# Enhancing E-Learning with Blockchain: Characteristics, Projects, and Emerging Trends
## 4 Results
### Limitations of Existing Projects  
While Blockchain technology has the potential to bring many benefits to the field of e-learning, there are also some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed. Some of the challenges and limitations associated with employing Blockchain technology in e-learning include:  
1. **Scalability issue:** Among the primary challenges of using Blockchain technology in e-learning is its ability to scale to meet the demands of large-scale systems. Blockchain networks can become congested as the number of users and transactions increases, leading to slower processing times and higher transaction fees. This can be a significant challenge for e-learning systems that require support for a vast number of users and transactions [8; 51; 52]. 2. **Immutable issue:** In e-learning, errors in content or assessments may occur, requiring corrections or updates. However, once data are recorded on a Blockchain, it becomes difficult to make changes. This can be problematic if incorrect information or outdated content is permanently stored on the Blockchain, affecting the learning experience. Balancing the advantages of immutability with the need for error correction and content updates is a challenge that needs to be addressed [53]. 3. **Interoperability issue:** Another challenge of using Blockchain technology in e-learning is ensuring interoperability between different systems. There are many different Blockchain platforms and standards, and it can be difficult to ensure that data and transactions can be seamlessly shared between different systems. This can be a significant challenge for e-learning systems that need to integrate with other systems and platforms [54]. 4. **Regulation issue:** The use of Blockchain technology in e-learning may also be subject to various legal and regulatory requirements. For example, there may be requirements around data protection, privacy, and security that need to be considered when using Blockchain technology in e-learning [42]. These requirements can vary between different jurisdictions, which can make it challenging for e-learning systems to comply with all relevant regulations [51]. 5. **Cost and Performance issue:** Implementing Blockchain solutions can be expensive, both in terms of infrastructure requirements and energy consumption [55]. As e-learning platforms often have a vast amount of data to store and process, the costs associated with Blockchain transactions and storage can be a significant challenge [42]. Additionally, the time required for transaction confirmation and block validation may not meet the real-time demands of e-learning applications [55]. Furthermore, the cost of transactions in Blockchain networks can also be a significant challenge [56]. The high transaction fees associated with some Blockchain networks may make it difficult for e-learning platforms to adopt this technology in a cost-effective manner. Education budgets vary widely between countries and regions, and it is important for governments and educational institutions to carefully evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing Blockchain technology and allocate appropriate resources to support its adoption [57]. * **User Experience issue:** Blockchain technology can present a complex user experience, requiring learners and instructors to understand concepts such as wallets, private keys, and transaction processes [42]. For e-learning platforms aiming to cater to a broad range of users, particularly those with limited technical expertise, the complexity of interacting with Blockchain can be a barrier to adoption and usability. Let us now draw a comprehensive table (see Table 1) encompassing all the aforementioned projects, accompanied by their respective descriptions and key features. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Description** & **Feature** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{IEEE Blockchain eLearning Modules} & A series of online e-learning modules on Blockchain offered by the IEEE Blockchain Initiative.