esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
We focused on a laboratory experiment to check the reliability of integrated monitoring of dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of biological processes in contaminated soil. We understood that the TDR probes can provide very useful data related to ongoing biochemical phenomena. The main challenges were concerned with the complexity of the phenomena that can produce variations of electrical parameters of soil. According to the literature, they can be the removal of diesel oil, the effects of movement and displacement of fluids, the changes in pore water salinity, and the progressive clogging of pores. The air injection into the mesocosoms to stimulate the aerobic processes provided a marked effect on the coupling between the probe and the soil in an irreversible way, making measurements unrealistic. Biological analysis, though, confirmed that aeration improves greatly microbial activity and population.  
A future experiment will scale-up the mesocosoms to bigger columns. The moisture content will be changed to have unsaturated conditions and better natural aeration through the porosity of the soil. Also, by field-scale studies, it is well-known that most biological degradation happens in the vadose zone. Air injection will not be carried out, even if it is strongly suggested to enhance aerobic bioremediation, to avoid soil-probe decoupling. Besides, a system with the addition of nutrient salts will be compared to a system with the addition of water only to better understand the role of salinity in the evolution of the bioremediation processes. Eventually, more in-depth research will be done about variations in the electromagnetic parameters of water due to its electrochemical adhesion to the surface of the soil grains, with the use of other instruments as open-ended coaxial probes.  
Conceptualization, A.G. and F.C.; methodology, A.G., F.C., F.B., and B.R.; software, A.V.; validation, A.G. and F.C.; data curation, A.V., C.M.R., and F.C.; writing--original draft preparation, A.V.; writing--review and editing. A.V., A.G., and F.C.; supervision, F.C. and F.B.; project administration, F.C.; funding acquisition, F.C.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the project \"Geophysical Methods to Monitor Soil Bioremediation\", funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in the frame of the Executive Programme of Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the Republic of India and the Italian Republic for the years 2017-2019 (significant research).  
**Acknowledgments:** We want to personally thank [PERSON] for helping us in the set-up of mesocosoms, for his kind contribution to the project, and for his very helpful ideas.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Study on Scattered Surface Wave from Surface Crack Based on Reciprocity Theorem
### Reciprocity Theorem for Solving the Amplitude of Scattered Surface Waves  
In this section, the reciprocity theorem based on time-harmonic fields is employed to determine the amplitudes of the scattered surface waves. For the integral area of a body (\(V\)) and its surface (\(S\)), the reciprocity theorem can be expressed as:  
\[\int_{V}\left(f_{i}^{A}u_{i}^{B}-f_{i}^{B}u_{i}^{A}\right)dV=\int_{S}\left(u_{i }^{A}\tau_{ij}^{B}-u_{i}^{B}\tau_{ij}^{A}\right)n_{j}dS \tag{21}\]  
where \(n_{j}\) is the outer normal direction component of the surface \(S\), and \(f_{i}\), \(u_{i}\) and \(t_{ij}\) are the body force components, displacement components and stress components, respectively. The superscripts \(A\) and \(B\) represent the two results for the same object, respectively. In this problem, state \(A\) is the result of the scattered surface waves generated by the normal and shear stresses, and state \(B\) is the result of the scattered surface wave generated by a virtual wave at the crack. The virtual wave can be an acoustic wave of any mode. For the convenience of calculation, a virtual surface wave with the amplitude \(B\) was selected as state \(B\) in this paper, and the virtual surface wave propagates in the \(x\) positive direction along the free surface. The state \(B\) can be expressed as:  
\[u_{x}^{vi}=iBU^{R}(z)e^{ikx},u_{z}^{vi}=BW^{R}(z)e^{ikx} \tag{22}\]  
\[\tau_{xx}^{vi}=BT_{xx}(z)e^{ikx},\tau_{xz}^{vi}=iBT_{xz}(z)e^{ikx},\tau_{zz}^{ vi}=BT_{zz}(z)e^{ikx} \tag{23}\]  
Since no body force exists in state \(A\) and \(B\), \(f_{i}^{A}=f_{i}^{B}=0\), and Equation (21) can be simplified to:  
\[\int_{S}\left(u_{i}^{A}\tau_{ij}^{B}-u_{i}^{B}\tau_{ij}^{A}\right)n_{j}dS=0 \tag{24}\]  
For the integral contour of the body (\(S\) presented in Figure 3), let the integration of the line at \(x=a,\ 0\leq z<\infty\) be \(J_{1}\), and for \(x=c,\ 0\leq z<\infty\), the integration is represented as \(J_{2}\), while the integration on the two crack surfaces are called \(J_{5}\) and \(J_{6}\), respectively. The integrations along the free surface and the bottom of the contour are called \(J_{7}\), \(J_{4}\) and \(J_{2}\), respectively. The integration far away from the free surface is called \(J_{2}\), since the energy of the surface waves exists within twice the wavelength depth, \(J_{2}=0\). For the integration on the free surface, that is \(J_{4}\) and \(J_{7}\), the results are also zero since the traction on the free boundary is zero. In the previous study [20], it has been verified that integrations are not zero only when the two waves are counter-propagating waves. In this paper, states A and B are counter-propagating waves at \(x=c,\ 0\leq z<\infty\). Hence, we have \(J_{3}=0\). Therefore, the contour integral reduces to:  
\[\int_{S}\left(u_{i}^{A}\tau_{ij}^{B}-u_{i}^{B}\tau_{ij}^{A}\right)n_{j}dS=J_{1 }+J_{5}+J_{6}=0 \tag{25}\]  
Figure 3: Body and contour of surface crack for the application of reciprocity theorem.
