esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Exploring the Volatile Compounds Associated with Baking
#### 2.2.5. Pyrroles, Pyrrolines and Oxazoles  
Pyrrole derivatives are responsible for roasted odors [14]. Skatole (Py12) has a very low OT of 0.2 ug L\({}^{-1}\)[16] and may be relevant to the aroma of _proas_. It is usually described as an off-flavor. However, in low concentrations, it may introduce a natural note of 'overmutance flower' [51].  
One of the most striking results to emerge from this study was the absence of pyrrolines in _proas_. These compounds are abundant bread volatiles, significantly contributing to their flavor [5,7]. Pyrrolines have been described as character impact odorants of the 'roasted' and 'popcorn-like' notes [7]. Important pyrrolidines described in cereal bread and maize-based foods are 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and its precursor 1-pyrroline [7,14,20,59]. However, recent studies have shown that 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline varies greatly among different cereal bread [69]. For instance, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline seems not to be so relevant to the aroma properties of rye bread [7], and it was not detected in gluten-free bread, which was analyzed by GC\(\times\)GC [31]. By contrast, other authors have found that 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline was higher in gluten-free bread [56]. These differences can be explained by the presence or absence of precursors or interferements in the cereal flours. For instance, differences in the ornithine content of yeasts may play a role in forming pyrrolines since this amino acid has been ascribed as the most important precursor for forming 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline during baking [7; 11; 20]. 2-Acetylpyrroline may also be formed by the degradation of proline and hydroxproline, similar to 2-acetyl-tetrahydropropylidines [20], which were also not found in _proas_, as previously discussed. Thus, differences in the amounts of proline and hydroxproline may also influence the production of 2-acetylpyrroline and 2-acetyl-tetrahydropyidines. In addition, phenolic acids may inhibit the production of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline [74], and whole maize flours were used to prepare broas, which have higher amounts of phenolic compounds compared to other cereals or with refined maize flours [75]. Lastly, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline is highly volatile and can be oxidized to 2-acetylpyrrole [14; 20], one of the major volatile compounds detected in the present work.  
Three oxazoles were detected in _broas_, but they probably have a low impact on their overall aroma, as reported for other foods [20]. They were present in _broas_ in very low amounts compared to other compounds.
# A Survey of Blind Modulation Classification Techniques for OFDM Signals
## 3 Statistics-Based Approach to MC
### FB Approach
This technique is also validated over the NI RF testbed setup over an indoor propagation environment.
## 5 Conclusions  
Analyzing the simulated energy/stress/displacement/velocity datasets, we focus on characteristic features of the seismic-deformation cycle, presenting with repeated phases both in terms of stress accumulation/release and kinematics. Modeled displacement timeseries exhibit the pronounced cyclic behavior, with a characteristic cycle period of about 160 years, which is consistent with the known patterns of megathrust subduction earthquakes. An essential result proving the model's relevance is the manifestation of the postseismic (aftershock) phase, when the blocks' motion reverses its normal continent-ward direction, and a backward motion occurs towards the ocean, as observed from GPS velocity data [16; 17; 18; 19]. In simulated data, this behavior is most clearly seen for the frontal blocks, where the duration of backward-motion phase is about 1-5 years, depending on the location (Figure 11).  
Simulated data show the model's capability to predict the cyclic kinematic patterns, being in good agreement with GPS-measured velocity variations, specifically during the post-quake transient phase (Figure 12).  
With the further analysis within the framework of the two-segment keyboard-block model, we expect to obtain the estimates of the relevant geomechanical parameters (material properties) through inverting GPS-measured displacement and velocity timeseries data, acquired over the last decades in subduction regions including Kuril-Kamchatka, Japan, Aleutian, and Chile. The inverse problem solution would also provide crucial data on the transition of the block system between the states of the cycle.  
