esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_Appl. Sci._**2013**, \(3\), 355-395; doi:10.3390/app3020355  
_Applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
_Review_  
**Cutting-Edge High-Power Ultrafast Thin Disk Oscillators**  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2,3, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,4 and [PERSON] 1**  
Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland;  
E-Mails: [PERSON]DRESS] (C.S.); [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (F.E.); [PERSON]L_ADDRESS] (O.H.H.);  
[PERSON]L_ADDRESS] (C.R.E.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.H.); [PERSON]ADDRESS] (M.G.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.S.); [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (U.K.)  
Institute of Laser-Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.B.), [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.K.)  
The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany  
Time and Frequency Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Neuchatel,  
Neuchatel 2000, Switzerland  
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +41-44-633-3288; Fax: +41-44-633-1059.  
_Received: 21 January 2013; in revised form: 22 February 2013 / Accepted: 25 February 2013 / Published: 2 April 2013_  
**Abstract:** A growing number of applications in science and industry are currently pushing the development of ultrafast laser technologies that enable high average powers. SESAM modelocked thin disk lasers (TDLs) currently achieve higher pulse energies and average powers than any other ultrafast oscillator technology, making them excellent candidates in this goal. Recently, 275 W of average power with a pulse duration of 583 fs were demonstrated, which represents the highest average power so far demonstrated from an ultrafast oscillator. In terms of pulse energy, TDLs reach more than 40 uJ pulses directly from the oscillator. In addition, another major milestone was recently achieved, with the demonstration of a TDL with nearly bandwidth-limited 96-fs long pulses. The progress achieved in terms of pulse duration of such sources enabled the first measurement of the carrier-envelope offset frequency of a modelocked TDL, which is the first key step towards full stabilization of such a source. We will present the key elements that enabled these latest results, as well as an outlook towards the next scaling steps in average power, pulse energy and pulse duration of such sources. These cutting-edge sources will enable exciting new applications, and open the door to further extending the current performance milestones.  
keywords: ultrafast laser; high-power laser; semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM); thin disk laser +
Footnote †: journal: Scientific Reports
###### Abstract  
Deformable image registration plays a crucial role in medical imaging by aligning anatomical structures across multiple datasets, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. However, existing deep learning-based deformable registration models often face challenges in ensuring anatomical plausibility, leading to unnatural deformations in critical brain structures. This paper proposes a novel framework that uses Bayesian optimization to address these challenges, focusing on registering 3D point clouds that represent brain structures. Our method uses probabilistic modeling to optimize non-rigid transformations, providing smooth and interpretable deformations that align with anatomical constraints. The proposed framework is validated using MRI data from patients diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to perinatal asphyxia. These datasets include brain scans taken at multiple time points, enabling the modeling of structural changes over time. By incorporating Bayesian optimization, we enhance the accuracy of the registration process while maintaining anatomical fidelity. Our results demonstrate that the approach provides interpretable, anatomically plausible deformations, outperforming conventional methods in terms of accuracy and reliability. This work offers an improved tool for brain MRI analysis, aiding healthcare professionals in better understanding disease progression and guiding therapeutic interventions.  
Bayesian optimization; deformable registration; Gaussian processes; anatomical plausibility
# A Comprehensive Study of the Use of LoRa in the Development of Smart Cities
## 5 Discussion
### Challenges of LoRa in Smart Cities
#### 5.5.2 IoT Analytics  
IoT systems generate large volumes of data which are processed using cloud or fog computing technologies. Data analytics can convert such data in valuable information that allow taking effective decisions. In other words, the synergy of IoT technology and data analytics allows the generation of real-time decision support systems.  
It is important to indicate that some research proposals included data science approaches, and the most used data mining or machine learning techniques were decision tree (50% of cases), neuronal networks (ANN, 35% of cases), and time series (15% of cases).  
We also identified a small minority of works including decision support systems (DSS); also we found that descriptive analysis was most commonly used; only a reduced number of works considered prescriptive analysis.  
Taking into account that decisions at the city level have a strong impact on economic and social aspects, prescriptive analysis and DSS could be more adequate to get a complete visualization of smart city domains.
## 4 Feasibility of PAZ as an Opportunity Illuminator in a Passive Bistatic Radar System
### OI Availability  
The PR requires an OI that illuminates the area of interest. As discussed in Section 1, the availability constraints of an EO satellite are very tight, and are mainly related to its movement with respect to the Earth's surface and its on-demand operation. Since no cooperation of the illuminator is required, other EO satellites could be used to increase the time an area is illuminated. As a matter of fact, both TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X follow the same orbit of PAZ and have very similar characteristics. Furthermore, other SAR sensors, like the Cosmo SkyMed constellation, Sentinel-1 and the future Radarsat constellation, will also help to increase this time. A study of the potential bistatic geometry has to be carried out in order to determine parameters, such as:  
* The time availability: determined by the sensor orbit parameters and the scheduled data acquisition processes. This study is directly related to the knowledge of the OI position that is studied in Section 4.3.