## 5 Conclusions  
For the safe and stable operation of the power grid, it is very important to establish a mechanical state evaluation system for GIS equipment. Therefore, this paper proposes a unified vibration feature-extraction technology to establish a GIS mechanical fault-detection system suitable for different current levels. The three-phase GIS electrodynamic frequency is 100 Hz. Under the action of the GIS non-linear system, the vibration response spectrum shows the frequency multiplier characteristic of 100 Hz. Based on vibration signal mode, a GIS vibration feature description scheme of MFER is presented for reducing the influence of the different current amplitudes on the vibration information. Finally, based on the SoftMax diagnostic algorithm, the training models and test results of different current combinations are compared under different vibration characteristic descriptions. The experimental results show that the GIS mechanical defect diagnosis method designed in this paper has higher diagnostic accuracy. The proposed feature-extraction technology based on MFER can effectively improve the applicability of the diagnostic model and promote the development of state-detection technology for GIS equipment. Future research is suggested, as follows. First, more types of mechanical fault should be considered. Second, the proposed approach should be implemented to another type of electrical equipment, such as a transformer or motor.  
[PERSON] designed the research method, contributed to the experimental section and wrote the draft. [PERSON] gave a detailed revision and provided important guidance. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
This paper is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51677002 and No. 51977002).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Multi-Strategy Improved Flamingo Search Algorithm for Global Optimization
## 3 Improving Flamingo Search Algorithm  
### Cubic Chaos Initialization Population  
In the FSA, the initial position of individuals is generated through random initialization, which can lead to an uneven distribution of the initial population and ultimately results in reduced solution accuracy. However, chaotic sequences based on chaos theory possess characteristics such as randomness and boundedness. Among the various chaotic mappings available, the cubic chaotic mapping can generate a more uniformly distributed and traversed chaotic sequence, which helps to improve the population's diversity [21; 22]. Therefore, this study introduces the cubic chaotic mapping with better traversability to initialize FSA, which enables the flamingo to have a more evenly distributed population in the search space during the initialization stage. After generating the chaotic sequence, the chaotic space is then mapped to the solution space of the optimization problem according to the range of variables to be optimized, and the mapping process is as follows.  
The steps to initialize the flamingo population using cubic chaos are:  
(1) Obtain the first individual and generate a random \(d\)-dimensional vector, which is the first flamingo individual.  
\[Y=\{y_{1},y_{2},\cdots,y_{d}\} \tag{7}\]  
where \(y_{i}\in[-1,1],1\leq i\leq d\).  
(2) The remaining \(N-1\) individuals are obtained, and the chaotic sequence is generated by iterating over each dimension of \(Y\) using the following equation.  
\[y_{n+1}=4{y_{n}}^{3}-3y_{n} \tag{8}\]  
where \(-1\leq y_{n}\leq 1\), and \(y_{n}\
eq 0,n=1,2,\cdots,d\).  
(3) After generating the chaotic sequence, the chaotic sequence is then mapped into the search space according to the range of values of the variables to be optimized, and the mapping equation is  
\[x_{id}=L_{d}+(1+y_{id})\times\frac{U_{d}-L_{d}}{2} \tag{9}\]  
where \(x_{id}\) is the \(d\)-dimensional position of the \(i\)th individual flamingo in the search space, \(U_{d}\) is the upper bound of the \(d\)-dimensional search space, and \(L_{d}\) is the lower bound of the \(d\)-dimensional search space. \(y_{id}\) is the \(d\)-dimensional coordinate of the \(i\)th individual flamingo obtained from Equation (8).
