esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma
## 3 Flavonoids in Multiple Myeloma
### Icaritin  
Icaritin, a preynylflavonoid, is a hydrolytic product of icarin, extras din _Herba Epimedii_[429]. Icaritin is a monoprenylated flavonol with 4'-methoxy (Figure 21) [419].  
Icaritin has been able to inhibit different tumors, including breast cancer [430; 431; 432; 433; 434; 435], hepatocellular carcinoma [436; 437; 438], lung cancer [439], squamous cell carcinomas [440; 441], esophageal cancer [442], ovarian cancer [443], endometrial cancer [444; 445], colorectal cancer [446; 447], glioblastoma [448; 449], and osteosarcoma [449].  
Icaritin showed cytotoxic effects and limited tumor progression. It induced inhibition of tumor cell migration, and stem/progenitor cell growth [434; 442; 450; 451]. It also showed a significant inhibitory effect in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma and lymphoma, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) [451; 452; 453; 454; 455].  
[PERSON] et al. [456] showed that icaritin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis of MM cell line KM3/BTZ and induced the reverse multidrug resistance. The mechanisms involved are thought to be related to down-regulation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, and up-regulation of Par-4 expression.  
Previously, [PERSON] et al. [452] showed the effect of icaritin on MM cell line (U266) and primary MM cells inhibition, due to S-phase cell cycle blockade by targeting cyclin-related proteins and CDK2 and apoptosis by IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling inhibition. The effects of icaritin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in MM cells were independent of estrogen receptor blockade. Icaritin showed anti-myeloma activity in vivo, underlined by inhibition of tumor growth, downregulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and VEGF expression and decreased serum levels of IL-6 and IgE. The antimyleoma effect of icaritin in vivo is thought to be mediated by inhibition of the p-JAK2/p-STAT3/VEGF-mediated signaling pathway.
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Experimental Results
#### 4.3.4 Performance Results for Various Benchmarks  
The performance improvement is measured for each benchmark program. Figure 14 shows the results for each benchmark program running on systems that use different task selection policies for the test cases with 16 threads. We observe that the benchmark programs for which the running time is longer (e.g., parsec.facesim and splash2x.raytrace) obtain more performance gains on systems that use the proposed task selection policies. The benchmark programs (e.g., splash2x.cholesky and parsec.vips) show no performance improvement because their running time is too short. Tasks requiring a longer elapsed time have more chances to be migrated and thus gain more performance improvement.
## 3 Results
### Substrate Specificity of \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. uzoniensis_
Daidzein and genistein were produced from daidzin and genistin in the root extract with higher productivities of 3.30 and 3.36 mM/h, respectively, and molar yields of 100%, after 180 min and 30 min, respectively (Figure 5). The production of daidzein and genistein by glycosidases from complex substrates is summarized in Table 3. The previous highest concentrations of the produced daidzein and genistein were 8.40 and 4.09 mM, respectively, using \(\beta\)-glucosidase from _Aspergillus oryzae_ with soybean flour extract [37]. These values were 1.18-fold lower and 1.07-fold higher than those of daidzein and genistein from root and seed extracts of Korean wild \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Isoflavvone**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Content (mg/g)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Seed** & **Stem** & **Root** \\ \hline daidzin & 5760 \(\pm\) 63 & ND & 20,580 \(\pm\) 135 \\ daidzein & 330 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 210 \(\pm\) 7.8 & 7560 \(\pm\) 171 \\ genistin & 8310 \(\pm\) 99 & 1320 \(\pm\) 33 & 3600 \(\pm\) 45 \\ genistein & 360 \(\pm\) 2.7 & ND & 1770 \(\pm\) 33 \\ glycitin & ND & ND & ND \\ glycitin & 510 \(\pm\) 3.0 & ND & ND \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data are expressed as the means of three experiments \(\pm\) standard deviation. ND, not detected.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Isoflavone contents in 10% (\(w/v\)) seed, stem, and root extracts of Korean wild soybean a.  
