## 5 Evaluation Measures
### Usability
#### 5.2.1 Satisfaction  
Satisfaction is a multifaceted theoretical construct in psychology that encompasses both affective and cognitive components. The affective component refers to the positive subjective experience of pleasure, joy, or well-being concerning a specific situation, state, or outcome [117]. The cognitive component refers to evaluating and comparing the individual's expectations with their actual experience. When the outcome aligns with or exceeds expectations, satisfaction is achieved. Satisfaction also serves as a motivational factor [118], where satisfaction can motivate certain actions, such as adopting a technology, while dissatisfaction tends to inhibit such actions. In usability engineering, satisfaction is defined as the freedom from discomfort and positive emotional and atttitudinal responses toward a product, system, or service. Regarding explainable AI, satisfaction refers to the degree to which users find explanations provided by AI systems comprehensible, convincing, and useful in enhancing their understanding of the system's decisions or predictions [103]. In our sample, various studies evaluate user satisfaction in the context of explainable systems [26; 27; 28; 33; 35; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 51; 57; 58; 59]. Most of these studies treated \"user satisfaction\" as an established concept, so the concept was not discussed on a theoretical level primarily focused on its operationalization or its application. On a theoretical level, [PERSON] et al. [15] defined satisfaction as the increase in the ease of use or enjoyment, which can be measured by participants' self-reported satisfaction. [PERSON] et al. [35] and [PERSON] et al. [40] explored the construct of \"satisfaction\" in the context of XAI in more detail. [PERSON] et al. [40] stressed satisfaction resulting from the use of a system, product, or service, where three key elements are important: (1) positive attitudes, which relate to the general cognitive evaluation of approval or disapproval; (2) positive emotions, expressed through reactions such as joy, happiness, or contentment; and (3) perceived comfort, which refers to how easy and intuitive the system is to use. [PERSON] et al. [40] emphasized that the affective component of satisfaction can be assessed through self-reports that gauge how users feel about their interaction with the system. While [PERSON] et al. [40]'s definition refers to (exploratory) systems, [PERSON] et al. [35] focus on the isolated explanation. They understand satisfaction as a cognitive process of a _\"contextualized, a posteriori judgment of explanations\"_[35]. Regarding [PERSON] et al. [35], this _judgment_ relates to understandability, where the positive experience emerges when users have achieved an understanding of how the system made a particular decision. From this perspective, they define _explanation satisfaction_ as _\"the degree to which users feel that they understand the AI system or process being explained to them\"_[35]. In other words, [PERSON] et al. define satisfaction as being subsumed under the broader construct of understandability. This is also evident in their questionnaire design, where satisfaction is measured in relation to the understandability of the explanation, asking participants _\"The explanation of how the [software, algorithm, tool] works is satisfying\"_. In our sample, satisfaction has been evaluated in various contexts, such as recommender systems, data classification tasks, or fictitious explanation tasks. [PERSON] et al. [58] focused on the explanation directly, evaluating satisfaction through the item _\"How good do you think this explanation is?\"_. Most studies have a broader focus, evaluating if the user is satisfied with system as a whole. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [39] and [PERSON] et al. [41] operationalize satisfaction using the single item _\"Overall, I am satisfied with the recommender system\"_. [PERSON] et al. [26; 27; 28] adopted the operationalization of [PERSON] et al. 's [116] study using the item _\"Overall, I am satisfied with the recommender\"_.