esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Signal Enhancement  
#### 2.2.1 LED Chip Number/Active Area Increment  
Preliminary Exposure to Visible Light  
The LED chip number was increased in multiples of 12 during the investigation of the effect of active area increment on the LED strip detectability of visible light; each strip had 12 LED chips, as observed in Figure 2. In other words, the active area was increased from 151.2 mm\({}^{2}\) (12.6 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\times\) 12) to 907.2 mm\({}^{2}\) (12.6 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\times\) 72)--in steps of 151.2 mm\({}^{2}\). The LED strip was cut (to fit the field size) and reconnected by soldering while using a soldering wire (SW600622 DIA) with a diameter of 0.8 mm.  
Figure 1: Experimental Setup: (**a**) Schematic of the Irradiation Set-up and (**b**) Masked LED strips on a solid water phantom.  
Exposure to Diagnostic X-rays  
To limit X-ray radiation exposure, only two exposure sets were executed in the examination of LED strip sensitivity enhancement by increasing the sensitive area. In the first exposure set, the kVp, mAs, and SDD parameter adjustments in Section 2.1 were executed with a total of 60 LED chips (active area of 756 mm\({}^{2}\)). For the second exposure set, the LED chip number was doubled to 120 LED chips (active area of 1512 mm\({}^{2}\)), while maintaining the same exposure settings in the first exposure set.
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Sample Translation  
Our research demonstrates that the optimized English-Twi model significantly outperforms the baseline in both accuracy and fluency. Although minor errors occasionally occur--for example, the omission of \"ho\" in the translation of \"I am learning machine translation\"--the fine-tuned model consistently produces outputs that are much closer to the reference. For simple sentences like \"How are you?\" and \"Where is the market?\", the translations align perfectly with the reference, yielding natural-sounding Twi. In more complex cases, such as \"Machine translation is useful\", the model shows notable improvements in both accuracy and contextual relevance by better handling formal language and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Proposed vs. Baseline** & \(p\)**-Value** & **95\% CI (Gain)** \\ \hline spBLEU & +7.2 points & \textless{}0.001 & \([5.8,8.5]\) \\ ROUGE-L & +11.4\% F1 & 0.0023 & \([9.1\%,13.7\%]\) \\ WER & \(-154.9\%\) (absolute) & \textless{}0.0001 & \([-162.3\%,-147.5\%]\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Statistical validation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Raw WER** & **Normalized WER** \\ \hline Baseline & 183.16\% & 92.4\% \\ Proposed & 68.32\% & 27.1\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Normalized WER analysis.  
precise word usage. While slight fluency issues, such as a marginally more formal tone, were observed in a few instances, these are minimal compared to the baseline performance. A comprehensive comparison of the results is provided in Table 5.
# A Micro-Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) for Large-Scale Dimensional Measurement of Micro-Slits
## 3 Experimental Result and Discussion
### Experiments of On-Line Qualification and Gap Width Measurement
The results are shown in Figure 15. Figure 15a,b show the probing positions at \(P_{3}\) and \(P_{4}\), which indicate the \(X\)-directional probe contact positions at the inner surface of the slot die. The mean values at \(P_{3}\) and \(P_{4}\) are \(-13.392\)\(\upmu\)m and \(13.865\)\(\upmu\)m, respectively. Figure 15c shows the values of \(L_{34}\) calculated based on the results in Figure 15a,b. The mean and the standard deviation of \(L_{34}\) were estimated to be \(27.243\)\(\upmu\)m and \(14.8\) nm, respectively. According to Equation (3), the gap width of the slot die micro-slit was estimated to be \(80.962\)\(\upmu\)m.  
