# Handover Management in 5G Vehicular Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, an HO management methodology for 5G vehicular networks was described supporting both predictive and reactive HO scenarios. Four HO subprocesses complemented the system's functionality, namely the velocity and network monitoring, the HO initiation, the network selection, and the HO execution. The velocity and network monitoring module estimates the velocity of each vehicle and provides the alternative access networks to the HO operation. If the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, then predictive HO is performed. In such a case, the HO is initiated and network selection is performed. Reactive HO is performed whenever the vehicle unexpectedly loses the connectivity with its serving network. In such a case, network selection is immediately executed. Furthermore, the HO execution phase includes several improvements in the operation of the FPMIPv6 protocol. The proposed scheme was evaluated in a 5G vehicular network architecture, while the performance evaluation showed that it outperformed existing HO schemes, maintaining the user satisfaction at acceptable levels and reducing the HO signaling cost. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, I.K. E.S., A.M. and E.T.M. ; investigation, I.K., E.S. and A.M.; supervision, E.T.M., A.M. and D.D.V. ; visualization, I.K. and E.S. ; writing--original draft, I.K. and E.S. ; writing--review and editing, I.K., E.S., A.M., E.T.M. and D.D.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was partially funded by the University of Piraeus Research Center (UPRC). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable since this study did not involve humans or animals. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable since this study did not involve humans or animals. **Data Availability Statement:** Simulation data can be provided after contacting the corresponding author. **Acknowledgments:** The publication of this paper was partly supported by the University of Piraeus Research Center (UPRC). **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. **Sample Availability:** Samples of the simulation environment can be provided after contacting the corresponding author. Figure 22: The total signaling cost of each HO scheme during the 24 h simulation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **Position** & **Geographic Latitude** & **Geographic Longitude** & **Downlink and Uplink Spectrum in MHz (LTE Band)** & **MAG** \\ \hline LTE Macrocell 1 & e14 & 37.986389 & 23.726667 & 3515-3520 and 3415-3420 (22) & 3 \\ LTE Macrocell 2 & i5 & 37.985 & 23.722222 & 2675-2690 and 2565-2570 (7) & 5 \\ LTE Macrocell 3 & k26 & 37.983611 & 23.733056 & 3510-3515 and 3410-3415 (22) & 6 \\ LTE Macrocell 4 & m21 & 37.982778 & 23.730278 & 3520-3525 and 3420-3425 (22) & 7 \\ LTE Macrocell 5 & p9 & 37.981667 & 23.724167 & 3525-3530 and 3425-3430 (22) & 8 \\ LTE Macrocell 6 & r2 & 37.980833 & 23.720556 & 3510-3515 and 3410-3415 (22) & 9 \\ LTE Macrocell 7 & r25 & 37.980556 & 23.732222 & 2675-2690 and 2565-2570 (7) & 9 \\ LTE Macrocell 8 & s17 & 37.979722 & 23.728333 & 3515-3520 and 3415-3420 (22) & 10 \\ LTE Femtosecond 1 & c13 & 37.987222 & 23.726389 & 3530-3535 and 3430-3435 (22) & 2 \\ LTE Femtosecond 2 & c19 & 37.987222 & 23.729444 & 3525-3530 and 3425-3430 (22) & 2 \\ LTE Femtosecond 3 & d11 & 37.986944 & 23.725 & 3520-3525 and 3420-3425 (22) & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The positions and the frequencies of the simulated LTE-A networks.