# Enabling Heterogeneous IoT Networks over 5G Networks with Ultra-Dense Deployment--Using MEC/SDN
## 4 Energy-Aware and Latency-Aware Offloading Scheme
### Energy-Aware and Latency-Aware Offloading Algorithm for Cellular Network
This achieves many benefits in terms of network scalability, availability and reliability. The article also introduces D2D communications over cellular cells to unloads the core networks and increases the system availability and scalability. Computing tasks can be managed, over the proposed IoT/5G networks, using the proposed energy-aware and latency-aware offloading scheme. With the proposed IoT/5G structure, the proposed offloading scheme, achieves 30% improvement in blocked tasks and 20% improvement in energy efficiency. Thus, the proposed IoT/5G structure, with the proposed offloading scheme, achieves IoT's main requirements over 5G systems announced by the 3 GPP and ITU. The proposed IoT/5G framework is limited by the capabilities of the I-MEC and C-MEC servers. Higher server capabilities, e.g., energy, processing and storage, achieve higher performance in terms of scalability, availability and energy efficiency; however, this comes on the overall system cost. Thus, our future goals for this work include developing an optimization algorithm for optimizing and allocating resources dynamically and presents the edge intelligence by developing machine-learning algorithms at the edge servers to improve the overall network performance and provide novel services. Moreover, further measures will be examined for key performance indicators (KPIs), such as overall system reliability. Table 5.1 Total number of blocked tasks for the four considered systems in case (II) of the second simulation scenario. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Case (1)** & **Case (2)** & **Case (3)** \\ \hline
**System (B)** & 17.78\% & 15.56\% & 11.11\% \\
**System (C)** & 37.78\% & 26.67\% & 13.33\% \\
**System (D)** & 46.67\% & 42.22\% & 31.11\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Percentage of blocked tasks for the four considered systems in case (II) of the second scenario. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.H., A.A.A. and N.F.S. ; methodology, A.D.A., A.K. and A.A.A. ; software, N.F.S. and A.A.A. ; validation, A.A.A., M.H. and A.D.A. ; formal analysis, A.K., M.H. and A.A.A.A. ; investigation, A.D.A. and A.A.A.A. ; resources, A.A.A. and A.K. ; data curation, M.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.A.A. ; writing--review and editing, A.A.A., N.F.S. and M.H. and N.F.S. ; visualization, A.A.A. and A.D.A. ; supervision, A.K. and N.F.S. ; project administration, M.H. ; funding acquisition, M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah hint Abdulrahman University through the Research Funding Program (grant no. FRP-1440-24). **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

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