esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Soft Error-Tolerant and Highly Stable Low-Power SRAM for Satellite Applications
## 3 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Read and Write Stability Comparison  
Read stability can be estimated through the read static noise margin (RSNM) [20]. Typically, the static noise margin represents the maximum DC noise voltage that each storage node can withstand before a read upset occurs, and it is obtained by the length of the largest square side in a butterfly curve [21; 22]. During the read operation, the storage node holding '0' was connected to the bit line, which was pre-charged to the VDD. As a result, the read current flowing from the bit line to the '0' storage node could induce voltage on the node, potentially flipping the stored data [18]. Therefore, stable read operations are crucial for the functionality of SRAM cells. Table 1 shows a comparison of the RSNM values of various SRAM cells, and Figure 5 illustrates the RSNM curves for different cells. As shown in Table 1, the RSNM of the proposed RHSP16T cell is 257.1%, 210.7%, 158.5%, 174.7%, and 179.9% those of QUCCE12T, WE-QUATRO, RHBD10T, RHD12T, and RSP14T, respectively, making RHSP16T the cell with the highest RSNM among all compared cells. This enhanced RSNM was due to the read-decoupled characteristics of the proposed RHSP16T cell. During the read operation, only one pair of access transistors out of the two pairs was activated, and only the internal nodes were connected to the bit lines. This configuration prevented the storage nodes Q and QB from being directly affected by noise. Moreover, the appropriate CR setting of 1.7 for the proposed 16T cell resulted in a lower voltage at the internal node S0 storing '0'. Therefore, RHSP16T achieved a high RSNM value, indicating that it provides stable read operations.  
Recent research suggests that word-line write-trip voltage (WWTV) provides a more dependable assessment of an SRAM cell's write capability than the write static noise margin (WSNM) [3]. WWTV is determined by the difference between the word line voltage when the storage nodes Q and QB intersect and the supply voltage VDD when the word line is activated. Consequently, cells with longer write access times need more time to modify the stored data, which results in a higher voltage increase at the word line when Q and QB intersect. As shown in Table 1, the WWTV of the proposed RHSP16T cell is 121.1%, 122.2%, 146.7%, 124.4%, and 124.4% of those of QUCCE12T, WE-QUATRO, RHBD10T, RHD12T,  
Figure 5: RSNM butterfly curves for different SRAM cells at VDD = 1 V.  
and RSP14T, respectively. The proposed RHSP16T cell has the highest WWTV value among all compared cells, indicating that RHSP16T can perform very stable write operations.
## 4 Experiments
### Effectiveness of Enriching Both Intra-Variation and Invariant Features  
In this experiment, we compared another implementation of our proposed method with both enriched intra-variation and enriched invariant features (see Figure 3b) with the following methods: (i) traditional methods, namely HOG+SVM [17], G-FST [41], and FT-LPP [42]; and (ii) deep learning methods, namely FaceNet [22], CDA [34], TDL [33], and KCFT [43]. For fair comparison, we used multiple samples per person database, CelebA, as the generic data to pretrain three of the matchers. To train albedo matcher and enriched face matcher, we generated the albedo image and the recovered image (synthetic image with same PIE) of CelebA by the proposed 3D face modeling module and 2D face generation module. For our proposed method, the scores from three face matchers were fused by a weighted sum rule. We set the weights for different matchers with respect to their respective recognition accuracy. Specifically, the weights were 0.45, 0.45, and 0.1 for the original matcher (\(O\)), albedo matcher (\(A\)), and enriched matcher (\(E\)), respectively, when fusing the three matchers. In the ablation study, the weights for \(O\) and \(A\) were both 0.5 when they were fused, while the weights were 0.8 and 0.2 for \(O\) and \(E\) when \(O\) and \(E\) were fused.
