# Methodology for the Assessment of Multi-Hazard Risk in Urban Homogeneous Zones
## 4 Conclusions  
The multi-hazard risk assessment of urban areas is an important step in the risk management process. It can be used to reduce, manage and overcome the risks arising from the combination of different multiple hazards. This paper uses Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision-Making based on PROMETHEE method, coupled with the Geographic Information System, to assess the single-hazard and multi-hazard risk caused by seismic, sea floods and extreme sea waves. A case study for the application of the method is Kastel Kambelovac, an urban settlement placed at the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast. The observed area has been divided into the homogenous zones that have been identified as areas of the test site with some mutual spatial characteristics. The homogeneity was identified by intersecting spatial  
Figure 23: GIS visualization of risk for seismic, flood and extreme waves hazard for Level 3 (Scenario S-F-EW L3). Figure 22: Results of the combined risk analysis for seismic, flood and extreme waves hazards for Level 3 (Scenario S-F-EW L3). layers in the GIS. The multi-hazard risk assessment method is based on the validation of the main components of the risk caused by natural hazard phenomena, such us vulnerability expressed in terms of the vulnerability index, hazard and influence of additional criteria, to overall risk in homogenous zones. The main specificity of this research is multi-hazard risk evaluation based on a previous detailed calculation of vulnerability indexes of each building in the test area for all observed threats. The methodology ranks the various homogenous zones in terms of the relative proneness to coupled seismic, sea floods and extreme sea waves hazards. It enables a risk analysis for different scenarios for both single and multiple hazards at the level of buildings and homogenous zones. In the case study presented here, the analysis has shown that the seismic risk is a dominant threat in all scenarios. The results of a multi-hazard analysis for the combination of seismic and sea floods hazard have shown that the area with the highest risk is related to the historical part of KaStel Kambelovac. This is due to the fact that this area, along with high seismic risk, has the highest level of exposure to flooding. Furthermore, the vulnerability of exposed objects in the historical part is highest for both hazards. Likewise, the results of the multi-hazard analysis for the combination of seismic, sea floods and extreme waves hazard are analogous to previous ones, showing that the highest risk is again in the historical part of KaStel Kambelovac. The vulnerability of exposed objects to extreme waves is the highest in the historical part, and this particular area is most exposed to extreme waves due its low-lying coast. Performed analyses provide useful information for decision makers and public authorities to define priorities in future interventions through the process of risk management planning. Conceptualization, Z.N. and N.M.; data curation, M.M., N.M. and T.K. ; funding acquisition, Z.N. and E.B. ; investigation, Z.N., N.M., M.M., E.B. and T.K. ; methodology, N.M. and M.M. and Z.N. ; software, N.M. and M.M. ; supervision, Z.N. and E.B. ; validation, Z.N., N.M., M.M., E.B. and T.K. ; visualization, M.M. and T.K. ; writing--original draft, Z.N., N.M., M.M., E.B. and T.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the European Union, Programme Interreg Italy-Croatia, Project \"Preventing, managing and overcoming natural-hazards risks to mitigate economic and social impact\"--PMO-GATE ID 10046122. The research is also partially supported through project KK.01.1.1.02.0027, co-financed by the Croatian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund--the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme. Not applicable.