esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Surface Correlation-Based Fingerprinting Method Using LTE Signal for Localization in Urban Canyon
## 3 Surface Correlation-based Fingerprinting Method
### Generation of Reference Trajectory  
For accurate localization using the proposed surface correlation method, it is essential to generate a reference trajectory that matches the pedestrian's route. This is because it is necessary to compare  
Figure 4: Generation of virtual _Surface_ for the correlation process.  
Figure 5: Correlation process: (**a**) Correlation between measured _Surface_ and reference RSS pattern; (**b**) Surface similarity distance.  
the measured RSS pattern with the reference RSS pattern that matches the movement route to make accurate localization possible. The reference trajectory is generated by combining links adjacent to the link where a pedestrian is currently located; therefore, it is very important to determine the link where the pedestrian is currently located. It is possible with substantial accuracy in an environment with good GNSS conditions, but quite difficult in a complex urban area. In this study, we determine the link where a pedestrian is currently located without GNSS. There are two steps to determine the required link: (1) Generation of reference trajectory in an initial phase; (2) Generation of reference trajectory after the initial phase.
# Integrated GNSS/IMU-Gyrocompass with Rotating IMU. Development and Test Results
## 1 Introduction
As opposed to the common designs, the proposed integrated GNSS/IMU gyrocompass provides heading solution by observing the signals from only one satellite due to the use of single-axis rotating platform with installed IMU and two satellite receiving antennas with two satellite navigation receivers. What is important, the receivers use a common clock, which reduces phase measurement errors when generating the single phase differences [35]. IMU rotation and application of tactical grade fiber-optic  
Figure 1: Diagram presents the effectiveness of the observed satellites to determine the direction of antenna baseline (in black). Effective zones are shown in green, low effective, in grey, and ineffective, in red. gyros (FOGs) helps to keep the heading, roll, and pitch accuracy during long GNSS signal outages. Existing integrated GNSS/IMU compasses operate with the desired accuracy after signal outage for max units of minutes, which is insufficient in degraded GNSS conditions. It happens for example in urban conditions or hilly areas and when passing narrows or a port in sea navigation. In this case, it is desirable to ensure the required accuracy of the system after satellite signals outage for a time of about one hour. Some development stages of the integrated GNSS/IMU gyrocompass have already been discussed in a number of previous publications; however, they covered only partial development aspects [35] and assumed that data from IMU on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyros are employed [31], and that tests are conducted on a test bench [30]. This research provides the most complete description of the features of the integrated GNSS/IMU gyrocompass and test results for its prototype model installed onboard an automobile in real urban conditions, which confirm the system operability and advantages. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces the main notations and reference frames. Section 3 describes the structure of the integrated GNSS/IMU gyrocompass and its features, and the prototype model used for the tests. Error models of the applied sensors and the operation algorithm of the integrated GNSS/IMU gyrocompass are given in Section 4. Sections 5 and 6 presents and analyzes the experimental results. Section 7 summarizes the paper.
## 4 Discussion
### Influences of Anthropogenic Activities on ET and GPP Trends  
Vegetation greening has an important effect on ET and GPP trends over China [6,10,16,21]. The residual method was employed to produce the time-series LAIH driven by human activities in this study. Figure 6 shows where the LAIH over China significantly increases, with trends of 0.014 (\(p<0.001\)) from negative to positive, during 1999-2018. The LAIH also spatially increases from the northwest to southeast, especially in the Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, as likewise observed by previous researchers [65,66].  
Vegetation greenness is the dominant factor in GPP, rather than climate factors [6], which we also found to be the case in this study (Figure 11). In fact, the LAI influences GPP mainly by controlling the amount of solar radiation absorbed [67]. The controlling mechanism of the LAI on ET is more complex. An increased LAI not only accelerates vegetation transpiration, but also hinders sunlight penetration and thus inhibits vegetation transpiration [68,69]. ET variations are more affected by the water supply and atmospheric evaporation water, in addition to vegetation, than GPP [70]. In areas with a significantly increasing LAI, such as Northeastern and Southern China, climate factors have a more significant effect on ET variations than anthropogenic activities.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Antibacterial Behavior of AuNPs  
The antimicrobial activities of AuNPs were evaluated by analyzing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent required to inhibit the growth of microbes. The turbidity method was used to determine the MIC of AuNPs [13]. The 18 mL of sterilized broth was mixed with 1 mL of the tested strain and 1 mL of different concentrations of AuNPs in sterile test tubes. The final OD of inoculated strain and AuNPs final concentrations were 0.8 and 0.78-50 mg/L in the test tubes, respectively. The mixtures were shaken gently and then incubated. The tubes were incubated for 24 h (_E. coli_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _P. aeruginosa_, and _B. cereus_), 48 h (_Cutibacterium acnes_), or 72 h (_Candida albicans_). The assay was repeated thrice, and the data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. A negative control was prepared (without AuNPs, but with growth media).  