In order to evaluate the accuracy of the gap width measurement result, uncertainty analysis was carried out for each of the terms in Equation (3) based on GUM (ISO _Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement_) [33]. Table 3 shows a summary of the uncertainty budget for the gap width measurement. \(u_{\text{us}}\), which was the combined standard uncertainty of \(L_{34}\), is calculated based on Figure 11, Equations (11) and (14). The repeatability of probing was one of the main uncertainty sources for \(u_{\text{us}}\). The total time for the gap width measurement was approximately \(90\) s, during which the temperature was measured to be \(22.677\)\({}^{\circ}\)C \(\pm\)\(0.011\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Consequently, \(u_{\text{us}}\) is estimated to be \(10.5\) nm, which corresponds to the combined standard uncertainty for the measurement of \(L_{34}\). Figure 14: Experimental results of on-line qualification procedure: (**a**) Probing results at \(P_{2}\); (**b**) Probing results at \(P_{1}\); (**c**) Measurement results of \(L_{12}\). Figure 15: Experimental results of gap width measurement: (**a**) Probing results at \(P_{4}\); (**b**) Probing results at \(P_{3}\); (**c**) Measurement results of \(L_{34}\).
# User Mobility Modeling in Crowdsourcing Application to Prevent Inference Attacks
## 4 Proposed Approach
### POI Extraction
#### 4.5.2 Building Our Bayesian Network
```
1:Input:\(G\) - user's mobility graph
2:Output:\(bn\) - Bayesian network with constructed CPTs
3:Step 1: Calculation of Basic Probabilities\(\triangleright\) Calculate the basic probabilities for day and time indices
4:Initialize counts for day index \(D\) and time index \(T\)
5:for each \(v\in G.\mathcal{V}\)do
6:for each \(e\in G.\mathcal{E}\) where \(e\) is connected to \(v\) as the source node do
7: Retrieve \(\mathcal{W}\) for edge \(e\)
8:for each \(\langle ts,td,fs,st\rangle\in\mathcal{W}\)do
9: Increment count of td and store in \(count_{d}\)
10: Increment count of ts and store in \(count_{t}\)
11:endfor
12:endfor
13:endfor
14:\(\mathbb{P}(D=d)\leftarrow\frac{count_{d}}{\text{total count}}\) ; \(\mathbb{P}(T=t)\leftarrow\frac{count_{t}}{\text{total count}}\)\(\triangleright\) Compute the probabilities for day and time indices
15:Step 2: Calculation of Conditional Probabilities
16:\(\mathbb{P}(C=category\mid D=td,T=ts)=\frac{\text{count}(C=category,D=td,T=ts)}{ \text{count}(D=td,T=td)}\)\(\triangleright\) The probability of \(C\) given \(D\) and \(T\)
17:\(\mathbb{P}(V\mid C=c)=\frac{\text{count}(V,C=c)}{\text{count}(C=c)}\)\(\triangleright\) Compute the probability of \(V\) given \(C\)
18:\(\mathbb{P}(S\mid C=c)=\frac{\text{count}(S,C=c)}{\text{count}(C=c)}\)\(\triangleright\) Compute the probability of \(S\) given \(C\)
19:Step 3: Construction of the CPTs
20: Construct the CPTs for each node:
21:\(\mathbb{P}(D)\), \(\mathbb{P}(T)\), \(\mathbb{P}(C\mid D,T)\), \(\mathbb{P}(V\mid C)\), \(\mathbb{P}(S\mid C)\)\(\triangleright\) Construct the CPTs for the nodes in the Bayesian Network
22:Step 4: Integration of the CPTs into the Network
23:Integrate the calculated CPTs into the corresponding nodes of the network \(bn\)
24:Return\(bn\)
```  
**Algorithm 4** Construction of a Bayesian Network from Historical Data.
## 6 Papain Use as an Exfoliant Agent in Cosmetic Applications
### Papain Stabilizers and Inhibitors in Cosmetic Formulations  
In cosmetic formulations, stabilizing agents are essential for preserving the activity of papain, as environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation and humidity, can adversely affect the enzyme's stability. Such substances work by preventing denaturation and preserving the enzyme's structure and function. Key stabilization methods include conjugation with soluble polymers, such as dextran, PEG, and SC-glucan, which shield the enzyme from harsh conditions [97; 114]. Another powerful approach to stabilizing papain is immobilization, which involves attaching the enzyme to a solid support. These supportsinclude cellulose nanocrystals coated with polydopamine, magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan, and incorporation into polymeric film matrices [93; 115; 116].  
