## 5 Conclusions  
This study employs geomorphological, tectonic, climatic, and engineering geological factors as core hazard-inducing environmental variables to delineate collapse, landslide, and debris flow (CLD) hazard-prone zones across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, systematically analyzing dominant environmental drivers and hazard formation mechanisms. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. Through the application of the Random Forest model, environmental zoning for CLD hazards across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted. The selected models achieved high accuracy, with RMSE values all below 5 and predictive errors less than 35% of observed mean values. By calculating both overall and zonal factor weights, the Plateau was divided into eight distinct environmental zones: Zone I (Alpine Valley Freeze-Thaw Tectonic Zone), Zone II (Alpine Canyon Tectonic-Erosion Zone), Zone III (Alpine Freeze-Thaw Tectonic Active Zone), Zone IV (Faulted Basin Weather Fragmentation Zone), Zone V (Permafrost-Weathered Rock Belt), Zone VI (Permafrost-Nival Erosion Zone), Zone VII (Alpine Hard Rock Freeze-Thaw Debris Zone), and Zone VIII (Alpine Lake Basin Saline Soft Rock Zone). 2. The spatial distribution of CLD hazards on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau exhibits strong heterogeneity, shaped by its complex geomorphology, tectonic structures, and hydrometeorological conditions. Zones I-III account for 84.32% of all recorded hazard events, with high densities ranging from 1.04 to 1.21 events per 100 km\({}^{2}\). Specifically, Zone I features tectonic fragmentation and significant topographic relief, resulting in 910 collapse events and 3960 debris flows; Zone II is characterized by deeply incised valleys and monsoonal precipitation, leading to 1739 landslides and numerous debris flows; and Zone III is marked by moderate hazard density, primarily triggered by snowmelt and localized rainfall. By contrast, Zone IV hosts a moderate concentration of debris flows (0.30 sites/100 km\({}^{2}\), 632 events), while Zones V-VIII, characterized by flat terrain and limited material availability, exhibit disaster densities generally below 0.30 sites/100 km\({}^{2}\). The dominant hazard types also vary by zone: collapses are concentrated in tectonically active areas (75.65%), landslides are most prevalent in deeply incised valleys (50.38%), and debris flows dominate in regions with concentrated rainfall (53.05%), highlighting the compounded effects of geology, geomorphology, and climate. 3. CLD hazards are predominantly small- to medium-scale (87.99%), whereas large and extremely large events (1319 sites) are highly concentrated in Zones I-III (94.69%), with Zone II accounting for 48.67% and Zone I for 28.96%. Among moderate to large-scale events, debris flows account for the largest proportion (medium: 18.74%; large: 5.58%; extremely large: 0.51%), while collapses (15.78%) and landslides (8.73%) mainly occur at smaller scales. Hazard formation mechanisms show marked regional differentiation: Zone I is primarily driven by tectonic fragmentation (30.884%) and precipitation (26.482%); Zone II is influenced by tectonic activity (30.531%), geomorphology (27.034%), and precipitation (25.551%); Zone III is controlled by precipitation (33.134%), freeze-thaw-induced lithological degradation, and active tectonics; Zone IV is affected by weathered lithology (27.454%) and snowmelt-induced erosion; Zone V exhibits debris accumulation from freeze-thaw cycles and glacial melt erosion; and Zones VI-VIII are primarily governed by engineering geological factors (23.353-42.077%) and precipitation under low-relief terrain and limited material supply. Overall, CLD hazard formation on the Plateau follows a multifactorial coupling mechanism involving geological structure, lithology, geomorphology, and climate, where geological conditions provide the material foundation, and precipitation andterrain serve as key dynamic triggers, collectively shaping the spatial heterogeneity of CLD hazard distribution.