## 3 Seismic Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls  
### Seismic Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls: State-of-the-Art  
Steel-concrete composite shear walls are structural elements that leverage the strengths of both steel and concrete to create efficient lateral force-resisting systems in buildings. These walls are typically composed of steel plates or sections integrated within or attached to reinforced concrete walls. The synergy between the two materials results in a system that offers superior strength, stiffness, and ductility when compared to conventional reinforced concrete or steel-only shear walls. Composite shear walls offer several advantages for seismic loading. They have increased strength and stiffness, improved ductility, better crack control, and can dissipate seismic energy. Additionally, they are lighter and have quicker construction times compared to traditional reinforced concrete walls. The walls also exhibit stable hysteretic behavior, and understanding failure modes is crucial for assessing safety. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [33] reviewed the behavior of composite shear walls with different connection configurations and loading conditions, highlighting the lack of previous research in the field. They discussed the motivation, structural performance, and development of these important structural elements. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2023) [34] examined a high-rise structure with irregular components that utilizes a steel frame-shear wall system, with the core wall using a double steel plate-concrete composite and the outer frame consisting of steel columns and beams. This composite shear wall was tested under seismic conditions and was proven to meet design requirements, while the structure could withstand progressive collapse caused by removing a corner column. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [35] investigated the impact of openings, composite connections, and steel fiber-reinforced concrete on the seismic behavior of composite steel-concrete shear walls. They evaluated the performance of these walls, assessed the influence of centrally aligned openings, and explored the use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete as an alternative solution to common concrete. Additionally, innovative composite shear walls with CFST columns and reinforced concrete walls embedded with multiple steel plates were studied by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [36]. Seven specimens underwent cyclic loading tests to analyze parameters, such as axial force ratio, number of steel plates, and CFT column type. It was found that the embedded steel plates improved seismic behavior and strength. Additionally, recent research by [PERSON] et al. (2022) [37] investigated the seismic performanceof steel-concrete composite shear walls compared to traditional RC walls under cyclic loading. Using ANSYS finite element analysis, they examined how reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, shear stud layout, and steel-plate yield stress affect the walls' behavior, particularly focusing on ductility and energy absorption capabilities. Figure 3 depicts the simulation of local buckling phenomena using the finite element method for the composite steel-concrete shear walls  
[PERSON] et al. (2016) [38] presented nonlinear numerical studies on steel-concrete composite shear walls used in high-rise buildings. Five different finite element models were developed to accurately represent the complex behavior of these structures. The findings highlight the importance of parameters, such as concrete failure, hysteresis response, displacement, drift, and energy dissipation. It was observed that a steel frame with concrete on the shear plate on one side exhibited better energy dissipation. Additionally, increasing the concrete thickness reduced shear plate buckling, and decreasing the connector distance increased the energy dissipation. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2016) [39] proposed an innovative BLC-C composite wall consisting of connected lipped channels welded together.