esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A New Method of Angle Measurement Error Analysis of Rotary Encoders
## 6 Discussion  
The error sources are detected, and the error model is built to improve the angle measurement accuracy. The method of using visual system and image processing technology is proposed to detect  
Figure 16: Comparison of angle measurement errors by different ways.  
Figure 14: Results of \(d_{refk}\) calculated by image processing technology.  
Figure 15: Results of angle measurement error caused by installation eccentricity and radial error motion.  
the installation eccentricity. It is found that the installation eccentricity of the grating disk and the radial error motion of the rotating shaft along the direction of the reading head are the main causes to the angle measurement error of the rotation joint from Equation (5). The angle measurement error caused by the installation eccentricity is the main part because the radial error motions are very small, as shown in Figure 15. Meanwhile, imperfect manufacturing of the grating disk and other minor errors also cause angle measurement error. The random errors affect the angle measurement accuracy of rotary encoders. The random error of radial error motion is a main part of the whole. The angle measurement accuracy of rotary encoders can be improved obviously by reducing the random error of radial error motion after compensating the systematic errors. This study focuses on the influence of the installation eccentricity of the grating disk and the radial error motion of the rotating shaft, which exist due to the imperfect installation of the grating disk and imperfect manufacturing and assembly of the machine parts.  
An angle measurement error can be predicted if the installation eccentricity and radial error motions are known. The theory can be applied to the design and assembly processes of precision rotating shafts. Regarding the design aspect, one can reduce the distance between the grating disk and the bearing, which is close to grating disk, so as to reduce the radial error motion of the grating disk. Regarding the assembly aspect, the visual system and image processing technology is especially suited for detecting the installation eccentricity during the assembly process. Detecting the eccentricity of the grating disk and adjusting the grating disk can reduce the angle measurement error effectively.  
In future work, correction of the angle measurement error of the rotation joint induced by temperature change will be regarded as the research key to improve the angle measurement accuracy when precision coordinate measuring instruments that contain a rotation joint are working in different ambient temperature.
## 5 Experimental Verification
### Experiments on Image Retrieving and Key Point Extraction  
#### 5.2.1 Image Preprocessing  
The charging pile is generally set outdoors with a strong magnetic and electric scene, in which environment the image obtained by the camera will inevitably contain noise. Therefore, image filtering preprocessing is required to suppress the noise of the image while retaining the as many details of the image as possible to ensure the smooth extraction of image features. The commonly used filtering algorithms include mean filtering, median filtering, and Gaussian filtering. Performance comparison of the filtering methods is shown in Table 1, among which median filtering has the best effect on processing the noise of the charging port image and is adopted in this experiment. Figure 6 shows the feature points of filtering processed images.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} The interference is large, and more noise \\ points are extracted \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Performance comparison of filtering methods.  
Figure 4: Checkerboard before and after distortion correction: (**a**) Before distortion correction; (**b**) After distortion correction.  
Figure 5: Checkerboard before and after stereo correction processing: (**a**) Before stereo correction; (**b**) After stereo correction.
## 4 Proposed Method for Notch Fatigue Analysis
### Correlation of Critical Distance Size Effects and Notch Geometry Size  
Although related studies have shown that the critical distance size effect will affect the application of the critical distance method [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24], the correlation of critical distance size effects and notch geometry size is unclear. In this section, the relationship between the root radius or depth of notch and the critical distance size effect will be analyzed through the size effect parameter \(\psi\). The size effect parameter \(\psi\) is defined as:  
\[\psi=\frac{\sigma_{\text{TCD-SE}}-\sigma_{\text{TCD}}}{\sigma_{\text{TCD-SE}}} \tag{13}\]  
where \(\sigma_{\text{TCD-SE}}\) is the notched fatigue strength obtained by the TCD considering the size effect; \(\sigma_{\text{TCD}}\) is the notched fatigue strength obtained by the conventional TCD.  
