## 1 Introduction  
With the expansion of national infrastructure and the deepening of natural resource exploitation, there are high-temperature phenomena in the construction of railroads [1] and deep mine [2] tunnels with abnormal geothermal properties. Significant harm is caused to workers' health when they operate in high-temperature environments, and this will result in rising heart rates [3] and body temperature [4] and increase the incidence of various diseases [5]. The maximum allowable working temperature in Germany, South Africa, China, the United States, Poland, and several other nations is usually set at around 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [6]. However, in many underground space projects, the rock and ambient temperatures have exceeded the specified values, such as in the Dongguashan copper mine [7], the Meihuajing coal mine [8], and the Gaoligongshan tunnel [9]. In mine tunnels, ventilation and insulation are two common methods for reducing heat hazards [10]. ventilation is not only responsible for decreasing the temperature, but it is also a necessary method to transfer contaminants and dust inside the tunnel. There is a complicated heat and mass transfer issue that develops in a tunnel with auxiliary ventilation as a result of the newly introduced airflow that transfers heat to the surrounding rock and the air inside the tunnel. A large number of scholars conducted extensive research about the laws of ventilation and cooling. [PERSON] [11] investigated the influence of various ventilating parameters with the control of heat hazards due to concrete hydration during construction and obtained the optimal ventilation rate and time that can meet the cooling requirements of the WF. [PERSON] et al. [12] took into account the impacts of groundwater flow and buoyancy on tunnel ventilation heat transfer laws in order to make tunnel thermal environment prediction more accurate. [PERSON] et al. [13] studied how complex heat transfer affected the air temperature of subway tunnels by building a numerical model, and their findings revealed that the air temperature was positively and linearly related to the internal heat source and ambient temperature. [PERSON] et al. [14] constructed a scale model tunnel and considered the temperature distribution under natural ventilation in a closed tunnel, and then they proposed a temperature correction prediction model including factors such as blockage and heat release rate. However, there is a limit to ventilation and cooling. If the temperature cannot meet the requirements, the project must increase the air volume or use mechanical refrigeration. Therefore, various cooling systems were created and used in tunnel cooling [15; 16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] analyzed the effects of ice cubes and spray refrigeration on the environmental regulation of deep tunnels through field monitoring and numerical simulation. [PERSON] et al. [18] proposed a wisdom model based on data information and utilized it for mine cooling control, which promoted a 55% improvement in the cooling load. [PERSON] et al. [19] developed a cooling system that exploits return airflow from a deep well as its cooling source and conducted field tests, determining that the system for cooling can lower the airflow temperature by 8 to 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C at WF, providing a basis for the cooling method in deep mines. Although these methods can be good for lowering the temperature inside a tunnel, the cooling capacity may be significantly wasted and affect the thermal comfort of the workers. For thermal insulation, it is a common practice to spray special concrete or to set up a thermal insulation layer (TIL). [PERSON] et al. [20] analyzed how the materials of thermal insulation affect heat transfer by building a mathematical model, and based on that, they found the optimum thickness for the insulating layer according to the economic cost and insulating effect. [PERSON] et al. [21] demonstrated the beneficial effects of the insulating layer covered on the building surface in underground tunnels by developing a mathematical model.