esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Scheme Design
### Scheme Architecture  
The scheme includes senders, receivers, identity providers, logistics companies, distribution centers, and regulators. Identity providers are responsible for managing users' real identities and their anonymous accounts. Logistics companies are responsible for verifying the signatures of all parties involved and assigning routes for the delivery of goods. Regulators include some government departments and criminal investigation agencies. The distribution center implements the cargo transportation plan. The ORDER contract is deployed on the blockchain network and invoked during transactional processes. The architecture of the scheme is shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Scheme architecture.
# Hardware Model Checking Algorithms and Techniques
## 2 Background and Notation
### Logical Systems  
A fundamental concept in mathematical logic is that of _logical consequence_, describing the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement, called the _conclusion_, logically follows from one or more other statements, called the _premises_. Historically, the concept of logical consequence has been studied from two different but interrelated perspectives: syntactic and semantic.  
Proof theory is the branch of logic that studies logical consequence from the syntactic standpoint. The formalism of _formal systems_ is used to model deductions (a _deduction_ is a kind of inference that is always valid, i.e., its conclusion is always a logical consequence of its premises) as syntactical transformations (_inference rules_) applied to strings of symbols (_formulas_). In this context, the concept of logical consequence is related to the ability to derive a _proof_, that is, a sequence of syntactic transformations that allow us to derive the conclusion from the premises.  
Model theory is the branch of logic that studies logical consequence from the semantic standpoint. Semantics is about associating a meaning with the well-formed formulas of some formal language. Formulas are given a meaning by relating their constituents to elements of the _domain of discourse_ by means of an _interpretation_. Given an interpretation of the symbols of a formal language, each formula can be related to the concept of _truth_ based on whether or not its meaning holds true in the domain of discourse, i.e., the world weare interested to reason about. The set of all possible interpretations of a formal language define a _formal semantic_ for that language. In this context, the concept of logical consequence is related to whether or not a conclusion would be evaluated as true under all the possible interpretations that evaluate the premises as true.  
Even if the syntactic and semantic notions of logical consequence have different definitions, the concepts from the two branches of logic are systematically related. We give the following definitions.  
**Definition 7** (Logical System).: _Given a formal language \(\mathcal{L}\), a logical system (or logic) for \(\mathcal{L}\) is defined as a pair \(\mathcal{L}\stackrel{{\text{\tiny{def}}}}{{=}}\langle\mathcal{S },\mathcal{V}\rangle\), consisting of a formal system \(\mathcal{S}\) and a formal semantics \(\mathcal{V}\) for \(\mathcal{L}\)._  
**Definition 8** (Soundness and Completeness).: _Given a formal language \(\mathcal{L}\), a logical system \(\mathcal{L}=\langle\mathcal{S},\mathcal{V}\rangle\) for \(\mathcal{L}\) is sound iff every formula that can be derived from \(\mathcal{S}\) is valid according to \(\mathcal{V}\). A logical system \(\mathcal{L}\) is complete iff every formula that is valid according to \(\mathcal{V}\) can be derived from \(\mathcal{S}\)._  
Therefore, in a sound and complete logical system the concepts of semantic and syntactic logical consequence coincide. The same is true for the semantic and syntactic versions of validity, consistency, necessity and impossibility.
# DMSO Improves the Ski-Slope Effect in Direct PCR
###### Abstract  
Analytical techniques such as DNA profiling are widely used in various fields, including forensic science, and novel technologies such as direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification are continuously being developed in order to acquire DNA profiles efficiently. However, non-specific amplification may occur depending on the quality of the crime scene evidence and amplification methods employed. In particular, the ski-slope effect observed in direct PCR amplification has led to inaccurate interpretations of the DNA profile results. In this study, we aimed to reduce the ski-slope effect by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in direct PCR. We confirmed that DMSO (3.75%, \(v/v\)) increased the amplification yield of large-sized DNA sequences more than that of small-sized ones. Using 50 Korean buccal samples, we further demonstrated that DMSO reduced the ski-slope effect in direct PCR. These results suggest that the experimental method developed in this study is suitable for direct PCR and may help to successfully obtain DNA profiles from various types of evidence at crime scenes.  
