esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of STL Addition on BT VMs
#### 3.2.2 MEV Analysis  
MEV analysis was performed for the three tea sample types based on the 141 VMs detected (Table S1) to identify the key compounds contributing to the STL aroma and the influence of STL on BT aroma improvement. The BT and BoS samples were found to be clustered together into one class, whereas the STL samples formed a separate category (Figure 1).  
In addition, the 141 VMs detected were grouped into three classes. The first class included VMs that were the highest in STL samples, such as 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, isophorone, 3-carene, acetophenone, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-butten-1-ol, 1-nonanol, linalool oxide (pyranoid), 3-hexenyl ester, (Z)-butanoic acid, 1-dodecanol, formic acid dodecyl ester, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, \(\alpha\)-ionone, and _trans_-\(\beta\)-ionone, which is partly consistent with the results reported by [PERSON] et al. [7]. Due to different pretreatment and detection methods, the present study only obtained 79 types of VMs, among which pyrimidines had the highest content; further, common VMs such as 3-octanone and 3-octanol were also found. These compounds contributed largely to the glutinous rice flavor of the STL samples. The second class included VMs that were the richest in the BT samples and jointly contributed to a distinctly sweet aroma, such as 2-methyl-butanal, 3-methyl-butanal, anhydride propanoic acid, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, methoxy-phenyl-oxime, \(\beta\)-myrccene, benzeneacetaldehyde, linalool, nonanal, phenylethyll alcohol, 3,3,5-trimethyl- heptane, and nerol, which is in line with the findings of previous studies [25; 26]; these VMs were the typical characteristic substances responsible for the sweet aroma of black tea, which further proved the validity and accuracy of our research. Finally, the third class included the VMs that were the richest in the BoS samples, such as dimethyl ether, 2-methyl-butanal, 3-methyl- butanal, toluene, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-methoxy-furan, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, _cis_-2-methyl-cyclopentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methyl-pentanoic acid anhydride, decane, linalool, phenylethyll alcohol, methyl salicate, decanal, nerol, and (Z)-hexanoic acid-3-hexenyl ester. Moreover, the BoS samples combined the aroma properties of the BT and STL samples, resulting in a sweet and glutinous rice flavor.  
Figure 1: Component analysis showing the thermography of volatile metabolites in BT, STL, and BoS samples. STL, _Strobilanthes tonkinensis_ Lindau; BT, black tea; BoS, black tea with added STL. Red represents high metabolite content, and green represents low metabolite content.
# Toward Integrated Satellite Operations and Network Management: A Review and Novel Framework
## 2 State of the Art
### Satellite Operations and Management Systems
#### 2.2.1 Operations in Sporadic Connectivity Constellations
The toolchain incorporates TM and mission planning APIs, mission models based on STK plugins, the mentioned deep battery model, and a dynamic programming scheduler. The authors also present space tests of the deep battery model and the toolchain in an in-orbit mission. The evolution toward autonomous satellite operations has been significantly advanced through AI frameworks for trusted autonomous satellite operations [67]. These developments address the growing complexity of managing large-scale constellations while ensuring reliability and performance in resource-constrained environments.
## 1 Introduction
Fractional vegetation cover (FVC), gross primary productivity (GPP), leaf area index (LAI), land surface temperature (LST), and wetness (WET) were used to represent ecological environment greenness, total vegetation productivity, vegetation quality, regional heat, and humidity, and a MODIS-based ecological environment quality index (MODEI) was created. Therefore, this study aimed to: (1) calculate the ecological environment indicators (FVC, GPP, LAI, LST, and WET) using MODIS data in 2008 and 2018; (2) construct the MODEL using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the MODEL in Fuyun County, and discuss the spatial differentiation characteristics of the MODEL; (3) combine climate change, land use change, grazing pressure, and other factors to analyze the reasons for the changes and explore the possible driving mechanism. This research can provide a new objective evaluation perspective for the ecological quality evaluation of MBSs in arid areas and help enrich the theory and method system of ecological evaluation. In addition, the results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the effective management and sustainable use of grassland in MBSs in arid regions.
## Appendix A  
The table below, Table A1, shows the results of the systematic literature review conducted in the study. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Serial** & **Author Name** & **Title** & **Year** & **Findings and Results** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Key Technologies} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & 6G: Envisioning The Key Technologies, Applications and Challenges & 2020 & Real-time intelligence twinned with extremely low latency is enhancing communication through the 6G network. Quantum communication can also increase the reliability of communication. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The Role of Blockchain in 6G: Challenges, Opportunities and Research Directions & 2020 & Blockchain is a disruptive kind of technology that allows for 6G intelligent resource management for smooth functioning. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & Visible Light Communication in 6G: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects & 2020 & Visible Light Communication (VLC) enhances data transmission through the 6G network. With the ability to transfer data ranging up to 400 and 800 THz, VLC is a time-efficient technology for smart cities. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table A1: Results of systematic literature reviews.
