## 3 Results
### Topic Trends Analysis  
The temporal analysis of topic distributions, derived from DMR topic modeling with monthly metadata, revealed distinct patterns in job satisfaction factors. Figure 6 depicts the probability distributions of all 25 topics over time, with a vertical dotted line indicating the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.  
Based on linear trend analysis, the topics were classified into three categories: ascending, descending, and stable patterns.  
* Ascending Patterns (Topics 18-23): Topics exhibiting increasing probability distributions post-COVID-19 included work-life balance (Topic 18), work systems (Topic 19), organizational culture (Topic 20), employee benefits (Topic 21), workplace environment  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **Main** & **Topic** & **Topic Name** & **Keyword** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{9} & \multirow{4}{*}{Unclassified} & \multirow{4}{*}{6} & \multirow{4}{*}{Miscellaneous} & \multirow{4}{*}{Regularization, Monthly salary, Representative, Excitives, President, Mindset, Interview, Recruitment, Responsibility, Operation, Consumables, Revenue, Salary, Lie, Building, Surroundings, Team leader, Director, Explanation, Management, New employee, Retirement allowance, Personality, Disregard, Wages, Mistake, Recommended resignation, During the interview, Rating \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multirow{4}{*}{16} & \multirow{4}{*}{Careers} & \multirow{4}{*}{New employee, Dispatch, Career, Annual salary, Experienced hire, Developer, Job transition, Resignation, Headcount, Interest, Years of experience, Site, Adaptation, Operation, Experienced worker, Workplace, Employove, Competence, Treatment, Dispatch site, Sense of belonging, Monthly salary, Recruitment, New employee, Salary negotiation, Dispatch employee, Opportunity, Senior, Project assignment, Mentor, Task \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: \(Cont.\)  
Figure 6: Results of DMR topic modeling.  
(Topic 22), and software development (Topic 23). Work-life balance demonstrated notable volatility, with a sharp increase in August following a temporary decline in March 2020. Working system-related discourse showed overall upward momentum despite periodic fluctuations. Cultural topics displayed an increased amplitude of variation post-pandemic. Benefit-related discussions peaked in April 2020 after maintaining stability pre-COVID-19. Workplace environment topics showed amplified fluctuations with an overall positive trend from January 2020. Software development-related discourse exhibited consistent growth from March 2020. Working conditions, identified as a critical factor in job satisfaction in the ICT industry [18], include factors such as ventilation, lighting, tools, workspace, and facilities [19; 20]. Topics such as work-life balance (Topic 18), working system (Topic 19), Organizational Culture (Topic 20), Employee benefits (Topic 21), and workplace environment and location (Topic 22) are directly associated with working conditions.
* Descending Patterns (Topics 3-6, 10, 11, 13): Topics showing declining trends post-COVID-19 included annual salary (Topic 3), task characteristics (Topic 4), supervisors (Topic 5), miscellaneous (Topic 6), commuting and overtime (Topic 10), work-related stress (Topic 11), and welfare (Topic 13). Notably, work stress peaked in January 2020 before showing an overall decline.
* Stable Patterns: The remaining topics generally maintained consistent distributions, with some exceptions. Topic 24 (workplace location and environment) exhibited a unique pattern: despite an overall flat linear trend, it showed decline after June 2019, followed by an increasing trend from January 2020 post-COVID-19.