## 1 Introduction
On the other hand, the roughness and specific surface of RA are usually higher and RA typically have more elongated shapes. Due to these factors, the effective water/cement (w/c) ratio of mixes with RA must be increased to maintain a given workability, which then leads to more porous cementitious matrices and interfacial transition zones (ITZs). Given this, the use of RA in concrete can decrease its durability [6]. On the other hand, in the 20 th century, the annual emission of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) into the atmosphere increased from 1.5 to 25 billion tonnes [7]. This unsustainable rate of emissions comes from several activities, including construction, which alone contributes to more than 6% of the global value through the production of cement. Thus, it is important to investigate the possibility of providing the construction industry with an innovative way of creating structural concrete with a positive environmental impact throughout its life cycle. This can be achieved through the creation of synergies in two distinct areas: replacement of the Portland cement by an alternative binder with lower environmental impact using CDW; and incorporation of RA from CDW. According to this literature review, there are not many studies on the behaviour in terms of durability of concrete with CDW simultaneously used as aggregates and binders. The use of CDW in concrete has been analysed mainly in two different ways: analysis of the use of RA from crushed concrete; and evaluation of the use of RA from mixed CDW. The latter RA have highly variable composition, which makes their analysis more difficult. On the other hand, RA from CDW generally have higher water absorption, which causes some limitations on their use in concrete. [PERSON] et al. [8] analysed the oxygen permeability of concrete with RA and recycled cement from four types of ceramics (ceramic bricks, double-fired white stoneware, sanitary ware and single-fired white stoneware). The authors found that the replacement of 20% Portland cement with recycled cement from ceramics leads to maintaining the oxygen permeability of concrete. For two of the wastes (double-fired and single-fired white stoneware), there was even a slight improvement in this property (lower than 10%). In turn, the authors observed an improvement of 20% and 30% in oxygen permeability with the total replacement of coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The authors explain this result with the highest degree of hydration in the cementitious paste of concrete with RA. [PERSON] et al. [9] evaluated some properties of precast concrete elements in which coarse RA and recycled cement were used. In this experimental campaign, six concrete mixes were characterised: a reference mix; two mixes with 25% and 50% (by weight) RA from mixed CDW; three mixes similar to the previous ones but with recycled cement with low clinker content (cement produced with 25% of ceramic waste). As in other studies [6], it was found that the oxygen permeability coefficient increases with the replacement of natural aggregates with RA. The authors [9] also concluded that this increase is higher in concrete with recycled cement and with the use of 50% of RA (higher than 300%) than in concrete with Portland cement and with the use of 50% of RA (higher than 40%). [PERSON] et al. [6] studied the replacement of natural aggregates (fine and coarse) by RA from mixed CDW from four recycling plants. To this end, the authors analysed the oxygen permeability of concrete produced with 0%, 10%, 50% and 100% of fine or coarse RA. Total replacement of the fine and coarse aggregates caused increases in this property of more than 43% and 91%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [9] also obtained significant increases in this property with the incorporation of coarse RA from CDW. The authors obtained increases of 50% in the oxygen permeability test performed at 28 days. [PERSON] et al. [8] also evaluated the resistance to the penetration of chloride ions in concrete with RA (ceramic) and recycled cement (from four types of ceramic waste).