To determine the release of cell constituents during the antibacterial process, a previously reported method was followed with slight modifications [14]. Briefly, the bacterial strains (_E. coli_ and _S. aureus_) were grown in a nutrient broth at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. The 100 mL bacterial suspension was centrifuged to obtain bacterial cells. The bacterial pellets were then rehomogenized in 50 mL of 0.1 M PBS (\(\approx\)10\({}^{7}\) CFU/mL). The AuNPs synthesized by _B. lactis_ (BLAuNPs) at MIC were mixed and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 6 h with the bacterial cell suspension. After incubation, 3 mL of the solution was taken at hourly intervals and centrifuged at 10,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 3 min. Then, the concentrations of constituents (i.e., nucleotides)released from the bacterial cells were measured and estimated at 260 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer.
## 4 Discussion
### Strengths and Limitations  
The clinical relevance of the study is the finding of differences in the strength ratio, extensibility, and mechanical properties of the teres major muscle. Shoulder pain and injuries are a severe impediment for elite HB athletes, affecting training and daily living activities. Several studies have considered different variables analyzed in this study (such as the GIRD and the isometric strength) as key variables for prevention protocols or training programs [39; 40]. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has shown an extensibility decrease and an increase in tone and stiffness of the teres major muscle in elite HB athletes compared to the non-TS and to non-HB athletes. Thus, using symmetry of the mechanical properties as a measure with other functional variables, such as strength or extensibility in throwing athletes, should be taken into consideration for the treatment of HB athletes with shoulder pain or should be included in prevention programs for overhead athletes.  
The present study has several limitations. First, only male elite HB athletes or male healthy athletes were included, so the results cannot be extrapolated to other populations. Second, the HB athletes were not divided in subgroups according to the mean value of GIRD, which could elucidate the role of GIRD in the other variables. Third, the number of athletes included in each group is limited and may not be sufficiently representative of the population. Fourth, the mechanical properties of all the posterior muscles that could show other significant results were not assessed. Finally, the cross-sectional design does not allow associating the cause-effect of the differences achieved.  
Future studies should investigate other genders and other athletes with different training levels. In addition, a methodological design would be necessary, that allows subjects to be followed over time to establish casual associations.
# Research on an Index System for the Earthquake Disaster Resistance Capability of Highway Tunnels
###### Abstract  
To evaluate the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels, it is necessary to study an index system for the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels. This paper uses a literature research method. The damage of highway tunnels in 12 earthquake disasters recorded in detail in China and abroad was investigated. According to the types of hazard-beating bodies and damage forms, 17 seismic damage scenes of highway tunnels are classified. According to different damage scenes, the fault tree analysis model is used to identify the damage-causing factors. Combined with the industry standards, norms and research results related to the earthquake resistance of highway tunnels, the evaluation indices are analyzed from three perspectives: engineering geological factors, tunnel structural factors and operation management factors. According to the principle of index system construction, a four-level index system is constructed, which takes the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels as the target layer; engineering geological factors, tunnel structural factors and operation management factors as the criterion layer indices; 12 indicators as the index layer and 35 specific indicators. The established index system for the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels has strong scientific, rational and application value and can provide a reference for the evaluation of the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels and can also provide important support for the safe operation and sustainable development of highway tunnels.  
highway tunnel; earthquake disaster; index system; fault tree; damage-causing factors
## 7 Validation of Simulation Results
### Discrepancy in the Evaluation of the Results  
Even a basic comparison of the results in Tables 3 and 4 makes it possible to note the discrepancy in the evaluation of the results in terms of the two basic measures, which are the percentage of correspondence between the synthetic data (which is the result of the simulation) and the actual (measured) data, and the RMSE mean squared error. However, the primary purpose of the simulation should be kept in mind. The goal is to produce synthetic data that reflects real traffic as closely as possible; however, this is not in terms of traffic volume or travel time but rather in terms of speeding. This also applies to drivers; therefore, the synthetic data should reflect the overall nature of traffic, with particular emphasis on drivers' propensity to exceed speed limits. The RMSE indicates the accuracy with which the simulation represents the speed of each vehicle. However, it does not directly say how well the simulation reproduces the percentage of cars above 40 or 50 km/h. It can be low, even if the percentages are mapped poorly if the errors are in other speed ranges. Therefore, the RMSE encompasses all speeds without focusing solely on speeding, which is the priority.  