# Utilization of an OLED-Based VLC System in Office, Corridor, and Semi-Open Corridor Environments
###### Abstract  
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have recently received growing interest for their merits as soft light and large panels at a low cost for the use in public places such as airports, shopping centers, offices, and train or bus stations. Moreover, the flexible substrate-based OLEDs provide an attractive feature of having curved or rolled lighting sources for the use in wearable devices and display panels. This technology can be implemented in visible light communications (VLC) for several applications such as visual display, data communications, and indoor localization. This article aims to investigate the use of flexible OLED-based VLC in indoor environments (i.e., office, corridor and semi-open corridor in shopping malls). We derive a two-term power series model to be match with the root-mean-square delay spread and optical path loss (OPL). We show that, for OLED positioned on outer-wall of shops, the channel gain is enhanced in contrast to them being positioned on the inner-wall. Moreover, the channel gain in empty environments is higher compare with the furnished rooms. We show that, the OPL for a 10 m link span are lower by 4.4 and 6.1 dB for the empty and semi-open corridors compared with the furnished rooms, when OLED is positioned on outer-wall of shops. Moreover, the channel gain in the corridor is higher compared with the semi-open corridor. We also show that, in furnished and semi-open corridors the OPL values are 55.6 and 57.2 dB at the center of corridor increasing to 87.6 and 90.7 dB at 20 m, respectively, when OLED is positioned on outer-wall of shops.  
flexible OLED; visible light communications; optical path loss; delay spread +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 28 November 2020; Accepted: 28 November 2020; Published: 1 December 2020
## 3 Results
### Characterization of MSCs
#### 3.1.2 Trilineage Differentiation and Embryonic Body Formation  
To examine the multilineage differentiation of the isolated MSCs, cells were cultured in differentiation-inducing media. The culture of putative MSCs in an osteogenic induction medium for 21 days generated a calcified extracellular matrix, which was positively colored by Alizarin Red (Figure 1A,E,I), highlighting the in vitro osteogenic capacity of all three lines of MSCs. When putative MSCs were cultured in an adipogenic medium for 30 days, the lipid vacuoles generated by the cells were colored by Oil Red O (Figure 1B,F,J). The culture of the cells in a chondrogenic medium for 30 days induced the formation of the extracellular matrix rich in proteoglycan, which was stained by Alican Blue (Figure 1C,G,K).  
The formation of unattached clusters or spheroids resembling embryonic bodies after 10 days of seeding of MSCs onto bacterial-grade dishes was highlighted (Figure 1D,H,L).  
The putative MSCs have also been differentiated into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages when cultured in HA-containing differentiation media (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antigen (\%)** & **CD73** & **CD90** & **CD105** & **CD44** & **CD79a** & **CD34** & **CD45** & **HLA-DR** & **CD14** \\ \hline hMSCs & 100 & 99.7 & 99.8 & 97.5 & 0.2 & 0 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 \\ \hline SScqMSCs & 95.7 & 90.9 & 89.2 & 97.3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline SScqMSCs & 86.4 & 95 & 85 & 85.2 & 1.3 & 0.3 & 0.5 & 2.1 & 0.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Surface antigen make-up in experimental cell lines.
## 2 Geometric Modeling Approaches
### Geometric Modeling of a Rough-Surface Vehicle over Snow-Covered Soil  
#### 2.2.1 CAD Modeling of a Rough-Surface Vehicle  
Computer-aided design (CAD) software is a computer program used for creating, modifying, analyzing, or optimizing designs. It has become an indispensable tool in modern engineering design, architectural planning, and manufacturing industries. CAD software not only improves design efficiency but also significantly enhances precision and quality. The earliest CAD system appeared in the 1960s, with _Sketchpad_ developed by [PERSON], which is widely regarded as the first true CAD system [16]. Modern CAD platforms integrate precise geometric modeling, intuitive editing interfaces, automated design tools, and strong interoperability [17], enabling their widespread application across various professional fields [18; 19; 20]. The CAD model of the rough-surface vehicle is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the composite electromagnetic scattering geometry.  
