## 3 EV Battery Chargers and Their Architectures
### Based on Energy Source  
According to the energy source that is available, EV chargers can be split into two categories: AC chargers and DC chargers. Alternating current electricity is used to power AC chargers, which are frequently found in homes. DC chargers, on the other hand, are more common in public places and are powered by direct current [65].  
AC charging: For electric vehicles, AC charging is the most common type of charging. In order to facilitate AC charging, it is imperative that the energy derived from an AC power source undergoes conversion to DC prior to its transmission to the vehicle's battery pack. The charging process using this particular method is generally characterized by a slower pace compared to DC charging, and it takes approximately 4 to 8 h to achieve a full charge. Typically, AC charging is accomplished through the utilization of either a standard wall outlet or a specialized charging station. However, Table 9 explores further the specific benefits and drawbacks of this method.  
DC charging: Electric car recharging using DC charging is a relatively recent technique. Power from a DC power source needs to be taken and supplied directly to the vehicle's battery pack for DC charging to work. This technique of charging is far quicker than the standard AC method, taking only 15 min to 1 h to fully charge a battery. Typically, DC charging is facilitated through the utilization of a specialized station. The benefits and drawbacks of DC charging are analyzed critically in Table 10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **DC Charging** & \\ \hline \hline
**Pros:** & & **Cons:** \\ \hline \hline \(\bullet\) & Faster: DC charging completes a charge far more quickly than AC charging. & \(\bullet\) & Expensive: Due to the more complex equipment and installation requirements, DC charging is more expensive than AC charging. \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Wider range: EVs may be able to go further due to quicker DC charging periods. & \(\bullet\) & Accessibility Restrictions: Compared to AC charging outlets, DC charging stations are less widely available. \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Appropriate: Users can usually find DC charging stations in convenient settings including shopping malls, gas stations, and rest areas. & \(\bullet\) & Compatibility Restrictions: In comparison to AC charging, DC charging connectors and standards are less standardized. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Critical analysis of benefits and drawbacks of DC charging.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **AC Charging** & \\ \hline \hline
**Pros:** & & **Cons:** \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Less Costly: Compared to DC charging, AC charging is much less expensive because it calls for less sophisticated installation and technology. & \(\bullet\) & Slower: AC charging takes a lot longer to charge than DC charging. \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Widespread: It is widely available because AC charging may be carried out with any standard wall outlet. & \(\bullet\) & Limited Range: Slow AC charging times may limit the range of an EV. \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Easy to Use: There are no special tools needed to use AC charging, which is simple to accomplish. & \(\bullet\) & Grid Restrictions: AC charging relies on the community’s electrical grid, which may have stability issues. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Critical analysis of benefits and drawbacks of AC charging.