esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ML-AKA: An Authentication Protocol for Non-Standalone 5G-Based C-IoT Networks
## 6 The Novel ML-AKA Protocol for the 5G-NSA Based C-IoT Network
* _D2D connection establishment_: In the D2D connection establishment phase, two nearest devices (\(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\)) discover each other and share a random secret key (\(R_{k}\)). If the shared random secret key (\(R_{k}\)) matches, a D2D connection is established. * _Session key generation for D2D:_ After the secure D2D or D2X connection has been established, the session key generation process begins, which is explained in the following steps: (1) There is one device (\(D_{1}\)) ping for the generation of session key process through sending the device to device session request to their access points (\(AP_{1}\)). Device identities keys like \(DID_{1}\) and \(DID_{2}\) are used for D2D session request. (2) After receiving the session request, \(AP_{1}\) verifies the legitimacy of the respective devices. Session requests are only accepted for legitimate devices. Only one session identity is used, and this is denoted as \(SID_{1}\). After that, \(AP_{1}\) picks the random nonce value \(r_{1}\) and sends a key agreement request, which consists of \(DID_{1}\), \(DID_{2}\), \(r_{1}\) and \(SID_{1}\). (3) Once the \(AP_{2}\) has sent the key agreement request, it confirms the legacy of \(AP_{1}\) and approves the D2D services. After selecting a new random nonce value \(r_{2}\), \(AP_{1}\) delivers the device identity (\(DID_{1}\), \(DID_{2}\)) to \(AP_{1}\). (4) With the sharing of their IDs, \(AP_{1}\) and \(AP_{2}\) generate a random pre-shared key (\(K_{ps}\)) with the use of XOR functions. After the key, \(K_{ps}\), has been generated, it is sent to both the devices (\(D_{1}\), \(D_{2}\)) attached to the eNodeB to establish a session. During this session, the management and key exchange request sent from \(AP_{1}\) to \(D_{1}\) contains \(D_{2}\)'s identity \(DID_{2}\), \(K_{ps}\) and session identity \(SID_{1}\), and the request sent from \(AP_{2}\) to \(D_{2}\) contains \(DID_{1}\), (\(K_{ps}\)) and \(SID_{1}\). (5) Devices \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\) choose random nonce values a and b, which are used to generate the session key \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\), respectively. Before the session keys are exchanged, the message authentication code \(MAC_{1}\) and \(MAC_{2}\) are computed for \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\) with the use of hashed MAC (HMAC) and the common secret key \(K_{cm}\). Figure 5.0  
Figure 5.1  
where \(K_{cm}=R_{AP}\) XOR \(K_{ps}\), \(t_{1}\) and \(t_{2}\) are timestamps from devices' (\(D_{1}\), \(D_{2}\)) local clocks. (6) After obtaining the \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\), the devices (\(D_{1}\), \(D_{2}\)) verify the HMAC by computing their common secret key \(K_{cm}\). If the result of the verification is correct then a D2D session key \(K_{DS}=(H_{1})^{b}=(H_{2})^{a}\) is generated.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Compressive Strength  
The fluidity of cement paste mixed with functional polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agents was measured as a function of time, as illustrated in Figure 4. The compressive strength of cement paste, mortar, and concrete was measured as a function of time (at the age of 1, 7, and 28 days), as respectively displayed in Figures 5-7.  
Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of superplasticizer Z.  
Figure 2: FTIR spectrum of superplasticizer H.  
Figure 4: Fluidity of cement paste.  
Figure 5: Comparison of the strength of cement paste as a function of time (after 1, 7, and 28 days).  
Figure 6: Comparison of the strength of mortar as a function of time (after 1, 7, and 28 days).  
Figure 4 displays the flow rate of cement paste as a function of time, and the slope of the curves represents the loss of the flow rate of cement paste over time. It is clear that the absolute value of the slope of the fluidity curve of superplasticizer Z is larger than the slope of the fluidity curves of the other superplasticizers in a time range of zero (fresh cement) to one hour, which indicates that the hydration reaction of cement is quicker, and the network structure of cement is formed faster in the presence of superplasticizer Z. Whether in the state of cement, mortar, or concrete, the main component participating in the hydration reaction is cement, hence cement paste can contribute to the fluidity and the loss of flow rate of mortar and concrete to a certain extent.  
