## 3 Results
### Analysis of Correlations Between Visual Parameters and Postural Stability
For Length, significant negative correlations (r = \(-\)0.289, \(p\) = 0.048 and r = \(-\)0.370, \(p\) = 0.016) indicated greater efficiency of postural control with better visual acuity. Additionally, binocular acuity showed significant negative correlations with medio-lateral sway (LengthX: r = \(-\)0.350, \(p\) = 0.021) (side-to-side displacement of the center of pressure (CoP) in the frontal plane) and antero-posterior sway (LengthY: r = \(-\)0.343, \(p\) = 0.024), reflecting reduced body sway in both planes. These findings highlight the crucial role of visual acuity in modulating postural stability in elite athletes. Refractive errors, including the spherical equivalent (M), astigmatic components (J0 and J45), and anteropia, were significantly associated with various postural stability parameters, illustrating their combined influence on balance control. Ametropia, derived from the spherical equivalent, categorizes refractive states from myopia (negative values) to hyperopia (positive values), providing a unified framework for analyzing the impact of refractive error. For DistMean, moderate positive correlations with M (r = 0.437, \(p\) = 0.005) and J45 (r = 0.412, \(p\) = 0.008) and a weak positive correlation with anteropia (r = 0.325, \(p\) = 0.030), indicated that higher refractive errors, particularly hyperopia and oblique astigmatism, are associated with reduced stability. Figure 1 presents the positive correlation between the spherical equivalent and the mean CoP position. Similarly, weak positive correlations with Surface for M (r = 0.329, \(p\) = 0.029), J45 (r = 0.343, \(p\) = 0.024), and anteropia (r = 0.361, \(p\) = 0.018) suggest that greater hyperopic errors result in increased sway area, thereby compromising overall stability. For LengthY, significant correlations with M (r = 0.346, \(p\) = 0.045), J0 (r = \(-\)0.372, \(p\) = 0.015), J45 (r = 0.324, \(p\) = 0.031), and anteropia (r = 0.421, \(p\) = 0.013) reveal that refractive errors influence antero-posterior sway (front-to-back displacement of the center of pressure (CoP) in the sagittal plane). Greater hyperopic errors are associated with worsened stability, whereas orthogonal astigmatism appears to have a stabilizing effect; with-the-rule astigmatism seems more beneficial for postural stability than against-the-rule astigmatism. Additionally, weak correlations between M and foot position inclination (r = \(-\)0.316, \(p\) = 0.034) reflect improved plantar load distribution with increased spherical error. Furthermore, correlations between M, anteropia, and QRBG(Surf) (r = \(-\)0.347, \(p\) = 0.022; r = 0.361, \(p\) = 0.018) suggest that hyperopia compromises stability under surface-based conditions. Astigmatic components exhibited distinct associations with specific postural metrics. J0 showed significant correlations with LFS (r = \(-\)0.392, \(p\) = 0.011) and LengthX (r = \(-\)0.352, \(p\) = 0.021), suggesting that orthogonal astigmatism enhances both global and medio-lateral postural stability. Conversely, J45 demonstrated weak positive correlations with FL (r = 0.329, \(p\) = 0.029) and QRBG(Surf) (r = 0.361, \(p\) = 0.018), indicating that oblique astigmatism increases sway and reduces stability under surface-based conditions. These findings highlight the nuanced impact of refractive errors, particularly the spherical equivalent and astigmatic components, on postural control. Ametropia offers a comprehensive framework for interpreting these effects, revealing that hyperopic athletes tend to show poorer postural stability and load distribution compared with myopic athletes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Visual Activity**} & **Binocular Visual** & **M** & **Jp** & **JJS** & **Axiometric/pla** & **Axiometric/pla** & **Axiometric/pla** & **Axiometric/pla** \\  & & & **Right Eye** & **Acality** & **Axi** & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} Mean ColP \\ position \\ \end{tabular}