Figure 5: Time-course reactions for the production of daidzein (closed circle) and genistein (closed square) from daidzin (open circle) and genistin (open square), respectively, in the (**a**) seed and (**b**) root extracts of Korean wild soybean by \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. uozniensis_. The reactions were performed at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 50 mM CPB (pH 5.0) containing 0.4 mg/mL enzyme and 20% (\(v/v\)) seed or root extracts of Korean wild soybean. Data are represented as the means of triplicate experiments and error bars represent the standard deviation. soybean, respectively. However, the levels of daidzein and genistein produced using \(\beta\)-glucosidase from _A. oryzae_ were 19- and 42-fold lower, respectively, than those produced using \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. Uzoniensis_ with the root extract of Korean wild soybean. The previous highest productivities obtained for daidzein and genistein were 1.50 and 1.23 mM/h, respectively, using \(\beta\)-glucosidase from _Gongronella_ sp. with soybean flour extract [38]. These values are 2.2- and 2.7-fold lower, respectively, than those obtained using \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. Uzoniensis_ with the root extract of Korean wild soybean in this study. \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. Uzoniensis_ completely hydrolyzed daidzin and genistin in seed and root extracts of Korean wild soybean to daidzein and genistein and the productivities were the highest reported to date. Thus, \(\beta\)-galactosidase from _T. Uzoniensis_ is a potent enzyme for the production of isoflavone aglycones.
## 3 Plasma and Aerosols: Challenges
Recent advances in spectroscopic techniques, from UV to infra-red, and with high spatial and temporal resolution now offer the possibility for accurate study of this system, aided by recent developments in plasma control and in precision microdroplet generation [47; 48; 34]. Considering, for example, the range of available gases, liquids or colloids and the choice of plasma parameters, droplet sizes and exposure time, this experimental and simulation environment offers very fertile ground for future discoveries. Nevertheless, the most important challenge in the study of complex multiphase plasmas probably comes from accounting for the strong coupling that links the above mentioned phenomena. For example, a droplet entering a plasma region locally modifies the electric fields, but may in turn be deformed by the electrostatic forces up to the point of splitting into smaller droplets, characterized by a higher rate of evaporation that will modify the liquid vapor content in the gas phase and therefore the plasma discharge. The acknowledgment of this coupling will demand a considerable effort and the adoption a multi-diagnostic approach combining techniques for the characterization of the plasma, the aerosol, the fluid dynamic mixing and the liquid properties together with advanced numerical models able to account for droplet surface modification. The design of new experiments aimed to \"decouple\" these phenomena, for example considering the interaction between a single drop with a single pulse discharge, will also be essential to further improve our knowledge on these mechanisms. New plasma source architectures, best coupled with aerosol nebulizers, will need to be developed and customized to ensure a precise control of droplet dimension distribution and residence time. The optimization of existing applications based on the interaction of plasma-droplets (e.g., plasma-assisted coating deposition [23], wastewater treatment and decontamination [49]) will promptly benefit from research effort on biphasic plasmas while numerous new applications (e.g., plasma aerosol catalysis, plasma assisted printing [50]) are expected to rapidly develop and gain interest. With a precise control of the plasma and microdroplet parameters we could engineer a unique non-equilibrium multiphase structure comprised of gas, plasma, liquid and, importantly, a dynamic interfacial layer. This enhanced transport, combined with a fine control of the droplet trajectories and residence time in the plasma region, opens new opportunities in the control of the treatment time and potentially in the use of solvated electrons and short-lived reactive species. With this control, not possible with any other steady-state system, we may gain insight into the transport and mass accommodation of radical species before the onset of Henry's Law [51]. This is of critical importance in the study of atmospheric chemistry, pollution and climate change [29]. With the introduction of solid and polymer materials, or their precursors, into a liquid droplet, the scope for new materials and new diagnostics appears immense.
###### Abstract  
On 22 May 2012, a magnitude Mw 5.6 earthquake struck the Pernik region of western Bulgaria, causing structural damage in nearby cities, including Sofia. This study assesses the seismic response of a six-story reinforced concrete building in central Sofia, utilizing real accelerogram data recorded at the basement (SGL1) and sixth floor (SGL2) levels during the earthquake. Using the Kanai-Yoshizawa (KY) model, the study estimates inter-story motion and assesses amplification effects across the structure. Analysis of peak ground acceleration (PGA), velocity (PGV), displacement (PGD), and spectral ratios reveals significant dynamic amplification of peak ground acceleration and displacement on the sixth floor, indicating flexible and dynamic behavior, as well as potential resonance effects. The analysis combines three spectral techniques--Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (H/V), Floor Spectral Ratio (FSR), and the Random Decrement Method (RDM)--to determine the building's dynamic characteristics, including natural frequency and damping ratio. The results indicate a dominant vibration frequency of approximately 2.2 Hz and damping ratios ranging from 3.6% to 6.5%, which is consistent with the typical damping ratios of mid-rise concrete buildings. The findings underscore the significance of soil-structure interaction (SSI), particularly in sedimentary basins like the Sofia Graben, where localized geological effects influence seismic amplification. By integrating accelerometric data with advanced spectral techniques, this research can enhance ongoing site-specific monitoring and seismic design practices, contributing to the refinement of earthquake engineering methodologies for mitigating seismic risk in earthquake-prone urban areas.  
