## 2 Materials and Methods  
This study investigates earthquakes using data from the global seismological catalog of the United States Geological Survey (USGS): [[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/](https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/)]([https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/](https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/)), accessed on 1 April 2024. The USGS currently reports earthquake magnitudes using the moment magnitude scale. Earthquakes with magnitudes 3.0-3.9 are classified as minor, 4.0-4.9--light, 5.0-5.9--moderate, 6.0-6.9--strong, 7.0-7.9--major, and those with magnitudes 8.0 or larger--great: [[https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/blog/2020/earthquake-measurements-magnitude-vs-intensity](https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/blog/2020/earthquake-measurements-magnitude-vs-intensity)]([https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/blog/2020/earthquake-measurements-magnitude-vs-intensity](https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/blog/2020/earthquake-measurements-magnitude-vs-intensity)), accessed on 1 April 2024. This work deals with earthquakes beginning from a magnitude of 4.5, representing a modern USGS catalog, as shown in the Gutenberg-Richter analyses. The solar wind parameters are taken from NASA's web page: [[http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov)]([http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov)), accessed on 1 April 2024 (OMNI database) and obtained from current and past space missions and projects. Data on geomagnetic storms included in the OMNI database were taken from the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto: [[https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/](https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/)]([https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/](https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/)), accessed on 1 April 2024. We use the 1-h Dst (disturbance storm time) index before 1981 and the 1-min SYM-H index after 1981, since the last one was absent before 1981; the geomagnetic index SYM-H is, in fact, a high-resolution Dst index [43]. According to [44], geomagnetic storms may be classified as weak (Dst from \(-30\)nT to \(-50\) nT), moderate (Dst from \(-50\)nT to \(-100\) nT), strong (Dst from \(-100\)nT to \(-200\) nT), powerful (Dst from \(-200\)nT to \(-350\) nT), and extreme (Dst below \(-350\) nT). Data on sudden storm commencement (SSC) are taken from thFTP link: [[ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/sudden_commnements/storm2.SSC](ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/sudden_commnements/storm2.SSC)]([ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/sudden_commnements/storm2.SSC](ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/sudden_commnements/storm2.SSC)), accessed on 1 April 2024, which the Observatorio del Ebro, Roquetes, Spain, obtained. Considering the results [16; 26], which show that earthquake occurrence may be delayed according to the magnetic storm onset for some first months, we calculated and compared variations of the daily amount of the released at the globe seismic energy for three months, 17 March-17 June, in 2013 and 2015. For each earthquake with M \(\geq\) 4.5, a released seismic energy was  
Figure 4: The 1-min geomagnetic SYM/H index for March 14–26 in 2013 (black) and 2015 (red) from the database OMNI. estimated using the [PERSON] and Richter relation [45] Es = 10 (\({}^{11.8\,+\,1.5\,\mathrm{M}}\)), with the Es value in Ergs. Then, the sum of Es in each day was estimated. Since the primary input for seismic energy is the major and great earthquakes, we determined an earthquake that mainly input to the peaks in the daily released seismic energy around the globe. If we know the coordinates of an epicenter, we may estimate the magnetic local time (MLT) in this epicenter at the time of geomagnetic storm onset. To do this, we used the online program on the website: [[https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/vitmo/cgm.html](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/vitmo/cgm.html)]([https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/vitmo/cgm.html](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/vitmo/cgm.html)), accessed on 1 April 2024.