* The instrumented spatial coverage: determined by the EO satellite footprint, which depends on the sensor movement and acquisition mode. It is studied in Section 4.4.
# Hard-Decision Coded Modulation for High-Throughput Short-Reach Optical Interconnect
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a coded modulation scheme based on geometric shaping and soft-aided staircase code (GS-SA-SCC) was proposed and studied. The GS-SA-SCC coded modulation scheme is based on simple modification of hard-decision staircase decoder with the help marking bits and optimized constellations with corresponding labeling. The analysis was performed both in terms of achievable information rates and post-FEC BER. Up to 0.83 dB gains compared to standard SCC decoding with conventional QAM were obtained with a low added complexity. In this paper, we showed that multiple line rates can be obtained by using three geometrically-shaped constellations and two code rates. By combining these constellations with two HD-FEC codes, six line rates between 450 Gbps and 666 Gbps can be obtained. Furthermore, reach increases of up to 24% for a wide range of distances (from 100 km to 950 km) for both single-span and multi-span systems were reported. We believe that the proposed GS-SA-SCC scheme is a promising candidate for next generation data center interconnect compatible coherent 800 Gbps and 1 Tbps system with higher baud rate, while providing considerable reach increase.  
Conceptualization, B.C., Y.L., C.O., and A.A.; Data curation, B.C. and Y.L.; Investigation, B.C. and Y.L.; Software, B.C. and Y.L.; Writing--original draft, B.C. and Y.L.; Writing--review & editing, B.C., Y.L., G.L., C.O., and A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work of [PERSON] is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61701155 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant JZ2019 HGBZ0130 and JZ2020 HGTB0015. The work of [PERSON] is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant JZ2019 HGBZ0126 and JZ2020 HGTA0072. The work of [PERSON] is funded by the EUROTECH postdoc programme under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754462). The work of [PERSON] is supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) via the VIDI Grant ICONIC (project number 15685) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 757791).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Results
### Personal Device Usage and BYOD
Finally, we analyzed the actual security practices relating to smartphone security. Smartphones, whether personal or organizational property, require enhanced security to avoid data privacy/confidentiality issues in case the device is lost or stolen. Endpoint security (advanced antivirus protection or application isolation and other capabilities) can make a difference when there is an attempt to access smartphone data without authorization. Study-only students confirmed that 40% of their personal devices are equipped with such a technology option, and for those work experience students who received such a device, the figure is even higher (55%), resulting in statistical differences (\(p<0.001\)). An endpoint \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Question Category** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} Informal and formal policy \\ expectations \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} Work experience students are more likely to be aware of Shadow \\ IT policies. **(\(p<0.001\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} User expectations \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} Work experience does not translate into a significantly increased \\ support need. **(\(p<0.05\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} Technology guidance \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} Work experience is more likely associated with using only approved apps on organizational _mobile_ devices (phone, tablet). **(\(p<0.001\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{l} Work experience is more likely associated with using only approved applications on organizational devices (desktop, tablet). **(\(p<0.001\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{l} Assessment of actual technology and practices \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} Work experience students are less likely to store work or study-related data using personal cloud-based services. **(\(p<0.001\))** \\ Work experience students are more likely to have endpoint security software installed on their (company) smartphones. **(\(p<0.001\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Summary of key findings: Personal device usage and BYOD. security framework, when used in a preemptive way [61], can also enhance the security of the smartphone; in particular, if it is equipped with other security features such as mandatory passcodes, standard virus protection or encryption tools. Encryption tools on smartphone devices can also trigger functionality and performance considerations, including energy consumption monitoring [62]. For example, when encrypting partial or full datasets on these devices, appropriate algorithm selection is crucial in managing the related energy consumption. Taken together, the overall survey results of the Shadow IT topic support our expectation that there is a relationship between work experience and increased security awareness in respect of Shadow IT. Interestingly, the \"support need\" for personal devices and BYOD scenarios differs for the two student groups. This relationship was not detected in the other three topic categories.
