# Aspects of Cyber Security in Autonomous and Connected Vehicles
## 5 Attacks on Autonomous and Connected Vehicle
### Attacks on Connectivity  
Connectivity is included in the vehicle to make it smart. This feature includes invehicle connectivity using bus networks to communicate the system to the system and V2X features to communicate with the external environment and smart connecting features such as infotainment, keyless entry, etc. The V2X feature comes under connectivity enabling the vehicle to exchange data with other vehicles, pedestrians, infrastructure, and network. Authors in [58; 59], described DoS attacks in the connected car. It will happen when the hacker blocks the communication channel with interference signals. The hacker inserts undesired messages on the network to increase the load which creates a delay in the communication, increases latency, and sometimes the message will not reach the destination. Authors in [60], described impersonation attacks in the connected car. Every vehicle has a unique identity to communicate with the remaining things. These attacks are created by using a fake identity. This attack is implemented by using a single identity. If multiple identities are used to spoof them, it comes under sybil attacks. Authors in [16], described replay attacks in the connected car. It happens in the network or transportation layer. This is created when the hacker reuses the previous packets. It plays with authorities and traffic in the network and may cause transportation damage. Authors in [61; 62; 63], described routing attacks. Routing attacks are from vulnerabilities and loopholes in the routing protocols. Routing attacks include three types black hole attack, grey hole attack, and wormhole attack. A black hole attack is created when one node is compromised or some cooperated nodes. Grey hole attack makes attackers inject packets in a selective way; this attack is difficult to detect. A wormhole attack creates when one or two nodes are compromised. Authors in [64; 65], described data falsification attacks. The received data should be accurate to avoid road accidents. Undesired data may lead to fatal accidents. Attackers give false information and false safety warnings to the driver that may lead to unwanted situations. This includes message tam pering, suppression, and alteration to produce false information. For example, an attacker can give false information regarding the route that may create some delay in reaching the destination or chances of creating traps. Authors in [66], described eavesdropping attacks. These attacks are difficult to detect as the attackers will not disturb the communication. Attackers only listen to the information that is passing through the network and collect all privacy details. Smart features make life easier with connectivity such as Bluetooth. Authors in [67], described password and key attacks. There are three kinds of attacks possible under this category: dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and rainbow table attacks. Dictionary attackers use a list of words repeatedly to crack the password. Brute force attackers use non-letter characters repeatedly to crack the password. Rainbow table attackers use hash values to crack passwords or algorithms. Authors in [16], described the keyless entry or key fob attacks. Attackers block the signals of the key while locking the car by using different devices. These devices are hidden in secret places in the car park to block signals. In the keyless entry, the signals to open the door are listened to by the attacker and replay those signals to open the door. In-vehicle connectivity includes the buses providing communication in the vehicle systems. Authors in [68], Explained the CAN frame sniffing attack. Attackers can sniff the malicious node in the CAN network and collect the data frames and interrupt the CAN communication. Authors in [11], Explained the CAN frame falsifying attack. Attackers create a fake CAN frame and send that frame into the network which leads to malicious functions or interrupts communication. Authors in [69], explained the ethernet content-addressable memory (CAM) table overflow.