esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effects of Tube Radius and Surface Tension on Capillary Rise Dynamics of Water/Butanol Mixtures
###### Abstract
They found that larger diameter tubes produced a smaller height in the capillary rise and larger forces in terms of capillary dynamics. [PERSON] [16] found that the early stage of the capillary rise has a linear relationship with the position of the meniscus height versus time, and the meniscus oscillation around the equilibrium height occurs when the liquid viscosity is sufficiently low. [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated the capillary rise dynamics of pure water and ethanol as well as mixtures using a high-speed imaging technique. They found that the dynamic inertial effect is significant at the initial stages and may be important for capillaries of larger radii. [PERSON] et al. [18] found that capillary-driven flow is divided into three successive phases: inertia, convective losses, and viscous forces which counteract the driving capillary force. Further, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] discussed the different time stages during early capillary rise, and they concluded that the purely inertial and purely viscous flow periods were separated by a visconinertial stage, wherein both effects have to be considered. [PERSON] et al. [20] showed that the velocity of the capillary flow at the initial stage is determined by the Bo number (comparison of gravitational and surface tension forces), and the viscosity effect becomes significant in the final stage. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [21] showed that the properties of liquids in capillary tube rise processes are significant in the early stages. The above studies showed that the properties such as surface tension and viscosity of liquids were important factors in the capillary rise dynamics. However, the dependency of the capillary rise dynamics on the liquid properties is not straightforward in microscale heat pipe systems because the process of capillary rise is a complex interaction between capillary size and fluid properties. Therefore, the influence of the various capillary sizes on the capillary rise dynamics is still indispensable. In particular, the inner diameter and the fluid properties cannot be considered independently, and the level of these conditions must be considered at the same time. To determine the effect of capillary size and liquid properties on the capillary dynamics for the performance enhancement of the microscale heat transfer systems, a consolidated correlation of those parameters is required. Therefore, in this study, effects of capillary tube radius (0.4, 0.6, and 0.85 mm) and the surface tension of water, n-butanol, and their blends on the capillary rise dynamics were investigated. The height of capillary rise and velocity were measured using a high-speed camera. The capillary rise process was divided into three characteristic stages: I, II, and III, corresponding to purely inertial, inertial + viscous, and purely viscous region, respectively. The characteristic heights, including the equilibrium height as functions of the tube radius and surface tension, were then analyzed and correlated.
## 5 Results
### Scenario 2
The corresponding RSSI and SNR results for scenario 3 are illustrated in Figures 18 and 19, respectively. The RSSI values for device 5, which changes to mesh topology mode, remain fairly stable while transmitting through device 2, but the RSSI is substantially improved when the transmission is performed through device 4. Devices 2 and 4, in hybrid topology mode, do not present significant changes. Lastly, the devices in star topology mode, corresponding to device numbers 1, 3, and 6, remain stable or worsen their performance as the test evolves. On the other hand, the SNR remains stable for the complete test, with the exception of some peaks with higher noise for devices 1 and 3. The compilation of minimum, maximum, average, and variance of the metrics for each device in scenario 3 is provided in Table 5.  
Figure 17: Topology changes of the devices in scenario 3. Figure 18: RSSI of the devices in scenario 3.
## 2 Related Work
### Clustering  
Clustering is an unsupervised classification technique that is used when there are no preestablished classes, and it is the process of discovering patterns or structures in data and organizing them into groups with similar characteristics [18]. The main goals of clustering are to increase internal cohesion and external separation. Internal cohesion refers to the extent of similarity of data to other data within the same cluster, and the smaller the distance between data within a cluster, the higher the internal cohesion. External separation indicates a large difference between data from different clusters. The clearer the boundaries between two clusters, the greater their external separation. How well these two criteria are satisfied is an important factor in evaluating the performance of a clustering algorithm [19]. Several types of clustering algorithms are available, and the choice of an algorithm depends on the nature of the data or the purpose. Examples of clustering algorithms are partitional clustering, hierarchical clustering, density-based clustering, and distribution-based clustering [20; 21]. We demonstrated that efficient clustering can be achieved on large datasets by leveraging the Greedy Sinkhorn algorithm and memory banks [22].
