esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Configurations
#### 7.2.3 DRRF Extensions  
In this setup, we show that DRRF can support three other nrtPS QoS parameters; namely, minimum reserved traffic rate, maximum sustained rate, and traffic priority.  
We used Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic flows. There are 5 MSs in this configuration competing at the same bottleneck link, and 3 Mbps each. However, we fixed the MCS level to QPSK3/4 and a minimum reserved traffic rate of 2 Mbps for \(MS_{I}\) (7.2.3a).  
With a maximum sustained traffic rate extension (7.2.3b), again there are five MSs with 3 Mbps each used the MCS level of QPSK3/4. In addition, we set the maximum sustained traffic rate of \(MS_{I}\) to 500 kbps. There is no minimum reserved traffic rate required.  
Finally, with a traffic priority extension (7.2.3c), we simulated 5 MSs, 1.5 Mbps each with the MCS level of QPSK3/4. However, we set the traffic priority of \(MS_{I}\) and \(MS_{2}\) at 2, and \(MS_{j}\) to \(MS_{5}\) at 1. There are no other constraints. The expected fair throughputs of the first two MSs are 1.5 Mbps and the fair share of the left-over capacity for \(MS_{3}\) to \(MS_{5}\).
## 4 Experiment Results and Comparison
### Performance Metrics
#### 4.3.1 Overall Accuracy  
Overall accuracy is the ratio of correctly classified data instances against all instances.  
\[\text{ACC}=\frac{\text{TP}+\text{TN}}{\text{TP }+\text{TN}+\text{FP}+\text{FN}} \tag{10}\]  
where true positive (TP) denotes the number of observations that are predicted to be positive and were actually positive. False positive (FP) denotes the number of observations that are predicted positive and were actually negative. True negative (TN) denotes the number of observations that are predicted negative and were actually negative. False negative (FN) denotes the number of observations that are predicted negative and were actually positive.
## Materials and Methods
### Cell Cultures and Cytotoxicity Assay  
Human non-small cell lung cancer (H1299) and melanoma (A375) cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Eurolclone, Milan, IT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Thermoscientific, South Logan, UT, USA), 1% L-glutamine (Eurolclone) and 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Eurolclone). A human breast cancer (MCF7) cell line was cultured in DMEM medium (LONZA, Verviers, Belgium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine and 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a humid 5% CO\({}_{2}\) environment. All the cell lines used were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).  
The two hops extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 50 mg/mL and then serially diluted in medium; 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) cells were cultured in a 96 well plate and, after 24 h, were treated with increasing concentrations (1-100 \(\upmu\)g/mL) of the two extracts for 72 h. The effect of extracts on cell viability was evaluated by measuring 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolzolium bromide (MTT, Sigma-Aldrich) dye absorbance following manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 20 \(\upmu\)L of MTT reagent (5 mg/mL in PBS-(Eurolclone)) was added to every well and, after 5 h, formazan crystals were solubilized in isopropanol (Sigma-Aldrich) and quantified by measuring absorbance at 540 nm. Cells were treated with \(<\)1% DMSO as vehicle control. Six technical replicates were run on the same plate, and the experiments were repeated at least in two biological replicates. IC\({}_{50}\) values were calculated by using Graphpad Prism 6.
# A Comparative Study on the Laser Welding of Ti6 Al4V Alloy Sheets in Flat and Horizontal Positions
## 1 Introduction
(2018) studied the effects of welding position on the droplet transfer behavior during hybrid CO\({}_{2}\) laser-MAG welding of 16-mm-thick steel and indicated that the gravity, in combination with the electromagnetic force, would cause great differences in impacting positions, modes, dimensions, and frequencies of the droplets for different welding positions (flat, horizontal, and vertical). The study by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) on the all-positional electron beam welding of 19-mm-thick pipeline steel plates indicated that the optimal welding parameters were different for different welding positions, and therefore need be adjusted appropriately during a girth welding. Existing research work on positional welding has focused mainly on thick steels used for construction of pipelines, and only a few of them are concerned with laser beam welding. Within those references, the laser welding of titanium alloy sheets under different welding positions has not been reported so far. Therefore, this research sets out to study the influence of two welding positions (flat and horizontal) on the weld quality in terms of weld profile, porosity, and strength, when laser welding Ti6 Al4V titanium alloy. The results obtained can then be useful in process optimization when laser welding titanium alloy components with complex joint shapes.
