esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Application to Shrub Leaves
Comparing our findings in six analyzed shrubs with prior studies [19; 23] on the same or similar species, we observed higher maximum contents of \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-pinene, limonene, and 1,8-cineole (763.9, 259.3, 138.8, and 4136.9 \(\upmu\)g/g, respectively) than previously reported (0.6-5.2, 0.1-2.0, 0.5-28.3, and 14.6-19.2 \(\upmu\)g/g, respectively). This variance may stem from differences in sampling times or extraction techniques. Our results suggest that BVOC emission levels from the studied species vary based on factors such as chemotypes, sampling location, weather conditions (e.g., humidity, precipitation, temperature, wind strength), and anthropogenic activities. While the emitted volatiles from shrub leaves are significant, they are not as substantial as those from tree species [7]. Nevertheless, under certain atmospheric conditions (such as the 'rule of 30'), \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Shrub Species**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & _Lavandula_ & _Cistus_ & _Cistus_ & _Thymus_ & _Thymus_ & _Thymus_ & _Erica scoparia_ L. \\  & _stocuhas_ L. & _ladanifer_ L. & _monspeliensis_ L. & _villosus_ L. & _cambparatus_ & _Erica scoparia_ L. \\ \hline
**BVOCs** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Concentration (ug/g)**} \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 29.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 325.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 22.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 69.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 763.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 & \(d\) \\ \(\beta\)-Pinene & - & 148.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 27.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 & - & 259.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 & - \\ Limonene & 23.6 \(\pm\) 0.5 & \(d\) & \(d\) & 138.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 & - & \(d\) \\
1,8-Cineole & - & \(d\) & - & 104.1 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 4136.9 \(\pm\) 6.3 & - \\ Thymol & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ Caryophyllene oxide & - & - & - & - & 411.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(d\)—detected but not quantified.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Contents (DW basis) of the six target monotereponoids obtained from the leaves of six Portuguese shrub species using in vitro HS-BA\(\upmu\)E(CN1)/GC-MS assays conducted under optimized experimental conditions. Figure 5: Example of total ion chromatograms obtained from a standard mix (**a**) using GC-MS and the leaves of _Thymus camphoratus_ (**b**) using HS-BA\(\upmu\)E(CN1)/GC-MS under optimized conditions. they could contribute to the accumulation of BVOCs in forest environments, potentially leading to forest fire ignition due to the considerable BVOC emission levels. This study marks the first application of the proposed methodology to sesquiterpenoid monitoring and proves to be an effective approach for analyzing both monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds in shrub leaves. It offers selectivity, cost-effectiveness, reproducibility, and robustness, enhancing our understanding of BVOC dynamics in ecosystems.
# Ecological Suitability Evaluation for Conservation and Development in Bac Kan Province, Vietnam
###### Abstract  
Ecological suitability assessment is an effective approach to identify and locate the most suitable territories for future development in order to reduce the negative impacts of human activities on the ecosystem for ensuring sustainable development. The study aimed to propose a future direction for sustainable use of natural resources at the district level in Bac Kan province based on the ecological suitability evaluation approach and the trade-off technique. This study firstly applied the Delphi method to identify significant ecological resistance indicators for assessing ecological elements, importance, and resilience, which characterize the resistance of ecological structures, ecological functions, and ecological dynamics to construction and development, respectively. Then, an integrated ecological resistance model was applied to classify ecological suitability for construction and development. Moreover, spatial analysis and trade-off technique were applied to assign a development zone and propose future directions at provincial and district levels in Bac Kan province. The results revealed that the most dominant ecological suitability class for construction and development is the moderately suitable class, and it accounts for about 1948 km\({}^{2}\) or 40.30% of the total area. In addition, five development zones were assigned at the provincial level, whereas three future directions for sustainable use of natural resources were proposed at the district level. In a nutshell, the research methodology framework in this study can be used as a guideline to land managers and planners for ecological suitability assessment in Vietnam.  