It can be inferred intuitively from Figures 5-7 that the early strength of the group containing superplasticizer Z is higher than that of the other groups, and superplasticizer Z helps the strength of cement, mortar, and/or concrete to develop faster over time, which demonstrates its superiority to the other superplasticizers. Therefore, it can be concluded that superplasticizer Z promotes the hydration reaction at the early stage and improves the early strength of cement, mortar, and/or concrete, thereby further reflecting the characteristics of the early-strength functional polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer.
## 2 Background and Problem Setting
### Long-Haul WDM Optical Communication System Using DP-16 QAM Modulation Scheme
The light propagation through the fiber is described in terms of the well-known nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation [46]:  
\[ \begin{split}&\frac{dN_{T,R}(t)}{dt}=\frac{I_{T,R}}{qV}-\frac{1}{ \tau_{n}}N_{T,R}(t)\\ &-\frac{G[N_{T,R}(t)-N_{0}]}{1+\varepsilon|E_{T,R}(t)|^{2}}|E_{T,R }(t)|^{2}.\end{split}  \tag{4}\]  
Here, \(E_{j}\) and \(E_{k}\) are slowly varying complex electric field amplitudes of the \(j\)-th and \(k\)-th channels; equally \(\alpha\) is the fiber loss coefficient; \(\beta_{2}\) is the second-order dispersion coefficient of optical fiber; and \(\gamma\) is the nonlinear coefficient. In this implementation, we use non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) following the ITU-T G.655 recommendation, and these typical parameters are determined as \(\alpha=0.2\) dB/km, \(\beta_{2}=5.1\) ps\({}^{2}\cdot\) km\({}^{-1}\)/km, and \(\gamma=1.5\) W\({}^{-1}\cdot\) km\({}^{-1}\). Other hyperparameters are listed in Table 1.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lattice Dynamical Properties of MgBi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\)  
The phonon dispersion curves along high symmetry directions and the phonon density of states are shown in Figure 8. There are 18 atoms in MgBi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\) cells, so there is a total of 54 vibration modes in the phonon spectrum, including three acoustic modes and 51 optical modes. The calculated phonon spectrum shows no imaginary frequency, indicating the dynamical stability of MgBi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\). Along \(F\)-\(Q\) and \(Q\)-\(Z\) paths in the Brillouin zone, the vibration modes are double degenerate. The acoustic modes phonons reflect the vibration of the centroid of the original cell and occupy the 0-3 THz frequency region. Among the three acoustic modes passing through the \(\Gamma\) point, the longitudinal mode has higher frequency in comparison with the other two transverse acoustic modes. There is no gap at the frequency range of about 3 THz between the longitudinal acoustic and transverse optical modes. Thus, phonons can transition from the acoustic mode to the optical mode without any momentum transfer [35]. Further combining with the calculated PDOS shown in Figure 8, we can find that the coupled vibrations of Bi, Mg, and O atoms including the O-Bi-O and O-Mg-O bending vibrations in BiO\({}_{6}\) and MgO\({}_{6}\) octahedrons within the frequency range from 3 to 9.8 THz and the Bi-O and Mg-O stretching vibrations in the frequency range from 12 to 16.4 THz are obvious. The phonon branches above 16.4 THz are completely ascribed to the vibrations of O atoms.  
Figure 7: Directional dependence of Young’s modulus (in GPa) of MgBi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\).
## 1 Introduction  
Fish is an important food commodity due to its high nutritional value; its global production in 2020 reached a record 214 million tonnes and is foreseen to increase by a further 15% by 2030 [1]. Therefore, it is important for the industry to adopt new sustainable technologies and successful market approaches that will cover these demands. One of the major limitations during fish production and processing is the highly perishable nature of its products. Thus, shelf-life extension and quality assessment of fish during the whole process is of utmost importance [2]. In this context, the search for new methods to preserve fish during storage and for freshness evaluation have caught the interest of scientists.  