earthquake; structural seismic response; accelerogram analysis; spectral methods; impact assessment; early warning 2020
## 2 Document Analysis and Translation to Structured Format  
### Translation Process from Unstructured Engineering Document to XML Document  
An engineering document saved as a plain text file is used as an input file to eliminate errors that may occur when recognizing letters from visualized documents. Figure 1 illustrates the entire process of generating a structured Extensible Markup Language (XML) document from a text document referred to by [PERSON] et al. (2020). As depicted in Figure 1, the input engineering document is translated into an XML document through three main steps, according to the subtitle structure. The first step in performing translation to the structured XML document is to store each sentence of the contents sequentially by classifying strings for the types of heading symbols, headings, subtitles, content, and references into a temporary table based on the engineering document model. The types of heading symbols are used to identify the hierarchy of the contents. The temporary table is rearranged after identifying the sentence structure using the existing data stored in the temporary table. The hierarchical information of the contents is identified using the rearranged data connected to the types of heading symbols and the tree structure of the document. Finally, the XML file is generated using the information saved in the temporary table and hierarchical information.
## 3 Architecture Proposal Description  
From the logical point of view, our proposal is based on a two-layer model involving an organization layer and a distribution layer. All clusters must have both layers. Sensor devices (henceforth referred to as \"nodes\") in the organization layer are called Cluster Heads (CH). Although they have sensing capacities, they are the ones with higher capabilities of the cluster (how they are elected is defined later). The distribution layer is formed by cluster member nodes and cluster gateway nodes, henceforth called CMs. CHs also have CM capabilities. The same physical and MAC layers are used between CHs and between CMs and their CHs. CMs could use the same or have another type of physical and MAC layers, using different wireless transceivers, for their exclusive network [24].  
CHs organize and control the CMs in their cluster and all CMs have to establish a connection with a CH to join its cluster. This connection can be established only if the distance between them is shorter than or equal to a predefined value. In the rest of the paper, the distance will be considered as one of the limiting parameters to establish connections, but it can be changed by the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value or by the Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) value or by any other parameter that could be used to know if the candidate neighbor is reachable. In our design only one CH per cluster has been provided, but more could be added for scalability purposes, using the algorithm presented by the same authors of this paper in reference [25].  
CHs have connections with some CHs of others clusters. OLSR [26] has been chosen as the routing protocol to route information between CHs, but it could be changed for any other routing algorithm such as AODV [27], DSR [28] or TORA [29]. The organization layer is used to organize connections between CMs of different clusters. There are several types of CMs in a cluster, depending on what they are sensing, the profile, or the type of device. CMs have connections with the same type CMs of other clusters only if the distance between them is shorter than or equal to a predefined value. CHs can be any type of _ad hoc_ device or sensor. They can communicate with CMs of other clusters because they are CMs but only if they are the same type of CMs.  
The number of clusters in the network is determined by the extension that is to be covered by the whole network. If a new zone needs to be covered, a new cluster has to be added. Although many types of sensors or types of devices can be added to any cluster, the application of the 20/80 rule (20% of CHs, 80% of CMs) is suggested [30].  
An example of the architecture proposed is shown in Figure 1. Although a CH is in both layers, they have been placed in the organization layer just to clarify the Figure. CHs have connections with some CHs from other clusters (lines formed by black points). All CMs have a connection with the CH of its cluster (lines formed by red points) and with the selected CMs from other clusters (solid black lines).  
Figure 1: Proposed architecture topology example.
