esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Geolocation Inference  
The next step is to decide whether the event is eligible for real-time drone coverage or even if a flight plan can be initially designed using waypoints. An important module that will be plugged into the system is the geolocation module. If input data do not contain any GPS tags, then the location has to be algorithmically extracted from the article without compromising the required automation. Combining the knowledge extracted by the group of the ten (10) experts, mentioned in the previous section, and regarding methods mentioned in the recent literature led to the formation of the following list of methods:  
* Geo-tags from the associated sources [56];
* Geolocation extraction from named entities, such as [19]:
* Geopolitical entities (i.e., countries, cities, and states);
* Locations (i.e., mountains and bodies of water);
* Faculties (i.e., buildings, airports, highways, etc.);
* Organizations (i.e., companies, agencies, institutions, etc.).
* Photo documents of the article, through inverse image search/near-duplicate image retrieval [57], followed by visual semantics recognition [58] and geographical metadata propagation.  
The above approaches can work in both a fully and semi-automated fashion, expediting the searching process, which can be substantially propelled by human cognition and experience. The incorporation of mobile users (UGC contributions) could assist in the targeted location awareness. In all cases, the system provides an output that optionally includes location information or alerts the user if it is not possible to extract such information.  
At the moment, a related base algorithm has been designed and put into a test, making an initial proof of concept. Preliminary results have been extracted, but they still cannot be presented, as the reliability of the implementation is still under dispute.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Profiling of Volatile Compounds in Sweet Potato
#### 2.4.3 Alcohols  
Alcohols were the second largest classes of identified volatile compounds in sweet potato, especially in Anna and Ayamurasaki. As indicated in Table 2, amongst all the volatile compounds in four sweet potato samples, 13 alcohols were identified. Three compounds--1-hexanol, terpinen-4-ol, and (\(-\))-myrtenol--were identified as common compounds in all cultivars. Terpinen-4-ol has been reported as common aroma compounds in baked sweet potato [14]. The terpinen-4-ol odor is described as a typical turpentine, nutmeg and musty. Shuangzai stood out as having a significantly higher value for terpinen-4-ol, which was suspected to have an adverse effect on aroma.  
The most abundant alcohol in Anna and Ayamurasaki was \(p\)-cymen-7-ol, which related to a caraway-like and herb flavor. Benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol, which were also derived from the Phe, showed higher levels in Anna than in the other cultivars and provided a delightful aroma like a rose flavor and honey sweet flavor [42]. Perilly alcohol appeared in Anna and Ayamurasaki, and has been reported in the essential oil of boiled Ayamurasaki [38] where the limonene degradation produces the orange and floral flavor. It is easy to discover that most of the identified alcohols presented flowers, fresh, and sweet flavor notes and accumulated in Anna and Ayamurasaki more than in Jieshu95-16 and Shuangzai. Hence, it is suggested that the alcohols identified in this study contributed a pleasant aroma for sweet potato and had a greater effect on the aroma of Anna and Ayamurasaki.
## 4 Results
### Ablation Experiments  
To validate the effect of the proposed optimization techniques on model performance, ablation experiments were conducted on the self-constructed dataset. As shown in Table 4, ablation studies were performed on the EMB-YOLO series models by replacing the backbone and neck networks of YOLOv8n with those of EMB-YOLO, and experiments were conducted on the self-built isolation switch dataset. The results demonstrated improvements in [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95 compared to the baseline model after introducing these techniques. Replacing the standard backbone network with the EMB-backbone improved the accuracy, especially in multi-scale object detection ([EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95), increasing from 49.3% to 51.8%. This indicates that the EMB-backbone is more effective at feature extraction, reducing the computational overhead, while enhancing accuracy. When only the neck network was introduced, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] improved by 1.6%. By introducing both the backbone and neck networks, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95 increased by 3.6  
Figure 7: Comparison of different attention mechanisms on the custom isolation switch state detection dataset using heatmaps.  
nificantly improved the performance of the fusion network, especially for complex environments and multi-scale object detection, where [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95 increased by 5.4% and 4.9%, respectively, while reducing the computational load and model size. After adding DySample, both [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95 saw notable improvements, indicating that DySample improved the sampling accuracy and enhanced the model's performance in multi-scale scenarios. Although the computational load slightly increased, the performance gains were substantial. The introduction of the weighted feature fusion (Weighted Concat) provided a limited mAP improvement. Our analysis suggests that the fast normalized fusion method used in this experiment trained relatively slowly, and its advantages in weight computation were not fully leveraged in this application. However, when combined with other techniques, it performed better overall.
