## 4 Discussion
Our study group consisted mainly of overweight and obese people, and there was a noticeable increase in the percentage of these people with MetS components. It was also shown that as MetS increased, TBW, measured by the impedance method, decreased in both women and men. In addition, in men, significant mild dehydration was found in the group of people with four MetScomponents, based on BIA, and a tendency towards the highest values of Uosm and Sosm (towards dehydration) in men with five MetS components. As the research shows, regardless of how the body's hydration status was measured, i.e., impedance, Sosm, Uosm, or ultrasound, people with an elevated BMI were characterized by an inadequate hydration status [14; 15; 16; 46; 47]. However, they all suggest an association between hydration status and adiposity that should be considered in research and clinical contexts, despite these important differences between studies. [PERSON] et al. [15] examined the role of obesity in the relationship between total water intake (from food and fluids) and urine osmolality in adults over 20 years of age. Their conclusion was that obesity is associated with water intake and hydration status. The researchers showed that obese adults may need to consume more water than adults who are underweight or of normal weight in order to achieve similar hydration gains, which may not be enough to meet their increased needs [15]. In our study, we did not assess food intake, but we can speculate that obese people may have consumed smaller amounts of food and water-rich products and may have been more likely to choose energy-dense products, as indicated by WC and BMI parameters. In turn, hypertension is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and is a leading cause of increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fluid retention plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. Furthermore, fluid retention is known to have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system independent of blood pressure levels. [PERSON] et al. [18] found a strong association between hypertension status and hydration parameters. Hypertensive subjects tended to have a lower percentage of total body water (bioimpedance value) than normotensive subjects. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [48] found that 50 primary hypertensive patients in the negative hydration group had significantly lower blood pressure. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [49] found that antihypertensive treatment was safe in dehydrated patients, with no abrupt changes in blood pressure in 4011 patients with acute stroke and elevated systolic blood pressure. The above data may encourage further research into the relationship between hypohydration and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This finding should raise awareness of proper hydration, as hypohydration may be a causative factor in hypertension. We observed that women with four or five MetS components had significantly higher uric acid and urea levels than women with three MetS components. Uric acid not only causes gout but can also contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease and death from cardiovascular causes, and chronic kidney disease. The concentration of uric acid in blood serum depends on the degree of glomerular filtration and the intensity of purine catabolism. Uric acid in the extracellular fluid exists as sodium salt at a concentration close to saturation, so as the concentration increases, it readily crystallizes as sodium urate and accumulates in the joints or kidneys. People with diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and an unhealthy lifestyle are particularly susceptible to elevated blood levels of uric acid. Some clinical studies suggest serum uric acid as a marker for the prevention of the more severe form of MetS [50; 51]. Urea, the end product of protein metabolism, is composed of ammonia and carbon dioxide.