## 4 Measurements and Results of the Characteristics of Normal Walking and Maximum Walking
### Difference between the Normal Walking and Fast Walking of the Elderly  
Table 3 compares the differences in gait factors of the elderly during a normal walk and a maximum walk. The walking speed increased by 38.29 cm/s, and all the gait factors excluding walk ratio increased. According to Table 4, which compares the balance factors, the sizes of these factors increased. This result implies that the increased walking speed was accompanied by increased amount of physical movement, resulting in difficulties in maintaining the balance.  
Figure 6: [PERSON] marker.  
Figure 7: The elderly tester.  
According to Table 5, which expresses the angle factors, the difference in the angle between the ankle and the sole related to rather extremities was not pronounced. However, a huge increase, especially in the movement of the right shoulder, which is the one mainly used, was shown. This finding implies that the movement of the upper body is greatly used to increase the walking speed. As is evident from Table 6, muscular factors, together with the increased walking speed, were shown to increase.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ground Reaction**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Center of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pelvic Frontal Move (m)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Center of Pressure (m)**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Force (N)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mass (m)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pelvic Frontal Move (m)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Center of Pressure (m)**} \\ \hline  & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** \\ \hline Normal walk & 354.40 & 198.80 & 0.64 & 0.25 & 0.74 & 0.23 & 9.02 & 3.42 \\ Maximum walk & 389.14 & 223.95 & 0.72 & 0.30 & 0.83 & 0.28 & 10.20 & 4.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of balance factor during the normal walking and fast walking of the elderly.  
Figure 8: Motion analysis results (example).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Subl Speed**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Step Length**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Stride Length**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Step Width**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cadence**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Walk Ratio**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(cm/s)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(cm)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(cm)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(cm)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(step/min)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(cm/steps/min)**} \\ \hline  & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** & **Ave.** & **S.D.** \\ \hline Normal walk & 121.00 & 14.53 & 60.27 & 8.62 & 117.65 & 12.24 & 10.93 & 2.96 & 123.13 & 9.43 & 0.49 & 0.09 \\ Maximum walk & 159.29 & 20.71 & 67.74 & 8.73 & 132.55 & 13.01 & 11.37 & 3.30 & 143.87 & 15.66 & 0.48 & 0.09 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of gait factors during the normal walking and fast walking of the elderly.  
In the case of ordinary individuals, the fluctuation observed in the balance factor during normal walking and maximum walking was not large. In order to improve walking speed, the GRF increased, but other body balance factors slightly increased or decreased. This is a result of the movement of the extremities of ordinary individuals increasing in order to enhance the walking speed, even though the movements of other parts did not experience any pronounced or minor changes. As shown in Table 9, change was barely seen in foot clearance between the ankle and the sole. As shown in the results in Table 10, although the thigh muscles were largely employed for increasing the walking speed during maximum walk, the use of the ankles did not show any significant change.