# Automatic Generation of Guidance for Indoor Navigation at Metro Stations  
[PERSON]  
1  
[PERSON]  
1  
Footnote  
+++ ==WARNING: Truncated because of repetitions==
10: email: {}  
++  
direction. As [8] discusses, the key challenge of landmark-based guidance is to select the right landmarks and describe topological relationships to the user's manoeuvres. In later research, a more popular approach was to use hierarchical systems of landmarks and relate them to calculated routes instead of describing all elements of indoor topography [9; 10; 11]. Metro stations are key places of public transportation in many metropolises. The effective navigation of passengers to the relevant platforms is essential for ensuring the smooth flow of people and reducing possible confluence. The complex architecture of these facilities, combined with the lack of access to natural light and limited visibility, presents numerous challenges. In these conditions, technology based on landmarks gains particular significance, enabling intuitive guidance by referencing distinctive elements of the environment. Another challenge to consider is adapting navigation systems to the needs of people with special needs. Modern standards for designing public infrastructure increasingly emphasize accessibility and inclusivity, requiring that navigation instructions be not only precise but also understandable and easily accessible to all users, regardless of their abilities. This does not just come down to designing systems that account for diverse needs, such as voice navigation for the visually impaired or avoiding stairs for people in wheelchairs. Many solutions focus on navigating people with disabilities via reliable voice directions without displaying a map [12; 13]. The key point is to understand the actual expectations of users and to consider them in all phases of the navigation system's implementation, starting with analysis, modelling the spatial database, and designing the user interface and user experience. Despite interesting research results, the landmark-based approach has not become widespread. Fully basing navigation guidance on landmarks is an expensive process that requires data acquisition, data maintenance with frequent updates, and building complex algorithms. A more common approach involves wayfinding with standard graph-based algorithms and automatically generated directions using navigation graphs and calculated routes [14; 15]. This approach was implemented in the project 'Development of a prototype system to support the movement of people with special needs inside architectural structures related to rail transport--LIFT', conducted at the Warsaw University of Technology in 2022-2024. The research was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland and conducted by an interdisciplinary team of researchers, architects, cartographers, and software engineers. The system analysis was preceded by visits to several European cities, such as Barcelona, Brussels, Amsterdam, and Berlin, to gather best practices of passenger information systems and local applications. The requirements of the system were determined following consultation with experts from foundations working with people with disabilities, who understand the real problems and can evaluate the proposed solutions. Preliminary results of the research were presented at the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference [16] and received a positive response. The project will result in a mobile application being made available to Warsaw Metro users by the end of 2024. This article starts with a comprehensive analysis of the issue of generating navigation guidance in the context of metro stations and other underground spaces. It focuses on discussing contemporary trends in indoor navigation, the challenges of underground navigation, and how modern technologies can contribute to improving the accessibility and efficiency of navigation systems.