esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Spitz Tumors
### ALK-Fused Spitz Tumors  
Tyrosine kinase fusion-associated Spitz neoplasms are an emerging category of tumors with specific phenotypic patterns that can improve the accuracy of identifying a tumor as belonging to the Spitz family. These fusions constitute primary driver events that seem to correlate with specific histologic features of each melanocytic neoplasm.  
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (_ALK_) gene is an oncogene located on chromosome 2p and synthesizes a tyrosine kinase receptor that belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily [48]. Activating genomic alterations in this gene, including fusions with several partner genes, promote cell proliferation by activating MAPK, PI3K, and JAK3 signaling pathways [49; 50].  
Clinically, _ALK_-fused Spitz neoplasms characteristically present as solitary, large, amelonic, polypoid lesions on the extremities of young patients [51]. Morphologically, these tumors are commonly dome/wedge-shaped compound lesions with a predominant dermal melanocytic component that can show an infiltrative pattern [4; 5; 6]. Cells are typically non-pigmented, spindled with pericellular clefts or mixed with an epithellioid component and frequently show vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and an amphiphilic cytoplasm [4; 5; 6; 7]. A minor subset of tumors, however, can have worrisome features that include marked cytologic atypia, increased mitoses, and ulceration [4; 51; 52] (Figure 2). Though non-specific, a hallmark feature of _ALK_-fused Spitz neoplasms is their characteristic architectural growth pattern whereby tumor cells arrange themselves in plexiform intersecting fascicles [4; 5; 7]. Interestingly, _ALK_ fusions also tend to correlate with an angiomatoid Spitz morphology [7].  
Figure 1: Desmoplastic Spitz nevus: (**A**) a dermal-based melanocytic proliferation (2\(\times\)). (**B**). The melanocytes induce background dermal fibrosis/desmoplasia (4\(\times\)). (**C**). The melanocytes display a Spitzoid morphology (arrow head) with uniform atypia and no significant pleomorphism or mitotic activity (20\(\times\)). These nevi are usually driven by HRAS mutations.  
An ALK immunohistochemical stain can act as a surrogate marker to investigate for ALK fusion [51]; however, RNA and DNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategies and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a break-apart probe specific to the _ALK_ gene breakpoint region are molecular diagnostic techniques that can be used to test for _ALK_ fusions and can potentially investigate the fusion partner [3].
# Sensors, Techniques, and Future Trends of Human-Engagement-Enabled Applications: A Review
## 6 Applications
### Driver Assistance System  
Distracted and drowsy driving is one of the major factors causing road accidents. In the U.S., it is estimated around 100 thousand crashes resulting in over 1500 deaths and USD 12.5 billion in losses are because of drowsy driving annually [17]. Detection and appropriate intervention in drowsy driving has tremendous societal and economic impact given the huge industry and large number of drivers who can benefit from it worldwide. Consequently, this has been a highly active area of research. Recent research focuses on evaluating driver fatigue and drowsiness in laboratory settings or simulated environments through visual surveillance [65; 66; 67; 133], eye tracking [37; 144], and other physiological measurements [2]. On the other hand, large-scale datasets [85; 145] are collected in real-world settings to foster data-driven solutions, such as NTHU-DDD [69] and FatigueView [38]. The Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW) [146] is a well-recognized event within the research community and includes a driver gaze prediction challenge designated for benchmarking techniques for the online analysis of driver behaviour. It is envisioned more advanced engagement estimators will keep rising in this domain to satisfy the versatile needs for future generations of autonomous vehicles and human-vehicle interfaces.
# Soil Moisture Influence on the FTIR Spectrum of Salt-Affected Soils
## 3 Results
### Model Calibration  
The spectra of the soil samples contaminated with Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) at different concentrations, combined with different moisture levels from saturated to dry, showed that the spectral absorbance depended on both the salt and moisture contents of the soil. Almost all of the absorbances were concentrated at specific wavenumbers. Absorbance peaks related to changes in soil moisture occurred at wavenumbers 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\) (10 \(\upmu\)m) and 1630 cm\({}^{-1}\) (6.13 \(\upmu\)m) (Figure 10). Absorbance peaks related to the occurrence and changes in Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) content were concentrated in the wavenumber range from 1370 to 1420 cm\({}^{-1}\) (7.0-7.3 \(\upmu\)m) (Figure 10).  