sustainable development; ecological resistance; ecological suitability evaluation; Delphi method; spatial analysis; trade-off technique; ecological development zone; future development direction; Bac Kan Province; Vietnam +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
The presence of diatoms in diatomaceous soil gives it geotechnical properties that are unusual compared with common clays. The most typical physical property of diatomaceous soil is its abnormally high Atterberg limits compared to fine-grained soil without diatoms. For diatomaceous soil, the Atterberg limits are associated with many factors, such as diatom content, diatom crushing degree, etc. In the study reported here, it was ascertained that more diatoms lead to higher plastic and liquid limits. Once the diatoms are crushed, the plastic and liquid limits decrease. The pore fluid salt concentration barely influenced the Atterberg limits of diatomaceous soil. Additionally, the porous diatom microstructure and trimodal pore size distribution of diatomaceous soil were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The underlying mechanism of abnormally high liquid and plastic limits of diatomaceous soil is revealed as the water stored in the special diatom microstructure. However, water in diatoms has no contribution to plasticity. Also discussed is the applicability of the current soil classification systems for diatomaceous soil. The findings of this study can help for a better understanding of Atterberg limits of diatomaceous soil and provide suggestions for the classification of diatomaceous soil.  
Keywords:diatom; diatomaceous soil; Atterberg limits; microstructure; diatom crushing; soil classification
## 5 Conclusions  
ACFCM-based incremental tree-structured ANFIS was proposed. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, the prediction performance was compared with the commonly used grid-based ANFIS and clustering-based ANFIS. As a result of the experiment, the CFCM-based incremental tree-structured ANFIS proposed in this study was confirmed to be superior to the existing ANIFS model in terms of performance. In addition, it was confirmed that generating meaningful rules rather than multiple rules can improve prediction performance. As a future research plan, we plan to design a multi-ANFIS in various forms, rather than an incremental tree structure, and apply an optimization algorithm to generate meaningful rules.  
[PERSON]-U.Y. suggested the idea for this study and performed the experiments. [PERSON]-[PERSON] designed the experimental method. Both authors wrote and critically revised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Hyperparameters** & **Number of Rules** & **Training RMSE** & **Testing RMSE** \\ \hline Linear regression (LR) & - & - & 3.3453 & 3.0352 \\ Radial basis function & Learning rate & - & 26.9523 & 25.4493 \\ network (RBFN) & (0.0001) & 27.6 & 0.6728 & 2.2471 \\ Grid-ANFIS & 10 clusters & 10 & 1.6286 & 2.0671 \\ Incremental-CFCM-ANFIS & 6 contexts, 20 clusters & 120 & 1.5242 & 1.8705 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Analysis of experimental results from ANFIS based on grid-based ANFIS, FCM-clustering-based ANFIS and the CFCM-clustering-based incremental tree structure.  
Figure 8: Comparison of ANFIS predicted values with actual output values in an incremental tree structure based on CFCM clustering.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the \"Human Resources Program in Energy Technology\" of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and was granted financial resources from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Korea. (No. 20194030202410). This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2017R1A6A1A03015496).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Coupled Thermomechanical Responses of Zirconium Alloy System Claddings under Neutron Irradiation
###### Abstract  
Zirconium (Zr) alloy is a promising fuel cladding material used widely in nuclear reactors. Usually, it is in service for a long time under the effects of neutron radiation with high temperature and high pressure, which results in thermomechanical coupling behavior during the service process. Focusing on the UO\({}_{2}\)/Zr fuel elements, the macroscopic thermomechanical coupling responses of pure Zr, Zr-Sn, and Zr-Nb binary system alloys, as well as Zr-Sn-Nb ternary system alloy as cladding materials, were studied under neutron irradiation. As a heat source, the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient models of the UO\({}_{2}\) core were established, and an irradiation growth model of a pure Zr and Zr alloy multisystem was built. Based on the user material subroutine (UMAT) with ABAQUS, the current theoretical model was implemented into the finite element framework, and the consequent thermomechanical coupling behavior under irradiation was calculated. The distribution of temperature, the stress field of the fuel cladding, and their evolution over time were analyzed. It was found that the stress and displacement of the cladding were sensitive to alloying elements due to irradiated growth.  
