esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Quantum Selection for Genetic Algorithms Applied to Electromagnetic Design Problems
## 4 Mathematical Test Functions  
For testing optimization algorithms, it is common to use mathematical functions with known analytical results that are generalized to N dimensions. When applied in this context, they are usually referred to as mathematical test functions (MTFs) or mathematical benchmarks. They can be classified into two groups: convex and non-convex MTFs. Convex MTFs have one minimum and are easy to solve using classical non-evolutionary algorithms, but are somewhat challenging for evolutionary algorithms with strong exploratory capacities.  
On the other hand, non-convex MTFs have multiple local minima and local maxima, making non-evolutionary optimization algorithms unreliable, and have been proven challenging for evolutionary algorithms that lack exploration capacities. The use of MTFs evaluates the resistance to stagnation of optimization algorithms, exposing the need for increasing the exploratory capacity of the algorithm. The considered MTFs for this paper are presented in Table 1.  
The Manhattan norm is a compact and easy-to-compute function that has some complexity even while being convex. Its complexity is given by the discontinuities in \(x_{i}\ =\ 0\), which cause it to be non-differentiable over its whole domain. It was selected due to its low computational complexity and simplicity of implementation. It is plotted in two dimensions in Figure 2a.  
The Rastrigin and Griewank functions are two non-convex MTFs. Both have multiple local minima and local maxima. However, Griewank has more critical points in the considered bounds. On the other hand, the rate of change in the structure of the function is lower in Rastrigin, making its local minima harder to distinguish for the algorithm.  
Both functions are challenging for optimization algorithms due to their irregular nature. It is common to use them in conjunction because their differences help to highlight the weaknesses in optimization algorithms. Both functions are plotted in two dimensions and presented in Figure 2b,c.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & **Equation** & **Bounds** & **Type** \\ \hline Manhattan norm & \(f(\mathbf{x})=\sum_{i=1}^{N}|x_{i}|\) & \((-10,10)^{N}\) & Convex \\ Rastrigin function & \(f(\mathbf{x})\ =\ 10\ N+\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_{i}^{2}-10\cdot\cos(2\pi x_{i}))\) & \((-5.12,5.12)^{N}\) & Non-convex \\ Griewank function & \(f(\mathbf{x})\ =\ 1+\frac{1}{4000}\sum_{i=1}^{N}x_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{N}\cos \left(\frac{x_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}\right)\) & \((-600,600)^{N}\) & Non-convex \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Considered mathematical test functions.
# Development and Evaluation of a LiFi-Transceiver Module for TMTC Intra-Satellite Communication +
## 5 Conceptual Integration into the Satellite Architecture  
For general TMTC, satellite subsystems typically use reliable and redundant fieldbuses like SpaceWire, MIL-STD-1553, or CAN for intra- and inter-subsystem communication. These buses offer a low bandwidth (kbps) but ensure high reliability and real-time capability [27]. We have already shown that the required bandwidths are possible with LiFi. Reliability and real-time communication are possible using, e.g., TDMA MAC protocols [28]. The wide spectrum of light also offers further redundancy on the PHY layer, increasing fault tolerance. Wired bus systems can be replaced on the link layer. Hybrid operation is also possible, as subsystems can communicate transparently with each other on the network layer.
## 5 Conclusions  
Several routing protocols for MANETs have been studied recently. This research, including simulations of different routing protocols, is limited to illustrating the performance levels as evaluated using a relatively small number of nodes, leaving the manner of scaling the protocols to populations with larger nodes as a future line of research. As the number of users over wireless environments has increased, wireless protocols are also required to scale-up before they can fit increasingly larger populations of nodes.  
In this study, an effective MANET routing protocol suitable for larger and faster node mobility network environments is presented. To establish the routing protocol, we applied directional forwarding with one-hop beaconing from the main route nodes for route maintenance and restoration, a routing algorithm operating based on GPS location information, and greedy packet forwarding.  