The relationship between the absorbance peaks and the change in salt content occurred between wavelengths 6.9 and 7.4 \(\upmu\)m, with a peak at 6.99 \(\upmu\)m. Between the Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) contaminated soil and the spectral absorbance value was a linear relationship (Figure 11A)  
Figure 10: Absorbance peaks in spectra of soils contaminated with Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\).  
Figure 9: Spectral sample of a Fluvisol (clay loam) contaminated with NaCl: Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\): Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\)= 1:1:1 at 18.43% moisture and with NaCl: Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) = 1:10 at 11.03% moisture.  
with R\({}^{2}\) > 0.5 between wavelengths 6.9 and 7.4 \(\upmu\)m and a maximum of R\({}^{2}\) = 0.85 at 6.99 \(\upmu\)m. Moreover, at these wavelengths, the relationship between the soil moisture and the spectral absorbance value showed very low correlations, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.0406 (Figure 11B). The relationship between the Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) contaminated soil and spectral absorbance is at wavenumber 1431 cm\({}^{-1}\) (wavelength 6.99 \(\upmu\)m) and can be used to predict the salt content in the moist soils of delta areas.  
The absorbance peaks between wavelengths 6.9 and 7.4 \(\upmu\)m had a clear relationship with the change in Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) salt content that was also found with electrical conductivity (EC\({}_{1.5}\) in dS/m) as a measure for salt content in the soil (Figure 12).  
The relationship between soil moisture and spectral absorbance value was high at wavelengths below 6.7 \(\upmu\)m with R\({}^{2}\) > 0.5 between wavelengths 5.7 and 6.6 \(\upmu\)m, reaching a quadratic relation between soil moisture and absorbance at wavelength 6.13 \(\upmu\)m (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.7979; Figure 13).  
Figure 11: Relationship between peak spectral absorbance at 6.99 \(\upmu\)m and (**A**) Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) (in g added to the soil samples); and (**B**) soil moisture (%).  
Figure 12: Relationship between electrical conductivity (EC\({}_{1.5}\) in dS/m) and spectral absorbance at wavenumber 1430 cm\({}^{-1}\) (wavelength 6.99 \(\upmu\)m). Only Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) contaminated soils were included.
# Implementation and Evaluation of HTTP/3 Connectivity Check Using Happy Eyeballs Algorithm
## 5 Discussion
Nevertheless, there is no doubt that HTTP/3 and QUIC are necessary protocols in situations where packets have a high probability of being lost and frequent retransmissions are required. Therefore, the development of a method in which HTTP/3 is selected more preferentially according to information such as the packet loss rate stored with the client remains a challenge for future work. Active discussions are ongoing on HTTP/3 connectivity checks, such as [PERSON]'s talk [14] on the Happy Eyeballs algorithm for using QUIC on Facebook, and a method to check the existence of HTTP/3 in the DNS Resource Record [15]. It is necessary to continue to provide various options for site administrators and users to select the most appropriate option for their environment.
