## 2 Trends on ICT Adoption  
The topic of ICT adoption in agriculture is of growing relevance and numerous ICT development initiatives have been carried out to aid the sector [19]. The use of such technologies for water/irrigation management is considered one of the most promising applications, although their application is still predominantly pioneering. This might be confirmed by the growing body of articles published on the topic (Figure 1) and by the interest raised in the applied economic literature [4; 15; 20]. Figure 1: N. of published articles on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) adoption in agriculture water management. Source: own elaboration from data obtained with the search in Scopus (dated 30/08/2020) having the following parameters: TITLE-ABS-KEY ((ICT OR DSS OR “climate services”) AND agriculture AND (“water management” OR irrigation)). Notwithstanding the great interest shown by scientists for ICT, in many cases their impact is not well-defined and results of applied economic studies are extremely variable ([PERSON] et al., 2016). ICT can provide benefits only if the delivered information is eventually implemented by DMs to improve decisions [21]. Apparently, this occurs only when the information content answers DMs' needs [22] and when the way in which information is conveyed such as timeliness of information provision or spatial scale allows the DM to implement it [21]. It is not only information usability which conditions ICT-benefits; DM's behavior can strongly affect ICT-information implementation too. [PERSON] et al. [23] in their analyses found that farmers in Tanzania are seeking ICT-information to adapt to CC, especially in their irrigation activities. Though, they highlight that uncertainty on ICT reliability limits information uptake. [PERSON] et al. [24] found that the use of ICT in India has not reached its potential and many farmers do not implement the forecast received. This is mainly due to farmers not understanding information received or having doubts on ICT reliability [24]. [PERSON] et al. [13] carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses on ICT adoption for water management in the U. S. and Brazil. They found that, when DMs perceived information reliable, this helped information uptake and efficient water management; while, in case of skepticism, information was not implemented [13]. [PERSON] et al. [25] carried out a review on ICT development initiatives across the world. Their findings underline that between the 27 ICT only few were used by the addressed farmers. They identify a number of barriers that opposes to ICT-information implementation, among which the most relevant ones are associated with information quality and perceived reliability. [PERSON] et al. [9] showed that lack of knowledge on the technology's reliability can even prevent achieving sustainable water management practices in Australian agriculture. It is not surprising that if the ICT or the information itself are considered unreliable or are mis-interpreted, DMs do not implement the message received and gain no benefit from the technology [19]. Such findings are confirmed by several quantitative studies, out of which a selection of empirical application for ICT benefits estimations is reported in Table 1. The table highlights that almost all studies testify that benefits can be null, often because of the presence of barriers related to the decision environment or to the information itself. Although the table is not comprehensive of all the studies done in the field, it is enough to testify the inconsistency of the impacts brought by the implementation of existing ICT in agriculture. To gain better insights from this topic, please refer to the works of [PERSON] et al. [4] and [PERSON] et al. [16] which provide respectively reviews of studies for ICT-information benefits estimation in water management (predominantly irrigation) and in the broader agricultural sector.