# Problematizing the Adoption of Formal Methods in the 4 IR-5 IR Transition
## 3 Literature Review
### The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5 IR)  
Since the 5 IR and the related Industry 5.0 are such recent concepts, there is little consensus on how these should be defined [39]. Similar to how the 4 IR followed on from the third industrial revolution, the Fifth Industrial Revolution is following on from the 4 IR. There may be some difference in opinion regarding who first introduced the idea of the 5 IR and the related Industry 5.0. For example, the authors in [25] noted that press articles and websites, e.g., [40, 41], already mentioned aspects relating to the 5 IR, while the authors in [42] indicted that the related \"Industry 5.0\" term was coined by [PERSON] [43]. As mentioned earlier in this article, developments often follow a cyclical approach--technical developments followed by a cycle in which the hard-core developments are humanized to make these accessible to humans, e.g., the field of HCI which eventually followed decades of technical developments in computing [24]. In a similar vein, the 5 IR may be viewed as the humanizing of the technical 4 IR developments of AI, big data, the IIoT, and other 4 IR technologies. One may reason that the 5 IR is following very closely on the heels of a still underdeveloped 4 IR in an attempt to make human sense of the complicated technologies that sprung up over the past decade or two. The time spans between new technological advances appearing are shortening, as is indicated in Figure 2[25]:  
With reference to Figure 2, the first revolution lasted 100 years before transitioning to the 2 IR, which lasted 80 years until the 3 IR lasting 70 years, followed by the 4 IR lasting  
Figure 2: Progression of Industrial Revolutions (Reprinted with permission [25]. ©2022, [PERSON] et al.) 20 years, followed by the 5 IR, which, by all indications, coincided with the advent of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The 5 IR may be viewed from numerous angles but, in the view of the researcher, the 5 IR very much concerns sustainability in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [44], which center on equality, quality of human life, climate aspects, clean environments, clean energy, and so forth. In line with these, [PERSON] [45] indicates that two views of the 5 IR are emerging. The first view could be referred to as harmonious collaboration between humans and machines. In this world, humans and machines collaborate with each other as equals [45; 46] and there is little or no competition between humans and machines, i.e., the collaboration is harmonious [25]. Humans would perform duties that require creativity and are more innovative in nature, while machines could do the rest, for example, the more mundane tasks--performing routine backups of data, or other repetitive jobs. Of course, that is not to say machines cannot be creative or innovative. In fact, one of the grander goals of AI as a 4 IR technology is for machines to attain human intelligence [47]. Collaborative robots would typically observe humans to learn how to perform similar tasks. In this world, the human would (presumably) still be the entity to gain the most from the collaboration, i.e., harmonious collaboration would benefit humans more. Chief among harmonious collaboration would be the ethics of robots which would be built into the underlying algorithms. Still, there would be risks involved for a human working side by side with a machine. It would also involve considering (organizational) cultural issues. These were all built into our problematization framework in Section 4.3. A second view of the 5 IR could be that of developing a bioeconomy instead of a circular economy which often suffers from waste generation [45]. In a bioeconomy, sustainability of our environment takes center stage. Emphasis would be on waste reduction or the total prevention of waste through improved, innovative processes (it should be noted that these are also goals of the 4 IR). The 5 IR, therefore, promotes synergy with our environment in line with the global SDGs referred to earlier.