## 6 Discussion  
By analyzing the LCC and dimensionless shear force of convergent wedge and divergent wedge with rectangular cross-section micro texture, it can be basically determined that in general, the use of a streamwise texture has a better drag reduction effect, and the possible reason is that the collapse position of bubbles is changed. The effect of local micro-textured surfaces is better than that of full micro-textured surfaces. From Figures 17 and 18, when the micro-texture is arranged at the exit of the converging wedge or the entrance of the spreading wedge, it will lead to the reduction of the load capacity and the increase of the wall shear force, which proves that the arrangement of the micro-texture at the minimum oil film thickness of the journal bearing has no benefit to the performance improvement. The experimental results also prove the correctness of the numerical simulation. In the analysis of the divergent wedge considering cavitation, it is found that there is a region where the pressure almost does not change. The pressure in this region may be modified by the micro-textured surface to meet the requirements of the bearing performance.  
There is no obvious direct relationship between load and dimensionless shear force from the experiment, because only a kind of micro-textured surface is used for experimental research, and it is impossible to draw a conclusion. However, further research may explore the optimal corresponding relationship between micro-textures for different loads and different speeds.  
The initial convergence wedge analysis does not consider the cavitation model, so it cannot be directly determined that micro texture technology cannot be used in the convergence wedge to improve the LCC under special conditions and reduce the shear force.  
When the high-speed fluid flows through the micro-textured surface, it will produce a bubble generation and collapse process, which will produce a periodic impact on the moving wall. There is no effective means to analyze the impact process on the rotation  
Figure 22: Comparison between dimensionless shear force and simulation results in different working conditions.  
accuracy of the bearing. At present, most of the research content focuses on the use of CFD software for simulation, and the research on the residence time of bubbles on the micro-textured surface and the research on the boundary slip length are relatively few. For high-precision hydrostatic bearings, further research is needed on the effect of the microtextured surface on the axial drift.  
Conceptualization, Y.S. and K.C.; methodology, Y.S.; software, Y.S.; validation, Q.B., S.C. and K.C.; formal analysis, S.C.; investigation, Y.S.; resources, Q.B.; data curation, Q.B.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.S.; writing review and editing, Y.S.; visualization, S.C.; supervision, K.C.; project administration, K.C.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Quasi-Static Load Sharing Characteristics of a Planetary Fear Set with Planet Journal Bearings
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, an available load sharing factor computation method was developed to study the quasi-static load sharing characteristics of a planetary gear set with planet journal bearings. The manufacturing errors, the assembly errors, the floating sun gear error, and the variable journal bearing stiffness were taken into account in the calculation. An experimental apparatus was established. The trend of load sharing factors with changing rotation speeds obtained by simulation was in good agreement with the experimental results, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed load sharing factor computation method. Based on the computation, the effects of journal bearing parameters, including the lengths and diameter ratios and the relative clearance, as well as the effects of operating conditions, including the viscosity, the load, and the rotation speed, were discussed in detail. It can be concluded that the load sharing factor of a planetary gear set with planet journal bearings had a similar variation with the bearing support stiffness under the same load. The load sharing factor became smaller with a larger journal bearing relative clearance or a higher load. There was a minimum load sharing factor with the variation of the length and diameter ratio. As the viscosity increased, the load sharing factor increased under the same rotation speed and load. The load sharing factor change rate slowed down with a large viscosity or at a high rotation speed. These research provided a theoretical basis for the application of journal bearings in planetary gear sets.  
For further research, the variations of the journal bearing parameters should be considered as a dynamic process, and the influence on the dynamic behaviors of the planetary gear set should be systematically investigated.  