## 4 Discussion
### Implications for Educational Management and Decision-Making  
By systematically collecting and analysing data on classroom occupancy, energy consumption, and infrastructure performance, campus leaders can make decisions driven more by empirical patterns than by assumption or ad hoc responses. Such a transition to data-informed governance resonates with broader trends in educational digitization, where institutions increasingly apply analytics for continuous improvements [64]. The ability to predict malfunctions (e.g., failing projectors or overtaxed HVAC systems) and proactively allocate maintenance support enables institutions to reduce downtime and improve the overall student experience. Indeed, one of the greatest values of real-time data emerges in forecasting usage peaks, as it allows administrators to anticipate pressure points-whether in library facilities, labs, or cafeteria lines-and adjust resources accordingly [14; 16; 65].  
Beyond immediate operational benefits, this approach drives the concept of scenario-based strategic planning. For instance, administrators might simulate the effect of expanding certain academic programmes, redesigning timetables, or altering building usage policies to gauge potential outcomes before any real-world action. Combined with digital twins, which replicate physical campuses in a virtual model, leaders can systematically test resource allocation \"what-if\" scenarios (e.g., class time changes or new building projects) [16]. Such forecasting reduces the likelihood of disruptive missteps and improves stakeholder confidence when undertaking large-scale projects or new technology roll-outs [38].
# Lossless WDM PON Photonic Integrated Receivers Including SOAs
## 5 Conclusions  
SOA is a promising approach to optimize performance for future PON due to the wide gain bandwidth, low-price and high integration capability. We proposed a practical scheme for a polarization-insensitive integrated receiver including twin parallel SOAs for the ONT receiver. We evaluated optimum design considerations for integrated WDM 25 Gb/s integrated ONT receivers exploiting SOAs under ODN loss. The SOA in the receiver are designed not only to compensate the  
Figure 12: Experimental NRZ BER measurements in back-to-back configuration compared to single SOA BER and twin parallel SOAs.  
Figure 13: Finding the cross gain modulation (XGM) point for the linear SOA (25 Gb/s NRZ), simulation data (top row) versus experimental (bottom row).  
coupling and link losses, but also on chip losses to realize the lossless receiver design. We performed a multi section cavity analysis for optimum SOA model design to incorporate the flip chip technique constraints. The bonding constraints of SOA in the hybrid integrated SOA-SOI chip for obtaining lower gain ripples (\(\Delta G\)) were evaluated. The effect of ASE noise as well as the XGM on an amplified optical signal using twin parallel SOAs was modeled for linear and nonlinear behavior investigation of the SOA construct. The XGM impact is investigated using \(32\times 25\) Gb/s channels as well as considering two adjacent input channels where the interfering channel is 10 dB higher, without significant impairments as long as the input power remains below approximately 6 dBm. Transmission performance and ASE effect were evaluated in the worst-case polarization condition, i.e., when all of the signal is coupled to one SOA, which resulted in the successful transmission of 32 WDM channels with a limited impact of the ASE due to the second SOA.  
