esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Base-Station Selection Strategy for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Communications
## 6 Markov Decision Policy Topology  
In the [PERSON] decision policy, future states only depend on the current state rather than the former. To apply the [PERSON] decision policy to formulate the base station selection process, we have to define network states, actions, transition probability, and the value function. By comparison with the combined value function, we can make an optimal decision. Details are described as follows.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, the plastic viscosity values of fly ash binders were much larger than the cement-based binders. This can be attributed to the composition of the solution-based reagents. The silicates in the reagents react rapidly with aluminates released from fly ash dissolution forming alkaline aluminosilicate binding gels. These gels formed in the initial phases facilitate the setting and hardening of the pastes. However, the yield stress values for Portland cement binders (without WRAs) were greater than the fly ash systems. This is because the agglomeration of cement particles is taking place in cement pastes. Thus, the de-clustering of flocculated cement grains requires a more significant force, leading to higher yield stresses. A higher flow spread in alkali-activated fly ash systems was not always associated with lower viscosity values as observed for cement-based binders [21]. The slump is influenced by the yield stress and not viscosity determined using theoretical simulations based on the Bingham model [22]. The literature study suggests that there has been no research on the rheological characteristics of alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) incorporating powder form reagents under ambient conditions. Moreover, there is also a lack of a research database on the performance evaluation of AAMs incorporating silica sand as fine aggregates using the one-part dry-mixing technique. This paper addresses the above-mentioned research gaps by presenting a study on the development and comprehensive evaluation of one-part AAM mixes in terms of fresh state and hardened characteristics. The influence of the ingredients of the mix such as the combinations of reagents (calcium hydroxide, sodium metasilicate and sodium sulfate), binary/ternary combinations and proportions of precursors (fly ash class C, fly ash class F and ground granulated blast furnace slag) and the fundamental chemical ratios (SiO\({}_{2}\)/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), Na\({}_{2}\)O/SiO\({}_{2}\), CaO/SiO\({}_{2}\) and Na\({}_{2}\)O/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)) present in the precursors and the reagents on fresh state, rheological, compressive strength and microstructural characteristics has been investigated to ascertain their suitability for the development of alkali-activated composites (AACs). The findings (fresh state and hardened characteristics) of this research on mortar compositions will certainly facilitate engineers and researchers to further develop high-performing alkali-activated concrete and composites.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Protocol
#### 2.4.1 Sensor Placement  
To monitor ECG, RIP, and ACC data during the operators' activities, multiple sensors had to be placed on the subject's body. Before placing the sensors, the corresponding skin areas were cleaned by hair removal, abrasion, and alcohol wiping.  
The ECG sensor (PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A.) was placed with three disposable adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes (Ambu(r)) attached to each of its electrode cables. The positive was placed on the left side of the sternum at the level of the manubrium, the negative on the superior part of the sternum's body, and the ground electrode was placed on the left anterior superior iliac spine. The RIP sensors (PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A.) were attached to two elastic belts, one placed under the chest passing the underarms and the other band at the umbillicus level [19; 23], subsequently being adjusted to the participant's anatomy. On the center of the subject's lower back, a triaxial ACC (PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A.) was secured with an elastic belt. The four mentioned sensors were set to acquire data at a rate of 350 Hz and were connected to the 8-channel wireless Hub (PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A.).  
To capture the upper limbs acceleration data, two MuscleBAN devices (PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A.) were placed on the belly of the right trapezius and biceps brachii, of the worker's dominant limb, with a rate of 1000 Hz. Both the Hub and MuscleBAN devices transmitted the data acquired by each sensor to the _OpenSignals_ (version Public Build 2023-10-23, PLUX WIRELESS BIOSIGNALS S.A., Lisbon, Portugal) software on a smartphone (Xiaomi Redmi Note 9, running Android 10). A scheme of the described setting is represented in Figure 3.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pax7 as a Key Indicator for Myogenesis
In contrast, the Pax7+/Myf5+ population proportion in Sdc3\(-\)/\(-\) mice was nearly twofold that of WT, indicating an increase in proliferating myogenic progenitors, and histopathology analysis revealed improved muscle fibrosis followed by decreased sarcolemmal permeability. [PERSON] et al. discovered the D233E mutation on _POGLUT1_, a gene asssociated with enzymatic activity related to glycosylation pathway(s). \(\alpha\)-dystoglycan is an essential component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex at the sarcolemmal junction which connects the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton through _Laminin-2_[50]. Any mutation in _POGLUT1_ may induce disruption in \(\alpha\)-dystoglycan, which therefore compromisesthe integrity of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, leading to degenerative muscle diseases including DMD [51; 52; 53]. The mutation resulted in a decrease in _Pax7_ mRNA level and Pax7+ cells, indicating a loss of the self-renewal ability of satellite cells in the patients' muscle compared to controls, presumably due to the flawed O-glucosylation. They thus propose that impaired myogenesis mediated by inactivation of Notch signaling is a causal mechanism of muscular dystrophy in siblings in relation to the post-translational modification and maintenance of muscle stem cells, leading to muscular degeneration and \(\alpha\)-dystroglycan hypoglycosylation. The essential role of measuring Pax7 in muscular dystrophy research has been demonstrated in all phases of muscle development, in the effort to characterize some novel molecular factor functions, as it is dependent on the ability of satellite cells to regenerate.
