## 4 Discussion
This finding is consistent with our research that reported an increase in the biomass of crops irrigated with wine effluent, evidencing the possibility of reusing these by-products in agricultural systems in arid regions with high environmental constraints. The authors highlighted that treated wastewater can be used for irrigation in different soil types and that factors such as pH, clay content, carbonates, and organic matter affect the accumulation of toxic metals in plants and soil. However, high levels of certain metals in crops vary between species, suggesting that the risk may depend on the type of crop. The authors highlighted the importance of more field studies and advanced analytical techniques to better assess contamination and health risks, especially in the prolonged use of treated wastewater in the face of stricter environmental regulations (2019). These recommendations are applicable to our study because, although the application of the diluted effluent promoted crop establishment and growth, the salt content in the soil increased. The high content of nutrients, such as nitrogen, calcium, and potassium, detected in both the soil and effluent of the experimental site seem to favour high biomass production in Sudan sorghum. In this sense, the results obtained correspond with those of [PERSON] et al. (2018), who concluded that the order of extraction and accumulation of macro- and micronutrients in Sorghum bicolor was K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, with the first three coinciding with those determined in the soil and effluent of our study [20]. A long-term study suggests that the inorganic material present in effluents accumulates with successive applications over time, which is of concern as most wastewater treatment processes fail to significantly reduce salt concentrations in wastewater flows. However, it was highlighted that the application of effluents generated in the industrialization of viticultural by-products is an alternative that can provide greater competitiveness of the sector in arid environments, generating vegetal biomass for various uses in a circular economy framework [21]. In this sense, the authors highlighted that the incorporation of distillery effluent from viticultural waste into irrigation systems not only allows for sustainable waste management but also optimises the use of water resources and improves agricultural productivity. The combination of these approaches may be the key to promoting more sustainable agricultural practices in viticulture, improving productivity in arid areas, and generating biomass for various commercial purposes. The present study confirms the conclusion provided by [PERSON] et al. (2012) [21] that the diluted effluent allowed the water resource to be reduced by 9% and provided nutrients and water for the optimal development of pasture and sorghum. However, precautions should be taken to avoid problems associated with soil salinity. If the biomass produced by the perennial pasture is destined for animal fodder, the potential risk of high potassium content, which could affect the uptake of other nutrients such as calcium, must be evaluated. In any case, the effluent also contains high levels of this nutrient.