## 3 Simulation Analysis of Cutting Temperature for Micro-Textured Tools with Different Morphologies  
According to the previous experiment for GH4169, in order to minimize the cutting force, the cutting parameters set in the cutting simulation model were as follows: the cutting speed \(v\) was 50 m/min, the feed rate \(f\) was 0.2 mm/r, the cutting depth \(a_{p}\) was 0.2 mm, and the environmental temperature was set as 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Under the set cutting parameters, the cutting simulation of GH4169 using micro-textured tools with different morphologies was carried out. Figure 3 shows the distribution of temperature of the tool and workpiece in the turning process under the same working conditions. It was easily found that the high-temperature area is concentrated in the contact area of the tool-chip and diffuses step by step from the tool nose. It can be seen from the tool nose that the temperature of tool T3 is significantly lower than that of the non-textured tool, and it may have also formed C-shaped chips earlier. In other words, the micro-textured tool with a parallel groove to the tool nose can increase the unit curl degree of chips, and the effect of the chips breaking should be better. Figure 3: Temperature field of tool and workpiece: (**a**) micro-pit tool; (**b**) non-textured tool. Figure 2: Meshing of the cutting model: (**a**) meshing (two-dimensional cutting model); (**b**) meshing (three-dimensional cutting model). Figure 4 shows that when the cutting temperature was stable, the temperature field distribution of the rake face of the five micro-textured tools was extracted by the post-processing of ABAQUS. The maximum temperature of the tool was concentrated in the local deformation area near the tool nose because this area was where plastic deformation and tool-chip friction were relatively concentrated. As the cutting temperature accumulates with the plastic deformation and friction of the workpiece, the temperature center shifts from the tool nose to the micro-texture. Through the comparative analysis, the micro-texture has a significant impact on the cutting temperature of the tool. Therefore, it could be seen that the maximum temperature of the non-textured tool is concentrated within 0.4 mm from the tool nose during the stable cutting; the maximum temperature reached 148 \({}^{\circ}\)C; the maximum cutting temperature of the micro-groove-parallel textured tool was 125.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and this temperature is the lowest among these cutting tools. Compared with the non-textured tool T0, the temperature of the tool T1 was reduced by 10.1%, while the temperatures of the tools T2, T3, T4, and T5 decreased by 12.2%, 14.9%, 6.8%, and 11.5%, respectively. Through the above analysis, it could be found that the reason for this may be that the micro-texture of the T3 tool is perpendicular to the direction of chip outflow, which reduces the length of tool-chip contact and friction and results in a decrease in cutting temperature. Figure 4: Distribution diagram of tool temperature field in the stable stage of the cutting temperature: (**a**) non-textured tool T0; (**b**) micro-pit texture tool T1; (**c**) micro-pyramids textured tool T2; (**d**) micro-groove-parallel textured tool T3; (**e**) micro-groove-vertical textured tool T4; and (**f**) micro-elliptical textured tool T5. Figure 5 shows the changing curves of the temperatures of the tool nose when the analysis steps were 10, 20, 30, and 40 for the non-textured tool and the five micro-textured tools with different morphologies. In a complete analysis step of cutting, the cutting temperature of the tool nose tended to be stable after rising, and the temperature of the non-textured tool increased instantaneously after contacting the workpiece. With the increase in the analysis step, the curvature changed, and the rate slowed down between 25-40 steps; however, the heating speed was still faster than that of the micro-textured tool. The heating curves of the T1, T2, and T5 tools were roughly the same.