# Exploring the Impact of Thermal Environment on Student Well-Being in Sustainable Campus Settings
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis in the Summer Season
#### 3.2.3 Influence of Time-of-Day Variations on Psychological  
The rank analysis of psychological factors in relation to the time of day in Figure 10 reveals discernible patterns in individual experiences at different times. Notably, the afternoon (1:30 pm to 2:30 pm) consistently registers higher mean ranks across factors such as body fatigue, eye fatigue, body heat, skin dryness, thermal discomfort, and unproductivity, indicating heightened discomfort and decreased productivity during this period. although desire to escape and site unattractiveness also display elevated mean ranks in the afternoon, the disparity is relatively more moderate. These patterns underscore the potential impacts of specific times on an individual's well-being, with the post-lunch hours reflecting a tangible decline in comfort and productivity. It is imperative that the underlying causes, whether they be environmental factors, circadian rhythms, or the psychological aftermath of lunch, be further explored to craft effective interventions. Based on the rank analysis provided for the psychological factors concerning the time of day, the evening (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) consistently registers lower mean ranks across most of the factors, indicating reduced discomfort and increased well-being during this period. Particularly, factors like body heat, skin dryness, thermal discomfort, desire to escape, and unproductivity exhibit the lowest mean ranks during the evening. Hence, in this analysis, the evening (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) appears to be the most favorable time of day in terms of comfort and well-being. In analyzing the impact of the time of day on various psychological factors using the Kruskal-Wallis test, certain factors were found to be significantly affected by the time intervals under study. Notably, body heat (H(2) = 6.163, \(p\) = 0.046), skin dryness (H(2) = 7.367, \(p\) = 0.025), and thermal discomfort (H(2) = 7.145, \(p\) = 0.028) showed significant variations across the different times of the day, with p-values below the commonly accepted alpha level of 0.05. This indicates that the distributions of these factors are different across the specified time periods. Conversely, factors such as body fatigue, eye fatigue, desire to escape, and site unattractiveness did not reveal significant differences across the times  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sample 1–Sample 2**} & **Test Statistic** & **Std. Error** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Std. Test Statistic**} & **Sig. ** & **Adj. Sig. ***** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Skin Dryness** \\ **S** **S  
of day, as evidenced by their respective p-values being greater than 0.05, whereas the unproductivity level was marginally significant (H(2) = 5.215, \(p\) = 0.074). Upon conducting the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test following the Kruskal-Wallis analysis with respect to the time of day, Table 4 reveals distinct patterns in pairwise comparisons of psychological factors. Specifically, for body heat, the afternoon (1:30 pm to 2:30 pm) was found to be significantly different from both the morning (7:00 am to 10:00 am) and evening (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm), with adjusted significance values of 0.080 and 0.113, respectively. As for skin dryness, the afternoon was discernibly different from both the morning and evening, with equal adjusted significance values of 0.056. For thermal discomfort, the only significant difference observed was between the evening and afternoon, with an adjusted significance value of 0.030. It should be noted that adjusted significance values above the threshold of 0.05, after Bonferroni correction, indicate non-significance in pairwise comparisons. Consequently, this suggests that the afternoon presents the most distinct changes in psychological responses when compared to other times of the day, especially in factors like body heat, skin dryness, and thermal discomfort.