# Decarbonizing European Industry: A Novel Technology to Heat Supply Using Waste and Renewable Energy
## 5 Waste Heat in the Industries and Heat Pumps
### Defining the Heat Demand of Processes and the Potential for Utilizing Waste Heat with Heat Pumps  
Table 4 shows the calculated amounts of process and waste heat for the four industrial sectors within the temperature range of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C (<200 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the EU28. In addition, the amounts of processed and waste heat within the range of temperature below 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C are highlighted. The amount of waste heat is particularly noticeable in the refining sector, where the magnitude of waste heat significantly surpasses that of process heat. This characteristic is inherent to the sector, characterized by a significant demand for process heat at temperature values above 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is subsequently removed from the given process at temperature values below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Conversely, for other industries like paper and food, where almost all process heat is below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the overall balance remains incomplete, resulting in a lack of comparability between process and waste heat values. The assessment of the processes identified a total of 1123 PJ/y of process heat and 1130 PJ/y of waste heat. The greatest amounts of process heat were also found in the paper and chemical sectors with 356 PJ/y and 355 PJ/y, respectively (see Table 4). The food sector and the refinery sector also showed significant amounts, although lower, with 193 PJ/y and 219 PJ/y, respectively. For waste heat, the refinery sector stood out with the highest calculated value of 465 PJ/y, followed by the chemical sector with 337 PJ/y, mainly due to the use of condensers in the processes of distillation. Significant sources of waste heat were found in the paper industry (231 PJ/y) and the food sector (97 PJ/y) [11] (see Table 4). In the current dataset, this issue is further compounded by analyzing process and waste heat within a specific temperature range, rather than considering heat across all temperature levels in the sector. This is particularly evident in the refinery sector, where waste heat significantly exceeds process heat. This is a characteristic of the sector, as it has high process heat demand at temperatures \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**Type of Industry** & **Waste Heat Potential (\%)** \\ \hline Iron and Steel & 11.40 \\ Chemical and Petrochemical & 11.00 \\ Non-ferrrous metal industry & 9.59 \\ Non-metallic minerals & 11.40 \\ Food and Tobacco & 8.64 \\ Paper Pulp and Print & 10.56 \\ Wood and Wood Products & 6.00 \\ Textile and Leather & 11.04 \\ Other & 10.38 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The percentage of waste heat potential per industry of the EU28 [39]. above 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but releases waste heat at temperatures below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast, sectors like paper and food, where nearly all process heat is below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, show an imbalance, making the process and waste heat values difficult to compare. The findings of this study suggest that the calculated heat pump market potential for the paper and chemical sectors is likely to reflect the actual potential. However, for the food sector, additional analysis is required to more accurately assess the heat pump market potential. Using high-temperature heat pump technology, the SUSHEAT project can convert a significant amount of excess waste heat into heat suitable for industrial operations, with an estimated yield of 47 TWh [30]. To validate the effectiveness of the SUSHEAT concept, two main case studies were selected: the dairy industry Mandrekas, and the fish meal company Pelagia. The heat demand profiles for the two primary use cases, Mandrekas and Pelagia, detail the heating needs, design specifications, and operational constraints indicated in this work. Table 5 shows the specifications of the two case studies applied in this research work. Case 1. Company Mandrekas: Mandrekas is a family-owned dairy company based in Corinth, Greece.