neutron irradiation; Zirconium alloy; thermomechanical coupling; finite element modeling +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B
## 4 Simulation Analysis
### Multi-Component Vibration Error Compensation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \(\mathbf{a_{1}}\,\mathbf{a_{2}}\) **(mm)** & \(\mathbf{f_{1}}\,\mathbf{f_{2}}\) **(Hz)** & \(\mathbf{\phi_{1}}\,\mathbf{\phi_{2}}\) **(rad)** & **G** \\ \hline true values & 2.00 \(|\) 0.60 & 10.00 \(|\) 20.00 & 1.05 \(|\) 0.52 & 511.48 \\ \(h=20\) & 1.85 \(|\) 0.66 & 9.96 \(|\) 20.23 & 0.93 \(|\) 0.62 & 172.14 \\ \(h_{op}=26\) & 1.90 \(|\) 0.64 & 9.97 \(|\) 19.94 & 1.09 \(|\) 0.62 & 386.56 \\ \(h_{op}=26\) with RANSAC & 2.01 \(|\) 0.59 & 9.97 \(|\) 19.94 & 1.06 \(|\) 0.56 & 464.39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Estimated parameter values. Figure 9: True and estimated multi-component vibration error. proposed improved method. Therefore, the SAR image is fully focused, which is shown in Figure 10d. Finally, we will make a quantitative analysis to assess the image quality. The center point target of Figure 10b-d is intercepted using a rectangular window. Figure 12 gives the resulting azimuth-dimensional amplitude profiles. Table 5 lists the imaging quality indices for all vibration compensation methods. We can see from Figure 12 and Table 5 that the STFT-based rough estimation method with \(h=20\) is too poor to improve the image quality. Correspondingly, after vibration error compensation by the STFT with \(h_{op}=26\), the image quality is improved, but its PSLR and ISLR are still high, as shown by red line of Figure 12 and Table 5. The value of the proposed method is demonstrated in that there are no longer paired echoes in the SAR images and the imaging quality indices are consistent with the theoretical ones after vibration error compensation by the STFT-based fine estimation method, validating that the improved method can solve the problem of the former two methods and has the best performance. Figure 10: Comparison of compensation effect. (**a**) No compensation; (**b**) compensation based on STFT with \(h=20\); (**c**) compensation based on STFT with \(h_{op}=26\); (**d**) compensation based on STFT with \(h_{op}=26\) and RANSAC. Figure 11: Phase estimate error. Figure 12: Quality evaluation diagram of multi-component compensation.
## 4 Joint Parameters Optimization  
Referring to Equation (14), the network EE is determined by \(\rho_{p,m}\), i.e., the ratio between PBS density \(\lambda_{p}\) and MBS density \(\lambda_{m}\), UE density \(\lambda_{u}\), MBS transmission power \(P_{m}\), PBS transmission power \(P_{p}\), ABS ratio \(\theta\) and pico CRE bias \(B_{p}\) together. Fortunately, the MBS transmission power \(P_{m}\) and PBS transmission power \(P_{p}\) are usually set to be constant. The MBS density changes slightly, hence we can also set the MBS density \(\lambda_{m}\) in Equation (14) to be a constant value. In addition, the ABS ratio can be calculated according to Equation (5). Based on the analysis above, the network EE in Equation (14) can be maximized by \(\rho_{p,m}\) (i.e., PBS density \(\lambda_{p}\) due to the fact that MBS density \(\lambda_{m}\) changes slightly) and pico CRE bias \(B_{p}\) optimization with different UE densities, i.e., network load.  
However, the network EE function is nonlinear with \(\rho_{p,m}\) and \(B_{p}\), which is a difficult task to solve the optimal PBS density and the optimal CRE bias at the same time to maximize the network EE. An alternative would be fixing one variable and solving for the other one. Note that the value ranges of \(\rho_{p,m}\) and \(B_{p}\) are limited, which make it possible to seek out the optimal \(\rho_{p,m}\) and \(B_{p}\), respectively, through a linear search algorithm by fixing one of these two variables. Then, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to optimize these two variables jointly. By defining \(0<B_{p}\leq 25\,\mathrm{dB}\) and \(0<\rho_{p,m}\leq 30\), the objective function can be expressed as  
\[\begin{split}\arg\max_{B_{p},\lambda_{p}}EE&=\frac {\left(R_{m_{u}}A_{m_{u}}+R_{p_{c}}A_{p_{c}}+R_{p_{c}}A_{p_{c}}\right)\lambda_{ u}}{\theta P_{abs}+\left(1-\theta\right)P_{non\_abs}},\\ s.t.&\quad 0<B_{p}\leq 25\,\mathrm{dB},\\ &\quad 0<\rho_{p,m}\leq 30.\end{split} \tag{15}\]
