esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Morphological Analyzers
#### 3.2.5 Komoran  
Komoran is a Korean morphological analyzer with the advantage of no dependence on an external library by using only a self-produced library. It is also very light to operate, with about 50 MB of memory. It is composed of a plain text file, so it is highly readable and can be edited immediately. In addition, it focuses on segmenting Korean text into its basic morphemes, such as words and particles, in order to provide a detailed analysis of the linguistic structure of the text. Komoran includes the following features: tokenization, POS tagging, compound word recognition, and unknown word handling. Tokenization breaks down sentences into meaningful morphemes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and particles. This tokenization identifies the root forms of words and the grammatical features of individual morphemes. POS tagging tags each morpheme, indicating the grammatical role and syntactic category of the word in a sentence. This information is used for understanding the sentence's structure and meaning. In compound word recognition, Komoran can accurately recognize and segment compound words, which are common in Korean and can have unique meanings compared to their individual components. Komoran can handle unknown or out-of-vocabulary words by employing statistical methods and contextual analysis, improving its robustness in real-world applications. On the basis of these features, Komoran can effectively analyze morphemes in a sentence.
# Data Privacy and Ethical Considerations in Database Management
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
This study's implementation of data management practices proved essential to ensure that the health information in the \"Healthcare Dataset\" is adequately protected regarding privacy and security.  
The implementation of data minimization, data anonymization and pseudonymization, data encryption, and access control has proven to be essential for effectively protecting the privacy and security of patients' health data.  
Data minimization is essential to limit the amount of personal information collected and processed to the minimum necessary to achieve legitimate purposes, thus reducing the risks of exposure and misuse of data.  
Anonymization, in turn, irreversibly eliminates the link between the data and the patient's identity, allowing the information to be used for statistical or research purposes without compromising privacy. Pseudonymization replaces direct identifiers with a code, maintaining the possibility of re-identification, which makes it suitable for situations where data needs to be traceable, such as monitoring the adverse effects of medications.  
Encryption is essential in protecting patient data, providing additional protection against unauthorized access through reversible information encryption.  
Access control establishes rules and restrictions on who can access, view, or modify data, ensuring that only authorized users can access and manipulate health data.  
Data hashing provides an additional layer of security by ensuring data integrity and allowing for the verification of data authenticity. This is particularly important in healthcare settings where the accuracy of patient information is crucial.  
While these security measures may introduce some performance overhead, particularly in the case of encryption, the privacy protection and regulatory compliance advantages are overwhelming. However, optimizing these implementations to minimize the performance impact and ensure an optimal balance between data security and system efficiency is essential.  
The ethical implications of these practices are significant and multifaceted. They include considerations of data utility versus privacy, the potential for bias introduction, the need for informed consent, and the importance of transparency in data handling processes. These ethical considerations underscore the complexity of managing healthcare data and the need for a thoughtful, balanced approach that respects individual privacy while enabling the beneficial use of data for research and improved patient care.  
Adopting these practices is crucial to building patient trust and promoting a safe, ethical, and trustworthy digital health ecosystem in digital information.  
This study highlights the need for a comprehensive and ongoing approach to ensuring the privacy and security of health data in the digital era. It serves as a basis for future research and development in health information security.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Catalytic Degradation of SMX
\[\bullet\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{HSO}_{5}^{\bullet-} \rightarrow\mathrm{SO}_{4}{}^{\bullet-}+\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O} \tag{1}\] \[\bullet\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{SO}_{5}^{\mathrm{2-}} \rightarrow\mathrm{SO}_{5}^{\bullet-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-}\] (2) \[\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{\bullet-}+\mathrm{HSO}_{5}^{\mathrm{-}} \rightarrow\mathrm{SO}_{5}^{\bullet-}+\mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-} \tag{3}\]  
The solution pH would affect the degradation of SMX in the Bi@Fe/CN-3/PMS system. Figure 6c demonstrates that the degradation efficiency of SMX in mild acidic conditions was excellent, with nearly complete degradation of SMX (99.7%) and a rate constant of 0.0911 min\({}^{-1}\). However, the degradation rate of SMX decreased (\(<\)80%) in very neutral, strongly alkaline, or strongly acidic environments. This is due to the fact that at high pH, the O\(-\)O bond in PMS will combine with a substantial quantity of H to create strong hydrogen bonds. The phenomenon prevents PMS from being activated by Bi@Fe/CN-3 [42]. Regarding the decrease in the removal rate of SMX at pH \(>\) 5.18, the higher pH encourages the conversion of HSO\({}_{5}\)\({}^{-}\) to SO\({}_{5}\)\({}^{2-}\), which speeds up the self-decomposition of PMS. On the other hand, the SMX degradation rate decreased at pH 7-9,  
Figure 6: Effect of (**a**) catalyst dosage, (**b**) PMS concentration and (**c**) initial pH on SMX degradation in the Bi@Fe/PMS system (inset: Reaction rate constants with different (**a**) catalyst dosages, (**b**) PMS concentrations and (**c**) initial solution pH values). Reaction conditions: [catalyst] = 0.10 g/L, [PMS] = 0.60 mM, [SMX]\({}_{0}\) = 15.0 mg/L, initial pH = 5.18.  
due to SMX mostly presenting as an anionic species that electrostatically repels active intermediate free radicals like SO4\({}^{\bullet-}\)[43].