# Reduction of Bias and Light Instability of Mixed Oxide Thin-Film Transistors
## 4 Discussion
### Verification of the Effect of Oxygen Vacancies on NBIS Stability  
To confirm that oxygen vacancies are indeed the cause of the NBIS instability, we investigated the NBIS stability of TFTs with a-IGZO layers that are 20 nm thick but deposited at different oxygen partial pressures (Figure 11). It is interesting to find that NBIS stability increases with an increase the oxygen partial pressure. This confirms that oxygen vacancies are indeed the cause of the NBIS instability in mixed oxide TFTs, given that the concentration of oxygen vacancies and, hence, carrier concentration decreases with the increasing oxygen partial pressure [1; 28].  
Figure 11: (**a-c**) Thin-film transistor (TFT) current-voltage (_I-V_) characteristics before and after negative-gate bias stress combined with visible light illumination (NBIS) for varying oxygen partial pressure during the deposition of the amorphous indium-gallium zinc-oxide layer. (**d**) The corresponding NBIS-induced negative turn-on voltage (\(V_{\text{ON}}\)) shifts.  
Figure 10: Band offsets between amorphous indium-gallium zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) and SiO\({}_{2}\).  
Figure 12 presents an additional piece of evidence confirming the role of oxygen vacancies in the NBIS instability of mixed oxide TFTs. Before application of NBIS (Figure 12a), \(V_{\rm TH}\) shifted to the negative \(V_{\rm GS}\) direction with increasing photon energy, indicating the increase in carrier concentration due to the ionization of \(V_{\rm O}\) to \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{+}\) and/or \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{2+}\)[29; 30; 31].  
Given that the band gap (\(E_{\rm g}\)) of a-IGZO is \(\sim\)3.1 eV, these results clearly indicate sub-gap photoexcitation, consistent with the ionization of \(V_{\rm O}\) to \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{+}\) and/or \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{2+}\). However, after application of NBIS, light with a wavelength less than \(E_{\rm g}\) of a-IGZO results in negligible change in the performance of the a-IGZO TFTs (Figure 12b). These results show that NBIS does indeed result in the ionization of \(V_{\rm O}\) to \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{+}\) and/or \(V_{\rm O}\)\({}^{2+}\), such that further ionization by light illumination results in no significant sub-gap photoexcitation after NBIS. Only light with a wavelength greater than \(E_{\rm g}\) causes a significant change due to band-to-band excitation. The stretching-out of the subthreshold characteristics of the TFT after NBIS is consistent with back channel conduction that randomly occurs after application of NBIS.
## 4 Data-Driven Framework for Building Energy Consumption Prediction
### Model for Prediction
#### 4.4.4 Lstm
In the realm of residential energy consumption prediction, the combination of CNN with LSTM and GRU has also yielded remarkable results. [PERSON] et al. [170] further expanded the application boundaries of deep learning in building energy load forecasting by incorporating the K-Nearest Neighbors  
Figure 14: The schematic of the information flow in LSTM networks [166]. algorithm into a CNN-LSTM hybrid technique specifically designed for academic building energy predictions. Deep learning technologies have demonstrated immense potential and advantages in building energy load forecasting. Their sophisticated algorithmic structures enable models to capture more complex and nuanced data relationships than traditional methods, thereby significantly enhancing prediction accuracy. By combining diverse deep learning frameworks, researchers have overcome the limitations of single technologies and introduced various hybrid prediction models that exhibit good adaptability and robustness when dealing with building energy data with different characteristics and application scenarios. As deep learning technologies continue to evolve and mature, we have every reason to believe that they will play an increasingly important role in building energy management, energy conservation, and emission reduction, as well as smart grid construction, contributing significantly to the promotion of green, low-carbon, and sustainable energy development.
###### Abstract  
Velocity estimation has a key role in several applications; for instance, velocity estimation in navigation or in mobile mapping systems and GNSSs is currently a common way to achieve reliable and accurate velocity. Two approaches are mainly used to obtain velocity based on GNSS measurements, i.e., Doppler observations and carrier phases differenced in time (that is, TDCP). In a benign environment, Doppler-based velocity can be estimated accurately to within a few cm/s, while TDCP-based velocity can be estimated accurately to within a few mm/s. On the other hand, the TDCP technique is more prone to availability shortage and the presence of blunders. In this work, the two mentioned approaches are tested, using three devices of different grades: a high-grade geodetic receiver, a high-sensitivity receiver, and a GNSS chip mounted on a smartphone. The measurements of geodetic receivers are inherently cleaner, providing an accurate solution, while the remaining two receivers provide worse results. The case of smartphone GNSS chips can be particularly critical owing to the equipped antenna, which makes the measurements noisy and largely affected by blunders. The GNSSs are considered separately in order to assess the performance of the single systems. The analysis carried out in this research confirms the previous considerations about receiver grades and processing techniques. Additionally, the obtained results highlight the necessity of adopting a diagnostic approach to the measurements, such as RAIM-FDE, especially for low-grade receivers.
