###### Abstract
[PERSON] et al. [36] identified the coupling coordination relationship between sustainable development and ESs in Shanxi Province, China. Therefore, CCD is regarded as an efficient tool for researchers and policymakers to gain insights into the functioning of the coupled ecological and social systems and identify areas that require attention or intervention. Consequently, this helps us to understand the complex interactions between systems as well as design strategies for the sustainable management and conservation of ESs. The coordination between ESS and ESD is influenced by the rapid development of regional socio-economic factors and the ecological factors, especially when socio-economic factors interact with natural and ecological factors [37]. Natural factors, land use/land cover, and socio-economic factors have been identified as the primary determinants of the relationship between ESS and ESD. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [38] conducted an empirical study examining the correlations among 12 natural and socio-economic variables related to both ESS and ESD. Their study sheds light on the disparity between these two aspects within the United States. [PERSON] et al. [16] analyzed the relationships between ES supply and demand and identified the effect of forest area on ESS, as well as the effects of per capita GDP, energy consumption per unit of GDP, and permanent population on ES demand in China. [PERSON] et al. [39] systematically analyzed the impact of urbanization on ESs in metropolitan areas. Previous studies identified multiple influencing factors and encompassed different ESs. However, the majority of studies primarily focus on identifying the individual influencing factors of ESS or ESD. Alternatively, some studies have solely examined the influencing factors of ESS and ESD as substitutes for the actual relationship between the two [40]. As a result, there is a lack of studies investigating factors that directly impact the relationship between ESS and ESD. Research on the relative importance of socio-ecological drivers of coordination between ESS and ESD remains limited, and little attention has been given to the relationships between various drivers and the coordination between ESS and ESD, as well as associated spatial influences [41; 42]. Shanxi Province is a typical resource-based area heavily reliant on coal and other resources for rapid economic growth. However, this excessive consumption of resources has created an exceedingly fragile ecosystem across the province. This increase in ecosystem degradation is having a negative effect on the economy and society, posing significant challenges to the sustainable development of Shanxi Province [43]. For example, intensive agriculture and mining activities are contributing to soil degradation in Shanxi. Erosion, the loss of topsoil, and contamination from pollutants can have serious consequences for agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Unsustainable mining practices, particularly in coal mining, are causing land subsidence issues in Shanxi [44; 45]. This phenomenon can lead to infrastructure damage, waterlogging, and the disruption of ecosystems [46]. In addition, some parts of Shanxi are vulnerable to desertification due to factors such as soil erosion, overgrazing, and unsustainable land use practices. This threatens agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability [47]. Since 2000, large-scale ecological restoration projects, such as the Natural Forest Protection Projects (NFPP) and the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), have significantly bolstered vegetation restoration in Shanxi Province. Efforts to address these ecosystem problems likely involve a combination of policy interventions, stricter environmental regulations, technological innovations, public awareness campaigns, and sustainable development practices. Based on this context, this study aims to analyze the coupling coordination relationship between ESS and ESD and identify the associated socio-ecological driving variables in Shanxi Province.