# The Effect of Rainfall on Economic Growth in Thailand: A Blessing for Poor Provinces
## Appendix A
### Panel Heteroskedasticity Test  
Heteroskedasticity refers to the situation in which the variance of the error term is not constant. [PERSON] and [PERSON] ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2011) indicated that if the regression error is heteroskedastic, standard errors are not a reliable basis for hypothesis tests and confidence intervals, while [PERSON] (2015) stated that if regression disturbances are homoskedastic with the same variance across time and individuals, then this may be a restrictive assumption for panels. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Dependent Variable Is**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(1)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(2)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(3)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(4)**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**the Annual Growth Rate**} & & & & \\ \hline Precipitation (100 mm/year) & \(-0.0120\) * & \(-0.0238\) *** & \(-0.0231\) ** & \(-0.0234\) ** \\  & (0.0067) & (0.0088) & (0.0090) & (0.0090) \\ Precipitation interact with \(\ldots\) & & & & \\ Poor province dummy & & 0.0337 *** & 0.0322 ** & 0.0322 ** \\  & & (0.0127) & (0.0130) & (0.0130) \\ Temperature (Celsius) & & & 0.00383 & 0.00321 \\  & & & (0.0081) & (0.0081) \\ Temperature interact with \(\ldots\) & & & & \\ Poor province dummy & & & \(-0.00321\) & \(-0.00247\) \\  & & & (0.0079) & (0.0079) \\ Population growth & & & & \(-0.421\) ** \\  & & & & (0.2109) \\ Constant & 0.0801 *** & 0.0576 *** & 0.0425 & 0.0443 \\  & (0.0128) & (0.0146) & (0.0776) & (0.0778) \\ Observations & 1596 & 1596 & 1596 & 1596 \\ \(R^{2}\) & 0.2643 & 0.2680 & 0.2682 & 0.2706 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: 1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. 2. Time and provincial fixed effects were included (coefficient not reported). 3. * Significant at 10%, ** Significant at 5%, *** Significant at 1%, *** Significant at 0.1%.  
\end{table} 
Table 10: Mean economic growth results. Sample: 76 provinces (1995–2015); Estimation method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). * _[PERSON] et al. (2015)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2015. The effect of climate change on economic growth: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. _Environmental Economics and Policy Studies_ 18: 417-36. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2012)_ [PERSON], [PERSON]. 2012. _Climate Change and Economic Growth in a Rain-Fed Economy: How Much Does Rainfall Variability Cost Ethiopia?_ EEA Working Paper Series, Ethiopia Ethiopia Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. * _[PERSON] et al. (2001)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2001. Instrumental variables and the search for identification: From supply and demand to natural experiments. _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 15: 69-85. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2013)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2013. Using Weather Data and Climate Model Output in Economic Analyses of Climate Change. _Review of Environmental Economics and Policy_ 7: 181-98. [CrossRef]
* _Bank of Thailand (2006)_ Bank of Thailand. 2006. Irrigation System for Thai Agriculture. Available online: [[https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Northern/DocLib_Article/ThailandIrrigationAgriSector.pdf](https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Northern/DocLib_Article/ThailandIrrigationAgriSector.pdf)]([https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Northern/DocLib_Article/ThailandIrrigationAgriSector.pdf](https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Northern/DocLib_Article/ThailandIrrigationAgriSector.pdf)) (accessed on 19 July 2019). * _[PERSON] et al. (2010)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2010. Trends in rainfall and economic growth in Africa: A neglected cause of the African growth traged. _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ 92: 350-66. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2013)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2013. The impacts of weather on tourist travel. _Tourism Geographies_ 15: 620-39. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2015)_ [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]. 2015. _Long-Term Growth Effects of Natural Disasters-Empirical Evidence for Droughts_. CESito Working Paper No. 5598, CESito Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany.