# Coordination of Macro Base Stations for 5G Network with User Clustering
###### Abstract  
With the increasing amounts of terminal equipment with higher requirements of communication quality in the emerging fifth generation mobile communication network (5G), the energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs) is increasing significantly, which not only raises the operating expenses of telecom operators but also imposes a burden on the environment. To solve this problem, a two-step energy management method that coordinates 5G macro BSs for 5G networks with user clustering is proposed. The coordination among the communication equipment and the standard equipment in 5G macro BSs is developed to reduce both the energy consumption and the electricity costs. A novel user clustering method is proposed together with Benders decomposition to accelerate the solving process. Simulation results show that the proposed method is computationally efficient and can ensure near-optimal performance, effectively reducing the energy consumption and electricity costs compared with the conventional dispatching scheme. 5G macro base station; energy management; BS sleeping; user clustering; Benders decomposition +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
0000-0001-11-  
HEST is proposed to improve the energy efficiency of 5G BSs with hardware designs, power source modification, and network architecture upgrades. At the BS level, research on the improvement of the energy efficiency of the power amplifiers (PAs) of active antenna units (AAUs) has been extensively studied [4; 5; 6]. Aiming to resolve the problem associated with the efficiency of the BS antenna changes with traffic load fluctuations, [PERSON] et al. summarized the power modulation method to improve the efficiency of PAs and indicated the future development direction and challenges associated with this technology [4]. A power amplifier design based on high-voltage GaN HEMT devices has been proposed that is able to transmit high-power signals and ensure the energy efficiency of the PA [5]. [PERSON] et al. designed a linear complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) power amplifier based on the use of an amplitude-modulation-phase-modulation (AM-PM) distortion compensation transformer to compensate for the distortion of high-power amplifiers in AM-PM. This improved the efficiency of the PA and ensured the equipment's performance linearity [6]. In addition, studies on renewable energy for mobile network infrastructure represent a growing field. The application of PV panels and wind turbines in BSs helps to save electricity costs and reduce the carbon footprints of 5G networks [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. Furthermore, some studies have proposed methods to deal with the uncertainties of renewable energy in economic dispatch, including the traditional cubic set modeling method [12], the extreme scenarios method [13], and the continuous-time modeling method [14]. At the network level, the application of cloud technology for the upgrading of the radio access network (RAN) architecture is another key technology that promotes energy conservation in 5G networks. With cloud computing techniques, computing tasks such as the baseband signal processing of BSs are transferred to a centralized data center. Ideally, all BSs are connected to a central server, which is referred to as a radio access network (cloud-RAN, C-RAN). In the C-RAN architecture, network deployment is more flexible, and the energy consumption of the network can be significantly reduced [15]. HEST is the basis for achieving energy savings in 5G networks and fundamentally improves the energy efficiency level of BSs. However, the realization of HEST relies on the evolution of the network architecture and the maturity of 5G key components. Therefore, the application of HESTs requires a certain period of time. There is an obvious tidal effect in the wireless network business, presenting the characteristics of uneven traffic loads in time and space.