# Assessing Ecosystem and Urban Services for Landscape Suitability Mapping
## 1 Introduction  
Ecosystem services (ES), the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems [1], have been broadly explored by the recent scientific literature, based on the idea that including this approach in policy making could support the development of instruments for increasing the global sustainability of the human activities [2]. Some studies made evident different key concepts for ES application that should be taken into account to design instruments for landscape management. For example, [PERSON] et al. [3, 4, 5] suggested an approach for assessing multiple services for landscape analysis and management instead of focusing on a single service. [PERSON] [6] highlighted that landscape-specific ES are essential for maintaining and improving human well-being. ES were classified in \"final\" and \"intermediate,\" highlighting that the final services are the services that tangibly benefit the final stakeholder, while the intermediate services are only functional to the production of the former [7, 8]. This concept helps apply the ES approach into practice because it helps to focus only on a group of services, simplifying the decision model and avoiding the risk of double-counting some services. However, [PERSON] et al. [9] observed that the final ES concept strictly depends on services' potential users. Focusing on spatial aspects of ES, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] suggested that they are delivered in the so-called service benefiting areas (SBA), but [PERSON] al. [11] highlighted that these areas could be distant from the so-called use region, where users of services are stably located to live and work. So, for some services, the SBA should be accessed by road transports or other means to benefit a given service. In other cases, the service benefiting areas and the use region have to coincide, since citizens can only use the service if directly provided in the use region (such as electric energy for housing) [12]. In the perspective of assessing local accessibility to multiple services, [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed LISAAM [13], a model based on the spatial multicriteria decision analysis (S-MCDA) method [14; 15], to improve the inclusion of the ES approach into policy making. MCDA and S-MCDA methods were already applied for ecosystem services spatial assessment [16; 17; 18] and their trade-off identification [19; 20; 21]. LISAAM was primarily designed to calculate liveability maps, where liveability is conceived as the landscape suitability to be lived by the local population. Liveability assessment, in general, is helpful to highlight the areas more suitable to meet the expressed needs of a person or a group of people [22; 23]. In the LISAAM model, liveability is locally assessed considering both ES and urban services (US), since both types of services can comparably improve human well-being [13]. Liveability is calculated in LISAM by a hierarchical aggregation of ES and US spatial indices expressing the local accessibility to services' benefiting areas. According to S-MCDA method, each service is weighted on liveability by filling pairwise comparison matrices during direct interviews to stakeholders [24]. In the LISAM framework, \"residents\" were considered the final users of liveability services. However, \"residents\" were defined generally as \"people living and working in a landscape\". So, the model was designed to include their expressed personal needs, but not the objective necessities related to the economic activities they used to do. In this regard, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] suggested that residents can be grouped into more specific stakeholders groups commonly related to the main economic activities shaping the landscape and typically manifesting contrasting needs. For example:  
* Agricultural activities, which need materials (seeds, fertilizers, instruments, tractors, etc. ), and regulation services that allow them to reduce economic and environmental costs of production, such as pest regulation, pollination, erosion control, and others.