Radiated Electromagnetic Emission from Photovoltaic Systems--Measurement Results: Inverters and Modules +
Footnote †: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/creativecommons](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/creativecommons)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/creativecommons](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/creativecommons)). reported EMIs with their emergency services C2000 and digital radio and TV services DAB and DVB-T. The Swedish National Electrical Safety Board (Elsakerhetsverket) [10] has also reported that PV modules with integrated submodule optimizer caused EMIs in the uplink frequencies of an LTE 800 MHz mobile base station. The Swedish National Electrical Safety Board imposed sales bans on several solar inverters and module-level power electronics that caused interferences with radiocommunication [11; 12; 13; 14]. Simulation analysis from the Swedish Defense Research Agency [15; 16] showed that antenna ranges of military HF-Systems and of airport tower communication in very-high-frequency (VHF) band could significantly be reduced by high levels of EMEs from PV systems. As summarized in the previous paragraph, there are numerous reports that PV systems cause interference with radiocommunication [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Current research solely measures PV systems that cause interference [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Measurements of the radiated and/or conducted emissions were performed in different frequency ranges on PV systems causing interferences. This makes it difficult to compare the measured systems with each other. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] stated, the mechanisms behind the EMEs of PV systems are not yet fully understood, and more research is needed about the EME behavior of PV systems. To fully investigate the EME behavior of PV systems, one should ideally measure all existing photovoltaic systems. However, such a study would cause many practical problems, e.g., radiated measurements are extremely time-consuming; systems are not comparable because of different system components and installation details; missing documentation of installation details; or deviating installation from documentation. Instead, a dedicated test installation was built, which aimed to be flexible, comparable, and realistic. In this way, systematic radiated EME measurements were performed on 34 comparable PV system combinations with a peak power up to 5 kW. The aim was to understand the impact of each component and installation detail on the radiated EMEs. For this purpose, we compared 34 residential PV system combinations, involving different types of commercial products as components and installation details which reflected either (a) best practice or (b) other common installations. These installation details should, according to the rules and recommendations, have either a positive (a) or negative (b) effect on the radiated EMEs [23]. The radiated EME measurements were conducted with the full-time domain method developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24]. The selected frequency range 150 kHz to 30 MHz reflects the majority of interference reports [7]. The measurement data were analyzed with our statistical data analysis method, described in Section 2.4.1. This method is used to overcome the problem in distinguishing background and system emissions. This problem is caused by the fluctuating background resulting from in situ measurements and is amplified by the unavoidable time delay between background and system measurements, due to energizing and de-energizing of the PV system. This article is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an outline of the selection criterion of photovoltaic system components, of the system under test, and of its configuration. This is followed by the in situ measurement setup and the used data analysis.