esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
For the second typology, the mean squared slope (MSS) describing the sea surface roughness [66] was used as a fitting parameter instead of the significant wave height (SWH), as proposed and initially evaluated in [59] over Tibetan lakes when using SAMOSA model. (In isardSAT retracker, a rough surface of Gaussian distributions is assumed to define the scattering model, such that the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) as a function of incidence angle is modeled as a Gaussian [67], where the MSS is a parameter defining the directivity of surface radiation pattern, i.e. small values of MSS lead to very narrow and directive radiation patterns related to very specular surfaces. Therefore, considering this parameter (MSS) as fitting term rather than a constant one would allow better fitting specular waveforms.) Additionally, to limit land contamination within the received waveforms, we included Digital Elevation Model (DEM) information to select the waveform portion from nadir, which was performed as a pre-processing in the whole retracking chain. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the studied area and the database are presented. In Section 3, the methodologies are introduced, including the selection of the waveform portion, different retrackers and waveform filtering approach. In Section 4, the performances of the different retrackers and the results of the water level time series are shown in comparison with the Sentinel-3 Level-2 ocean retracked results from the European Space Agency (ESA) and in situ measurements. In Section 5, the method and results are discussed. In Section 6, the conclusions are presented.
# Physics Foreps in Tooth Extraction--A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
###### Abstract  
The present systematic review aims to evaluate the efficiency of Physics forepcs over the conventional forcores for the extraction of a tooth. The study began with targeted electronic searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. All selected articles were reviewed by four independent reviewers for eligibility. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to analyze the studies for bias. Due to heterogeneity of the selected studies, a meta-analysis of the current systematic review was not possible. A total of five studies were considered for the final analysis. The risk of bias showed high risk for all five included articles. Various parameters, such as fracture of the root, dry socket, healing, pain, postoperative infection, crown fractures, buccal bone fractures, extraction time, gingival and marginal bone loss, gingival laceration, bleeding and healing were assessed. Based on the data available, there is an insufficient quality of evidence to conclude the superiority of the Physics forceps over conventional forceps.  
conventional forceps; extraction; Physics forceps; oral surgery +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
Physics forceps are one such innovation that was invented in the year 2004. This device works on the biomechanical principle without squeezing, grasping, twisting and pulling forces to perform atraumatic extraction. It was Dr. [PERSON] who introduced and invented the concept of Physics forceps [4]. This instrument process preserves the buccal bone, cortical plates and claims to eliminate root tip fractures. Physics forceps have a beak and bumper design that facilitates atraumatic extraction. They utilize only wrist movement based on the first-order lever principle without harming the buccal alveolar bone. To use Physics forceps for exodontia, a minimum of 3 mm of remaining tooth structure is mandatory. Since it has already been established that conventional forceps induce more traumatic extraction, the need for an alternative has gained importance. With the advent of Physics forceps with its unique design and biomechanical principle, we intended to evaluate their efficiency by assessing the following criteria, such as crown-root fracture, bone plate fracture and intra and post-operative complications. Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficiency of Physics forceps over conventional forceps for the extraction of a tooth. The null hypothesis states that the Physics forceps are not superior to the conventional forceps.
