esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Security Concerns  
The traceability solution introduced in this paper provides important benefits in terms of security, transparency, and efficiency. However, it also introduces some security challenges that must be carefully considered [62]. As discussed above, one of the primary benefits of blockchain traceability is data immutability, which ensures that once traceability data are notarised, they cannot be altered or deleted. This property is instrumental to guaranteeing the integrity of traceability records, as it prevents tampering and fraud. However, the reliance on off-chain storage for part of the relevant data may introduce vulnerabilities. If the off-chain storage is compromised, attackers could manipulate the data before they are hashed and recorded on the blockchain, undermining the entire traceability system.  
Another concern when information is stored off-chain is data leakage. If attackers gain access to the off-chain storage, they could exploit these data for malicious purposes. To mitigate this risk, organisations should employ strong encryption methods for off-chain sensitive data and ensure that access controls are strictly enforced [63]. Additionally, using zero-knowledge proofs can enhance privacy by allowing data verification without revealing the actual content [64].  
Denial of Service (DoS) situations where the network can be overwhelmed by excessive requests, disrupting normal operations, may be a significant threat in some applications requiring frequent access to traceability data [65]. Implementing rate limiting and monitoring for unusual activity can help detect and prevent such scenarios. Furthermore, ensuring that smart contracts are optimised for efficiency can reduce the likelihood of network congestion.  
Smart contract vulnerabilities are a critical area of concern. Bugs or flaws in the contract code can be exploited by attackers, leading to unauthorised access or manipulation of traceability data. Conducting thorough audits and employing formal verification methods during the development phase can significantly reduce the risk of such vulnerabilities. Additionally, using established libraries like OpenZeppelin can provide a more secure foundation for smart contract development.
# Adaptive Multi-Path Routing Protocol in Autonomous Vehicular Networks
## 3 Motivation
### Proactive vs. Reactive  
We can classify ad hoc routing protocols into two major categories: proactive and reactive routing protocols. Proactive routing protocols such as DSDV [12] and OLSR [13] are quite similar to the routing protocols used in wired networks. The nodes employ periodic control messages to exchange routing information with each other. Reactive routing protocols, such as DSR [10] and AODV [11], send out control messages only when required.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **Routing Metric** & **Pros** & **Cons** \\ \hline MAS [19] & data rate & rate considered & raw rate ineffective \\ \hline MTM [26] & medium time & overhead considered & constant overhead \\ \hline RVDVR [27] & vehicle density & low-delay route & throughput ineffective \\ \hline W-GeoR [28] & traffic info. & various metrics & specific applications \\ \hline BC [29] & trust score & Block-chain & only security \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: VANET routing protocol comparison.  
The problem with proactive routing protocols is that the nodes have to send out periodic routing messages even when they are not sending any data packets. Although this is not a big concern in wired networks, it would lead to higher power consumption and bandwidth wastage in wireless networks. Furthermore, as the routing information is updated periodically, there is a high possibility that the routing information may become stale, depending on the update period. However, reactive routing protocols send out routing messages only when needed so that the routing information is always fresh. [PERSON] et al. [30] showed that the proactive routing protocol performs poorly in the aspect of packet delivery ratio and routing overhead compared to reactive protocols.  
Most of the previously proposed multi-rate-aware routing protocols [19; 26] modified the proactive routing protocols to achieve their goals since they have to maintain the link quality information of the entire network. Therefore, it would cause huge overhead and power consumption throughout the network. For that reason, we modified the on-demand routing protocol DSR [10] as the muti-rate-aware routing protocol.
# SPN-Based Dynamic Risk Modeling of Fire Incidents in a Smart City
###### Abstract  
Smart cities are confronted with a variety of disaster threats. Among them, natural fires pose a serious threat to human lives, the environment, and asset security. In view of the fact that existing research mostly focuses on the analysis of accident precursors, this paper proposes a dynamic risk-modeling method based on Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN) and Bayesian theory to deeply explore the evolution mechanism of urban natural fires. The SPN model is constructed through natural language processing techniques, which discretize the accident evolution process. Then, the Bayesian theory is introduced to dynamically update the model parameters, enabling the accurate assessment of key event nodes. The research results show that this method can effectively identify high-risk nodes in the evolution of fires. Their dynamic probabilities increase significantly over time, and key transition nodes have a remarkable impact on the emergency response efficiency. This method can increase the fire prevention and control efficiency by approximately 30% and reduce potential losses by more than 20%. The dynamic update mechanism significantly improves the accuracy of risk prediction by integrating real-time observation data and provides quantitative support for emergency decision making. It is recommended that urban management departments focus on strengthening the maintenance of facilities in high-risk areas (such as fire alarm systems and emergency passages), optimize cross-departmental cooperation processes, and build an intelligent monitoring and early-warning system to shorten the emergency response time. This study provides a new theoretical tool for urban fire risk management. In the future, it can be extended to other types of disasters to enhance the universality of the model.  