###### Abstract  
Power converters are a basic element for the control and design of any power electronic system. Among the many available topologies, the push-pull converter is widely used due to its versatility, safety and efficiency. For its correct analysis, sizing, simulation and control, models that meet the characteristics of generality, accuracy and simplicity are required, especially if its control is to be optimized by means of some analytical technique. This requires models that consider the practical non-idealities intrinsic to the converter, as well as being intuitive and easy to handle analytically in a control loop. In general, the models reviewed in the scientific literature adopt simplifications in their definition that are detrimental to their accuracy. In response to the posed problem, this work presents a generalized, complete, accurate and versatile model of real (non-ideal) push-pull converters, ideal for the analysis, simulation, and control of power systems. Following the premise of general and complete converters, the proposed model includes all the practical non-idealities of the converter elements, and it is accurate because it faithfully reflects its dynamics. Furthermore, the model is versatile, as its state space formulation allows for its easy adaptability to the converter operating conditions (voltage, current and temperature) for each sampling time. Also, the model is excellent for use in model-based control techniques, as well as for making very accurate simulators. The behavior of the developed model has been contrasted with a real push-pull converter, as well as with reference models present in the scientific literature for both dynamic and steady-state response tests. The results show excellent performance in all the studied cases, with behavior faithful to the real converter and with relative errors that are much lower than those obtained for the reference models. It follows that the model behaves like a digital twin of a real push-pull converter.  
Keywords:state-space model; isolated DC/DC converter; modeling; push-pull converter; model-based controller +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.3.3 Sample Stability, Dilution Reliability, and Residues in the Instrument  
The Hu7691 and loratodine signals were stable, varying by 4.13-5.78% after their stock solutions were frozen at 2-8 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a refrigerator for seven days. Moreover, Hu7691 signals remained stable in plasma placed in ice boxes for 4 h, processed plasma placed in the autosampler for 12 h, plasma subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles and frozen at \(-\)16 to \(-\)24 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 days (Table 3). These findings indicate that Hu7691 is stable under the above conditions.  
The accuracy and precision of Hu7691 determination in diluted samples were within \(\pm\)15%, showing that Hu7691-spiked plasma samples were steady after dilution by a factor of 10 or 50. The residual Hu7691 concentrations in the blank plasma samples after measuring spiked plasma samples at the upper limit concentration of the calibration curve were not greater than 20% of the LLOQ, indicating that the residual concentration of Hu7691 in the instrument was acceptable.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fluorescence Results
#### 3.2.2 PARAFAC Model  
Three models were explored in this EEM-PARAFAC analysis, decomposing the EEM into two, three, and four components, respectively. According to CORCONDIA results (Table 1), the model which best fitted the data was the one with three components, since an abrupt decrease in the core consistency was observed between the three- and four-component model. When performing the split-half analysis, this model was validated with a 0.95 Tucker's correlation coefficient. Residuals were also distributed randomly (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Components** & **CORCONDIA (\%)** \\ \hline
2 & 92.5 \\ \hline
3 & 98.0 \\ \hline
4 & 11.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: CORCONDIA obtained results for each tested PARAFAC model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Site** & **Measured EEM** & **Modelled EEM** & **Residual** \\ \hline D & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) \\ \hline E & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) \\ \hline F & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) \\ \hline G & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) \\ \hline H & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\\ \\ \end{array}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Measured, modelled, and residuals from some example sampling points obtained for the three\(-\)component PARAFAC model.  
The three components' fingerprints can be found in Figure 4. According to their excitation and emission maxima, the PARAFAC components can be characterised as follows: deconvoluted component number 1 (X1), with a maximum \(<\) 250 nm excitation axis and ca. 440 nm emission axis that could be associated with either terrestrial humic or humic acid-like substances (HA-L). X2 with its maximum at 270/330 nm excitation/emission coordenates could be assigned to tryptophan-like substances (Try-L). Finally, X3, with its maximum at \(<\)250/300 nm, can most likely be associated with tyrosine-like substances (Tyr-L) [17; 36]. In this sense, X2 could be considered the most relevant component regarding quality assurance monitoring, as it is reported that Try-L are potential indicators of _Escherichia coli_ presence, whereas algal organic matter is associated with X1 [37; 38].
# Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning for Woodworking Manipulators Using an Improved PSO Algorithm
## 1 Introduction
The 3-5-3 piecewise polynomial [23] combines the advantages of cubic and quintic polynomials, enabling the stable operation of the manipulator and without the need for complex calculations in trajectory planning. It is suitable for the trajectory planning of the woodworking manipulator. Efficiency is a primary factor in industrial production. Therefore, time optimization for trajectory planning has great practical significance, as it improves the operating efficiency of the woodworking manipulators. Recently, many intelligent optimization algorithms were proven effective at solving time-optimal problems of trajectory planning; for instance, the genetic algorithm (GA) [24], whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [25], sparrow search algorithm (SSA) [26], PSO [27], and ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), etc. [28]. Due to its few parameter settings, easy implementation, and good applicability, PSO has been a popular research topic. However, the basic PSO has a slow convergence rate and is prone to fall into the local extremum, causing low precision. Accordingly, several studies have reformed the PSO algorithm and been successfully applied to engineering problems, among which integrating other algorithms is considered effective. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed a hybrid improved whale optimization and PSO algorithm method that enhances the convergence rate, which was applied to the optimum time-jerk path planning of serial manipulators. [PERSON] et al. [30] applied a GA-PSO algorithm to a team of wheeled mobile robots' position control, which is superior to the GA or PSO algorithm alone. [PERSON] et al. [31] improved the PSO-ACO algorithm to achieve comprehensive and global optimization of energy dispatching; the results showed the effectiveness and higher security of this algorithm. Although the aforementioned PSO algorithms are effective optimization solutions in their application field, they require complex parameter debugging and need many iteration numbers for convergence. Meanwhile, many previous works have only adopted the single strategy, which is limited in improving algorithm performance. Therefore, to simplify the algorithm structure and improve algorithm performance, we propose a novel PSO algorithm that adapts multiple strategies and integrates Gold-SA [32]. It has a fast convergence rate and better optimization ability, which can be well applied in 3-5-3 piecewise polynomial trajectory planning of the woodworking manipulators to reduce operating time and improve the wood processing efficiency. The following studies were conducted: (1) we established the kinematics model and kinematics analysis of the manipulator by a modified D-H parameter method [33]; (2) based on inverse kinematics, we fit the trajectory between the path points by 3-5-3 piecewise polynomial interpolation; (3) we developed an improved PSO algorithm and optimized the running time of each joint; and (4) we conducted simulation experiments and analyses.
# UAV-Borne Profiling Radar for Forest Research
###### Abstract
ALS data was collected from the same area on the following day. More accurate information on the vertical structure of forests (i.e., a canopy cross section, attenuation, canopy gaps) can be achieved by combining ALS and radar profile data. Such an approach enables the calculation of the direct reflection from the ground due to canopy gaps and volumetric scattering from the canopy due to the penetration. More explicitly, In this research, (1) we investigated whether UAV-borne FMCW profile radar is feasible with latest developed components and state-of-the-art devices; (2) we carried out the range calibration based on ground test to testify the system range linearity; (3) we confirmed the profile radar can penetrate boreal forest from tree canopy top to ground level through branches and trunks, and extracted the ground and vertical structure information; (4) we assured that, by combining topography information collected by laser scanner and density information unveiled by profile information archived by Tomoradar, a more composite forest model can be generated to assist the understanding of how RF signal propagates in boreal forest.
# Study on Optical Properties and Internal Quantum Efficiency Measurement of GaN-based Green LEDs
## 1 Introduction  
GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely studied for their great advantages in solid state lighting and display, among which blue LEDs, whose internal quantum efficiency (IQE) values can exceed 90%, have achieved great success attributed to the improvement of epitaxy growth technology and device structures [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. However, the IQE values of green LEDs are still relatively low since the difficulty of growing high-quality single crystal caused by huge lattice mismatch. Therefore, how to evaluate IQE readily and accurately is of vital importance in relevant scientific progress.  
Temperature dependent photoluminescence (TDPL), power dependent photoluminescence (PDPL), and time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) are three commonly used optical methods to determine IQE values. When performing TDPL experiment, integrated intensities at different temperature are recorded and the one measured at low temperature (LT) is used as unity to obtain IQE values, which is premised on the hypothesis that nonradiative recombination is fully frozen at LT [9; 10; 11]. In PDPL experiment, integrated intensities at different excitation power are recorded and the variation curves between excitation power and integrated intensities is fitted in terms of ABC model to acquire the relationships between coefficients of different recombination channels [12], which will be explained in detail later. Ultrafast lasers are used in TRPL to obtain photoluminescence (PL) decay curves after excitation, whose mechanism is intricate and controversial [13; 14; 15; 16; 17].  
The measurement of IQE is challenging, since it cannot be measured directly, and different indirect means have their own problems and scope of application, for example, assuming IQE value is equal to 100% at LT is unreasonable in TDPL method. To make the conclusion more convictive, two or more methods are resorted to at the same time. Given that TDPL and PDPL are much simple and can be performed at the same time, we combine these two methods and put forward an easy-to-implement approach to acquire more accurate IQE values, which uses IQE value calculated with PDPL experiment at LT to rectify the results of TDPL experiment.