# Improved U-Net with Residual Attention Block for Mixed-Defect Wafer Maps
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Dataset
#### 4.2.2 Mixed-Type Defects  
We intended to identify not only single defects but also mixed-type defects. Therefore, to assess the performance of the model, we used Mixed-type Wafer Defect Datasets provided by the Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing and Donghua University as a part of the test data [12]. This dataset is a wafer map dataset collected from a wafer fabrication plant, obtained by testing the electrical performance of each die on the wafer using test probes. We used mixed-type defects as test data to find out how well the proposed model could detect mixed defects. We used the two-mixed type, in which two defects are combined, and the three-mixed type, in which three defects are combined. However, we excluded the combination of Center and Donut from the experiment, because it may have many locations or overlapping parts; we also excluded Edge-Ring and Edge-Loc for the same  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Hardware Environment** & **Software Environment** \\ \hline CPU: Intel Core i7-8700k, 3.7 Ghz, Six-core & Window \\ twelve threads 16 GB & Tensorflow 2.0 \\ GPU: George GTX 1080 Ti & Python 3.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: System specification.  
Figure 4: Single wafer map defect: (**a**) Center (C); (**b**) Donut (D); (**c**) Edge-Loc (EL); (**d**) Edge-Ring (ER); (**e**) Loc (L); (**f**) Scratch (S); (**g**) Random; (**h**) Near-full.  
reason. For mixed-type defects, we randomly extracted 2400 pieces of data and used 1200 of them; these included both two-type and three-type defects. Figure 5 shows the mixed-type defects visually.
## Materials and Methods
### JSBACH Simulations
#### 2.4.2 Preparation of Meteorological Driving Data for Regional Runs  
In the set-up used, JSBACH requires seven mutually consistent meteorological variables (2-m air temperature and specific humidity, 10-m wind velocity, short-wave and long-wave radiation, potential short-wave radiation and precipitation) in hourly time resolution. In order to produce such a data set for a regional domain it is necessary to use a climate model of suitable scale. For the JSBACH regional driving data production we used the regional climate model REMO ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016) with an implementation of surface properties by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2016). REMO resolves three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric variables such as air temperature, specific humidity and wind speed in a hybrid vertical coordinate system ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The model also produces surface layer values of the atmospheric variables (2-m air temperature and 10-m wind velocity) as well as surface and soil variables such as snow cover and soil moisture. In this study, REMO was run for a domain covering Fennoscandia, with a grid resolution of 0.167\({}^{\circ}\), corresponding approximately to 18 km. ERA-Interim, a global atmospheric re-analysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ([PERSON] et al., 2016), was used as lateral boundary data for the 3D atmospheric variables. The forward run covered the period from 1979 to 2011. The forward run was preceded by a 10-year spin-up to equilibrate soil moisture and temperature.  
Model-specific biases for distinct regions are inherent for regional climate models ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016). REMO exhibits colder temperatures than observed in winter and spring in Eastern Europe (Eastern Europe, 2016), and the area of cold bias covers most of Finland ([PERSON] et al., 2016). In summer and autumn the temperatures are too warm compared to observations. REMO overestimates precipitation in northern Europe throughout the year [56]. In order to remove the biases, we corrected air temperature and precipitation against gridded homogenized weather data for 1980-2011 provided by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) [62]. A quantile-quantile type bias correction algorithm was applied for daily mean temperature [63], while daily cumulative precipitation was corrected using parametric quantile mapping [64]. Finally, the daily corrections were applied to the hourly modelled air temperature and precipitation values. To differentiate between the original REMO data and the bias-corrected REMO data, we will use the term regional climate model data when referring to the bias-corrected meteorological drivers in the following.
