## 3 Results
### Temporal Distribution of Natural and Man-Made (Technological) Disasters
This growth was driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and increased industrial activity, leading to heightened exposure and vulnerability to disasters. The period between 1985 and 2005 marked the peak and subsequent stabilization of disaster events. Both natural and man-made (technological) disasters saw significant increases, reflecting the complexities of modern societal and environmental challenges. In recent years, specifically from 2005 to 2025, there has been a gradual decline in the number of disaster events, with notable decreases in both natural and man-made (technological) disasters. This trend may be attributed to improved disaster risk reduction strategies, advancements in early warning systems, and increased global awareness and preparedness for disaster risks. These insights highlight the dynamic nature of disaster occurrences over time, emphasizing the need for continuous adaptation and improvement in disaster management practices to address both natural and man-made challenges. The periods of significant increase and subsequent decline underscore the importance of sustained efforts in building resilient communities and mitigating disaster impacts. In addition to the observed trends, several interesting insights and considerations can be drawn from the temporal analysis of natural and man-made (technological) disasters from 1900 to 2024. The mid-20 th century saw a sharp increase in man-made (technological) disasters, particularly from 1940-1945 and 1985-2005, corresponding with significant technological and industrial advancements (Table 5 and Figure 8). This period indicates that rapid industrialization and technological development can contribute to a higher incidence of man-made (technological) disasters. The gradual decline in disaster events post 2005 suggests the effectiveness of global policies, international cooperation, and enhanced disaster risk reduction (DRR) frameworks, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction adopted in 2015. Table 6 provides a detailed look at the total number of various natural and man-made (technological) disasters recorded each decade from 1900 to 2020. This analysis sheds light on the types and frequency of different disasters over time, offering insights into how disaster patterns have evolved and revealing trends in specific types of disasters. Earthquakes were consistently reported, with the highest number in the 2000s at 289 events, likely due to increased seismic activity or better reporting. Also, epidemics saw a sharp increase in the 1990s with 385 events and peaked in the 2000s with 590 events, reflecting global health challenges. Industrial explosions peaked in the 2000s with 328 events, while miscellaneous explosions rose to 87 events in the same decade. Extreme temperatures saw a significant rise in the 2000s with 224 events, underscoring the effects of climate change. Industrial fires peaked in the 1990s with 70 events, whereas miscellaneous fires increased steadily, peaking in the 2000s with 193 events. Floods showed a dramatic rise, peaking in the 2000s with 1719 events, indicating greater rainfall variability and extreme weather events. Air disasters first appeared in the 1910s with 15 events, gradually increasing and peaking in the 1990s with 300 events. This trend reflects significant technological advancements and increased air traffic during that period. However, a noticeable decline occurred in the 2010s, with 158 events. Animal incidents were rarely recorded, with only one incident noted in the 2010s. Chemical spills were first documented in the 1960s with 1 event, rising to a peak in the 1990s with 34 events, then declining to 7 events in the 2010s. Industrial collapses began in the 1950s, reaching a peak in the 2000s with 60 events, while miscellaneous collapses steadily increased, peaking in the 2000s with 87 events. Droughs were consistently recorded across decades, peaking in the 2000s with 170 events, highlighting the impact of climate change.