## 5 Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Security Solutions and Integration Models
### Data Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Confidential Transactions
#### 5.3.2 Architectural Model for Cross-Chain Supply Chains and Smart Contract Design
In this section, we examine the application of blockchain in key humanitarian domains, including disaster relief, refugee logistics, pandemic responses, and charitable donation tracking. Each subdomain is evaluated in terms of its approach to security, traceability, and data integrity, the core dimensions explored throughout this review. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Sector** & **Ref.** & **Security Issue** & **Blockchain Solutions** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Food} & [130] & Counterfeit drug production, manipulation, incorrect distribution points. & Hyperledger Fabric-based private blockchain, chaincode. \\  & [131] & Fake vaccines, lack of traceability, data manipulation. & Hyperledger Fabric. \\  & [132] & Preventing pharmaceutical counterfeiting and data manipulation. & Ethereum-based consortium blockchain, smart contracts. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Retail} & [133] & Oil counterfeiting, data manipulation, traceability. & Ethereum blockchain, smart contracts. \\  & [134] & Data manipulation, food safety, privacy, authorization, smart contract security. & Cryptographic hash functions, chain structure, permissioned blockchain. \\  & [135] & Counterfeiting, mislabeling, product safety. & Proof-of-work. \\  & [136] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting, imitation. & Immutable records; decentralized, verifiable transactions. \\  & [137] & Unauthorized access, data manipulation. & On-chain and off-chain, consensus algorithms. AES-256, PBFT. \\  & [138] & Data security. & Hyperledger Fabric, decentralization, storing hash values in blocks. \\  & [139] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting, food safety and quality. & Ethereum-based smart contracts, Ethereum Virtual Machine, PoS. \\  & [141] & Grain traceability. & Public blockchain, Ethereum, IPFS, ML-based validation. \\  & [142] & Manipulation and counterfeiting, data security, lack of standardization. & Permissioned blockchain, smart contracts. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Retail} & [143] & Data manipulation and counterfeiting, cyber-attacks, erroneous and incomplete records, financial risks. & BIOT, smart contracts, DLT. \\  & [144] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting, traceability. & DLT, blockchain. \\  & [145] & Cyber-attacks, counterfeiting and data manipulation, fraud. & DLT, smart contracts, immutability. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Cont. .1.1 Blockchain Applications in Disaster Relief Supply Chains: Transparency, Traceability, and Trust

Ensuring the transparent, reliable, and traceable delivery of humanitarian aid in disaster-stricken areas is among the most complex and critical components of the supply chain. Traditional systems are often plagued by challenges, such as the misuse of donations, material loss, a lack of visibility, and poor coordination among stakeholders. In response to these shortcomings, blockchain technology has been increasingly integrated into humanitarian logistics to enhance trust, traceability, and data integrity [146; 147]. Table 11 provides a comparative overview of blockchain-based humanitarian aid applications, detailing their core focus areas, employed technologies, and the specific security, traceability, and data integrity features they implement, while also highlighting the technical challenges encountered in practice.