Adsorptive Recovery of Cu\({}^{2+}\) from Aqueous Solution by Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanofibres Modified with 2-(Aminomethyl)Pyridine  
protection of natural resources such as ground water, rivers, oceans, and lakes. Moreover, the inorganic contaminants present in various waste effluents are not only toxic metals, but these effluents also contain some valuable metals that can be extracted and reused. Some of these metal ions are not biodegradable or bio transformable, therefore they exist in the environment for longer periods of time [5]. Thus, this research will report the repurposing of waste PET materials for the recovery of Cu metal ions from aqueous solutions. Electrospinning is an easy and inexpensive process of forming ultrafine fibres in the range from the nano- to micrometre. The electrospinning process can produce sub-micron-sized polymer fibres with a small interfibrous pore size using the electrostatically driven jets of polymer solutions [6]. When an adequate, high voltage is applied to the solution droplet, the body of the solution becomes charged and electrostatic repulsion counteracts the surface tension. Thus, the droplet is stretched and the jet spurt solidifies into a fibre, which is collected by an aluminium collector [7]. Modified nanofibres' applications in adsorption are considerably growing and are projected to double by 2040 due to unique properties such as high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, low basis weight, layer thinness, high permeability, superior directional strength, and cost-effectiveness [8; 9]. Adsorption depends on a selection of process conditions, for example the pH, metal concentration, adsorbent concentration, and type of metal ions. The adsorption process involves several technical aspects that can be analysed from a process intensification perspective. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] have described the process intensification based on several fundamental principles and approaches. These fundamental principles have been identified to be the adsorbent synthesis, process design, optimization of the operating conditions, modelling of the adsorption process, regeneration, and the life cycle analysis of the adsorbent [11]. Thus, process intensification aims to modify the material while also improving the adsorption binding kinetics, with improved specific adsorbent surface area [12]. The supplied SiAMPy contains 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine groups that are supported on silica [13] and the 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine groups are Lewis base chelating ligands and are also called the complexing agent [14]. The 2-(Aminomethyl)pyridine ligand is an N,N'-bidentate ligand containing aromatic pyridine aliphatic amine donor function. It was postulated that the blended WPET-SiAMPy composite nanofibres can form [PERSON]'s acid/ base bonds with Cu\({}^{2+}\) metal ions during the adsorption process. The Cu\({}^{2+}\) ions should be desorbed from the WPET-SiAMPy composite nanofibres by a simple regeneration process. Adsorption is performed with activated carbon as the adsorbent is frequently used for the removal of diverse metals present at trace levels, but this adsorbent is nonselective. Compared to conventional resources, carbon-based materials possess useful properties such as hydrophobic surfaces, a high surface area, large pore volume, chemical inertness, good thermal and mechanical stability, easy handling, and low cost of manufacture. In the context of green chemistry, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant, robust, and relatively inexpensive, is especially attractive for its unique physicochemical properties such as excellent chemical stability [9]. The employment of readily available low-cost materials such as waste PET that are reusable as a substitute for carbon adsorbents is prospective for sustainable contaminated water treatment and offers the potential for environment clean-up [15]. Focusing on developing highly effective nanofibres from waste PET thus could decrease plastic waste pollution.