The results of size effect parameters for different notched specimens were obtained by different critical distance correction methods as shown in Figure 12. At the same notch depth, the influence of size effect on fatigue limit is negatively correlated with root radius such as with V1 vs. V3, V2 vs. V4. However, for the notch specimens with the same notch radius, with the increase of notch depth, the effect of size effect on the fatigue limit is not apparent such as with V1 vs. V2, V3 vs. V4. Therefore, the notch root radius is the main factor in the influence of size effect on the fatigue limit.  
Figure 11: Fatigue strength of notched Q345 qD specimens based on different critical distance point method.  
Figure 12: Size effect parameter (\(\psi\)) for different notched specimens.
## 4 Numerical Examples
### Example 1
In our test, the smaller \(\Delta x\) needs a smaller \(\Delta t\) for FDM-RK4, and the simulation will diverge during the simulation because the end time could not reach \(t\) = 5. In Figure 5, it can be clearly seen that the numerical error of ST-GFDM is maintained at the same magnitude during the simulation, and the numerical results are more accurate than those of FDM-RK4. This numerical performance shows that using the space-time approach, the numerical errors will not accumulate during simulation for each ST domain. The above discussions show that the proposed ST-GFDM can accurately and stably solve the Fornberg-Whitham equation. Since the capability of the proposed ST-GFDM has been verified in this numerical example, the following numerical tests are solved using specific parameters, and the obtained numerical results are compared with other approximation algorithms.
## 2 State-of-the-Art
### Spectrum for 5G Private and Dedicated Networks  
Access to the appropriate radio spectrum is required for 5G industrial applications, which is a critical consideration for any wireless technology. Most mobile operators are relying on the spectrum in the 3.5 GHz range (3.3 GHz-4.2 GHz) to launch commercial networks. It is on its way to becoming a globally harmonized band for 5G, which will help bring network equipment and devices down in price. 5G, on the other hand, supports a much wider range of spectrum options, particularly across licensed frequency bands, which can accommodate a wider range of requirements. The spectrum ranges for 5G are illustrated in a comprehensive manner in Figure 5.  
* Low frequency bands, e.g., under 1 GHz, supporting wide area coverage e.g., wide area logistics and sensor networks;
* Mid frequency bands, e.g., in the core 3.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz range, delivering expanded device capacity and bandwidth. It is expected that public mobile network operators will each have between 80 MHz and 100 MHz in prime 5G mid-bands;
* High frequency bands known as \"millimeter wave\", e.g., 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 40 GHz. This is of particular importance to streaming video, image/video processing, vir  
Figure 4: Research Methodology for Literature Review.  
tual reality/augmented reality, and more general wireless networking for flexible production lines, AGVs, machine vision and supply chain management.
* Mobile network operators should have at least 1 GHz of spectrum available each in the high frequency bands, enabling those industrial use cases which demand peak 'traffic volume density'.
# Dry Test Methods for Micropumps
## Materials and Methods
### Design Description
#### 2.1.3 Design-for-Testability  
Functional tests can be performed at the wafer level and the end of the packaging. A focus here is on the final test in production, but some insights about wafer-level tests will be addressed too.  
As discussed previously, testing with a liquid could only be considered for a few limited numbers of applications and prefilled devices. A micropump is ideally tested with nitrogen, dry air, or any other inactive gas to prevent any risk of valve stiction, contamination, change of the surface properties, uncontrolled bioburden, etc. For a pulsatile micropump, performing accuracy tests with water turns out to be a complex task. As an example, the integration time of microflowmeters can prevent the correct determination of the stroke volume, and weighing tests are usually preferred [31]. With gas, the use of a flowmeter is even more challenging except if the device includes embedded flow-sensing elements. The monitoring of the pressure inside the pumping cavity during air pumping is an interesting option that offers numerous advantages including high sensitivity, fast response, and a large signal-to-noise ratio.  
