esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Investigating the Performance of Red and Far-Red SIF for Monitoring GPP of Alpine Meadow Ecosystems
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we acquired canopy spectral data, meteorological data, and flux data in 2019 and 2020 alpine meadow growing seasons using a continuous tower-based automated SIF and flux observation system to investigate \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Red}}\) and \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Far-red}}\) in terms of their performance in monitoring GPP in an alpine meadow ecosystem. Our results show that canopy SIF can effectively monitor GPP in alpine meadow ecosystem at both the seasonal and diurnal scales. In particular, \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Red}}\) presented a linear relationship with GPP, while \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Far-red}}\) presented a nonlinear relationship with GPP, and the performance of \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Red}}\) for monitoring GPP was comparable to that of \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Far-red}}\). PAR, VPD, and Ta affected \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Far-red}}/\text{GPP}\) more than \(\text{SIF}_{\text{Red}}\)/GPP at the seasonal scale. Red SIF was more similar with GPP than far-red SIF in response to seasonal changes in environmental factors. PAR dominated the influence on the diurnal-scale variation of the SIF-GPP relationship among the three environmental impact factors considered in this research. Altogether, the red band SIF-GPP relationship was more robust when the environmental factors changed compared to the far-red band. The results of this study highlight the potential of utilizing red SIF for GPP monitoring in alpine meadow ecosystems.  
Conceptualization, W.D. and X.L.; software, W.D.; formal analysis, W.D.; investigation, W.D.; resources, X.L. and L.L.; data curation, W.D., J.C. and S.D.; writing--original draft preparation, W.D.; writing--review and editing, X.L., L.L. and X.J.; visualization, W.D.; funding acquisition, X.L., L.L. and X.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 42071310, 41825002 and 42171394.  
The continuous observations of SIF and GPP in AR site is free to access at [[http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6407548](http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6407548)]([http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6407548](http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6407548)) (accessed on 2 April 2022).  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the meteorological and flux data provided by National Tibetan Plateau Data Center ([[http://data.tpdc.ac.cn](http://data.tpdc.ac.cn)]([http://data.tpdc.ac.cn](http://data.tpdc.ac.cn)), accessed on 2 April 2022).  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
# Design of Infinite Impulse Response Filters Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
## 1 Introduction
MOPSO simplifies the IIR filter design process, reduces complexity, improves efficiency, and explores the possibilities of automated filter design. The adaptability of MOPSO in handling multi-variable optimization problems, especially in designing IIR filters with specific performance requirements like minimizing passband and stopband errors or optimizing transition bandwidth, is also assessed. Furthermore, the application of MOPSO in various types of IIR filter designs, such as low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters or more complex designs, is explored. This study demonstrates MOPSO's effectiveness in finding global optimal solutions for IIR filters, particularly in overcoming the issues of traditional methods that often get stuck in local optima. These research objectives provide a deep understanding of the potential and challenges of multi-objective particle swarm optimization in IIR filter design, offering valuable insights and methodologies to advance the technology in the digital signal processing field. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 details the methodologies and system description, and Section 3 shows the experimental results. In Sections 4 and 5, the experimental results are discussed, and the main findings and contributions of this study are summarized, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Materials Characterization  
X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed using a Bruker D8-Advance diffractometer equipped with a Lynx Eye detector operating at 40 kV and 40 mA, using K\({}_{\alpha}\) radiation of Cu at 1.5418\({}^{\circ}\). A Thermo Fisher Nicolet iS10 spectrometer was used to obtain the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) IR spectrum in the 400-4000 cm\({}^{-1}\) range. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA Instrument Q5000 IR. Each sample was heated under air flow (25 mL\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\)) up to 650 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a dynamic ramping rate depending on the weight loss. Diffuse reflectance UV/Vis absorption spectra were recorded in the range of 200-800 nm using a PerkinElmer Lambda 950 Scan spectrophotometer equipped with integrating sphere. For this analysis, BaSO\({}_{4}\) was used as the reference. An X-band Bruker ER200D electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer operating at the X-band frequencies was used to perform spin trap experiments. The 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline _N_-oxide (DMPO) was used as spit trap for the detection of hydroxyl radicals (OH\({}^{\bullet}\)) at room temperature. A suspension of 1 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) of the catalyst in water was sonicated for 10 min. Then, 100 \(\mu\)L of the above suspension was mixed with 100 \(\mu\)L of 0.005 M DMPO directly in the EPR flat cell. A quartz EPR flat cell was used.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### System Design  
In this section, we present a comprehensive overview of the system design, focusing on three key components. Firstly, we discuss the overall system architecture, detailing the fundamental structure and interconnections between different subsystems. Secondly, we delve into the design of local self-organizing network terminals, highlighting their role in establishing robust and resilient communication within a defined local area. Finally, we examine the design of satellite communication network terminals, which ensure long-distance connectivity and seamless integration with broader communication networks. Each subsection addresses specific design considerations and technical specifications crucial for the effective functioning of the overall system.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Shape from Stereo SfS
This is due to the fact that hard-to-reach locations may be poorly illuminated, and clearly distinguishable visual features would be difficult to register within two image frames. Additionally, the utilization of surface objects exhibiting uniform color and light properties across a substantial portion of the surface introduces challenges. The uniformity and similarity of the surface hinders the registration of visual features on the object, thereby constraining the digitization by passive SfS. To address this challenge, the employment of a laser beam projector was selected to enhance the precision of digitization. The employment of this device ensures the visibility of the projected laser pattern as a consistent visual element within the two SfS images, thereby facilitating a more precise digitization process.
