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quantification of the 12 Marker Analytes in SGJT Samples  
Simultaneous quantification was performed for the 12 marker analytes (GA, ALB, PAE, LIAP, LIQ, BA, COU, LIQG, CINA, BPAE, CINAD, and GLYA) selected for quality control of SGJT using the verified HPLC analytical assay. As shown in Table 1, simultaneous determinations of these analytes were conducted at 230 nm (ALB, PAE, BA, and BPAE), 254 nm (GLYA), 270 nm (GA), 275 nm (LIAP, LIQ, COU, LIQG, and CINA), and 286 nm (CINAD), based on the \(\lambda_{\text{max}}\) of UV spectra of each component. The peak of each component was confirmed by comparison with the UV spectrum and retention time  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Analyte** & **Spiked Amount (\(\mu_{\text{g}}\)/mL)** & **Found Amount (\(\mu_{\text{g}}\)/mL)** & **Recovery (\%)** & **SD** & **RSD (\%)** \\ \hline  & 1.00 & 1.02 & 101.69 & 2.06 & 2.03 \\ LIQG & 2.00 & 1.96 & 98.07 & 1.23 & 1.25 \\  & 4.00 & 3.99 & 99.69 & 0.98 & 0.98 \\  & 1.00 & 1.01 & 101.14 & 1.29 & 1.28 \\ CINA & 2.00 & 2.01 & 100.40 & 2.26 & 2.25 \\  & 4.00 & 4.08 & 101.94 & 0.97 & 0.95 \\  & 2.00 & 2.01 & 100.46 & 1.12 & 1.11 \\ BPAE & 5.00 & 4.93 & 98.70 & 1.60 & 1.62 \\  & 10.00 & 10.06 & 100.65 & 1.46 & 1.45 \\  & 12.00 & 11.51 & 95.92 & 0.75 & 0.78 \\ CINAD & 30.00 & 32.68 & 108.92 & 2.01 & 1.84 \\  & 60.00 & 58.01 & 96.68 & 1.17 & 1.21 \\  & 2.00 & 2.02 & 101.15 & 1.51 & 1.49 \\ GLYA & 5.00 & 4.95 & 98.97 & 1.32 & 1.33 \\  & 10.00 & 5.11 & 99.29 & 2.49 & 2.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Intnaday (n = 5)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Interady (n = 5)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Repeability (n = 6)**} \\ \cline{3-8}
**Analyte** & **Con.** & **Observed** & & & **Observed** & & **RSD (\%) of** & **RSD (\%) of** \\  & **(\#g/mL)** & **Precision (\%) * & **Accuracy (\%  
of the corresponding reference standard compound. The amounts of the 12 marker analytes in the lyophilized SGJT sample were measured to be 0.10-32.83 mg/g by using the developed and validated assay; among these components, PAE, the main component of Paeoniae Radix, was found in the highest concentration (32.83 mg/g) (Table 4).
# A Wideband Hybrid Envelope Tracking Supply Modulator with Slew-Rate-Enhanced Linear Amplifier
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, we designed an HETSM with a slew-rate-enhanced LA. The proposed SRE structure introduced a parallel auxiliary current path directly to the gate of the output stage, significantly accelerating the charging and discharging processes of the Miller capacitor without modifying the operating point of the remaining LA. Assisted by the quadratically growing SRE current, the proposed LA with the SRE circuit achieved a high slew rate and a large bandwidth under low quiescent current conditions. The presented HETSM chip was fabricated using the 180 nm CMOS process. The proposed LA with the SRE circuit achieved a slew rate of 1239 V / us for rising edges and \(-\)1857 V / us for falling edges at a quiescent current of 24 mA. Therefore, it established a solid foundation for ET modulators to track the wideband envelope signal. The proposed HETSM achieved a maximum efficiency of 87.4% while tracking a 100 MHz, 16 QAM, and 8.49 dB PAPR signal.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/electronics13142701/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/electronics13142701/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/electronics13142701/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/electronics13142701/s1)), Document SI: \"AC analysis of the linear amplifier (LA) with the proposed SRE circuit\".  