Conceptualization, L.I.L. and I.S.V.; methodology, L.I.L. and Y.V.G.; software, Y.V.G. and D.A.A.; validation, Y.V.G. and D.A.A.; resources, Y.V.G. and I.S.V.; writing--original draft preparation, I.S.V., Y.V.G. and D.A.A.; writing--review and editing, I.S.V., Y.V.G., D.A.A. and L.I.L.; visualization Y.V.G. and D.A.A.; supervision, L.I.L.; project administration, D.A.A.; funding acquisition, L.I.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 20-17-00140.  
The data presented in this study are openly available in FigShare ([[https://figshare.com/s/ec5](https://figshare.com/s/ec5) eb748a0 fa7031 cd56]([https://figshare.com/s/ec5](https://figshare.com/s/ec5) eb748a0 fa7031 cd56)) at doi 10.6084/m9.figshare.16744459.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 13: East-west displacement timeseries measured by Kuril GNSS network following the 2006–2007 Simushir earthquakes (black curves) and modeled displacement data (light blue line) calculated within the interior part of the rear block using the two-segment model. Positive values correspond to eastward (i.e., oceanward) motion.
# Advancing Biological Research: New Automated Analysis of Immunofluorescence Signals
## 3 Results
### Validation Systems
#### 3.3.4 Q-IF Threshold Comparison with Otsu Threshold  
Among the classical threshold segmentation algorithms, the Otsu approach has obtained more attention [21]. Otsu's thresholding is a technique used in image processing to automatically determine an optimal threshold value for separating an image into two classes, typically the foreground and background [11]. Such a thresholding approach finds the optimal point to distinguish between the object and background pixels in an image, enhancing the segmentation process. Thus, we compare our employed threshold with Otsu. The datasets of SH-SYSY cell line IF images and available as reported in the Data Availability Statement section, are analysed using both thresholds. In detail, we leverage the OpenCv2 Library to gain access to the use of the Otsu threshold. The obtained results, depicted in Figure 10, illustrate comparable results when using our threshold and the Otsu thresholding technique, underscoring the reliability of the Q-IF threshold. In particular, both the fold increase in fluorescence intensity between the experimental groups and the dispersion of the data around the mean return utterly comparable values.  
Figure 9: Representative images (**A**) of P-CREB protein (red) in hippocampus of simvastatin- and vehicle-treated rats. Quantification of fluorescence intensity by manual image analysis (**B**) and by Q-IF tool (**C**). n = 5 different experiments. Data represent mean \(\pm\) SD. Each single value is represented as a black dot around the SD. Statistical analysis is performed using the unpaired Student’s \(t\)-test. **\(p<0.01\), ***\(p<0.001\).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Apparent Electrical Conductivity Measurement Using an Electromagnetic Induction Method  
Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) data were measured using an EM38 sensor at systematic unaligned grid locations of 45 sites (Figure 4a). The number of sites was estimated as suggested by [PERSON] [41], who also recommends that the intensity of soil profile samples for a detailed reconnaissance soil survey at the scale of 1:40,000-1:100,000 should be one site per 2 sq. km because these scales and order of soil survey are fitted with the scale of DEM and geology data. The ECa was measured along three 100 m long transect lines at an interval of 50 m in nine locations at each site (Figure 4b) during 19-21 August 2021. Thus, the total measured ECa for 45 sites is 405 (9 \(\times\) 45) points. At each point, we used a dual dipole Geonics EM38 sensor, which provides simultaneous measurements with a horizontal measuring mode (HH) at a depth between 0 and 0.75 m and a vertical measuring mode (VV) at a depth between 0 and 1.5 m to measure ECa.  
Figure 3: Workflow of research methodology.  