# Uncovering Hidden Community Structure in Multi-Layer Networks
## 3 Preliminaries
### Multi-Layer Graphs  
As the proposed work is related to the hidden community detection in multi-layer networks, a multi-layer network is a kind of network that consists of multiple graphs sharing the same number of nodes while having different edges. According to the observation, it is obvious that the multi-layer networks reveal more comprehensive information than the single-layer network. Thus, it is possible to have more hidden information as well. The multi-layer network model contains nodes and edges from different layers, which represents the different frequencies (or types) of interactions among them.  
Figure 2 illustrates an example of a multi-layer graph. Assume that layer one is the Facebook network, layer two is the Twitter network and layer two is the Instagram network. If the users in the Facebook network also have an account on Twitter and Instagram, then, for example, the Twitter network can be used to represent these users and their relationships. Note that every user can be identified by one account on each layer.  
Figure 2: A three-layered example network. The solid lined edges in each layer are labeled as intralayer edges, the dotted lines crossed adjacent layers are labeled as interlayer edges.
# Toward High Bit Rate LoRa Transmission via Joint Frequency-Amplitude Modulation
## 3 QR\(-\)LoRa Design
### Joint Frequency-Amplitude Modulation
#### 3.2.2 QR\(-\)LoRa Packages  
The QR\(-\)LoRa data packet structure is consistent with the standard LoRa and is composed of four parts: the pilot sequence, a short sync word, SFD, and payload. First of all, its pilot sequence consists of eight upchirps. The pilot sequence is followed by a short sync word with two upchirps. This is followed by the SFD consisting of 2.25 downchirps. Then, a complete preamble is formed. Following the preamble is a variable-length payload that contains the specific information sent by the user.
# Predicting C/N0 as a Key Parameter for Network RTK Integrity Prediction in Urban Environments
## 3 Analysis of the Positioning Solution and Observation Data Quality
### Solution Type  
For the _fixed solution_ case, the carrier phase ambiguity is solved into an integer value which is the nature of this parameter [35]. This is not always possible due to the bad observation quality or geometric weakness to decorrelate the ambiguities completely. In such cases, the ambiguities are estimated as floating point numbers. This solution is called _float solution_. If there are too few carrier phase observations available to solve the ambiguities or the quality of the carrier phase observations is extremely low, the positioning is a _code solution_ based on pseudorange observations only. In this case, the pseudorange corrections are used to improve the positioning solution. The code solution is also known as DGNSS or DGPS [36]. Furthermore, if the quality of the pseudoranges is not good enough to use the pseudorange corrections, the filter calculates a standalone solution, i.e., using only the pseudorange observations without any corrections. In this case, the positioning results from a _navigated solution_.  
In Figure 2, the horizontal components of the position solutions from the Altus receiver in the fifth round of our experiment are exemplarily depicted. Solution types are color-coded regarding the legend. The solutions named float, code and navigated are depicted by circles whose center is the position solution and the radii reflects the 2D coordinate quality (2 DCQ) of the respective epoch. A circle with a radius of 3 m is shown in the legend for float, code and navigated solutions, which indicates the scale of the circles in the figure. The minimum and maximum 2 DCQ of the fixed solutions are 0.03 m and 0.1 m, respectively. The arrows indicate the direction of the vehicle driving, and way-points A to K help to reference the geometric situation, cf. also Figure 1a.  
In Figure 2, the segment between way-points D and F is the most challenging part of the trajectory, which is a narrow north-south-oriented street with mostly four-story buildings on both sides and also at both ends (Figure 1a). The fixed solution is not maintained in this part anymore. The cellular modem status recorded by the receiver (Septentrio Altus NR3) shows that the connection has not been interrupted and that RTK corrections were continuously received. Therefore, referring to the navigated solution is not related to the availability of the corrections, but rather the quality of the signals received.  
Figure 2: Estimated trajectory from the Altus receiver in the fifth round of the experiment. Different colors representing the four solution types. Fixed solutions are depicted in light green stars. The other solutions are depicted as circles which are centered at the horizontal solution and their radii show the 2D coordinate quality. In the legend, the circles have a radius of 3 m as a scale for the circles in the figure. The arrows indicate the direction of the driving. The way-points A to K are as defined in Figure 1a.
