esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Robust Phase Estimation of Gaussian States in the Presence of Outlier Quantum States
## 4 Quantum Statistical Model with Outliers
### Quantum Gaussian State with Outliers
**Single outlier quantum state:** When there is one particular outlier quantum state, the model (28) is expressed as:  
\[\rho^{\varepsilon}_{\alpha}=(1-\varepsilon)|\alpha\rangle\langle\alpha|+ \varepsilon\rho_{z_{0},\kappa_{0}}. \tag{29}\]  
This corresponds to \(p_{z_{0},\kappa_{0}}(z,\kappa)=\delta(z_{R}-\text{Re}\,z_{0})\delta(z_{I}- \text{Im}\,z_{0})\delta(\kappa-\kappa_{0})\), where \(\delta(x)\) denotes the Dirac delta function. In this model, our interest is two real parameters, \(\theta_{1}=\text{Re}\,\alpha\) and \(\theta_{2}=\text{Im}\,\alpha\). All other parameters, \(\varepsilon\), \(z_{0}\), and \(\kappa_{0}\), are the nuisance parameters. **Distributed outlier quantum states:** Consider the case when a center of possible outlier quantum states \(\alpha\) are generated by the normal distributions on the phase space with a given dispersion \(\kappa_{0}\). The quantum contaminated model is expressed as:  
\[U(\alpha)=e^{a\alpha^{\dagger}-\alpha^{*}a}\quad(\alpha\in\mathbb{C}). \tag{21}\]0  
This corresponds to set a probability distribution for outlier quantum states as \(p_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\kappa_{0}}(z,\kappa)=f^{\mathcal{N}}_{\mu_{1},\sigma_{1}} (z_{\text{R}})f^{\mathcal{N}}_{\mu_{2},\sigma_{2}}(z_{1})\delta(\kappa-\kappa _{0})\) in Equation (28). To remind ourselves, \(f^{\mathcal{N}}_{\mu,\sigma}(x)\) is a probability density function of the normal distribution with the expectation value \(\mu\) and the standard deviation \(\sigma\). Thus, taking a limit \(\sigma_{1},\sigma_{2}\to 0\) reduces to the case of a single outlier quantum state. The above distributed outlier quantum states can be easily generalized to the case of multiple centers by adding more terms to Equation (30).
Chromotography_**2015**, \(2\), 265-276; doi:10.3390/chromotography2020265  
_Chromotography_**ISSN 2227-9075**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/chromotography  
Studying Plant-Insect Interactions with Solid Phase Microextraction: Screening for Airborne Volatile Emissions Response of Soybeans to the Soybean Aphid, _Aphis glycines_ Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)  
**[PERSON] 1,2,\({}^{\dagger}\),** [PERSON] 1,3,4,\({}^{\dagger,\star}\) and [PERSON] 5,\({}^{\dagger}\)  
1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA  
2 DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware, DE 19711, USA  
3 Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA  
4 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA  
5 Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA  
\({}^{\dagger}\) These authors contributed equally to this work.  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +1-515-294-4206; Fax: +1-515-294-4250.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 20 March 2015 / Accepted: 18 May 2015 / Published: 26 May 2015_  
**Abstract:** Insects trigger plants to release volatile compounds that mediate the interaction with both pest and beneficial insects. Soybean aphids (_Aphis glycines_) induces soybean (_Glycine max_) leaves to produce volatiles that attract predators of the aphid. In this research, we describe the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extraction of volatiles from _A. glycines_-infested plant. Objectives were to (1) determine if SPME can be used to collect soybean plant volatiles and to (2) use headspace SPME-GC-MS approach to screen compounds associated with _A. glycines_-infested soybeans, grown in the laboratory and in the field, to identify previously known and potentially novel chemical markers of infestation. A total of 62 plant volatiles were identified, representing 10 chemical classes. 39 compounds had not been found in previous studies of soybean volatile emissions. 3-hexen-1-ol, dimethyl nonatriene, indole, caryophyllene, benzaldehyde, linalool, methyl salicate (MeSA), benzene ethanol, and farnesene were considered herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs).  
For reproductive field-grown soybeans, three compounds were emitted in greater abundance from leaves infested with _A. glycines_, cis-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, MeSA and farnesene. In summary, SPME can detect the emission of HIPVs from plants infested with insect herbivores.  
**Keywords:** herbivore-induced plant volatiles; SPME; GC-MS; _Aphis glycines_; soybeans; methyl salicate (MeSA)
# A Review of Recent Advances and Challenges in Grocery Label Detection and Recognition
## 2 Technological Review
### Barcode Based System  
A barcode is a unique identifier for each product, which is currently easily readable and with few probabilities of error. Hence, most grocery product recognition applications use this technology to identify the product. Usually, the user points the reader (e.g., a camera) at the barcode until the software detects it. The reader typically translates the information  
Figure 3: Conceptual pipeline of assisted retail product label analysis.  
and searches for the item in a database. The database is not stored in the device, so these apps require an internet connection to identify items. Another drawback is that the barcode is placed in an arbitrary position which leads to the constant need to look up the location of the barcode. Some barcode-based applications that use object detection/recognition algorithms are listed below.  