# GPR55 and GPR119 Receptors Contribute to the Processing of Neuropathic Pain in Rats
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design  
The participation of spinal GPR55 and GPR119 receptors in the modulation of neuropathic pain was evaluated 14 days after spinal nerve ligation. To guarantee that all L5-L6 spinal nerve-ligated rats included in the study had tactile allodynia, the 50% paw withdrawal threshold was measured before drug administration. To determine the role of the spinal GPR55 and GPR119 receptors in the modulation of neuropathic pain, L5-L6 spinal nerve-ligated rats were administered with vehicle or increasing doses of the selective GPR55 receptor antagonist CID16020046 (1-300 ug/rat. i.t.) or the selective GPR119 receptor agonist AS1269574 (1-300 ug/rat, i.t.). To confirm pharmacologically the role of spinal GPR55 and GPR119 receptors in the modulation of neuropathic pain, increasing doses of the GPR55 agonist O1602 (30-300 ug/rat. i.t.) or the G-protein antagonist peptide (0.001-1 ng/rat, i.t.) were co-administered with the highest tested dose (300 ug/rat. i.t) of the GPR55 receptor antagonist CID16020046 or the GPR119 receptor agonist AS1269574, respectively. G-protein antagonist peptide was used to reverse the antiallodynic effect induced by the GPR119 receptor agonist AS1269574 because a selective and/or potent GPR119 antagonist is not yet available. In addition, the highest doses of O1602 (300 ug/rat. i.t.) and G-protein antagonist peptide (1 ng/rat, i.t.) were tested individually in order to discount an effect themselves on nociceptive behaviour at the co-administered doses. To discount possible systemic effects or motor impairments that could alter the nociceptive response, pragmatic glucose levels and motor performance [49] were measured after spinal administration of the drugs at the highest dose tested and at the same times that nociceptive behaviour was evaluated in the rats. The evaluator was blinded of the treatment administered to each animal. To measure the spinal expression and possible modulation of GPR55 and GPR119, we evaluated the protein expression at the lumbar spinal cord, L5-L6 DRG and left sciatic nerve by immunohistochemistry in neuropathic rats (14 days after L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation) and analysed their modulation at the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord and sciatic nerve by western blotting in sham and neuropathic rats (7 and 14 days after L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### EIS Measurements
Figure 6 presents the variation in Nyquist plots for tea tree and clary sage essential oil measured at the pair of terminals 1 and 3 at the beginning of measurement (initial measurement) and at 30 min and 60 min for a 0.2% concentration of EOs. Figure 6: Nyquist plots for (**a**) tea tree, and (**b**) clary sage EOs at different time intervals. The dependence of impedance over time for 0.2% EOs (clary sage and tea tree oils) is shown in Figure 6. First, the initial measurement was taken (3 min after applying the essential oil to the textile part of the platform), then measurements were performed 30 and 60 min after the initial measurement. Results are shown for the pair of terminals 1 and 3. The same behavior during the one hour time period can be seen in Figure 6a,b for both types of EOs: tea tree and clary sage oil. The value of the impedance increased slightly over time and the changes were about 0.1 \(\Omega\). These very minor changes can be attributed to the additional distribution of the EOs between stitches of silver conductive threads. The changes in impedance between the initial time and 60 min after were insignificant compared to the changes in the impedance value when a solution of EOs was added to the dry chip value. After that, it can be concluded that the changes were almost uniform. The calculated RMSD values for the clary sage oil were 55.37, 60.64, and 67.23 for 3 min, 30 min, and 60 min, respectively, allowing a reliable differentiation between time exposures. The calculated RMSD values for the tea tree oil were 34.65, 36.10, and 38.15 for 3 min, 30 min, and 60 min, respectively. More importantly, it was seen that RMSD changed because of the increase in concentration from 0.2 to 4%, from 34.65 to 40.86, which is higher than the RMSD change over time obtained in one hour for a fixed concentration (from 34.65 to 38.15), enabling the recognition of an actual configuration that has been tested. Therefore, with a fabricated textile-based platform and reliable impedance measurement followed by RMSD calculations, it is possible to make differentiations of different EOs (RMSD is higher for the clary sage when compared to the tea tree), their exposures to time (RMSD increases over time), and different concentrations (RMSD increases with increasing concentration). A summary of the RMSD values, shown in Table 2, confirms a clear distinction between EO types, their concentrations, and their air exposures over time.
# A Novel UWB Pulse Expander Using an Integrated Microstrip Splitter, Delay Lines, and a Combiner
## 3 Experimental Validation
### Testing of Pulse Splitter  
The first step in the experimental validation of the modeling results, shown in Section 2, was to test the pulse splitter alone. The design was fabricated, as can be seen in Figure 13. The splitter was tested separately in both time and frequency domains.  
Transmission coefficients \(S_{21}\), \(S_{31}\), \(S_{41}\), and input reflection coefficient \(S_{11}\) were obtained using the VNA. The first port of the VNA was connected to port 1 of the splitter, and the second port of the VNA was connected to ports 2 to 4, one at a time; 50 \(\Omega\) matched termination loads were connected to all unused ports. The results can be seen in Figure 14.  
Figure 11: Pulses at the outputs of the curved delay lines—Line 2 (\(l_{2}=102.10\) mm), Line 3 (\(l_{3}=78.3\) mm), and Line 4 (\(l_{4}=50\) mm)—when the input to the pulse splitter is a 200 ps duration pulse with an amplitude of 1 V (black). Simulation results.  
