esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Analysis Conditions  
### Site Data  
Geotechnical data from the Neyagawa tunnel site in Japan [28] were used for this analysis. The dimensions and material properties of the lining are presented in Table 3. The joint spring constants were calculated by Equations (1) to (3). The segmental ring was assembled from eight precast concrete segments connected by longitudinal joints, and the consecutive rings were in a staggered arrangement, as shown in Figure 5. The tunnel position and soil properties are shown in Table 4. The Neyagawa tunnel is a deep tunnel where the overburden depth, \(h\), is 37.635 m; the tunnel diameter, \(D\), is 7.87 m; and the overburden ratio, \(h\)/\(D\), is 4.78 with a groundwater level of GL-7.126 m. In this study, a shallow tunnel with an overburden depth of 7.87 m (\(h\)/\(D\) = 1.00), was also considered. \(K_{\text{hmin}}\) = \(K_{\text{vmin}}\) = 0.0 was assumed so that ground self-stabilization was expected as demonstrated in Figure 3. The \(K_{\text{hmax}}\) and \(K_{\text{vmax}}\) values were assumed to be 5.0 based on previous research [31].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Case**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(k_{\text{t}}\)/\(k_{\text{n}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Load Model**} & **Coefficient of Subgrade** & **Overburden** \\  & & & **Reaction, MN/m3** & **Depth, m** \\ \hline
10 & 0 & & \\
20 & 1/3 & Type 0 (no \(\tau_{0}\)) & \\
30 & 1 & & \\ \hline
11 & 0 & & 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 & 7.870, 37.635 \\
21 & 1/3 & Type 1 (with \(\tau_{0}\)) & \\
31 & 1 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Analysis cases of the parameter study.  
Figure 5: Staggered arrangement of segments.  
Figure 6 shows the distributions of the initial normal and tangential earth pressure at rest and the water pressure around the tunnel ring. This figure shows that the shear components are not small, as they are about 0% to 35% of the normal effective ones for both tunnels.
## 3 Combination Weighting Based on Improved AHP-Entropy Method
### Improved Entropy Weight Method  
In 1948, [PERSON] introduced the concept of entropy in the second law of thermodynamics into the field of informatics, where entropy was used to measure the amount of information widely used in various fields. The calculation formula for information entropy \(H\) is as follows:  
\[H=-\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}p(x)\ln p(x) \tag{5}\]  
where \(p(x)\) is the probability of the event \(x\), and \(N\) is the total number of samples.  
Information entropy usually indicates the degree of uncertainty in information. If the information entropy of a parameter is small, the degree of variation in the parameter value is large. This parameter may contain more information and can play a more important role in the data analysis. Therefore, in the comprehensive evaluation, the weights of different parameters can be quantified by calculating entropy. In the traditional information entropy weight method, the information entropy weight of the \(j\)th parameter \(w_{i}^{0}\) using parameter entropy can be calculated as follows [14]:  
\[w_{j}^{0}=\frac{1-H_{j}}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}\left(1-H_{j}\right)} \tag{6}\]  
where \(w^{1}\) represents the weight index; this is calculated using Equation (8).  
\[w_{j}^{1}=\frac{1+\overline{H}-H_{j}}{\sum\limits_{k=1,H_{k}\
eq 1}^{n}\left(1+ \overline{H}-H_{k}\right)} \tag{7}\]  
where \(\overline{H}\) represents the average entropy value for each attribute not equal to 1.
# Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Target Three-Dimensional Localization with 2-D Radar
## 1 Introduction
Inspired by the excellent application of RISs in radar measurement, this paper introduces one or more RISs in the wide receiving beam of the 2-D radar to realize the three-dimensional localization of the target. In the RIS-assisted 2-D radar system, the redundant target measurements in the RIS-assisted channels are used to estimate the three-dimensional coordinates of the target with the radar measurements by solving a least square problem with the convex optimization method. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is derived to measure the localization accuracy [31], and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the constructed signal model of RIS-assisted 2-D radar is presented. In Section 3, the three-dimensional localization algorithm is proposed based on the radar measurements, and its CRLB is derived to measure the target localization accuracy. In Section 4, the simulation analysis of the RIS-assisted 2-D radar localization algorithm is studied. The conclusion is given in Section 5.