# Review and New Aspects in Combining Multipoint Moulding and Additive Manufacturing
## 3 Possible Additive Manufacturing Methods
### Metal Based Processes  
The historically newer group are additive manufacturing processes that use metals as manufacturing material. [PERSON][29] already offers a comprehensive overview of the current opportunities of these processes, so that only a brief overview is to be provided here.  
In this group, commonly used systems are based on a powder bed. The main principle is to build up a powder bed and fuse the powder using a laser beam directed by X-Y scanning mirrors. The component is then covered with a further layer of powder by the powder levelling roller that is fused to the underlying layer by the laser beam (see Figure 9). These processes are called laser powder bed fusion respectively selective laser melting [30].  
A similar process is directed energy deposition, in which a laser beam is guided along the contour of the component while a nozzle is used to blow metal powder to the laser beam continuously (see Figure 10). The laser beam melts the powder and the component can be  
Figure 8: Slicing scheme for flat layers in additive manufacturing. Model with marked layers (**left**) and derived layer model (**right**).  
Figure 9: Schematic representation of laser powder bed fusion (based on the work in [30]).  
built up. At the same time, a powder bed is not necessary, reducing powder consumption. However, there is a high energy input into the build plate [31; 32].  
[PERSON] et al. [33; 34] and [PERSON] et al. [35] introduce a process in which the layers of individual metal plates are cut out by laser and then get welded together. According to [PERSON][28], this form of laminating object modelling was not successful on the market.  
An alternative method is the bonding of the powder by a binder in the binder jetting process, which was introduced by [PERSON] et al. [36] for metallic and ceramic parts. A powder bed is built up in layers similar to laser powder bed fusion. However, the individual grains are not joined by welding with a laser, but by bonding. The adhesive is sprayed onto the powder layer by layer to build up the geometry. The nozzles used are identical or very similar in construction to the print heads known from inkjet printing, which are usually guided and moved via a portal. Synthetic resins are often used as adhesives, which are available not only colourless, but also in various colours, making multi-coloured components possible. In case of using metal powder in the first step, a green part is built. In a second process step, the green part is debindered and infiltrated into a dense metal component [28].
All these detrimental effects eventually cause the progressive deterioration of \(\beta\)-cell mass and function. Thus, the status of \(\beta\)-cells is essential in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes [1; 2; 3]. Elevated blood glucose level can increase production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) [4; 5; 6] and cause mitochondria to produce excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn raises the oxidative stress. Such oxidative stress and accumulated AGEs may contribute to \(\beta\)-cell dysfunction, apoptosis, tissue damage, and aging [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. Furthermore, in addition to causing cell damage, apoptosis and insulin secretion dysfunction, glucotoxicity can also lead to decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [3; 6]. Taking all these adverse events together, glucotoxicity increases the development of many diabetic complications and the difficulty of glycemic control [10; 12; 13]. Thus, it is important to find means to attenuate the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis to reduce the risk of such pathological damage caused by diabetes [3]. Some natural products, such as mulberry leaf, rooibos (_Aspalathus linearis_), _Padina arborescens_, _Portulaca oleraca_, _Orthosiphon stamineus_, and _Stevia rebuudiana_, have been shown to have the activity of alleviating hyperglyic status by protecting the function of pancreatic \(\beta\)-cells [3; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. _Siegesbeckia orientalis_ hime is a folk herbal medicine used to treat waist and knee weakness, rheumatoid arthritis, bone pain, quadriplegia, traumatic bleeding, and immune deficiency. Previous studies have reported that _S. orientalis_ ethanol extract (SOE) has significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-hyperuricemic effects [19; 20], immunosuppressive activity on mouse ovalbumin [21], and suppressive effects on the proliferation and metastasis of human cervical cancer cells and endometrial cancer cells [22; 23; 24]. Our previous paper demonstrated that SOE has significant antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and the formation of AGEs [25]. Thus, SOE has the potential to prevent and treat diabetes and metabolic disorders. However, so far there is no evidence that SOE can affect the growth and function of pancreatic \(\beta\)-cells. In this study, we aimed to explore whether SOE has the protective effect on HG-stimulated oxidative stress and death in pancreatic \(\beta\)-cells.
## 1 Introduction
### Maximizing Active Readers  
A key feature of DTS-AC is its utilization of dual notification systems for frequency and timeslot management. This innovative approach allows for efficient allocation of resources, maximizing the number of active readers within the system.  
Furthermore, DTS-AC implements a frequency reuse strategy, optimizing the utilization of available frequencies to accommodate a larger number of readers while ensuring efficient tag interrogation with minimal collisions.