**Author Contributions:** Software, K.Z.; methodology, X.L.; formal analysis, J.W. and H.Z.; validation, H.C. and X.L.; data curation, K.Z., J.W., H.Z. and Z.S.; writing--original draft preparation, K.Z.; writing--review and editing, Z.W.; supervision, F.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] were employed by Zhejiang Hangxinyuan IC Technology Company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 5 Evaluation
### Performance Evaluation
#### 5.2.2 Total Time  
The total time \(t=t_{e}-t_{i}\) is the difference between the initial time \(t_{i}\) when a process starts and the end time \(t_{e}\) when a process is completed. This section evaluates the total time of the proposed solution for the encryption, decryption, and generation of the hash, and for storing the hashed and encrypted data on IPFS for different data sizes, ranging from 10 kb to 3000 kb. Figure 3 illustrates the total time for these processes. The results show that the time for each operation increases as data size increases. The processing time for encryption, decryption, and hashing of 10 kb of data is approximately 2472, 2511, and 1 ms, respectively. In contrast, storing 10 kb of data on IPFS took 720 ms. As data size increases to 3000 kb, we  
Figure 2: Throughput in kb/s.  
can observe an increase in operation times for encryption to 3647 ms, decryption to 3590 ms, hashing to 210 ms, and storing on IPFS to 6252 ms. The gradual increase in processing time with data size demonstrates the efficiency of the AES and SHA256 algorithms. However, because of network latency, data propagation, and processing delay, IPFS requires a longer time to store data. However, this time could also be considered acceptable for real-world applications since this immutable persisting activity will be reasonably conducted offline, in contrast to other functional activities of the system.
# Insight on Extraction and Preservation of Biological Activity of Cereal \(\beta\)-D-Glucans
## 5 Causes of Degradation of \(\beta\)-Glucans
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Cause of Degradation and** & \\
**Functionality of Cereal** & **How to Avoid Depolymerization/Degradation** \\ \(\beta\)-D-Glucans** & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Activity of endogenous \(\beta\)-D-glucanases} & \(\bullet\) Inactivation of \(\beta\)-D-glucanases by autoclave, HCl, trichloroacetic acid, ethanol precipitation, or heating. \\  & \(\bullet\) Extraction in alkaline environment (pH \(>\) 8). \\  & \(\bullet\) Avoiding acid extraction conditions (pH 4 can lead to acid hydrolysis of \(\beta\)-glycosidic bonds, thus decreasing MW and viscosity of the solution). \\  & \(\bullet\) Reduce, as far as possible, mixing and fermentation times of the dough. \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Oxidative depolymerization in the presence of ROS} & \(\bullet\) Avoid contact with pro-oxidant metals such as Fe2+, Cu2+. \\  & \(\bullet\) The presence ofytic acid can chelate pro-oxidant metals by removing them from the Fenton reaction and protecting \(\beta\)-D-glucans from oxidative depolymerization. \\  & \(\bullet\) Avoid the presence of ascorbic acid. \\  & \(\bullet\) Avoid high temperatures (\(>\)85 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Thermal degradation} & \(\bullet\) Avoid prolonged high-temperature heat treatment for long periods (120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min). \\  & \(\bullet\) Prefer heat treatments over purified extracts. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Germination} & \(\bullet\) Drying and wasting to block the activity of endogenous \(\beta\)-D-glucanases. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Extrusion firing} & \(\bullet\) Process food in nonintensive conditions \\  & \(\bullet\) Work in conditions of low humidity (\(\approx\)20\%) and temperatures that are not too high (\(\approx\)150 \({}^{\circ}\)C). \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Toasting} & \(\bullet\) Prefer lower roasting temperatures and longer \\  & warmup times. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Freezing and thawing cycle} & \(\bullet\) It is preferable to avoid frozen storage in order to maximize the physiological effects of \(\beta\)-D-glucans. \\  & \(\bullet\) Reduce freeze–thaw cycles to a minimum. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) Prefer ultrafast freezing to traditional freezing, which is responsible for the formation of macrocrystals and the cryoconcentration of solutes. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) Freezing with liquid nitrogen is the most effective for maintaining the physicochemical characteristics of \(\beta\)-D-glucans. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Main causes of degradation of cereal \(\beta\)-D-glucans during extraction and processing and possible solutions to avoid the loss of their functionality.