Bayesian networks; stochastic petri nets; Markov chains; risk modeling; contingency decision making; natural language processing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Design, Procedure and Instruments  
As aforementioned, the data used for this study were directly obtained from the National Mobility Survey of the Dominican Republic in 2018 [50] and 2019 [51]. The questionnaire consisted of several blocks of questions that explored citizens' perceptions of various traffic, mobility, and road safety issues. Among these addressed topics were: private and public transport, mobility on foot and by bicycle, knowledge of institutions and traffic laws, and communication campaigns developed in the Dominican Republic. In addition, there was a specific section for the knowledge and valuation of mobility-related technology, focused on ICTs and ITS systems, whose results are discussed in this paper.  
The questionnaire was administered through personal interviews. The data collection process was carried out using a CAPI (computer-assisted interviewing) system on recorded and geo-referenced tablets to reduce interviewing time and avoid errors in the recording of data.  
To achieve the proposed objectives, the following variables were considered:  
* Sociodemographic variables and driving data: sex, age, working situation, habitat, frequency of driving.
* Knowledge of intelligent transportation systems: questions were asked using a dichotomic scale (Yes/No): \"Do you know what ITS systems are?\"; \"Do you know what Smart Mobility is?\"; and \"Do you know what Smart Cities are?\".
* Perceptions about technology on traffic: A Likert scale from 0 to 10 was used for the following questions: \"To what extent do you consider that technology (in general) can be useful for the improvement of mobility?\"; \"To what extent do you consider mobile apps as useful for the improvement of mobility?\"; and \"To what extent do you consider ITS systems as useful for the improvement of mobility?\".
* Use of mobile apps during urban trips: a generic question was asked about the use of apps with two answer options (yes/no), as well as an open question specifying which apps are used. The degree of belief that apps could encourage the use of public transport and the degree to which they could improve traffic and mobility in the Dominican Republic were also evaluated through a Likert scale from 0 to 10.
* As environmental affairs have been acquiring growing importance in mobility and technology-related improvements, a complementary question was included asking for participants' self-reported degree of environmental concern, using a scale ranging from 0 to 10 (see Figure 1).
* Individuals' willingness to use different means of transport (i.e., private means, public transport, or walking) to perform their everyday trips was assessed through a Likert scale from 0 to 10.
* Finally, the importance given to ten different features of intelligent transport systems (e.g., 'traffic information'; see Figure 2 for full list) was assessed through a scale ranging from 0 to 10.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Case Study
#### 3.3.4 Collected Data and Analysis  
Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected during the study. The quantitative data were collected via pre and post online surveys, created with the LimeSurvey tool. The validated evaluation method SUXES was used to collect user experience and analyze differences in expectations and actual experiences with the VR environment [49]. As SUXES captures both the expectations and the actual experiences of the user, one can measure the gap between the metrics and compare them, therefore providing a method to understand the user experience [49].  
In the pre-survey (the first part of SUXES), participants evaluated their expectations based on an introductory video of the VR system shown to them. The post-survey had five sections with the statements answered on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree. The survey evaluated the participants' actual experiences with the system (the second part of SUXES), views of the DocPanel tool, the perception of collaborative review sessions in VR, and perception of VR technology in general. In this paper, we use data from four sections of the surveys (both parts of the SUXES, the DocPanel tool, and collaborative review); data from the fifth section (perception of VR technology in general) has been published in another study.  
After each user test session was completed, the main facilitator conducted a semi-structured group interview. Discussion revolved around topics such as general feelings and attitudes towards the tested system, participants' evaluation of the system as a review and collaboration tool, and assessment of the current features and tools implemented in the environment. Participants were also asked what type of additional features or tools they would have liked to have been in the VR environment.  
