## 3 Results
### Interrelationship between Thermal Comfort, Energy Efficiency, and Heritage Conservation  
This section is intended to describe thermal comfort through the residents of heritage buildings, their attitudes, and what is happening inside the building. It was possible to compare users' desired and perceived thermal comfort with the actual interior temperature (see Table 4). From the interviews, there was clearly a difference between the users' desired and perceived temperature described as freezing, cold or unbearable. For instance, the ideal internal temperature for some residents was 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C or over: _\"1 say 28 to 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [would be a suitable temperature for me]\"_ (MX-U1). _\"28 \({}^{\circ}\)C\"_, seconded MX-U5. From monitoring, indoor temperature and external temperature showed no significant difference. However, when contrasted with users' perceived temperature, the performance is experienced as bad (Table 4) (Building 4 bedroom and living room share the same space). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Building** \\ **Number** \\ **Number** \\ **Number** \\ **\end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} **Average Indoor** \\ **Temperature** \\ **Living Room** \\ **\({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Average External** \\ **Temperature** \\ **Temperature** \\ **\({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **User Desired** \\ **Temperature** \\ **Temperature** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **User** \\ **Perceived** \\ **Temperature** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Building 1 & 18.91 & 16.25 & 19 & 28–30 & freezing \\ \hline Building 2 & 19.37 & 19.57 & 19 & 28 & cold \\ \hline Building 3 & 18.88 & 19.69 & 19 & 28 & cold \\ \hline Building 4 & 18.91 & 18.91 & 19 & 24 & cold \\ \hline Building 5 & 17.85 & 17.77 & 19 & 28 & unbearable \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Buildings average temperature monitored, perceived, and desired temperature by the user. Figure 6: Reinforcing causal loop of relationships (R17) between actions and practice. According to the International Organization for Standardization, thermal comfort is a mental condition related to the satisfaction of the thermal environment [27,28]. In the apartments studied, thermal comfort is vital for residents, as it can affect their health and quality of life. It is shown (Table 4) that users have their own criteria for thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is also related to a space and its characteristics, where they feel pleasant. For instance, MX-U4 stated, _\"In my bedroom, because I like to rest there [and] because I have health problems, then I can watch TV and rest\"_. MX-U2 said, _\"In the living room, I like it more because we have the windows, natural light, and I see people (outside) come and go and the atmosphere is very warm\"_. Perceived thermal comfort during winter and summer is influenced by the building architecture and materials, as reported by respondent MX-U1: _\"During winter, it's a little bit cold. I always bring my coat. In the summer, it's a delight. It's a delight to get inside from the street and find natural air conditioning. Thanks to the height of ceilings and thanks to the walls that keep a delightful temperature, it's very nice\"_. Users also related internal conditions (temperature) with specific building materials: _\"I recognise that the building is very well designed, [including] the spaces. The building is solid; it has masonry walls. Both function and form are very well designed. The spaces are wide, large, spacious... What I do not like is that it's very cold because of the concrete that was used to change the old structure that had deteriorated from the old building\"_ (MX-U5). The architectural characteristics appreciated by the user show that although the structure reinforces the building against earthquakes, it is also more susceptible to humidity and deterioration.