## Materials and Methods  
To follow the whole process of demographic and landscape transformation, a multi-disciplinary approach is required. Three main data sources are used:  
1. Historical remote sensing data
2. Anthropological research (based on the collection of oral sources)
3. Archaeological fieldwork research  
In the Middle East, historical satellite and aerial images are used as a basic documentation tool and as an information source in most archaeological excavation and landscape research. Their importance is amplified by the fact that they constitute the only available source capable of reflecting the historic landscape. The parameters and properties of individual source collections differ significantly from each other. To prospect and map archaeological sites in an open landscape, a very wide range of sources of variable resolution and accuracy can be used [8; 9; 10; 11; 12], (pp. 184-203) [13], (p. 278) [14], (pp. 243-262) [15]. The situation is different in areas that can be called urban landscapes. To use a remote archaeological survey in urban areas, we most often need data with a very high spatial resolution [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. In the Middle East, the most frequently used images of remote sensing are those acquired through the CORONA satellite system. These images are suitable for the primary detection of archaeological sites, for their simple topographic analysis, and especially for prospecting their environment [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. However, this type of data is not of sufficient quality to be employed in detailed analyses and documentation of the internal layout of built-up areas. Until recently, these collections were the only source of freely available historical satellite images. This changed at the end of 2020, when a collection of historical satellite images of a very high resolution (acquired using the KH-9 Hexagon system) in the form of digitized images was released for public use. The ideal situation for exploring the urban environment is a situation where we are able to use and combine both types of remote sensing data (high and low resolution) to create a comprehensive picture of the site and its surroundings over periods of many years (multi-temporal GIS). The USGS archive [[https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/](https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)]([https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/](https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)), (accessed on 21 February 2021) was used as the main source of historical satellite images in this project. The lowest-resolution images were collected by the CORONA system, an American spy system operated from September 1967 to May 1972. In addition to the standard satellite data of the CORONA KH-4B category (1.8 m resolution), images from the collection of historical commercial images of the OrbView-3 system were also used and processed. The OrbView-3 system was the first commercial high-resolution imagery space system, which operated from 2003 to 2007 [33]. The resolution of 1 m is not an absolutely ideal resolution for urban areas; however, in this case it is fully sufficient for the analysis of the chronological development of the locality. To identify and separate individual features based on their morphological attributes, it would be necessary to work with a truly high-resolution dataset--ideally at a resolution of 0.5 m or higher. Indeed, the images captured by this system represent a certain historical milestone in the analysis of topographic changes. The most suitable collection of satellite images for topographic analyses of the urban environment is that acquired by the KH-9 Hexagon system. This system was originally created to replace previous CORONA systems. Ground image resolution is 0.5-0.6 m. KH-9 Hexagon carried out 20 missions from June 1971 to April 1986 and operated with two telescopic, high-resolution cameras. This spy system was declassified quite recently (in 2011) and fully digitized and made available to the public in 2020 (p. 54) [29], (pp. 261-282) [34].