## 3 Methodology
### Complex Viscosity and Loss Factor (Tan \(\delta\)) Analysis  
The third test examined the relationship between complex viscosity (\(\eta\)*) and the loss factor (tan \(\delta\)). Complex viscosity (\(\eta\)*) characterizes the material's resistance to deformation under oscillatory stress. The frequency sweep provided comprehensive insights into how viscosity varies with increasing frequency, highlighting the shear-thinning behavior of the bitumen. As frequency rose, complex viscosity (\(\eta\)*) decreased, indicating that the bitumen became less viscous and more susceptible to flow under dynamic loading.  
The loss factor (tan \(\delta\)), defined as the ratio of the loss modulus (G\({}^{\prime\prime}\)) to the storage modulus (G\({}^{\prime}\)), was also evaluated. This parameter illustrates the balance between the material's viscous and elastic characteristics. A higher tan \(\delta\) signifies more viscous, fluid-like behavior, whereas a lower value points to a more elastic, solid-like response. By plotting tan \(\delta\) against complex viscosity, the material's transition between elastic and viscous behavior across various frequencies became apparent. Although tan \(\delta\) values were not discussed in isolation, their influence is inherently captured through the analysis of \(G^{\prime}\) and \(G^{\prime\prime}\) trends and their contribution to other rheological indicators such as the Glover-Rowe (G-R) index. This indirect approach provides a comprehensive understanding of binder behavior without duplicating the interpretation already derived from moduli and composite indices.  
Through the analysis of complex viscosity and tan \(\delta\) at both 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the material's performance under different temperature conditions was assessed. These findings offered critical insights into the bitumen's rheological behavior, emphasizing its ability to endure dynamic loads and its performance under varying temperatures and frequencies.
## 3 Proposed Electronically Tunable Mixed-Mode Universal Filter
### Operation in CM and TIM  
In CM mode, the input voltages are set to zero. The input currents (\(I_{1}\)-\(I_{3}\)) are applied according to Table 4 to obtain CM and TIM responses.  
The filter transfer functions are given in Equations (19) and (20):  
\[I_{out}=\frac{-(s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+g_{m1}R_{2})I_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}I_{3}+g_ {m1}R_{1}I_{1}}{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g_{m1}R_{2}} \tag{19}\]  
In TIM mode, the gain of the filter can be varied without disturbing the \(Q\) and \(\omega_{0}\) of the filter by varying the value of \(R_{3}\), as in the transfer function, \(R_{3}\) is common to all the responses:  
\[V_{out(TIM)}=R_{3}\bigg{[}\frac{-(s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+g_{m1}R_{2})I_{2}+ sC_{1}R_{1}I_{3}+g_{m1}R_{1}I_{1}}{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g_{m1}R_{2}} \bigg{]} \tag{20}\]  
Additionally, the CM SIMO filter shown in Figure 4 is derived from the proposed mixed mode filter by adding additional current output terminals without changing the core topology. All passive components are grounded in CM SIMO configuration. The filter requires a single VD-EXCCII, two resistors and two capacitors, all grounded. The resistor \(R_{3}\) is not required. since it is needed only to obtain the TIM response. The attractive features of the derived SIMO CM filter include (i) use of single active element, (ii) employment of only three grounded passive components, (iii) no need for passive components matching condition, (iv) low input impedance, (v) high output impedance and (vi) inbuilt tunability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Response**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Inputs**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Passive Matching**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathbf{I_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{I_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{I_{3}}\) & **Condition** \\ \hline LP & 1 & 0 & 0 & No \\ HP & 1 & 1 & 0 & \(R_{1}=R_{2}\) \\ BP & 0 & 0 & 1 & No \\ BR & 0 & 1 & 0 & No \\ AP & 0 & 1 & 1 & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Input excitation sequence of operation in CM and TIM.  
Figure 4: Proposed CM SIMO filter.  