## 4 Results  
### Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Products  
The 3B42V7 and IMERG precipitation products covering the entire Chindwin River basin from \(1\) April 2014 to 31 December 2015 were evaluated in terms of spatial patterns and errors in daily and monthly precipitation.
## 4 Numerical Simulation of the Displacement Field
### Comparison with Actual Monitoring Data  
As can be seen from Figures 27 and 28, under the action of soil stress and seepage around the foundation pit, the variation trend of the numerical simulation curve is basically consistent with that of the actual monitoring result curve, indicating good agreement. The horizontal displacement of the envelope tends to increase with the increase of excavation depth. With the increase of excavation depth, all aspects of deformation will change. The horizontal displacement of the retaining structure will increase, and the surface settlement outside the foundation pit will show the same trend, suggesting a positive correlation between them. It can be concluded that the numerical simulation results have high precision  
Figure 26: Surface settlement curve during foundation pit excavation without seepage point.  
Figure 25: Surface settlement curve during foundation pit excavation with a 0.001 m-wide seepage point.  
and this finding is of guiding significance for further study on the treatment of foundation pit leakage in water-rich areas.
# Multiuser Transmit Precoding Design for Dimming Compatible Visible Light Communications
## 5 Conclusions  
A novel TPC design combined with dimming control was developed for multiuser VLC systems, which is capable of suppressing multiuser interference, while at the same time achieving desired illumination requirements. Unlike the conventional methods, which are restricted to the modulation schemes associated with the zero mean, the proposed scheme is applicable to a wide range of modulation in VLC, such as PAM and PPM. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed TPC outperformed the traditional pseudo-inverse-based ZF TPC transplanted from RF communication. Additionally, the VLC system employing PPM exhibited a better BER performance than PAM under relatively low or high dimming levels, implying that PPM is a beneficial design option at relatively low or high dimming levels.  
Figure 4: BER of the multiuser VLC system using PAM (left: Scenario 1, right: Scenario 2). ZF, zero-forcing.  
Figure 5: BER of the multiuser VLC system using PPM (left: Scenario 1, right: Scenario 2).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.L.; methodology, B.L.; software, X.X.; validation, Q.W., and Y.L.; formal analysis, G.W.; investigation, Z.L.; resources, B.L.; data curation, X.X.; writing--original draft preparation, B.L.; writing--review and editing, B.L.; visualization, X.X.; supervision, B.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, Z.L.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61571108, 61701197, and 61801193; in part by the open research fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University (No. 2019D18, 2018D15); in part by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M641354); in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant JUSRP11919.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors wish to thank the editors' immediate processing, and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Test Results of Different Sulfur Components in Transformer Oil
### Thiophene Sulfur  
The GC-SCD and GC-MS spectra of thiophene sulfur in WLT, HCT, QZT, and HLT are shown in Figure 2. The GC-SCD spectra of thiophene sulfur have better separation effect. Several of the neighboring peaks are classified together. They are isomers of the same molecular formula. Results show that the thiophene compounds in transformer oil exist mainly in the form of benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and its homologues.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sulfur Type (mg/L)** & **QZT** & **WLT** & **HCT** & **HLT** \\ \hline Total sulfur content & 1562 & 190 & 203 & 457 \\ Hydrogen sulphide & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Elemental sulfur & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 & \textless{}0.1 \\ Mercaptan sulfur & \textless{}3 & \textless{}3 & \textless{}3 & \textless{}3 \\ Thiophene sulfur & 1380 & 150 & 42 & 65 \\ Thioether sulfur & 86 & 30 & 159 & 376 \\ Others & 52 & 0 & 2 & 16 \\ Sulfur balance & 97.18\% & 100\% & 99.99\% & 99.96\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Test results of sulfur composition in operating oil.  
Figure 2: _Cont._  
The FT-ICR MS distribution spectra of thiophene sulfur in WLT, HCT, QZT, and HLT are shown in Figure 3. The horizontal axis represents the number of carbon atoms, and the vertical axis represents the degree of unsaturation. The size of the dot represents the relative abundance of the substance. It can be seen that thiophene sulfur in the transformer oil is mainly in the form of benzothiophene with unsaturation of 6, while dibenzothiophene with unsaturation of 9 as well as their homologues.
# An Improved Predicted Model for BDS Ultra-Rapid Satellite Clock Offsets
## 1 Introduction
Since the geometric construction, as well as the special periodic noise of the BDS satellite clocks, were different [8; 15; 21], the BDS clock offset prediction model must be classified according to every satellite clock. An improved model for the BDS satellite clocks prediction is proposed to enhance the precision of BDS ultra-rapid clock products. A few personal periodic terms of every satellite clock are detected and added to absorb the periodic effects and then nonlinear residual noise is modeled by the BP neural network method to improve the prediction accuracies. Based on ISU and GBU clock offset observations, the numerical examples are designed to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the improved model.