Figure 12: DSO captured (**a**) waveform, and (**b**) spectral density of the 210 ps duration input pulse.  
The differences between the simulated and experimentally measured amplitude-frequency curves of the scattering matrix coefficient \(S_{11}\) in Figure 14 could be attributed to the following factors:  
* The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the FR-4 substrate are based on approximate estimates;
* Inferred measurements and calibration errors;
* The fabricated splitter includes connectors and solder joints that are not accounted for in the HFSS model.  
It can be observed that all forward transmission coefficients match closely up to a frequency of about 1 GHz and diverge slightly until a frequency of about 2 GHz. \(S_{21}\) and \(S_{41}\) completely overlap. These results explain the similarity between all output pulse waveforms in the time domain and the slight pulse expansion, as seen in Figure 15. It should be noted that the input pulse, seen in Figure 12, carries 90% of its energy up to 2.17 GHz.  
The testing of the splitter in the time domain was conducted by using the input pulse waveform shown in Figure 12, generated by the AWG, which was connected to port 1 of the splitter. Each output port (ports 2 to 4) of the splitter was connected to a separate channel of the DSO. The resulting output waveforms are shown in Figure 15.  
It can be observed that all output waveforms of the splitter are similar. However, a slight pulse expansion effect can be observed due to the limited bandwidth of the manufactured splitter, resulting in a pulse duration of 225 ps.  
Figure 14: Measured and simulated S-parameters of the pulse splitter.  
Figure 13: Fabricated pulse splitter.
## 8 Introduction to Proprietary and Standards-based Solutions
### Proprietary Technologies
#### 8.1.5 Nwave  
Nwave LPWAN is primarily a solution developed by Nwave [25] for smart parking systems. This ultra-narrowband technology is also based on sub-1 GHz unlicensed ISM band operation. It claims long range and high node density as compared with Sigfox and LoRa at the cost of higher power consumption [26]. It works in a star topology and supports mobility of the nodes. Nwave end node transmits power from 25 mW to 100 mW, thus covering a longer distance for the data rate up to 100 bps. It also claims coverage of up to 7 km and 8 years for the in-built node battery. It has its own real-time data collection and management software system for monitoring and control.
## 4 Results
### Preliminary Phase
#### 4.1.3 Lake Characteristics  
We also explored different lake characteristics that might influence model fit and classified the data based on several lake and regional characteristics. We classified data using the trophic states of lakes, coregions in which lakes are located, dominant land cover in the surrounding watershed, and month of data collection. We then used these classifications to determine if they impacted the fit of the regression model between in situ measurements and indices extracted from satellite data. Preliminary results showed that classification based on different lake characteristics or monthly classes individually did not improve the initial linear regression model results.
### Contribution and Structure of the Paper  
Generally, the INP and the CBRR should have a positive impact on the LFC and performance. However, the quality of the frequency is continually decreasing [27]. Therefore, the impact of the INP and the CBRR on the frequency quality, the LFC, and performance in a three-CA test system was examined separately in [20; 22] with dynamic simulations. In [21], the impact of INP on power-system dynamics is shown and an eigenvalue analysis of a two-CA system is conducted. The impact of CBRR on the power-system dynamics is shown in [23], and a modified implementation of the CBRR is proposed that has no impact on the system's eigendynamics. This article extends these earlier results with an in-depth evaluation of the simultaneous operation of the mechanisms for cross-border interchange and activation of the RRs, which was not studied before. Dynamic simulations are performed for all the cases where the simultaneous operation of the INP and the CBRR is possible. In addition, a function for correction-power adjustment is proposed as one of the contributions of this paper, since small delays in demand power sign change could cause undesired simultaneous activation of the INP and the CBRR. In this way, ACE and scheduled control power are decreased, since undesired correction is prevented. A basic schematic diagram of the LFC, INP, and CBRR and the function for correction power adjustment is given in Figure 1 (right), where the order of operation is clearly seen. Note here that the correction power is the output of the adjustment block. As far as we know, no researchers have examined the impact of the simultaneous operation of the INP and CBRR on the LFC and performance.  