The NS-2 simulator was used to evaluate the proposed protocol. The evaluations showed that the proposed scheme increases the data packet delivery ratio over that of industrialized MANET routing protocols. A reduction of the control message overhead in large and high-node mobility networks was also obtained.
## 6 Performance Evaluation  
### Experimental Set Up  
This section describes the different technologies used in this work: WSN protocols, operating system and WSN motes. A small review of these technologies is shown based on different works and WSN surveys.  
Generally, a WSN is a group of low-cost and battery-powered motes. A WSN has a great range of applications, _i.e._, ambient monitoring, medical monitoring, security, among others. These applications can be used in real-time scenarios, and thus, it is necessary to ensure the correct performance of the network through two approaches: by optimizing the lifetime of the WSN and by using WSN synchronization protocols.  
Nowadays, the research community has a great range of low cost wireless communication technologies. For this work, _IEEE802.15.4_[21] has been selected, due to its lower power consumption communications compared to other technologies as, for example, Bluetooth or WiFi. This characteristic is very important to improve the lifetime of the network, especially in real-time applications. Besides, this communication protocol has open source implementations and is mainly used by the research community. In this work, the implementation used of the _IEEE 802.15.4_ stack is developed for its use with the TinyOS [22] operating system.  
As a WSN mote, the TelosB model has been selected. The TelosB platform is equipped with a Texas Instruments 16-bit MSP430 microcontroller with an internal DCO working at 1 MHZ and an external 32 kHZ oscillator mainly used by peripherals, one of which is the Sensirion SHT11 temperature sensor [20]. In order to digitize the temperature, a new TinyOS module with real-time capability has been developed. This module works as an independent layer inside the synchronization protocol stack using events.
# A Three-Coil Constant Output Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Parity-Time Symmetry Theory
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Experimental Construction  
An experimental prototype was developed to validate the proposed theoretical analysis and parametric design method. The coils were wound with Leeds wire (\(\phi\) 0.04 mm \(\times\) 1000 strands, outside \(\phi\) 1.4 mm) to counteract the skin effect, adhering to the specifications in Table 1. The experimental set up, as depicted in Figure 11, included three designed coupling coils, a 50 V DC input voltage provided by the KXN-10010D DC power supply, and boost converter (MOSFET: Infineon IRFP4227 PBF, Schottky diode: ON MBR40250 TG). The resonant tank compensation capacitor was derived by connecting several chip capacitors in parallel, and the RMS value was sampled using AD637. The full-bridge rectifier circuit at the receiver side consisted of four Schottky diodes (V15 PM15) using an electronic load as the test load. Table 2 lists the other measured parameters of the system.  
The relocation of the relay and receiving coils was performed with a radial shift to ensure uniform coupling coefficients among adjacent coils. Figure 12 illustrates the fluctuation in coupling coefficients of adjacent coils at different total transmission distances. The theoretical findings were derived from [PERSON]'s equation [24], while the actual mutual inductance was determined using a precision impedance analyzer (Wayne Kerr 6500 B) coupled with an LCR tester (Agilent 4263 B). The graph indicates the PT-exact symmetry area of the dual-coil PT-WPT system in white and the PT-exact symmetry regions of the three-coil PT-WPT system in white and yellow. The grey area indicates the PT-broken symmetry region within the three-coil PT-WPT system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Ionic Liquid on the Electrical Conductivity and pH of MXene Nanofluid  
Ionic liquids' efficiency is mainly affected by its high viscosity and mild conductivity. The simple way to overcome this problem is to add conventional solvents with ionic liquids that can minimize the viscosity, improve the electrical conductivity, and reduce cost. One of the elements that can be used for this reason is diethylene glycol (DG), as DG's polarity can provide outstanding solvation and thus significantly increase the binary blends' electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of pure DG, ionic liquid-based DG, and ionic liquid-based Mxene/DG nanofluid with different mass concentrations at a temperature of 298 K, measured on the first day, is shown in Figure 5. From the results, the electrical conductivity enhancement was consistent with the addition of ionic liquids and Mxene nanoparticles, which could be attributed to the interaction of cations and anions of ionic liquids and steric effects which resulted in the increase of energy for the as-prepared samples. The electrical conductivity increased with an increase in nanoparticles' mass concentration, and a maximum value of 571 \(\mu\)S/cm was obtained for 0.4 wt%. There was a significant improvement in the prepared mixtures' electrical conductivity than the pure diethylene glycol owing to the presence of high charge carriers in Mxene and ionic liquids. Increasing the concentration of ionic liquids in the mixture could increase the number of charge carriers. Still, at the same time, the viscosity of the sample would be increased, which reduced the mobility of the charge carriers resulting in less electrical conductivity.  