The percentage of compliance is calculated as 100% minus the weighted average of the percentage differences between the actual and synthetic values of the metrics (average minimum and maximum speed, and percentages over 40 and 50 km/h). The weights are equal (1 for each metric). This approach provides a direct reference to speed limits. This is because the concordance measure considers the percentage of vehicles exceeding 40 km/h and 50 km/h, which are crucial thresholds for assessing drivers' propensity to speed in this type of area and road system. High percentage compliance indicates that the simulation accurately represents these percentages, which aligns with the priority. The percentage concordance also evaluates the average speed, which is essential for the nature of traffic.  
Additionally, it balances the different aspects of the speed distribution, providing an overall picture of the simulation's similarity to real data. However, it has less sensitivity to significant errors and, therefore, to gross speeding. It relies on percentage differences in metrics, which can mask significant errors in individual speeds, especially for outliers. Percent concordance takes into account minimum and maximum speeds, which may not be crucial to the propensity to exceed limits but affect the outcome. In an approach where the key is the percentage of vehicles exceeding permitted speed limits, percentage compliance is a better metric (evaluation measure) because it incorporates these percentages into its formula.
# Hybrid Energy Routing Approach for Energy Internet
## 7 Simulation and Results
### Results of the Proposed Energy Routing Approach
#### Case 4 analysis: multi-source consumer
Consumer \(D26\) was supplied by producer \(D30\) through the same energy-efficient path as in case 1 (\(30\to 27\to 25\to 26\)). In this case, the left capacity in the power line was \(L_{27-25}=9\) kw and it cannot be used to transfer the required energy (see case 1 in Table 23) from prosumer \(D8\) to consumer \(D24\). Thus, another non-congestion energy-efficient path with a different energy amount was constructed using _EPSOA_ and the IACO in set \(S_{1}\) for consumer \(D24\). Since the new solution for set \(S_{1}\) has higher fitness function, the selected set for consumer \(D24\) is set \(S2\). For consumer \(D7\), the only prosumer that can provide the demand in the corresponding time is \(D2\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Power Line**} & **Capacity** & **Resistance** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Voltage (V)**} & **Power Line** & **Capacity** & **Resistance** & **Voltage (V)** \\  & \(P_{line}^{\text{C}}\) (kw) & (\(\Omega\)) & & & & \(P_{line}^{\text{C}}\) (kw) & (\(\Omega\)) & **Voltage (V)** \\ \hline \(L_{1-2}\) & 30 & 0.6 & 400 & \(
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Features and Classification  
Modelling errors are used as features to distinguish between the positive and the negative group. \(E_{unmod}\) is the modelling error obtained using an unmodulated quasi unit pulse \(u\)(t) train and \(E_{mod}\) is the improved modelling error obtained using a modulated pulse train \(\vec{u}\)(t). An SVM classifier with a linear kernel is used for classifying the positive (vocal fry GAWs) and the negative (eubronic GAWs) groups with the two modelling errors as predictors.  
The subtypes of AMS-type vocal fry GAWs are further distinguished based on the cyclicity of their modulators. The modulators for CAMP = 2 and CAMP = 4 are cyclic, whereas the modulators are acyclic in AAMP type GAWs. As a result, the magnitude spectra of the acyclic modulators are more homogeneous across frequencies than the magnitude spectra of the cyclic modulators. The homogeneity of a magnitude spectrum is reflected by Shannon's Entropy  
\[H=-\frac{\sum_{f=1}^{N}S(f)\ log_{2}S(f)}{log_{2}N_{f}} \tag{13}\]  
where \(S(f)=\frac{G(f)}{\sum_{f}G(f)}\), is the probability distribution of the modulators' power spectrum \(G(f)=|X(f)|^{2}\), \(X(f)\) is the discrete Fourier transform of the modulator and \(N_{f}\) is the total number of discrete frequencies \(f\). To distinguish between CAMP = 2 and CAMP = 4 GAWs, the modulator-to-carrier frequency ratio \(r_{f}=f_{m}/f_{c}\), where the modulator frequency \(f_{m}\) is the frequency corresponding to the maximal magnitude of the modulator's spectrum and \(f_{c}\) is the carrier frequency estimated using the time instances of the quasi unit pulse train. A pairwise statistical comparison is conducted to check the variability of the two features, i.e., the entropy of the modulator spectrum and the \(r_{f}\) ratio, in terms of \(p\)-values between the different subtypes of vocal fry GAWs.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, two key genes, _PsTPS1_ and _PsHMGR1_, associated with floral fragrance terpene synthesis, were cloned firstly in _P. sufficuosa_ 'Oukan'. Protein multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PsHMGR1 belongs to the HMG-CoA_reductase A superfamily, and PsTPS1 belongs to the TPS-a subfamily. During different flower development stages, The expression levels of _PsHMGR1_ and _PsTPS1_ increased and then decreased, with the highest expression of _PsHMGR1_ in stage 3 and _PsTPS1_ in stage 2. In different organs and tissues, the expression levels of _PsHMGR1_ and _PsTPS1_ were significantly higher in the organ of the flower than in the root, stem, and leaf and were highly expressed in the petal and stamen. Subsequently, the PsHMGR1 and PsTPS1 genes were transgenic into tobacco, respectively. After obtaining resistant plants, three transgenic strains were identified by DNA and RNA analysis. Flower fragrance determination of the transgenic tobacco lines showed significantly higher terpene volatile content compared to the WT lines. The _PsHMGR1_ transgenic lines produced higher levels of linalool compared to the WT, while the _PsTPS1_ transgenic lines produced new germacrene D. Our study contributes new novel perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of floral fragrance terpenoid volatiles in 'Oukan'. The findings provide genetic support for terpenoid synthesis in tree peony and are expected to be used for molecular design breeding for its floral fragrance trait.