## 2 Impedance Spectroscopy
### Scopes of Application
#### 2.1.2 Is Applied in Forest and Agriculture Management
The electrical characterization of the cell by EleIS (the assessment was performed in the range of 0-10 kHz with an AC voltage with an amplitude of 0.01 V using a four-points setup) showed that the molecular interactions between the cell materials guaranteed the device a bandgap of 2.9 eV, a specific capacitance of 580 F/g in the presence of light, a photocurrent density of 35 mA, and a cell electrical resistance of 268 \(\Omega\); the electrical evaluation also allowed them to demonstrate that the diffusion of ions occurs easily through the electrolyte. The relationship between the surface area of the composite (optimized by the introduction of GO) and the impedance justified the statement that ions penetrate the entire available area of the electrode, increasing the efficiency of redox reactions. In addition, EleIS allowed them to conclude that the device's energy efficiency is directly related to the order of magnitude of the resistance of the cell, and to identify possible limitations in the use of the nanocomposite film. [PERSON] et al. [87] developed perovskite-based solar cells with improved performance. The authors reported a cell's carbon electrode coated with a heterojunction formed by lead iodide perovskite and titanium dioxide, and subsequently encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane. This approach guaranteed the device an excellent photovoltaic efficiency (short-circuit photocurrent, JSC, of 23.5 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), and open-circuit photovoltage, VOC, of 0.97 V), which offered an efficiency of converting light into electrical energy of approximately 11% under simulated sunlight (standard 1.5 air mass, and 100 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) intensity), and stability for up to 3000 h of tests. Impedance spectroscopy measurements (conducted in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz, for different applied bias, between \(-\)0.20 V to \(-\)0.9 V, using a four-points configuration procedure) revealed more efficient charge transport with a significant reduction in charge recombination in the system. This analysis suggests that the nanocomposite is a candidate material for developing new perovskite-based hybrid solar cells with low cost, high efficiency, and improved stability. The [PERSON] group [72; 85; 86; 88] has recently contributed new sustainable solutions to this field of research, using sulphide metals derived from rare earths (known to increase optical transparency and improve the device's electrical and photocatalytic characteristics). In one of their recent efforts [72], they proposed a photoelectrochemical cell with a neodymium indium sulphide electrode. The electrode preparation process involved the deposition of Nd4 In5S13 on an ITO substrate using a spin coating technique and subsequent heating process of the resulting materials. Samples characterization revealed a nanomaterial with a crystalline and compact structure, with high specific capacitance (570 F/g in light--150 W Halogen lamp, and 481 F/g in darkness) and short-circuit photocurrent above 280 mA/cm\({}^{2}\). Electrical investigation of the cell electrode by EleIS (evaluation carried out for a frequency range from 0 to 10 kHz with an AC voltage amplitude of 0.01 V through a classic four-points setup) demonstrated that it possessed an internal resistance of approximately 230 \(\Omega\). In other work by the Gul group, neodymium and ytterbium sulphide (NdYb5\({}_{3}\)) [88], and a composite of ytterbium, copper and zinc sulphides (Yb2S3:Cu2S:ZnS) [85], were made using a similar preparation method and studied as electrodes. The electrodes presented an even higher specific capacitance (851 F/g for NdYb5\({}_{3}\) and 789 F/g for Yb2S3:Cu2S:ZnS in light) and internal resistances of around 220 \(\Omega\) and 23 \(\Omega\), respectively.