# Marble and Glass Waste Powder in Cement Mortar
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Test Methods  
Before evaluating the mortar properties, the physical properties of OPC and OPC blended with MGWP at varying proportions were thoroughly tested. These properties, including setting time and soundness, were examined in strict compliance with ASTM C187 [28], ASTM C191 [29], and ES 1177 [17] standards, respectively. Consistency is a vital parameter that determines the precise amount of water required to initiate chemical reactions between the binder and water, ensuring a smooth and uniform flow of the paste. This critical property was measured using the Vicat apparatus. Furthermore, the soundness of the cementitious materials, an indicator of volume stability, was assessed using the Le-Chatelier apparatus to guarantee the structural integrity of the mix. These tests provided essential insights into the behavior of the cementitious materials, forming the foundation for subsequent mortar property evaluations. The workability of mortar was determined using a flow table according to ASTM C1437 [30]. This method measures the flowability of the mortar by recording the percentage increase in the base diameter of a truncated cone after it is mechanically raised and dropped 25 times within 15 s. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix Code**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Ingredients Proportion**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**OPC**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MWP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GWP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sand(g)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Water (mL)**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & & **(\%)** & & & & & & & \\ \hline MGWP0 & 0.53 & 100.0 & 500 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP5 & 0.53 & 95.0 & 475 & 1.67 & 8.33 & 3.33 & 16.67 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP10 & 0.53 & 90.0 & 450 & 3.33 & 16.67 & 6.67 & 33.33 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP15 & 0.53 & 85.0 & 425 & 5.0 & 25.0 & 10.0 & 50 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP20 & 0.53 & 80.0 & 400 & 6.67 & 33.33 & 13.33 & 66.67 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP25 & 0.53 & 75.0 & 375 & 8.33 & 41.67 & 16.67 & 83.33 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ MGWP30 & 0.53 & 70.0 & 350 & 16.67 & 50 & 33.33 & 100 & 1375 & 272.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} MGWPx represents cement replacement with x% MGWP (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Material proportion for mortar production. To assess the hardened properties of mortar, specimens were prepared and cast in molds measuring 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm. The specimens were covered with plastic bags for 24 h, then demolded and submerged in a curing tank at room temperature for periods of 3, 7, 28, 56, and 91 days. For all tests, the average value of three mortar cube samples was used. Compressive strength was measured following the procedures outlined in ASTM C109 [27]. The bulk density of hardened mortar was calculated by measuring the weight of the cubes in a saturated surface-dry (SSD) condition and determining their actual dimensions. Water absorption and porosity tests were conducted for all curing ages as per ASTM C642 [31]. Mortar cubes were immersed in water under SSD conditions, and their mass gain was measured as a percentage of the dry mass. This is critical for understanding the porosity and permeability of the mortar. Additionally, the resistance of the mortar to sulfate attack was evaluated by curing the samples in a 5% sodium sulfate (Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)) solution as per ASTM C1012 [32]. The strength loss was then measured to determine the impact of sulfate exposure. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, carried out according to ASTM C597-09 [33], was used to access the uniformity, relative quality, and potential defects in the hardened mortar. The analysis was performed using the Controls Model 58-E4900, ensuring precise and reliable measurements. The test involved passing electronic waves through the mortar and measuring the time required for the waves to travel between transducers. This process was repeated for all curing ages, and the average results from three mortar cubes were recorded for each partial cement replacement with MGWP.