## 4 Thread vs. Competitors
Depending on the type of program being used and the type of end device, further application layer-level security may also be applied [14]. * **Low latency** The Thread connects devices directly in a mesh, which means lower latency. Nodes that are not routers and are accessed through parent nodes can also be reached efficiently, as the network is always looking for the best route, which translates into latency. Tests conducted by Silicon Labs have shown that Thread outperforms Zigbee and Bluetooth in terms of latency [19; 23]. * **Application-layer agnostic** The Thread protocol is application layer agnostic, which means there is no defined application layer. This enables Thread products to choose freely between available application layers and can support many IP-enabled application protocols [22; 24]. * **Low power consumption and low cost** The 6 LoWPAN reduces transmission overhead using header compression and link layer packet forwarding for multi-hop packets [31]. The Thread also supports sleep end devices, which keep their radios off and only work when an event occurs [22]. In routing, Thread uses the best route possible, resulting in low power consumption. * **Open standard and Easy setup** There is also an open-source Thread stack implementation called OpenThread. It simplifies application development, enabling the quick deployment of Thread-based products to the market [21; 31]. Thread stack is an open standard that is based on existing IEEE and IETF standards and is thus easily understandable by industry and academia. Thread's IPv6 support, self-healing mesh network, scalability, low latency, low power consumption, open standard, and easy setup make it an ideal choice for smart city applications. Its unique combination of features ensures reliable, efficient, and compatible communication across a large number of devices and systems. A comparative analysis of the features provided by various existing wireless communication protocols is presented in Table 2. The information about these standards is derived from [12].
## 5 Our Approach
### Application of Our Evolving Method to the Processed Dataset CallsDay6h
#### 5.3.1 eClustering: _CallsDay6h_  
Figure 5 shows the 5 different clusters obtained from this dataset by applying eClustering to the dataset _CallsDay6h_. Since the number of clusters is not predefined, in this case, two clusters more than in the previous analysis are obtained. Each cluster is represented by a prototype with the calling behaviour of a user considering the duration of the calls made during the morning, afternoon, evening, and night time.  
By analysing Figure 5, it can be seen that, for example, the users represented by the Cluster 1 make very long-duration calls in the afternoon and at night. This cluster groups 418 different observations (out of 4000). Moreover, analysing the prototype of the Cluster 2, it can be found that although the users make calls during morning, afternoon and evening, the duration of the calls made in the afternoon is longer than the duration of the other calls.  
Figure 4: Plot of the density of the 4000 observations (10 days \(\times\) 400 users) from _CallsDay1h_. The information of one caller identified as outlier is described.  
Figure 5: Clusters obtained from the dataset _CallsDay6h_ by applying _eClustering_.  
The analysis of these prototypes gives us useful information about the calling behaviour of the users analysed. This information can be also very useful for analysing a specific user during a specific set of days. Finally, the obtained results in this case can also help us in the task of detecting outliers: it can be checked out if there is a cluster that groups a reduced set of users represented by a calling behaviour very different to the other clusters.  
One of the advantages of the proposed evolving method is that human-intelligible rules can be automatically extracted in real-time. Since the data of the calls are related with the users, rules based on that info can be formulated. In addition, as it is explained in [48], model complexity is something which can be measured objectively in terms of the number of rules, fuzzy sets in the antecedent parts, number of inputs, parameters, etc.  
As example, considering two clusters (Cluster1 and Cluster3) from the dataset _CallsDay6h_ by applying _cClustering_ (Figure 5). In this context, and considering that any kind of information about the callers could be stored, the form of the rules could be as follows:
# Analytical Selection of Leakage Inductance for Single-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converters
## 6 Conclusions  
This study introduces an analytical formula for determining the required leakage inductance for the power controller-based modulation technique in a single-phase DAB DC/DC converter. The leakage inductance selected through the proposed formula allowed the power controller to achieve zero reactive power due to the first harmonic components  
Figure 14: Inductor current at 0.6 pu of load.  
Figure 15: Inductor rms current at various loads.  
across all load conditions. This ensured minimum conduction losses across all load conditions, optimizing the efficiency and longevity of the system by reducing the stress on electrical components. The leakage inductance required for a given power requirement was significantly less than that of the conventional SPS-based approach. The reduction in leakage inductance led to a decrease in the size of the high-frequency transformer. This size reduction enhances its compactness, making the transformer especially suitable for space-constrained applications such as electric vehicles. This adaptability is crucial in modern electronics where efficiency and size are key considerations. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach to significantly improve the performance and efficiency of DAB converters in various applications. Additionally, by optimizing the leakage inductance settings, the formula allows for a more streamlined design process, making it easier to integrate the converter into a wider range of electric systems. The practical applications of this research could extend to renewable energy systems, portable electronic devices, and other modern technology that requires efficient energy conversion solutions. The adaptability of this approach could lead to transformative changes in power conversion technology, promoting more sustainable energy usage across multiple industries.  
Conceptualization, H.N. and J.-K.S.; investigation, H.N. and J.-K.S.; validation, J.-K.S.; writing--original draft preparation H.N. and J.-K.S.; writing--review and editing, H.N. and J.-K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.