This article consists of the following parts: In Section 2, the elemental concepts of the LFC, the INP and the CBRR are described. Simultaneous operation of the INP and the CBRR is also described. Additionally, a function for correction power adjustment is proposed as one of the main contributions of this article, which prevents undesired correction. Section 3 describes indicators for evaluation of the frequency quality, LFC and performance, rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), balancing energy, unintended exchange of energy and energy exchange. In Section 4, a three-CA test system with the INP and the CBRR is described. Two types of test cases were performed with the dynamic simulations, i.e., step change of the load and the random load variation. The primary contribution of this article is given in Section 5, where the impact is given of the simultaneous operation of the INP and the CBRR on the frequency quality, the LFC, and performance. Lastly, Section 6 outlines the main conclusions and outlines future work.
# A New LoRa-like Transceiver Suited for LEO Satellite Communications +
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evaluating the Proposed Receiver with LEO Satellite Communication
#### 4.3.2 Decoding Performance of the Proposed Receiver
\begin{split}\text{SNR}\bigg{|}_{\text{dB}}&=P_{Tx} \bigg{|}_{\text{dBm}}+G_{Tx}\bigg{|}_{\text{dBi}}+L\bigg{|}_{\text{dB}}+L_{P} \bigg{|}_{\text{dB}}\\ &+G_{Rx}\bigg{|}_{\text{dBi}}-10\log_{10}(k_{B}T_{N}B)-30\end{split}  \tag{34}\]  
Figure 11: PER of CSS and DCSS receivers for different DR values, which were not compensated, with \(SF=9\), \(B=\frac{B_{ref}}{2^{8}}\), \(CR=1\) and \(N_{pay}=51\) bytes. where \(k_{B}=1.38\times 10^{-23}\) J/K is the Boltzmann constant, \(T_{N}=298,15\) K is the equivalent noise temperature, \(L\bigg{|}_{\text{dB}}=20\text{log}_{10}(\frac{c}{4\pi f_{c}d_{u}(t)})\) is the line of sight path loss, and \(c\) is the speed of light. By referring to the curves of the PER as functions of the SNR in Figure 12, we propose defining the SNR sensitivity threshold SNR\({}_{th}\) as the minimum SNR that guarantees a PER lower than \(10^{-2}\). Using the latter SNR threshold value, we can easily compute the sensitivity of our receiver as follows:  
\[S\bigg{|}_{\text{dBm}}=\text{SNR}_{th}\bigg{|}_{\text{dB}}-174+10\text{log}_{1 0}(B)+NF\bigg{|}_{\text{dB}} \tag{35}\]  
with \(NF\) being the noise figure of the receiver and it is equal to 6 dB. At the farthest distance \(d_{max}\) between the satellite and the terminal device (i.e., \(d_{u}(t)=d_{max}\) at the elevation angle of \(20^{\circ}\)), the measured SNR is equal to \(-19\) dB. The latter measurement gives a received power of \(-136\) dBm. In Table 3, based on Figure 12 and (35), we present the sensitivity of our proposed receiver for each \(SF\) and \(B\) configuration. The results of the latter table prove that only \(SF=12\) with \(B=B_{ref}\) and \(SF=7\) with \(B=\frac{B_{ref}}{2^{\circ}}\) can fulfill the sensitivity requirements for all the SNR measurements by the Eutelsat satellite. Hence, any transmitted signal has the same bin separation as \(\Delta_{b}=\frac{B_{ref}}{21^{2}}\) and would be suited for this communication. It should be noted that an adaptive data rate communication, according to the position of the satellite, could be considered. Figure 12: PER evolution of the proposed DCSS receiver with \(CR=3\).