Conceptualization, W.W.; methodology, Z.G.; validation, Z.G. and L.Z.; data curation, L.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing--review and editing, Z.G. and W.W.; and supervision, S.L. and W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers U1864210 and 51975045, and the National Key R&D Program of China, grant number 2018 YFB2001300.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Trustworthy Communication Hub for Cyber-Physical Systems
## 6 Evaluation
### CPS Hub with Heterogeneous Data Planes
#### 6.4.3 OneM2M as the Data Plane Protocol  
Validation arrangements for experimenting data plane negotiation with OneM2M protocol are shown in Figure 24. The system comprises a server for virtual communication spaces (XMPP server) and two OneM2M/ETSI M2M components, Network Service Capability Layer (NSCL) and Gateway Service Capability Layer (GSCL). NSCL and GSCL run in the Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGI) framework [30; 31; 32; 33]. Embedded in GSCL, there is a bulb application status, which can be monitored via NSCL using the methods provided by the OneM2M framework.  
Figure 23: Data plane negotiation in the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)/constrained application protocol (CoAP) case.  
The system involves two virtual communication spaces, Company-a@m2 mgrids.erve.vtt.fi and Company-b@m2 mgrids.erve.vtt.fi. Consequently, the data plane negotiation is needed between those communication spaces.  
NSCL hosts the DPP server and contains the trusted JID list for checking the data plane negotiation accesses. GSCL involves the DPP client that initiates data plane negotiation with JID associated to GSCL. As a result of the data plane negotiation, GSCL obtains the IP address and port number of NSCL and can initiate the normal OneM2M session. The evaluation case indicated the successful operation of the data plane negotiation when using OneM2M as the data plane protocol.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Scenario 3 (S3)
#### 3.3.1 Calculation Area of EC  
In scenario 3, the coastal shape was also superimposed according to working conditions to calculate the EC of pollutants in Haizhou Bay (Figure 9).  
In scenario 3, after the implementation of various reclamation projects, the sea area of Haizhou Bay will change (Table 18).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rclamation Scheme** & \(\mathbf{R_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{3}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{4}}\) & \(R\) & **Evaluation Result** \\ \hline A & - & - & - & - & - \\ B & 10 & 8 & 10 & 10 & 9.5 & feasible \\ C & 10 & 10 & 10 & 8 & 9.5 & feasible \\ D & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & infeasible \\ E & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & infeasible \\ F & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & infeasible \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 16: Feasibility evaluation on EC (scenario 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Rclamation Scheme** & **Evaluation Result** & **Area (km\({}^{2}\))** & **Appropriate Scale of** **Rclamation (km\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline A & - & 0.00 & \\ B & feasible & 18 & \\ C & feasible & 64 & \\ D & infeasible & 86 & \\ E & infeasible & 105 & \\ F & infeasible & 114 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 17: The maximum allowable area for CR in Haizhou Bay (scenario 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Rclamation Scheme** & **Working Conditions** & **Rclamation Area/km\({}^{2}\)** & **Calculated Area of EC/km\({}^{2}\)** \\ \hline A & Current situation (no working condition) & 0.00 & 876.39 \\ B & HZ1 & 18 & 858.39 \\ C & HZ1+HZ3 & 64 & 812.39 \\ D & HZ1+HZ3+HZ5 & 83 & 793.39 \\ E & HZ1+HZ2+HZ3+HZ5 & 105 & 771.39 \\ F & HZ1+HZ2+HZ3+HZ4+HZ5 & 114 & 762.39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 18: Changes in marine area of Haizhou Bay (scenario 3).
## 4 Dynamic Characteristics Analysis
### Principle of Harmonic Response Analysis  
The end milling cutter works periodically with the rotation of the spindle, and the milling force also changes periodically. The modal analysis method alone cannot well reflect the response characteristics of the end milling cutter caused by dynamic excitation in the actual milling process. In this section, the harmonic response analysis method is used to simulate the response characteristics caused by dynamic excitation in the end milling process, so as to further analyze the dynamic characteristics of end milling cutters.  
