## 1 Introduction  
To reduce grinding heat, prevent grinding burns, and eliminate thermal deformation of materials, cooling fluids are commonly used for temperature reduction during the grinding process. However, the \"air barrier effect\" often occurs when the grinding wheel rotates at high speeds, hindering the entry of cooling fluid into the grinding zone and limiting the effectiveness of its cooling and lubricating actions. Therefore, further exploration of cooling technologies is a feasible approach to improve the surface quality and grinding precision of the machined workpiece [1, 2, 3, 4]. [PERSON] et al. [5] directly injected grinding fluid into the interior of a grinding wheel through a nozzle, making it easier for the fluid to enter the grinding zone. Although this effectively reduced the temperature during grinding, it also led to waste of the grinding fluid. [PERSON] et al. [6], in pursuit of high-performance machining of CFRPs (carbonfiber-reinforced plastics), designed an internally cooled cup-shaped grinding wheel made of ceramic aluminum oxide. Their experiments tested three different cooling fluid supply methods: dry grinding, external nozzle supply, and internal supply through the grinding wheel. The results showed that internal cooling reduced the load on the matrix resin, preventing delamination or burrs on the workpiece surface. It demonstrated superior cooling capacity, reducing grinding temperature and surface roughness. [PERSON] et al. [7] proposed an efficient, non-invasive flat grinding method for TC4 and GH4169 using a self-priming, internally cooled grinding wheel. Grinding experiments showed that under the same conditions, the grinding ratio using the self-priming internal cooling method was three times that of the external cooling method, and grinding forces were reduced by about 20%. Additionally, the internal cooling method effectively lowered grinding temperatures. In grinding GH4169, the temperature was reduced by 40%. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] conducted experimental studies on Y-TiAl alloys to investigate the effects of internal cooling fluid supply, examining its thermal impact on the workpiece. The experimental results provided boundary conditions for transient thermal simulations. Based on a finite element model, the actual grinding zone temperature could be calculated by considering the effects of thermocouples, workpiece material heat transfer rates, and thermal inertia. [PERSON] et al. [9] presented the experimental results of using internally cooled grinding wheels in the internal reciprocating grinding of titanium alloys, and compared them with non-internally cooled grinding wheels. They evaluated the impact on the roughness of the machined surface and studied the surface characteristics of the grinding wheel after grinding. [PERSON] et al. [10] investigated the internal flow channels of internally cooled grinding wheels. They designed a slit-type flow channel and conducted grinding experiments on titanium alloys. The experiments confirmed improvements in cooling performance, reduced vibration, and extended grinding wheel lifespan. [PERSON] et al. [11] developed a pressurized internally cooled slotted grinding wheel and conducted comparative grinding experiments on nickel-based alloys using internal cooling and intermittent grinding methods. The results validated that the internal cooling method provided high cooling efficiency and resulted in smoother workpiece surfaces. Additionally, they used finite element simulations to discuss the impacts of the position of the internal channel's outlet and the ordered arrangement of abrasive grains on cooling performance [12]. Furthermore, the team studied the effects of different abrasive patterns on grinding performance using internally cooled grinding wheels [13]. They manufactured four types of abrasive-pattern grinding wheels using vacuum brazing technology, and used image processing techniques to calculate abrasive density.