## 3 Results
### Results and Discussions Regarding the Batter Boards Layout Methods
#### 3.2.4 Reference Line Function  
This method is the most popular current choice for on-site layout in a construction survey. It is a special function or program inside the total station, and it is commonly called reference line or layout line (depending on the total station brand). This function creates a reference line between two of the characteristic points of the construction (measured or designed), and all future measurements are displayed with respect to this line. The displayed values are \(\Delta\)L (line) and \(\Delta\)O (offset), in regards to a newly observed (measured) point. These values represent the length/distance (\(\Delta\)L) from the first reference point to the observed (measured) one, and the offset (\(\Delta\)O) of the observed (measured) point from the reference line (displacement from collinearity). These values serve vital applications in the  
Figure 12: Intersection coordinate extraction.  
field that simplify most of the layout applications, and provide invaluable assistance to the survey engineer. By knowing these values, it is very accessible to lay out points at different lengths from each other or from a certain position, or lay out points collinear to a certain direction or at certain designed offsets. In the case of batter boards layout, the methodology is to create a reference line represented by a construction line (axes), and with repeated measurements to locate a collinear point on the batter board with the value of \(\Delta\text{O}=0.000\) m. The values \(\Delta\text{L}\) and \(\Delta\text{O}\) are calculated from the designed and measured coordinates, and are based on trigonometry, as presented in Figure 13 and the following formulas:  
\[\omega_{\text{P}^{\prime}} =\theta_{\text{A3-P}^{\prime}}-\theta_{\text{A3-A6}}, \tag{11}\] \[\Delta\text{O} =\text{D}_{\text{A3-P}^{\prime}}\cdot\sin\omega_{\text{P}^{\prime }},\] (12) \[\Delta\text{L} =\text{D}_{\text{A3-P}^{\prime}}\cdot\cos\omega_{\text{P}^{\prime }}, \tag{13}\]  
The main advantage of this method is the efficiency in terms of execution time. It is the most popular layout method and can be used on any construction site and under any conditions. In terms of disadvantages, this method requires a newer model total station or to buy certain software packages. Also, it requires a better experience and teamwork between the survey engineer and assistant, as well as a better orientation in space than a normal polar coordinate stake-out.
# Fabrication of Novel CeO2/GO/CNTs Ternary Nanocomposites with Enhanced Tribological Performance
## 1 Introduction
[28] indicated that compared with pure liquid lubricant and liquid lubricant with MoS\({}_{2}\), the friction coefficient of liquid lubricant with CNTs/MoS\({}_{2}\) hybrids is decreased by 15%, due to the synergistic effect. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [29] studied a ceria/graphene composite as lubricating oil additive and considered the synergy between CeO\({}_{2}\) and graphene as an effective way to improve the tribological properties; however, the dispersion stability of lubricating additive and antifriction performance need further improvement. In this work, we successfully prepared CNTs by using mixed acid. Additionally, different weight ratios of 0-D CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticle, 1-D CNTs, and 2-D GO were compounded to obtain various CeO\({}_{2}\)/GO/CNTs nanocomposites via a hydrothermal method. CNTs and GO can form a stable structure through \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) bonding [30; 31], and the surface is rich in oxygen-containing groups that can combine well with CeO\({}_{2}\). As far as we know, there are rare reports on the friction and wear properties of CeO\({}_{2}\)/GO/CNTs hybrid as lubricating additive of base oil. Excellent structural properties of CeO\({}_{2}\)/GO/CNTs nanocomposites can achieve synergistic effect among CeO\({}_{2}\), CNTs, and GO, which can provide some ideas for preparing high-performance oil lubricating additives.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Cylindrical Crash Absorber with Discontinuous Protrusions  
In general, the deformation-crash-load curve of a crash absorber during the entire crashing process can be plotted as the blue line shown in Figure 1. The horizontal axis denotes the effective deformation distance, and the vertical axis stands for the crushing load. It can be observed that the reaction force has a significant growth in the early stages and a greater attenuation occurs in the subsequent period. The initial peak load is determined by the buckling load of the crash absorber when the initial buckling occurs. To reduce the damage caused by an impact, the crash absorber is usually designed to reduce the initial peak load. As shown in Figure 1, the area between the crushing load and the horizontal axis is equal to the energy absorption, so this shape is regarded as an ideal crash absorber. A displacement-crash-load curve that approaches an approximate straight line indicates a better energy-absorption efficiency and good cushioning characteristics.  
