## 2 Literature Review
### Hypothesis Derivation from Theoretical Models  
A number of BIM-related theoretical models extending from TAM and the associated perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have been proffered. For instance, the model developed by [PERSON] & [PERSON] [21] investigated the fit between 'User Satisfaction' and 'Organisational Support' in the implementation of BIM. The model identified that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, senior management support, and executive management support were all imperative constructs to BIM user satisfaction. The results revealed that the most influential variables to BIM user satisfaction were executive management, followed by senior management support, and then perceived usefulness. Interestingly, the need to integrate perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use constructs in their relational model was based on the fact that the lack of WBET is regarded as a significant barrier to the effective adoption and implementation of BIM. However, the study maintained a general approach without reflecting on the results of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use specific to WBET. Additionally, the authors argue that 'User Attitude' should be recognised as an influencing antecedent of perceivedusefulness and perceived ease of use, and included it in their model as an independent variable. Meanwhile, based on TAM terminologies and its associated formulaic studies, 'Attitude' is determined by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (i.e., Attitude = Perceived Usefulness + Perceived Ease of Use) and not vice-versa [22]. However, since 'Attitude' was assessed as an independent variable, the degree of variance from assumptive external WBET factors could not be estimated. Such factors may include the impact of knowledge acquisition or technical training on user attitude, which were not considered. Therefore, the influence upon 'Attitude' is not supported by the proposed framework. Otherwise, it may be argued that the high mean average of the 'Attitude' variable (reported at 4.47/5 from 118 respondents) could have changed the results of the Hypothesis Testing for the entire model. Therefore, this observation may be tested by the following hypotheses:  
**Hypothesis 16 (H16). **_Knowledge Acquisition is significant to Attitude._  
**Hypothesis 17 (H17). **_Technical Training is significant to Attitude._  
Furthermore, in a similar approach, [PERSON], [PERSON] & [PERSON] [23] adopted the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [30], an elaborated extension of TAM to evaluate the general impact of BIM adoption on BIM user behaviour in the UK. The authors of the UTAUT argued that TAM was based on voluntary user acceptance and required two additional external influential constructs, 'Social Influence' and 'Exclitating Conditions', supported by four moderators, namely 'Gender', 'Age', 'Experience', and 'Voluntariness of Use' [30]. The authors dropped the 'Attitude' construct, arguing that it becomes insignificant over time. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [23] dropped both the 'Gender' and 'Age' moderators due to inconsistencies with an 84-respondant sample size and considered that 'Age' was accommodated within the 'User-Experience' moderator. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [23] reinstated 'Attitude' as an independent variable, as with [PERSON] & [PERSON] [21], but with the direct influence on 'Behavioural Intention', citing a significantly outdated 2004 survey that highlighted 'Resistance to Change' as the most influential barrier hindering the adoption and implementation of BIM. However, it is suggested that 'Attitude' may only be tested in survey research with a targeted expert-sampling audience in order to better understand the trends of in-house cultures specific to a particular organisation. Otherwise, random sampling from public participants may lead to random inconsistent results based on the bias of different organisations. This research proposes the retesting of 'Attitude' and 'Behavioural Intention' as [PERSON] et al.