## 9 Discussion
### Challenges
**Path planning:** The capacity of an autonomous vehicle to plot its own route is a critical factor in determining not just its level of safety but also its level of efficiency. As a result, the creation of technologies that make precise route planning and prediction possible is of critical importance [14]. 8. **Motion control:** The successful control of motion is necessary for the safe navigation of AVs. The development of technologies that can precisely regulate the motion of the vehicle, even under unanticipated conditions, is an issue of the highest priority [14]. 9. **Vehicular communication technologies:** The field of V2X communications requires the development of reliable vehicular communication technologies, which can enable autonomous cars to connect without any issues with other vehicles and infrastructures [9]. 10. **Traffic management:** The increasing number of autonomous vehicles may make traffic congestion worse if it is not controlled in an effective and reliable manner. Innovative methods like policy-based deep reinforcement learning and intelligent routing are able to optimize traffic flow management, which, in turn, helps mitigate congestion [166]. Despite the fact that these challenges appear impossible to overcome, they highlight the considerable future potential for research and innovation in the entire spectrum of autonomous vehicles. By addressing these difficulties head-on, we can ensure the integration of autonomous vehicles into our transportation networks in a way that is both safe and efficient, leading to a new age of mobility. Researchers can ensure the safe and effective integration of autonomous cars into our transportation networks by continuing to tackle these challenges head-on, ushering in a new era of transportation. Challenges and Proposed Solutions for Autonomous Vehicle Security  
Before delving into the specific challenges and their corresponding solutions, it is important to acknowledge the complex and dynamic nature of security in the autonomous vehicle landscape. The fusion of advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, and blockchain, while enabling unprecedented levels of automation, also introduces complex security dimensions that demand comprehensive and innovative solutions. These complexities are further compounded by the fact that autonomous vehicles operate in real-time and ever-changing environments, necessitating agile and robust security systems. Therefore, understanding the potential difficulties in implementing fundamental security concepts and supplementary features is of paramount importance, as is the identification of practical solutions to these challenges. Let us explore some of these challenges and their proposed solutions. **Challenge 1--System complexity:** The complex network of sensors, advanced algorithms, and interconnected systems inherent in autonomous vehicles introduces substantial complexity to the application of security concepts. **Proposed solution:** Incorporating a'security by design' approach, where security measures are fundamentally integrated at the design inception of the system, is critical. Additionally, system compartmentalization could limit potential security breaches by ensuring each component operates independently and is isolated from the others. **Challenge 2--Real-time operation requirements:** Given the real-time nature of autonomous vehicles' operational decisions, the introduction of latency by certain security operations, particularly complex encryption algorithms, can impede smooth functionality. **Proposed solution:** The application of lightweight encryption algorithms and hardware-accelerated security operations can help fulfill real-time requirements without compromising security. **Challenge 3--Scalability issues:** The exponential growth of data volume exchanged and managed as autonomous vehicles proliferate can strain the system, thereby complicating security maintenance and incident response. **Proposed solution:** The implementation of scalable security solutions is essential.