esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Application in the Reconstruction of the HWRR Decommissioning Model
### Model Reconstruction for the HWRR Plant  
After processing the point cloud data and confirming the point cloud registration error is within an acceptable range, the subsequent step is the 3D model reconstruction of the HWRR plant. Since point cloud data cannot be directly utilized for modeling, it is necessary to convert the 3D point cloud data into a triangulated digital model, which can be directly exportable for reverse modeling within CATIA software ([https://www.3 ds.com/products/catia](https://www.3 ds.com/products/catia) (accessed on 24 February 2024)). Additionally, considering the diverse point cloud density across various scanning stations, it is essential to ensure the uniformity of the point cloud to facilitate subsequent triangulation processing. Following the completion of the 3D model reconstruction, verification is performed to ensure that the model meets the requirements for subsequent simulation.  
Using the HWRR hall as an example, the process of 3D model reconstruction and model verification is illustrated as follows. Initially, we extract the universal point cloud data of the reactor hall and triangulate the point cloud data, establishing a triangular mesh model that is exported to design software. Subsequently, topological modeling is performed based on the triangular mesh model, as depicted in Figure 10a. Through virtual assembly analysis with a high-precision triangular mesh model, any components of the topological model not meeting the accuracy requirements are refined or modified, as depicted in Figure 10b. The refined reactor hall model undergoes accuracy testing, as depicted in Figure 10c. Considering that the HWRR hall primarily encompasses elements like stairs, corridors, and walls, and taking into account computer hardware capabilities, the model retrieval speed, and point cloud data management, the error of model reconstruction can be less than 5 mm. This meets the criteria for subsequent decommissioning simulations and enables us to export the HWRR hall model in a universal format, as depicted in Figure 10d.  
Figure 9: The point cloud registration error in the HWRR plant.  
Figure 10: _Cont._  
The point cloud model and reconstruction model of a typical system in the HWRR are obtained using laser-scanning 3D reconstruction technology. Figures 11 and 12 show the point cloud images and 3D reconstruction model of the helium system in the HWRR.  
Figure 10: The model reconstruction process for the HWRR hall. (**a**) Triangulation model of the HWRR hall. (**b**) Virtual assembly diagram of the HWRR hall topology model and triangulation model. (**c**) Accuracy verification results of the 3D model of the HWRR hall. (**d**) The model of the HWRR hall.  
After individually verifying the reconstruction models for each region within the HWRR plant, the final 3D model of the HWRR plant is established, illustrated in Figure 13, assembling with the models for each region within the HWRR plant.  
Figure 11: Point cloud image of the helium system in the HWRR.  
Figure 12: Reconstruction model of the helium system in the HWRR.
## 3 Results
### Intestinal Enzyme Activities  
In the duodenum, maltase activity decreased significantly by 42% for the E group (133 U/mg) compared to the control (232 U/mg). In the jejunum, maltase enzymatic activity increased significantly by 52% in the case of the E group (494 U/mg) compared to the control (325 U/mg) (Figure 3). The specific activity of duodenal invertase was significantly increased by 46% in the E group (14 U/mg), whereas in the jejunum, it increased significantly by almost 227% (24 U/mg) compared to the control (7.28 U/mg).  
Our experimental data revealed an insignificant increase by 2.3 times in the specific activity of alpha-amylase in the duodenum intestinal contents of the E group (0.094 U/mg) as compared to the control (0.041 U/mg). In the jejunum, the same enzymatic activity increased significantly by 38% in the case of the E group (0.7 U/mg) compared to the control (0.5 U/mg) (Figure 4).  
The specific activity of trypsin in the duodenum was insignificantly decreased by 30% in the E group (0.048 U/mg) compared to the control (0.069 U/mg). In contrast, the administration of the basal diet enriched with 4% flaxseed meal increased trypsin activity insignificantly by 71% in the jejunum (0.08 U/mg). The enzymatic activity of lipase in the duodenum was decreased by 19% in the E group (3.15 U /mg) compared to the control level (3.88 U/mg). Moreover, the enzymatic activity of endo-\(\beta\)-1,4-glucanase from both intestinal segments was increased by 83% in the duodenum (0.0062 U/mg) and significantly increased in the jejunum (0.001 U/mg) by 357% of the control group level in the experimental group (Figure 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Dietary Treatment**} \\  & **Control** & **E** & **_p_-Value** \\ \hline Villus height (\(\upmu\)m) & 935 \(\pm\) 25.6 & 1251 \(\pm\) 14.4 *** & 1.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-13}\) \\ Crypt depth (\(\upmu\)m) & 152 \(\pm\) 7.4 & 174 \(\pm\) 3.5 *** & 5.45 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) \\ Villus height/crypt depth & 6.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 7.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 *** & 3.95 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\(\mathcal{C}\) group: basal diet/control group; E group: flaxseed meal supplementation to the basal diet of broiler chickens. All data are reported as mean values \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) and statistical significance, where ***\(p<\) 0.001.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Measurements of the jejun villus height and crypt depth for the control and experimental groups.  