## 3 Results
### Subjective Evaluation
#### 3.2.2 Results of Semantic Information Evaluation  
In our proposed framework, the generator is designed based on conformer and transformer neural networks. The generator can thus capture semantic and frequency information to improve Mandarin EL speech. To evaluate this performance, we prepared special testing data including \"Chinese Characters (single syllable)\", \"Chinese Words (two syllables)\", \"Chinese Idioms (four syllables)\", \"short sentences (six syllables on average)\" and \"long sentences (over ten syllables)\". The results are shown in Table 6.  
Obtained from the special testing data, the results from Table 6 are the average values calculated based on each utterance. The tones of Chinese characters and Chinese words pronounced using an EL touch panel are all correct. In this case, statistical analysis is unnecessary for the tone accuracy of CLDNN-VT, VC3-VT and 2 CIT2C-VT. The results of enhanced EL-FT show that if the testing data (especially Chinese characters) contain little semantic information, the enhanced speech has low tone accuracy. Under our proposed approach, if only one or two characters are tested, the results are random. In this case, our approach is even less effective than CLDNN-based or VC3-based approaches. However, with sufficient semantic information, our approach achieves much higher tone accuracy than CLDNN-based or VC3-based approaches. For instance, under our proposed approach, the tone accuracy of Chinese idioms as well as short and long sentences is much higher than that of Chinese characters or Chinese words. The above results show that our proposed approach takes advantage of semantic information to improve the tone accuracy of Mandarin EL speech.
# A GNSS-Cellular Network Hybridization Strategy for Robust Positioning
## 1 Introduction
This user-centric approach enables standalone positioningimprovements using only data collected by the smartphone, making the solution accessible, transparent, and independent of proprietary implementations by service providers. The position-level hybridization method combines UE coordinates (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height, and associated precision) obtained from 4G/5G mobile networks with GNSS data. Both data sources were collected using the CellTracker Android 10 app [26], which is based on Google's official geolocation API. The measurement-level hybridization method fuses GNSS pseudoranges with 4G/5G cellular-derived ranging measurements into a unified system of positioning equations. GNSS pseudoranges were obtained using the Geo RINEX Logger app, which stores Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) files recorded by the smartphone's GNSS receiver [27]. The 4G/5G cellular ranging measurements, however, had to be indirectly derived from the coordinates provided by mobile networks, since raw cellular pseudorange data are not accessible to end users and are only available to mobile network operators. These algorithms were evaluated in terms of their accuracy and precision through static tests conducted in outdoor, urban canyon, and indoor scenarios, using a known reference position as a benchmark. The proposed methods represent user-level hybridization strategies that enhance the robustness of the positioning performance under diverse environmental conditions. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the data sources and methods used. Section 3 analyzes the performance through numerical experiments. Section 4 discusses the findings and concludes the study.