The microencapsulation of proteolytic enzymes has also been confirmed as an alternative stabilizing method [92; 117; 118; 119]. Additionally, chemical additives like EDTA, cysteine, and dimercaptopropanol, as well as non-ionic surfactants in cream formulations, enhance stability and activity [27; 74]. Furthermore, formulation components such as glycerol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, propylene glycol, and triethanolamine are utilized in papain gel creation [113; 116].  
While the primary goal in cosmetics is to harness papain's enzymatic action, the role of inhibitors must be considered for a comprehensive understanding of its behavior. Though not typically used directly in cosmetic products, certain substances can inhibit papain's activity. Cysteine protease inhibitors can bind to its active site, preventing protein hydrolysis [120]. Heavy metals (i.e., Zn\({}^{2+}\)) and oxidizing agents may also inhibit it, necessitating care to avoid metallic materials, with a view to preventing oxidation [94]. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), as a plasma antiprotease, inhibits papain's activity in healthy tissues, ensuring that its action is limited to damaged areas, which is highly important during wound debridement [100]. Papain's activity is also critically influenced by pH, and its stability is significantly improved by proper formulation and delivery systems, such as liposomes, hydrogels, and lyophilized powders [27; 94; 121].  
Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain Exfoliants in Cosmetic Formulations: Mechanisms of Action and Biochemical Pathways
# Analytical Performance Evaluation of Massive MIMO Techniques for SC-FDE Modulations
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents the study of FDE-type receivers that can be used in massive MIMO systems. The structures of three receivers, where the complexity depends on the estimation of the received signal, are discussed.  
The BER performance of these receivers is simulated and compared with theoretical values. The impact of the correlation factor on BER performance is also studied.  
One of the receivers propose in this paper is a receiver that combines, in its first iteration, the IB-DFE receiver and in the remaining iterations the MRC receiver. The BER performance achieved by this receiver, in massive MIMO scenarios, is only 0.1 dB away from the MFB, in its third iteration, and the simulated/theoretical values match very closely.  
Conceptualization, D.F., F.C. and R.D.; investigation, D.F., F.C. and R.D.; software, D.F.; supervision, F.C. and R.D.; validation, F.C. and R.D.; visualization, D.F.; writing--original draft, D.F., F.C. and R.D.; writing--review and editing, F.C. and R.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by projects CoSHARE (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-0307095-PTDC/EEI-TEL/30709/2017), MASSIVE5G (SAICT-45-2017-02) and Instituto de Telecomunicacoes (UIDB/EEA/  
Figure 5: Theoretical/simulated BER performance and correlation factor for IB-DFE and MRC receivers in an mMIMO system with 3 iterations. (**a**) BER performance. (**b**) Correlation factor (\(\rho\)).  
Figure 6: Theoretical/simulated BER performance and correlation factor for a receiver that combines IB-DFE and MRC in an mMIMO system with 3 iterations. (**a**) BER performance. (**b**) Correlation factor (\(\rho\)).  
50008/2020), and funded by Fundo European de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), through Programa Operacional Regional LISBOA (LISBOA2020), and by national funds, through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Case Studies Description
#### 2.1.2 The Silvi Marina Event  
The second case study (type I) is the Silvi Marina rainfall event that took place on 14-15 November 2017 in central Italy affecting mainly Abruzzo, Marche and Umbria regions. Around 00 UTC on 14 November 2017 an isolated trough at 500 hPa appeared over the Italian peninsula, shrinking and slowly moving towards southern Italy 24 h later. The synoptic scale system advected moist and warm air in the lower troposphere (850 hPa) from Africa towards Apennines mountains range in Central Italy.  
The resulting observed QPE map for the 24 h of 15 November 2017 is shown in Figure 2 (courtesy of the Italian Civil Protection Department). The raingauge observation (lower panel in Figure 2) confirm that it is a type I event with a constant rainfall falling for more than 12 h during the day with a 15 min rain rate less than 10 mm.  
In this respect, also the number of lightning strokes observed during the two days of the event was negligible (not shown).  
Figure 2: Quantitative Precipitation Estimate (QPE) 24 h on 15 November 2017 (**upper panel**) and raingauge observation during the same hours over the area of interest (**lower panel**, courtesy of the Italian Civil Protection Department).
