## 5 Summary and Conclusions  
Temperature data from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite observations, the CMAM30 model, and ERA-Interim reanalysis data are analysed to investigate the variabilities in the non-migrating tides DS0 and DW2. Global vertical and horizontal variabilities are analysed, and we conclude the following from the current study. 1. The tidal variability observed in the stratosphere from CMAM30 and ERA-interim temperature data are highly consistent with each other. Results from COSMIC, however, are comparable in the lower stratosphere over equatorial to mid-latitudes only. This is due to COSMIC data quality issues above 40-45 km and aliasing issues in the high-latitude stratosphere. 2. Amplitudes of DS0 and DW2 in the high-latitude stratosphere are overestimated in the analysis of satellite datasets due to aliasing and should not be attributed to non-linear interactions. This result is strengthened by the fact that DS0 and DW2 are practically absent in CMAM30 and ERA data in the high latitude stratosphere. 3. DS0 and DW2 show variabilities ranging from 30 to 100 days over the equator in the MLT region. Part of these variabilities are similar to SPW1 variability during winter in the high-latitude stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere and support the argument that they could be produced due to non-linear interactions with DW1 in the equatorial MLT region. At other epochs when there is no SPW1 activity, the observed DS0 and DW2 variabilities cannot be explained through this process. 4. The global structure of DS0 and DW2 tides shows that they have their source in the lower atmosphere, and the tides propagate upwards with increasing amplitudes. The vertical wavelengths of these structures are of the order of \(\sim\)25 km. The antisymmetric nature of the vertical global structures indicates that these tides could be the result of global atmospheric oscillations proposed by the classical tidal theory. Conceptualization, U.D. and S.D. ; methodology, S.D. ; software, S.D. ; validation, S.D. and U.D. ; formal analysis, S.D. ; investigation, U.D. and S.D. ; resources, U.D. ; data curation, U.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.D. ; writing--review and editing, U.D. ; visualization, S.D. and U.D. ; supervision, U.D. ; project administration, U.D. ; funding acquisition, U.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), a statutory body of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, grant number ECR/2017/002258. Not Applicable. All data used in the study are freely available for public use. CMAM30 data are downloaded from [[https://climate-modelling.canada.ca/climatemodeldata/cmam/output/CMAM/CMAM30-SD/fhr/atmos/ta/index.shtml](https://climate-modelling.canada.ca/climatemodeldata/cmam/output/CMAM/CMAM30-SD/fhr/atmos/ta/index.shtml)]([https://climate-modelling.canada.ca/climatemodeldata/cmam/output/CMAM/CMAM30-SD/fhr/atmos/ta/index.shtml](https://climate-modelling.canada.ca/climatemodeldata/cmam/output/CMAM/CMAM30-SD/fhr/atmos/ta/index.shtml)) (accessed on 21 December 2022). ERA-Interim data is downloaded from [[https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/](https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/)]([https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/](https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/)) (accessed on 21 December 2022). The data used in the current study are obtained from UCAR/COSMIC [[https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/](https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/)]([https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/](https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/)) (accessed on 21 December 2022) (COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center, 2013).