## 1 Introduction
This is undoubtedly a negative feature of the proposed approach in relation to the proposals that can be found in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, the advantage of the proposed solution with two additional transformers at the input is the fact that the compensator in a given output phase is powered from the other two phases. This functionality makes it possible to compensate very large voltage dips or even voltage losses in a given phase. In addition, the use of a bipolar AC/AC converter allows for a better use of the power source and reduces the nominal parameters of passive filter elements (chokes, capacitors). The main purpose of this article is to present the scope of voltage regulation in individual phases of a three-phase system depending on the phase shift of the compensation voltage generated at the output of the compensator. The voltage adjustment range was determined based on the analysis of voltage vectors in individual sectors of the complex plane. The previously proposed approach to describe this issue presented a complex analysis of four terminal network models [32]. The presented analysis of resultant vectors is easier to analyze and less computationally complex. This article presents mathematical relationships describing the \(d_{1}\) and \(d_{2}\) control coefficients for individual AC/AC converters, which were not defined in previous articles [31; 32]. Since the control characteristics of the bipolar AC/AC chopper are non-linear, linearizing them (control coefficients \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\)) to the value in the range from 0.0 to 1.0 was necessary. In addition, this article presents the results of simulation studies illustrating grid voltage regulation when its amplitude increases due to an excessive generation of energy from photovoltaic or wind generators installed deep in the distribution grid--slow voltage fluctuations. The results of voltage compensation during dips and overvoltages also is presented, using the \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\) dependencies of control signals for individual AC/AC circuit breakers, determined in this article. This document has the following structure. Section 2 provides some information on the proposed voltage compensator. In Section 3, the ranges of generated voltages for individual output lines, depending on the phase shift of the compensation voltage resultant vector, are presented. In addition, there will be illustrated the mathematical relationships for calculating the pulse duty factors of the functions controlling individual choppers. Section 4 presents a simulation verification of the operation of the compensator system for long-term voltage regulation and compensation of voltage fluctuations. Finally, Section 5 concludes this article.
# Analyzing the Long-Term Phenological Trends of Salt Marsh Ecosystem across Coastal LOUISIANA
## 3 Results  
### SOS and EOS Determination  
#### 3.1.1 Derivative Analysis versus TIMESAT  
Results from the derivative analysis showed similar trends for both the AG and DL methods of smoothing. For the SOS (Figure 2a), the 5% threshold seemed to agree the most with the derivative analysis for both the AG and DL smoothing functions with the lowest RMSE. Higher thresholds showed greater RMSEs. The SOS dates derived using the AG method agreed with the derivative-derived dates marginally better than the DL method; the AG method showing an error of \(\sim\)25 days for the 5% threshold and \(\sim\)28 days for the DL method. The residual plots for the SOS showed no specific trends for the 5% threshold (Figure 3a). Higher thresholds predicted late SOS dates when compared with the derivative derived dates (Figure 3b-d). For the EOS, the 20% threshold showed the highest agreement with the derivative-derived EOS dates (Figure 2b), with errors progressively increasing with lower thresholds (Figure 3e-h). The residual plots also demonstrated late EOS predictions with progressive decreasing thresholds compared with the derivative-derived EOS dates (Figure 3b). The AG method again agreed more closely with the derivative-derived dates than the DL method in the estimation of EOS. For the best threshold (20%), the AG method showed an error of \(\sim\)29 days, while the same for the DL method was \(\sim\)40 days. However, as mentioned before, we did not have any in situ observations of the SOS and EOS to validate the dates derived using asymmetric thresholds in TIMESAT. Therefore, the only way to validate our thresholds for the SOS and EOS was through analyzing the interannual variations of the SOS and EOS, and investigating whether the major deviations from the normal trends in the SOS and EOS observed can be explained by occurrences of environmental disturbances/anomalies that might have influenced those deviations.  
Figure 2: Root mean square error (RMSE) estimates for the (**a**) start of season and (**b**) end of season dates between the derivative analysis and TIMESAT thresholds for both asymmetric Gaussian and double logistic smoothing functions.
# Inverse Modeling of Seepage Parameters Based on an Improved Gray Wolf Optimizer
###### Abstract  
The seepage parameters of the dam body and dam foundation are difficult to determine accurately and quickly. Based on the inverse analysis, a Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) was introduced into this study to search the target hydraulic conductivity. A novel approach for initialization, a polynomial-based nonlinear convergence factor, and weighting factors based on Euclidean norms and hierarchy were applied to improve GWO. The practicability and effectiveness of Improved Gray Wolf Optimizer (IGWO) were evaluated by numerical experiments. Taking Kakiwa dam located on the Muli River of China as a case, an inversion analysis for seepage parameters was accomplished by adopting the proposed optimization algorithm. The simulated hydraulic heads and seepage volume agree with measurements obtained from piezometers and measuring weir. The steady seepage field of the dam was analyzed. The results indicate the feasibility of IGWO in determining the seepage parameters of Kakiwa dam.  
