## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lean Design and Its Functionalities
#### 3.2.3 Functionality of Lean Tools in the Building Design Process  
Table 8 presents a list of functionalities previously defined in Table 5 and the tools identified to address these functionalities. The table was developed using information from the literature review, complemented by expert opinions. In cases where 62.5% of the experts considered that one or more tools cover a specific functionality, it has been marked with an asterisk. This allows for an analysis of the functional coverage of Lean tools in building project design, supporting the evaluation process of their benefits and limitations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Tools**} \\ \hline Global collaborative scheduling & TVD [59], ADM [64], LPS [67,77] [*], BIM [*], VM [*] \\ \hline Phase collaborative scheduling (Pull planning) & LPS [77] [*], BIM [*], LAP [*], VM [*], JIT [77] \\ \hline Lookahead collaborative scheduling & LPS [77] [*], BIM [*], LAP [*], VM [*] \\ \hline Weekly collaborative scheduling & ADM [*], LPS [71,77] [*], LAP [*], VM [*] \\ \hline Exploration of alternative solutions & TVD [*], SBD [62,77] [*], CBA [63] [*] \\ \hline Creation of new workflows & BIM [*], DSM [70], IPD [*], VSM [62], ICE [*], A3 Report [*] \\ \hline Design-construction coordination & TVD [60,77] [*], SBD [77], ADM [*], LPS [67], BIM [62] [*], DSM [*], VM [*], IPD [61,77], \\ \hline Complexity reduction & SBD [77], ADM [64] [*], LPS [68], BIM [68,77] [*], DSM [66] [*], VM [70] [*], IPD [77], VSM [62,77], ICE [*], A3 Report [*] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Stakeholder involvement} & TVD [57,59,77] [*], SBD [62,77], CBA [47], ADM [64], LPS [67,77] [*], BIM [62] [*], LAP [*], VM [70], IPD [77] [*], VSM [62,73,77], ICE [*], JIT [77] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Effective teamwork} & TVD [57,59] [*], SBD [77], CBA [63] [*], ADM [64] [*],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Effective teamwork \\ \end{tabular} & LPS [67,68] [*], BIM [*], DSM [66], LAP [*], VM [70], IPD [61] \\ \hline Commitment management & SBD [62], ADM [*], LPS [67] [*], LAP [45,69] [*], VM [70], IPD [*], \\ \hline Communication instances & TVD [*], SBD [62], CBA [63], ADM [64] [*], LPS [67] [*],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Communication instances \\ \end{tabular} & BIM [62] [*], LAP [69] [*], VM [70] [*], IPD [*], VSM [62], ICE [62], A3 Report [*] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Open and transparent communication} & SBD [77], CBA [63], ADM [64] [*], LPS [67] [*], BIM [77] [*],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Open and transparent communication \\ \end{tabular} & DSM [67], LAP [*], VM [*], IPD [61,77] [*], VSM [62,74,77],  
\begin{tabular}{c} ICE [62] [*], A3 report [*], JIT [77] \\ \hline Identification and minimization of losses & LPS [20] [*], BIM [62] [*], VM [70], VSM [62,74,77] [*], SS [*],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Anticipation and rapid problem-solving \\ \end{tabular} & ADM [*], BIM [*], VM [77], IPD [*], ICE [*] \\ \hline Consistent and accurate information flow & LPS [24], BIM [62] [*], DSM [66] [*] \\ \hline Reduction of team workload & ADM [67], LPS [*], BIM [68], LAP [45,69], VSM [*], ICE [*], \\ \hline Data recording and analysis & TVD [60,77], ADM [*], LPS [77] [*], BIM [20] [*], VM [70],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Constraint analysis \\ \end{tabular} & ADM [*], LPS [68,77] [*], BIM [*],  
\begin{tabular}{c} Root cause analysis of problems \\ \end{tabular} & LPS [68], A3 Report [*], 5 why [76] [*] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Lean Design tools functionalities (* expert judgment). To analyze Table 8 further, Table 9 is presented, which includes the tools used in building project design and the percentage of functionalities each tool covers based on the literature review and expert opinions. The percentage difference between both sources is also shown, allowing for identifying key discrepancies or alignments between theory and professional practice. A comparison was made between the perception from the literature and expert opinions regarding the functionalities of Lean tools in the design of building projects.