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jims252212247/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jims252212247/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jims252212247/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jims252212247/s1)).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceptualized and designed the experiment; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the laboratory experiments and statical analysis; [PERSON] wrote the original draft; [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised the manuscript; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] acquired funding and supervised. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31800602), the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018 YED1000406), the Innovative Transdisciplinary Program of Ecological Restoration Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Project of Urban Agriculture and Forestry, the Beijing Municipal Education Commission through the Innovative Transdisciplinary Program \"Ecological Restoration on Engineering\" (GJ)JXK210102).  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of waves on the propulsive performance and flow field evolution of flexible flapping foil, and then offer a way to take advantage of wave energy. The effects of regular waves on the propulsive performance of a two-dimensional flexible flapping foil, which imitated the motion and deformation process of a fish caudal fin, were numerically studied. Based on computational fluid dynamic theory, the commercial software Fluent was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in the computational domain. Several numerical models were employed in the simulations, which included user-defined function (UDF), numerical wave tank (NWT), dynamic mesh, volume of fluid (VOF), post-processing, and analysis of the wake field. The numerical tank was also deep enough, such that the tank bottom had no influence on the surface wave profile. First, the numerical method was validated by comparing it with experimental results of rigid foil, flapping under waves. The effects of three key wave parameters on the propulsive performance of flexible and rigid foils were then investigated; the results show that higher performance can only be obtained when the motion frequency of the foil was equal to its encounter frequency with the wave. With this precondition, foils were able to generate higher thrust force at larger wave amplitudes or smaller wavelengths. Similarly, the percentage of wave energy recovery by foils was higher at smaller wave amplitudes or wavelengths. From a perspective of wake field evolution, increasing foil velocity (relative to water particles of surrounding waves), could improve its propulsive performance. In addition, flexible deformation of foil was beneficial in not only enhancing vortex intensity but also reducing the dissipation of vortices' energy in the flow field. Therefore, flexible foils were able obtain a better propulsive performance and higher wave energy recovery ability.  
flexible flapping foil; propulsion performance; computational fluid dynamics; regular wave; wake field
# An Optical Remote Sensing Image Matching Method Based on the Simple and Stable Feature Database
###### Abstract  
Satellite remote sensing has entered the era of big data due to the increase in the number of remote sensing satellites and imaging modes. This presents significant challenges for the processing of remote sensing systems and will result in extremely high real-time data processing requirements. The effective and reliable geometric positioning of remote sensing images is the foundation of remote sensing applications. In this paper, we propose an optical remote sensing image matching method based on a simple stable feature database. This method entails building the stable feature database, extracting local invariant features that are comparatively stable from remote sensing images using an iterative matching strategy, and storing useful information about the features. Without reference images, the feature database-based matching approach potentially saves storage space for reference data while increasing image processing speed. To evaluate the performance of the feature database matching method, we train the feature database with various local invariant feature algorithms on different time phases of Gaofen-2 (GF-2) images. Furthermore, we carried out matching comparison experiments with various satellite images to confirm the viability and stability of the feature database-based matching method. In comparison with direct matching using the classical feature algorithm, the feature database-based matching method in this paper can essentially improve the correct rate of feature point matching by more than 30% and reduce the matching time by more than 40%. This method improves the accuracy and timeliness of image matching, potentially solves the problem of large storage space occupied by the reference data, and has great potential for fast matching of optical remote sensing images.  
image matching; feature database; iterative matching local invariant features +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
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