inverse analysis; hydraulic conductivities; Gray Wolf Optimizer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Towards an Efficient Chipless RFID System for Modern Applications in IoT Networks
###### Abstract  
In this article, we present the design and validation of an efficient chipless RFID system. A multi-resonator chipless tag is designed and tested for high bit coding capacity. A high gain, ultra-wideband step-shape rectangular patch (USRP) antenna is proposed to validate the specificity of the tag in terms of its operation. The devised antenna is evaluated for various performance parameters, which recommend its suitability for testing and validation of high-capacity tags that can be deployed in modern applications, particularly in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. A measurement setup is established to achieve performance validation of the tag over a significant range of 40 cm. There is close agreement between the measured and simulated results, which suggests that the proposed antenna system can be adopted in a similar measurement setup to test and validate the performance of any chipless RFID tag operating in the same bandwidth meant for IoT networks.  
chipless RFID multi-resonator tag; high coding capacity; UWB antenna; crosspolarization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
## 4 Security Analysis and Discussion
### Participant-Based Security Threats
#### 4.2.3 Forward Secrecy Guarantees  
Our protocol provides forward secrecy, ensuring that even if a participant's long-term key is compromised in the future, previous communications remain secure. Each session generates entirely new quantum state sequences and random parameters. Session keys depend on specific quantum measurement outcomes that cannot be derived from previous or subsequent sessions. Even with access to a participant's long-term key, attackers cannot decrypt previously conducted communications.  
Through the integrated implementation of the aforementioned security mechanisms, our quantum key agreement protocol effectively resists threats from insider attackers. The decoy photon mechanism, in particular, provides quantifiable security assurances, ensuring that any attempt to manipulate protocol parameters faces an exceedingly high probability of detection. In practical deployments, security further strengthens with increasing decoy photon quantities while maintaining reasonable communication efficiency and availability.
## 5 System Simulation and Results Analysis
### Results Analysis of the Extended Model  
The operation of CCM and DCM modes under different K values is shown in Figure 12 after adjusting the coupling coefficient K. The \(x\)-axis represents the duty cycle (D) and Rb represents the matched output resistance.  
According to Figure 12, the system achieves good impedance matching and efficiency tracking. A larger K value allows for a wider impedance matching range. The system can operate and switch between CCM and DCM modes, achieving an extended tracking effect.
# A Review of Early Fault Diagnosis Approaches and Their Applications in Rotating Machinery
## 3 Applications of FFD in Early Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery
### Adaptive Decomposition Methods
#### 3.1.2 Eemd  
EEMD is an improved EMD method designed to overcome the problem of mode mixing. The EEMD-based EFD is similar as in the EMD-based method. [PERSON] et al. [67] used EEMD to decompose signal into IMFs, then Hilbert square demodulation was used to demodulate the selected IMFs for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis. [PERSON] et al. [68] utilized a tunable Q-factor wavelet transform to select IMFs, then envelope demodulation was used to detect rolling bearing early weak faults. [PERSON] et al. [69] used ICA to select IMFs, and envelope analysis was used to detect and locate the early-stage rolling-sliding contact fatigue failure of bearings. [PERSON] et al. [70] put the IMFs into adaptive stochastic resonance system for early feature extraction of planetary gears.  
Several improved EEMD methods have been proposed to enhance the performance of EEMD in EFD of rotating machinery. [PERSON] et al. [71] proposed an enhanced EEMD, which used the similarity criterion to generate the monocomponent for accurate fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. References [72] and [73] introduced a noise-improved method called complementary EEMD (CEEMD) to detect faults at the early stage of degradation. In this method, a cross-correlation coefficient was used to reduce noise and select effective IMFs. [PERSON] et al. [74] proposed an adaptive method to select the optimal amplitude and ensemble trial number of EEMD for roller bearing damage detection. [PERSON] et al. [75] used multiwavelet packet as the pre-filter to improve EEMD decomposition results, then the sensitive IMFs were used for multi-fault diagnosis identification of rotating machinery. The abovementioned method are summarized in Table 2.