# Formation Control of Dual Auto Guided Vehicles Based on Compensation Method in 5G Networks
## 2 5G Networks Characteristics
### 5G Delay Estimation
The result shows the Kalman Filter method has better performance than mean method, median method, and max value method. Figure 5 shows the estimation error histogram of Kalman Filter method. A total 91.66% of the estimation errors are in \(0\pm 3\) ms. There are still some large errors but this occurs less frequently and could be ignored. According to the above assumptions, the E2E delay of the two AGVs can be expressed as \(\tau/2\). Therefore, the upper and lower bounds of the error will be smaller.
## 7 Bioprocess for Xanthophylls Production by Microalgae
### Factors Determining Xanthophylls Production
#### 7.2.2 Temperature  
High temperatures play an important role in the accumulation of xanthophylls in microalgae due to the photooxidative stress [40]. High temperatures affect the synthesis of ASX in _Haematococcus pluvialis_[156] and _Chromochloris zofingiensis_[40]. Indeed, temperatures above 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C minimize the total productivity of ASX in _Chromochloris zofingiensis_[148] because the ROSs are more assimilated through photosynthesis, which stimulates the buildup of ASX [157]. High temperatures also result in the accumulation of lutein in _Dunaliella salina_[158]. Similar observations were found for _Chlorella protothecides_ strains [135]. However, low temperatures decrease the nutrient uptake rate and slow the lutein accumulation [159].
## Abbreviations
In Proceedings of the IEEE 13 th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications (TSSA), Bali, Indonesia, 3-4 October 2019; pp. 286-289. * [20] [PERSON]; [PERSON] A design methodology for miniaturized power dividers using periodically loaded slow wave structure with dual-band applications. _IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech._**2009**, _57_, 3380-3388. [CrossRef]
* [21] [PERSON]; [PERSON] A dual-band Wilkinson power divider. _IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett._**2008**, _18_, 85-87. [CrossRef]
* [22] [PERSON]; [PERSON] An ultra-wideband low-loss millimeter-wave slow-wave wilkinson power divider on 0.18 \(\mu\)m SiGe BICMOS process. _IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett._**2015**, _25_, 331-333. [CrossRef]* _[PERSON] et al. (2022)_ _[PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Filtering Power Divider Design Using Resonant LC Brandes for 5G Low-Band Applications._ Sustainability_**2022**, _14_, 12291. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2017)_ _[PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A Compact Bandpass Wilkinson Power Divider With Ultra-Wide Band Harmonic Suppression._ IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett._**2017**, _27_, 888-890. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] (2022)_ _[PERSON]; [PERSON] Neural network inverse model for multi-band unequal Wilkinson power divider._ COMPEL-Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng._**2022**, _41_, 1604-1617. [CrossRef]
* _[PERSON] et al. (2022)_ _[PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] An Unequal Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology and Parametric Model._ IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett._**2022**, _32_, 281-284. [CrossRef]
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###### Abstract  
This work aims to identify the pattern for the major output parameters, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (R\({}_{\text{a}}\)) of different combinations of Al6061-based composites. Based on the verification carried out on these patterns using analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the mathematical tool, the work predicts the mentioned output characteristics while machining Al6061 composites of different material compositions based on their hardness values. ANOVA was employed for the generation of equations of the particular composite. The equations were compared for the coefficients of each parameter employed in ANOVA. The work was carried out comparing the characteristic equation of different combinations of Al6061-based composite. The results indicate that the coefficients of the current show a drastic variation when compared to other coefficients for both the output parameters. It was observed that the current and its coefficients contribute to the output parameters based on the variation in hardness. For surface roughness, the constant of the characteristic equation was also found to influence the parameter for the change in hardness. The equation derived for both material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (R\({}_{\text{a}}\)) were identified to be matching with the experimental result carried out for validation. The average variation observed was 9.3% for MRR and 7.2% for surface roughness.  
electric discharge machining (EDM); composite property; Al6061 composite; mathematical modelling; material removal rate (MRR); surface roughness (R\({}_{\text{a}}\)); validation Article  
Modelling Approach for the Prediction of Machinability in Al6061 Composites by Electrical Discharge Machining
# An Overview of Indoor Localization System for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in Healthcare
## 7 Discussion
The guiding principle should be to use data already available so as not to increase nodes' costs or resource requirements in a pre-existing network. The two most critical decisive factors in the choice of the localization system are accuracy and price. However, the question of the impact of the localization scheme on network performance should not be overlooked. For example, the choice of passive beacons or active transmitters could, at best, slightly interfere with communication or, in the worst case, impose a severe limitation on the network's communication capabilities.
