## 1 Introduction
### Review of the Maritime Sector of Indonesia  
Based on the data from the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation for 2005-2013, the number of national maritime transport companies increased by about 7.7% per year, and the provision of the national fleet increased by about 10% per year. In 2013, the share of ocean freight cargo by national shipping companies had reached 99.7% [2]. It is clear from these data that the role of the maritime transportation system in Indonesia is of great importance.  
However, there are problems with the maritime port operation systems of the transportation network in Indonesia. Based on the annual reports of Pelindo (Indonesian Port Authority Company), the problem in Indonesia in 2012 was logistics costs (and port costs), which were some of the highest in the world (24% of total GDP of Indonesia or equal to IDR 1.820 trillion per year, compared with Malaysia (15%), and Japan and the USA (10%)). According to the Pelindo annual report [3], and our own observations and interviews with representatives of one of the port authorities in Indonesia, the average dwelling time in Indonesian ports is 5-6 days, compared with only one day in Singapore, and that included pre-clearance, custom clearance, and post clearance time. The differences in port operation costs between the regions of Indonesia are also high. By 2023, the logistics market will have become one of the largest industries in the world, but currently ports in Indonesia still have low competitiveness compared with other countries [4]. The reason is that logistics costs are still expensive and dwelling time is still high.  
The urgency of providing an efficient national connectivity cost reduction within the national logistics framework has been put on the national agenda. In 2014, the President of Indonesia, [PERSON], started to develop a \"sea toll\" (in Indonesia called _Tol laut_) that would be used as the connection backbone and make Indonesia the world's maritime axis. Its development requires major changes in the pattern of organization for maritime transportation that will take many years to complete. The changes include provision of port infrastructure, network management, and business systems.  
In terms of infrastructure, Indonesia has revitalized and built several ports to support the \"sea toll\" program. This program aims to improve the resilience and competitiveness of national industries and will have a significant impact on the future of the seaport logistics system in Indonesia.  
After running for approximately five years, the implementation of the \"sea toll\" program needs to be reviewed. This review should include a measure of the impact on the resilience and competitiveness of ports in Indonesia, so we decided to make this the focus of our investigation. Furthermore, analysis of the performance of the \"sea toll\" program would provide more details about the crucial problems that still frequently occur and the impact on the resilience of the system and the future competitiveness of the ports. It should be noted, the focus for most studies has gradually shifted to port customer service quality and the measurement for seaport competitiveness has changed over time, due to the complex business environment of seaports.