# A Survey on Formal Verification and Validation Techniques for Internet of Things
## 5 Testing Techniques
The goal of acceptance \(TST_{NG}\) is to guarantee that the system is acceptable to its stakeholders and meets their requirements. Acceptance \(TST_{NG}\) is often accomplished by putting the system through its paces in a real-world setting and ensuring that it fits the requirements and specifications. Acceptance \(TST_{NG}\) has the primary benefit of ensuring that the system meets the needs of its stakeholders. The fundamental shortcoming of acceptance \(TST_{NG}\) is that it may fail to uncover mistakes or problems that occur when the system is stressed or loaded. * **Functional \(TST_{NG}\)[70]:** Functional \(TST_{NG}\) is a \(TST_{NG}\) approach that focuses on \(TST_{NG}\) of the functionality of a software system. The objective of functional \(TST_{NG}\) is to ensure that the system functions correctly and that it meets its requirements and specifications. Functional \(TST_{NG}\) is typically achieved by \(TST_{NG}\) of the system against a set of predefined test cases that cover all aspects of its functionality. The main advantage of functional \(TST_{NG}\) is that it can ensure that the system functions correctly and that it meets its requirements and specifications. * **Usability \(TST_{NG}\)[71]:** Usability \(TST_{NG}\) is a \(TST_{NG}\) approach that focuses on \(TST_{NG}\) for how easy it is to use a software system. The objective of usability \(TST_{NG}\) is to ensure that the system is usable and that it meets the needs of its users. Usability \(TST_{NG}\) is typically achieved by \(TST_{NG}\) of the system with a group of representative users and observing how they interact with the system. The main advantage of usability \(TST_{NG}\) is that it can ensure that the system is easy to use and that it meets the needs of its users. * **Stress \(TST_{NG}\)[72]:** Stress \(TST_{NG}\) is a \(TST_{NG}\) approach that focuses on \(TST_{NG}\) for how well a software system performs under stress or load. The objective of stress \(TST_{NG}\) is to ensure that the system can handle high volumes of traffic or requests without crashing or failing. Stress \(TST_{NG}\) is typically achieved by \(TST_{NG}\) of the system with a high volume of traffic or requests and observing how it performs. The main advantage of stress \(TST_{NG}\) is that it can ensure that the system is reliable and can handle high volumes of traffic or requests. * **Performance \(TST_{NG}\)[73]:** Performance \(TST_{NG}\) is a method of determining how well a software system operates under regular operating conditions. The goal of performance \(TST_{NG}\) is to guarantee that the system is responsive and meets the needs of its users. Typically, performance \(TST_{NG}\) is accomplished by subjecting the system to a representative load and evaluating how it performs. The primary benefit of performance \(TST_{NG}\) is that it ensures that the system is responsive and works properly for its users. The fundamental disadvantage of performance \(TST_{NG}\) is that it may miss mistakes or problems that occur when the system is stressed or loaded. * **Regression \(TST_{NG}\)[74]:** Regression \(TST_{NG}\) is a \(TST_{NG}\) method that focuses on determining whether changes to a software system have introduced new mistakes or faults. The goal of regression \(TST_{NG}\) is to guarantee that the system continues to work appropriately after modifications have been made to it. Regression \(TST_{NG}\) is often accomplished by retesting the system against a set of specified test cases following modifications to it. The primary benefit of regression \(TST_{NG}\) is that it ensures that the system continues to function properly after modifications have been made to it. The fundamental shortcoming of regression \(TST_{NG}\) is that it may fail to uncover mistakes or problems that occur when the system is under stress or pressure. Table 5 summarizes the objectives, main procedures, advantages, and limitations of each approach to \(TST_{NG}\) software.