# Secure Data of Industrial Internet of Things in a Cement Factory Based on a Blockchain Technology
## 7 Comparative Performance Analysis
Recall, our scheme fast and secure than other schemes due to the utilization of PoAh as a consensus mechanism to authenticate new blocks in the blockchain network that featuring by lowest time to authenticate the new blocks, also it solved the security problem of 51% and Sybil attack founded with traditional consensus algorithms such as PoW, PoC, and DPoC. ECDSA used for data encryption that is secure and low computational complexity; in addition, the use of blockchain technology (private blockchain platform) helps in eliminate the dependence on third-party services, which address the problems related to a single point of failure, bottleneck, and slow execution. Moreover, using of smart contract gives the immutability of the ledger that help to resistance for many common security attacks such as tampering, 51%, replay, modification, Sybil, Man in Middle, DoS, and distributed DoS. While other schemes that adopted on other consensus algorithms and platforms that expose to most of the mentioned common security attacks.
positioning [9]. In PD-based systems, the distance of a receiver is estimated based on a measurement in the various forms of received signal strength (RSS) information, angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), and so on [10]. According to Reference [11], the RSS positioning algorithm can achieve an accuracy of 7 cm. The TDOA system has the maximum location error of 4.5 mm with an average location error of 1.8 mm. The RSS method is less immune to noise and less accurate as compared to the TDOA and TOA methods. However, the TOA and TDOA methods require synchronization, which will increase their complexity and high performance. The image positioning system consists of a LED array and an imaging receiver with multiple detectors. Each LED in a lighting fixture sends a differential three-dimensional space coordinate, and an image sensor receives the signals. The scheme uses a collinearity condition to relate the three-dimensional space coordinate data of the LEDs to the two-dimensional coordinate data of the image sensor [12]. However, the image processing is so complicated that it requires additional image processing techniques and limits the data rate.  
In prior works, the height of the receiver is known so that the coordinates on the horizontal plane can be calculated [13]. In this paper, assuming the height is unknown, we propose a reversed 3D VLC IPS using a single transmitter and two annular receivers with four PINs respectively. In addition, a novel hybrid positioning technology is proposed, which uses multi-photodiodes to calculate the angle and uses the RSS method to calculate the distance. Compared with traditional VLC positioning systems, the function and application scenario of the proposed system are different. The main function of prior VLC positioning systems is providing users with their own precise location. This kind of system is suitable for navigation in shopping malls, airports and other large buildings. In addition, the ultimate goal of the proposed system is to realize personnel monitoring of some large electromagnetic-sensitive sites, such as soldiers in aircraft carriers and workers in nuclear power stations. The control centers can ensure the safety of the personnel by constantly monitor the staff's exact locations. Furthermore, instead of updating the LEDs by changing the structure, the proposed reversed positioning system only needs a few receivers, which is more convenient and cost-efficient. Besides, LEDs can be embedded into the helmets worn by workers and shine upward. So it will avoid an uncomfortable visual experience for the users. By adopting discontinuous transmitting technology, the battery life can exceed 20 h in practical applications. The above technical advantages make the proposed reversed VLC-based IPS become a relatively suitable and effective solution in the case of nuclear power stations and aircraft carriers.
# Optimizing Geospatial Data for ML/CV Applications:
## 3 Methods
### Automated Data Retrieval from LP-Portal
#### 3.1.4 Data Storage  
The path coordinates and metadata like road name, CRS, and name of the county in which the node is located, were stored together in a GeoJSON file. Each node was represented as a coordinate pair within a list to ensure easy data access and manipulation in the subsequent stages.
## 6 Results
### Time Spent in Different System States  
Based on the states described in Figure 2, the changes in the duration of stay in the five states are analyzed. This analysis considers the real scenario obtained from the production plan for lines 1 and 2 (L1-R, L2-R) and evaluates the duration of stay between the states considering the optimal allocation of the bottling lines and their sequence (L1-O, L2-O).  
The results presented in Figure 3 show a significant reduction in the duration of stay in state W2, corresponding to the bottle filling process. For line 1, the time in W2 is reduced from 492.35 to 427 min, representing a 13% decrease. In line 2, the time in W2 decreases from 378.94 to 291.65 min, equivalent to a 23% reduction. Additionally, a decrease is observed in the total processing time: from 627.35 min to 577 min in line 1 (a reduction of 8%) and from 543.94 min to 501.65 min in line 2 (a reduction of 7%) as shown in Figure 4.  
These results suggest that the optimal allocation of the bottling lines allows for reducing the specific time of the filling process and also optimizing the total processing time, considering the transitions between formats and changes of wine batches. The efficient allocation of the wines, taking into account their hydraulic properties and the operational characteristics of the bottling and filtration lines, contributes to a comprehensive improvement in the efficiency of the production system.  
Figure 4: A comparative analysis between the real and optimal production plans, considering the system’s duration in each state.  
Figure 3: Comparison between the actual production plan and the optimal bottling line allocation.
