## 4 Discussion  
From the conducted analyses, it emerged that the average force of the side kick was 4596 N, significantly greater than the turning kick's force of 2661 N. Other studies have suggested that the turning kick achieves a force ranging from 1800 N [31] to 6400 N [32]. Unfortunately, there are not many studies recording the force of kicks in takewon-do. In the review of [PERSON] et al. [33], the reported values of roundhouse kicks were much lower, ranging from 1200-1800 N. A study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] had even lower \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Kick Type** & **Indicator** & **Leg** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Median** & **Lower** & **Upper** & **Quantile** & **Z** & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Force pressure [N]} & Right & 4551.55 & 1363.99 & 4321.310 & 3449.290 & 5820.810 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.131} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.895} \\ \cline{3-4}  & Left & 4319.84 & 1390.00 & 4828.220 & 3213.875 & 5525.125 & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & Total & 4438.52 & 1364.45 & 4596.155 & 3449.290 & 5562.930 & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & Foot acceleration & Right & 68.93 & 24.69 & 79.489 & 54.156 & 89.214 & \\ \cline{3-4}  & [m/s\({}^{25}\)] & Left & 72.58 & 20.54 & 71.934 & 50.911 & 89.311 & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Total & 70.71 & 22.55 & 74.337 & 53.163 & 89.214 & - & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Right & 77.72 & 46.75 & 52.473 & 45.851 & 80.360 & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & Effective mass [kg] & Left & 60.66 & 18.43 & 54.561 & 45.762 & 75.318 & \multirow{3}{*}{0.588} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Total & 69.40 & 36.45 & 54.561 & 45.851 & 76.906 & - & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Right & 101.96 & 67.22 & 66.538 & 52.736 & 103.292 & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & Effective mass [\%] & Left & 78.89 & 22.52 & 74.752 & 61.841 & 93.164 & \multirow{3}{*}{0.540} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.588} \\ \cline{3-4}  & Total & 90.71 & 51.34 & 73.097 & 56.088 & 94.765 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Statistical significance: \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indicator** & **Leg** & **Force Pressure** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Foot** \\ **Acceleration** \\ \end{tabular} & **Effective Mass** & **Body Mass** \\ \hline Kick type & 0.00 & 0.59 * & \(-0.84\)* & 0.84 * & 0.01 \\ \hline Leg & & \(-0.11\) & \(-0.03\) & \(-0.04\) & \(-0.12\) \\ \hline Force pressure & & \(-0.37\)* & 0.74 * & 0.15 \\ \hline Foot acceleration & & & \(-0.87\)* & 0.22 * \\ \hline Effective mass & & & & \(-0.13\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* Statistical significance: \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Spearman correlation matrix. Figure 2: Force pressure (**A**) and effective mass (**B**) for turning kick and side kick. values of up to 200 N. A study of side kicks by [PERSON] et al. [35] also obtained lower values of around 1300 N. Differences in the study designs can be attributed to various factors, such as the chosen targets, their size, the distance of participants from these targets, and the height of the targets. These elements must be considered when comparing force values across different studies. The challenges in reproducing these studies arise from the variability in technique execution; the non-standardization of distances; and the heterogeneous nature of the equipment, like shields or dummies, in some of the mentioned studies. As the study of this subject is more or less 15 years old with the current setup capabilities, our study used a fixed column that did not move. This might be a reason why we obtained higher values of force compared to other studies, considering the lack of force loss upon impact. These factors contribute to the difficulty of establishing a single, objective indicator of total force values as a reliable predictor of performance across different assessment facilities. However, these very settings, which complicate direct force measurement, might also be seen as variables influencing the acceleration and velocity of a kick, with the target acting as a dependent variable.