Design-for-Testability consists in enabling individual pneumatic access to each micropump membrane, including the pumping membrane, the sensing membranes (pressure sensors), and the outlet membrane. Pneumatic access is obtained by micromachining of through holes (DRIE) in the bottom plate and tight sealing between the coupling areas (SOI wafer backside and bottom wafer front side). The schematic is straightforward for the pumping membrane and the pressure sensor. The specific outlet valve pneumatic access is illustrated in Figure 4. Pressurizing the backside of the valve can either force the valve open or close depending on the test sequence that is described in the following sections. After the final assembly of the micropump onto the insulin reservoir (see [28] for a detailed description of the system structure), the backside of the outlet valve is in pneumatic communication with the reservoir to prevent insulin free flow. In the case of an increase in the pressure gradient between the reservoir and micropump outlet, the outlet valve remains closed as the same pressure applies on both surfaces of the valve that is furthermore normally closed, with an opening threshold of about +100 mbar.
# Exploring Multi-Channel GPS Receivers for Detecting Spoofing Attacks on UAVs Using Machine Learning
## 4 Machine Learning Classifiers
### Decision Tree  
Decision trees were initially introduced by [39]. They are non-parametric supervised machine learning algorithms used for both classification and regression tasks. They follow a hierarchical tree-based structure composed of a root node, internal nodes, branches, and leaf nodes. The mechanism of decision trees consists of generating a set of decision rules derived from features to estimate the target variable. Therefore, internal nodes apply criteria such as Gini impurity or entropy to determine the optimal feature split and obtain the best possible classification. However, this approach still suffers from overfitting in some instances.  
In this study, we design a decision tree model employing Gini impurity to measure the quality of splits. The maximum tree depth is not specified; in this case, the tree will grow until all the leaves are pure. We set the minimum number of samples required to split an internal node to 2. Additionally, all the available features are considered during the training process to maximize the model's learning capacity.
## 5 V2X Technology in the Context of SAE Levels of Autonomy
### Mapping of V2X Capabilities to the SAE Levels of Autonomy
This cooperative data sharing allows vehicles to have a comprehensive understanding of complex traffic scenarios. At this level, V2X technology contributes to safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to communicate their ODDs and operational constraints. Through V2X, vehicles can broadcast their intended paths and driving behaviors to others, allowing for optimized route planning and avoidance of conflicts. This cooperative coordination can prevent potential collisions, enhance the traffic predictability, and improve the overall system performance. By integrating this information into their decision-making processes, autonomous vehicles can adapt their driving strategies accordingly and navigate safely within their designated ODDs. * LoA 5--Full automation. V2X technology is expected to be an essential component in achieving Level 5 self-driving, where the vehicles are fully autonomous and capable of performing all dynamic driving tasks across all operational design domains without any human intervention. V2X enables seamless communication and coordination among the vehicles, the infrastructure and the other entities, therefore the autonomous systems are provided with comprehensive understanding of the surrounding environment and the behaviors of the other entities. By leveraging V2X capabilities, the autonomous vehicles can make highly informed decisions, optimize their routes, and navigate safely and efficiently in complex traffic scenarios. Through V2X communication, the vehicles can negotiate right-of-way, engage in cooperative merging and lane changes, and coordinate their speeds to maintain safe and efficient traffic flow. This cooperative interaction is crucial in creating a harmonious and predictable driving environment. V2X communication enhances the overall safety of Level 5 self-driving by providing advanced warnings and alerts. The vehicles can exchange information about potential hazards, road conditions, and unexpected events. This real-time information can be integrated into the decision-making processes of the autonomous vehicles, allowing them to proactively respond to changing situations and avoid potential collisions.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity  
Antimicrobial activities of kombucha were evaluated using the agar diffusion assay method as previously described by [PERSON] et al. (2017) with slight modifications. The six strains of microorganisms were used (_Escherichia coli_ ATCC 8739, _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC 25923, _Enterococcus faecalis_ ATCC 19433, _Salmonella enteritidis_ ATCC 13076, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ ATCC 27853, _Staphylococcus saprophyticus_ ATCC 15305). The microorganisms were propagated overnight at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature on plate count agar (Liofilchem, S.r.l., Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy) slants. After cultivation, bacteria cells were collected from slants, and cell suspension was adjusted to McFarland standard No. 0.5 (Liofilchem, Waltham, MA, USA). Bacteria suspension was mixed with plate count agar medium (45 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to obtain 10\({}^{6}\) CFU/mL, and 10 mL was poured into Petri dishes. The kombucha (50 \(\mu\)L) or sterile distilled water (negative control) was added to each well (diameter of 8 mm) previously cut into agar plates. Plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The antimicrobial activities against microorganisms were recorded as clear zones around the wells (mm).