# Low Profile Monopole Meander Line Antenna for WLAN Applications
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, the compact antenna array for 2.4 GHz WLAN has been demonstrated. It is shown that, by adjusting the length of the upper, middle, and lower patch, resonance can be adjusted widely within the frequency range prior to being optimized at 2.4 GHz frequency band. The proposed antenna array has achieved with 2.8 dBi gain and a bandwidth of 94.3 MHz with an efficiency level of 97%. The simulated and measured results are in concurrence. The proposed antenna has small dimensions in comparison to the earlier models, and the boundaries of performance were shown to be appropriate for WLAN programs in locations with poor coverage. Possible future modifications or improvements would be  
Figure 11: Radiation pattern, both simulated and measured, of the designed antenna operating at 2.4 GHz (**a**) radiation pattern measurement setup (**b**) xy, (**c**) yz, and (**d**) xz planes.  
concentrated on enhancing the gain and other boundaries of performance. Upcoming work will be foreseen by using this antenna as a receiver in an energy harvesting system [2; 33].  
Conceptualization, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; methodology, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; software, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; validation, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; formal analysis, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; investigation, H.H.I., M.J.S., S.S.A.-B. and M.T.I.; resources, M.J.S., S.S.A.-B. and M.T.I.; data curation H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; writing--original draft preparation, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; writing--review and editing, M.J.S.; S.A.-B., S.K.L., M.T.I., M.S.S. and M.S.I.; visualization, H.H.I. and S.S.A.-B.; supervision, M.J.S., S.S.A.-B. and M.T.I.; project administration, M.J.S. and S.S.A.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Research University Grant, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM), code: GGPM-2021-055.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# LTE: Lightweight Transformer Encoder for Orbit Prediction
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In this section, we provide a detailed description of our LTE model for orbit prediction. The LTE model is composed of three main parts, and its overall architecture is depicted in Figure 1: Step (a) is collecting the TLE set from operational satellites, Step (b) is preprocessing the collected data to make them suitable for orbit prediction, and Step (c) is constructing the LTE architecture for orbit prediction. In particular, we describe the dataset used in our experiment, including the types and characteristics of the data, and present detailed information about the satellites from which the data were collected in Section 2.1. In Section 2.2, we explain the preprocessing step, focusing on the extraction of six orbital elements from the TLE set and their subsequent normalization. Then, in Section 2.3, we introduce the detailed architecture of the LTE model, which includes a modified Transformer Encoder. Finally, in Section 2.4, we introduce the experimental settings, including the baseline models and hyperparameters used for comparison with the LTE model.  
Figure 1: The end-to-end research pipeline for our LTE model. Step (**a**) correlates with Section 2.1, where details of the dataset used in our study are presented. Step (**b**) corresponds to Section 2.2, which outlines our preprocessing procedure. In Section 2.3, represented by Step (**c**), we introduce our prediction model, LTE.
# Relay Selection Schemes for FSO Communications over Turbulent Channels
## 5 Conclusions  
Free space optical communication system using cooperative relays has lots of advantages in the mitigation of both atmospheric turbulence and path loss effects, where the propagation distance increases these effects and the relays shorten the propagation distance. An active relay per time slot can be selected according to the channel condition to obtain a diversity advantage. This selection can be employed according to the channel coefficient of S-R, R-D, or S-R-D schemes. This paper discusses what scheme is suitable according to the channel conditions. The obtained results show that no optimum techniques can be considered for all channel conditions. The worth mentioned S-R-D scheme can outperform the two other schemes for equidistant distance by 4 and 10 dB for weak and strong turbulence, respectively. The R-D scheme can outperform the S-R one by more than 3 dB for distances of 400 m-600 m. Moreover, the S-R scheme can outperform the R-D one by 7 dB for moderate turbulence. The results conclude that, for equidistant relay between the source and relay, the S-R-D scheme is better, regardless of the severe effect of the channel. While, for a low pointing error effect or automatic pointing algorithms, the R-D scheme is better than the two other schemes when the relay is closer to the source and the S-R scheme is better than the two other schemes for a relay that is closer to the destination.  
Conceptualization, M.A.; Data curation, M.A.; Formal analysis, M.A.T. and M.H.A.; Investigation, M.A.T.; Supervision, M.A., M.F. and M.H.A.; Validation, M.A.T., M.A., M.F. and M.H.A.; Writing-original draft, M.A.T.; Writing-review & editing, M.A., M.F. and M.H.A.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.