The use of modified atmosphere is widely used for fresh fish storage as a means to enhance shelf-life [3, 4]. In addition, CO\({}_{2}\)-emitting pads have been used in the recent years to maintain the CO\({}_{2}\) concentration in the packaging and to prevent spoilage [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Consumer purchase behavior is a complex mechanism that involves various factors concerning the product, such as its origin, preservation method, physical properties, and availability; and factors concerning the consumer, such as attitudes, sensory perception,preference and eating habits [10; 11; 12; 13]. Within these factors, perceived quality is one of the most important ones when buying fish [14], and freshness is a very important quality parameter [15].  
However, there is no data available on the use of active packaging with CO\({}_{2}\)-emitters in the acceptance of fish products by the consumers. Examining the attitudes of the consumers towards active packaging with pads would give an important insight into the utility and potential of this method as a means to limit food waste by extending the shelf-life of the product. Furthermore, involving consumers early on in the new product development is proven to be the key for success in the market place [16]. A very recent study on co-creation of fish packaging with consumers has pointed out the importance of consumers' perception and opinions during packaging design [17].  
Thus, the aim of this research was to examine consumer preference for active packaging of gilthead seabream (_Sparus aurata_) and seabass (_Dicentrarchuslabrax_) with CO\({}_{2}\)-emitters and to identify consumer attitudes towards fresh fish packaging. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate potentially perceived differences in the sensory properties of the products from the consumer's point of view in raw and cooked samples. Within this framework, we also attempted to relate the consumer's perception of freshness with the volatile composition of the fish in different packaging (active packaging with and without pad).
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Hardware in the Loop Analysis
#### 4.3.2 Grid-Connected Operation  
Figure 22 represents close-loop HIL regulation of the DC bus during the grid-connected mode. The experimental result shows some fluctuation in voltages from 699.8 V to 700.3 V, which is under the acceptable range. Moreover, a comparison of simulation and experimental results validate the adequate performance of the BFASMC controller. In Figure 23, HIL BFASMC DC bus voltage regulation comparison is presented with HIL-SMC during the grid-connected mode. Results show that SMC has a large overshoot and does not track the voltage accurately, where BFASMC has less overshoot and regulates the DC bus more precisely.  
Figure 21: HIL DC bus comparison islanded mode.  
Figure 20: DC bus voltage during islanded mode.
# Experimental Study on Anti-Icing Performance of NS-DBD Plasma Actuator
## 4 Conclusions  
The anti-icing performance of a NS-DBD plasma actuator has been experimentally investigated in this study. Two typical discharge conditions were selected to evaluate the anti-icing performance of NS-DBD plasma actuator, mainly to clarify the effect of pulse frequency and the voltage amplitude of the electric excitation signal on anti-icing performance. The first was a HV-LF discharge, corresponding to discharge under a higher voltage amplitude with lower pulse frequency; the second was LV-HF discharge, corresponding to discharge under lower voltage amplitude with higher pulse frequency.  
It was found that the surface temperature rise was mainly concentrated on the discharge area, and the peak value is located at the exposed electrode edges. LV-HF discharge can induce a higher surface temperature rise that that of a HV-LF discharge for the selected discharge conditions in this experiment. However, HV-LF discharge can further extend the discharge area. The heating source of NS-DBD plasma actuation can be divided into two parts: the gas heating near the edge of exposed electrodes, and the heating of the dielectric barrier. NS-DBD plasma actuation seems to wrap a layer of hot air film over the surface of the airfoil model, and each pulse individually contributes to the thermal expansion. Heated gas by plasma actuation at the front part flows downstream along with the cold airflow, strengthening the forced convection heat transfer between heated gas and dielectric surface in the downstream to some extent. The supercooled water droplets need to pass through a hot thin air film before they hit the wing surface. Part of input energy of the plasma discharge is directly injected into the heated air and used to warm the supercooled water droplets.  
With respect to the anti-icing effect, the LV-HF discharge shows a better performance than the HV-LF discharge under the same ice conditions and with the same power consumption. In view of pulse duration and duty circle, combined with heat dissipation, it is suggested that there is a threshold frequency corresponding to the voltage amplitude of electric actuation signal and the incoming flow condition by which effective anti-icing performance may be achieved.  