# HAL Training in Spinal Cord Injured Patients: A Narrative Review of 10 Years Experience
## 2 Materials and Methods  
A narrative review of the literature was conducted with electronic searches for eligible studies using the databases Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus on 15 September 2022 and 6 January 2023 using the following search term combinations in the titles: \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"HAL\" AND \"SCI\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"HAL\" AND \"spinal cord injury\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"wearable robot\" AND \"SCI\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"wearable robot\" AND \"spinal cord injury\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"SCI\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"SCI\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"SCI\", \"Hybrid assistive limb\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"special cord injury\", \"HAL\" or \"wearable robot\" AND \"spinal cord injury\", \"HAL\" or \"wearable robot\" AND \"spinal cord injury\", \"HAL\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"SCI\", \"HAL\" or \"exoskeleton\" AND \"spinal cord injury\". The search was limited to articles that were published in (or subsequently translated to) English or German. No restriction on date published was enforced. All study designs were included. Two of the authors screened the titles and then abstracts independently and studies were considered relevant if they addressed any clinical application of the HAL system in people living with SCI. In case of disagreement, a discussion was held to reach consensus on which studies should be reviewed in full text. If necessary, a third author was consulted to make the final decision. Studies reporting the use of HAL in other conditions,  
Figure 1: HAL®-Hybrid assistive limb exoskeleton (Cyberdyne Inc.).  
such as post-stroke or multiple sclerosis, were excluded as well as studies reporting use of other exoskeleton systems. Reference lists of the involved studies were manually searched for further articles. A narrative review rather than a systematic review was undertaken to report a broad overview of the use of the HAL system in the field of rehabilitative SCI treatment. Although the system has been available for a long time, there are currently no randomized controlled trials, which the authors believe are essential for a systematic review. Articles were sorted into 2 general categories for discussion: (1) clinical trials, and (2) single-case or two-case reports.
## 4 Comparison with Experimental Results  
### Buckling Mode  
Figure 11 shows the buckling shape of the curved plate for various flank angles when the a/b ratio is 2.0 and slenderness ratio is 2.80. When the a/b ratio is 2.0, the buckling mode of a rectangular flat plates has two longitudinal half-waves. As the flank angle increases to below 3\({}^{\circ}\), the central part of curved plates maintains the same half-wave with relatively lower lateral deflection than that of a flat plate. When the flank angle is 5\({}^{\circ}\), the longitudinal half-waves of the curved plate changes from two half-waves to three half-waves. With a further increase in the flank angle, from 5.72\({}^{\circ}\) to 11.45\({}^{\circ}\), the buckling mode changes to a single half-wave with bulged components of deflection near the transverse edges. Through a previous study using FE analysis, it is confirmed that the buckling mode of simply supported curved plates under longitudinal compressive loading changes to single half-waves when the flank angle reaches 10\({}^{\circ}\)[1]. Thus, as the flank angle increases, the buckling mode sequentially changes to two-three-one longitudinal half-waves, and a single half-wave is maintained when the flank angle is more than 11.45\({}^{\circ}\).  
This behavior can be observed in the experimental results in Figure 7. However, there is a difference in that the buckling mode of the test specimen (C01) with a flank angle of 11.45\({}^{\circ}\) was not a single longitudinal half-wave. Nonetheless, it is expected that the buckling mode in the experiments sequentially changes to two-(one)-three-one longitudinal half waves.  
Figure 10: Loading and boundary conditions of the curved plate.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, the mechanical structure of a PZT FSM was designed and analyzed to maximize the performance metrics linked to the mechanical range and the main resonant mode frequency (including the optical mirror). In addition, the PZT FSM was actuated using two pairs of piezo actuators in a push-pull configuration with a strain gauge sensor system for position measurement. As a result, The PZT FSM allows for an angular range of \(\pm\)5 mrad in tip and tilt while maintaining a fundamental resonance mode with the optical mirror that exceeds 400 Hz.  
Furthermore, an adaptive controller was developed to enable precise beam jitter control for an FSM motion system to suppress the effects of mechanical vibration-induced disturbance on the target platform. The control system incorporated a PI controller and an AFC algorithm operating in parallel to ensure robustness. Experiments revealed that the AFC algorithm improved the disturbance-rejection performance. Specifically, with disturbances of 59 Hz and 73 Hz in the FSM motion system, the CES was reduced by approximately 40% and 23%, respectively. Furthermore, with multiple frequency components, i.e., both 59 Hz and 73 Hz synchronously, the CES was reduced by approximately 66%. Testing in a beam jitter environment that closely resembles the actual target platform revealed that the proposed adaptive control method offers better performance and stability compared to a traditional PI controller without an AFC algorithm. As part of future research, we plan to develop an optical system with a real laser source to assess the performance of the adaptive control algorithm more accurately.  