# Optimized Isolation and Characterization of the Major Polysaccharide from Grape Pomace
## 3 Results and Discussion
### FT-IR Spectroscopy Analysis  
In order to illuminate the major functional groups of GPP, FT-IR was performed and the result was shown in Figure 4. The strong and broad absorption bands at \(\sim\)3320 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to the glycosyl hydroxy (O\(-\)H) stretching vibrations, and the absorption peak at 2970 cm\({}^{-1}\) was attributed to asymmetric C-H stretching vibrations, which were the typical bands of polysaccharide [27]. The absorption bands from 1800 cm\({}^{-1}\) to 600 cm\({}^{-1}\), the \"fingerprint\" region, were related to the conformation and surface structure of molecules. Signals at 1720 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to C=O stretching from the carboxyl group [28]. The absorption bands at 1580 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponded to C-C stretch of polysaccharides [29]. The signals at 1408 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to C-O stretching of the carboxylate anion group [28]. These signals implied the existence of carboxyl groups. The absorption bands at 1136 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1068 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponded to ring vibrations overlapped by C-O-C and C-O-H vibrations, indicating GPP contains pyranose ring [28; 30; 31]. In addition, characteristic peaks between 904 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 788 cm\({}^{-1}\) were observed in the spectra, implying the presence of both \(\beta\)-pyranose and \(\alpha\)-pyranose rings [18; 28; 31]. Based on these findings, it could be  
Figure 2: Purification and UV-Vis characterization of grape pomace polysaccharide (GPP). (**A**) The GPP content in each elution fraction. The extracted GPP was purified with an S-400 HR gel filtration chromatography column and collected. Each elution fraction was obtained continuously for 1 min, for a total of around 100 min. The polysaccharide content of each tube was determined with the phenol-sulfuric acid method. (**B**) The UV-Vis spectra of GPP. The purified GPP was collected and concentrated. The absorbance of the product between 190 and 600 nm was recorded on a Hitachi U-3900H spectrophotometer.  
inferred that GPP consisted of pyranose with both \(\alpha\)-conformation and \(\beta\)-conformation, containing carboxyl groups simultaneously.
## 4 State-of-the-Art Review
### Steam Methane Reforming  
[PERSON] et al. argue that steam methane reforming is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production [105]. They performed a study on SMR from the viewpoint of overall environmental impact, using an exergy-environmental analysis (the combination of exergy analysis and life cycle assessment), having found that the components in which chemical reactions occur tend to have high exergy destruction. The analysis further shows that the environmental impact of exergy destruction within all components in the SMR plant is significantly higher than the single-component environmental impact--meaning that the overall impact can be reduced simply by reducing the exergy destruction within the components. The downsize is then the request for more efficient and modern equipment, which is expensive; thus, the authors refer to an exergo-economic analysis [106; 107] conducted in parallel, to provide important information on cost reduction.  
Other studies analyzed the possibility of increasing the efficiency of steam methane reforming. [PERSON] et al. studied the hypothesis of adding boron atoms into the reaction to increase the stability of nickel catalysts; they ended up achieving a 5% increase in the conversion efficiency [108]. [PERSON] et al., in turn, addressed the influence of particle size on the activity and stability in SMR of supported rhodium nanoparticles; the study concluded that catalysts with rhodium nanoparticles smaller than 2.5 nm deactivate more strongly than catalysts with larger nanoparticles [109].  
Moreover, [PERSON] and his co-authors presented a protonic membrane reformer that yields productions of high-purity electrochemically compressed hydrogen from SMR--in a single-stage process with almost no energy loss [110]. This technology has shown to allow great intensification of compressed hydrogen production with high energy efficiency and very low net carbon emission, particularly when renewable electricity is used. Furthermore, as this technology is scalable, when performed in locations with access to effective carbon capture, protonic membrane reformers also allow for a true distributed carbon neutral footprint by producing an almost pure carbon dioxide stream as a byproduct.