## 5 Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Security Solutions and Integration Models
### Data Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Confidential Transactions
#### 5.3.2 Architectural Model for Cross-Chain Supply Chains and Smart Contract Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Sector** & **Ref.** & **Security Issue** & **Blockchain Solutions** \\ \hline Logistics & [107] & Data integrity, traceability, vulnerabilities, risk management. & Distributed ledger, cryptography, smart contracts, MCDA-based decision framework. Cryptography, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts. \\  & [108] & Data security, data integrity. & Cryptography, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts. \\  & [109] & Fraud and manipulation. & Smart contracts, permissioned blockchain, DLT. \\  & [110] & Transaction fraud, data manipulation, traceability. & Smart contracts, DLT. \\  & [111] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting, traceability. & Smart contracts, DLT. \\ \hline  & [95] & Transparency and security in agricultural SCM. & Quorum network, smart contracts. \\  & [112] & Product traceability, data security. Resource and quality monitoring. & Blockchain, MetaMask integration. \\  & [113] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting, data storage. & Ethereum, smart contracts, cryptography. Redactable blockchain, IPFS. \\  & [115] & Data manipulation, counterfeiting. & Ethereum-based ERC-721 smart contracts, NFT-based unique identifiers. \\ Agriculture & [116] & Data integrity, traceability, and transparency. Fake seeds, data manipulation, intermediary fraud, record loss, unfair logistics competition. Data manipulation, counterfeiting, lack of traceability, secure payments, central data storage risks, price manipulation. & Blockchain-based system, smart contracts, NFT-based traceability, smart contracts, transparent auction system, immutable records. \\  & [118] & Patient data, medicine tracking & Hyperledger Fabric, access control, encryption. \\  & [120] & Data privacy, integrity, authorization, and traceability. & Hyperledger Fabric, asymmetric encryption, smart contracts, decentralized data storage. Private and permissioned blockchain, smart contracts, PoW, hash functions. Permissioned blockchain immutability, digital certificates, smart contracts. Ethereum, smart contracts, NFT. Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts, DLT, PBFT, private blockchain network. \\ \hline  & [125] & Data integrity, authorization, accessibility, MitM attacks. & Ethereum-based blockchain platform, smart contracts, off-chain, MSMA and MSA tokens. dPoW, scalable blockchain. \\  & [126] & Fake vaccines, data integrity. Lack of interoperability, lack of data standardization, data manipulation, counterfeiting, data storage. Drug counterfeiting, manipulation. Drug counterfeiting. & Verifiable credentials, off-chain, standardized data formats. DLT, smart contracts, hash functions. Hyperledger Fabric, SI-HLLR, DLT. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Sectoral applications of blockchain-based security solutions in supply chain management. ### Blockchain Applications in Humanitarian Supply Chains: Real-World Case Study Examples

While Section 6 offers a broad perspective on blockchain applications across various industrial sectors, this section focuses specifically on humanitarian logistics and donation-based scenarios, where the ethical, urgent, and socially impactful nature of operations necessitates a distinct analytical context. Humanitarian supply chains operate under extreme constraints, often in contexts of natural disasters, armed conflicts, refugee crises, or health emergencies. These supply chains require rapid deployment, real-time coordination among diverse actors, and a high degree of trust and transparency. Traditional systems are frequently hindered by fragmented data sharing, a lack of traceability, and the potential misuse of resources. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential enabler of secure, transparent, and accountable systems in humanitarian logistics. By leveraging decentralized architectures and immutable record-keeping, blockchain can ensure that aid, donations, and critical supplies are delivered to the right place, at the right time, and to the right people.