## 5 Stability of Carotenoids and Betalains
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pigment** & **Stabilizing Study** & **Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline
**Stabilizing method** & **Stabilizing conditions** & **Stabilizing conditions** & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\alpha\)-tocopherol was the most effective in decreasing \\ property gallite. Storage conditions: 32\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [64] \\ \end{tabular} \\ Antioxidants & Mixed loeborphs and sodium ascorbate (250-5000 kg/g). &
\begin{tabular}{c} Both antioxidants improved carotenoid stability, \\ specifically when used in elevated concentrations \\ (250-5000 kg/g), but were not able to prevent \\ carotenoid degradation when subjected to oxygen. \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al. [85] \\ \hline
**Cartonoid** & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\alpha\)-g and cyclolectronics (CDs) \\ Storage conditions: room temperature, light and oxygen \\ exposure (24.1 h month and 6 months) \\ \(\beta\)-cyclodextrinins (method A, ultrasonic homogenization; \\ method B, kneading). \\ Storage conditions: irradiance (1400 ls) at temperatures \\ \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)- and cyclolectronics (CDs) \\ Storage conditions: temperature 4 or 25\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark \\ (180 days) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\beta\)-CD showed the best complexation yields (93.8\%) \\ and was the most favorable to stabilize lycopene. \\ Complex B offered bigger color stability of the isotonic \\ drink with respect to complex A. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [86] \\ \end{tabular} \\
**Cartonoid** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\alpha\)-g and cyclolectronics (CDs) \\ Storage conditions: temperature 4 or 25\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark \\ (180 days) \\ Malodextrin, Arabie gum (GA) and modified starch. \\ Storage conditions: 40\({}^{\circ}\) C and relative humidity of 75\% \\ (20 days). \\ Malodextrin, GA, whey protein isolate, \\ carboxy-methylcellulose and pectin. \\ Storage conditions: 25\({}^{\circ}\) C (4 days). \\ Liposomes, chitosan and TPF-ultosomes. \\ Storage conditions: 5\({}^{\circ}\) C (14 days) and thermal stability at \\ Bovine gelatin, calcium succinate, whey proteins \\ Storage conditions: 25\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark (24 h and 48 h) \\ Nanocompasulation with rein and ethylcellulose. \\ Conditions: In Vitro Digestion \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\beta\)-CD showed the best complexation yields (93.8\%) \\ and was the most favorable to stabilize lycopene. \\ Complex B offered bigger color stability of the isotonic \\ drink with respect to complex A. \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al. [87] \\ \hline
**Cartonoid** &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [88] \\ \end{tabular} \\
**Encapsulation** &
**Malodextrin, Arabie gum (GA) and modified starch. \\ Storage conditions: 40\({}^{\circ}\) C and relative humidity of 75\% \\ (20 days). \\ Malodextrin, GA, whey protein isolate, \\ carboxy-methylcellulose and pectin. \\ Storage conditions: 25\({}^{\circ}\) C (4 days). \\ Liposomes, chitosan and TPF-ultosomes. \\ Storage conditions: 5\({}^{\circ}\) C (14 days) and thermal stability at \\ Bovine gelatin, calcium succinate, whey proteins \\ Storage conditions: 25\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark (24 h and 48 h) \\ Nanocompasulation with rein and ethylcellulose. \\ Conditions: In Vitro Digestion \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [88] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Chromoplast (Chr) & \begin{tabular}{c} Carotenoids in Chr \\ Storage conditions: 4, 25 and 40\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark and under \\ UVLight irradiation (50 days) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The lowest pigment degradation rates and better \\ colorimetric parameters were found for Chr at 4 and \\ 25\({}^{\circ}\) C in the dark. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [77] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Overview of recent studies about carotenoids and betalains stabilization.