## 3 Methods and Datasets  
### Method Description  
In this study, we compiled the regions affected by EMA circulation. Using the latest chronological glacial data from eastern China, Taiwan, the Russian Far East (RFE), and the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu, a total of 117 moraine ages from 16 different mountains or mountain ranges were obtained and merged into 29 groups of data (Table 2). It should be noted that widely disputed low-altitude mountain glaciers (<1800 m) were not included in this study. The dating methods included optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), thermoluminescence (TL), electron spin resonance (ESR), U-series (U), cosmogenic nuclides (\({}^{10}\)Be/CRN), carbon-14 (\({}^{14}\)C) and potassium-argon (K-Ar), etc. Before compiling the moraine relic data set, the geological composition of the relevant strata should be carefully checked. We ruled out the wrong geomorphological sampling ages of some non-moraine sediments, which ensured the reliability of glaciations. It should be noted that widely disputed low-altitude mountain glaciers (<1800 m) are not included in the study. Based on the evolutionary features of the glaciations in these mountains, by comparison with marine isotope stage (MIS) environment, the influence of monsoonal circulation patterns on the regional development of glaciers was analyzed. The EAM record and changes in its monsoonal circulations were examined, and the proxy records (e.g., the insolation curve, cave stalagmite, ice core, sea sediment, loess mean grain size, and lake sediment) of multiple monsoon climate were compared and analyzed. We attempted to delineate the evolution of the EAM region's climatic environment and the impact that such an evolution may have had upon the development, i.e., the advance, stasis, or retreat, of glaciers within the region. Furthermore, the data was used to establish the potential reasons for the disappearance of regional glaciers in the EAM region during the Late Holocene. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the occurrence, onset times, extent and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mountains** & **Altitude (m)** & **Dating Method** & **Ages Range (ka) 1** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Helan} & 3556 & OSL & \(1.7\pm 0.1\)–\(43.2\pm 4.0\) & [33] \\  & & ESR & \(19\pm 2.1\) & [34] \\  & & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(15.1\pm 1\)–\(18.6\pm 1.1\) & [26] \\ Taibai & 3767 & & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(24\) \\  & & ESR, OSL & \(2.74\pm 0.11\)–\(7.6\pm 0.27\) & [35] \\  & & OSL & \(18.7\pm 1.1\)–\(25.8\pm 1.8\) & [36] \\ Changbai & 2691 & OSL & \(11.3\pm 1.2\)–\(20.0\pm 2.1\) & [37] \\ Yusan & 3952 & OSL & \(3.3\pm 1.1\) & [38] \\ Shesan & 3886 & OSL & \(10.68\pm 0.84\)–\(44.25\pm 3.72\) & [39] \\  & & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(3.3\pm 0.73\)–\(13.61\pm 1.45\) & [40] \\ [PERSON] & 3740 & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(10\pm 3\)–\(7\pm 1\) & [41] \\ [PERSON] & 2436 & OSL & \(10\pm 1.3\)–\(34\pm 3.9\) & [42] \\  & & K–Ar & \(40\pm 5\) & [43] \\  & & U & 112–115 & [44] \\ [PERSON] & 2052 & OSL & 18–24 & [45] \\  & & \({}^{14}\)C & \(25.15\pm 2.1\) & [46] \\ [PERSON] & 2840 & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(10.1\pm 1.1\)–\(13.9\pm 1.1\) & [47] \\ [PERSON] & 2592 & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(11\pm 1\) & [47] \\  & & U & 120–134 & [44] \\ [PERSON] & 2932 & \({}^{14}\)C & 25 & [48] \\ [PERSON] & 2986 & \({}^{10}\)Be & \(8.3\pm 0.7\)–\(10.4\pm 1.1\) & [47] \\  & & \({}^{10}\)Be & 10–29 & \\ [PERSON] & 3015 & \({}^{14}\)C & 50–52 & [49] \\  & & OSL & 60–75 & [50] \\ [PERSON] & 3190 & OSL & 18–72 & [51] \\ Kashima–Yari & 3180 & K–Ar & 120–130 & [52] \\ [PERSON] & 2956 & K–Ar & 25–75 & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (1 Quaternary chronologies: Quaternary, since 2650 ka (MIS98); Penultimate Glaciation, 360–135 ka (MIS106); Last Interglacial, 135–75 ka (MIS5); Early Last Glacial Period, 75–50 ka (MI54); Middle Last Glacial Period, 45–32 ka (MIS3); Late Last Glacial Period, 32–10 ka (MIS2); Holocene, since 10 ka (MIS1)).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Statistical of moraine ages in EAM region.