**RoboCart**[13]  
A robotic shopping assistant for the visually impaired proposed in 2005 that guides users through grocery aisles and identifies the products by a barcode reader. Among some limitations, it is not an easily portable device.  
**Seeing AI**[14]  
An app launched by Microsoft, designed for blind and visually impaired users. Users can use it to recognise documents, products, people, scenes and currency, among other features. The identification of a product is possible through a barcode scanner. Since locating the barcode is challenging for people with limited or no vision, the app provides a location guide. The user should rotate the product, and the movement is guided by a sequence of tones that grows more rapidly as he gets closer to the barcode. When the product is identified, the system provides some available information, such as name, weight and ingredients.  
**Yuka**[15]  
This app makes consumers aware of the product labels, and ultimately allows them to make healthier choices, through the item's barcode. For that purpose, it provides detailed information about the product and a score out of 100 for food items, and classification into four risk categories for cosmetics. There is a possibility to activate the offline mode, with the constraint of downloading the product database to the mobile phone, reducing the memory space and later becoming outdated.  
**Open Food Facts**[16]  
A collaborative project designed to help consumers decipher food labels and make more conscious food choices regarding the impact on their health and the planet. Beyond the brands, ingredients and allergens, the consumer can also find the Nutri-score, the NOVA rank, and the carbon footprint. The application uses a barcode scanner to identify the product and provide some information.
# Impact of Intersection Left Turn Guide Lines Configuration on Novice Drivers' Behavior
## 3 Results
### Impact Analysis Based on Steering Angle and Speed Difference
#### 3.2.3 Large Intersections  
**Steering angle.** Figure 13 displays steering angle variations for novice drivers in Scenarios 4, 5, and 6 with different guide line configurations. In Scenario 4, the steering angle gradually increases, reaching a constant value in the circular section, and then decreases smoothly as the vehicle exits. Full guide lines exhibit a lower mean steering angle and a smoother transition, followed by a single guide line and no guide line scenarios, highlighting a significant impact of guide line configuration. In Scenario 5, without guide lines, the mean steering angle is smaller in the circular section, ensuring a smooth and stable turning process. With a single guide line, the angle peaks when entering the circular section, gradually decreasing afterward, demonstrating stable steering. Full guide lines result in the maximum angle when leaving the circular section, rapidly decreasing thereafter, emphasizing the impact of guide line configuration on novice drivers. In Scenario 6, steering angle variations are similar to those in Scenario 5. In 6-C, the mean and variation are smaller, indicating better stability. With a single guide line, significant changes occur when entering the circular section, with a higher mean angle. Without guide lines, the changes are relatively gentle. Comparing Scenarios 4, 5, and 6, as left-turn lanes increase, guide lines, especially a single guide line, significantly impact steering angles. Full guide lines show consistent impact features, suggesting their superior guiding effect in larger intersections with more left-turn lanes.  
**Speed difference.** Figure 14 illustrates the speed differences distribution during left turns for novice drivers in Scenarios 4, 5, and 6 with different guide line configurations. In Scenario 4, under various configurations, left-turn speed differences show an unstable trend, with mean differences of -1.05 km/h, 0.69 km/h, and 0.29 km/h. Notably, full guide lines in large intersections with a single left-turn lane have a more pronounced impact, resulting in smaller fluctuation ranges compared to a single guide line. In Scenario 5, left-turn speed differences exhibit a relatively stable trend, with mean differences of 0.72 km/h, 0.41 km/h, and 0.32 km/h, especially stabilizing with a single guide line. This highlights the pronounced impact of a single guide line on novice drivers' left-turn speed in Scenario 5. In Scenario 6, without guide lines and with one guide line, speed differences show similar trends, with mean differences of 0.24 km/h and 0.25 km/h, respectively. However, full guide lines lead to an opposite trend, decreasing from negative to positive values, with a mean difference of \(-0.39\) km/h. In Scenario 6, full guide lines significantly impact novice drivers' left-turn speed, causing larger fluctuations.  
Figure 13: Steering angle distribution during left turn in scenarios: (**a**) Scenario 4; (**b**) Scenario 5; (**c**) Scenario 6.