The initial peak load of the reactive crushing force is relatively high when a cylinder is used as a crash absorber, and the crashworthiness is unstable, owing to changes in the crushing folds produced in the crushing process. Inspired by the good crush-load pattern shown in Figure 1, a new CAP design is proposed. No similar structures have been reported in the literature previously. The CAP consists of a cylindrical tube with several discontinuous protrusions that are equidistantly spaced along the axial direction. The advantages of changing from the cylinder shown in Figure 2a to the CAP shown in Figure 2b are as follows: first, the initial peak crushing load can be reduced; second, the distribution of crushing wrinkles can be controlled by setting the positions of the equidistant protrusionsarranged along the sidewall. Furthermore, as the crushing deformation progresses, the crushing deformation wrinkles on the sidewall can form an intersection along the axial direction, as shown in Figure 2c, and, therefore, contribute to a longer crushing distance.  
The dimensions of the CAP studied in this paper are shown in Figure 3. The diameter of the unformed cylinder was 50 mm, the diameter of the partial protrusions was 60 mm, the distance between the two protrusions was 22 mm, and the length of each protrusion was 31.67 mm. The initial wall thickness was 1.2 mm.  
Figure 1: Evolution of crash-loading during buckling deformation.  
Figure 3: Shape and dimensions of the CAP used in this study.  
Figure 2: Proposed CAP design and its crushing deformation pattern. (**a**) cylinder (**b**) CAP (**c**) crush deformation.
## Materials and Methods
### DART Simulation  
#### 2.2.1 Simulation of SIF Escape Probability  
The Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is a 3-D RT model [28] that works with realistic representations of plant architecture described by the foliage distribution, including leaf clumping at branch and crown levels, along with detailed geometry of stems and branches. Recently, the leaf fluorescence FLUSPECT model has been integrated into the DART model to simulate fluorescence from leaf to canopy level [18]. Besides the simulation of spectral total and SIF radiance that escape the canopy, DART also simulates the 3-D, 2-D, and 1-D spectral radiative budgets of vegetation scenes per type of scene element (e.g., ground, woody elements, and leaves). It can also simulate the radiative budget of individual facets (i.e., triangles) that are used to represent scene elements such as leaves. These radiative budgets are computed at different stages of the radiative transfer modeling: after direct sun illumination, after atmosphere illumination, and after each subsequent DART iteration. They include radiation that is intercepted, scattered, absorbed, and emitted (i.e., SIF in the short waves and thermal emission in the long waves), and also the irradiance and exitance at each face of each voxel with which the landscape is simulated. Units can be W/m\({}^{2}\)/\(\mu\)m or percentage of top  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \(f^{esc}_{SIT}\) & \(NIR_{T}\) & \(NIR_{v}\approx\) & \(NIR_{T}\)-NDVI \\ \hline \(i_{o}\) & \(\frac{NIR_{T}}{i\cdot\omega_{\lambda}}\) & \(\frac{NIR_{v}}{i\cdot\omega_{\lambda}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**fAPAR**} & \(\frac{NIR_{T}}{f\text{APAR}\cdot\omega_{\lambda}}\) & \(\frac{NIR_{v}}{f\text{APAR}\cdot\omega_{\lambda}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Four estimation formulas for Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) escape probabilities based on spectral invariants theory (SIT) (\(f^{esc}_{SIT}\)).  
of canopy irradiance. Therefore, DART can compute the light regime and instantaneous incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and fAPAR of each leaf element and each voxel and layer of the canopy.  
