# Diabetes Monitoring System in Smart Health Cities Based on Big Data Intelligence
## 1 Introduction  
Diabetes is a major concern in different parts of the world, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. As a result of the prevalence of disease-causing factors, which include a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diets, diabetes has become a chronic condition affecting an increasing number of patients [1, 2]. Intelligent employment of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques has proved significant enhancements in many applications,such as business [3], agriculture [4; 5] social media [6], security applications [7], intelligent transportation [8], supply chain management [9], sustainable cites [10] and many more intelligent applications [11]. Recent advances in the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have transformed the traditional healthcare system into an intelligent one. Healthcare services can be greatly improved using the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and deep learning. Advanced methods and scientific theories are now generating vast amounts of digital data that can be used to create clinical applications that help diagnose diabetes more efficiently [12]. Diabetes is a disease that causes high blood sugar [13]. The patient's pancreas does not produce suitable amounts of insulin or cannot effectively consume the insulin produced by the pancreas. There are two major types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is considered the most common form of diabetes by 90% of all diabetic patients. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that about 1.6 million people yearly die due to diabetes [14]. Predicting and diagnosing diabetes is one of the major challenges in the medical industry and healthcare sector; it depends on several factors, including the chemical examination and the different symptoms and signs that appear on the patient. Diabetes is seen as the world's deadliest disease for human life because the disease has proven to be the precursor to other health problems. Many individuals who suffer from obesity seem to have diabetes. The disease also kills more people yearly than AIDS and breast cancer combined. In all diabetes cases, sugar increases in the bloodstream. This is due to the pancreas not producing enough insulin. Both types 1 and 2 diabetes may be caused by a combination of environmental or genetic factors. It is unclear what those factors are till the current moment. Figure 1 illustrates the diabetes types. Diabetes is principally caused by obesity or high glucose level [15]. Due to increased glucose levels in the blood, some symptoms arise within the flesh, such as frequent urination and extreme hunger. Normal glucose levels are 70 to 99 mg/dL. Furthermore, a human is considered pre-diabetic if the body glucose concentration is 100-125 mg/dL [16]. Detection of diabetes in its early stages is one of the most critical challenges in the healthcare industry. Diabetes has no permanent cure. Hence, early detection is crucial in the treatment process [17]. Figure 2 illustrates the leading causes of diabetes. Figure 1: The types of diabetes. The healthcare sector is one of the biggest sectors in the world economy, with a continuous increase in the yearly income and investment [18]. Currently, several clinical procedures, such as diabetic monitoring, blood testing, and pressure monitoring, can be conducted at a remote location in real time [18]. Due to the great advances in wearable devices, fast data acquisition and processing of medical data are possible. AI has changed the decision-making process for people in the medical field, as they can diagnose patients early; AI plays a vital role in disease prevention. Electronic health records systems based on AI can be used to collect advanced data reporting about patients [19]. Machine learning (ML) uses previously labeled data to predict the future intelligently, with no explicit programming [20].