Keywords:direct PCR; short tandem repeat; ski-slope effect; DMSO; forensic DNA +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Methodology
### Weather Feature Analysis  
In order to analyze the correlation of the weather data, in this part, we analyze the weather features, such as temperature, wind speed, pressure and relative humidity. First, we normalize the features using Equation (2), and then check for weather feature and Gaussian distribution. Figure 6 shows the correlation between the parking occupancy rate and the weather data. It can be seen that the temperature, wind speed, and parking occupancy rate are positively correlated, while humidity is negatively correlated with the parking occupancy rate. The air pressure has very little impact on the parking occupancy.  
\[\text{x}_{norm}=\frac{x-x_{min}}{x_{max}-x_{min}} \tag{2}\]  
Figure 5: The periodicity trend of parking occupancy for the interval of 60 min in a week.  
Figure 6: The regression trend for the weather features to cnt. (**a**) the correlation between the parking occu-pancy rate and the temperature; (**b**) the correlation between the parking occu-pancy rate and the pressure; (**c**) the correlation between the parking occu-pancy rate and the humidity; (**d**) the correlation between the parking occu-pancy rate and the wind speed.  
Gaussian distribution, also known as normal distribution, is the mean value of all distributions' functions, approximating a normal distribution for large enough sample numbers. Figure 7 shows the distribution of these features accord with Gaussian distribution. By adding a fitting curve (density function curve) to the histogram, it was found that the normal curve is basically symmetrical and presents a \"bell shaped\" distribution, indicating that each attribute of the data basically meets the normal distribution. A small amount of data needs cleaning.
# A Novel Reconfigurable Vector-Processed Interleaving Algorithm for a DVB-RCS2 Turbo Encoder
## 4 New Approach: Parallel Vector Processing Based Algorithm
### Ordering  
The ordering phase organizes its input as one long vector. This is achieved by loading the four vectors and transposing them using a similar transposition process to the one described in the transpose phase. Here, every iteration transposes blocks of \(4\times 16\) [DWs] with the following differences:  
1. The rows transposed are now stored in an orderly fashion, which match the desired output vector (no need for reconstruction of the transposed matrix).
2. The vectors are of the same size \((\frac{N}{4})\), meaning that stuffed data will exist only to fill the last block transposed.  
Therefore, the number of blocks transposed is \(\left\lceil\frac{N}{4\cdot 16}\right\rceil\), and the number of stuffed columns in the last block is \(16\cdot\left\lceil\frac{N}{4\cdot 16}\right\rceil-\frac{N}{4}\). Figure 10 illustrates the \(4\times\frac{N}{4}\) [DWs] matrix before reordering, and the output of this phase \(N\) [DWs] after permutation (example).  
Figure 8: Transposed 2D matrix (in Figure 4) with offsets.  
Figure 10: (**a**) Four concatenated vectors and (**b**) matching output vector, for \(N=776\); \(P=39\).  
Figure 9: Four concatenated vectors (generated from Figure 8).
# Advances in Piezoelectric Jet and Atomization Devices
## 4 Advances in the Application of Piezoelectric Jets and Atomizers
### Spray Cooling  
The spray cooling technology involves: (1) mixing a liquid into a pressurized air stream to form a mist-like gas-liquid two-phase fluid, and (2) using a spray to form a jet for spraying atomized droplets onto an object to be cooled [75]. The piezoelectric jet and atomization devices can be used for the spray cooling process, and can realize small flow spray cooling and improve its efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [76] applied a microporous piezoelectric  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**First Author** & **Working** & **Working** & **Atomization** & **Power** & **Atomization** \\
**and Year** & **Frequency** & **Voltage** & **Rate** & **Dissipation** & **Medium** \\ \hline
1987 [51] Maehara & 42.0 & 50.0 & 28.0 & N/A & Water \\
1994 [52] Tode & N/A & 70.0 & 0.6 & 72.0 & Water \\
1997 [56] Perin & 1.2 & N/A & 0.228 & 120.0 & Water \\
2006 [62] Lu & 50.0 & 60.0 & 27.0 & 2.75 & Water \\
2008 [60] Shen & 120.0 & 3.0 & 0.5 & 1.2 & Water \\
2010 [66] Huang & 31.0 & 50.0 & 64.3 & 8.24 & Water \\
2016 [61] Cai & 113.6 & 50.0 & 0.70 & N/A & Water \\
2018 [63] Yan & 121.1 & 80.0 & 0.56 & N/A & Water \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of properties for the dynamic mesh atomizer.  