The spectral SIF escape probability (\(f^{esc}\)) was defined as the ratio of canopy-leaving SIF observed by sensors (\(SIF_{obs}\)) to total emitted SIF from whole-canopy (\(SIF_{tot}\)) at a given wavelength [12],  
\[f^{esc}_{DART}=\frac{SIF_{obs}}{SIF_{tot}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(SIF_{obs}\) is the TOC SIF exitance. It corresponds to the angular integration of DART TOC SIF radiance images; more details about the simulation process can be found in [29]. \(SIF_{tot}\) is the sum of all SIF photons emitted by all leaves within the canopy in all directions [12; 24]. \(SIF_{tot}\) was derived from the DART 3-D radiative budgets of SIF emitted in all directions for each leaf within the 3-D vegetation canopy.
# Integrated Silicon Photonics for Enabling Next-Generation Space Systems
## 5 Summary  
Silicon photonics is clearly still in its infancy for being considered a prime candidate for space applications, due to the lack of radiation research and legacy utilization considerations. However, as silicon photonic fabrication processes mature and become more readily available, novel radiation experimentation techniques are developed, and competitive, high-performance ePICS are demonstrated, silicon photonics will surely find its place in future space systems.  
Conceptualization, G.N.T., S.G.R., and J.D.C.; methodology, G.N.T. and S.G.R.; validation, G.N.T., S.G.R., and J.D.C.;formal analysis, G.N.T., S.G.R. and J.D.C.; investigation, G.N.T. and S.G.R.; resources, J.D.C.; data curation, G.N.T. and S.G.R.; writing--original draft preparation, G.N.T. and S.G.R.; writing--review and editing, J.D.C.; visualization, G.N.T. and S.G.R.; supervision, J.D.C.; project administration, J.D.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by DTRA, NASA, NRO, and NSF. The authors are grateful for the support of GlobalFoundries, IHP, and TowerJazz for fabrication support.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 14: Summary of the current state of radiation effects in silicon photonic components. Green “T” means tolerant to radiation; red “V” means vulnerable to radiation; yellow “D” signifies that the system can be hardened by design techniques; and the black dashes means that there is currently no radiation data in the literature.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evolution of the Deformation Localization Band
After the initiation of the deformation localization (\(5.96\times 10^{3}\) s), although the length of the DLB increased, the relative displacement rate and width did not increase. In the short period before \(6.10\times 10^{3}\) s, the length, width, and relative displacement rate of the DLB remained almost constant. Afterward, the sliding rate of DLB1 began to increase, and the length of the DLB began to increase correspondingly, but the width did not increase. During the loading period from \(6.10\times 10^{3}\) s to \(6.21\times 10^{3}\) s  
Figure 6: Length and width of the DLB: (I–V) are the marker of deformation localization stages. Figure 7: Principle of calculating the relative displacement: (**a**) layout of measurement points, (**b**) decomposition of the displacements, and (**c**) schematic of the dominate deformation forms. (interval marked by arrows), the sliding rate increased rapidly. However, because DLB1 had been basically formed, the length of the DLB increased slowly, and the increase in the sliding rate caused the width of the DLB to rapidly increase. This indicates that the increase in the sliding rate contributed greatly to the increase in the width of the DLB, which was formed by shear deformation. During the loading period from 6.21 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) s to 6.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) s, the opening rate began to increase. DLB2 began to develop, and the length and width of the DLB increased rapidly. After the loading time of 6.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) s, the sliding rate became nearly 0, and the opening rate decreased gradually. However, the length and width of the DLB continued to increase. This indicates that the opening rate contributed greatly to the increases in the length and width of DLB2.
