## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Identification and Quantification of Volatiles from Three Genus Amomum Species by GC-MS  
The leaves and fruits of _A. tsaoko, A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_, were abundant in metabolites. The results of the metabolite database, mass spectrometry fragment data, and literature search are shown in Table S1. A total of five hundred sixty-four volatile compounds were detected, including one hundred fifty-two terpenoids, one hundred thirty-nine carboxylic acids, sixty-five alcohols, fifty-two hydrocarbons, fifty-one aldehydes, thirty-six ketones, twelve phenols, nine ethers, and forty-seven other compounds. The total ion chromatograms (TICs) of these compounds are shown in Figure 1, where different colored lines represent different species  
The content and types of terpenoid compounds in the leaves and fruits of these three species are the highest (Figure 2). The variation trend of compound content aligns with the relative composition (%). Hydrocarbons and ethers are typically colorless and odorless, contributing minimally to the flavor. There are differences in the compounds of _A. tsaoko_, _A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_ among different parts and within the same species. Volatile metabolites in TF are mainly terpenoids (70%), followed by aldehydes (16%); volatile metabolites in TL are mainly carboxylic acids (34%), followed by terpenoids (28%) and alcohols (21%); volatile metabolites in PF are mainly terpenoids (24%), carboxylic acids (19%), aldehydes (30%), and alcohols (24%), with a relatively uniform distribution of relative content. Volatile metabolites in PL are mainly terpenoids (66%), followed by alcohols (16%); volatile metabolites in KF are mainly terpenoids (48%), followed by alcohols (23%); volatile metabolites in KL are mainly terpenoids (28%) and alcohols (39%), followed by carboxylic acids (18%). Figure 1: Total ion Chromatogram (TIC) of fruits and leaves of three species of the genus _Amomun_ (**(A)** fruit; **(B)** leaves; T: _A. tsaoko_; P: _A. paratsaoko_; K: _A. koenigii_). Figure 2: The relative contents (%) of different volatile compounds in three species of _Amomun_ (T: _A. tsaoko_; P: _A. paratsaoko_; K: _A. koenigii_; L: Leaf; F: Fruit). Comparative Analysis of Volatile Metabolites in Different Parts of Three Species of the Genus Amount  
A heat map of volatile compounds in the leaves and fruits of _A. tsaoko, A. paratsaoko_, and _A. koenigii_ plants was created using MetaboAnalyst better to understand their content differences (Figure 3). The Euclidean clustering results indicated variations in the volatile metabolites in different parts of the same species and different parts of different species, which is consistent with the previous analysis that there are significant differences in volatile compounds between _A. tsaoko_ and _A. paratsaoko_[29]. In the fruits, cineole has therapeutic effects on respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and digestive system diseases [30], was the metabolite with the highest relative content in _A. tsaoko_. Comparatively, (Z)-2-decenal, a fatty aldehyde with antibacterial and insecticidal effects [31], was the metabolite with the highest relative content in _A. paratsaoko_. Linalool, a common natural monoterere alcohol that exists widely in many aromatic plants and has various biological activities, such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, neuroprotective, anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-stress, liver protection, kidney protection, and lung protection activities [32], was the metabolite with the highest relative content in _A. koenigii_. For the leaves, the metabolite with the highest relative content in _A. tsaoko_ leaves was consistent with that in _A. tsaoko_ fruits. The metabolite with the highest relative content in _A. paratsaoko_ was (-)-limonene, which has antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal activities [33]. Meanwhile, 2-hexenal, the metabolite with the highest relative content in _A.