## 1 Introduction  
Hand tremors can be a significant challenge for surgeons, as they can interfere with fine motor skills and precision. Thus, even a subtle tremor can have detrimental effects. This may lead to inaccurate incisions, tissue damage, and an increased risk of complications. Therefore, it can potentially compromise the patients' safety, as well as the expected surgical outcomes [1, 2, 3]. This challenge is observed across a range of medical applications, and it is not confined to surgery alone. For example, for medical imaging using handheld probes [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], hand tremors have been approached by developing specialized software for the post-processing of images in order to compensate for their effects [9]. The main approach in hand tremor cancelation has been to position the tools on platforms manipulated by robotic arms around the patient [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. This has had drawbacks, such as reduced mobility and a narrow field-of-view (FOV) due to teleoperation, as well as a low versatility of the system in unpredictable situations. The benefits and drawbacks of robot-assisted surgery compared to traditional surgery were discussed in a comprehensive way in [16]. In general, hand tremors can be categorized into two main types [17; 18; 19]:  
1. _Resting tremor_, which occurs when the hands are relaxed, without any intentional movement. It is the most common type of tremor and is often associated with medical conditions such as essential tremor or Parkinson's disease. 2. _Action tremor_, which occurs during voluntary movements, such as holding surgical instruments or performing (delicate) procedures. It can be exacerbated by factors such as fatigue, stress, and anxiety, all of which are often present in surgical environments. In surgery, hand tremors can significantly impact, in several ways, the performance and outcomes of the medical act through the following:  
* _Reduced precision and accuracy_: hand tremors can cause surgeons to perform inaccurate incisions. This leads to tissue damage and potential complications. * _Increased procedural time_: trying to compensate for hand tremors can make surgical procedures longer. This can be detrimental to the patient's safety. * _Emotional distress_: surgeons with hand tremors may experience anxiety and self-doubt. This can further impair their performance and increase the risk of errors. For laser microsurgery (i.e., where a laser scalpel is utilized) [20; 21; 22] the impact of the hand tremor is even more severe, as it can lead to additional complications, including:  
* _Inaccurate tissue removal_: uncontrolled hand tremors can lead to uneven or imprecise tissue removal. This potentially affects the effectiveness of the procedure. * _Targeted tissue damage_: hand tremors can cause an unwanted deviation from the intended target. This results in unintentional tissue damage or collateral injury. * _Excessive procedural complexity_: compensating for hand tremors can make surgery more challenging and time-consuming. * _Increased risk of complications_: imprecise surgery can increase the risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, and scarring. To mitigate the impact of hand tremors in the microsurgery field, and especially in eye surgery, surgeons and researchers have adopted innovative strategies [23] based on:  
* _Robotic stabilization devices_: fully robotic solutions, robotic-assisted systems such as Steady Hand [24; 25], or stabilization tools can compensate for tremors. Thus, they can ensure a more precise laser application. These devices translate surgical movements into steady, calculated actions. * _Handheld stabilization devices_: handheld tools such as Micron (in its multiple versions) [22; 25; 26] have been designed to monitor and minimize the impact of hand tremors during surgical procedures. Thus, they could offer a blend of flexibility and precision. * _Computational power evolution_: modern laser systems integrate tracking mechanisms in order to maintain alignment with retinal targets, even if minor hand tremors occur [27; 28].