Experiments design, J.C. and B.W.; Formal Analysis, J.C. and G.Z.; Paper Writing, J.C.; Supervision, Y.W. and H.L.; Validation, L.X. and M.T.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), under the following grant numbers (Nos. 51336011, 51407197).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Augmenting CCAM Infrastructure for Creating Smart Roads and Enabling Autonomous Driving
## 3 Common Challenges in Autonomous Driving
### Communication  
The communication plays an important role of data sharing for both autonomous vehicles and roadside units. The data, i.e., information, knowledge, perception, etc., is generated over vehicles through onboard sensors and over roadside units through on road deployed sensors. However, the existing communication approaches lack in properly communicating the complex dynamics of the environment. The ongoing research and development from both the academia and industry is producing various strategies to address this and similar issues. Inspired by which, a number of research questions and challenges are as follows:  
* **Ch 1:** How can a vehicle accurately communicate with other vehicles and roadside infrastructure? Will the vehicles be able to achieve real-timeliness in their communications with other vehicles and roadside infrastructure?
* **Ch 2:** Can the information generation over a roadside unit be improved? If so, how will they realize the higher automation levels and the usecases therein?
* **Ch 3:** Can the generated maps either on vehicle or roadside unit be transmitted and/or received in long ranges?
* **Ch 4:** What could be the potential alternatives, if the existing communication interfaces lack support of the integration of external (roadside unit) and local (vehicle) information?
* **Ch 5:** What strategy is to be followed from updating the roadside unit's information with onboard vehicle's information or vice versa.
* **Ch 6:** What is the optimal communication strategy for accurately transmitting and receiving the sensory data from heterogeneous sensors available at the vehicle and roadside unit.
* **Ch 7:** Data over vehicle and roadside unit come from a variety of sources. How to communicate and synchronize the complex and challenging data.
* **Ch 8:** The communication infrastructure entails significant expenses. What are the vitalized alternatives for communication infrastructure?
* **Ch 9:** The engagement of communication infrastructure components in upstream and downstream operations is variable. How to segregate or decide what operations to be handled and when. Which connectivity needs to be highly available, the upstream or the downstream?
* **Ch 10:** How reliable will the communication between vehicles and RSUs be?
* **Ch 11:** It is not necessary to communicate every piece of information. What information needs to be communicated and how to prioritize that information.  
One of the directions that these challenges can be addressed is creating the external infrastructure, which enhances the perception and decision making of the vehicle. The similar research direction has been approached by the research community from around the globe. In what follows next, we will analyze the research literature in this direction.
# A Dynamic Multiple-Query RRT Planning Algorithm for Manipulator Obstacle Avoidance
## 2 Environment and Notation  
### Environment  
Obstacle-avoidance planning is separated into two types based on motion planning: static environment and dynamic environment. Moreover, the obstacle-avoidance planning in a dynamic environment includes known environments and unknown or partially unknown environments, as shown in Figure 1. When the environment or target changes, a new trajectory is replanned during the movement. The new trajectory and previous trajectory are connected smoothly, and the robot moves continuously.  
Set a stationary and known prior obstacle set as \(O_{s}\) in static environments. In addition, set a dynamic obstacle set as \(O_{d}(t)\), where \(t\) is time. As for the dynamic obstacles with uncertain moving, it is hard to anticipate the dynamic obstacles [18]. Based on the probability theory, the uncertainty modeling of dynamic obstacles is carried out to anticipate the change of information of dynamic obstacles including their speed and motion direction in the workspace, and is depicted in reference [19].  