## 4 Robustness Testing  
Two robustness tests were conducted outdoors using two iBeacons and the two mobile devices, including (1) the signal coverage test and (2) the environmental conditions test. The iBeacon settings were defined as default (i.e., TX power of 4 dBm and 417 ms transmission interval) and a standard deployment height of 1.5 m was implemented for both the iBeacons and the mobile devices. The tests were conducted in the outdoor environments of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Figure 2 shows the site photos of the experiment.
###### Abstract  
In recent years, FANET-related research and development has doubled, due to the increased demands of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both military and civilian operations. Equipped with more capabilities and unique characteristics, FANET is able to play a vital role in mission-critical applications. However, these distinctive features enforce a series of guidelines to be considered for its efficient deployment. Particularly, the use of FANET for on-time data communication services presents demanding challenges in terms of energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS). Proper use of communication architecture and wireless technology will assist to solve these challenges. Therefore, in this paper, we review different communication architectures, including the existing wireless technologies, in order to provide seamless wireless connectivity. Based on the discussions, we conclude that a multi-layer UAV ad-hoc network is the most suitable architecture for networking a group of heterogeneous UAVs, while Bluetooth 5 (802.15.1) is the most favored option because of its low-cost, low power consumption, and longer transmission range for FANET. However, 802.15.1 has the limitation of a lower data rate as compared to Wi-Fi (802.11). Therefore, we propose a hybrid wireless communication scheme so as to utilize the features of the high data transmission rate of 802.11 and the low-power consumption of 802.15.1. The proposed scheme significantly reduces communication cost and improves the network performance in terms of throughput and delay. Further, simulation results using the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) further support the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.  
UAVs; FANET; drones; Bluetooth; Wi-Fi; communication architecture; wireless technologies; OPNET +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
# Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Biopolymers for Biofuel and Biorefineies
## 2 Sources of PHAs
### Microbial Synthesis of PHAs Homopolymers  
A homopolymer can be defined as a polymer that comprises >99% by weight of one type of monomer and <1% by weight of another. PHAs can be produced as homopolymers, copolymers, or blends depending on the bacterial strain or growth substrate used, and more than 300 species, mainly of bacteria, are reported to produce these polymers [36]. The bacteria that produce PHAs are categorized into two groups based on the stressed conditions required for PHA synthesis. One group requires the limitation of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), or phosphorus (P) with excessive carbon source supply. _A. eutrophus_, _Protonomas extorquens_, and _P. olevovans_ are included in this group. On the other hand, the second group does not require the limitation of essential nutrients bacteria (commonly known as growth-associated PHA biosynthesis). _Acaligenes latus_, a mutant strain of _Azotobacter vinelandii_ and recombinant _E. coli_ belongs to the second group of bacteria [37]. P3 HB, the most common homopolymer of PHA, is synthesized by wild type bacteria. Other homopolymers includes P3 HP [38; 31], P4 HP [39], poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHY), [40] poly(3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid) (P3 HSPV) [41] poly (3-hydroxykexanoate) (PHHx) [42], poly(3-hydroxyheptanoate) (PHHp) [43], poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO) [44], poly(3-hydroxyonanoate) (PHN [45]), poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate) (PHD) [46], and poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate) (PHDD) [30; 47]. These homopolymers have not yet been fully investigated due to their low contents in cells. The mcl-PHA homopolymers are typically produced only by recombinant strains, e.g., \(\beta\)-oxidation weakened mutants [48]. _Cupiravidus necator_ and recombinant _E. coli_ are the most used strains for the industrial production of PHAs. [PERSON] et al., discovered the production of PHA homopolymer and copolymers, including P3 HB (over 80%), P3 HB4 HB (over 75%), and P3 HBV (over 75%), by _C. necator_ and _E. coli_. Moreover, these results led to further genetic manipulations of bacteria for the production of PHAs. _A. latus_ is another strain (similar to _R. eutropha_) that was also used for the production of P3 HB and P3 HBV [49; 50; 51]. [PERSON] et al., [52] and [PERSON] et al., [53] used _Pseudomonas putida_ KT2442, a well-studied producer of PHA, to synthesize PHA homopolymers including PHHx and PHHp. Moreover, they synthesized an almost homopolymer of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate-_co_-2 mol% 3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHO*) when hexanoate, heptanoate, and octanoate were used in the growth medium. The _pha_G gene of _P. putida_ KT2442, encoding for _R_-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP-CoA transacylase and \(\beta\)-oxidation related genes, had been deleted preventing fatty acid substrates' shortening. This leads to the accumulation of mutant to produce mcl PHA
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper considered the implementation of different alternative fuels onboard a Croatian purse seiner. The LCA investigated the environmental impact of fuel on three impact categories (climate change, acidification, and human toxicity), while the LCCA included investment, fuel, and maintenance costs, but also the carbon tax, which relates only to ship power systems with tailpipe emissions. The main findings of the research can be summarised as follows:  
* The LCA indicated that the most environmentally friendly option is green hydrogen used in a fuel cell, while the second alternative with the lowest emissions compared to the diesel-powered ship is B100. On the other hand, the power systems with the highest released GHGs are LNG in a dual-fuel engine (due to methane slip), ammonia (in fuel cells and ICE), and the use of grey hydrogen in a fuel cell system.
