## Materials and Methods
### Measurement of Albedo  
To analyze the actual values for the albedo of paddy rice, experiments were performed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), located in Los Banos, Laguna province, Republic of the Philippines (14\({}^{\circ}\)9\({}^{\circ}\)55\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 121\({}^{\circ}\)15\({}^{\prime}\)3\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E, 21 m a.s.l.). The albedo of paddy rice was measured according to the protocol developed by [PERSON] et al. [37]. In total, three sets of experiments were conducted, namely on 29 and 30 November 2012, 1 December 2012, and on 14, 15, and 25 April 2013, mostly under clear sky conditions. According to [PERSON] et al. [37], the measurements should be performed around \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Definition**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Values**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** \\ \hline Soil [4; 44; 45; 46; 47] & \(\lambda_{so}\) & Thermal conductivity, k] m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) & 0.5190 & 5.5000 & 2.2598 \\  & \(cp_{so}\) & Volumetric heat capacity, k] m\({}^{-3}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 2000 & 3835 & 2780 \\ \hline Asphalt [48; 49; 50] & \(\lambda_{as}\) & Thermal conductivity, k] m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) & 0.8800 & 1.8660 & 1.3020 \\  & \(cp_{as}\) & Volumetric heat capacity, k] m\({}^{-3}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 2188 & 2287 & 2247 \\ \hline PVC tarpaulin [51; 52] & \(\lambda_{ta}\) & Thermal conductivity, k] m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) & 0.1400 & 0.1500 & 0.1450 \\  & \(cp_{ta}\) & Volumetric heat capacity, k] m\({}^{-3}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 1439 & 1950 & 1694 \\ \hline Paddy rice [39; 53; 54] & \(\lambda_{pa}\) & Thermal conductivity, k] m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) & 0.0895 & 0.1250 & 0.1068 \\  & \(cp_{pa}\) & Volumetric heat capacity, k] m\({}^{-3}\) K\({}^{-1}\) & 669 & 891 & 754 \\  & \(\rho_{pa}\) & Bulk density, kg m\({}^{-3}\) & 585 & 600 & 592 \\ \hline [10; 17; 21; 24; 30; 31; 32; 55] & \(\alpha_{pa}\) & Albedo of paddy rice, - & 0.0900 & 0.5000 & 0.1957 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Model input parameters from the literature. Figure 2: Flow chart of the simulation procedure. noon. The measurements carried out in this study were between 10:30 and 15:00. Figure 3 shows the setting of the sensors for the measurement of albedo. Albedo was determined by measuring total solar radiation (direct and diffuse solar radiation) with an upward-facing pyranometer, while measuring reflected solar radiation was done with a downward-facing pyranometer (CMP11 and CMP6, Kipp and Zonen, Delftechpark, Delft, the Netherlands) from a vertical distance of 0.18 m above the paddy surface. The properties of the two pyranometers are presented in Table 2. Separate outputs for each sensor were automatically recorded using a data logger (34970A, Agilent Technologies Inc., Loveland, CO, USA). Data were logged at 1-min intervals. The advantages of using the circular shield (Figure 3) are the reduction of the area subjected to the measurement from the minimum 4 m (standard [35]) to 1 m, the performance of the experiment without the restriction of a larger testing space, and the avoidance of the solar reflection of the surrounding surfaces on the downward pyranometer. Therefore, this setup allowed the reflected radiation to be measured over the course of the day by excluding the areas shaded by the pyranometer, its support, and the circular shield. Albedo was calculated as:  
\[\alpha_{pa}=\frac{\frac{G_{dur}}{G_{tip}}-\left(F_{sensor-b}+\gamma_{diff}F_{sensor-f} \right)\cdot\alpha_{cs}}{F_{sensor-b}+\gamma_{diff}\cdot\left(F_{sensor-b}+F_{sensor-b}+F_{sensor-b}\right)} \tag{13}\]  
where \(\alpha_{pa}\) (-) is the albedo of paddy rice, \(\alpha_{cs}\) (-) is the albedo of the circular shield, \(D_{down}\) (W m\({}^{-2}\)) is the radiation measured by the inverted pyranometer, \(G_{up}\) (W m\({}^{-2}\)) is the radiation measured by