# Pro-Pre and Postbiotic in Celiac Disease
## 8 Clinical Trials Using Pro- and Pre-Biotic in CD  
### Probiotics and celiac Disease  
The intestinal microbiota has a very close relationship with the individual; provides a barrier against pathogen colonization, synthesize vitamins and other beneficial compounds, and stimulate the immune system. Celiac disease has been associated with a condition of dysbiosis, but no study has ever shown that there is a characteristic \"celiac intestinal microbiota\" [48]. The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining and improving intestinal health and the whole organism [49]. Dysbiosis is present in the celiac patient, but it is still not clear whether this is the cause or consequence of the disease, it must be said that this dysbiosis persists regardless of adherence to a GFD and is partly related to this particular diet. Indeed, GFD influences the composition of the intestinal microbiota due to a reduction in the intake of polysaccharides [50]. Probiotics could help restore celiac dysbiosis. In this review, we analyzed various intervention studies conducted in the last 10 years (2011-2021), which envisaged the use of pro-biotics as an intervention. In particular, the analyzed works can be divided into two broad categories: Intervention studies, which evaluated whether the introduction of a pro-biotic could improve some parameters of subjects with CD in association with a GFD, and; studies which evaluated whether the administration of pro-biotics could influence the clinical course of the disease both in patients with untreated CD and in potential subjects (See Table 5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}|} \hline
**Reference** & **Composition, Strains** & **Meaning** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2014 [40] & _Lactobacillus Paracasei CBA L74_ & The postbiotic _L. paracasei-CBA L74_ interferes with gliadin peptides entrance in epithelial cells _N. flavescens_ strain induces imbalance in the mitochondrial respiration of CaCo-2 epithelial cells and was able to altered the trafficking pathway. This metabolic alteration appears to be in part reversed by the post-biotic _L. paracasei-CBA L74_, irrespective of the presence of the P31-43 peptide During rice fermentation process pH control greatly improved the lactic acid production and also the ability to interfere P31-43 entrance in the CaCo-2 cells. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: In vitro study using _LP CBA L74_ post-biotc.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Reference** & **Intervation** & **Read Out** & **Effects** \\ \hline  & & Evaluate the effects of _B. longum CECT 7347_ & Reductions of pro-inflammatory bacteria (B. _fragilis group_), activated T lymphocytes and inflammatory markers (TNF-\(\alpha\)) \\ [PERSON] et al. & _B. longum CECT 7347_ & _B. longum CECT 7347_ & _longum CECT 7347_ & Reductions of pro-inflammatory bacteria (B. _fragilis group_), activated T lymphocytes and inflammatory markers (TNF-\(\alpha\)) \\ British Journal of Nutrition 2014 [51] & 3 months in in thirty-three children & 3 months in thirty-three and anthropometric parameters, and on intestinal microbiota composition. & (B. _fragilis group_), activated T lymphocytes and inflammatory markers (TNF-\(\alpha\)) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Effect of probiotics in vivo studying on GFD CD.