## 1 Introduction  
Terrestrial lacustrine basins constitute a significant category of sedimentary basins, which typically exhibit multistage evolutionary processes characterized by distinct sedimentary filling patterns [1; 2; 3; 4]. These processes archive the complex interplay of tectonic activity, climatic variation, sediment supply, and lake-level fluctuations, serving as essential archives for studying sedimentary dynamics, sequence stratigraphy, and hydrocarbon accumulation [5; 6; 7]. Therefore, clarifying the evolutionary process of terrestrial lacustrine basins is often a fundamental research priority. Studies have shown that the evolution of terrestrial lacustrine basins is mainly controlled by the tectonic-climatic coupling dynamics [2; 8; 9]. These two dominant controls operate across divergent spatiotemporal scales [10; 11]. When tectonism acts as the predominant control, intense tectonic activity governs basin geometry and accommodation development while augmenting sediment input, typically forming large-scale coarse-grained deposits such as alluvial fans and braided river depositional systems [1; 3; 9]. During tectonic quiescence, climatically driven lake-level changes assume dominance in governing the development of high-frequency sequence stratigraphic architecture, manifesting as cyclical patterns of accommodation and sediment partitioning within basin filling, which exhibit marked divergence from those developed during active tectonic phases [2; 8; 9]. The formation and development of organic carbon-rich accumulation, such as deep and semi-deep lacustrine and swamp depositional systems, exhibit a genetic linkage with multistage evolutionary processes in the lacustrine basin. Climatic perturbations potentially trigger distinctive depositional responses [12; 13; 14]. These perturbations, typically manifested through enhanced precipitation under hot-humid conditions, induce lake expansion and the formation of deep and semi-deep lacustrine deposits [15; 16; 17]. Under relatively stable tectonic conditions, warm and humid climates drive prolific vegetation growth, thus suppressing coarse clastic influx into the catchment while fostering the development of swamp deposits [16; 17]. The linkage between Milankovitch-scale astronomical cycles and coal-bearing strata has gained substantial traction in sedimentological research, with climatic perturbations modulated by orbital eccentricity being recognized as primary controls on peat accumulation through precipitation-driven lacustrine level high-frequency oscillations [18; 19]. The Tarim Basin represents a critical petroliferous basin located in northwestern China, where the Kuqa Depression serves as one of its most significant petroleum exploration areas. The Lower-Middle Jurassic in this depression contains extensively distributed coal seams and dark-gray thick mudstones that constitute vital source rock intervals [20; 21; 22]. Consequently, elucidating the sedimentary filling patterns of the Lower-Middle Jurassic and clarifying the depositional systems distributions controlling coal-rich and organic mudstone-dominated facies is crucial for guiding hydrocarbon exploration in the future. Previous investigations have predominantly focused on depositional system identification, yet interpretations remain relatively generalized and subject to ongoing debate [5; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Meanwhile, there is no dissection regarding the spatial distribution of these depositional systems and detailed evolutionary processes of lacustrine basin staged filling. Comprehensive systematic analyses of the main controls on lacustrine basin evolution in the study area remain notably absent. This study integrates outcrop, well-log, core, seismic, and geochemical data to resolve existing ambiguities and controversies regarding the sedimentary system types in thestudy area. It systematically delineates the types, distribution, and vertical evolution of the Lower-Middle Jurassic sedimentary systems under the sequence framework in the Kuqa Depression.