The dispersion stability and heat transfer properties of nanosuspensions can be enhanced by controlling the pH value. In general, surface hydroxyl groups and phenyl sulfonic groups undergo interaction at an optimized pH value, leading to increased repulsive forces resulting in less accumulation, improved heat transfer, and superior mobility. However, the suspension shows less stability when the pH value is too large due to electrical double layer compression usually caused by a pH adjustment reagent, which decreases the electrostatic repulsion. Therefore, the utmost care has to be taken in maintaining the pH of the samples. Figure 6 displays the pH of the as-prepared samples that varied  
Figure 5: Electrical conductivity of the ionanofluids at different mass concentrations.  
from 5.85 to 6.19, which clearly illustrates that no appreciable changes were observed for the proposed samples with Mxene nanoparticles' addition.
# Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging: A Review
## 5 Studies toward Clinical Applications of TD-NIRS
### Features of TD-Light Propagation Including Penetration Depth, Optical Pathlength, etc.
#### 5.1.1 Light Propagation Based on the Microscopic Beer-Lambert Law  
In 1991, [PERSON] et al. [124] numerically studied the characteristics of TR transmission through homogeneous slabs using MC simulations under the microscopic Beer-Lambert law including the time ranges where the diffusion approximation does not hold. [PERSON] et al. [125] reported that the microscopic Beer-Lambert law was valid not only for tissue-like phantoms but also for living tissues such as rat brain and thigh muscle using TD measurements. Based on the microscopic Beer-Lambert law, [PERSON] [9] derived simple equations describing light propagation by use of the photon path distribution which expresses the distribution of the pathlengths inside all voxels in the whole volume.
# An Integrated Dictionary-Learning Entropy-Based Medical Image Fusion Framework
## 2 Related Works
### MRI and SPECT Image Fusion  
MRI-SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a multi-modalities medical image fusion method that combines structural and functional information from source images. MR as a structural imaging method is used in neuro-image diagnosis. As morphologic changes are used to interpret MR images, MR images usually have low accuracy and poor discrimination in showing diseases. As a functional imaging method, SPECT can reflect metabolic changes. However, without structural information, it is difficult to understand metabolic changes. For improving the utilization of SPECT images in medical diagnosis, structural information needs to link to corresponding metabolic changes.
# Aerodynamic Window Sealing of a Large-Aperture Channel for High-Power Laser Transmission
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the sealing problem of the large-aperture channel for high-power laser transmission was analyzed numerically via a simulation and also experimentally. Based on the usage conditions of the large-aperture channel, three schemes of axial blowing, radial blowing, and axial-radial blowing are proposed as aerodynamic windows for channel sealing. First, the influence of the radial wind distance \(l\) on the sealing performance of the axial-radial blowing scheme is analyzed. Accordingly, the smaller the \(l\) is, the better the ability of the channel to resist the intrusion of the ambient gas and dust particles, and the large-aperture channel can achieve a better sealing effect. Furthermore, in the comparison  
Figure 11: Variation curves of \(c_{\text{m}}\) of the large-aperture channel for the experimental measurement of the different blowing scheme. (**a**) The \(c_{\text{m}}\) variation curves with \(L\) for different \(l\); (**b**) the \(c_{\text{m}}\) variation curves with \(L\) for different \(v_{\text{a}}\).  