## 3 Results and Discussion
The drop of the average output powers at high repetition rates can be explained by an increasing period required for mode-matching and spectral shaping after seeding especially due to a strongly reduced small signal gain. Figure 7 summarizes the output pulse spectra and the respective autocorrelation traces measured at a pulse energy of 5 \(\upmu\)J. Here, we used a scanning second-order intensity autocorrelator and an optical spectrum analyzer (Yokogawa AQ6370D, Yokogawa Meters & Instruments Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a resolution limit of 20 pm. The fs-oscillator with a time-bandwidth product (TBWP, normalized to bandwidth limitation) of 1.1 exhibits a sech\({}^{2}\)-shaped output spectrum with a bandwidth of 4.2 nm, and a pulse duration of 295 fs at full width at half maximum (FWHM). In the case of Yb:YAG we achieved a TBWP of 1.3 at a spectral width of 0.95 nm. We obtained a TBWP of 16.3 in the case of Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) due to a broader bandwidth of 5.3 nm being more sensitive to dispersion. A group delay dispersion of 3750 fs\({}^{2}\) per pass including the gain medium, the Pockels cell and its BK7 windows can be given. We calculated  
Figure 7: Output pulse spectra (**a**) and intensity autocorrelation traces (**b**) for the fs-oscillator (gray), the regenerative Yb:YAG (black) and CaF\({}_{2}\) (blue) amplifier, inset: spectra for Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) at different output pulse energy in logarithmic scale. a B-Integral of 0.2 for Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) and 0.9 for Yb:YAG dominated by the intensity within the gain media considering a pulse energy of 5 \(\upmu\)J. In the case of Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) spectral broadening up to 15 nm (FWHM) at 40 \(\upmu\)J was observed (see inset of Figure 7a) while the beam-shape remained Gaussian. A contrast level of better than 32 dB for picosecond pre-pulses including unpicked oscillator pulses as well as amplifier cavity leakages was measured with a photo-diode. When blocking the seed pulses we observed a nanosecond background level at \(-\)26 dB, while at amplifier operation the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is further suppressed.
## 5 Network Setup and Results: A Case Example
### Simulation Run  
Once the network is ready, the simulation can be run. OMNeT++ allows running the simulation both graphically and from command line. In case the graphical environment is chosen, different simulation speeds can be selected to trade-off execution time versus debug information printed on screen.
## 5 Experiments
### Operator Feedback  
During the validation process, several operators in the turbine shop were taught how to use the AR application. The first impressions of the operators were rather surprising, as most of them had never tried any device with stereoscopic vision. In general, they said that they found it a very useful application, especially for the process prior to the assembly of the clutch, where this application would serve as a visual reinforcement to the documentation they currently have on paper. Of the ten male experienced operators (no female operators work in such a workshop) who tested the application, only one had trouble at first learning how to work with the application, since the gesture that has to be made to use the Microsoft HoloLens has to be quite precise. Apart from this small problem, the operators learned how to use the application perfectly. Several of them said that it was clear and very intuitive to use, besides the fact that the glasses are comfortable to use at the workshops through hands-free mode. A summary of the feedback given by the operators after testing the application can be found in Table 2.  
Apart from this, the operators were also asked if they would like the application to have any more functionalities. The comments made by the operators were that they would like to see more detailed assembly steps and include the possibility of seeing sections of the parts (being able to cut them to see their interior in 3D). They also commented on the possibility of showing the points of collision or friction between the parts during the assembly process, as they noted that this is one of the most complicated steps of the assembly and in the blueprints is not fully understandable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Ease of Use** & **Intuitiveness** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Application** \\ **Usefulness** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **HoloLens** \\ **Comfort** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Excellent & 30\% & 40\% & 40\% & 30\% \\ \hline Good & 60\% & 50\% & 40\% & 70\% \\ \hline Can Be Improved & 10\% & 10\% & 20\% & 20\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary of the feedback given by the operators after testing the application.  
Figure 12: Interaction between two devices with a shared 3D element (**left**) and the assembly process at Navantia’s Turbine workshop (**right**).  
The general impression of the operators after testing the application was that they found the application to be very useful in their daily work, both for the assembly phase of the parts and in the previous steps, in order to learn how the parts are assembled without the need to have the actual clutch in front of them. This previous exercise would allow the assembly process to be much faster and safer, since operators would know in advance what difficulties they will encounter during the assembly process.