The filter transfer functions are given in Equations (21)-(25). Expression for pole frequency and quality factor will be same as that of mixed mode MISO filter given by Equations (17) and (18).  
\[\frac{I_{LP}}{I_{IN}}=\frac{-g_{m1}R_{2}}{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g _{m1}R_{2}} \tag{21}\]  
\[\frac{I_{HP}}{I_{IN}}=\frac{-s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}}{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2 }+sC_{1}R_{1}+g_{m1}R_{2}} \tag{22}\]  
\[\frac{I_{BP}}{I_{IN}}=\frac{sC_{1}R_{2}}{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g _{m1}R_{2}} \tag{23}\]  
The BR and AP response can be obtained by simply summing the LP, HP and BP currents: \(I_{BR}=I_{HP}+I_{LP}\) and \(I_{AP}=I_{HP}+I_{LP}+I_{BP}\).  
\[\frac{I_{NP}}{I_{IN}}=\frac{-g_{m1}R_{2}-s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}}{s^{2}C_{1} C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g_{m1}R_{2}} \tag{24}\]  
\[\frac{I_{AP}}{I_{IN}}=\frac{-g_{m1}R_{2}-s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{2} }{s^{2}C_{1}C_{2}R_{1}R_{2}+sC_{1}R_{1}+g_{m1}R_{2}} \tag{25}\]
## 1 Introduction
### Communication Issues  
_Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs)_ constitute a particular example of scenarios where the topology of the robot network varies dynamically over time. This kind of network is recommended when the fixed infrastructure is no longer available, e.g., in disasters to support the communication among rescue team members. In such cases, connectivity is of utmost importance because the loss of communication could imply human losses.  
A first critical issue concerns the collective knowledge of the environment. Under communication restrictions, such knowledge cannot be assumed to be always accessible and depending on the coordination mechanism could be the cause of significant performance degradation [20]. Therefore, depending on the application, the exploration strategy should take this into account in order to prevent the robots from becoming completely unconnected, let say isolation situations. Such an isolation situation, as well as its possible effects, are illustrated in the example scene depicted in Figure 1.
###### Abstract  
Polymers are increasingly being used in higher demanding applications due to their ability to tailor the properties of structures while allowing for a weight and cost reduction. Solvents play an important role in the manufacture of polymeric structures since they allow for a reduction in the polymer's viscosity or assist with the dispersion of fillers into the polymer matrix. However, the incorrect removal of the solvent affects both the physical and chemical properties of polymeric materials. The presence of residual solvent can also negatively affect the curing kinetics and the final quality of polymers. Destructive testing is mainly performed to characterize the properties of these materials. However, this type of testing involves using lab-type equipment that cannot be taken in-field to perform in situ testing and requires a specific sample preparation. Here, a method is presented to non-destructively evaluate the curing process and final viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials using ultrasonics. In this study, changes in longitudinal sound speed were detected during the curing of an aerospace epoxy adhesive as a result of variations in polymer chemistry. To simulate the presence of residual solvent, samples containing different weight percentages of isopropyl alcohol were manufactured and tested using ultrasonics. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to show changes in the decomposition of the adhesive due to the presence of IPA within the polymer structure. Adding 2, 4, and 6 wt.% of IPA decreased the adhesive's lap shear strength by 40, 58, and 71%, respectively. Ultrasonics were used to show how the solvent influenced the curing process and the final sound speed of the adhesive. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were determined using both the longitudinal and shear sound speeds of the adhesive. Using ultrasonics has the potential to non-invasively characterize the quality of polymers in both an in-field and manufacturing settings, ensuring their reliability during use in demanding applications.  
acoustics; ultrasonics; composites; adhesive bonding; non-destructive testing; TGA; lap shear; polymers; cure kinetics; modeling; residual solvent; elastic moduli; FTIR 2020
# Dependence of Dispersion on Metamaterial Structural Parameters and Dispersion Management
## 4 Light Pulse Propagation in the MM  
The split-step Fourier method that has been used extensively to solve the pulse-propagation problem in nonlinear dispersive media is a kind of effective beam propagation methods (BPM) [19]. We employ the split-step Fourier method to simulate the propagation of the light pulse in the MM. The incident pulse is the Gaussian pulse with \(T_{0}\), the half pulse width at the \(1/e\) of the optical peak intensity. The full width at the half maximum (FWHM) is taken to be \(T_{FWHM}=5 ps\) in the simulation, which is equivalent to a bit rate of 200 Gbps. The second- and third-order dispersion length are \(L_{D}\) and \(L^{\prime}{}_{D}\), respectively. The discussion of propagation issues requires the MM with a relatively long length. Although currently there is limitation in making long length MMs, we believe that in the near future, the technology will have breakthroughs in long length MM manufacture.