# Integrated Fusion Network for Hyperspectral, Multispectral and Panchromatic Data Fusion
## 3 Proposed Method
### Overview of the Framework  
The network architecture of IFNPMH is seen in Figure 1 and comprises three modules: extraction, attention, and reconstruction. In the feature extraction part two DM blocks are employed. The first DM block is utilized to extract spatial features of PAN and MSI, while the second DM block is employed to extract spectral features of HSI. Furthermore, a module called attention mechanism has been incorporated after the extraction module. This attention mechanism module consists of CBAM block, which enhance the network's power to extract features and retain spectrum information. Ultimately, the feature layers obtained from the extraction and attention mechanism modules are utilized in the reconstruction module to produce a high spatial resolution HSI using the Re-block. This study utilizes a total loss function to train IFNPMH, which combines three modules within the framework. This approach results in the generation of a high spatial resolution HSI that effectively balances spectral and spatial quality.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Conventional Testing Results  
The results of the conventional tests performed in the laboratory to study the physical properties of the binders are presented in Table 5.  
It was observed that the addition of the GNPs to the binder reduced its penetration value. Reductions of 34% and 48% in the penetration values were recorded after the addition of 2% and 4% of GNPs, respectively. An inverse relationship between the GNP content and binders' penetration value can be seen. An increase in the GNP content led to a decrease in the penetration value, which validated the stiffening of the binder. In the same way, the results of the softening point also depict the stiffening of the binder. The softening point of the binder increased up to 19% when 4% of GNPs were added. The improvement in the physical properties is due to the increase in the bonding strength after the homogeneous dispersion of GNP layers in the binder, which restricts the flow of bitumen and makes it stiffer [18]. The extremely small size and high surface area of GNPs enable them to form a strong bond with bitumen, which leads to a reduction in the penetration value and an increase in the softening point [19]. A massive reduction in the ductility was also recorded in the case of GNP-modified binder, which can be attributed to increased stiffness [20]. The trend in the physical properties of the GNP-modified binder indicates an enhancement in its high-temperature performance.
## 3 Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Model
### Physical Models and Meshing  
According to the actual working conditions of the tunnel, the ventilation model of the double-hole, single-cross passage tunnel is established at a scale of 1:1. The forced fan is about 30 m outside the tunnel, not reflected in the model. The model includes the advance side tunnel, the undercut side tunnel, the cross passage, the second lining platform car, and the forced duct. Among them, the cross passage is divided into a pedestrian cross passage and a traffic cross passage, the pedestrian cross passage is 2.5 m wide and 3.7 m high, and the traffic cross passage is 6.25 m wide and 6.97 m high. In Figure 5, the distance from the traffic cross passage to the working face of the advance side tunnel is \(L_{\text{t}}\), the distance between the pedestrian cross passage and the working face of the advance side tunnel is \(L_{\text{p}}\), the safe distribution distance of the working faces of the double-hole tunnel is \(L_{\text{w}}\), and the height from the upper step to the tunnel floor is \(H_{\text{t}}\).  
The quality of the mesh affects the accuracy of the simulation results, so it is important to verify the independence of the mesh, and the air flow velocity is the primary metric for verifying the independence of the mesh. Import the model into ANSYS Workbench and mesh the entire model by Mesh, including low (1,091,336 elements), medium (1,909,446), and high (4,225,884) mesh quality. Under the three different meshing schemes, the velocity distribution of different measurement points in the advance side tunnel and the undercut side tunnel is shown in Figure 6.  
Considering the computer performance and simulation error, the medium grid quality scheme is adopted with a total of 1,909,446 grids, with an average grid size of 0.83, a maximum of 1, and a minimum of 0.15.  
Figure 5: Physical model of a double-hole, single-cross passage tunnel.  
Figure 6: Grid-independent verification.