# Smart Grid Data Management in a Heterogeneous Environment with a Hybrid Load Forecasting Model
## 2 Problem Statement: A Case Study for Energy Sector in Iraq
### Direct Factors  
Infrastructure is considered one of the most critical factors for any energy sector's success [3]. Despite this knowledge, developing countries often suffer from backwardness in this aspect. Specifically, in Iraq, energy infrastructure is not in a very good condition based on the many conducted field visits, views, and discussions. This is due to the lack of funds and unstable political conditions. According to the Iraqi Ministry of Energy, Iraq has about 5 million registered subscribers in the distribution sector. Around 95% of them are managed by the ministry using mechanical meters, while the remaining 5% are handled by other private companies using electronic or smart meters. To handle this large number of power consumption subscribers and reading values from a huge number of mechanical meters, the main issue is mandatory physical or manual reading. This is a big challenge, especially with the limited human resources and the digital transformation requirement for these manual readings. [13]. The Iraqi ministry of electricity lacks an efficient system to satisfy their actual needs. Therefore, a gap between the demand in the distribution sector and resource allocation in the generation sector also exists [14].  
Moreover, the number of subscribers is bound to increase dramatically. In the case of Iraq, there are many unregistered subscribers in the distribution sector. Hence, the power consumption demand in Iraq will increase exponentially, further widening the energy production and consumption gap. As a result, the Iraqi ministry has an ambitious plan to transform the current mechanical meters' data extraction by incorporating smart meters and a smart grid into their architecture.
## 1 Introduction
Mixed matrix membranes based on amine-functionalized and pristine MIL-53(Al) in Pebax1657 have shown an increased CO\({}_{2}\) separation and the higher permeability (PCO\({}_{2}\) 100 Barrer and \(\alpha\)CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) = 17; CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) = 50), was attributed to high porosity introduced by the presence of the MOF, as well as the selective adsorption of CO\({}_{2}\) inside the MOF [41]. [PERSON] et al. designed nanosheet-enhanced Pebax-MoS2  
Figure 1: Chemical structure and density of (**a**) Pebax®1657, (**b**) PEEK-WC; and (**c**) CuNi-MOF. Cu and Ni atoms from the network are represented by cyan and green polyhedra, respectively, whereas organic ligands are depicted as sticks. Green spheres represent Ni\({}^{2+}\) metal ions in pores. mixed matrix membranes for CO\({}_{2}\) capture, increasing CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) selectivity until 90 [44]. Composite hollow fibre membranes with a selective layer of Pebax(r)1657 and different functionalized Uio-66 MOF have demonstrated a simultaneous improvement in gas permeance and selectivity. The enhanced selectivity was attributed to an increased rigidity of the polymer matrix due to a formation of a hydrogen bond between the MOF and Pebax(r)1657 polymer chains [45]. Pebax(r)1657 containing Cu\({}_{3}\)BTC\({}_{2}\)-MOF have shown an increased CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) ideal selectivity about 15% compared to the neat Pebax(r)1657 [46]. The improvement in selectivity was attributed to the improvement in the CO\({}_{2}\) solubility, which, having a strong quadrupole moment, presents a higher affinity with unsaturated Cu sites than CH\({}_{4}\), leading to a higher CO\({}_{2}\) permeability. In this work, the CuNi-MOF was dispersed in the Pebax(r)1657 rubbery polymer and in the PEEK-WC glassy polymer, which, presenting a Cu site and well-defined cages (1.5 nm and 2.2 nm), is expected to influence at the same time the solubility and diffusion coefficient. The aim is to understand the main factors that determine the behaviour when a MOF is dispersed within a glassy or rubbery polymeric matrix. FT-IR, EDX, DSC and SEM analyses investigate the potential chemical interaction between CuNi-MOF and polymers. Besides, pure gas permeability tests with six different gases were carried out to obtain a general understanding of the MMM performance, while permeation tests were also carried out with binary CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) and CH\({}_{4}\)/CO\({}_{2}\) gas mixtures to evaluate its potential performance in a real separation process. These two gas pairs simulate flue gas in view of the potential use of the membranes in CO\({}_{2}\) capture, and biogas in view of the potential exploitation of renewable energy in a strongly emerging market.
_Article_  
Modelling and Simulation of Pseudo-Noise Sequence-Based Underwater Acoustic OSDM Communication System  
[PERSON] 1,2,*(r), [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 3(r), [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4(r), [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1  
College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Z.); [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (H.R.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M.)  
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China  
The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Qingdao 266061, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.)  
College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.); Tel.: +86-156-0639-2530 (L.L.); +86-137-9191-1298 (M.L.)  