# Kinetics of Ions in Post-Lithium Batteries
## 3 Post-Lithium Ionic Conductors
### Magnesium-Ion Batteries  
Magnesium and calcium are interesting alternative ions to Li, which have the advantage of being divalent [17; 45; 106; 107; 108; 109; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 119]. Here we will consider Mg as a potential divalent ion to substitute Li as the diffusion of Ca ions in crystal lattices is plagued by its larger ionic radius. Table 2 reports the activation energies of Mg diffusion in candidate Mg-ion battery materials. It can be observed that there is a very wide range of activation energies (0.52-2.19 eV, refer to Table 2).  
As can be observed in Table 2, MgV\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) is the most promising Mg-ion battery material considered here with an activation energy of Mg-diffusion of 0.52 eV [45]. In more detail, [PERSON] et al. [45] employed atomistic simulations to calculate the energetics and vacancy-mechanism pathway (refer to Figure 4). The Mg local hops cover distances of 3.62 A (refer to the arrows in Figure 4a) and the activation energy of migration is 0.52 eV (refer to Figure 4b). These local hops can lead to long-range three-dimensional (3D) diffusion. As the diffusion mechanism is 3D there is no preferred plane or direction [45]. In essence, the ionic conductivity in MgV\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) is significant, however, when it is significantly less as compared to Li-diffusion or Na-diffusion [45; 47; 95].  
Figure 3: Schematic representation of (**a**) the crystal structure (space group C2/_c_) and (**b**) the Na ion diffusion paths along the _ab_-plane in monoclinic Na\({}_{3}\)V(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)[94].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Material** & **Activation Energy/eV** & **Comments** \\ \hline MgV\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 0.52 & Ref. [45], 3D \\ Mg\({}_{6}\)MnO\({}_{8}\) & 0.86 & Ref. [109], 3D \\ MgTiO\({}_{3}\) & 0.88 & Ref. [17] \\ Mg\({}_{3}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)Si\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{12}\) & 2.19 & Ref. [112] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The activation energies of diffusion of Mg in candidate Mg-ion battery materials.  
The computational simulation studies of a range of oxides showed that Mg diffusion is significantly lower as compared to Li (or Na) diffusion, so it is anticipated that these materials in their present form will not be appropriate for energy storage applications.
## 2 Tests on the Effects of ADNB on the Slip Resistance of Borrowed Soil of Rock Slopes
### Shear Strength Tests  
The influence of ADNB on the soil shear strength was studied by direct shear tests. The test instrument was a four-connected direct shear instrument, able to shear four samples at the same time. The vertical pressures applied to the samples were 50, 100, 200, and 400 kPa. The shear velocity was set at 0.8 mm/min, and dynamometer and displacement readings were recorded when 0.2 mm shear displacement was generated.  
The influence of ADNB on the shear strength of clay is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Permeability coefficient of each group of samples.  
Figure 5: Shear stress–shear displacement curves.  