Harmonic response analysis is used to determine the steady-state response of structures excited by sinusoidal loads with known frequencies and amplitudes. The response displacement of structures under different frequency loads can be obtained by harmonic response calculation [22]. Considering the actual milling situation, the harmonic response analysis of this section is based on steady-state forced vibration, and the system is subjected to continuous periodic loads. Assuming that the analyzed end milling cutter is an elastic material, the small deformation in the analysis process is regarded as a linear process, and external excitation load F varies sinusoidally according to the given frequency; the general equation of motion is as follows:  
\[[M]\big{\{}\ddot{u}\big{\}}+[C]\big{\{}\dot{u}\big{\}}+[K]\big{\{}u\big{\}}=\{F\} \tag{28}\]  
In the harmonic response analysis, both the force \(\{F\}\) and the displacement \(\{u\}\) are simple harmonic, and \(\omega\) is the frequency, so the displacement and frequency can be expressed as:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\{F\}=\big{\{}F_{\text{max}}e^{i\phi}\big{\}}e^{i \omega t}=(\{F_{1}\}+i\{F_{2}\})e^{i\omega t}\\ \{u\}=\big{\{}u_{\text{max}}e^{i\phi}\big{\}}e^{i\omega t}=(\{u_{1}\}+i\{u_{2 }\})e^{i\omega t}\end{array}\right. \tag{29}\]  
where \(U_{max}\) is the amplitude of displacement, \(F_{max}\) is the amplitude of force, \(\phi\) is the phase of angular displacement, \(\omega\) is the circumferential frequency. Substitute (29) into (28) to obtain:  
\[([K]-\omega^{2}[M]+i\omega[C])(\{u_{1}\}+i\{u_{2}\})=(\{F_{1}\}+i\{F_{2}\}) \tag{30}\]
# Modeling the Dynamics of Two Cooperating Robots
## 4 Description of Robot Formation Dynamics in Controllable Coordinates  
In order to describe the dynamics of robot formation in controllable coordinates, the transformation of Equation (3) was performed. For this purpose, the vector of generalized attachments was determined in the form:  
\[\ddot{\mathbf{q}}=\mathbf{D}\ddot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}+\dot{\mathbf{D}}\dot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}. \tag{18}\]  
Substituting Equations (3) and (18) into Equation (17), the following equation was obtained:  
\[\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}\ddot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}+\Big{(}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}+\mathbf{C}\mathbf{D}\Big{)}\dot{\mathbf{q }}_{N}=\mathbf{Q}+\mathbf{J}^{T}(\mathbf{q})\mathbf{\lambda}, \tag{19}\]  
which, after multiplication by \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\), was written in the form:  
\[\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}\ddot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}+\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{(}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}+\mathbf{C} \mathbf{D}\Big{)}\dot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}=\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{Q}+\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{J}^{T}(\mathbf{q})\mathbf{ \lambda}. \tag{20}\]  
Assuming the notations \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}=\mathbf{M}_{N}\), \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{(}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}+\mathbf{C}\mathbf{D}\Big{)}=\mathbf{C}_{N}\) and \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{Q}_{N}\), the dynamics equation was finally written in the controllable coordinates in the form:  
\[\mathbf{M}_{N}\ddot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}+\mathbf{C}_{N}\dot{\mathbf{q}}_{N}=\mathbf{Q}_{N}, \tag{21}\]  
where it was taken into account that \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{J}^{T}=\mathbf{J}\mathbf{D}=\mathbf{0}\).  
