## 1 Introduction  
Closed Plant Production Systems (CPPS) consist of a wide variety of growing methods, like vertical farms, plant factories, greenhouses, growth chambers, tissue culture rooms, phytotrons, and high tunnels, among others [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The controlled agricultural environments approach allows producers to establish ideal conditions for given crops (e.g., in terms of the quantity and quality of light, humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, among others). Such an approach yields higher crop production and quality, and means that any variety of plant can be planted at any time of the year. The literature has shown that light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are an energy efficient substitute for other types of lamps (filament lamps and gas discharge lamps with mercury and sodium), and enhance plant growth. The use of LEDs for plant production has transformed the horticultural industry. The radiation emitted by LEDs has various advantages like rapid response time, longer lifetime, controllability,efficiency wavelengths that drive specific responses in plants such as photomorphogenic, biochemical or physiological development, and even the control of pests and diseases. LEDs are programmed to produce continuous irradiation and can also be easily configured to emit rapid (\(\upmu\)s) pulsed irradiation (on/off) with heightened intensity and modest energy consumption [3; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Artificial lighting is a key factor in CPPS and a significant LED technology attribute is the emission of different wavelengths, called light recipes. Light recipes may influence the development and growth of crops from sprouting to flowering, stimulate stem elongation, optimize edible biomass, and increase nutritional content, antioxidant capacity, levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, number of fruits, among others [15; 16; 17]. The mixture of wavelengths (red, blue, green, ultraviolet, and infrared) and the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, or intensity levels given in \(\upmu\)mol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) are the main components of light recipes. Light recipes are commonly configured in continuous mode, but can also be configured in pulsed mode to save energy. Reducing the energy costs of illumination systems in CPPS, and the fabrication of efficient light devices, are challenges for the near future [18]. The cost of electricity to supply electrical power to CPPS and greenhouses is high. The cost of the LED lighting system represents 30% of the initial capital cost for a CPPS, while electricity represents 60% of the annual operating costs [19]. The main part of this electricity is required to generate lighting for crops and air conditioning which is necessary to remove the heat produced by the lighting system [14]. As such, 40% to 50% of the total operating costs of CPPS are linked to the lighting system [19; 20]. More efficient lighting strategies are essential to improve the sustainability and profitability of closed plant production systems. Various research groups have tried to devise innovative approaches to reduce the energy requirements of CPPS. An approach employing energy informatics (energy prices, forecasts of solar radiation, plant specifications and production process) for controlled environment agriculture (CAE) that helps to analyze, design, and implement strategies for a global diagnosis would make it possible to optimize the usage of resources, while also monitoring the lighting systems in the greenhouse. Producers would be informed about energy consumption levels to avoid wasting resources [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] executed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using information collected by sensors connected to the Internet of Things. This study used temperature data and emitted airflow to achieve energy efficiency in plant factories.