atomizer to the cooling system of an integrated circuit and a heat dissipation density of 420 W/cm\({}^{2}\) was obtained. In 2014, [PERSON] et al. [77] proposed a microporous piezoelectric atomizer with a droplet diameter, spacing, and generation rate that could be adjusted according to the demand, as shown in Figure 4a. Furthermore, they studied the manner of the atomization rate by experiments. It should be stated that both the initial atomization temperature and droplet generation frequency affected the SC heat transfer performance. They used the HFE7100 as the refrigerant during the experiment, and the experimental results showed that a heat dissipation density of 25 W/cm\({}^{2}\) was produced when the atomization rate reached 4.2 mL/min. As shown in Figure 4b, [PERSON] et al. [78; 79; 80] proposed a piezoelectric nozzle atomizer that possessed structural simplicity, low power consumption, and controllable atomization parameters in 2016. By comparison, the introduction of the piezoelectric nozzle atomizer could induce the cooling temperature distribution of the wall surface more uniformly, and achieve a higher heat transfer density with less atomizing flow. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [81] studied the cooling performance of the piezoelectric micro hole atomizer. The experimental results showed that the micro hole atomizer possessed a positive cooling effect, and the effect of the atomization rate on the cooling performance exhibited a basically linear trend.
## 4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)
### Wearable Wireless Body Area Network (WWBAN)
#### 4.2.2. Wearable Biopotential Acquisition System Application  
Experts point out that just in the U.S more than 98,000 people die each year in hospitals due to the medical errors; such as diagnostics and treatment errors, which are normally associated with the conditions and disadvantages of systems that make people commit mistakes. Furthermore, the cost of healthcare delivery has been steadily raising. An important and expensive part of the existing healthcare systems is the monitoring of the biopotential signals, such as electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, and electromyograms. During the monitoring of the biopotential signals, patients are connected to bulky and mains-powered devices, which not only reduces their comfort and mobility, but also increases the cost due to the fact that the monitoring must always take place in a hospital setting under the supervision of medical personnel.  
On the other hand, there is tremendous interest in the use of biopotential signals in non-clinical applications. Some examples of these non-clinical applications in the case of electroencephalogram monitoring may be the human-computer interfaces and games, where the computer functions can be controlled through the user's mind or the characters in the game can respond to the thoughts of the player. In addition, electromyogram signals can be monitored to improve the performance of athletes and electrocardiogram signals can be used for ease of monitoring. However, there are different challenges for clinical and nonclinical applications in terms of the biopotential acquisition systems. Although the main problem for the clinical applications is the quality of the signal, which is acquired with the acquisition system, the non-clinical applications also require that the biopotential monitoring device should be comfortable, miniaturized, battery powered, and unobtrusive. Furthermore, it should also have long-term power autonomy and wireless communication, so that a true ambulatory biopotential monitoring system can be achieved.  