Figure 2: The FDTD model.  
In Figure 3, \(d_{1}\) represents 4.5 m, \(d_{2}\) represents 0.1 m, \(d_{3}\) represents 1.5 m, \(d_{4}\) represents 1.5 m, \(h_{2}\) represents 1.6 m, \(h_{3}\) represents 0.5 m, the wheel radius \(r_{1}\) is 0.5 m, and the angle \(\alpha\) is 45\({}^{\circ}\).  
Figure 4 presents the rough-surface vehicle model. The CAD model was exported in DXF file. Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) [21], developed by Autodesk, is a file format for exchanging CAD data, enabling the sharing of vector graphics across different CAD software. It stores 2D/3D model geometric data (e.g., lines, arcs), layers, colors, and other metadata in plain text or binary format. Geometric information can be extracted from DXF files using Python. The straight sections of the vehicle were divided into 100-line segments. Monte Carlo curves were simulated using the Numpy library in Python to represent the roughness of the surface, with a root mean square (RMS) height of 0.05\(\lambda\). This approach enables the generation of a vehicle model with a rough surface.  
Figure 5 shows the point sampling on the rough-surface vehicle, where the horizontal and vertical spacing between points corresponds to the size of a simulation grid. This ensures that each point aligns with a single grid cell during the simulation.
# An Energy-Distance-Balanced Cluster Routing Protocol for Smart Microgrid IoT Sensing Networks
## 3 Framework Architectures
### Security Integration via RBAC-IoT
#### 3.4.3 Description of Algorithm Flow  
LEAD-RP's procedure initiates with the setup phase, where parameters are defined following the organization of sensor and base station nodes. Subsequently, compute the cluster radius \(R_{i}\) for each node and the ideal cluster head proportion \(p\) using Equations (16) and (18). Ascertain \(T(s_{i})\), the threshold for electing cluster heads for every node; it is influenced by both the distance factor \(D_{f}\) and the energy factor \(E_{f}\). Cluster heads are selected through a comparison with a number randomly chosen from the range 0 to 1, thereafter refreshing the \(G\) set. Following this, the chosen cluster heads announce their status, prompting nodes not serving as cluster heads to locate and request to join the closest cluster head within their \(R_{i}\). With the cluster framework established, the next phase involves transmitting data. Nodes convey data to their respective cluster head as per the TDMA schedule, entering a low-power state during downtime. The algorithm concludes either when the energy reserves of all nodes are exhausted or when the predetermined number of operational cycles is met. If neither condition is fulfilled, a new cycle of cluster formation begins with the recalculation of \(R_{i}\) and other relevant metrics.
# Electrical and Optical Properties of Laser-Induced Structural Modifications in PbSe Films
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Laser Modification of the Structure
To study the laser irradiation effect on the film's structure modification, sample optical characterization was carried out before and after exposure to radiation. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the untreated sample had an unstructured surface (Figure 3a,c), and the film itself contained inhomogeneities with a size of about 1.0 um. Structure modification after laser irradiation is shown in Figure 5b,d. Between the tracks, it can be seen that the film was not subjected to thermal action from the laser irradiation zone and retained the characteristics of the untreated sample (Figure 5b). Within the track, local modification regions were formed, spaced at the same distance from each other (Figure 5d). The mechanism of laser modification is associated with film local heating to a softening and melting temperature, followed by material redistribution entrained by a moving heat source with a high temperature gradient. At some point in time, the film within the track becomes thin, which is represented in the SEM image as periodic dark  
Figure 4: Reflection spectra of PbSe film: untreated (black curve), after heat treatment (red curve). areas. Light, denser regions are film thickenings that form during sharp heating when the laser spot approaches and cools when it is removed [13]. As a result of the film material redistribution, concentric regions with local elevations are formed in the track center, and depressions are formed on its periphery. The structure morphology and the periodicity of light and dark regions depended on the scanning rate, laser spot size, and incident radiation power density. These parameters determined the heat source size, its maximum temperature, and the heating and cooling rate.
