## 3 Results
### Effect of Cytokinin Type and Concentration on Shoot Propagation and Shoot Morphology  
Table 1 shows the average number of shoots per flask, and the multiplication index per individual shoot is given for each CK treatment. The initial shoot cultures from germinated seeds were established using 2 mg L\({}^{-1}\) BAP. The highest multiplication rates per flask were obtained at 2 mg L\({}^{-1}\) BAP in MS-S (23.3), although near higher levels are observed in all BAP concentrations in MS-N. In contrast, we recorded the lowest multiplication rates per flask with 2 iP in MS-S (4.4) (Table 1).  
A statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the data shown in Table 1 demonstrated that CK concentrations tested in the range of 0.5-2.0 mg L\({}^{-1}\) were not significantly different (\(p\leq 0.05\)) for shoot multiplication. Therefore, Figure 1 shows a representative in vitro shoot culture experiment with the four CK treatments. Photos in this figure show that micropropagated shoots induced with different types of CKs produced different shoot branching morphologies depending on which CK was supplied to MS-N or MS-S media. Shoots grown on 2 iP, tZ, BAP, and KIN showed variations in shoot number when they were propagated on MS-N and MS-S. Propagated shoots on MS-N with KIN, BAP, and tZ showed a bushier pattern in the aerial part compared to shoots reproduced on 2 iP. Shoots grown on MS-S with KIN, BAP, and tZ showed variation in shoots, with less quality.  
Figure 2A shows the average shoot number produced by in vitro shoots cultured on MS-N and MS-S. Figure 2B,C show a graphical representation of statistical analysis based on the shoot number per flask obtained from the average of the three concentrations. The number of the newly formed shoots significantly differed according to the type of CK (Figure 2B,C). tZ, BAP, and KIN significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) induced a higher number of shoots than 2 iP (Table 1, Figure 2A). BAP produced the highest number of sho  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Culture Medium**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CK**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Average Shoot**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Multiplication Index1**} \\  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Number Per flask**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Multiplication Index1**} \\ \hline  & & & mg L\({}^{-1}\) & & & & mg L\({}^{-1}\) & \\  & & 0.5 & 1 & 2 & & 0.5 & 1 & 2 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MS-N} & 2 iP & 6.2 & 6.5 & 7.4 & b & 2.0 & 2.1 & 2.5 & b \\  & KIN & 20.1 & 12.0 & 14.1 & a & 6.7 & 4.0 & 4.7 & a \\  & BAP & 21.3 & 21.0 & 21.9 & a & 7.1 & 7.0 & 7.3 & a \\  & tZ & 20.9 & 19.7 & 20.4 & a & 6.9 & 5.9 & 6.8 & a \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MS-S} & 2 iP & 4.4 & 5.7 & 8.8 & b & 1.5 & 1.9 & 2.9 & b \\  & KIN & 15.0 & 12.0 & 7.9 & b & 5.0 & 4.1 & 2.2 & bc \\ \cline{1-1}  & BAP & 13.9 & 17.9 & 23.3 & a & 4.6 & 5.9 & 7.8 & ac \\ \cline{1-1}  & tZ & 7.9 & 12.0 & 9.3 & b & 2.6 & 3.4 & 2.1 & b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Multiplication index was obtained by dividing the average of the total number of new shoots produced after four weeks by the individual initial shoots placed in each flask. The average represents the mean values of shoot number obtained from shoot cultures grown on MS-N or MS-S with (0.5, 1.0, or 20 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) 2 iP, KIN, BAP, or tZ of three independent replicates. Distinct letters (a, b, c) mean significant differences (Tukey’s test \(p\leq 0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 1: Effect of the type of CK and culture media on shoot multiplication.