## 5 Smart Geosynthetics Limitations  
As mentioned, the concept of \"smart geosynthetics\" refers to the integration of sensors and monitoring technologies within geosynthetic materials used in civil engineering applications. While it offers several advantages in terms of real-time data collection and remote monitoring, there are limitations to consider, particularly in terms of durability and economic perspectives when compared with traditional monitoring techniques. Here are some limitations:  
Durability is one limitation: Smart geosynthetics rely on the integration of electronic components, such as sensors and communication devices, into the geosynthetic material [239]. These electronic components may be prone to environmental factors, such as moisture, UV radiation, temperature variations, and mechanical stresses. Over time, these factors can affect the performance and durability of the electronic components, leading to potential failures or inaccurate measurements [239].  
Longevity is another limitation: Geosynthetics are often used in infrastructure projects with long lifespans, such as roads, embankments, and retaining walls [5; 6]. However,  
Figure 24: Schematic showing conductive filler deposited onto fibre surface in EPD cell.  
the electronic components integrated into smart geosynthetics may have shorter lifespans compared with the geosynthetic material itself. This can result in the need for frequent replacements or maintenance of the smart geosynthetics, which can be costly and time-consuming.  
From an economic perspective, smart geosynthetics are generally more expensive than traditional geosynthetics due to the additional cost of integrating sensors and monitoring technologies [239]. The installation and maintenance of the necessary equipment for data collection and analysis also add to the overall cost. In some cases, the cost of implementing smart geosynthetics may outweigh the benefits gained from real-time monitoring, especially for projects with limited budgets or smaller-scale applications.  
Another limiting factor is complexity: Implementing smart geosynthetics requires expertise in both geotechnical engineering and sensor technology. The design, installation, and calibration of the sensors and monitoring systems require specialised knowledge and skills. This complexity may increase the overall project timeline and the need for highly trained personnel, potentially leading to higher costs [239].  
Compatibility is a limitation: Smart geosynthetics may not be compatible with existing infrastructure or traditional monitoring techniques. Retrofitting existing structures with smart geosynthetics can be challenging and may require significant modifications or adaptations. In some cases, it may be more practical and cost-effective to continue using traditional monitoring techniques or explore alternative solutions.  
It is important to evaluate the specific project requirements and consider these limitations when deciding whether to implement smart geosynthetics or rely on traditional monitoring techniques. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice should be based on a comprehensive analysis of the project's needs, budget, and long-term goals.