# Team-Communication Modeling Framework for Multi-Unit Nuclear Power Plant Accident Analysis
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Team-Communication Analysis Methodology  
At the center of our team-communication analysis is the process model using FRAM. A systematic review paper in 2020 listed many applications of FRAM; however, among the 193 studies, there was only one that involved communication in the analysis method [44]. That study proposed to include communication as the seventh aspect of FRAM function, and although we agreed on the importance of communication and appreciated the novel approach, the addition of a new aspect is a major modification to the method and should thus be supported with deep understanding of FRAM's and resilience engineering's theoretical foundation and strong scientific background, which the study failed to report [48]. We found that there are two general approaches to include the analysis of communication in FRAM. The first one was, during the function identification, when a certain communication was considered a required function, it was included as a function and analyzed in the same way as other functions. For example, a study on the safety of offshore platforms created such communication-related functions [49]. Another approach was the application of the so-called \"common performance conditions\" during variability characterization, which listed \"communication quality\" as one of its 11 conditions [50]. As illustrated in Figure 2, the proposed team-communication analysis methodology using the modeling framework consists of three steps: (1) FRAM modeling of multi-unit accident-management tasks, (2) communication functions identification, and (3) team-communication analysis. The methodology starts with the FRAM modeling of multi-unit accident-management tasks, i.e., FRAM's basic application of function analysis and characterization. The result is a FRAM model containing functions during multi-unit accident management and connections between functions through the six aspects. As there are many functions during multi-unit accident-management tasks, this initial \"FRAM model\" will contain a lot of functions and aspects. Although completely covering the accident scenario, we found this model to be overly complicated and impractical. Thus, we decided to generalize the functions, creating a \"generalized FRAM model\". Then, since the goal is to analyze team communication, which is fine-grained information, either the analysis scope should be redefined/narrowed, or the model should be divided. We decided to redefine the scope and select the target functions to be analyzed. A detailed model, called the \"specialized FRAM model\", is created. These three types of FRAM models create a three-level modeling abstraction. Assignments of function performer and output variability in terms of time and precision are carried out by following the FRAM guidelines [43]. In the identification of communication functions, to ensure consistent identification, the following conditions are applied. (1) A function is a communication function if it is  
Figure 2: Team-communication analysis methodology. either an intra- or inter-communication function. (2) An intra-communication function is decided for each function by deciding whether communication is explicitly required in performing that function. For example, a function discussing the need for equipment is an intra-communication function, whereas the operator's movement to the desired location is not. (3) An inter-communication function is decided for a pair of functions (two connected functions) by deciding whether communication is explicitly required in performing both functions. For example, a pair of functions where one sends a request and the other receives/processes it is an inter-communication function, whereas a pair of functions where one purchases equipment and another stores it is not an inter-communication function. Based on these conditions, the communication functions are identified. For team-communication analysis, the aspects of the communication functions are refined by considering the performance factors from the performance-factor models.