The extraction of biopotential signals can be achieved by linking electrodes to the human body. These electrodes are in fact act as transducers and convert the ionic current in the human body into electronic current so that the readout circuit can amplify the biopotential signals [62,63]. Figure 6 shows a typical configuration that uses a readout circuit to extract biopotential signals from the human body using biopotential electrodes to which the inputs of the readout circuit are connected.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Study Area and Data Collection

Table 1: Overview of collected and analyzed plants and their family; scientific and vernacular name; voucher number according to Herbarium Dresdense; plant part of nutritional value; coordinates of soil and plant sampling sites with altitude [m above sea level]; growth form and photograph. For each plant species, soil (topsoil and 30 cm depth) and leaf samples were collected for the different analyses on one spot (Figure 1). Students and lecturers from the universities of Dresden and Uige performed different field trips collecting plant and soil material in remote areas of the province. Working and collection permits were obtained from administrative heads, local authorities ('Soba'), and the government (Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Conservacao (INBC), Angola). Leaf and soil samples in two depths (topsoil 0-5 cm, 25-30 cm) were taken for the analyses of each plant specimen. For the scientific identification herbarium vouchers were prepared and are available at the Herbarium Dresdense and the Virtual Herbaria JACQ (jacq.org; accessed on 10 January 2022). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Camerium_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Anarophylike_} \\ \cline{2-13} Sampling & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm & 0-5 cm & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm & 0-5 cm & 0-5 cm & 25-30 cm \\ \hline Stones & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ (Mass/s) & 1.7 & 0.1 & 12.2 & 11.8 & 66.7 & 11.4 & 28.3 & 2.4 & 0.3 & 1.2 & 0.9 & 62.6 & 1.7 & 0.2 \\ \hline Bulk density & n.d. & n.d. & 1.2 & 1.4 & 0.7 & 1.2 & 1.2 & 1.4 & 1.5 & 1.3 & 1.5 & 1.4 & 1.4 & 1.5 \\ (g/cm) & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Texture & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ Sand & 92 & 92 & 48 & 64 & 06 & 70 & 35 & 95 & 96 & 96 & 98 & 56 & 94 & 95 \\ Sat & 05 & 07 & 30 & 23 & 52 & 14 & 31 & 04 & 01 & 03 & 00 & 25 & 02 & 01 \\ Clay & 02 & 01 & 22 & 13 & 42 & 16 & 34 & 02 & 03 & 01 & 01 & 19 & 04 & 04 \\ \hline Textual class & Fine & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ sand & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Physical properties of the collected soils related to the studied plant species; n.d.: Not determined.
# Energy-Optimized Content Refreshing of Age-of-Information-Aware Edge Caches in IoT Systems
## 3 System Overview and Model
### System-Model Overview
#### 3.1.2 IoT Application  
A server typically deployed in the cloud runs the IoT application that needs to retrieve the state of the IoT device as a part of, for example, a monitoring or control process. The server generates requests for state updates of the IoT device and forwards them to the proxy. We assume that the generation of requests is a process with a mean rate \(\lambda\). As we mentioned in the Introduction, applications can require that the AoI of the received data remains below a threshold with a certain probability. Hence, the application-freshness requirements are formulated as follows: _the IoT application requires that at least a fraction \(\alpha\) of the requests receive a data item whose AoI is not larger than a target value denoted by AoI\({}_{\alpha}\)_ (see Figure 1b). As an example, an IoT application requires that at least 90% of the requests, i.e., \(\alpha=0.9\), receive a data item whose AoI is not larger than a given target value, i.e., AoI\({}_{\alpha}\).
# Impact of Cubic Symmetry on Optical Activity of Dielectric 8-srs Networks
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Simulations  
Transmission simulations were conducted to evaluate transmission properties of 8-srs networks using the finite element method software (CST Microwave Studio). Numerical simulations assumed periodic boundary conditions laterally and four-unit cell repetitions along the propagation direction, i.e., along the [001] direction. The effect of the converging beam (\(\alpha\) = 8\({}^{\circ}\)) was taken into consideration by using a moving-average filter to approximate focusing conditions numerically from a single normal-incidence numerical simulation. Geometrical parameters for calculation were taken from measured SEM images: A unit cell size of 3.5 \(\upmu\)m, a rod diameter in the xy plane of 550 nm, and a refractive index of 1.52 [33].