Figure 12: Comparison curves between experimental and simulation data. (**a**) The \(c_{\text{m}}\) and \(c\) variation curves with \(L\) for different \(l\); (**b**) The \(c_{\text{m}}\) and \(c\) variation curves with \(L\) for different \(v_{\text{a}}\).  
of the sealing performance of the three blowing schemes, it was found that the minimum non-zero z-directional wind speed and dust particle mass concentration can reach a stable value at a shorter monitoring distance inside the large-aperture channel with a larger proportion of purge gas volume flow in the axial direction. Moreover, the relative size and variation trend of the simulation data are consistent with the experimental results. Finally, when predicting the sealing performance of the axial blowing scheme, it was found that under the condition of an ambient wind speed of 24 m/s or even greater, the large-aperture channel can always maintain relatively positive pressure and effectively block the continuous phase of ambient gas blowing in. Dust particles have a certain initial kinetic energy, so dust particles are the decisive factor in determining the sealing performance, and the velocity of dust particles affects the sealing effect of the channel more than the mass concentration. The research results theoretically support the aerodynamic window sealing scheme for large-aperture channels, paving the way for the wide application of high-power lasers.  
Formal analysis, Y.W.; Resources, S.S.; Supervision, Y.S.; Writing--original draft, X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Laser Ranging Detector, grant number E12701 SZCZ00.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experiment and Results Analysis  
### Experimental Environment  
CloudSim is a cloud simulation platform launched in 2009 by the University of Melbourne's GRIDS Laboratory [48]. The initial goal of the platform design is to provide a cloud computing platform. Only simulation can complete the control and use of cloud computing service resources, which is convenient for users aiming to complete the deployment of related services and strategies. It is an open-source project developed using the JAVA language. It can run on multiple operating systems, such as Windows and Linux, and users can change its source code or add related functions according to their needs. The platform not only provides the definition of infrastructure in cloud computing but also provides a simulation interface for resource management and task scheduling in cloud computing. The simulation platform mainly has the following core classes: Cloudlet, DataCenter, DataCenterBroker, Host, VirtualMachine, VMScheduler, VMCharacteristics, VMMAllocationPolicy, and VMProvisioner, and the framework provides good interface extension services that can meet task scheduling needs. The version of CloudSim used in this work is 3.0.3. A number of scheduling algorithm classes have been developed under the original framework, including FCFS-PSO, SJF-PSO, Max-Max-PSO, and PSO.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Construction of Analysis Data Using Image Processing Technique  
The construction of analysis data using image processing techniques involves two methods: (a) Distorted image correction using a homography matrix and (b) feature point extraction using the SIFT algorithm.  
Aerial photographs of building exteriors taken using UAVs can occur from various distortions. Various distortions can occur in the images. These distortions are caused by factors such as the UAV's position and attitude during aerial photography and the calibration of the camera sensors [32]. Image distortion can be converted to its original form by applying correction techniques, and homography is one of the matrix conversion methods for image conversion and is used for perspective conversion. Homography transformation represents a projection transformation in a 3D space and performs a transformation that projects a plane of a 2D image onto another plane. Homography 4-point projection selects four corresponding points in the image to perform the transformation, and these corresponding points consist of corresponding pairs of corresponding points in the original image and the transformed image. The homography matrix is estimated using these correspondence points, and the image is transformed using it [33]. In this study, Laser Point was used as a correspondence point of the homography matrix and applied to distortion correction of images lacking reference objects and feature points. The use of these laser points can reduce errors that occur when correcting distorted images that lack reference objects and feature points.  
Next, feature points were extracted and matched using the SIFT algorithm to apply image processing techniques for cracks in concrete buildings using images with distortions corrected using a homography matrix. The SIFT algorithm is a feature point extraction algorithm widely used in image processing and computer vision fields. SIFT transforms images at various scales to detect feature points. To this end, feature point candidates were selected by applying a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter in various scales and directions of the image. Next, a key point having the sharpness of the image and the maximum value of the region was selected, and feature point detection in the image was performed using a Difference of Gaussian (DoG) filter. Feature descriptors were calculated based on the detected feature points, and feature point matching was performed by comparing the feature descriptors of each feature point using the Euclidean distance formula for feature point matching [34].
