## 5 Conclusions  
The application of earthquake sensors is very important for timely search and rescue operations in disaster scenarios. Earthquake sensors have been evolving in recent years and have been applied in different time and space scenarios. The development of frontier technologies such as the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence has provided unique opportunities in emergency situations. The current development status of seismic monitoring and rescue sensors is manifested in different aspects. The constant innovation in sensors technologies such as MEMS, DAS, UAV, satellite, and nanotechnology can enable to more effective detection and recording of seismic activity. Moreover, the use of big data and AI could help to achieve real-time data to share earthquake locations and destruction behavior with the public. This will enhance the capability of earthquake responders to provide early warning and rescue operations. Moreover, the new development of sensor networks could establish a stable communication network to achieve information transmission and real-time responses. The development of earthquake-related sensors is an ongoing process of innovation and expansion, with the continuous strengthening of scientific and technological progress, providing more efficient, intelligent, and comprehensive protection for earthquake rescue and relief. However, there is a strong need to strengthen the capabilities of earthquake sensors for timely prediction for effective disaster management. The integration of new innovative technology in earthquake prediction should be in place to provide comprehensive information sharing for effective disaster management in the future.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] designed the research; [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] collected, collated, and summarized the literature and wrote the first draft of the article. [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed and proofread the first draft. B.T. provided the funding and managed and supervised the operation of the project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by \"the Belt and Road Initiative Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project\" (grant No. DL2022164001L) and \"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities\" (grant No. 20827041C4003).  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.  
**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Main Categories** & **Sub Categories** & **Benefits** & **Constraints** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Satellite} & \multirow{4}{*}{Remote Sensing Satellite} & Very wide area of coverage. & High cost \\  & & Rapid response and provides historical & Technical challenges \\  & & and real-time images of disaster areas. & Weather sensitivity \\  & & High-resolution imaging. & except SAR \\  & & Long-term monitoring. & Limited temporal resolution, \\  & & Long-term monitoring. & depending on revisit period \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Communication Satellite} & Real-time communication between & High cost \\  & & disaster response teams. & Technical challenges \\  & & Large area coverage. & Limited bandwidth \\  & & Reliable communication. & Weather sensitivity \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Global Navigation Satellite} & Real-time position for rescue & High cost \\  & & and recovery. & Technical challenges \\  & & Large area coverage and cost-effective & Weather sensitivity \\  & & for earthquake monitoring. & Limited vertical resolution \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._