###### Abstract  
The Pilates breathing technique is theorized to improve neuromuscular efficiency, but its specific effects on peripheral muscles have not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated how Pilates breathing influenced the neuromuscular efficiency of the biceps brachii muscle during submaximal elbow flexion in comparison to regular breathing. Fifty-eight healthy adults without prior experience with the Pilates method of exercise performed concentric and eccentric elbow contractions at 20%, 40%, and 60% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction under two breathing conditions: the specialized Pilates breathing pattern (executing movements exclusively during expiration) and normal breathing patterns. Muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography, with neuromuscular efficiency quantified as the relationship between muscle electrical activity and force production. The results revealed significantly improved neuromuscular efficiency during Pilates breathing at all tested intensity levels, with the most substantial enhancement observed at 60% of maximal effort. The eccentric phase of movement demonstrated greater efficiency gains compared to the concentric phase. These findings indicate that the distinct breathing pattern used in Pilates can independently enhance neuromuscular performance in the biceps brachii. This study suggests that incorporating Pilates breathing techniques could be beneficial in rehabilitation programs and strength training regimens to optimize both muscle function and movement efficiency. Additional research is recommended to examine the long-term effects and practical applications in clinical and athletic settings. b 2025 15 May  
ical and neuromuscular framework that supports functional movement patterns [2]. Breathing is emphasized as a vital component of PME, serving to regulate the intra-abdominal pressure, stabilize the core muscles, and enhance mind-body awareness. The Pilates breathing technique combines diaphragmatic and costal breathing, which promotes thoracic expansion while maintaining abdominal engagement [4]. This unique approach to breathing has been linked to improved core stability and muscle excitation, particularly in the deep stabilizing muscles, such as the transverse abdominis, lumbar multifiidi, and pelvic floor [6]. The integration of breathing and centering during PME has significant implications for muscle excitation and performance. Studies using electromyography have demonstrated that Pilates-based breathing techniques can enhance neuromuscular efficiency, a parameter that reflects the relationship between neural drive and force production [7]. Neuromuscular efficiency is particularly relevant in resistance training and rehabilitation, as it quantifies the optimization of motor unit recruitment and firing patterns [8]. Efficient muscle function, as evidenced by reduced electromyographic amplitudes during high-force tasks, is indicative of an adaptive neuromuscular system capable of performing tasks with a minimal energetic cost [9]. Additionally, the principles of resistance training underscore the importance of gradually increasing the mechanical load to stimulate neuromuscular adaptations; this concept aligns with the objectives of Pilates training, which often incorporates progressive resistance using springs or body weight [10]. Research on neuromuscular efficiency during concentric and eccentric muscle actions reveals distinct patterns. Eccentric exercises demonstrate significantly lower muscle excitation compared to concentric [11]. Recent investigations have explored the influence of Pilates breathing on specific muscle groups, particularly in the context of upper limb movement [12]. Research on the biceps brachii during concentric and eccentric phases has revealed greater electromyographic activity when Pilates breathing associated with centralization was employed compared to regular breathing techniques.