Figure 3: Effect of flaxseed meal supplementation to the basal diet of broiler chickens on the enzymatic specific activity (SA) of maltase and invertase, expressed as units per milligram of protein, from the duodenum and jejunum mucosa. All data are reported as mean values \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance is indicated as follows: * _p_\(\leq\) 0.05; **_p_\(\leq\) 0.01; ***_p_\(\leq\) 0.0001 (_n_ = 10).
## 4 Conclusions  
The Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC nanocomposite coatings were successfully developed based on the electrodeposition technique. XRD analysis revealed the amorphisation of samples due to P lattice incorporation in all cases of the as-deposited state and the crytallisation process and Ni3P precipitation upon heat treatment. The alteration of the surface morphology due to process parameters, SiC presence, and heat treatment were furtherly supported and examined through profilometry measurements, the results of which were in accordance with the data from SEM- and XRD analysis. Mechanical properties, such as hardness and elastic modulus, of the as-plated Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC nanocomposite coatings were investigated and compared to the same coatings after heat treatment. Nanoindentation tests were applied to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings and were used as input to FEA calculation of mechanical behavior of the coatings. A procedure is also presented to determine the nanocomposites' stress-strain curves based on a curve-fit of nanoindentation results through a FEA simulating the indenter's penetration into samples. The developed method takes into account the indentation results as input data to the finite element model and it determines the stress-strain curves of the Ni-P nanocomposite coatings. This FEA-supported nanoindentation technique has shown to be a very effective procedure to characterize the elastoplastic behavior of the Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC nanocomposite coatings. The estimated values of the elastic modulus while using the FEA revealed a satisfactory correlation when compared to the experimentally defined values.  
Data curation, K.T., D.T., A.K., G.B., D.E. and D.A.; Methodology, D.T. and C.Z.; Software, K.T.; Supervision, T.M. and D.B.  
This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Program, under topic NMP-02- 2015, project PROCETS (Grant Number: 686135).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
Figure 10: Analytical-experimental determined stress-strain curves of Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC nanocomposite coatings.
# The Role of Smart Meters in Enabling Real-Time Energy Services for Households: The Italian Case
## 1 Introduction
To review a set of use cases enabled by communications of metering data to the customer, such as energy awareness and demand-response. 2. To review the set of possible architectures for data communications from the SM to the IHDs. 3. To review the available communications technologies for connecting SMs and IHDs. 4. To discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the identified architectures and technologies in terms of cost, applicability to diverse scenarios, and ability to meet performance and regulatory requirements. Our discussion is general, but we will consider as a reference the generation of SMs whose roll-out is currently taking place in Italy. This new generation is expected to bring to almost 30 million customers a new set of features like the acquisition of different kinds of data (among which are active/reactive power, voltage, and outages) and increased sampling frequency. Such data will be delivered both to the DSO, for billing and other monitoring purposes, and, with low latency, to customers' devices. With respect to other surveys on Smart Metering [16; 17; 18], we focus on the technology options for direct communications to the customer devices and for providing low-latency services. In addition, we focus on flexible architectures capable of meeting the requirements of different use cases with small provisioning costs. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reports the state of the art of the smart metering infrastructure with a focus on the standardization process in the EU and in Italy specifically; Section 3 presents the Italian second generation SM; Section 4 describes real-time services; Section 5 illustrates different architectures for bringing data to customers; and Section 6 lists a set of wired/wirelessenabling technologies for smart metering. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the previous sections to identify the combination of architectures and technologies suitable for the new services. Conclusions are left for the final section.
## 2 Problem Statement
### Adversary Model  
The connected vehicles, on the road are generally more susceptible to various adversaries, and they can be compromised at any time after the VANET is formed. The adversary can be an outsider located in the wireless range of the vehicles, or the adversary can first compromise one or more vehicles and behave as an insider later. The malicious entity is able to jam, eavesdrop, forge, modify the communication between any vehicles in the range. The main goals of the adversary may include intercepting the normal data transmission, modifying or forging data, framing the benign devices by deliberately submitting fake recommendations, etc. Here, we proposed that only insider attacks may cause to change nodes behavior and act maliciously. The internal malicious users can randomly drop packets, as we have simulated this effect by considering half of the node malicious. Let, when  
Figure 2: Three level layered Architectural network model for Vehicular ad hoc networks.  
there is impersonation attack by the fake routing packets, 3 VSR can cope with this scenario by using authentication algorithm. In contrast standard AODV suffer more by means of packet loss and minimizing throughput due to lack of authentication in between neighbor nodes.
