## 3 Results
### Catalytic Activity  
The obtained solids were subjected to a hydrolysis procedure in aqueous media at a temperature of 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C using H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (0.2M/L) as a catalyst, in order to evaluate their reactivity after the treatment. Solid III, which actually was lignin, did not form any sugar; in contrast, Solid I and Solid II formed sugar. The hydrolyses of the original biomass sources were measured as a reference. The conversion results of Solids I and II and the untreated biomass (Table 5) were different among the samples studied. The conversion data were obtained by measuring the difference in dry weight between the initial sample and the one obtained after the hydrolysis reaction using the following formula:  
\[\text{\it conversion }(\%)=\frac{\text{Initial amount of solid }-\text{Obtained solid after hydrolysis}}{\text{Initial amount of solid}}\times 100\]  
The lowest conversion values were for the original biomass and the highest were for the fractionated samples. The conversion of Solid II, higher than 90% in all three cases, demonstrated that is was the most reactive among the samples. Due to side reactions of cellulose and hemicellulose, giving rise to by-products and humins, the conversion data obtained are inconclusive. Therefore, levulinic acid (a by-product of cellulose hydrolysis) and furfural (a by-product of hemicellulose hydrolysis) were also analyzed. The conversion of glucose to HMF and the subsequent formation of levulinic acid and formic acid was so rapid that no HMF was detected in the samples. The yield of glucose and levulinic acid for the original biomass and Solid I and Solid II obtained after the treatment are compiled in Figures 6-8. In all cases, the yield of glucose was relatively low for the original biomasses studied. The yield of glucose \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Cellulose** & **Hemicellulose** & **Insoluble Lignin** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Barley Straw} & Solid I & \(45.1\pm 1.03\) & \(0.3\pm 0.03\) & \(45.6\pm 1.73\) \\  & Solid II & \(89.4\pm 3.2\) & \(1.2\pm 0.07\) & \(5.3\pm 0.52\) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Pruning Waste} & Solid I & \(49.6\pm 0.8\) & \(1.3\pm 0.03\) & \(45.7\pm 0.81\) \\  & Solid II & \(82.9\pm 3.3\) & \(1.5\pm 0.03\) & \(5.9\pm 0.49\) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Vine Shoot} & Solid I & \(47.6\pm 0.6\) & \(1.2\pm 0.02\) & \(39.4\pm 1.2\) \\  & Solid II & \(90.7\pm 3.5\) & \(1.1\pm 0.03\) & \(2.5\pm 0.51\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Composition analysis (wt.%) of recovered solids. Samples dried at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Biomass**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\% Conversion of Structural Carbohydrates**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Original** & **Solid I** & **Solid II** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Barley Straw} & 83.0 & 85.0 & 91.0 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Pruning Waste} & 75.9 & 89.4 & 94.6 \\  & 87.1 & 91.2 & 95.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Results of hydrolysis conversion for original biomass and fractionated biomass (Solid I and Solid II). The reaction conditions were 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5 h, and H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (0.2 mol/L) was used as a catalyst. was approximately 20-30% after 5 h of reaction depending on the biomass sample. The fractionated samples Solid I and Solid II clearly presented higher glucose yields. The increase in the glucose yield can be attributed to the change in the biomass structure in the fractionated samples, with a loss of crystallinity with respect to the original biomass, as shown in the XRD studies, and a more porous structure, confirmed by SEM, which implies higher accessibility to the B(1\(\rightarrow\)4)-d-glucosidic bonds and therefore favors a hydrolysis reaction, in agreement with previous works [18; 38]. The yield of levulinic acid was similar to that of glucose (Figures 6B, 7B and 8B), and since it is a reaction by-product, the higher the concentration of glucose, the higher the concentration of levulinic acid. However, the yield was always lower than glucose.