The shear stress-shear displacement curves of the two groups of soil samples with a polymer content of 0% were basically identical, as shown in Figure 4(a). This indicated that their shear strength was basically the same. Therefore, the sample preparation method had little influence on the soil shear strength. However, as shown in Figure 4(b)-h, the shear strength of the samples increased with increasing ADNB content in the two application processes. This indicated that the shear strength of the soil was improved after the treatment. It also indicated that the shear strength of the soil samples could be improved by the two application processes. However, for the same content and vertical pressure, the shear stress-shear displacement curves of the mixing group were always above those of the spraying group; that is, the improvement effect of the mixing process was better than that of the spraying process.  
According to the shear stress-shear displacement curves, Mohr stress circles were plotted (Figure 6). The values of cohesive force \(c\) and internal friction angle \(\varphi\) of the soil samples were obtained by the tangent line of the Mohr circles.
# Word Sense Disambiguation Using Cosine Similarity Collaborates with Word2 vec and WordNet
## 2 Related Works
### WordNet  
WordNet (2018) is a large lexical English database. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets). Each synset comes with a definition (or gloss) and examples of usage (if available). Synsets are also interlinked with each other through conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. The most frequent encoded relations among synsets are hyponym and hypernym (or ISA relations). A hypernym is a relationship where the word shares meaning with its superordinate words. A hyponym is a relationship where the word generalizes meaning with its subordinate words. For example, \"bed\" and \"bunkbed\" has a hypernym relationship with \"furniture, piece_of_furniture.\" Conversely, \"furniture, piece_of_furniture\" has a hyponym relationship with \"bed\" and \"bunk bed.\" There is also a similar part-whole relationship between meronym and holonym. \"Chair\" has a meronym relationship with \"back\" and \"seat.\" \"Bed\" has a holonym relationship with \"bedroom\", \"sleeping_room\", \"sleeping_acommodation\", \"chamber\" and \"bed_chamber.\" A verb synset has entailment relationships such as \"buy\" to \"pay\" and \"snore\" to \"sleep.\" An adjective synset has antonym relationships such as \"wet\" to \"dry.\" Sometimes, a sense definition alone is insufficient information. Our method extends the sense definition with aforementioned relationships except for the \"antonym\" relationship.
# Failure in the Tension Zone around a Circular Tunnel Excavated in Saturated Porous Rock
## 1 Introduction
In these brittle rocks, the spread of plasticity close to the boundary of the tunnel is not as catastrophic as in \"soil-like\" clay formations. Consequently, a different scenario occurs during the process of excavation. In fact, the pore pressure is always positive in undrained conditions. This pore pressure induces negative effective stresses (Figure 1a), which result in a state of stress in the tension zone (Figure 1b) close to the boundary of the excavation. The paper focuses on the analysis of failure in isotropic brittle porous rock, in undrained conditions, during the tunnel excavation. The purpose of this study is the identification of a limit pore pressure in the rock around the tunnel, which induces failure in the tension zone. The first part of this study discusses the issue related to the determi  
Figure 1: (**a**) Effect of the pore pressure close to the excavation boundary; (**b**) Variation of the strength with parameter \(m\) in the tension and compression zone. nation of the tensile strength of the rock and the related tension zone with the Hoek and Brown criterion [27]. Data fitting of the results of triaxial tests carried out on sandstone at different ranges of confinement allows determining different strength parameters and tension zones (Section 2). Next, the undrained condition in moderately weak brittle rocks is discussed. The coupling between the Kirsch solution and the H&B criterion for an unsupported tunnel identifies a limit condition of pore pressure at the boundary of the tunnel in the tension zone in undrained conditions (Section 3). The study proceeds with a comparative analysis of synthetic cases with different far-field stresses and rock properties. The generation of an excess pore pressure during tunnel excavation and the investigation of the extent of the tension zone around the tunnel is carried out with FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, ver. 8.1) (Section 4). The results of these analyses indicate that unexpected tensile failures can occur around the tunnel immediately after the excavation.