## 5 Discussion
### The Potential, Uncertainties and Limitations of LULCC Analysis and SWAT Application
Spatially distributed analyses will probably show clearer results with respect to changes of the hydrological system as this first integrated catchment approach. As already demonstrated by the spatial and temporal data availability for the setup of the SWAT model for the catchment (Table 2) there is a temporal and resolution based mismatch of operational climate and hydrological data and globally available geo and climate data sets resulting in an overall increase in the uncertainty of the model results. Beyond LULCC analysis, the calibrated and validated hydrological model for the Kilombero catchment can be further applied to climate change (e.g., CORDEX-Africa [80]) or infrastructure measure (e.g., hydropower or irrigation reservoirs) scenarios quantifying the impact on the water balance and runoff components. This is relevant for the impact assessment analysis of the water management scenarios that are driven by the expected expansion of the agricultural growth corridor (SAGCOT). Furthermore, the simulated discharge of the Kilombero river can serve as a boundary condition for a hydrodynamic model (e.g., LISFLOOD, [89]) to simulate inundation depth, extent and dynamics for the floodplain, which is crucial for sustainable agricultural management of the wetland. The high resolution LULC map of the SWOS floodplain study would serve here as spatial input data parametrizing the surface roughness of the floodplain. However, to obtain high resolution spatial and temporal inundation maps that can be applied for further management measures on a local scale, the application of the hydrodynamic model for the floodplain would further require a high resolution digital elevation model like TanDEM-X data sets [90], ideally corrected with high accuracy ground truth elevation data.
# Resonant Coupling Effects in a Double-Layer THz Bandpass Filter
## 1 Introduction  
Terahertz (THz) waves generally refer to electromagnetic radiation in the 0.1-10 THz frequency range. THz waves have potential applications in bio-sensing, satellite communication, military radar, object imaging, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnosis [1]. Studies on THz functional devices such as waveguides, polarizers, modulators, antennas, switches, and bandpass filters are particularly important for applications of THz technology [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. THz bandpass filters are one of the key components to effectively control and manipulate THz waves. THz filters can be grouped into the following types: photonic crystal filters [7; 8], filters based on metamaterials [10; 11; 12; 13], and frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) [14; 15; 16].  
FSS-based filters are composed of periodically arranged apertures on a metal foil. They are easy to fabricate and have a controllable central frequency and a low insertion loss. Most of the commercially available THz bandpass filters are FSS-based. Compared with single-layer FSSs, double-layer FSSs have the characteristics of better frequency selectivity, a higher roll-off rate, and a lower angle sensitivity, suitable for narrowband and multiband operations [17; 18; 19]. However, periodically appearing anomalous transmission peaks will appear in double-layer stacking when the interlayer spacing and wavelength are of the same order of magnitude [19; 20]. What causes these anomalous transmission peaks and their periodic appearance with spacing is important not only in filter design but also for fundamental understanding. Usually, the analysis of this kind of structure relies on the use of commercial full-wave electromagnetic solvers such as the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. However, it is difficult to understand the physical mechanisms behind the computedtransmission spectra of stacked FSS structures. Equivalent circuit models (ECMs) have been utilized to analyze anomalous transmission peaks and show a good agreement with commercial full-wave electromagnetic solvers in the microwave region [21; 22; 23; 24; 25].  
In this work, we presented a method based on an ECM to examine the THz anomalous transmission phenomena of a double-layer cross FSS structure, and analyzed the evolution and origin of these transmission peaks at different interlayer spacing. We fabricated a double-layer FSS sample using femtosecond laser micromachining and measured it using time-domain THz spectroscopy. The results obtained by the ECM agree with the FDTD and experimental results.
