# Evaluation of Subway Emergency Evacuation Based on Combined Theoretical and Simulation Methods
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents a simulation case study focused on the emergency evacuation times of subway passengers, utilizing a segmented and multi-faceted approach. Through the simulation of various emergency evacuation scenarios at Wulukou station, three distinct evacuation times were identified within the theoretical and simulation model. A model representing the facility layout and passenger flow distribution within the subway station was developed and subjected to simulation. This model incorporated spatial parameters, categories, walking characteristics, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of passenger flow distribution as input variables, leading to the establishment of a real-time visualization evacuation simulation model. The established simulation model can assist in the improvement in the subway's emergency evacuation capability. The contribution of this paper includes that (1) a calculation model of subway passenger flow emergency evacuation time based on segmentation and multiple factors was established; (2) three common passenger flow scenarios were analyzed to provide effective guidance for the formulation of daily emergency plans; and (3) the influence of station infrastructure such as exits, stairs, and gates on emergency evacuation capability was deeply discussed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & **1** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline Aggregate evacuation duration & 222.8 s & 222.5 s & 323.5 s \\ Maximum throughput staircase & Staircase A and B & Staircase B and D & Staircase C and D \\ Maximum throughput exit & Exit A and G & Exit A and G & Exit A, C, and G \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Total evacuation time and facility utilization statistics under various scenarios. To identify and mitigate potential hazards within subway stations, it is essential to minimize the risks associated with the evacuation process, enhance the overall safety of evacuations, and ensure that evacuees can exit the station swiftly and in an orderly manner during emergencies. In pursuit of these objectives, the following three recommendations are proposed:  
1. Enhancing Employee Training in Emergency Response and Field Command: It is imperative to conduct regular emergency evacuation drills to bolster staff proficiency in evacuation procedures and to refine their field command capabilities. Additionally, establishing an evaluation and reward system for emergency evacuation knowledge can stimulate employees' interest in learning, thereby increasing their expertise in relevant emergency protocols. 2. Elevating Emergency Evacuation Awareness Among Managers and the Public: It is crucial for managers to enhance their professional competencies, with a particular focus on emergency response training and adherence to daily management protocols. For subway passengers, it is necessary for management to promote awareness and education regarding emergency evacuation procedures. This can be achieved through the organization of knowledge competitions and regular simulation exercises at subway stations, which will serve to improve the evacuation awareness and preparedness of both managers and the public. Such initiatives will empower both groups to effectively engage in rescue and self-rescue efforts immediately following an emergency. 3. Developing Dynamic Control Measures and Real-Time Monitoring Tools: Passenger flow monitoring technology, such as infrared sensing, video identification, and RFID, can be adopted at the junction point of important passenger flow lines, and passenger flow data can be combined to realize the dynamic monitoring of passenger flow direction and velocity in the station. In addition, based on real-time monitoring data, a dynamic management and control decision-making model of station passenger flow can be established, and a functional module of information release can be designed to realize real-time information induction of passenger flow.