# Real-Time 3D Reconstruction Pipeline for Room-Scale, Immersive, Medical Teleconsultation
## 2 Related Work
### Isosurface Extraction  
Many of the approaches highlighted in Section 2.1 generate an implicit surface, and most use marching cubes (MC) on GPUs [16; 51] to create the output mesh quickly. Still, many different methods [52] exist to handle the problem of isosurface extraction.  
While the original MC method places vertices at the edges of the signed distance voxels, dual methods, such as _SurfaceNets_ by [PERSON] et al. [53], place the vertices of the final mesh in the cell interior. Dual contouring (DC) allows a better reconstruction of sharp details because the vertex placement is not restricted to cell edges. Connecting mixed resolutions is possible using MC but easier with DC because the algorithm can be directly executed on nonuniform hierarchical data structures like [PERSON] et al. [17] presented for octrees without any modifications, and like triangle stitching [54]. However, dual contouring does not guarantee that the resulting surface will be manifold, and the fixes in subsequent work [55; 56] require a significantly more complex algorithm. Since the correct topology is sometimes more important, the dual marching cubes method of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57] combines the topology guarantees of MC with sharper detail by placing an additional dual feature vertex into faces generated with MC. The MC method was recently implemented using a data-driven approach [58], highlighting how many perspectives exist for solutions.  
We chose DC for our work because the strict run-time requirements and the recursive traversal by [PERSON] et al.[17] are almost as easy to parallelize as regular MC while providing seamless connections between multiple detail levels. Furthermore, the lack of manifold guarantees is insignificant since the geometry of multiple depth cameras is highly nonmanifold, and many edge cases of nonmanifold geometry cannot be captured.
# Comparative Study of Energy Efficient Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 The Proposed Taxonomy
### Next-Hop Selection
#### 3.8.1 Broadcast-Based  
In broadcast-based protocols, nodes must distribute packets to every node in the WSNs. In fact, each node broadcasts the packet to its neighbors, where it will be rebroadcasted. The minimum cost forwarding algorithm (MCFA) is based on a broadcasting mechanism where each node broadcasts each message to its neighbors. Limited network size and unbalanced loads are the major disadvantages of this mechanism [109].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
Generally, WES detects 20,000-30,000 SNPs, even if only 40% of these cause amino acid changes [16]; an even smaller portion, in the order of a few hundreds, are private missense mutations, and still fewer are pathogenic [17, 18]. Briefly, we obtained about 14,000-16,000 variants (SNPs and short Indels) from the ten original exomic samples. As expected, 50%-55% of such variants were synonymous (_i.e._, silent) SNPs, while 40%-42% were nonsynonymous (_i.e._, amino acid changing mutations), 2%-5% were short exonic Indels and 0.1%-0.5% were causative either of a premature stop of the translation of the protein or, contrarily, of a loss of the stop coding signal.  
As anticipated, we compared the compression performance of the aforementioned tools, by comparing the number and properties (_i.e._, genomic position, mutated allele and genotype) of the called variants before and after compression. We correctly retrieved more than 95% of the original variants after decompression of the BAM files compressed by CRAMtools, NGC and Quip. Contrarily, ReduceReads caused an evident data loss: Only 66.4%, on average, of the originally called variants surviving the compression step. Figure 3 shows these performances. The performance of Quip is biased since the calculation was made on five out of ten samples. Interestingly, we observe that the sizes of the classes of exotic variants (synonymous SNPs, nonsynonymous SNPs, short Indels, _etc._) were proportionally retained throughout the compression experiments.  
We have also analyzed the mean distributions of DOC and BOC: Coverage data were preserved by all compression tools except for ReduceReads (as expected), which downsamples, by design, the DOC to a reasonable level for analysis. Table 1 shows the coverage reduction levels achieved by ReduceReads only.  