## 4 Common Strategies for Optimizing Sesquietpenol Biosynthesis
### Enzyme Engineering
#### 4.1.4 Improving Enzymes Catalytic Activity  
Site-directed mutagenesis has emerged as a principal methodology for enzyme optimization in sesquiterpenol biosynthesis, enabling enhanced catalytic efficiency and product yields (Figure 4d, Table 2). As most sesquiterpenol synthases originate from plants and are poorly expressed in microbial systems, strategic mutagenesis of these enzymes is crucial for enhancing production efficiency at the industrial scale. Homologous sequence alignment aids in identifying functional residues that dictate enzyme activity, stability, and substrate specificity. This approach has proven effective in numerous studies. For example, [PERSON] et al. substituted specific amino acid residues in PTS3 to more conserved ones, identifiedthrough a comparative analysis of homologous proteins. This resulted in a hybrid mutant, PTS3 mut4, which enhanced patchoulol production by 2.02-fold [42]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. identified non-conserved residues C41 and Y85 in Mvan4662 through multi-sequence alignment. Introducing the C41S/Y85F mutations, along with overexpression of the phosphatase NudJ, which enabled _E. coli_ to produce 572.13 mg/L of Z,Z-farnesol [6]. Homology modeling predicts 3D structures, enabling rational enzyme design and expanding the range of possible products. [PERSON] et al. employed simulation-guided engineering to create PTS variants that eliminate water capture. They also demonstrated that modifying the structurally conserved H\(\alpha\)-1 loop reduces hydroxylation in PTS, thereby producing cyclic neutral intermediates. This H\(\alpha\)-1 loop modification could serve as a general strategy for engineering sesquiterpenol synthases to produce complex cyclic hydrocarbons [105]. Homology modeling can also boost catalytic efficiency. [PERSON] et al. optimized nerolidol synthase FaNES1 via homology modeling, creating the G498Q mutant, which increased trans-neridolol yield 3.16-fold to 379 mg/L [66]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. used the plmDCA algorithm to design \(\alpha\)-bisabolol synthase BOS mutants. The F324Y variant showed a 73% yield improvement [106].  
These mutagenesis strategies show three key innovation paradigms: residue-targeted precision engineering (conserved motif modification), structure-informed loop remodeling (active site optimization), and algorithm-driven combinatorial mutagenesis (machine learning-guided design). The proven enhancements establish protein engineering as a cornerstone for industrial sesquiterpenol production. Future developments integrating deep mutational scanning with AI-predictive models promise unprecedented enzyme optimization.
# Effect of Water Content and Cementation on the Shear Characteristics of Remolded Fault Gouge
## 3 Results
### Internal Friction Angle
#### 3.3.2 Relationship Between Internal Friction Angle and Degree of Cementation  
Figure 7b illustrates the relationship between the internal friction angle of fault gouge and the degree of cementation under varying water content conditions. As the degree of cementation increases, the internal friction angle of the fault gouge gradually tends to converge. This indicates that the degree of cementation plays a dominant role in controlling the variation in the internal friction angle. For samples with a cementation degree of 0%, the internal friction angle exhibits a wide range of variation, distributed between 9.87\({}^{\circ}\) and 33.06\({}^{\circ}\). However, with the increase in the degree of cementation--particularly when it reaches 3%--the variation range of the internal friction angle significantly narrows, concentrating between 28.37\({}^{\circ}\) and 31.42\({}^{\circ}\).  
This phenomenon occurs because the increase in the degree of cementation leads to a greater amount of cementing material within the fault gouge samples. The voids between particles are filled, interparticle contacts increase, and the cementation strength is enhanced. As a result, the negative impact of increased water content on the internal friction angle is mitigated [28].