## 3 Results
### Thermal stability of PCM in a container (thermal cycles)  
After characterizing the properties of the PCM, its thermal stability is analyzed against heating cycles. This analysis is carried out in a 50 mm height, 43 mm diameter and 1.5 mm wall thickness AISI 310 cylindrical container. The lithium carbonate mass inside the container is 160.8 g.  
Figure 8 shows the temperatures of the PCM as a function of time after carrying out six thermal cycles in the muffle, within the range of 580 to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Each cycle consists of three stages: a heating-up stage (I), followed by an 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C constant temperature stage (II) and finally a cooling-down stage (III).  
The repetitive thermal behavior of the PCM in all the cycles (Figure 8) shows that the PCM does not undergo any significant degradation.  
Figure 8: Thermal cycles.  
Figure 7: Second heating cycle in the DSC/TGA.  
The melting plateau indicated in the graph shows that the PCM is capable of absorbing thermal peaks (261 W) around 725 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min before its complete melting. The crystallization plateau, around 713 \({}^{\circ}\)C, shows a complete PCM recovery. Figure 8 shows that the crystallization temperature is lower than the melting temperature; this is what is called a \"subcooling effect\". Due to this subcooling effect, it must be ensured that the application has a minimum temperature below this crystallization temperature to ensure the PCM cyclic behavior. In this particular case, the nominal temperature of the exhaust gases is 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C, just below the crystallization temperature (713 \({}^{\circ}\)C), which guarantees the PCM's cyclic behavior and therefore, its suitability for the application.  
The thermoelectric device of this application works in a 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C environment, converting thermal energy into electrical energy. The device may be damaged by temperature peaks above its maximum value of 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C, as shown in Figure 9a. Figure 9b shows how the PCM protects the thermoelectric device against these temperature peaks. When the temperature peak occurs, the PCM absorbs heat and melts, keeping its temperature constant at its melting temperature (717 \({}^{\circ}\)C), so that the thermoelectric device is maintained at a temperature less than or equal to 717 \({}^{\circ}\)C (lower than its maximum value of 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The protection time against temperature peaks will depend on the PCM mass, which in turns depends on the application operation.  
After carrying out the stability test, the container was weighed again to check if there had been loss of PCM mass. In this case, the mass after the test is 159.3 g. The loss of mass is 0.9% compared to the 4.46% loss observed in the DSC/TGA thermal analysis. This difference may be due to superficial degradation of the PCM, which can be significant when using small samples such as those used in the DSC/TGA thermal analysis (8.8 mg, where almost all the mass is exposed to the atmosphere). It is concluded that in the stability tests there was no significant mass degradation of the PCM.
###### Abstract  
Background. Suicide mortality increased in Greece after the 2008 financial crisis. This study aimed to explore the regional variation of suicide mortality before and after the economic crisis, and its correlation with socio-economic and mental health-related variables factors. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental ecological study. Data from the national mortality statistics were analyzed, and standardized death rates and age-specific mortality rates were calculated. The effect of economic crisis was explored by comparing mortality rates before and after crisis onset. [PERSON]'s and Spearman's correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic and mental health-related factors on suicide mortality. Results. Trends of suicide mortality showed a rise during 2011-2014, followed by a decline during 2015-2016. Significant differences were observed between regions, ranging from 27.6% lower to 54% higher than the national average. Unemployment, income, and change of gross domestic product were significantly correlated with regional variation. No association was found with mental disorder mortality rates and psychotropic drug consumption. Conclusions. Socio-economic factors explained only a part of the suicide mortality variation. Mental health-related factors were not significantly correlated with suicide mortality. More research is needed to investigate other possible determinants of suicides.  
suicide; regional variation; socio-economic factors; economic crisis +
Footnote †: journal:  
economic crisis and suicide in Greece has been adequately investigated [16; 17; 18], there are limited data on the regional patterns of suicide mortality across the country, the determinants of the existing variation, and the impact of financial crisis on these patterns. A systematic review of area-level determinants of suicide in Europe showed an association between suicidal behaviors and local socio-economic disadvantages [8]. However, most of the studies reviewed were not related to the economic crisis short-term effects. In addition, it remains unclear if financial crisis affects suicidality by increasing common mental morbidity, which in turn results in a rise in suicide, or the impact is directly on suicidality, independent of the overall mental morbidity. Better understanding of regional variation provides a background to explore risk factors to strengthen the evidence in studying possible suicide determinants and to plan preventive actions.  
The aim of this study was to explore (i) the regional pattern of suicide mortality before and after the economic crisis in Greece, and (ii) the association of the regional suicide variability with possible socio-economic and mental health-related determinants.