# Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
## 2 Impact of the Increase in Electromobility on the Energy Industry
### Influence of Energy Consumption in the Development of Electromobility on the Electricity System  
With the current low number of EVs in Slovakia, their impact on the electricity system is likely to be negligible. According to [6], the estimated number of BEVs in 2019 is considered to be 2000, and then the resulting annual energy consumption is:  
\[P_{EV2019}=P_{EVpar}\cdot 2000=3.216\cdot 2000\cong 6432\;\text{MWh}\cong 6432 \;\text{GWh}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(P_{EV2019}\) is the energy consumed in 2020 at the considered number of BEVs (GWh). According to the annual report of the Office for the Regulation of Network Industries (Figure 3), approximately 30,000 GWh of electricity was generated in 2019 [10]. In this case, the consumption of BEVs accounts for one-fifth of the total electricity produced, foreign import not included. Another question arises when it comes to the long-term development of electromobility. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model**} & **Indicated Consumption by** & **Consumption Measured in** \\  & **Manufacturer (kWh/100 km)** & **Ecotest (kWh/100 km)** \\ \hline Hyundai Ioniq Electric Style & 11.5 & 14.7 \\ VW e-Golf & 12.7 & 17.3 \\ BMW i3 94 Ah & 12.6 & 17.4 \\ Smart Fortwo Coupe EQ Prime & 12.9 & 18.3 \\ Opel Ampere- First Edition & 14.5 & 19.7 \\ Renault Zoe Intens & 13.3 & 20.3 \\ Nissan Leaf Acenta (ZE0) & 15 & 20.5 \\ Nissan Leaf Acenta (ZE1) & 15.2 & 22.1 \\ Tesla Model S P90D & 20 & 24 \\ Tesla Model X 100D & 20.8 & 24 \\ Nissan e-NV200 Evalia & 25.9 & 28.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Indicated versus real energy consumption (German Automobile Club (ADAC) [8]). At present, it is not possible to determine exactly in which direction this sector will develop in the future, but according to best knowledge, it can be assumed that alternative fuels will receive increasing attention. If it is based on the forecasts and goals of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic, which focus on the number of 35,000 BEVs by 2030, an amount will be obtained that could already affect some sectors of the energy industry [11]. The annual energy consumption for operating this number of BEVs can be calculated using the following formula:  
\[P_{EV2030}=P_{EVyear}.35000=3.216\cdot 35000\cong 112560\text{ MWh}\cong 112.6\text{ GWh}. \tag{5}\]  
Due to the current annual production of electricity, it is already almost a 0.4% share. This increase in consumption will have to be addressed through various measures, such as the modernization and strengthening of the distribution system. The increase in electricity consumption in the field of transport is also shown in Figure 4[12]. Figure 4: Energy consumption in road transport in the Slovak Republic, 2012–2019 [12]. Figure 3: Annual production and consumption of electricity in Slovakia in the last 10 years [10]. The global trend of electromobility growth will most likely continue. Such an opinion appears in almost all forecasts about the future of electromobility, the energy sector or climate change. In its Global Outlook for Electric Vehicles scenarios, the IEA (International Energy Agency) predicts 130 million to 250 million EVs in 2030, with the share of EVs in the vehicle fleet, which should increase from 0.2% in 2016 to more than 5% in 2030 [13]. This forecast includes not only passenger and light commercial vehicles but also buses and lorries. It is obvious from these data that electromobility will increasingly contribute to energy consumption, but not to the extent that it can be described as a problem for which the future distribution network will have to prepare thoroughly. The increase in performance associated with it will not be enough to require extensive network modifications. One of the possible changes related to the increase in electromobility is more of local nature and is related to charging points. For high-performance charging stations, the phase voltages in the network could drop.