## 6 Energy Management and Control Techniques for EV Systems
### Control Techniques for EV Charging Systems
Cell Balancing: Cell-balancing techniques are implemented to ensure uniform charging and discharging of each individual battery cell within a pack. The prevention of cell voltage imbalances is crucial in order to maintain optimal battery performance and prolong its lifespan. Thermal Management Control: The thermal management system in an EV is responsible for keeping the battery packs, power electronics drives, and electric motors at their optimal working temperatures regardless of external or internal temperature fluctuations. Thermal management plays a crucial role in the safety and usability of EVs. Thermal management control strategies include:  
Cooling System Control: The cooling system is responsible for controlling and maintaining the temperature of the battery pack, motor, and power electronics. The control algorithms are responsible for regulating fan speeds, coolant flow rates, and various other parameters in order to ensure that the temperatures are maintained at the appropriate levels. Heating System Control: EVs necessitate the implementation of heating systems in regions with cold climates to ensure the warming of the battery pack, cabin, and other essential components. Control methods are employed to regulate the heating system in order to maintain comfortable temperatures while minimizing energy consumption. Regenerative Braking Control: Regenerative braking is a feature found in the majority of hybrid and all-electric vehicles. The system converts the kinetic energy generated during braking into electrical power, which is then used to charge the high voltage battery installed in the vehicle. The control strategies are responsible for regulating the braking force and ensuring a balance between mechanical braking and regenerating energy in order to achieve the highest-possible energy recovery. Charging Station Control: A charging station, also known as an EV charging facility, is a dedicated location where electric cars can conveniently access and receive electrical power. A standard EV charging station requires a minimum of one smart controller board and one power socket board. The power socket board is responsible for the distribution and measurement of energy, whereas the smart controller manages the security, services, and connectivity to remote servers. EV charging stations are required to adhere to rigorous standards in order to ensure optimal performance, accuracy, connectivity, and safeties; charging stations employ various control methods to manage charging sessions and establish communication with the grid:  
Communication Protocols: Charging stations utilize communication protocols such as OCPP to facilitate interaction with the grid and enable control over charging sessions. The utilization of this technology enables the incorporation of functionalities such as billing, load management, and authentication. Power and Load Management: Charging stations equipped with advanced technology facilitate load balancing and power management in order to mitigate the risk of system overloading. Real-time adjustments can be made to the charging rates, considering the operational status of the grid and the preferences of individual users. * Smart Charging: Smart charging techniques consider various factors such as energy pricing, the availability of renewable energy, and grid demand in order to optimize charging sessions for both cost-effectiveness and grid stability. Control systems play a vital role in ensuring the secure and efficient functioning of EVs and their charging infrastructure. They are instrumental in optimizing the performance, range, and overall reliability of EVs. The analysis presented in the Table 21 provides an overview of the control techniques employed by different users for an EV charging infrastructure. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Ref. ** & **Charging System** & **Energy** & **Control** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** & **Review and Comments** \\