# Assessment and Spatial Modelling of Agrochernozem Properties for Reclamation Measurements
## 3 Results  
The agrochemozem soils under study formed on well-watered sections on carbonate eluvial-diluvial clays and heavy loans. The morphological structure characteristics of those soil profiles were that the A\({}_{1}\) humus-accumulative horizon was an average of \(\approx\)84 cm, and the medium depth of a layer A\({}_{1}\) + ABca holds \(\approx\)125 cm. Horizon A was divided into the upper plowable part (Aplow) with a thickness of \(\approx\)28 cm and the plough-pan part (A\({}_{1}\)). We described the soil section on the flat area (Table 2). The morphological description of the soil profile showed that the humus-accumulative horizon (A) was characterized by a dark grey or almost black color. The texture of the Aplow, A\({}_{1}\) and A\({}_{1}\)Bca horizons was classified as heavy loamy. There were many roots at the toplayer. The top plowable part's structure was powdery-lumpy, the A\({}_{1}\) plough-pan part was granular and the A\({}_{1}\)Bca horizon became coarse-grained. The upper bound for detecting carbonates as a mycelium occurred inside the A\({}_{1}\)Bca horizon. The Bca horizon was characterized by a lumpy structure that becamelarge-cloddy within the Cca layer. The analysis of soil chemical properties is presented in Table 3. The soils were characterized by a neutral reaction in the upper horizons (pH H\({}_{2}\)O 6.6-6.9), but with depth, the reaction varies to weakly alkaline (pH H\({}_{2}\)O 8.3). The average SOC content was 4.4% in the plowable horizon and decreased by 3.7% in A1 and 0.6% in the C layer. The content of hydrolyzable nitrogen ranged from 186 to 26 mg/kg (from Aplow to Cca layer) and exchangeable potassium from 152 to 54 mg/kg, which, in the studied soils, was classified as \"high\" according to grading [41]. However, the values of available phosphorus were insignificant (51-17 mg/kg). The values of Ca\({}^{2+}\) (34.7-27.3 mg/kg) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) (7.7-5.4 mg/kg) varied approximately in the same ranges across all horizons. The base saturation values ranged from 98% in the top layer to 100% in the Cca horizon, while the range of solids values ranged from 0.05 to 0.02% and also tended to decrease with depth. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Horizon** & \\ **(Depth, cm)** & **Description of Soil Horizon** \\ \hline Aplow & Dark grey, almost black, moist, powdery lumpy, heavy loamy, medium \\
0–28 & dense, many roots, transition through ploughing line is unnoticeable. \\ A\({}_{1}\) & Dark grey, moist, grainy, heavy loamy, medium compacted, \\
28–84 & gradual transition. \\ A\({}_{1}\)Bca & Dark brown with grey shade, wet, coarse, heavy loamy, mycelium carbonate, \\
84–125 & defervescence from 10% HCl, transition is noticeable. \\ Bca & Brown, unevenly colored with humus shades in the directions of roots, moist, \\
125–150 & lumpy, heavy loamy, impermeable, carbonates in the form of mycelium and \\  & softened large grains, effervescence from 10% HCl, transition is gradual. \\ Cca & Yellowish brown, wet, unsolid, large-cloddy, heavy clay, mycelium \\
150–180 & carbonates and softened large white grains, effervescence from 10% HCl. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Description of soil horizon. Conducive aquatic and physical properties are crucial indicators of the suitability of soils for irrigated agriculture [49; 50]. These properties influence soil water, air and nutrient status, crop yields and agricultural product quality [51; 52]. The bulk density of the humus-accumulative horizon of the investigated soils was optimal for most crops (1.02 g/cm\({}^{3}\) in the to player and 1.44 g/cm\({}^{3}\) in Cca) (Table 4). Simultaneously, with depth, the density gradually increases, an alluvial horizon was compacted (1.39 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), and a soil-forming rock was dense (1.44 g/cm\({}^{3}\)). The hardness of the soil lumps also increased with depth. With the optimal soil texture, humus-accumulative horizons possess a significant rate of air space porosity.