In Situ Soil Sample Collection and Electrical Conductivity of the Saturated Soil Paste Extract Measurement  
During the field survey, 30 samples from topsoil of about 0-25 cm depth and subsoil of about 25-50 cm depth at ten sites representing ten sub-districts were collected for soil electrical conductivity (ECe) extraction in the laboratory. In practice, soil samples at two levels at three locations of the middle transect line were collected using a handy auger. See Figure 4a,b. Later, fine soil samples were mixed with water at a ratio of 1:1 for measuring ECe with the electric conductivity meter based on the saturated soil paste extract method [42; 43]. The measured ECe from the topsoil and subsoil layers were average for soil electrical conductivity estimation using linear regression analysis (LRA) as:  
\[\text{ECe}_{\text{Average}}=\frac{\left(\text{ECe}_{\text{Topsoil}}*\text{ Depth}_{\text{Topsoil}}\right)+\left(\text{ECe}_{\text{Subsoil}}*\text{Depth}_{\text{Subsoil}}\right)}{\left(\text{Depth}_{\text{Topsoil}}+\text{Depth}_{\text{Subsoil}}\right)} \tag{1}\]
# Cooperative Downlink Listening for Low-Power Long-Range Wide-Area Network
## 5 Performance Evaluations
### Energy Consumption and Battery Lifetime  
One of the most important features of LoRa is its low-power communication capability. This low-power capability is very attractive for a variety of IOT applications. This experiment evaluates energy consumption of LoRa standard and CDL. LoRa gateways are not considered because they are supplied with AC power. The current consumption at each state is shown in Table 2. (They include MCU current consumption). As shown in Figure 12, to measure the power consumption, we divide into the following three states (TX state, RX state, SLEEP state), integrate the consumption current according to each state into each state time, The power consumption was calculated by multiplying the power consumption by the power consumed during one hour. Figure 13 shows the results of increasing the number of data transfers per node from 1 to 10 for one cycle (1 h). In fact, CDL is an extended version of the standard LoRa, yet it accommodates all of the low-power features in LoRa, so the energy consumption of each node is not significantly different. This does not take into account the effects of broadcasts, and if time synchronization is taken into consideration, energy consumption may be slightly less than that of the standard LoRa.  
Figure 11: Network traffic observation.  
Figure 12: Power state in terms of communications.  
To further understand the more intuitive energy consumption, we also calculated the battery life of a node based on two AA batteries. Figure 14 shows the battery life when transferring data from 1 to 10 times per hour. As shown in the figure, when the data is sent once or twice in one hour, the CDL tends to be somewhat shorter than the standard LoRa due to the additional energy consumption for maintaining the shared downlink slot. However, as the number of data increases, it converges to the consumed amount. Also, considering the data transmission once per hour, CDL can guarantee a lifetime of more than 10 years as well as LoRa, which is also suitable for long life applications such as remote meter reading.
# How Will Rwandan Land Use/Land Cover Change under High Population Pressure and Changing Climate?
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Rwanda is located on the East African Plateau, and is bordered by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi to the west, north, east, and south, respectively (Figure 1). Rwanda occupies an area of 26,338 km\({}^{2}\), and mainly exhibits mountainous and hilly terrain, followed by river valleys; the altitude of the terrain ranges from 920 to 4486 m above sea level. Owing to its high altitude, the average temperature ranges from 16 to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is lower than temperatures typically observed in equatorial countries; the temperature changes little throughout the year. Rwanda exhibits a temperate tropical plateau climate; there are two rainy seasons (March-May and September-December) and two dry seasons (January-February and June-August) in the year. From 1990 to 2016, the long-term average annual precipitation intensity ranged from 805 to 1725 mm, and the average annual precipitation was approximately 1116 mm. Moreover, the precipitation in Rwanda is extremely unevenly distributed, and the precipitation in the northwest is greater than that in the southeast.  
The population of Rwanda in 2015 was estimated to be about 11.37 million, of which 28.81% resided in urban areas [22]. By 2030, the population is expected to reach about 17 million, with 41.55% living in cities. By 2050, the population is projected to exceed 25 million, with 52% living in urban areas. The topography of Rwanda is characterized by strong landscape heterogeneity; its 30 administrative districts exhibit significant differences in topography, as shown in Figure 1. The terrain of Rwanda can be described as \"high west and low east\". High mountains and hills (e.g., the Congo-Nile Ridge, Volcanic Highland, and Buberuka Highland) are present in the northwest, and plains (e.g., the Eastern Savanna Region, Eastern Plateau Region, Central Plateau Region, and Bugesera-Mayaga Region) are present in the southeast.