* Simple Attack (SA) An attacker may manipulate the compromised nodes not to follow normal network protocols and not to provide necessary services for other nodes, such as forwarding data packets or propagating route discovery requests. However, the compromised node will not provide any fake trust opinions when it is asked about other node's trustworthiness.
* Black Hole Attack (BH) In this case malicious node doesn't forward data packet, still remains active as using path initiated by other nodes to save its energy. In these attacks packets can be forged, altered and tend to behave as good nodes. Black Hole attacks are known as the basic byzantine attacks.
* Zigzag Attack (ZA): Sometimes sly attackers can alter their malicious behavior patterns so that it is even harder for the trust management scheme to detect them. For instance, they can conduct malicious behaviors for some time and then stop for a while (in that case the malicious behaviors are conducted in an on-and-off manner). In addition, the sly attackers can also exhibit different behaviors to different audiences, which can lead to inconsistent trust opinions to the same node among different audiences. Due to the insufficient evidence to accuse the adversary, it is generally more difficult to identify such sly attackers.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Design and In Silico Evaluation of a DNA-FISH Probe for Detection and Identification of Paenibacillus_ spp.  
The DNA-FISH probe for _Paenibacillus_ sp. was designed using the method described by [PERSON] et al. [26]. For this purpose, several sequences of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 16S from the genus Paenibacillus were searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI; [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)]([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)); accessed on 4 June 2021; [PERSON] et al. [27]). Subsequently, we proceeded to its alignment with the BioEdit program (www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html accessed on 4 June 2021) and then submitted it to the DECIPHER probe design tool ([[http://www2.decipher.codes/DesignProbes.html](http://www2.decipher.codes/DesignProbes.html)]([http://www2.decipher.codes/DesignProbes.html](http://www2.decipher.codes/DesignProbes.html)) accessed on 4 June 2021; [PERSON] [28]). Several species-specific probes to _Paenibacillus_ sp. were obtained. For in silico analysis, 10 probes were selected with the best specificity (score close to zero) and efficiencies given by the program (Table 1). The in silico analysis was performed using the followed tools: Nucleotide BLAST ([[http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)]([http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)) Blast.cgi accessed on 4 June 2021) to confirm the specificity of the probe for the target microorganism; Oligo Calc: Oligonucleotide Properties Calculator [29] to evaluate the probe properties, including length, molecular weight, GC contents, melting temperature, formation of \"hairpin\", loop formation; and mathFISH software ([[http://mathfish.cee.wisc.edu/probeaff.html](http://mathfish.cee.wisc.edu/probeaff.html)]([http://mathfish.cee.wisc.edu/probeaff.html](http://mathfish.cee.wisc.edu/probeaff.html)) accessed on 4 June 2021; [PERSON] et al. [30]) to simulate the performance and efficiency of FISH probes and their hybridization.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Name**} & **Sequence (\(\mathbf{S}^{\prime}\)-\(\mathbf{S}^{\prime}\))** & **Score \(\mathbf{*}\)** & **Efficiency \(\mathbf{b}\)** & **GC (\%)** & **Length** & **Efficiency \(\mathbf{c}\)** & **Halipin** & **Self-Dimer** & **Target** & **Non-Target** \\  & & & & & & & (\%) & & & **Microorganisms \(\mathbf{d}\)** & **Microorganisms \(\mathbf{d}\)** \\ \hline Pab489 & CCGGGCTTTTCTC & 0 & 0.717 & 58.80 & 17 & 99.99 & none & none & 444 & 0 \\ Pab482 & CCTTCTCCTCGGATCCG & 0 & 0.731 & 52.60 & 19 & 99.99 & none & none & 394 & 1 \\ Pab516 & TACCGCGGTGTGTGC & 0 & 0.772 & 75.00 & 16 & 99.99 & none & none & 2 & 0 \\ Pab492 & ACCGCGGTTTCTC & 0 & 0.642 & 62.50 & 16 & 99.99 & none & none & 168 & 0 \\ Pab533 & CCCCGCATGTTCTCCCG & 0 & 70.81 & 61.00 & 18 & 99.86 & none & none & 17 & 10 \\ Pab5345 & CCCAAGCGCGTCTCCTC & 0 & 0.584 & 500.00 & 20 & 98.71 & none & none & 426 & 0 \\ Pab
# Multi-Level Control and Utilization of Stormwater Runoff
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Pollutant Concentration Range on Pollutant Retention by the PBT-GR System  
Figure 6 shows the effect of varying concentrations of SS, N, P and Zn on the treatment capacity of the PBT-GR system. A three-day antecedent period was used in all experiments to discount the effect in the antecedent period. Differences in the effectiveness of the combined treatment systems under normal and extreme events were analyzed for statistical significance. It is generally recognized that inflow stormwater of higher pollutant concentrations would result in higher pollutant concentrations outflow of the PBT-GR system [15,27]. The results showed that the efficiency of TP removal increased under higher concentrations (extreme event) for both the porous asphalt pavement and bioretention systems. Similar results [31] were observed by [PERSON] et al. (2020); a higher phosphorus load represented a larger concentration gradient, which in turn promoted adsorption of phosphorus in the solution to the substrate by enhancing available chelate sites on the adsorbent. Similarly, the PBT-GR system exhibited excellent removal efficiencies for Pb, Zn and Cu of \(>\)73.5% under a high concentration of heavy metals (\(p<0.1\)). The PBT-GR system maintained sufficient treatment capacity to effectively treat rainwater with excessive concentration of heavy metals within a short period of time.  
