# Blockchain Applications in Agriculture: A Scoping Review
### Blockchain Technology in Agriculture  
Following this revolutionary idea, the prospects of blockchain evolved rapidly, with blockchain being used in areas other than cryptocurrencies and smart contracts [22] playing a central role and creating enormous potential. Blockchain can increase transparency and accountability in supply chain networks and help detect counterfeit products easily, reduce intermediaries, and facilitate product traceability [23]. Such characteristics could potentially benefit the agricultural sector. Indeed, many of the blockchain advantages we mentioned are already provided in existing conventional solutions and often increase efficiency. However, blockchain is an infrastructure that can additionally offer data immutability as well through its inherent features, to help build confidence between untrusted parties [24]. This trust is essential given the nature of the supply chain, and the confidence that is achieved between organizations can increase the use of digital technologies [25]. The agriculture supply chain consists of many different parties (e.g., farmers and resellers) that are usually not located in the same geographical area and deal with natural products or services without knowing all the other partners. This complexity of the supply chain can be problematic and an obstacle to cooperation between the parties [26]. Blockchain can offer a possible solution to this by improving the level of trust between the participants of the supply chain [27; 28]. Moreover, through the blockchain, there can be transparency throughout the agricultural chain, which will help build trust indirectly [29]. Additionally, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has recognized the importance of the blockchain in the agricultural sector [30]. Because of these potential advantages, companies have already proposed blockchain-based solutions [31]. These blockchain applications in agriculture can provide various solutions, such as:  
* Product traceability and logging (e.g., IBM Food Trust [32], Ambrosus ([[https://ambrosus.io](https://ambrosus.io)]([https://ambrosus.io](https://ambrosus.io)), accessed on 15 June 2022), and TE-FOOD ([[https://te-food.com](https://te-food.com)]([https://te-food.com](https://te-food.com)), accessed on 15 June 2022)): Consumers and regulators can ensure the origin of the products. Moreover, they can store product information from IoT devices and sensors. * Ensuring trust between participants (e.g., TrustChain [28]): Blockchain can help supply chain participants trust each other through the transparency and immutability it can offer. * Providing equal pay to producers (e.g., FairChain ([[https://fairchain.org](https://fairchain.org)]([https://fairchain.org](https://fairchain.org)), accessed on 15 June 2022)): Blockchain can be used to reduce intermediaries and distribute profits transparently to producers. * Product insurance and claiming compensation (e.g., Etherisc ([[https://etherisc.com](https://etherisc.com)]([https://etherisc.com](https://etherisc.com)), accessed on 15 June 2022)): Smart contracts can replace insurance documents and schedule insurance activation according to IoT sensors. All the transactions are transparent and visible to other parties. Even though various aspects of blockchain use in agricultural production have been clarified, some issues still remain open. For the full adoption of blockchain in the agricultural sector, a number of technological barriers must first be addressed, such as blockchain scalability [33] and the cost and performance of blockchain data stores [34], as well as privacy issues related to blockchain usage [35]. As the agricultural sector includes many different autonomous parties, another issue is the management of multi-blockchains [36] for the interoperability between organizations.