* The LCAs that investigated the impact of alternative fuels on acidification and human toxicity indicated that the most environmentally friendly options are LPG and a fully electrified ship, while the greatest contributor is diesel, due to its high sulphur content.
* Although the LCA indicated that the use of green hydrogen results in the lowest emissions, the LCCA showed that its use in a fuel cell has the highest costs. The power system configurations that are cost-effective are ammonia in ICE, methanol, and DME.
* Methanol and LPG used in a dual-fuel engine were highlighted as the most appropriate fuels that satisfy environmental and economic criteria, i.e., their implementation achieves a reduction in emissions and cost compared to diesel-powered ships. A methanol power system results in a reduction in GHG and costs of 23.3% and 22.4%. Although LPG showed a higher reduction in GHG emissions (15.0%) at a reduced cost (24.4%), methanol is a more appropriate fuel for purse seiners. It has been thoroughly investigated as a marine fuel, and it is used in many types of ships.  
Conceptualisation, M.P. and N.V.; methodology, M.P. and N.V.; software, M.P.; validation, N.V. and T.H.; formal analysis, M.P.; investigation, M.P. and N.V.; resources, M.P.; data curation, M.P.; writing--original draft preparation, M.P., M.K. and I.J.; writing--review and editing, N.V. and T.H.; visualisation, M.P., M.K. and I.J.; supervision, N.V.; project administration, N.V.; funding acquisition, N.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research has been co-funded by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the European Union within the project \"Hybrid Energy Systems for fishing vessels (HENSUS)\", granted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Fisheries, Republic of Croatia (Award No. 324-01/21-01/2273).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to non-disclosure agreements between ship owners and UNIZAG FSB.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Effect of Fault Size Extension on Bearing Dynamic Characteristics
### Bearing Outer Ring Stress Change and Crack Extension Trend  
There are two regions in the operation of a rolling bearing, the load zone and the non-load zone. The equivalent stress distribution in the inner raceway of the outer ring at a given moment is shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 7: Roller slipping rate at different fault levels.  
From Figure 8, it can be seen that the rolling elements generate stress peaks when contacting the inner raceway in the load zone, with the peak size decreasing from the maximum load position in the load zone towards the sides and the peaks disappearing in the non-load zone. Therefore, the load zone of the bearing is an area prone to fatigue damage. Consequently, studying the stress changes in the outer ring of the bearing's load zone and the trend of crack propagation under stress is of greater practical significance.  
During the rotation of the rolling elements, the schematic diagram of the rolling elements entering and exiting the fault in the load zone is shown in Figure 9. In this diagram, Unit 1 is located at the left edge of the fault, the central unit represents the fault 'pit', and Unit 2 is located at the right edge of the fault.  
Bearing fatigue damage generally progresses through the following three stages: (1) crack initiation due to localized stress concentration; (2) crack propagation outward due to alternating shear stress experienced by the rolling elements during their movement on the inner raceway of the outer ring; and (3) further operation leading to crack branching and spalling [20].  
After the bearing sustains damage and the fault gradually expands to a larger size, the changes in alternating shear stress and alternating contact stress become more complex. Therefore, investigating the stress variation trends and crack propagation directions for bearings with different fault severities is of significant importance for studying the operational state of faulty bearings.
# Laboratory Testing and Analysis of Clay Soil Stabilization Using Waste Marble Powder
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Compacted Behavior
#### 3.2.2 Omc  
The clay stabilized with WMP results indicates that the OMC values are reduced from 22.5% at 0% marble powder to 11% at 60 and 75% marble powder. For this reason, it is suggested that waste marble powder can effectively reduce the OMC of clay, which may have notable implications for soil stabilization and engineering applications. Compared with [40], the results are consistent with previous studies that have shown the effectiveness of waste marble powder in reducing the OMC of clay. As such, it can be attributed to the high specific surface area and pozzolanic activity of the waste marble powder, which enhances the microstructure and strength of the clay.