# Comparative Study of _Plantago media_ Extracts in the Treatment of _Acanthamoeba_ sp. Trophozoites
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **IC\({}_{50}\) on 2 nd Day** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Plantago media_ L.} & Water-soluble fr of MeOH extract from leaves & \\  & of intact plants, 0.95 mg/mL & \\  & Water-soluble fr of MeOH extract leaves of & This work \\  & in vitro plants, 5.20 mg/mL & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Salvia sclarea_ L.} & Ferruginol 0.05 mg/mL & [45] \\  & Salvipisone 0.4 mg/mL & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Pterocaulon polystachyum_ DC} & Essential oil 10 mg/mL & [46] \\ \hline _Artemisia argyi_ [PERSON]. et Vant. & MeOH extract 37.4 mg/mL (8 h) & [47] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Artemisia annua_ L.} & MeOH extract 12.5 mg/mL & [34] \\  & Artemisinin 0.12 mg/mL & [34] \\ \hline _Buddleya cordata_ H.B.K. & N.R. amoebostatic at 32 mg/mL & [49] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Camelia sinensis_ ([PERSON]} & N.R. 50\% brew & [50] \\ \hline _Erryingium planum_ L. & N.R. 50\% inh. 5 mg/mL & [33; 51] \\ \hline _Rubus chamamororus_ L. & MeOH extract \textgreater{} 0.05 mg/mL & [32] \\ \hline _Pueraria lobata_ (Wild.) & MeOH extract \textgreater{} 0.01 mg/mL & [32] \\ \hline _Solidago virgata_ L. & MeOH extract \textgreater{} 0.01 mg/mL & [32] \\ \hline _Solidago graminifolia_ [PERSON]. & MeOH extract \textgreater{} 0.05 mg/mL & [32] \\ \hline _Teucrium polium_ L. & MeOH extract 60\% inh. 16 mg/mL & [52] \\ \hline _Teucrium chamaactrys_ L. & MeOH extract 53\% inh. 8 mg/mL & [52] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Lychlnis flas-cuculi_ L.} & 40\% fr MeOH herb extract \textgreater{} 1.0 mg/mL & \\  & 80\% fr MeOH herb extract \textgreater{} 1.0 mg/mL & \\  & 40\% fr MeOH root extract \textgreater{} 5.0 mg/mL & \\  & 80\% fr MeOH root extract \textgreater{} 0.5 mg/mL & \\  & 20-hydroxycedysone \textgreater{} 0.5 mg/mL & \\  & Polypodine B \textgreater{} 0.5 mg/mL & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Chaenomeles japonica_ L.} & EtOH fruit extract 6.25 mg/mL & \\  & EtOH leaves extract 1.80 mg/mL & \\ \cline{1-1}  & EtOH leaves (in vitro) extract 0.3 mg/mL & \\ \cline{1-1}  & EtOH callus extract 2.30 mg/mL & \\ \hline _Centaurea bella_ [PERSON]. & EtOH extract 0.61 mg/mL & [53] \\ \hline _Centaurea daghestanica_ [PERSON]. & EtOH extract 0.86 mg/mL & [53] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: IC\({}_{50}\) value for the studied discussed plant species.
# Results and Achievements of the ALLIANCE Project: New Network Solutions for 5G and Beyond
## 5 Trust Element
### Open-Source Prototypes  
We built and evaluated two prototypes for the aforementioned use cases, and open-sourced their code. Table 2 summarises the prototypes we built, as well as some parameters of the experiments. The first prototype is a distributed mapping system for overlay networks [57]. It performs the basic functions of any blockchain: create and send transactions, run the consensus algorithm, create new blocks, etc. More specifically, it is engineered to support IP prefixes in its transactions: it allows recording, transferring, and splitting an IP prefix, as well as adding metadata to it. In addition, it enforces the basic rules for these transactions, such as verifying that new transactions reference an existing IP prefix, or that the issuer of a new transaction actually owns the IP prefix. This prototype (_Public v1_ in Table 2) leverages Proof of Stake (PoS) as a consensus algorithm, but relies on a centralised random beacon to select the block signers. We have carried out an experiment to allocate 150k IP prefixes among 9 nodes that yielded a throughput of 6 transactions per second. We built a second version of this prototype to select the block signer in a distributed way. To this end, we have based the consensus algorithm in the DFINITY blockchain [58]. This second prototype is configured with a block time of 40 s, block size of 2 MB, and can reach a throughput of 10 transactions per second. A detailed evaluation can be found in [55].  
Finally, _Private_ is a blockchain prototype built on top of the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform [59]. We have chosen this platform because it is designed for enterprise use cases, and it allows controlling the participants in the blockchain. This property aligns well with this use case, since the enterprises want to share data among them, but it is not necessary that the access control data are public. We have defined several objects in the Hyperledger blockchain, such as users, departments, or resources, and configured it with a global constraint so that only the enterprise that owns the object can modify it. In addition, we have included a command line to make it easier to manage these objects. We have used Hyperledger's consensus algorithm that is based on Byzantine Fault Tolerant algorithms. Since Hyperledger is a permissioned blockchain, it can provide significantly higher transaction throughput than the public prototypes. The code of this prototype is also available on GitHub [60].