## 5 Conclusions  
Considering the easily influenced characteristics of the EV fire risk by the external environments and the complex diversity of the parking scenarios for EVs, by selecting suitable parameters, the typical and common scenario of roadside parking EVs fire was chosen in this study. By analyzing the built scenario, a simplified modeling method for the thermal radiation from an EV fire was established based on the SFM principle and the fire PHRR. Using this method, the risk distance of the EV fire propagation was determined efficiently and accurately and the impact of a pedestrian's risk-avoidance behavior was studied in a fire scenario. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. The research built an incident thermal radiation model of EV fire risk factors based on roadside parking scenarios and calculated the safe distance of the adjacent vehicles to guide the management to design and build a safer roadside parking lot. 2. Based on the gridded thermal radiation field by the SFM of an EV fire, the relationship between the direction and speed of a pedestrian fleeing from a fire and the accumulated thermal radiation of the pedestrians was analyzed. The accumulated thermal radiation decreased faster at the unit speed when moving along the direction parallel to the flame surface than in the direction perpendicular to the flame surface. 3. Based on the established model and scenario, the correlation of the pedestrian evacuation speed parameters with the cumulative thermal radiation received by the pedestrians under the different evacuation strategies was compared. When the flame tilt angle increased under the airflow conditions, the minimum value of the accumulative thermal radiation received by the pedestrian first increased and then decreased. Despite these contributions and results, this study had several limitations. The dynamic flame was not considered when the study focused on an EV fire scenario. Additionally, this study suggested that the flame shape of an EV fire does not change. Further, the additional conditions of burning EV, such as explosions, were not considered. Therefore, potential future research can be conducted to: (i) combine the flame shape and fire dynamics to propose the flame shape rules of an EV flame under different external conditions, (ii) propose a fast reaction framework of the dynamic flame radiation based on SFM-computer vision in an EV fire and (iii) include more conditions, such as an explosion, when an EV fire spreads. Figure 22: **(a)** The minimum cumulative thermal radiation at the destination points of a pedestrian fleeing to the safety threshold line \(f\) (4.5) at a flame tilt angle \(\varphi\); **(b)** The minimum cumulative thermal radiation received by the pedestrian fleeing to the destination point. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, D.Z. and X.G. ; methodology, D.Z., X.G. and Q.D. ; software, D.Z. ; validation, D.Z. ; formal analysis, D.Z. and X.G. ; investigation, D.Z. ; resources, G.H. ; data curation, D.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, D.Z. ; writing--review and editing, D.Z., X.G. and H.L. ; visualization, D.Z. ; supervision, X.G., G.H. and Q.D. ; project administration, X.G. ; funding acquisition, G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number. 2022 YFF0607101. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.