[PERSON]; [PERSON]; and [PERSON]; designed and performed the experiments, [PERSON]; designed and modeled SOA simulations. [PERSON]; performed the simulations and with [PERSON]; analyzed the results. F.C.; provided vendor specifications. [PERSON]; M.I.; F.F.; and C.P.; wrote the paper. [PERSON]; conceived and developed the concept, reviewed the results and the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by the BILATERAL ITALY_ISRAEL project INCUBANDO-MAE 01184452017-06-28 and the EC through the H2020 METRO-HAUL project (g.a. 761727).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results  
### Sequence Analyses and Multiple Alignments of Est2L and Est4L  
As a result of the analysis of metagenomic DNA extracted from oil contaminants, two open reading frames (ORFs) were found in the insert DNAs from SKE2 and SKE4 and were named Est2L and Est4L, respectively. Est2L and Est4L were analyzed to be proteins with masses of 92,478 and 30,065 Da and consisting of 839 and 267 amino acids respectively. Interestingly, the initiation codon for Est4L was GTG instead of ATG with a Shine-Dalgarno sequence of 5\({}^{\circ}\)AGG GTTCAC at the upstream. Their theoretical pI values were 8.51 and 6.41, respectively. Est2L and Est4L were predicted to correspond to lipolytic families IV and V respectively from a phylogenetic tree constructed by Mega X (Figure 1), and neither enzyme had a signal peptide, suggesting they were intracellular esterases. Sequences of Est2L and Est4L were deposited at GenBank under accession numbers MT989338 and MT989339 respectively.  
As a result of BLASTp, the amino acid sequence of Est2L was most closely identified (99.17%) with that of an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain-containing protein of _Pseudomonas protegens_ (WP_041119155). Est2L was analyzed to have two protein domains: a domain comprising 10-419 amino acid residues matched the CzCO superfamily, which is associated with CzcD, a cationic diffusion promoter, and a domain comprising 573-811 amino acid residues matched the acetylesterase superfamily (Figure S1a in Supplementary). Est4L was identified as an alpha/beta fold hydrolase of unclassified _Pseudomonas_ (WP_177019666.1) with the highest confidence (100%), and was matched to the \(\alpha/\beta\) hydrolase_1 superfamily (Figure S1b in Supplementary). These genes have been annotated previously; however, their enzymatic properties have not been reported prior to this study.  
A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the CzcO domain was performed with other matched gene sequences, because no CzCO domain had been characterized. The MSA of the CzcO domain showed several conserved regions such as GXGXG (24-29), GXW (55-58), ATG (148-150) VXYZXS (186-194), and TGF (317-319) (Figure S2a). The MSA of Est2L compared to other lipolytic family IV enzymes revealed that Est2L contains conservedregions, such as HGG motif (595-597), DYR motif (626-628), GXSXG motif (663-667), GXPP motif (745-748), LXD (770-772), and GXXH motif (787-790) (Figure S2b). The underlined residues S, D, and H, which are known to form a catalytic triad in the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily [1], were identified in Est2L. The MSA of Est4L compared to other lipolytic family V enzymes showed that Est4L contains several conserved regions, such as HGXGX (26-30), GXS (57-59), GXSMGG (91-96), and PTL (203-205) (Figure S2c). Est4L also had a catalytic triad, i.e., S, underlined in GXSMGG, D212, and H239.
## 7 Discussion
### Analysis of Interpretability and Limitations of the Proposed Model
The single-lesion approach allows the application of some dermatologic rules, such as the ABCDE rule, but does not allow consideration of the global picture of patients' skin lesions (as opposed to dermatologic examinations in which macro-screening is performed). In fact, with this approach, it is not possible to assess the presence of the so-called \"ugly duckling\": that is, a nevus that is different from a subject's other nevi and is therefore suspect [78]. The underlying concept is that most normal lesions resemble each other, whereas melanomas differ in size, shape, and color just like they are ugly ducklings (abnormal data in the context of anomaly detection). The total body photography (TBP) technique allows photographs of the entire body or portions of the body (wide-field approaches) to be acquired, allowing lesions to be mapped and the entire skin surface of the patient to be monitored [79]. This technique was combined with DL techniques using 2D [80; 81; 82] and 3D [83] images and showed excellent classification performance. The advantages of using this technique in computer-assisted diagnosis systems relate to the possibility of getting an overview of patients' skin lesions, the possibility of implementing teledermatology since there is no  
Figure 7: Analysis of interpretability. (**a**) Original images. (**b**) Grad-CAM heat maps. specific acquisition instrumentation but images can be taken using traditional cameras, and finally, the possibility of assessing the appearance of new skin lesions during follow-up. There are limitations, however, in that, compared with the single-lesion method, the total-body approach implies reduced image quality (even using high-resolution cameras, the image quality of skin lesions is lower than that obtained with dermoscopy), and in addition, the absence of public databases makes comparison with the literature impossible.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influencing Factors of Relatively Steady Seepage Field
#### 3.3.2 Influence of Annual Rainfall  
Saturation lines of the RSSF in the dry-stack tailings pond under different annual rainfall conditions are plotted in Figure 11. It can be seen from Figure 11 that under the same bottom slope conditions, annual rainfall has a great influence on the distribution of the saturation line. The greater the annual rainfall rate, the higher the position of the saturation line. Therefore, the seepage field distribution of the same dry-stack tailings pond differs with different annual rainfall areas, and the safety of the seepage field is also different.
