# Mechanical Behavior of Sand Mixed with Rubber Aggregates
###### Abstract
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Physical Characteristics of Sands** & **Physical Characteristics of Rubber** & **Test Conditions** & **Results of Experimental Tests** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[1]} & & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 20–80 mm & 4, 8.8, 15 and 25\% & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\  & & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.22 & by weight & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\  & & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 20, 40 and 75 kPa & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[2]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.63 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\)= 5 cm and 15 cm & 10, 20, 30\% by volume & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.21 (5 cm) & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 2, 6.2, 25.5 and 41 kPa & Friction angle increases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[3]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.63 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 2, 3 and 4 cm & 15, 30 and 50\% by volume & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.3 & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 9.8, 39.2 and 98.1 kPa & Friction angle increases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[5]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.62 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 20 mm \(\times\) 10 mm & 10 \(\AA\) 70\% by weight & The shear strength increases with the rubber content up to 30\% and then it decreases. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) =1.08 & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 25, 75 and 125 kPa & The friction angle increases with the rubber content up to 30\% and then it decreases \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[7]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.67 & \(\rho_{\text{s(Caoutlouc)}}\) = 1.15 & 15, 30, 45, 60\% by volume & The shear strength increases with increasing rubber content. \\  & & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 100, 200, 300 and 400 kPa; & The friction angle increases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[8]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.68 & \(D_{\text{GR(max)}}\) = 2 mm & 10, 30, 50 and 100\% & The shear strength decreases with increasing rubber content. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.14 & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 50, 100 and 200 kPa & The friction angle decreases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[9]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(coarse Sand)}}\) = 2.68 & \multirow{2}{*}{Rubbercrumbs} & 5, 10, 20 and 50\% by weight & The shear strength decreases with increasing rubber content. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(fine Sand)}}\) = 2.60 & & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 28, 42, 68 kPa & The friction angle decreases with increasing rubber content. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[10]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.74 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 1–4 mm & 10, 20, 30, 40, 50\% by weight & The shear strength increases with the rubber content up to 20\% and then it decreases. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.16 & \(\sigma_{n}\)= 29, 56 and 110 kPa & The friction angle increases with the rubber content up to 20\% and then it decreases \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[11]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.67 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 1–10 mm & 15, 25, 30, 35 and 100\% by volume & The shear strength increases with the rubber content up to 30\% and then it decreases \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.20 & \(\sigma_{n}\) = 30, 60 and 90 kPa & The friction angle increases with the rubber content up to 30\% and then it decreases \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[12]} & \(\rho_{\text{s(Sand)}}\) = 2.66 & \(D_{\text{GR}}\) = 0.8–2 mm & 25, 50 and 75\% by weight & The shear strength increases with the rubber content up to 25\% and then it decreases. \\  & \(\rho_{\text{s(Rubber)}}\) = 1.13 & \(\sigma_{n}\)= 20, 50 and 100 kPa & The friction angle increases with the rubber content up to 25\% and then it decreases. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary table of previous work on sand reinforcement by adding crushed rubbers.