# Ontology Based Governance for Employee Services
## 2 Related Work
The authors in [28] presented a semantic-based architecture of a one-stop government portal, which on the one hand supports the user in searching for services on interconnected systems and on the other hand ensures the processing of the requested service. EG-BOnt was another approach by [29] for modeling and collaboration on the government to business field. The authors in [30] proposed an e-government interoperability framework in Uganda. They designed a National Enterprise Architecture that is based on a set of related ontologies. The contribution of the above works is particularly useful and necessary for the mapping of how ontologies can be utilized in e-government. These papers use more a top-down approach and focus on top-level and horizontal ontologies. Most of them try to give general directions for the development and use of ontologies in public administration. Despite the relevant research, governments around the world face difficulties in defining a central governmental ontology that will support the development of electronic services. Besides, there are not many vertical ontologies, especially in the field of government to employee. The experience gained from the above work is the basis for the next step in this area. Our proposal is based on the development of vertical ontologies that will result from a bottom-up approach. Each organization or group of organizations with a common working framework must design the ontology that will support its administrative procedures. Beyond that, the emphasis should be placed on the interconnection of these ontologies to achieve the desired degree of interoperability. The heterogeneity that results from this process should not be considered as a deterrent. Given the general difficulty of defining and applying common standards, heterogeneity is part of the system and is already a phenomenon that is being addressed. Heterogeneity is a more general problem that does not occur only in our case. Additionally, the modeling offered by the use of ontologies helps us to overcome the issues of heterogeneity more easily. Several papers suggest solutions to this issue through the use of ontologies [28; 29; 30]. For our application, we used ontologies. Ontologies offer efficient modeling of structures, data, and services. This, in addition to the advantages it offers us for design and implementation, facilitates the interconnection of heterogeneous systems. Moreover, the reasoning capability enables us to infer information more easily from our data. The solution we propose can also be considered in conjunction with other research papers that explore the potential for exporting data from relational databases into ontologies [6; 31; 32; 33; 34]. In this way, it is possible to utilize the huge volume of data that already exists in relational databases, to facilitate the transition of information systems using relational databases to semantic ontology systems. The purpose of our work is to create an ontology to support administrative work and an ontology-based e-government portal that offers integrated services of stages 1-4 to employees. In this context, the ontology manages the modeling and management of knowledge, which is used in the services of all four stages. The Web Portal, for its part, undertakes the implementation of the services, offering the necessary interfaces to the clients (employees) for the submission of requests to the administration and the receipt of the results. It also provides the necessary interfaces for the administration to access the SPARQL endpoint for data management and request processing. For the construction of the ontology, we chose the OWL language, because of its stronger semantics and logic relation expressiveness. For the implementation of the ontology we used Protege 5.5.0 [35] and we verified the ontology with the Pellet reasoner [36]. In addition, we checked the ontology for inconsistencies and pitfalls with the OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner (OOPS) [37]. The portal was built with open source tools.