## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Applied Amendments on Trace-Element Accumulation in Earthworms
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**TE Concentrations in Earthworm Tissue (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))**} \\ \hline  & **Zn ET** & **Pb ET** & **Cd ET** & **Cu ET** & **Ni ET** & **Cr ET** \\ \hline Soil UP & 114.39 \(\pm\) 28.19 & 10.45 \(\pm\) 9.76 & 10.11 \(\pm\) 1.45 & 11.28 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Soil P & 290.3 \(\pm\) 31.7 & 408.5 \(\pm\) 105.8 & 112.5 \(\pm\) 25.8 & 16.0 \(\pm\) 4.1 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ GC & 267.8 \(\pm\) 131.7 & 311.7 \(\pm\) 219.5 & 50.8 \(\pm\) 9.3 & 24.8 \(\pm\) 27.3 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 1.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ ZC & 367.9 \(\pm\) 109.8 & 335.9 \(\pm\) 64.0 & 48.3 \(\pm\) 11.9 & 18.9 \(\pm\) 2.2 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 1.5 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 3.0 \\ GB & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ CP & 394.6 \(\pm\) 338.7 & 351.8 \(\pm\) 177.8 & 66.10.53 \(\pm\) 18.2 \(\pm\) 6.7 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 1.4 \(\pm\) 1.1 \\ IO & 358.6 \(\pm\) 149.5 & 226.4 \(\pm\) 75.4 & 70.5 \(\pm\) 19.3 & 17.3 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ BE & 336.4 \(\pm\) 161.6 & 332.6 \(\pm\) 90.8 & 82.7 \(\pm\) 13.3 & 20.5 \(\pm\) 24.3 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.9 \\ RW & 246.7 \(\pm\) 50.9 & 382.1 \(\pm\) 50.1 & 93.8 \(\pm\) 29.0 & 19.2 \(\pm\) 4.1 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ CC & 270.7 \(\pm\) 22.2 & 332.0 \(\pm\) 24.9 & 94.3 \(\pm\) 29.9 & 20.5 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ BB & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**BSAF Values**} \\ \hline  & **Zn BSAF** & **Pb BSAF** & **Cd BSAF** & **Cu BSAF** & **Ni BSAF** & **Cr BSAF** \\ \hline Soil P & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01a & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.05a & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.18a & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.14a & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03a & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01b \\ GC & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.02a & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.10 ab & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.06c & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.95a & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.06a & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.01a \\ ZC & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.03a & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 ab & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.08c & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.08a & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.13a & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.20 abc \\ GB & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ CP & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.07a & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.08 ab & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.07 bc & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.23a & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.11a & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.10 abc \\ IO & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.04a & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.03b & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.13 bc & 0.60 \(\pm\) 0.04a & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03a & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.04b \\ BE & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.04a & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.09 ab & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.84a & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.04a & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.06 abc \\ RW & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01a & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 ab & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.20 ab & 0.67 \(\pm\) 0.14a & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01a & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01c \\ CC & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01a & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.01 ab & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.20 ab & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.12a & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01a & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01c \\ BB & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{The different letters indicate significant differences in accumulation of particular elements across soil amendments (\(p<0.05\)) using Tukey test; ZC—Zabrare compost, GC—GWDA compost, BB—Belchatów biosolids, GB—Grabów biosolids, CP—calcium phosphate, IO—iron oxide, BE—bentonite, RW—rock waste, CC—limestone.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: TE accumulation and biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values in the control and amended soils (n = 3). for a full picture of the amendments' effects on the Cr bioaccumulation in earthworms, biotests shall also be performed using Cr-rich soils. The results showed that earthworms accumulate various contaminants in their bodies to different extents, and this process can be modified by soil amendments. According to [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2019), and [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2020), the major metal-bearing phases in the soils surrounding Pb- and Zn-smelecters are pyromorphorphic for Pb and Fe-oxyhydroxides and smectites for Zn. The very low solubility of pyromorphite can explain the relatively low bioaccumulation of the Pb in the earthworms in the long-term contaminated soil used in our study. At the same time, a long-term aging process may also modify the potential toxicity and bioavailability of metals in soils.