## 1 Introduction
The digital image correlation technique would be a candidate to efficiently observe strain distribution profiles and there is a successful example of measuring strains for load estimation of membrane wings in wind tunnel tests [17]; however, some difficulties arise for in-flight uses. Stable setup of observation devices is not always available specifically when small UAVs are assumed and the observed images are under strong influence of flight environments such as the weather. On the other hand, recent studies indicate that optical fiber sensors are potentially promising techniques for obtaining strain information. By measuring multiple strains in a distributed manner along a single fiber, optical fiber-sensing exhibits significant effectiveness for collecting great volumes of data for wing and blade structures [18; 19]. The sensing fibers are lightweight, thin, and can be attached to the surface of wings with only a marginal effect on the flight performance. A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring wings in wind tunnel tests [20] and UAV wings in flight using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) [21; 22; 23]. Multiple FBGs inscribed along fibers successfully measured strain distributions and enabled discussions about usage conditions, such as wing deformation. In this study, by using optical fiber sensors, we conduct practical and efficient strain monitoring of a wing structure under actual aerodynamic loading conditions. Furthermore, we propose an integration of the strain monitoring technique and the neural network approach for load identification and investigate its applicability through an experimental demonstration in a wind tunnel test. A 3.6-m semi-spanned high-aspect-ratio wing model, with eight flaps on the trailing edge that enable arbitrary variations of load distributions, was developed. Two optical fibers with 30 FBGs each were bonded along the main and atr spars and measured strain distributions in a wavelength-division-multiplexing manner [24]. Aerodynamic loads were applied in a wind tunnel, and load distributions were identified by using the FBG and data from the eight flap angles through a neural network. We discussed both structural and aerodynamic problems to which neural networks could be applied, based on which we proposed and examined another parameter identification, the angle of attack (AoA). The AoA is also one of the essential parameters that has a significant effect on the static and dynamic response of high-aspect-ratio wings [2; 3; 4]. We introduce an identification process for loads and AoAs that require only the FBG and flap angle data to be measured. We illustrate the applicability of the optical fiber sensing and neural network through experimental results and discussions and demonstrate the effect of their integration for wing structures.
## 5 ESTCube-Luna Preliminary Mission Requirements and Platform Design Solutions
### Attitude and Navigation System (ANS)  
The ESTCube-LuNa attitude and navigation system (ANS) concept is designed for cubesat operations in Moon orbit without DSN support. We propose a five-camera optical navigation solution to solve the triangulation problem between the Moon, the Earth and the Sun. The concept includes eight attitude thrusters (ATs) for spin-stabilised attitude operations and spin-up for tether deployment (see Figure 5). Short-term attitude corrections and compensation for disturbances can be performed by a set of reaction wheels (RWs),  
Figure 13: HSCOM RT-16 (**left**) and RT-32 (**right**) dishes in Irbene, Latvia.  
which can be desaturated using the ATs. Before tether deployment, ESTCube-LuNa is designed to perform pointing, which is achieved by turning the spin plane. When the tether is deployed, the tilting with respect to the tether requires continuous effort from RWs and ATs. Such complex attitude manoeuvres in realistic orbital conditions have not been analysed yet.  
Based on ESTCube-2 heritage, we can reuse Sun sensors (SSs) as well as the star tracker (ST), and possibly combine the ST with the tether camera. The triangulated celestial navigation (TCN) solution also provides an attitude estimate. The ESTCube-LuNa ANS system should include on-board orbit and attitude propagators in order to fill in the measurement gaps and missing axis (i.e., SSs provide a two-axis solution). The optical navigation solution serves as a low-accuracy backup for the RF ranging experiment. A Kalman filter (KF) or similar capabilities should be provided for fusing TNC, ST and SS measurements with orbital and rotational models.  
The regular mission design tools, such as STK and GMAT, do not include photorealistic 3D capabilities, which in turn are necessary to model and develop optical navigation and attitude estimation, available in blender-based environments, such as SISPO [53], FlyByGen [54] and AIS [55]. Furthermore, open-loop control, which takes advantage of optical measurements, requires real-time 3D modelling. It is only recently that they are becoming photorealistic, with the Unreal Engine 5 (UE5) leading the way [56]. The UniversaL Physics-based Solar System Exploration Rover Simulator (ULYSSES) tool provides photorealistic real-time lunar rover mission simulations [57]. Inspired by ULYSSES, we propose an orbital model tool, **real-time 3D** (RT3D), which currently includes 3D models of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, which are the necessary celestial bodies for ESTCube-LuNa mission design and navigation algorithm development.