## 2 Results and Discussion
### Potential Applications of Mg NP/GW Nanoparticles  
Magnesium nanoparticles (Mg NPs) and GW nanoparticles hold significant promise for enhancing agricultural productivity. One of the primary applications lies in the development of nanofertilizers, which can increase the bioavailability of essential nutrients to plants. For instance, Mg NPs can boost magnesium uptake, crucial for chlorophyll production and photosynthesis, thereby enhancing plant growth and crop yields. Refs. [66; 67] demonstrated that nanoparticles could improve nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, leading to more robust plant growth. Moreover, these nanoparticles can serve as carriers for pesticides or antimicrobial agents, providing targeted delivery to specific sites in plants. This could reduce the overall quantity of chemicals required, minimizing environmental impact and enhancing the sustainability of agricultural practices. Ref. [68] highlighted the potential of nanoparticles in reducing chemical usage while maintaining or improving pest and disease control efficacy. Mg NP/GW nanoparticles could play a critical role in environmental remediation, particularly in phytoremediation. These nanoparticles can enhance the ability of plants, such as _Allium cepa_, to absorb and detoxify heavy metals and other pollutants from soil and water. This capability makes them valuable for cleaning contaminated environments. Research by [69] supports the potential of nanoparticles to assist in the detoxification processes of plants, providing an effective means of addressing pollution. In the medical field, Mg NP/GW nanoparticles have promising applications in drug delivery systems and as antimicrobial agents. These nanoparticles can be engineered for controlled and targeted drug release, improving therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects. Ref. [70] discussed the advantages of using nanoparticles in drug delivery, emphasizing their ability to provide sustained and targeted release. Additionally, due to their small size and large surface area, Mg NP/GW nanoparticles exhibit significant antimicrobial properties, making them suitable for developing new antibacterial and antifungal agents. Ref. [71] emphasized the potential of nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In industrial contexts, Mg NP/GW nanoparticles could be utilized as catalysts in chemical reactions, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. Their high surface area and reactivity make them ideal candidates for catalysis in various industrial processes. Ref. [72] discussed the application of nanoparticles in catalysis, highlighting their ability to improve reaction rates and product yields. Furthermore, these nanoparticles could contribute to the development of new composite materials with enhanced properties, such as increased strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. Such materials could find applications in the electronics, construction, and aerospace industries. Ref. [73] explored the potential of nanostructured materials in advanced electrochemical energy devices, underscoring the broad applicability of nanoparticles in material science. Nanotechnology, particularly involving Mg NP/GW nanoparticles, offers avenues for promoting sustainable agricultural and environmental practices. For example, by enhancing the efficiency of fertilizers and pesticides, these nanoparticles can help reduce the overall use of agricultural chemicals, promoting more sustainable farming practices [74]. Additionally, nanoparticles can be employed in water purification systems to remove contaminants, providing clean water for irrigation and reducing dependency on freshwater sources [75]. To fully harness the potential of Mg NP/GW nanoparticles, further research is necessary to understand their long-term effects on plants, animals, and ecosystems. Studies should focus on the degradation, accumulation, and potential toxic effects of these nanoparticles over extended periods [51].