# E-Waste Reverse Supply Chain: A Review and Future Perspectives
## 2 Electronic Waste Issues
The purpose of the WEEE directive is to increase the collection percentage for EoL electronic products from 65% by 2012 to 85% in 2016. In addition, the RoHS Directive aims to reduce the use of harmful materials in electronics, such as mercury, cadmium, lead, and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). Moreover, some other European countries not part of the European Union have also been successfully handling e-waste. Switzerland, for example, has two different e-waste systems: SWICO for office, and SENS for home products. The recycling companies related to both systems have \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Category** & **Examples** & **Amount (Million Tonnes)** \\ \hline
1 & Large devices & Washing machines, large printing machines, dishwashing machines & 11.8 \\
2 & Small devices & Vacuum equipment, radio, toasters, toys, medical devices, video cameras, electronic tools & 12.8 \\
3 & Small IT and telecommunications & Telephones, printers, personal computers, pocket calculators & 3.0 \\
4 & Temperature exchange & Air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, equipment & 7.0 \\
5 & Lamps & LED lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps & 1.0 \\
6 & Screen and monitors & Televisions, monitors, laptops & 6.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Different categories of e-waste and the amount of each category generated. recycled approximately 75,000 metric tons of e-waste in 2004, which is 11 kg of e-waste per person in comparison with a minimum rate of 4 kg per capital guided by WEEE directive in 2002. In Japan, Home Appliance Recycling Law was passed in 1998 to collect four types of household appliances: televisions, refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners. A proportion of the recycling and transportation fee is covered by consumers. This fee varies from US$27 to US$65 depending on different types of electronic devices [11]. Consumers are encouraged to send e-waste to the store where they bought the product. Retailers then transfer the used product to established collection centres, and companies are required to recycle e-waste. The recycling rate of e-waste in Japan is around 75% under this law because consumers have a greater final responsibility [19]. Until 2004, more than 40 e-waste recycling centres in Japan have been established and they are partially supported by the local governments or electronic companies. Many states in the US have made efforts to collect and recycle e-waste from private houses and business sectors. For example, a law in California State has passed to charge consumer fees, namely advanced recycling fees (ARFs), when products are purchased. The ARFs is between US$6 and US$10 for collecting monitors, televisions, and laptops [20]. In 2006, the Electronic Product Recycling Law was introduced by Washington State. This law aims to require producers of computer and television products to implement a recycling system throughout the state with no fee to residential, local businesses, local municipalities, charitable organizations, and schools. Moreover, more than 800 local communities have created e-waste collection events, which is an essential role in e-waste management in private houses [21]. Some e-waste collection methods are implemented in the US, such as curbside, particular drop-off places, persistent drop-off, and takeback and purchasing centres [22]. According to [PERSON] et al. [21], the actions of all states and main companies do play a vital role in sustainable development, but they are still limited in e-waste management in the US. The government should work together with company approaches to establish a regulatory framework to achieve an efficient solution. The process of e-waste treatment is still quite slow in Southeast Asian nations, although many e-waste laws have been introduced and implemented [23]. The e-waste management regulations were published by the Government of India in October 2016.