# Smart Textiles: A Review and Bibliometric Mapping
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Clusters of KW as indicators of research areas
Plant polyphenols were also used to enhance the superhydrophobic properties of polyamide fabric to achieve self-cleaning [235]. The second mechanism is based on photocatalysis, in which the oxidative decomposition of organic dirt and contaminants adsorbed on the surface of textiles takes place under electromagnetic radiation. The residues are then removed by washing. Photo-catalytic activity is demonstrated by coatings with nanoparticles of TiO\({}_{2}\), ZrO\({}_{2}\) nano-composite, TiO\({}_{2}\)/SiO\({}_{2}\) composite, ZnO, etc., applied to textiles using sol-gel technology [232]. **Fabrication**. The term fabrication refers to the production or invention of individual components that make up larger assemblies or end products. In the case of smart textiles, the term is often used in the context of smart textiles that contain miniature parts, such as elements for wearable electronic textiles [231], sensors [236; 237], textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators [39], miniaturized energy storage systems composed of micro-flexible supercapacitors [238], miniaturized platforms for autonomous and interconnected textilesapplied in personalized healthcare [13], twisted coiled polymer actuators for artificial muscles [239], or embedding optical fibre technology in textile fabrics [240]. **Soft robotics**. Soft robots aim to be as flexible as living organisms [241]. Soft robotics is inspired by the movement of living organisms and features excellent adaptability and accuracy in performing tasks [242]. Textiles are used in soft robotics either as passive or active soft materials. Passive robust textile auxiliary materials in the form of fibres, yarns, and fabrics reinforce the conventional soft materials to transmit forces and improve anisotropy [241], while active smart textiles in soft robotics in the form of fibres, yarns, or fabrics are used as soft actuators, sensors, or self-powered elements [241; 242]. Soft actuators can be actuated by mechanisms such as changes in electricity-voltage, charge, current (electrical actuation), light (optical actuation), temperature (thermal actuation), humidity (solvent and vapour actuation), magnetism (magnetic actuation), or pressure (pneumatic actuation) [242; 243]. Reversible deformation (e.g., elongation, contraction, bending, or rotation) is based on changes in the volume, distance, or order of the material [241; 242]. Soft robotics with flexible actuators can be used in medical robots (surgery, drug delivery, motion assistance, rehabilitation), actively deformable garments (functional compression), soft human-machine interfaces (wearable manipulation devices, haptic feedback), bioinspired robots (humanoid, animal, or plant-like soft robots), and technical robots for remote sensing and manipulation [241; 242; 243]. Based on the results of the above analysis, it can be stated and deduced that, from a technical point of view, modern smart textiles bring together at least two major research and industrial sectors and their multidisciplinary know-how: smart chemical/textile materials and smart miniaturised electronic technologies. In this regard, smart textile materials have mainly evolved toward organic, nano, composite, conductive, or semiconductive, while electronics aim to be miniaturised, wearable, washable, wireless, fibre- or yarn-based, flexible, stretchable, printable, and integrated. Development has also been driven by innovative combinations of new materials, their unique structures, new technologies, and better integration of components. Smart functionalities and utilities of innovative smart textiles offer amazing new opportunities in the fields of medicine and health management, sensing and monitoring, environmental protection, personal safety, soft robotics, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0 and 5.0, as well as sports and leisure, fashion, decoration, and entertainment.