# Dynamic Load Test and Contact Force Analysis of the AERORail Structure
## 3 AERORail Dynamic Load Test and Analysis
### Analysis of Contact Force Law  
According to the dynamic load analysis results of the three spans at different vehicle speeds, the obtained average contact force and maximum contact force were compared (see Figure 16).  
Figure 16 shows that the contact force fluctuates with the change in vehicle speed, but as the span increases, the fluctuation of the contact force decreases significantly. The possible reasons for the analysis are related to the passing time of the vehicle and the influence of the track vibration caused by the passing of the vehicle.  
When the speed is approximately 10 km/h, the fluctuation of the contact force is the most obvious. The current analysis may be that the corresponding span is related to the action time when the vehicle passes through. The speed of 10 km/h is approximately 3 m/s, and the coupled vibration of the track and the vehicle has an obvious influence.  
Judging from the appearance time of the maximum contact force (see Figure 17), the small span is obviously affected by the short distance, and the contact force is basically the same as the vehicle passing time, but after the span greater than 10 m, the trend is more consistent, and it can be predicted that with the further increase in the span, the maximum contact force appearance time is more clearly correlated with the axle arrangement of vehicle and vehicle speed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **5 km/h** & **10 km/h** & **15 km/h** & **20 km/h** & **Mean** & **Maximum Value** \\ \hline mean force & & & & & & \\ (N) & 1354.3 & 1052.1 & 1901.9 & 1329.5 & 1409.4 & 1901.9 \\ max force & & & & & & \\ (N) & 4246.2 & 2948.7 & 4501.0 & 3845.1 & 3885.3 & 4501.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Statistical characteristics of the 15 m span contact force curve.  
Figure 16: Relationship between vehicle speed and contact force. (**a**) Relationship between average contact force and vehicle speed, (**b**) Relationship between maximum contact force and vehicle speed.
# GCBAM-UNet: Sun Glare Segmentation Using Convolutional Block Attention Module
## 5 Discussion  
Sun glare presents a significant challenge in various imaging applications, especially in driving scenarios where direct sunlight can degrade the quality and accuracy of visual data. The intense brightness caused by sunlight reflecting off surfaces or directly entering the camera lens leads to several issues. Sun glare can obscure critical details in an image, making it difficult to perceive or analyze important features. This is particularly problematic in autonomous driving, where clear visual data are crucial for safety. Glare can wash out parts of objects, resulting in incorrect or incomplete segmentation and recognition, which can hinder the system's ability to navigate safely by obstructing vision or causing misinterpretation of the environment.  
In this paper, we propose GCBAM-UNet, a deep learning-based approach designed to effectively segment sun glare in outdoor environments. The integration of CBAM enhances the network's ability to focus on important feature channels, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. The resulting segmentation can be leveraged in ADAS to accurately localize regions affected by sun glare. By improving the system's ability to interpret and respond to visual information under challenging lighting conditions, sun glare segmentation can significantly boost the performance and safety of ADAS.  