# A Dynamic Assessment Methodology for Accident Occurrence Probabilities of Gas Distribution Station
## 4 Conclusions
### Cross-Regional Application Expansion  
The proposed framework, while initially tailored for China's natural gas distribution stations (GDSs), holds potential for broader applicability in other regions or countries. To ensure effective implementation, contextual adaptations are essential. First, regional regulatory frameworks and environmental conditions must be integrated. For instance, safety thresholds (e.g., acceptable gas leakage probabilities) should align with local standards, while natural hazards prevalent in specific areas (e.g., earthquakes in Japan or hurricanes in coastal regions) necessitate adjustments to root event probabilities (e.g., X\({}_{24}\): earthquake likelihood). Similarly, infrastructure maturity and operational practices--such as variations in equipment maintenance protocols or workforce training levels--would require the recalibration of key parameters (e.g., X4: procedural non-compliance rates) through localized expert judgments or historical data.  
Additionally, data availability and technological disparities play a critical role. In regions with sparse failure records, reliance on fuzzy expert judgment and Bayesian prior optimization would intensify to compensate for data gaps. Conversely, in areas with advanced monitoring systems (e.g., IoT-enabled pipelines in Europe), real-time data streams could enhance dynamic probability updates. Furthermore, localized safety barriers--such as explosion-proof designs in high-risk zones or region-specific emergency response protocols--must be embedded into the model's structure (e.g., modifying SBFEs or SCE nodes). By addressing these contextual nuances, the framework can be systematically adapted to diverse operational landscapes, balancing methodological rigor with regional practicality.
# Design of Remote Upgrade System for Data Processing Unit in Marine Engine Room Simulator
## 4 Firmware Remote Upgrade Design
### Reliability Design
#### 4.4.2 Backup Upgrade Mechanism  
Watchdog is a timer circuit that is designed to protect the device from entering a dead cycle [34]. It is necessary to run the \"watchdog\" in the program runtime area. On the one hand, this is to prevent the download of buggy firmware that could prevent them from working properly. On the other hand, it is prevented from failing to upgrade the DPU remotely, which will cause the marine engine room simulator cannot work properly. If the marine engine room simulator is working properly, the program will \"feed the dog\" at regular intervals. Once the \"dog feeding\" timeout has expired, the program is running incorrectly. The DPU will be restarted and the previous version of the program in the backup area will be rewritten into the APP program run area. The work flow is shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Flow chart of firmware upgrade.  
If the upgraded program fails, the backup upgrade mechanism ensures that the DPU can revert to the original successfully running program. It avoids the possibility of the marine engine room simulator that does not work properly due to program problems, which increases the reliability of remote upgrades.
## Materials and Methods
### Electrochemical Characterization of Coated AA2024  
The anticorrosion ability of the PPM derivatives as thin protective films was studied by means of electrochemistry techniques, carrying out tests on AA2024 samples coated with the two copolymers (6.1% mol/mol and 13.4% mol/mol). The protocol for the coating deposition is described in the Results and Discussion section.  
Electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted in a naturally aerated near-neutral simulated marine environment prepared by dissolving 0.6 mol L\({}^{-1}\) sodium chloride (\(\geq\)99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich) in MilliQ(r) water. The pH value was adjusted to \(6.7\pm 0.1\) by adding few drops of 0.2 mol L\({}^{-1}\) sodium hydroxide solution to the stock solutions. All the experiments, if not otherwise stated, were carried out at ambient temperature (\(24\pm 3\,^{\circ}\)C, with a variation lower than 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C during each single run). In all cases, the operative temperature was below the glass transition temperature of PPM derivatives (see below).  