## 3 Methodology  
The methodology is divided into two phases, such as a feasibility study of UAVIC inside the laboratory and field implementation on a bridge. Initially, the lab studies included three RCC beam specimens, their deformation studies upon loading with a standalone digital camera setup, and a UAV mounted camera setup. The obtained results are compared, and deflection accuracy assessment studies are conducted. Second, the entire proposed UAVIC configuration is tested on an existing serviceable bridge, and deformation studies are performed.
## 3 Test Data Statistics Analysis
### UCS Test Data Statistics Analysis  
The calculation method of UCS is shown in Equation (5):  
\[\sigma_{c}=P/A \tag{5}\]  
where \(\sigma_{c}\) is the sample UCS, \(P\) is the failure load, and \(A\) is the cross-sectional area of the sample.  
Different sizes of rock samples will lead to different structural compositions, such as internal microcracks, fissures, and structural planes. Rock samples with different aspect ratios will produce a friction effect at their end. For these two reasons, the failure mode and failure intensity during the UCS testing of rock samples will be different [30,31]. However, according to related scholars' studies, the cubic sample UCS could be transformed into a cylindrical sample by Equation (6) [32], where \(\sigma_{s}\) is equivalent standard cylindrical sample UCS, is the cubic sample UCS, \(H\) is the equivalent cylindrical sample height, and \(W\) is the equivalent cylindrical sample diameter.  
\[\sigma_{s}=\sigma_{c}\Big{[}0.778+0.222(h/w)^{-1}\Big{]} \tag{6}\]  
Table 3 shows the results of the UCS test. The carbonaceous slate UCS is greatly different, and the test results show that the values range from 1.15 MPa to 23.12 MPa. The lump-structure carbonaceous slate UCS test results range from 1.15 MPa to 5.18 MPa;  
Figure 6: Example of fitting relation curve of ln(\(F\))-ln(\(D_{\rm e}/50\)): (**a**) Lump structure; (**b**) layer structure loaded perpendicular to the lamina plane; (**c**) layer structure loaded parallel to the lamina plane.  
this rock is extremely soft. Most carbonaceous slate with typical layer structures has thin- to medium-thickness layers, the rock mass is crushed, and the interlayer is argillaceous cementation. The UCS is substantially affected by layer thickness and lamina plane bonding force. Samples whose loading directions are perpendicular to the lamina plane range from 15.34 MPa to 23.12 MPa, and samples whose loading directions are parallel to the lamina plane range from 6.13 MPa to 17.63 MPa. The anisotropy is significant.
# Research on a Noise Reduction Method Based on Multi-Resolution Singular Value Decomposition
## 4 Conclusions  
In order to reduce the noise interference of the signal during the acquisition and transmission process and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, this paper proposes an \"analysis-optimization-contrast\" noise reduction model. MRSVD with different decomposition methods and different decomposition types is used to reduce the noise of four kinds of noise intensity simulation signals. The optimal noise reduction is obtained by analyzing the change trend of the signal-to-noise ratio, the mean square error and the number of decomposition layers in the process of noise reduction model; it can be seen that MRSVD can better separate the noise signal and retain the center frequency of the original signal. Finally, an example is given to verify that MRSVD can effectively reduce the noise interference and accurately identify the fault types in rolling bearing. Generally speaking, MRSVD has better performance in noise reduction application, better noise robustness, and can effectively process noise signal, which is a very practical method.  
In general, the paper compares the results of signal denoising methods such as EMD, EEMD, VMD, SVD, wavelet decomposition, MRSVD (the two-division method) and multi-division method. The results show that the MRSVD is the best among all methods, which has good noise robustness and can effectively deal with noise, is a very practical method. In this paper, when the signal is added with noise, a lot of experiments are carried out for the reliability of the result. Since the white noise obeying the normal distribution is added, the signal after each noise is different, which inevitably increases the drop. The uncontrollable error in the noise process and affect the final result is an important issue that needs to be solved in the next research stage.  
Conceptualization, G.Z. and B.X.; methodology, B.X.; investigation, J.H.; resources, K.Z.; data curation, T.X.; writing--original draft preparation, B.X.; writing--review and editing, G.Z. and B.X.; visualization, X.L.; supervision, T.X.; project administration, F.L.; funding acquisition, F.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 11: Envelope spectra of fault characteristics of six models.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016 YFC0401409), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51679186, 51679188, 51979221 and 51709222), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2019 JLZ-15), the Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province(Grant No 366 2018-ZDCXL-GY-10-04), and the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology (Grant No. 2019K)(XCTD-5).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.