The presented calculations made it possible to eliminate the vector of the Lagrange multipliers \(\mathbf{\lambda}\), which contains immeasurable variables. A key property of the model is the skew symmetry of the matrix \(\mathbf{S}_{N}=\dot{\mathbf{M}}_{N}-2\mathbf{C}_{N}\). In order to demonstrate this property, the \(\mathbf{S}_{N}\) matrix was written as follows:  
\[\begin{split}\mathbf{S}_{N}=\dot{\mathbf{M}}_{N}-2\mathbf{C}_{N}=\frac{d}{dt} \Big{(}\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}\Big{)}-2\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{(}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{\dot{D}}+\mathbf{ C}\mathbf{D}\Big{)}=\frac{d}{dt}\Big{(}\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{)}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}+\\ \mathbf{D}^{T}\dot{\mathbf{M}}\mathbf{D}+\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{\dot{D}}-2\mathbf{D}^ {T}\Big{(}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{\dot{D}}+\mathbf{C}\mathbf{D}\Big{)}.\end{split} \tag{22}\]  
Using the transformations:  
\[\frac{d}{dt}\Big{(}\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{)}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{D}=\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{\dot{D}}, \tag{23}\]  
the following was written:  
\[\mathbf{S}_{N}=\mathbf{D}^{T}\Big{(}\dot{\mathbf{M}}-2\mathbf{C}\Big{)}\mathbf{D}=\mathbf{D}^{T}\mathbf{S} \mathbf{D}. \tag{24}\]  
Multiplying the skew matrix \(\mathbf{S}\) on the left-hand side by \(\mathbf{D}^{T}\) and on the right-hand side by \(\mathbf{D}\) results in a skew matrix. Therefore, the \(\mathbf{S}_{N}\) matrix is skew symmetric.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, the problem of scheduling of appliances to achieve reduction in the peak-load and total electricity cost has been investigated using model predictive control (MPC). An architecture of a home energy management system (HEMS) was presented which operate in two modes of operations (MOOs) based upon the categorization of the appliances (thermal and non-thermal). The system dynamics of the appliances was modeled into a state-space formulation.  
The proposed approach was able to schedule the appliances dynamically as the optimization problem is formulated and solved at each time step. The proposed framework was shown to provide flexibility to the user to turn the non-thermal appliances at any time step while achieving the objective of cost minimization. The simulation results showed the reductions of up to 70% in the total electricity  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Peak-Power Consumption (\&W)** & **Mean-Power Consumption (\&W)** & **PAR** \\ \hline Without HEMS and LQR control & 11 & 1.88 & 5.82 \\ \hline Without HEMS and MPC control & 7.31 & 1.10 & 6.65 \\ \hline With HEMS & 4.7285 & 0.937 & 5.04 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Peak to average ratio.  
Figure 9: The computation time for the simulation period for 10 simulation cases.  
cost and up to 57% in the peak power consumption, as well. The operation schedule of appliances with and without HEMS was also compared. The non-thermal appliances were able to interrupt and shift the operation to the low electricity price periods while finishing the task by the deadline.  
The future work will include the consideration of energy storage facility (thermal and electric) [56; 57], renewable energy generation, and integration of plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) into the framework. In addition, the framework will be scaled up to a small community or a group of houses to investigate the demand-response from the perspective of power utility or aggregator companies.  
Conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing-original draft preparation: H.N.; writing-review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding-acquisition: A.S. and B.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was conducted as part of the INDICATE project under the European Union's 7 th Framework Programme for research under Grant Number 608775.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# A Model to Measure U-Learning in Virtual Higher Education: U-CLX
## 6 Validation and Application of the Proposal
### Mathematical Validation  
Mathematical validation of the U-CLX Model was carried out by an expert panel of teachers of master's degree and doctoral courses with expertise in mathematics and physics. Five experts participated in the validation process. This expert panel conceptually evaluated the processes and mathematical equations used to calculate the U-CLX Model.  
Under recommendation of a specialist in mathematics and physics, we decided to work with a hypersphere in Rn, specifically in R4, because the U-CLX Model has four dimensions. Use of a hypersphere allows equations to be developed for calculating the volume in four dimensions. We therefore proposed use of the volume of the hypersphere to calculate the level of ubiquitous learning according to the conditions and specific requirements.  
The experts evaluated the process, equations, and the concept of calculating U-Learning by the formula of a hypersphere in R4. After reviewing the processes and validating the calculations, the five experts concluded that using these equations to measure the level of U-Learning is coherent, correct, and feasible.