## 3 Materials and Methods
### Hybrid K-Medoids with IABC-Based CH-Selection Algorithm
This routing protocol optimizes the transmission power of different sensor nodes and provides higher reliability for network or other transmissions by utilizing the network's remaining power. The communication time between the source node and the destination node is reduced as data-transmission performance is improved. The K-IABC and CL-HHO algorithms form clusters and paths more efficiently than existing methods. The traditional method has a high packet-loss rate, transmission delay, and unstable power when sending data. The following section evaluates QoS metrics. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**PARAMETER** & **VALUE** \\ \hline Total Clusters & 6 \\ \hline Number of nodes & 500 \\ \hline Initial energy & 0.1 J \\ \hline Communication-Tx Energy & 20.5 mW \\ \hline Communication-Rx Energy & 14 mW \\ \hline Deployment area & 500 \(\times\) 500 \\ \hline Packet size & 512 bytes \\ \hline Packet-sending rate & 1 packet/s \\ \hline Node distribution & Random \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Parameter Setup. ### Performance Analysis

#### 4.3.1 Energy Consumption

The K-IABC must find the best energy-based cluster head during CH selection. As a result, the CL-HHO method is used to evaluate the optimum routing path, and achieves better performance. This proposed CL-HHO is better suited than the existing algorithm. Table 3 compares existing technologies and shows the energy consumption of the proposed working network. Figure 6 compares the energy consumption of the suggested technique to that of conventional methods. The suggested CL-HHO uses less energy, 0.1 mJ for 100 nodes, whereas HEED, EECRP, GWO, CL-ALO, and the proposed CL-HHO consume 0.75 mJ, 0.61 mJ, 0.21 mJ, 0.15 mJ, and 0.1 mJ, respectively. As a result, the suggested CL-HHO method is extremely efficient in terms of energy consumption. Figure 4: Sensor node to BS data transmission using a CL-HHO protocol. Figure 5: Source node to CH data transmission. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Energy Consumption**} \\ \hline No. of nodes & 100 & 200 & 300 & 400 & 500 \\ \hline CL-HHO & 0.1 & 0.25 & 0.33 & 0.47 & 0.55 \\ \hline CL-ALO & 0.15 & 0.29 & 0.48 & 0.6 & 0.72 \\ \hline GWO & 0.21 & 0.42 & 0.55 & 0.71 & 0.88 \\ \hline EECRP & 0.61 & 0.8 & 0.95 & 1.2 & 1.4 \\ \hline HEED & 0.75 & 0.95 & 1.2 & 1.4 & 1.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison table for Energy consumption. #### 4.3.2 Network Lifetime (NLT)

NLT predicts the time between sensor-node locations and a dead network in this process. Figure 7 compares the network life spans of the presented CL-HHO technology and the existing technology. Table 4 compares current technologies and displays the NLT of the proposed working network. In a WSN, data packets must travel longer distances and consume more power. The efficiency of data transmission improves as the network time increases. The CL-HHO has a network life cycle of 5600 (rounds) at 100 nodes, whereas the latest generation of HEED, EECRP, GWO, CL-ALO, and CL-HHO have life cycles of 4100, 4400, 4700, 5100, and 5600 rounds, respectively. Figure 6: Energy-Consumption Comparisons. Figure 7: Network-lifetime Comparison. #### 4.3.3 Throughput

The rate at which data is fully transferred across the network is referred to as throughput. Throughput is a measure of the total amount of information that a system can process in a given amount of time. \[\text{Throughput}=\frac{\text{Amount of packet send}}{\text{time taken to transmit the packet}} \tag{14}\]

Figure 8 and Table 4 compare the suggested CL-HHO method to existing methods in terms of throughput. Table 4 shows that, compared to CL-HHO and other methods, the proposed method achieves high throughput (0.98 Mbps) at 100 nodes. HHOs proposed by HEED, EECRP, GWO, CL-ALO, and CL- represent 0.71 Mbps, 0.75 Mbps, 0.85 Mbps, 0.93 Mbps, and 0.98, respectively. The number of packets received is heavily influenced by the WSN's lifetime and remaining power.