Received: 15 March 2019; Accepted: 15 May 2019; Published: 19 May 2019  
**Featured Application: Underwater acoustic communication and underwater networking applications, especially adaptive underwater acoustic communication applications.**  
**Abstract:** Orthogonal signal division multiplex (OSDM) is an emerging signal modulation technology which has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and a flexible subcarrier system architecture. Particularly, it can be seen as a bridge between the single-carrier modulation and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in the frequency domain. Aiming at the development trend and demand of underwater acoustic hybrid and adaptive modulation communication technology, a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence-based underwater acoustic OSDM communication system is proposed in this paper. A data frame structure with PN sequence is designed to solve the multipath and Doppler effect of underwater acoustic channel. On the basis of the PN sequence, a compressive sensing method based on the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm is designed for channel estimation and equalization. On the basis of the system construction, the relationship among the OSDM vector length M, the OSDM subcarrier number N, and the underwater acoustic channel length is further studied for adaptive modulation of underwater acoustic communication. Finally, the proposed system is verified by simulation. The OSDM system has lower and controllable PAPR. When the OSDM vector length M is bigger than the channel length, and the system subcarrier flexibility is guaranteed, the bit error rate (BER) of the OSDM system is lower than that of the OFDM system and the single-carrier system. The PN sequence-based compressive sensing channel estimation and equalization with the OMP and MMSE algorithms has a good performance to resist the multipath effect of underwater acoustic channel.  
**Keywords:** underwater acoustic communication; orthogonal signal division multiplex; vector length; compressive sensing; orthogonal matching pursuit; multi-carrier modulation; MMSE
# Positioning Methods and the Use of Location and Activity Data in Forests
###### Abstract
There are tradeoffs, however, among available bandwidth and desired effective transmission range spanning from adjacent (1 m), to watershed (e.g., 500 m), or global spatial scales. In natural resources, smartphones and tablets increasingly serve as the local processing units. For _big data_ applications, data can be transmitted via radio or satellite to off-site computers that extract useful spatial and temporal information in higher order analytics. Smartphones and other devices are becoming more interconnected in remote areas as new networking capabilities bring the concept of an _IoT_ to the woods. Emerging technologies that enable enhanced localization and data transfer in off-the-grid applications evoke research, operational, and analytical challenges [21; 22; 23]. For example, characterizing the activities of multiple moving resources (e.g., 1000 or more people and equipment on a wildland fire) at various scales in real-time or near real-time requires overcoming obstacles associated with available bandwidth, power consumption, and signal transmission quality and interval. There is growing disparity between (a) increasingly high bandwidth networking capability intended to support smart devices and IoT in more suburban areas, (b) transitional zones of sparser or more sporadic connectivity at the wildland urban interface (WUI), and (c) very poor network capability in more remote areas. Thus, diverse and variable communications infrastructure may be needed in the future to support analytics. Based on our review of available positioning methods and emerging big data concepts in location-based services, wearable technology, and the IoT, we propose a simple, general approach for multi-tiered data collection, incremental processing and analysis, and network communication in forest management and wildland fire. We feel this concept provides a general, interim solution for scalable data collection and analysis off-the-grid that can be deployed readily using available tools and technology. It is likely of equal value and applicability in most natural resource fields, including, but not limited to, recreation, wildlife and fisheries management, range ecology and management, and research and monitoring. We also identify nine priority research needs to advance basic and applied science in this broad subject area.
# Analysis of the Efficiency of Slope Evacuation for Dense Crowds in Urban Street-Type Public Spaces
## 3 Risk Analysis of Crowd Gathering on Slope in Urban Street Spaces  
### Risk Analysis of Slope Evacuation  
The force conditions of a single pedestrian moving on a slope among a crowd are shown in Figure 1. Neglecting the effect of air resistance, \(G\) is the force of gravity (\(G_{\tau}\) for the tangential component of gravity, \(G_{n}\) for the normal component of gravity); \(Ff\) are the pedestrians to move forward when the feet stirrup the ground generated by the static friction; \(N\) is the support force on the slope for pedestrians; \(T\) is the surrounding of other pedestrians to push (\(T_{\tau}\) for the tangential component of the force, \(T_{n}\) for the normal component of the force), in a crowded crowd, pushing and showing are the main reasons for the fall; \(\theta\) is the slope of the street, \(\theta>0\) for uphill, \(\theta=0\) for level ground, and \(\theta<0\) for downhill. The forces on pedestrians vary depending on the inclination of the slope. The combined force \(Fr\) on pedestrians in the direction of the slope is:  
\[F_{r}=\begin{cases}T_{\tau}+Ff-G_{\tau}&,\ \ \theta>0\\ T+Ff&,\ \ \theta=0\\ T_{\tau}+G_{\tau}-Ff&,\ \ \theta<0\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
When pedestrians go uphill, the force of the body is upward, the center of gravity of the body is downward, and the two are balanced by each other. Pedestrians' knees bear three to four times their body weight, pedestrians move with a larger stride. Pedestrians' downhill stride decreases, and the force of the body and the center of gravity of the body are downward. Pedestrians' knees bear six to seven times their body weight, as the knee joints are subjected to greater recoil from the ground. In order to maintain balance and stability, pedestrians are required to control the entire sole of the foot against the slope with the ankle to prevent slips or falls. Therefore, this paper only studies the more dangerous downhill movement.