Figure 1: Classification of obstacle-avoidance planning.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
The exploration of karst hidden dangers in the Tianmeixin village working area and the southern pond of Guanghua Intercity Railway Line 18 is carried out according to the difference in the obtained geological physical property parameters by adopting geophysical exploration techniques with good anti-interference ability and high resolution. The specific methods are the electrical resistivity tomography method and the cross-well seismic computed tomography method. Firstly, electrical resistivity tomography measurement lines were used to detect the spatial distribution of resistivity of underground rock and soil between the pond and Tianmeixin village, in order to find possible water conduction channels between the pond and the construction area. Secondly, three electrical resistivity  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Soil and Rock Mass**} & **Longitudinal Wave Velocity (V)/m/s** & **Resisivity (p)/\(\Omega\cdot\mathbf{m}\)** \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Regular Range** & **Regular Range** \\ \hline Clay (wet) & 800–2000 & 0.1–100 \\ \hline Sand (wet) & 1500–2500 & 50–500 \\ \hline Water & 1480 & 0.1–10 \\ \hline Limestone (karstified) & 2000–4500 & 50–500 \\ \hline Limestone (non-karstified) & 4000–6000 & 100–10,000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The reference range of longitudinal wave velocity and resistivity value of the main geological bodies in the study area.  
Figure 2: Satellite images of study area.  
tomography measurement lines were arranged in parallel along the extension direction of the subway line in Tianmeixin village to find out the distribution of the geotechnical interface, the buried depth and scale of the hidden karst cave, and the overall distribution law. Finally, based on the above electrical resistivity tomography method detection results, engineering drilling verification and cross-well seismic computed tomography detection verification were carried out on the karst abnormal area, and the karst development boundary and the next cross-well seismic computed tomography detection range were drawn, so as to solve the hazards of hidden karst and possible water-conducting fractures in the project.  
The coordinates and elevation information of boreholes and measuring electrode positions involved in this karst detection application research were recorded by RTK (Real Time Kinematic) of Zhonghaida Satellite Navigation Technology Company (Guangzhou, China). The positioning accuracy was up to a centimeter, providing precise data for the subsequent grouting drilling.
# Phishing Node Detection in Ethereum Transaction Network Using Graph Convolutional Networks
## 3 Research Motivations  
The Ethereum transaction network is a multiedge graph with a large number of transactions. In such a graph, phishing nodes generally make up only a tiny percentage of the nodes. Therefore, there are several factors that can impact the classification performance when constructing a phishing node detection scheme on the graph.
## 4 Discussion
### Gases Emissions at HKH Glaciers (CO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{3}\))  
The HKH glaciers are melting and shrinking due to global warming caused by increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The current concentrations for O\({}_{3}\), CO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{2}\) were 28.14 \(\pm\) 3.58, 208.58 \(\pm\) 31.40, 1.73 \(\pm\) 0.33, 2.84 \(\pm\) 0.37, respectively, and the future scenario could increase current concentrations with the high population density near these glaciers, deforestation, and land-use changes [36]. Many HKH glaciers have retreated by 7.3 m year from 1842 to 1935, and by almost 23% annually in the following four decades [37]. The present glacier melt trends predict that the many perennial rivers that crisscross the Pakistan plain may soon become seasonal due to climate change, affecting the region's economies. Many Asian glaciers, such as those under 4 km in length in the HKH and Tibetan Plateau, are expected to vanish or shrink by more than 60% [38]. [PERSON] and Gurung [39] has also reported that if the Earth continues to warm at the current rate, glaciers in the Himalaya will likely vanish by 2035, if not sooner. Its current 500,000 km\({}^{2}\) will likely fall to 100,000 km\({}^{2}\) by 2035. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report [31] also predicted same that by 2100, the HKH glaciers would have lost between a third and half of their mass. Scientists warn in the literature that HKH regions is warming five to six times quicker than the rest of the world and is also impacting Asian monsoons.  
The Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone was published in 2011 by the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and was the first attempt to look at the potential to slow global warming by reducing particle pollution (black carbon) and ozone precursors. These pollutants, which were previously thought to be just conventional air pollutants, have a short-term impact on climate change [9,40].
## 4 Discussion
### Future Prospective  
RCT studies assessing the effects of LLBERT in a clinical setting, specifically in post-surgical musculoskeletal rehabilitation, are insufficient. After evaluating controlled studies conducted over the last 20 years, a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of LLBERT on strength, muscle size, and pain perception in postsurgical patients seems evident. Part of this lack of evidence could be explained by the use of very similar strength training protocols and arterial occlusion pressures. Thus, future studies comparing the effects of different LLBERT characteristics on functional outcomes in these patients are needed, especially on upper limb rehabilitation.