# BIM-GIS-Based Approach for Quality Management Aligned with ISO 9001
## 6 Discussion
Another significant limitation of the current implementation is its reliance on a two-dimensional (XY) coordinate system, which restricts the precise geolocation of inspection points in multi-story or vertically complex structures. When multiple quality control elements share the same XY coordinates but differ in elevation, overlaps in the plan view can create ambiguity and hinder the accurate assignment of inspection data to building components. Currently, inspectors must manually specify elevation, which increases the risk of data entry errors and spatial inconsistencies. To mitigate this limitation, several technological strategies may be considered. LiDAR scanning can produce high-resolution 3D point clouds with embedded XYZ data, enabling automated assignment of elevation values and improving vertical accuracy. This would reduce the need for manual input and minimize spatial ambiguities. Alternatively, photogrammetry using drones or handheld cameras can generate 3D meshes from site imagery. Although this method offers slightly lower accuracy than LiDAR, it is often more cost-effective and accessible for small to medium-sized projects. In addition, implementing 3D GIS platforms that support elevation-aware spatial layers would allow inspection points to be visualized and assigned at different heights within the same coordinate system, enhancing clarity in vertically stacked environments. Furthermore, manual file synchronization between GIS and BIM environments remains a challenge. Current workflows require exporting spreadsheets and executing data-import routines, which can introduce delays or mismatches. To improve this process, middleware tools or custom APIs could automate file transfer, validate incoming data, and maintain consistency between systems. These enhancements would reduce operational burden and support more reliable and scalable quality management operations. Limitations in real-time positioning due to weak satellite signals or limited connectivity may affect location accuracy on mobile devices. In such cases, the precise placement of inspection points still depends on the inspector's interpretation of floor plans and physical site conditions, emphasizing the need for improved field positioning solutions. BIM models have proven highly effective for storing and managing quality data [88; 89]. Parameters linked to each model element facilitate tracking inspection status and non-conformities [90]. Revit's Dynamo environment further supports automation by enabling parameter assignment based on inspection form data. However, visual overlaps in BIM elements (e.g., stacked cubes) may cause misassignments during the data integration. A key contribution of this study is the reintegration of field inspection data into the BIM model via Dynamo. The process closes the loop between site data collection and digital representation, transforming the BIM model into a centralized, traceable, and ISO-compliant repository for quality records. This contribution addresses a gap in prior studies, which often lacked such feedback mechanisms. In response to the research question, the case study demonstrates that integrating BIM and GIS, aligned with ISO 9001:2015, improves the traceability and effectiveness of quality management during construction. Digital forms and georeferenced inspections enabled structured monitoring and consistent documentation. At the same time, the integration into the BIM model supported visualization and follow-up of quality controls, facilitating informed decision-making among project stakeholders. While the perceived improvements in traceability and decision-making were inferred from integrating digital inspection data and their visualization in the BIM model, these claims have not yet been validated through formal stakeholder assessments. Future studies should include structured feedback from field inspectors, quality managers, and project coordinators to evaluate usability, perceived efficiency, and support for decision-making.