Finally, we have observed the wall clock times and disk occupancy saving provided by each tool. CRAMtools and ReducedReads took from \(20\) to \(60\) min to compress the ten original BAM files, whose sizes ranged from \(3.7\) to \(7.2\) GB. The ratios between uncompressed and compressed files were proportional. NGC and Quip exhibit a more conservative compression policy, with expected reduced running times (see Figure 4). Furthermore, NGC and Quip deliver compressed files with comparable sizes, irrespective of their original sizes.  
Figure 3: Proportion of variants that survived the compression step. Point dimensions indicate tool-specific sample size (_n_): \(n=10\) for Cramtools, NGC and ReduceReads; \(n=5\) for Quip.
# Concurrent Transmission Based on Distributed Scheduling for Underwater Acoustic Networks
## 3 Concurrent Transmission Based on Distributed Scheduling
### Protocol Description  
To solve the two problems addressed in Section 3.1, we propose a new distributed scheduling method that has the following features: (1) a deterministic scheduling algorithm is adopted to calculate the sending time table for each source node, through which a node can calculate its sending time table independently and obtain the same result when the input parameters of the scheduling algorithm are identical. This feature means that if the handshaking can provide all the input parameters for the scheduling algorithm, it is possible to synchronize the concurrent transmitted in distributed environments using a two-way handshake, which is the simplest form of the handshaking protocol and has the least overhead. (2) The sending sequence and time of the source nodes are optimized jointly using dynamic programming to ensure the packets sent by a source node do not conflict with other packets at its corresponding destination, while ensuring the data transmission time is as short as possible. This optimization algorithm is presented in Section 3.3.  
The proposed method follows the basic handshaking mechanism where the channel is reserved by the control packets of RTS and CTS. Time stamps are added to each control packet for synchronization. Because there is no central node to control the transmission, the source and destination nodes are synchronized through dedicated control packets, whose time stamps are unique in the transmission. A transmission cycle consists of four stages: the RTS stage, CTS stage, data stage, and acknowledgement (ACK) stage, as shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, S1, S2, and S3 are the source nodes and D1, D2 and D3 are the corresponding destination nodes. The solid arrows represent the transmission to the recipient of a packet and the dashed arrows represent the transmissions to the other nodes that will also listen the packet.
# Fault ride-Through Control Strategy for Variable Speed Pumped Storage Unit with Full-Size Converter
## 4 Fault Ride-Through Control Strategies
### LVRT Strategy in Pumping Conditions  
During a low-voltage process of the system under pumping conditions, the FSC-VSPSU faces the problem of insufficient energy and low DC voltage. This may prevent the unit from effectively pumping water, resulting in increased vibration and oscillation. To address this issue, the optimal solution would be to increase DC energy storage. However, this would significantly raise the investment costs for power plants. From a technical and economic perspective, it is recommended to use protection methods instead. These protection methods could involve low power, low voltage, or other forms of protection, with specific settings determined based on the unit's actual situation. The low power protection is described by Equations (16) and (17).  
\[P_{ST}=(\,0.05\,\sim 0.2)P_{P} \tag{16}\]  
where \(P_{ST}\) is the low power action setting value and \(P_{P}\) is the rated power consumed by the pump. The action time limit is the inertia time of the water flow after the pump is powered off, usually 1-2 s. Low power protection can be set according to (15), and it can also be set according to (16).  
\[P_{ST}=(\,0.3\,\sim 0.6)P_{N} \tag{17}\]  
Figure 10: The dynamic reactive current control strategy of GSC.  
where \(P_{\text{N}}\) is the rated power of the generator. After the low power protection action, the water pump stops. There are various principles for implementing pump protection, and this paper will not discuss them in detail.  
Similar to the power generation condition, GSC can also provide reactive power support. Therefore, in the event of a power grid failure under the pumping condition, GSC should prioritize providing reactive power support. When the voltage or power drops too low to meet the normal pump operation, it is permissible to disconnect the pump from the power grid.