Qualitative data were collected during and after the test. During the test, observers noted down statements by the participants as they were thinking aloud and discussing with each other. After the session, further data were collected during the interview and noted down by the facilitator and observers. The data were analyzed with thematic analysis. Due to the small size of the test group, the statistical results are indicative only, but as domain experts are the real experts with their own tasks, the expert evaluation carries much weight in evaluating the usefulness and benefits of the environment for industrial maintenance tasks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adopted Strategies for Adaptation and Mitigation
#### 3.4.3 Agroforestry and Rainwater Harvesting  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [113] examined agroforestry as a powerful adaptation and mitigation strategy against climate change and extreme weather. Agroforestry, which incorporates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, offers multiple advantages: it reduces the risk of drought, extreme heat, and heavy rainfall by stabilising ecosystems and enhancing soil and water management. This integration of woody plants within farming systems has significantly boosted resilience to climate impacts, helping agricultural landscapes better withstand climate-related challenges.  
Complementing agroforestry, [PERSON] et al. [114] investigated the role of rainwater harvesting, specifically in steep-slope vineyards where water management is crucial. They introduced the concept of micro-water storage as a local solution to address water resource challenges. This approach proved highly effective for managing irregular rainfall and coping with unpredictable or extreme weather events. Rainwater harvesting, as a localised adaptation measure, has both immediate and long-term potential, providing an accessible and sustainable method to mitigate water scarcity issues in vulnerable agricultural areas.
# Matheuristics and Column Generation for a Basic Technician Routing Problem
## 2 Problem Statement and Related Work
### Algorithms for Solving Related Problems  
#### 2.3.1 Solving Related Vehicle Routing Problems  
Vehicle routing problems such as SDVRPTW and MDVRPTW are known to be efficiently solved by optimality using CG techniques and Branch and Price (B&P) or Branch, Cut and Price (B&C&P) [11]. Recent trends solve a large class of vehicle routing problems in a generic way [12]. A crucial point is to solve CG sub-problems as efficiently as possible, with significant works solving the shortest path problems with resource constraints with labelling algorithms [39; 40]. However, very few specific works concerned the application of the CG algorithm for the SDVRPTW variant. SDVRPTW was recently studied in unified B&C&P applying for HFVRPTW [26]. Specific works in mathematical programming concerned HFVRP [41]. A unified and efficient approach was provided with the dual ascent method with Lagrangian bounds for HFVRP, SDVRP and MDVRP [42]. A B&C&P algorithm for the multi-depot HFVRPTW was provided by [43].  
Metaheuristics are widely used to solve vehicle routing problems [44]. As with exact methods, recent trends develop generic heuristics for a unified formulation of several extensions of VRPTW. A unified formulation of MDVRPTW and SDVRPTW is given by [20]. Such unified extension was solved efficiently firstly with tabu search [20], secondly with Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) [45] and lastly with a hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA) with adaptive diversity management [46]. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is another population metaheuristic that was proven efficient for some vehicle routing problems related to technician routing [47].  
Additional constraints in rich VRPTW induce difficulties for metaheuristics, and matheuristics are widely used in such contexts, especially CG matheuristics [14]. The authors of [15] provide a taxonomy of matheuristics for vehicle routing problems: _Decomposition approaches_ are constructive heuristics solving iteratively sub-problems as in [48]; _improvement heuristics_ apply local search heuristics with large MILP neighborhoods as in [49]; and _CG-based heuristics_ derive primal heuristics from Lagrangian relaxations or CG and B&P algorithms as in [13; 50]. The hybridization of ML techniques with CG algorithm was proven efficient for some vehicle routing problems [16; 17].
# Forest Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Effects on Human Health: A State-of-the-Art Review
## 3 Results
### Evidence about the General Effects of Forest VOCs on Health
#### Endocrine System and Stress  
A systematic review concluded that forest bathing can induce a state of physiological relaxation, with a concomitant reduction in stress hormone levels, and it can also exert beneficial effects on general stress-related health outcomes, such as short-term improvements of cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, including reduced glucose levels [98]. A very recent systematic review of 22 clinical studies analyzing the effects of forest bathing on stress discovered that salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower in forest groups compared to control groups both before and after the intervention and pointed out that, although further research is needed, forest bathing can significantly influence cortisol levels in the short term in such a way as to reduce stress, with anticipated placebo effects playing an important role in this [99]. In animal models, forest VOCs have shown a positive effect on stress response [100; 101], whilst levels of stress hormones (i.e., plasma corticosterone and adrenaline) have not been influenced by limonene and \(\alpha\)-pinene [102; 103]. On the other hand, limonene may protect PC12 cells against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity via the modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase cascade [104].