## 6 Conclusions  
To improve the seismic performance of super-long-span suspension bridges, comparative studies were performed. These focused on the seismic responses of an original main tower system and a lattice composite tower system exposed to far-fault and near-fault earthquakes using a finite element analysis and shaking-table tests. The influence of the damping system on the reduction effect of the seismic responses was analyzed. This included the damper type, damper arrangement scheme and design parameters. The primary conclusions were as follows:  
1. A lattice composite tower and damping system could increase the lateral stiffness of the main tower in a super-long-span suspension bridge. An optimal damping system could enhance the energy dissipation ability.
2. A lattice composite tower and damping system could significantly reduce seismic responses and improve seismic performance in super-long-span suspension bridges. In our analysis, the displacement control effect at the tower top for the lattice composite  
Figure 20: Displacement along the height of the tower with different initial sliding forces of friction damper: (**a**) El Centro, PGA = 400 gal; (**b**) Chi-Chi, PGA = 400 gal.  
tower and viscous damping system reached as much as 50% when using El Centro earthquake excitation data.
* Comparative analyses indicated that a friction damper combined with a shear-link beam (FD-SLB damper type) and a bottom-middle distribution scheme (BMD damper arrangement scheme) were the most effective when exposed to seismic excitations. The FD-SLB should be designed with a reasonable initial sliding force to ensure damper sliding is effective when exposed to an earthquake. A variable stiffness friction damper may be a better choice for near-fault earthquake excitations, and should be systematically investigated in future.  
Software, P.Z.; Writing--original draft and data curation, Y.Z.; Writing--review & editing, Y.W.; Project administration, S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors greatly appreciate the financial support from the Shandong Provincial Natural Foundation, with Grant No. ZR2020 ME247, and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Large Structure Health Monitoring and Control in Hebei Province (KLLSHMC2105).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Efficient Continuous Subgraph Matching Scheme Based on Trie Indexing for Graph Stream Processing
## 2 Related Work
When all the edges appear and are in an explicit state, the continuous subgraph matching algorithm based on a transition state generates this result as the final subgraph matching result. Transition state-based continuous subgraph matching scheme has low index costs because they manage DCGs while storing only vertex transition state and edge appearance information for streams [18]. However, there is a limit to keeping all DCGs in the memory for all data graphs. In addition, since the transition state is stored by query, similar queries cannot be processed at once. Therefore, in an environment with many similar queries, the query processing speed may be significantly reduced. Another study presented a continuous subgraph matching algorithm containing intermediate query results in the form of a materialized view to encourage various queries in the continuous subgraph matching process [20]. This algorithm consists of a query indexing phase and a query answering phase. In the query indexing phase, this algorithm obtains a covering path through query graph decomposition. A covering path is a set of the shortest paths including all the vertices and edges of a query graph. Then, this algorithm builds a set of shared queries based on trie query indexing. This algorithm can efficiently perform multiple query processing tasks, as it responds to queries based on a shared common pattern at once. It also conducts subgraph matching based on trie traversal and join operations. In the query answering phase, this algorithm seeks the list of tries affected by the update of a graph stream. It performs join operations based on trie traversal and updates a materialized view. It repeats this process until it reaches child nodes. Then, it terminates the query search process at a subtree not affected by the update of a graph stream. However, Ref. [20] proposed a technique that added a cache, but it did not provide a detailed replacement cache strategy. For more efficient subgraph matching, a cache replacement technique considering an index structure is required. It also requires support for various wildcard operations. Ref. [22] addressed the problem of answering graph pattern queries using materialized views based on large data graphs under homomorphisms. It considers a broad class of pattern queries that involve both node reachability and direct relationships. It treats materialized views as summary graphs to represent the homomorphic matches of the views compactly. However, it does not cover the stream processing environment. Ref. [23] presents approximating simulation and subgraph queries using views. They have proposed a notion of upper and lower approximation of pattern queries with respect to a set of views. It develops efficient exact and approximation algorithms with provable bounds for computing the closest upper and lower approximations, complete or not. Theyuse views for subgraph query answering efficiently. Similarly, this study does not deal with graph stream processing. This study focuses on approximate query processing.