## 4 Simulation Results
### Applications of RTC France PV  
#### 4.1.1 Case 1: SD Model of RTC France PV  
In this instance, the recommended MGA is used to extract the R.T.C. France cell's SD model features. The five unknown SD model parameters for various inspirational approaches that produced the greatest results in the experiment are listed in Table 2. The findings demonstrate that, in terms of competitiveness, the suggested MGA performs better than the comparable methods. This indicates that the optimal RMSE value of 9.8249 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) is achieved by the suggested MGA. Furthermore, the table shows the PV-derived electrical parameters using the established optimization techniques; these include the HEAP Optimizer [44], Barnacles Mating Optimizer (BMA) [45], Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization (LAPO) [46], Classified perturbation mutation PSO (CPMPPSO) [47], \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RTC France**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Kyocera KC200 GT**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Low** & **Up** & **Low** & **Up** \\ \hline \(R_{ss}\) (\(\Omega\)) & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 2 \\ \hline \(R_{sl}\) (\(\Omega\)) & 0 & 100 & 0 & 100 \\ \hline \(\eta_{1}\) and \(\eta_{2}\) per cell & 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \(I_{ph}\) (A) & 0 & 1 & 0 & 10 \\ \hline \(I_{S1}\) and \(Is_{2}\) (\(\mu\)A) & 0 & 1 & 0 & 10 \\ \hline No series cells & 1 & & 54 & \\ \hline Maximum Power (Pmax) & 33.15 W & & 200 W & \\ \hline Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) & 0.5727 V & & 32.90 V & \\ \hline Short Circuit Current (Isc) & 0.7605 A & & 8.21 A & \\ \hline Voltage at Pmax (Vm) & 0.4590 V & & 26.30 V & \\ \hline Current at Pmax (Im) & 0.6755 A & & 7.61 A & \\ \hline Cell Area & 2 cm\({}^{2}\) & 1.39 m\({}^{2}\) & \\ \hline Cell Technology & Monocrystalline Silicon & 54 multicrystalline cells & \\ \hline Operating Temperature & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\ \hline Efficiency & \(\sim\)12–15\% & 16\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Limits of the PV cell parameters and technical specifications of RTC France cell and Kyocera KC200 GT module. hybrid PSO-GWO algorithm (PSOGWO) [48], RIME [49], a performance-guided JAYA (PCJAYA) [50], Enhanced MPA (EMPA) [44], neighborhood scheme-based Laplacian MBA (NLBMA) [51], Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) [44], multi-verse optimizer (MVO) [52], Enriched Harris Hawks optimization (EHHO) [53], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [54], Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) [55], Growth optimizer GO [56], Jellyfish Search (JFS) Optimizer [44], flexible PSO (FPSO) [20], Hybrid Firefly and Pattern Search (HFAPS) [57], and Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA) [44]. Moreover, the table specifies the assessed parameters of the proposed MGA, which are 53.71852 \(\Omega\), 0.036377 \(\Omega\), 0.760776 A, 3.23 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\)\(\mu\)A, and 1.481184 for the shunt resistance, series resistance, photo-current, saturation current for d1, and ideality factor for d1, respectively. Figure 4a,b displays the measured and simulated I-V and P-V characteristics for the SD model. It is observable that the data produced by the suggested MGA technique closely resemble the data acquired by experimentation, suggesting that the MGA technique was successful in producing power and current at a range of voltage levels. The simulation and measured current absolute errors range from 6.65894 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) to 6.4686 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\), while the simulation and measured power absolute errors range from 1.85822 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) to 1.4835 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), as shown in Figure 5a,b.