# Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview
## 3 Currently Available Treatment Strategies for Fungal Diseases
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Chemical Constituents** & **Antifungal Drugs** & **Mechanism of Action** & **Dosage Form** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Polynes} & \multirow{4}{*}{Nystatin and amphotericin B (AmB)} & \(\bullet\) & Membrane barrier function & AmB shows nephrotoxicity as an important side effect, which has limited its indisclimate use. The amphoteric B lipid complex (ABLC) and liposomal amphoteric B (L-AmB) are available to overcome this impasse. \\  & & & & Locory! Solution exhibits a short residence time. Films and adhesive patches, owing to their occlusive properties, enhance nail hydration, which augments the diffusion of permeatives by causing distension of the keratin fibers. \\  & & & & & Locory! Solution exhibits a short residence time. Films and adhesive patches, owing to their occlusive properties, enhance nail hydration, which augments the diffusion of permeatives by causing distension of the keratin fibers. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Site-specific action of antifungal drugs [1; 21; 22]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Chemical Constituents** & **Antifungal Drugs** & **Mechanism of Action** & **Dosage Form** \\ \hline Heterocyclic Benzofuran & Grisefofulvin & \(\bullet\) & Sliding of microtubules & The novel formulation of such \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Fungal, mitotic apparatus & nanoparticles can overcome the poor \\  & & & & solubility of the drug. \\ \hline  & & & & Tohaffate is available in an aerosol, cream, and lotion. Aerosols cause mild, temporary \\  & & & & stinging, while creams and gels need \\ Thiocarbamate & Tolanfate & \(\bullet\) & Spalene epoxidase & longer times for curing and decrease the \\  & & & Ergostered biosynthesis & patient compliance because of their poor \\  & & & penetration. So, there is a need for \\  & & & & nanandro delivery to overcome \\  & & & these problems. \\ \hline Azoles & \(\bullet\) & First-generation: Ketoconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, bifonazole & \(\bullet\) & Inhibition of the fungal & First- and second-generation drugs are available in the form of cream, antiment, and lotion. These traditional dosage forms have poor skin penetration. Novel \\  & & Second-generation: Itraconazole, cytochrome F49C (9450) from fuconazole, posconazole, & family S1 (CYP51 or sterol & formulations can overcome the drawback \\  & & voriconazole, lerconazole, ravuconazole and & \(\bullet\) & Ergostered biosynthesis & of poor absorption and penetration \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline Allylamines & Nafifine and terbinafine & \(\bullet\) & Spalene epoxidase & Tetribanfate tablet has gastrointestinal side \\  & & & Ergostered biosynthesis & effects and an alternative dosage form \\  & & & & using topical formulation with a nanordug \\  & & & & delivery system. \\ \hline Echinandins & Casgofungin, Micafungin and & \(\bullet\) & Inhibit the (1,3)-\(\beta\)-D-glucan & Intravenous injection. \\  & Anidulafungin & & synthase & \\ \hline Antimetabolite & Fluocytosine & \(\bullet\) & Inhibit thymidylate synthetase & Used orally and intravenous injection. \\ \hline Hydroxyyridone derivative & Ciclopriox & \(\bullet\) & Inhibition of transport of amino acids and nutrients & Available as topical solution. Usually \\  & & & & acids and nutrients \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: Various types of antifungal drugs currently used in clinics.