# Long-Term Stability of Er:YAG Laser Non-Surgical Periodontial Treatment
###### Abstract  
Background: Nonsurgical periodontal therapy is the first step of periodontal diseases treatment. It could be performed with various instruments and in recent years lasers have been tested too. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the long-term clinical effectiveness of Er:YAG laser monotherapy in the treatment of moderate chronic periodontitis. Methods: 451 teeth (1099 periodontal pockets) from 30 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis are allocated for subgingival scaling and root planing into two groups--hand instrumentation (control) and Er:YAG laser instrumentation with 100 mJ/15 Hz (test). Patients are examined for probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque presence at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after instrumentation. Results: One year after therapy significant reduction of all clinical parameters examined is observed. The pocket depth decreases with 1.55 mm for the control group and 1.70 mm in the test group. The attachment level gain reveals 1.09 mm for hand instrumentation and 0.59 for laser instrumentation. The bleeding on probing reduces more significantly in the test group, where one year after treatment the index is 19.1%, whereas in the control group, it is 33.8%. Conclusions: The Er:YAG laser demonstrates similar clinical effectiveness to hand instrumentation in the non-surgical periodontal treatment. Better long-term stability is observed in the test group.  
periodontitis; Er:YAG laser; periodontal pocket; subgingival scaling; treatment efficacy
## 2 Preliminaries
### Channel Estimation in UAC Systems
Let \(\mathbf{s}\), \(\mathbf{y}\), and \(\mathbf{w}\) denote the \(M\)-dimensional vectors of transmitted and received pilot symbols and noise in the frequency domain, respectively. Under the assumption that the delay spread of the channel remains within the Cyclic Prefix (CP) length of OFDM symbols, the channel input-output relationship in the frequency domain can be depicted as  
\[y[i]=\sum_{k=1}^{N_{\tau}}h^{*}[k]s[i-k+1]+v[i] \tag{2}\]0  
where \(\mathbf{\Lambda=diag(s)}\) is the diagonal matrix constructed from the transmitted pilot symbols \(\mathbf{s}\), and \(\mathbf{F}\in\mathbb{C}^{M\times N}\) is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix associated with the pilot subcarriers, and \(\mathbf{h}=[h[1],h[2],\cdots,h[N]]^{T}\) is the \(N\)-dimensional CIR vector. This relationship can be succinctly represented as in (1) by defining \(\mathbf{\Phi}\triangleq\mathbf{\Lambda F}\) and \(\mathbf{x}\triangleq\mathbf{h}\). In impulsive noise environments, OFDM systems often exhibit better resilience than single-carrier systems, especially when the power of impulsive noise is moderate. This is because symbol detection in the frequency domain averages out impulsive noise across all subcarriers. Conversely, single-carrier systems are more vulnerable to impulsive noise, particularly when the noise occurrence probability is high.
###### Abstract  
A tunable and compact mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on BaGa\({}_{4}\)Se\({}_{7}\) (BGSe) crystal with a repetition rate up to 250 Hz was demonstrated. A high energy and more approachable side-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed as the pump for the BGSe OPO. Due to the pump double-pass single-resonant oscillator (DP-SRO) configuration, the maximum average power of 250 mW and the maximum pulse energy of 1.28 mJ at 4.06 \(\upmu\)m was achieved with the repetition rate of 250 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. The tunable mid-infrared output from 3.42-4.73 \(\upmu\)m was obtained. The influence of repetition rate and cavity length was studied and the thermal effect was analyzed.  
optical parametric oscillator; BaGa\({}_{4}\)Se\({}_{7}\); mid-infrared Article High Repetition Rate, Tunable Mid-Infrared BaGa\({}_{4}\)Se\({}_{7}\) Optical Parametric Oscillator Pumped by a 1 \(\upmu\)m Nd:YAG Laser.
# The Optimization of Covert Communication in Asymmetric Jammer - Assist Systems
## 2 System Model
### Problem Formulation  
In this work, we aim to investigate the transmission design with the goal of maximizing the mutual information in (6) while adhering to the covertness constraint stipulated in (11). Our focus lies in the optimization of the amplitude gain \(\beta\) and the jammer noise distribution ratio \(\alpha\) on the x-axis and y-axis. The problem of covert communication in jammer\(-\)assist systems is formulated as:  
\[\text{P1}:\max_{\beta,\alpha} \mathbb{I}(Z_{b}^{n};D^{n})\] (14) s.t. \[\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{P}_{1}^{n}\|\mathbb{P}_{0}^{n})\leq\epsilon, \tag{15}\] \[0<\beta,\] (16) \[0<\alpha<1. \tag{17}\]