# Mapping Abandoned Cultivated Land in China: Implications for Grain Yield Improvement
## 3 Results
### Characterizing the Spatial Pattern of Cultivated Land Abandonment in China
In terms of the abandoned rate of cultivated land, high-high spatial clusters are mainly located in the southeastern coastal region and the central-western plateau region, with a total of 78 cities. It indicates that the phenomenon of cultivated land abandonment is no longer exclusive to remote areas but has gradually shifted to large cities and shown a continuous trend. Low-low spatial clusters are mainly located in the Northeast and Northwest, as well as in the Middle East. Among them, the high-quality cultivated land resource conditions in the northeast and the strategic task of guaranteeing national food security have led to a generally high utilization rate of cultivated land. Whereas in the northwest region, due to its special geographic location and the limitations of natural conditions, the development of cultivated land resources is more difficult, and the cost is relatively high, which also indirectly improves the efficiency of cultivated land resource utilization in the region while suppressing the possibility of cultivated land abandonment. In addition, low-high and high-low spatial outliers are scattered distributions in the region.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
#### 2.3.1 Research Procedure  
Figure 3 illustrates the overall research procedure of the study. It can be largely divided into two parts: (1) development of urban expansion model, and (2) prediction of future urban expansion in South Korea.  
First, this study adopted the XAI approach by integrating the XGBoost-SHAP model to predict the urban expansion in Korea. As described in Table 1, the dependent variable was a dummy variable that includes urbanized and non-urbanized area from 2007 to 2019, and the independent variables include socioeconomic, topographic, land-cover, and environmental features. In order to evenly extract samples of urbanized and non-urbanized area across the study area, we rescaled the 10 m \(\times\) 10 m raster to 50 m and 500 m, respectively, and choose centroid of each raster as study samples. Then, study samples were divided into training and validation dataset for XGBoost-SHAP modeling, which account for 80% and 20% of total samples.  
Second, we predicted the future urban expansion of South Korea in 2031 using the constructed XGBoost model. As predictors, a land-cover map in 2019 and corresponding socioeconomic, topographic, land-cover, and environmental features were utilized. Output raster includes the probability of urbanization, from 0 to 1, for all 10 m \(\times\) 10 m raster cells in the study area.  
Figure 2: Variables used in the study. (**a**) Land cover, (**b**) ECVAM ecological grade, (**c**) ECVAM legislative grade, (**d**) elevation, (**e**) slope, (**f**) distance to land cover, (**g**) GRDP per capita, (**h**) population density.
## 2 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Juice and OTA in Coffee, Beer and Win
### Occurrence of OTA in wine
However, [PERSON] _et al_. [180] found that the OTA concentration in red dry wines was not significantly different from that found in white and white wines in Greece. In Italy, wines have been extensively surveyed for this toxin [185, 186]. OTA incidence was higher in red wines (78.4%), followed by rose and dessert and white wines. The highest level (7.6 ng/mL) was found in red wine. In Germany, a value of 7.0 ng/mL was found in Italian red wine exported to Germany [184, 187]. In France, [PERSON] _et al_. [188] found OTA in 29 samples of wines (0.01-0.27 ng/mL) but a value of 0.78 ng/mL was found in a French red wine exported to Germany. In Portugal, [PERSON] _et al_. [189] did not find OTA to 64 domestic wines, but [PERSON] _et al_. [160] detected it in five out of 37 samples of Portuguese wine. A survey of 340 Portuguese wines revealed that OTA was detectable in 20.3% of the samples and the highest level was 2.1 ng/mL [190]. However, a level of 15.6 ng/mL was reported in red wine from southern Europe [191]. [PERSON] _et al_. [192] found that 69 out of 84 US wines contained \(<\) 0.01 ng/mL and the remaining contained \(<\) 1 ng/mL. [PERSON] _et al_. [160] found OTA in 16.6% of 580 red wine samples and in 3.9% of 362 white wine samples marketed in Canada but were unable to detect the toxin in their US samples. Wines from North America had lower OTA levels than European wines [193]. [PERSON] _et al_. [194] detected OTA in 24% of 42 wine samples from Brazil, Argentina and Chile (0.02-0.07 ng/mL). However, [PERSON] _et al_. [160] found OTA in Argentinean wines. Australian wines were included in several surveys. Most samples contained \(<0.05\) ng/mL and the highest level was 0.62 ng/mL [195]. [PERSON] _et al_. [18] studied wines commercialized in Japan and found that 6 out of 10 wines had detectable OTA levels (0.07-0.72 ng/mL). In South Africa, [PERSON] _et al_. [196] detected the toxin in 24 local samples. There the highest level (2.67 ng/mL) was found in noble wine by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [197]. [PERSON] _et al_. [157] found OTA in 30 wine samples from Morocco. Some additional reports of OTA found in wine as presented in Table 4. Wine is considered the major source of OTA intake after cereals [191].