# Using Artificial Neural Network to Detect Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Children
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data  
The data used in this research is based on an open-access dataset collected by [PERSON] [15]. We use psychometric, saccadic eye movement, and DTI data from an open dataset collected and analyzed by [PERSON] et al. (2019) [15] to address the research question. This dataset contains children's information, aged 3 to 18 years old, including subjects that are clinically diagnosed with or without FASD. The subjects are from five different communities in Canada. The data was obtained from a foundation (Kids Brain Health Network, formerly called NeuroDevNet). We compared results with those models using Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) and other methods. The data were divided into two groups: a control group and another that includes children who have been diagnosed with FASD. The FASD patient data consists of different neurological condition diagnoses within the FASD group, such as FAS, pFAS, and ARND. Table 1 shows summary data for each of the test divided by FASD and Control. The data used describes the performance of children in solving particular task. Psychometric tests (NEPSY-II) [8] are tests designed regarding the psychosocial, intellectual behavior, memory, and performance of children. Saccadic eye movements is a simple method to infer structural or functional brain deficiencies, present in neurological disorders [35]. Ocular behavior, such as fixation and saccades, are crucial for efficient visual perception. Diffusion tensor image (DTI) is the only non-invasive method for characterizing the microstructural organization of brain tissue [36]. It measures the white matter connectivity in the corpus callosum in great detail with advanced diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging schemes [37]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test** & **Number of Features (Input Data)** & **Total Data** & **FASD** & **Control** \\ \hline Psychometric & 20 & 129 & 58 & 71 \\ Antisaccade task & 15 & 174 & 68 & 106 \\ Prosaccade task & 18 & 186 & 71 & 115 \\ Memory-guide saccade task & 26 & 154 & 61 & 93 \\ DTI & 48 & 76 & 41 & 35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Data summary from all tests. Prenatal alcohol exposure causes brain damage with serious potential neuropsychological consequences. These potential issues in cognitive functions include difficulties in planning, organization, and attention, consequential learning failures, and memory deficiencies. Some subjects have experienced speech and/or language difficulties, visuospatial functions, and spatial memory, that are increased by exposure to prenatal alcohol [38; 39; 40]. Those characteristics could be seen in the task and the evaluation. It is a vital diagnosis based on the abnormalities founded and not only in the traditional facial characteristic [41]. The novelty of the [PERSON]'s dataset [15] is that it includes numeric and image data. We used the psychometric tests, and it is noted that some of the characteristics present in the test correctly differentiate individuals with FASD and Control (see Figure 1a). These tests focuses on reading and math ability (Figure 1b). Moreover, studies have shown that children with FASD possess memory and functional problems [42]. For that reason, this data was chosen to make a preliminary algorithm for FASD detection in children. This numerical data observes a deep learning operation, providing a novel approach compared to the existing image-based FASD diagnosis. One advantage of this approach is the data collection process is not invasive compared to the image-based data. In addition, it does not require us to know whether the mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy. The psychometric test measures the performance of the subject in skills as memory and  
Figure 1: Psychometric data analysis (characteristic math and reading ability). mathematics, among others. The saccadic eye movement measures the response to a visual stimulus. All these tests would be made at any age and are not invasive nor expensive.