The PBT-GR system showed a higher TN removal efficiency under high TN concentrations (extreme event) compared to that under normal TN concentrations, with the bioretention and green roof systems performing particularly well at 59.4% and 83.1%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [32] and [PERSON] et al. [9] determined that the removal ratios of TN in a bioretention and a green roof system under high inflow concentrations were 30.1% and 72.4%, respectively, which were higher than that at low pollutant inflow concentrations.  
Figure 6: Event mean concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants in the PBT-GR system under two types of concentration for synthetic stormwater runoff used in the study (n = 6). * representing \(p<0.1\) and ** representing \(p<0.05\). (a–f) represent TN, TP, Pb, Zn, SS, NH\({}^{+}\)4-N respectively.  
The PBT-GR system was able to simultaneously remove nutrients and heavy metals from runoff. It was inferred that the typical concentrations of SS, TN, TP, Pb and Zn in the porous asphalt pavement and bioretention system under a rainfall recurrence interval of 2a were 9.2 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L, 0.11 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L, respectively, whereas hydraulic loading in the green roof was 0.3 m\({}^{3}\)-(m\({}^{2}\)-d)\({}^{-1}\). Under the high pollutant concentration (extreme event) experiment, the concentrations of SS, TN, TP, Pb and Zn were found to be 13.6 mg/L, 1.94 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L and 0.29 mg/L, respectively. A noteworthy outcome of the present study was the observation that the PBT-GR system was enabled to simultaneously remove nutrients and heavy metals from runoff, even under extreme pollutant concentrations.
# Nitrogen Oxide Removal by Coal-Based Activated Carbon for a Marine Diesel Engine
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of AC on NO + O\({}_{2}\) and NO + O\({}_{2}\) + NH\({}_{3}\)
Compared with Figure 8, the adsorption saturated time of AC is shorter when the temperature is higher than 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After the adsorption  
Figure 8: Effect of AC on NO + O\({}_{2}\) at low temperatures: (**a**) 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (**b**) 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
is saturated, NO will not be oxidized to NO\({}_{2}\), indicating that the catalytic oxidation of NO by AC is poor when the temperature is higher than 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At this time, the stable denitration efficiencies of AC at three temperatures are 12.6%, \(-\)0.5%, and 2.5%, respectively. [PERSON] [32] carried out temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) experiments using coal-based activated carbon with 0.5% NO + 5% O\({}_{2}\)/He from room temperature to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The results show that the denitration rate of AC decreases and then increases with the temperature. The denitration rate is basically negative between 150 and 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, about \(-\)20% at 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] [33] used sawdust, rice husk, and comcob-activated carbon to carry out TPR experiments with 0.1% NO + 5% O\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) from room temperature to 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The results show that the trend of denitration efficiency is basically the same as that of Illan-Gomez, and the denitration efficiency is negative at 150-350 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The experimental results obtained in this paper are basically the same as those [PERSON] and [PERSON] obtained via the TPR method. The experimental phenomenon is mainly caused by the dynamic balance between the better adsorption ability of AC at low temperature and the better reduction and catalytic ability at high temperature. When the temperature is lower than 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the adsorption ability is dominant. When the temperature is higher than 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the reduction and catalytic ability are dominant. However, since the diesel engine exhaust gas temperature is generally lower than 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the denitration ability of AC is not ideal when no reductant is added. At the 60 th minute, NH\({}_{3}\) is added to simulate standard SCR reaction Equation (3). The NO concentrations of the outlet at three temperatures decrease rapidly. When the NH\({}_{3}\) is stopped, the NO concentration of the outlet increases rapidly. When the temperatures are 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the corresponding near-stable denitration efficiencies are 34.6%, 16%, and 31.6%, respectively. Experimental results show that NH\({}_{3}\) can greatly improve the denitration ability of AC in the range of 100-300 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 9: Effect of AC on NO + O\({}_{2}\) + NH\({}_{3}\) at high temperature. (**a**) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (**b**) 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (**c**) 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C.