# Functional Roles of Saccades for a Hand Movement
## 4 Discussion  
The relationship between saccades and hand movement has been studied using both pointing and drawing movements. For example, goal-directed pointing tasks were used to assess the type of saccades that preceded the onset of hand movement [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. This type of saccades has been thought to provide visual information about the observed or predicted target location to guide a hand movement. Additionally, a simple line-drawing task was used to identify another type of saccade in which the gaze closely followed a pencil trajectory with a sequence of small saccades [20]. This type of saccade may be related to the feedback control of hand movement.  
In the present study, saccades during the movements were quantitatively classified as either a leading saccade (LS) or catching saccade (CS) depending on the relative gaze position of the saccade to a cursor position that represented the hand position, and relationships between the saccades and feedforward control component of hand movements were analyzed.
## 4 Time-Frequency Analysis for Feature Extraction
### Wavelet Transform (WT)  
The WT is a more adaptable TFA tool than the STFT, better at characterizing signals due to its flexible window sizes, which provide improved temporal resolution at higher frequencies and enhanced frequency resolution at lower frequencies. The continuous wavelet transform of a signal \(x(t)\) is expressed as:  
\[C(a,b)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}x(t)\psi^{*}\bigg{(}\frac{t-b}{a}\bigg{)}dt \tag{8}\]  
Here, \(C(a,b)\) denotes the wavelet coefficient at scale \(a\) and position \(b\); \(\psi(t)\) refers to the mother wavelet. The scale parameter \(a\) (inverse of frequency) determines wavelet dilation, while the translation parameter \(b\) shifts the wavelet in time. The symbol \(*\) indicates the complex conjugate.
# Junction Selection Based on Optimal-Weighted Multiple Attributes for VANETs
## 1 Introduction
### Previous Work
The proposed scheme is simulated in Network Simulator 2 (NS2), and the results are compared with E-GyTAR, GSR, and DMJSR. The comparative results analysis shows promising improvement in the network performance, which is discussed in the upcoming sections. The novelties of the proposed scheme are summarized as follows:  
* The distance between the current junction and destination, the traffic density on each candidate road segment, and the angle between the source junction and candidate junction are considered as the most optimal junction selection parameters. * The intelligent junction selection method \"Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM)\" is employed to improve the accuracy of the scheme. * The optimal weight value for each parameter is re-determined in the scheme. The intelligent junction selection method \"Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM)\" is employed to improve the accuracy of the scheme that is explained below.
###### Abstract
For instance, one study on the influence of green waste compost applied at 2%, 5%, and 10% (_w/w_) to soils spiked with 500 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of lead nitrate showed a reduction of up to 1.6-fold in Pb uptake by pak choi cabbage (_Brassica campestris_, L) as compared to the control soil [53]. The same study also found that the concentration of available Pb in soil decreased by 35% in comparison to a control when compost was applied at a rate of 10% (_w/w_). Many gardeners also augment their soil nutrient status through application of inorganic fertilizers. Studies on inorganic fertilizers present mixed findings with respect to changes in soil properties and effect on heavy metal availability, likely due to the wide range of chemical forms and nutrient ratios, effects on soil pH, and because heavy metals interact differently with different nutrients [54]. It is generally suggested that Pb mobility is increased by inorganic fertilizers containing ammonium (NH\({}_{4}\)), while phosphates have been found to increase the negative charge of soil, which in turn enhances heavy metal sorption, decreasing Pb availability [55; 56]. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. (2018) suggest that K may exchange with Pb ions on soil surfaces, increasing Pb availability [57]. Gardening is a popular local practice in Laramie, the fourth largest town in Wyoming [58]. The region is characterized by very low temperatures (average of 4.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and precipitation (<300 mm annually), along with a typical growing season of only 85 to 115 days. Nevertheless, Albany County, where Laramie is situated, has over 450 farms, resulting in over 6.3 million dollars in crop sales annually [59]. Residents of Laramie commonly use hoop and greenhouses to extend the growing season, particularly for specialty and warm-season crops, along with managed irrigation. The city is also home to several smallholder farms that sell produce through the farmers market and offer community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs to residents. Exposure to Pb, especially over time, causes serious injury to both humans and the environment, including impaired crop performance and damage to overall soil health. Gardeners in Laramie and other urban areas may be unaware of the risks for exposure through vegetable production in their yards, community gardens, and other cultivatable city spaces like alleys, as well as the influence of common amendments on Pb availability in soil. It is therefore imperative to investigate and educate gardeners on effective, economical technologies that are widely available, and which can reduce transfer of Pb from soil to crops while also addressing damage to soil function caused by heavy metals like Pb. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effects of three locally-produced soil amendments on the physicochemical properties and Pb availability of a native calcareous soil, as well as assess their impact on plant uptake.