## 2 _Applied_  
Reliability engineering focuses on the ability of physical equipment to function without failure. It describes the ability of a component or system to operate at design conditions for a specified period of time [1]. Reliability is closely related to availability, which is typically described as the ability of a component or system to function at a specified moment or interval of time [2]. Reliability is theoretically defined as the probability of success at time t and is estimated from previous data sets or by using specific tests [3]. Availability, testability, and maintainability are directly related to reliability [4]. High-quality engineering design requires planning for reliability from the earliest stages of a system's design [5]. The use of probabilistic design for reliability allows for a comparison of a component's strength against the stress that it will encounter in various environments [6]. Failures link hierarchically in terms of the system architecture, and in turn, a failure mode may cause failures in a higher-level subsystem or may be the result of a failure in a lower-level component [7]. Reliability and quality are closely related. Typically, quality focuses on the prevention of defects during the warranty phase, whereas reliability seeks to prevent failures during the lifetime of the product or system, from commissioning through operation to decommissioning [8]. Condition-based maintenance (CBM), known as predictive maintenance, monitors relevant variables to empirically determine the percentage of service life consumed (and, consequently, the remaining percentage as well) [6]. Reliability techniques in industrial design can substantially increase operational dependability through better system design and the selection of more suitable parts and materials. In addition, there are practices that can improve reliability with respect to manufacturing, assembly, shipping and handling, operation, maintenance, and repair [9]. Additionally, reliability is extremely design sensitive. A more reliable product needs less maintenance, and thus, a design trade-off between reliability and maintainability is required. Very slight changes to the design of a component can cause profound changes in operational dependability, which is why it is important to specify product reliability and maintainability targets before any design work is undertaken [10, 11]. There are many tools that can be used in a comprehensive way to analyze the reliability of a system: Markov chains [12], machine learning [13], COX [14], and LCA [15], among others. This Special Issue includes new research and the latest technologies related to reliability techniques in industrial design [16]. In particular, it includes a series of documents focused on: reliability, failure modes, design for reliability, maintenance, design for maintainability, building design, facility design, resilient design, reliability techniques, reliability-centered maintenance, a physics-of-failure-based approach, a reliability prediction and improvement statistics-based approach, reliability modeling, reliability testing, accelerated testing fail-safe design, detectability and common cause failures, maintenance 4.0, and built-in redundancy. In the first of the contributions, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed a novel predictive maintenance assessment matrix, which they tested using a case study of a centrifugal compressor and validated using empirical data provided by the case study company. The paper also demonstrates the possible enhancements introduced by Industry 4.0 technologies. A failure mode and symptom analysis (FMSA) method was introduced to identify the critical symptoms and descriptors of failure mechanisms. FMSA is used to estimate monitoring priorities. Thanks to this work, it is possible to determine the critical monitoring specifications of a centrifugal compressor [17]. In the second contribution, [PERSON] et al. used a parametric study to evaluate the significance of the rotational components of Earth's motion in a seismic design.