###### Abstract  
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by 12 major urban parks on the Macau Peninsula were quantitatively evaluated using social media data. Furthermore, the potential implications of these findings for cultural heritage preservation and landscape design optimization were investigated. A CES evaluation framework consisting of six dimensions was established. User-generated content (UGC) was then collected using web-crawling techniques. A sentiment analysis based on natural language processing (NLP) and a spatial clustering analysis were subsequently performed on the collected data. Significant differences between CES dimensions were identified across Macau's urban parks (F = 19.45, \(p<0.01\)). Among the CES dimensions, esthetic appreciation (M = 76.04) and landscape experience (M = 72.47) received the highest scores. Moreover, landscape experience was found to have the strongest influence on visitors' emotional evaluations (\(\beta\) = 0.95, \(p<0.01\)). The spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that the CES distribution did not exhibit significant clustering patterns (\(Z\) = 0.59). Based on these findings, it is recommended that educational functions be enhanced, public facilities upgraded, and local cultural heritage integrated into landscape and spatial planning. This research provides a novel CES quantification method based on social media data. It also offers theoretical and practical frameworks for urban planning and cultural heritage conservation in Macau. c 2025 15 3946 academic Editor: [PERSON] 1  
6 March 2025 29 March 2025  
spatial-temporal distribution, and impacts of CES on human well-being remains challenging. This challenge arises from the complexity of social-ecological contexts and requires interdisciplinary collaboration between ecology and social sciences. In highly urbanized environments, urban parks serve as essential green spaces. They provide diverse ecological services and also reflect urban historical heritage, spatial memory, and social interaction functions [8; 9]. Macau is characterized by high urbanization and notable cultural diversity. Its urban parks play especially important roles in esthetic, recreational, and educational aspects. These parks also serve as important carriers of local cultural heritage. However, current research on Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in Macau's urban parks remains fragmented. Existing studies mainly employ questionnaires, interviews, and behavioral observations [10]. These methods are insufficient to comprehensively capture the dynamic characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of cultural services. In the current era of rapid development in information technology and big data, traditional research methods are limited by inadequate data coverage and timeliness. These limitations restrict the systematic quantification and spatial analysis of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban parks. With the rapid proliferation of social media platforms, user-generated content (UGC) has emerged as a novel data source for CES research [11]. Social media data comprise text, images, geographical tags, and user comments. These data can reflect public perceptions, preferences, and usage patterns regarding cultural services [12]. Additional data supporting these results can be found in Appendix A Figure A1. Compared to traditional data collection methods, social media data offer advantages such as broad coverage, high temporal resolution, and multidimensional characteristics. These advantages provide valuable tools for the dynamic assessment of CES. For example, Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques enable the extraction of emotional expressions and thematic preferences regarding cultural services from public discourse [13]. Additionally, image analysis techniques can identify user preferences for landscape features and frequently occurring activities [14]. Furthermore, geographic information technologies can be applied to these data to reveal spatial distribution patterns of cultural services.