The apparatus used for the measurements consisted of a glass cell with a hole (1 cm in diameter) in the middle of the flat bottom part which assures the contact between the coated metallic plate (working electrode, exposed area 0.78 cm\({}^{2}\)) and the working solution (0.6 M NaCl). The sealing was guaranteed by a bi-adhesive layer (a2 Soluzioni Adseive, Italy) pressed between the sample and the bottom of the cell. The electrochemical setup also included a platinum coil as counter electrode and an aqueous saturated calomel electrode as reference one (\(E_{\text{SCE}}\) = 0.242 V vs. SHE). The latter was inserted into a glass double bridge (filled with the same working solution) ending with a Luggin capillary aimed to minimize the ohmic drop between working and reference electrode. No instrumental compensation of the residual ohmic drop was performed.  
The electrochemical characterization included both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods. The former consisted of a single anodic polarization scan, sweeping the potential from OCP to 2.5 V vs. SCE, at a scan rate of 10 mV min\({}^{-1}\) (each run lasting ca. 5.5 h). A limit current density of 4 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) was imposed, thereafter the scan was automatically aborted independently by the achievement of the final potential. The second characterization implies the application of a constant potential to the metallic sample and the recording of the current flow between working and counter electrode. In our experiments, an oxidizing potential of 0 V vs. SCE was applied for 24 h. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic curves were recorded after an initial delay time of 600 s for assuring the equilibration of the system at OCP.  
Some potentiodynamic curves were recorded also at a fixed temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, just above the glass transition temperature of the modified PPM (see Results and Discussion). For these experiments, a suitable cell surrounded by a jacket filled by a flux of water controlled by a thermostat (Haake CH Fisons coupled to a Haake F3 Fision) was adopted.
# Evaluation of _Aspergillus flavus_ Growth on Weathered HDPE Plastics Contaminated with Diesel Fuel
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Objective and Experimental Design  
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the filamentous fungus _Aspergillus flavus_ to colonize and grow on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces contaminated with diesel fuel. Three contamination conditions were considered: HDPE from a tank exposed to fresh diesel for less than two months, HDPE from a tank exposed to weathered diesel residues for over two years, and HDPE from a new, unused tank serving as an uncontaminated control. For each condition, six HDPE sections were collected and fabricated into 18 circular plastic discs, allowing for triplicate assays under each experimental setting. The sampleswere incubated at three distinct temperatures (20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C) under controlled environmental conditions, with relative humidity maintained at approximately 90%.  
Fungal growth was monitored to assess the influence of temperature on colonization. Radial growth rate (RGR) was used as a kinetic metric to evaluate fungal expansion across HDPE surfaces, following established methodologies [18].
## 3 Review of PSO, DE, and DEPSO
### Differential Evolution
#### 3.2.2 DEPSO Algorithm
To avoid stagnation, the DEPSO algorithm randomly updates a sub-dimension of individuals within the non-elite population \((Q)\), in which \(NS_{i}>NS_{max}\), to reset them as follows:  
\[X_{i,t}^{j}= \begin{cases}X_{min}^{j}+rand[0,1]\cdot(X_{max}^{j}-X_{min}^{j})& \text{if }rand[0,1]_{j}\leq\gamma,\quad j=1,2,\ldots D\\ X_{i,t}^{j}&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}  \tag{36}\]  
where \(rand[0,1]_{j}\) is a random number selected within the interval \([0,1]\), \(\gamma\) is a probability fixed value, and \(X_{min}^{j}\) and \(X_{max}^{j}\) are the lower and upper limits, respectively, of the variable \(j\). In general, the DEPSO algorithm manages to be superior to other variants of the DE algorithm in different optimization problems. The performance of this algorithm is due to the fact that it maintains a good balance between exploration and exploitation, thanks to the use of the self-adaptive mutation strategy, in which the \"DE/e-rand/1\" scheme has better exploration abilities, while the mutation scheme of the PSO algorithm achieves better convergence abilities. With this strategy, the population manages to maintain a good diversity in the first stages of the evolutionary process and a faster convergence towards the last stages of the process.
# Feasibility Study of Real-Time Monitoring of Pin Connection Wear Using Acoustic Emission
## 3 Results and Analyses
### Results from AE and Analyses
Furthermore, different wear degrees may mean that there exist different wear forms in the wear process of low rotational speed pin connections, and this prediction was verified by micrographs of the surfaces of the pins.