# Marine Diesel Engine Fault Detection Based on Xilinx ZYNQ SoC
## 3 Results
### Convolutional Neural Network in the PL of ZYNQ
#### 3.2.3 The Approach to HLS Programming  
The above operations yield parameters such as filter weights and thresholds. We can send these parameters to the ZYNQ via commands from the host computer. The ZYNQ's PS interprets the commands and inputs the filter parameters into the convolutional neural network model on the ZYNQ. Subsequently, convolutional operations and other operations will be performed in the PL.  
The ideal approach is to place the entire convolutional neural network model into the PL for FPGA algorithm acceleration, as shown in Figure 12a. In this approach, data collected using the PS are fed into the convolutional IP core, undergo algorithmic calculations, and then the data are transferred back to the PS and sent to the host computer following the established protocol. However, due to the limited performance of the ZYNQ7010, which is the basic version of the ZYNQ series, there is a significant performance gap in algorithm requirements compared to the ZYNQ7020. Therefore, it is not feasible to deploy the entire convolutional network for continuous calculations in the PL.  
Figure 11: Change curve of training accuracy under different parameter optimization algorithms.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Optimization Algorithm** & **Learning Rate** & **Beta1** & **Beta2** \\ \hline SGD & 0.001 & & \\ Adam & 0.001 & 0.9 & 0.999 \\ RMSprop & 0.001 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Optimization algorithm coefficients.  
Hence, the approach we adopt is modular computation, as illustrated in Figure 12b. The convolutional neural network comprises convolutional layers, pooling layers, activation function layers, and fully connected layers, along with batch normalization algorithms. The activation function layers are relatively simple and can be embedded within the convolutional layers. Therefore, we generalize these four layers, i.e., the data collected are input into the convolutional layer in the PL, and the results are returned to the PS. The PS then inputs the data into the pooling layer in the PL, and so on. Compared to the aforementioned approach of placing the entire network in the PL, this method effectively reduces hardware usage but introduces additional time for data transmission back and forth.
## 5 Extending the Mediator-Wrapper Architecture
### Quantitative Analysis on Scenarios
#### 5.3.1 Scenario 1: Adding a New Representation Type  
In this scenario, a requirement for a new representation type on top of the combined schemas of wrappers \(W_{2}\), \(W_{3}\), and \(W_{4}\) is added. Since a new type of representation is required, in a 1 LMW, an entirely new mediator must be implemented. This new mediator also must be deployed and connected to wrappers \(W_{2}\), \(W_{3}\), and \(W_{4}\). The outcome of the shift on 1 LMW is displayed in Figure 14 (added elements are marked with dashed lines), with the addition of \(Me_{4}\) and its connections to the required wrappers.  
Thus, the cost of the shift is  
\[C_{1 LMW}^{1}=C_{Me}^{impl}+C_{Me}^{dcpl}+3\times C_{Conn}^{set}\]  
In a general case, with the number of connected wrappers being \(N\), the cost is  
\[C_{1 LMW}^{1}=C_{Me}^{impl}+C_{Me}^{dcpl}+N\times C_{Conn}^{set}\]  
It can be noticed that this architecture forms redundant connections between wrappers and mediators, adding to the shift cost.  
Again, in the case of a 2 LMW, a new mediator must be implemented and deployed (\(Me_{7}\)). In this case, the mediator is stacked on top of a mediator on the lower layer of mediators (\(Me_{3}\)). Hence, mediator \(Me_{3}\) is reused for combining wrappers \(W_{2}\), \(W_{3}\), and \(W_{4}\), and only one connection is set up. The outcome of the shift on 2 LMW is displayed in Figure 15, where the added mediator component and connection is illustrated with dashed lines.  
Figure 14: Scenario 1 outcome on a one-layer mediator MW architecture.  
The cost for this shift is  
\[C^{1}_{2 LMW}=C^{impl}_{Me}+C^{depl}_{Me}+C^{set}_{Comm},\]  
which remains true for any general case.  
In the case of a MMW architecture, to create a new type of representation, a new mask (\(Ma_{4}\)) is required to be implemented and deployed. Only one connection setup is required, as the new mask only connects to one mediator in the mediator layer (\(Me^{\prime}_{3}\)). It is important to note that the mediators in this architecture do not serve a representational purpose, so they do not have representational functionality. The outcome of the shift on MMW is displayed in Figure 16, with the added mask component and connection illustrated with dashed lines.  
The shift cost in this and general cases is  
\[C^{1}_{MMW}=C^{impl}_{Ma}+C^{depl}_{Ma}+C^{set}_{Comm}\]