Despite achieving impressive results in sun glare segmentation, our proposed network has some limitations. While the model's Jaccard Index values are all above 66.52%, indicating a good ability to assess the similarity between segmentation results and ground truth, there is still room for improvement. Sun glare varies greatly in shape, size, intensity, and location depending on factors like the sun's angle, the vehicle's position, and the reflectivity of surrounding surfaces. This variability makes it difficult to develop a one-size-fits-all segmentation model. Additionally, sun glare can change rapidly as the vehicle moves or as the sun's position shifts, requiring real-time adaptation by the segmentation algorithm, which can be computationally intensive.  
Another challenge is posed by highly reflective surfaces, such as wet roads, metallic objects, or glass, which can create additional glare and complicate segmentation. Differentiating between direct sun glare and reflected glare remains particularly challenging.
## 2 Methods
### Specific Measures of the Radar Data Quality
The average QI (Figure 1i) shows the average value of the two previous cloud-based QIs for the past 1-h interval, indicating the locations that arepermanently affected by non-meteorological echoes. Finally, the value of the constant QI (Figure 1j) is chosen based on consideration on the degree of other disturbances affecting the radar signal, on the temporal and spatial resolution of the given radar, or on its scanning regime. For instance, the first elevation of the Polish radars are generally high (0.5\({}^{\circ}\)); thus, their beams are relatively high over the territory of Slovakia, and therefore they are less valuable for the Slovakia-focused radar composites. The complexity of the quality assessment of the radar measurements is also illustrated by the fact that, beyond the discussed nine QIs herein, there is a wide variety of further effects that can be (and have been) quantified via different QIs. [PERSON] et al. [19] attempted to approximate the vertical reflectivity profile with an enhanced focus on the bright band. Unique QIs that appeared only in the study of [PERSON] et al. [16] were those related to vertical continuity and the antenna pointing error. [PERSON] et al. [20; 21] made use of QIs related to the number and quality of the precipitation rate products that were utilized within the process of the quantitative precipitation estimation. More generally, one may practically quantify any phenomena that affects the propagation of the radar beam, and express it in the form of a corresponding QI. The only limitation is the meaningfulness of the defined QIs and their practical usability. The topic of QIs is also being intensively discussed within the OPERA program of the EUMETNET, where the first author of the current paper is also involved as a correspondent for the SHMU [26; 27; 28]. Figure 1: A selected PPI (plan position indicator) scan (**a**) of the radar located at Brzuchania, south of Poland (50\({}^{\circ}\)23\({}^{\prime}\)10\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N 20\({}^{\circ}\)5\({}^{\prime}\)41\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E) from 7 June 2020, 22:00 UTC, and the corresponding masks of the individual quality indices: (**b**) distance QI, (**c**) beam height QI, (**d**) beam blockage QI, (**e**) similarity QI, (**f**) time QI, (**g**) cloud type QI, (**h**) cloud top height QI, (**i**) average QI, and (**j**) constant QI. The white color of the masks indicates perfect quality (\(qi=1.0\)), whereas the black color indicates poor quality (\(qi=0.0\)). The range of the radar is 250 km.
# Integrated Sensing and Communication Using Random Padded OTFS with Reduced Interferences
## 4 The System Model
### CIR Estimation
Finally, a total of \(N\) CIR estimates is used to construct the DD map for the radar detector. The results of the channel estimation are also utilized in the second branch--the communication processing path. Based on instantaneous CIR estimates, interpolation and compensation for ISI caused by fractional reflections (will be discussed in Section 5.2) are performed. The resulting CSI, after being transformed into the DD domain, is passed to an equalizer employing the LMMSE algorithm. The equalized signal in the DD domain is then forwarded to the bit detection block, which outputs the demodulated bits of the transmitted message.