# A Categorization of Digital Twin and Model-Based System Engineering Interactions
## 3 Results
### Categorization  
The focus of this section is to categorize the types of relationships that DTs and MBSE can have. In the review process, two primary approaches were observed. In the first case, the DT is constructed using MBSE methods, tools, and/or language. This approach includes instances where the DT was designed with MBSE and was also used in the simulations. In the second approach, the DT makes use of the MBSE system models generated for the system design. The first type of approach was observed in seven articles, while eight were categorized into the second group. The remaining article did not fit either category, as it did not discuss the interaction of both concepts. Table 2 presents the categories identified for each article.  
Upon analyzing the selected articles and their respective categories, several conclusions regarding the advantages and disadvantages inherent to each category can be formulated. These observations are summarized in Table 3. A common disadvantage identified across both categories, as inferred from the reviewed articles, is the lack of explicit guidance in designing the integration between the DT and the system.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Title** & **DT and MBSE Interaction** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Leveraging digital twin technology in model-based systems engineering & DT uses MBSE system models & [18] \\ \hline Experimentable digital twins for model-based systems engineering and simulation-based development & DT uses MBSE system models & [27] \\ \hline Representing adaptation options in experimentale digital twins of production systems & DT uses MBSE system models & [33] \\ \hline Systems engineering and digital twin: a vision for the future of cruise ships design, production and operations & DT uses MBSE system models & [31] \\ \hline Operationalizing digital twins through model-based systems engineering methods & DT uses MBSE system models & [32] \\ \hline Digital twins of product families in aviation based on an MBSE-assisted approach & DT uses MBSE system models & [36] \\ \hline Closed-loop systems engineering (close): integrating experimentable digital twins with the model-driven engineering process & DT uses MBSE system models & [39] \\ \hline A Holistic System Lifecycle Engineering Approach—Closing the Loop between System Architecture and Digital Twins & DT uses MBSE system models & [34] \\ \hline The modelling and operations for the digital twin in the context of manufacturing & MBSE-based DT & [26] \\ \hline Model-Based Design of Complex Aeronautical Systems through Digital Twin and Thread Concepts & MBSE-based DT & [28] \\ \hline Unified modeling for digital twin of a knowledge-based system design & MBSE-based DT & [30] \\ \hline Construction method of shop-floor digital twin based on MBSE & MBSE-based DT & [35] \\ \hline Digital twin-enabled decision support services in industrial ecosystems & MBSE-based DT & [37] \\ \hline Towards collaborative life cycle specification of digital twins in manufacturing value chains & MBSE-based DT & [17] \\ \hline Using UML and OCL Models to Realize High-Level Digital Twins & MBSE-based DT & [38] \\ \hline Towards a digital twin: How the blockchain can foster E/E-traceability in consideration of model-based systems engineering & DT and MBSE are connected to the PDM, but do not directly interact & [29] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Categorization of the types of DT and MBSE interactions.  
Finally, future works or new articles may increase the number of categories of relationships between DTs and MBSE, expanding the approaches presented in Table 3, but not invalidating those proposed in this work.