Date Industry by-Product: Date Seeds (_Phoenix dactylifera_ L.) as Potential Natural Sources of Bioactive and Antioxidant Compounds  
[PERSON]  
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,  
P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.Z.); ahassan2 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.M.A.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.Y.)  
[PERSON]  
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,  
P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.Z.); ahassan2 ks.  
variety, and the quality of the date [7]. It has been demonstrated that date seeds contain several functional components, such as dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids [8]. They are also a rich source of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tocopherols [9; 10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. [12] reported that date seeds contain about 51.1 g of polyphenic compounds per kg, higher than other poly phenol-rich foods like flaxseed, tea, and grapes. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [13] observed a high total polyphenol content of 4768.87 mg GAE/100 g in date seed. The cinnamic acid derivatives and benzoic acid hydroxylated derivatives were the predominant phenolic acids in date seeds [14; 15], while rutin, catechin, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempfer were the main flavonoids [16; 17]. These natural antioxidants' presence in date seeds is reported to provide protection effects against many oxidative-stress-induced diseases, such as inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes [18; 19; 20].  
In vitro and in vivo studies on date seeds have shown their effective antioxidant properties. [PERSON] et al. [21] reported that date seed extracts had high scavenging activity against ABTS, DDPH, and hydroxyl radicals. Date seeds have also shown higher antioxidant properties than date flesh, making them a viable natural source of antioxidants [22]. Oral administration of date seed extracts was found to lower oxidative stress damage and improve the defense systems of the organs [23; 24]. Recently, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] reported the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of date seed extract in diabetic rats. They attributed the lipid- and glucose-lowering actions to the antioxidant properties of the date seeds. The antioxidant properties of date seeds may be due to poly phenolic compounds that act as reducing agents, free radical scavengers, and hydrogen donors, which may explain their efficiency in treating different conditions [26].  
The antioxidant properties and polyphenic compounds of date seeds were reported to be affected by many factors, such as genetic diversity, fertilizer and soil type, water availability, maturity stages, storage conditions, the solvent system, and extraction methods [1; 27]. The date industry generates thousands of discarded by-products, such as date pomance and seeds, that are rich with bioactive compounds. New aspects of using these by-products to produce high-nutritional-value food products have recently attracted interest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to chemical composition and validate the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from seeds of Ruthana, Barhi, and Qatarah date varieties by using different solvent systems.