# Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation--A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Impacts on Travel Behaviors
#### 3.1.4 Modal Shift to E-Micromobility  
Cities have been struggling with traffic congestion over the past several years. The modal shift from private cars to new mobility solutions such as ICT-based mobility modes and sharing modes in cities, particularly in central business districts (CBDs), will be a sustainable and effective way of improving urban transportation systems [25; 26; 27; 28]. With the launch of e-micromobility in urban transportation, their use rises day by day. However, it has been stated that, based on the growth in the European and Asian scooter market since 2014, the modal shifts from walking and public transportation have been increasing oriented to this new mode of mobility [16]. It would be an advantage for urban sustainability if e-micromobility vehicles replace private cars and are used as last-mile or first-mile solutions as a complement to public transport. In this section, modal shift data were collected through the literature review, as indicated in Figure 9.  
In three surveys conducted by Agora Verkehrswende (2019), participants were asked what they would have done in their most recent trips if e-scooters were not available, and the answers were as follows. Forty-seven percent of French respondents would have walked, and 29 percent of them would have used public transportation instead of e-scooters; 20 percent of respondents in Portland would have used private cars, and 15 percent of them would have taken taxis, Uber, or Lyft, if the e-scooters were not available; almost half of the tourists in Portland would have used cars; and in San Francisco, one-third of participants would have used Uber, taxis, or Lyft if e-scooters were not available [29]. [PERSON] et al. (2019) reported that 43 percent of e-scooter users replaced walking, 14 percent of them replaced  
Figure 9: Modal shift to e-scooter usage. \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) San Francisco, \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) Denver, \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) Portland, \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) San Francisco, \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\) Portland (Visitors/Tourists), \({}^{\mathrm{f}}\) Portland (Locals), \({}^{\mathrm{g}}\) France. biking, and 32 percent of them replaced ride sourcing and private vehicles in Denver [6]. In Portland, 37 percent of the participants reported that they would have walked, and 9 percent would have cycled in their most recent trips if e-scooters were not available [6]. According to a Lime survey in San Francisco, 61 percent of the participants reported they would have walked, 12 percent would have chosen station-based bike-sharing, and 7 percent would have chosen personal bikes in their most recent trips if e-scooters were not available [6]. The survey of the City of Chicago indicated that 31.8 percent of e-scooter users would have used ride-hailing, 30.2 percent would have walked, 10.8 percent would have driven, 9.9 percent would have used a bus, 4.8 percent would have used bike-sharing, 4.2 percent would have used a train, 2.9 percent would not have taken the trip, and 2.6 percent would have cycled in their most recent trips if e-scooters were not available [13]. In [PERSON] et al. (2019) in Raleigh, USA, it was reported that 7 percent of users would not have taken the trip; otherwise, 49 percent would have biked or walked, 34 percent would have used a personal automobile or ride-share service, and 11 percent would have taken a public bus in their most recent trips if e-scooters were not available [30]. It can be observed in the study by [PERSON] et al. (2019) that nearly half of the respondents would have walked the distance they traveled using e-scooters in Raleigh, USA [30]. Therefore, it can be assumed that they had been using e-micromobility vehicles for distances which they could have walked, as replacing walking was considerably common. In contrast, according to [PERSON] et al. 's (2017) pilot project in Brighton, known for its extraordinary walking levels, the use of e-bikes during the project led to reductions in car driving among 43 percent of the participants [24].