This work was supported by an Agency for Defense Development (ADD) grant funded by the Government of the Republic of Korea in 2024.  
Data is contained within the article.  
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
# Integrated Microwave Photonics for Wideband Signal Processing
## 3 Integrated MWP Delay Line
In [48], for example, a delay element based on microring resonators in combination with graphene-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer switches is reported on a silicon nitride platform, demonstrating an optical delay up to 920 ps with optical loss less than 27 dB. Additionally, optical delay lines based on photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides [49; 50], which allow flexible dispersion control, offer an attractive solution to support the realization of an on-chip signal processor.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Research Methods and Experimental Parameter Design  
#### 2.2.1 Research Methods and Indicators  
Various research methods have been used to study the outdoor microclimate environment in the existing research, such as directly obtaining meteorological data through actual measurements in order to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the microclimate in different situations, establishing mathematical models to study the correlation between various research factors and the microclimate, and determining the improvement effects of different research factors on the microclimate through the numerical simulation of ideal models. By comprehensively comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, it is clear that the numerical simulation of ideal models is more suitable and is thus now a common method in the study of microclimates, since it not only eliminates the impact of other factors on the experiment, but also conducts multi-factor analysis.  
Since the 20 th century, there have been more than 160 evaluation indicators used to describe the sensory comfort of the human body [23]. Through the summary and comparison of multiple indicators by many scholars around the world, it has been found that the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) [24; 25], predicted mean vote (PMV) [26], and standard effective temperature (SET\({}^{\star}\)) [27] are the indexes of microclimate comfort that can better describe the outdoor microclimate environment and that are more convenient to study. Among them, the PET is the comfort index with the highest frequency of use [28; 29].  
Figure 1: Distribution of the studied pedestrian commercial streets.  
Chinese researchers have obtained the PET for outdoor microclimate analysis through questionnaires [30; 31], Rayman calculations [32], and ENVI-met simulations [33; 34]. The final research results show that the results of the outdoor microclimate analysis using the PET obtained via these methods are relatively accurate, and the most commonly used method in recent years is ENVI-met simulation.  
The PET is a comfort evaluation index derived on the basis of the Munich Energy Balance Model for Individuals (MEMI), with a comprehensive consideration of the impact of various major meteorological indexes (such as temperature, humidity and wind speed), human activities, human clothing, and personal body parameters on environmental comfort [35]. It can also be considered as different combinations of various microclimate factors (mainly temperature, humidity, and wind speed) that the human body can tolerate at the same time [36]. Figure 2 below shows the relationship between the PET and human senses.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Figure 1a presents the architecture of the 256-pixel subretinal implant system, which is divided into two main components: the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter in this study consists of a Class-E amplifier and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The  
FPGA generates 32-bit data packets at a rate of 20 kbps, with a clock frequency of 2 MHz. The 20 kbps data are modulated with the 2 MHz signal using an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation scheme, and the resulting modulated waveform serves as the input to the Class-E amplifier, where it is utilized as the carrier frequency. The output signal from the Class-E amplifier is wirelessly transmitted to the implantable device via inductively coupled coils.  
The received radio frequency (RF) signal is demodulated by an ASK demodulator [27], extracting both the system clock and data, which are then sent to the digital controller. In this work, an advanced digital controller has been developed to manage the hexagonal stimulation of the 256 pixels, enabling enhanced resolution. The digital controller outputs  
Figure 1: (**a**) Block diagram of a system. The FPGA module (CMOD A7, Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA) is used to generate data and clock signals on the transmitter. Near-field communication uses an inductive link to transmit the data and clock. The receiver comprises the data and power recovery system, pulse generator, and pixel simulator. (**b**) Circuit diagram of the single-pixel stimulator with a switched capacitor current mirror technique.  
five distinct signals (termed RST, CHR, CATH, ANO, and BAL), all of which are applied to the single-pixel stimulator using a switched capacitor current mirror technique [13], as illustrated in Figure 1b. Upon receiving the clock and data, the digital controller generates precise pulse patterns to produce biphasic pulses powered by the wireless power transfer system.  
The current range for the stimulator is adjustable between 0 and 150 \(\upmu\)A, corresponding to a light intensity range of 400-1600 lux. The photodiode generates a dark current when light is detected, and the duration of the CHR signal controls the accumulation time of this dark current on the capacitance. A longer CHR pulse duration results in a longer accumulation time, allowing for a linear response proportional to the light intensity. When the light intensity is high, the duration of the CHR pulse is minimized to regulate the amplitude of the biphasic pulse. Conversely, when the light intensity is very low or the device is in darkness, the CHR pulse is lengthened to maintain the biphasic pulse. The single-pixel stimulator, depicted in Figure 1b, comprises a photosensor, current amplifier, and pulse shaper. It generates biphasic pulses in response to the pulse patterns determined by the digital controller based on the data received from the transmitter.