# A Method for Evaluating the Spatial Layout of Fire Stations in Chemical Industrial Parks
## 1 Introduction  
Recent trends in the international chemical industry have shown an increasing emphasis on clustering, intensification, and integration [1]. Chemical enterprises are now more frequently clustering in chemical industrial parks. The clustering of enterprises in chemical industrial parks leads to a significant presence of hazardous substances being stored, produced, and used. Consequently, chemical industrial parks are always at a high risk of fire [2]. Once a fire occurs in a chemical industrial park, it may lead to casualties, economic losses, and public panic. On 12 August 2015, a severe fire and subsequent explosion occurred in Tianjin Binhai New District, China, leading to the deaths of 165 people and 798 others being injured. The direct economic loss amounted to USD 1.1 billion [3]. On 21 March 2019, a chemical explosion occurred in Jiangsu Province, China, resulting in massive fires and subsequent explosions. This accident led to 78 deaths and 716 injuries [4]. Therefore, a chemical industrial park is a significant area for fire department prevention efforts. The timely rescue of a fire directly impacts the severity of the accident's consequences [5]. Fire stations and their firefighters are the primary responders for fire rescue operations, whether in urban communities or chemical industrial parks. The layout of fire stations is a crucial aspect of fire planning, which includes the locations of fire stations and their corresponding service areas. The reasonable placement of fire stations could greatly enhance the efficiency of emergency management and response. In China, the layout of urban fire stations mainly follows the standard requirements specified in reference [6]. The layout of fire stations should be determined based on the principle that fire engines could reach theedge of the service area within 5 min of the station receiving the dispatching order. This is essentially consistent with the practices in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and other countries. In most Chinese cities, the service area of a fire station is typically evaluated using the \"Circle-drawing method\". This method involves drawing a circle with an area of 7 km\({}^{2}\) or 15 km\({}^{2}\) centered on each fire station [7]. The critical factor to justify the emergency response capabilities is to evaluate the response time from the fire station to the potential objects in need of rescue. In this article, the potential object to be rescued is referred to as the point to be rescued (PTBR). The efficiency of firefighting response time is crucial in minimizing fire losses during fire rescue operations [8]. The response time is primarily influenced by the number and locations of fire stations, emphasizing the importance of a well-designed fire station layout [9; 10; 11]. Past studies have primarily focused on analyzing the spatial layout of urban fire stations. Researchers provided the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) as a solution to address the locational set coverage model (LSCP) and the maximal covering location model [12; 13; 14; 15]. However, these studies often start by analyzing the coverage areas of fire stations, and often aim to maximize their coverage using various mathematical models. Nevertheless, this approach results in an averaging of firefighting demand across high-fire-risk and low-fire-risk areas, leading to increased variability in the division of fire station service areas and a decentralized distribution of fire stations. To address this issue, [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. proposed a multi-objective fuzzy model for addressing the challenge of fire station placement in a fuzzy environment [16; 17]. [PERSON] conducted an optimization of the model based on economic perspectives [18], while [PERSON] et al. introduced a distributed robust model that considers uncertainty regarding rescue time [19]. [PERSON] et al. presented an engineering model that addresses the facility sitting and equipment placement problem, considering the necessary coverage [20; 21]. In contrast, [PERSON] et al.