# Initial Student Attention-Allocation and Flight-Performance Improvements Based on Eye-Movement Data
## 1 Introduction
### Research Background and Study Significance
[22] conducted a medical image search experiment and demonstrated that different scanning modes directly affected abnormality detection. Since it is a measure of pilot control, flight performance has traditionally been assessed through instructor evaluations or the analysis of quick access recorder (QAR) data [23]. However, with the advancement of eye-tracking technology, eye-movement indices have also been incorporated into pilot performance evaluations. [PERSON] et al. [24] analyzed several eye-movement indicators, such as fixation, saccade, and pupil diameter, at different flight stages to evaluate the correlation between pilot workload and flight performance. [PERSON] et al. [25] observed changes in pilots' visual scanning patterns after engine failure; they found that these failures impacted subsequent flight performance. [PERSON] et al. [26] collected eye-movement data from cadets during uniform straight-line and variable-speed curved motion exercises; the results suggested that incorporating eye-movement indices into existing pilot selection mechanisms can enhance the pilot selection quality. During flight training, the eye-movement behavior of instructors can also provide valuable insight into their focus, attention allocation, and problem-solving strategies during flight missions. Traditional flight training relies heavily on instructor observations and feedback, which have inherent limitations. However, with the advancement of eye-tracking technology, recording and analyzing student eye-movement behaviors can offer more accurate information and data for training and evaluation, thereby allowing for a more precise assessment of student skills and proficiency [27]. [PERSON] et al. [28] conducted a study that developed different eye-tracking visualization methods that flight instructors could use to evaluate the eye-movement behaviors of pilots, as well as a teacher-assisted system for data reporting with the goal of enhancing visualization during pilot training. [PERSON] et al. [29] focused on investigating the visual scanning strategy and flight performance differences between novice and professional pilots in multi-mission situations. The results of their study can aid the aviation industry in evaluating the monitoring performance of flight crews and improving both initial and recurrent training. [PERSON] et al. [30] analyzed the relationships between the attention spans, instrument-reading performance, and eye-movement patterns of pilots. They found that comprehensive training involving attention allocation and instrument-reading capabilities effectively improved pilot efficiency during take-off training. [PERSON] et al. [31] conducted a study involving pilot spatial disorientation and demonstrated how eye-tracking technology can provide valuable feedback regarding pilot instrument reading during spatial-disorientation simulator training; this additional feedback could enhance the flight performance. [PERSON] et al. [32] developed a novel training course for general aviation pilots that utilizes eye-tracking technology. The course covers theoretical information regarding visual scanning techniques and situational awareness and combines this training with simulator exercises or actual flights. The study results showed that this training effectively improved pilot scanning skills and situational awareness and thus enhanced flight safety. [PERSON] et al. [33] explored the attention distributions of military pilots during the pursuit of moving and stationary targets, discovering significant correlations between pilot gazing behavior and task characteristics and that the combined use of eye-tracking devices and flight simulators can effectively improve the efficiency and safety of tactical training. [PERSON] et al. [34] categorized pilots from an airline company into two groups based on flight duration (long flights and short flights) and investigated the correlation between different fixation patterns and flight performance.