esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Fine Fast Acquisition Scheme for a Communication and Navigation Fusion System
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposed an acquisition method with short acquisition time and fine detection performance for CNFS. The size and number of search spaces is firstly reduced using SSR method in CAF evaluation stage. The ATI obtained from navigation message is used to reduce the search space number. The search space size is reduced using the CPPI obtained from the acquired signal and the double dwell coarse-to-fine structure. Then in the signal detection stage, the DD-MAX/TC-CACFAR detection method is proposed to realize fine and stable detection performance, which can also effectively reduce the acquisition time. The MAX/TC and CFAR technique is utilized in the double dwell structure. On the one hand, the double dwell structure effectively decreases the probability of false alarm. On the other hand, the CACFAR technique ensures the constant false by adjusting the detection threshold automatically when there is fluctuation of background noise. In this case, the extra time caused by FAPT can be effectively reduce so that the acquisition time can be effectively reduced. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the SSR method together with DD-MAX/TC-CACFAR method can effectively reduce the acquisition time with fine detection performance even when there is fluctuation of background noise.  
Conceptualization, Z.D.; Methodology, B.J.; Validation, Z.D.; Formal analysis, Z.D.; Investigation, B.J., S.T., and X.F.; Data curation, B.J., S.T., and X.F.; Writing--original draft preparation, B.J.; Writing--review and editing, B.J.; Supervision, Z.D.; Project administration, Z.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Plan of China (no. 2016 YFB0502001).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Data Preprocessing  
To prevent a loss of effectiveness when employing classification techniques, any anomalous records in the data matrix must be eliminated. This procedure is carried out in such a way that the following apply:  
* Any record containing a negative value in the data is removed.
* In Table 6, it is observed that most variables have null values, primarily in the consumption variables. These null values may occur because the customer did not have a meter installed or it was removed for a re-billing process. Therefore, any row that contains a null record is removed from the dataset.
* It is also noted that variable A16 has a large number of null values (see Table 6); hence, this variable is not used in the training of the models.  
After cleaning the base matrix, 27,374 records remain. It is important to ensure that half of these records are labeled 1 (FRAUD) and the other half 0 (NO FRAUD) to prevent issues related to class imbalance. This cleaned dataset is referred to as the Clean Matrix.  
\[\text{Clean Matrix}=27,374\times 67 \tag{10}\]  
Furthermore, for the subsequent processes (training, validation, and testing), the Clean Matrix is divided as follows: 70% for the preparation of the classifiers and 30% for evaluating them. Additionally, the training matrix is further subdivided into 70 for training and 30% for the validation of the models, as shown in Figure 9. Only the attributes containing technical data are considered, that is, attributes A8-A9, A12-A15, and A17-A68 (see Tables 3 and 4). The other attributes will be used for information on and the location of the measurement systems to be inspected.  
The division of the data is performed as follows:  
\[\text{Preparation Matrix}=19,380\times 58 \tag{11}\] \[\text{Training Matrix}=13,566\times 58\] (12) \[\text{Validation Matrix}=5814\times 58\] (13) \[\text{Test Matrix}=7994\times 58 \tag{14}\]  
Lastly, to avoid difficulties with magnitudes and dimensions, the data are normalized by using Equation (15). This process eliminates the scale differences of the variables [66,95]. There are several ways to normalize data, the most common being the following:  
* Z-Score normalization: It is known for centralizing the data, attenuating large values that are within the database. The equation is as follows [66]: \[v^{\prime}=\frac{v-average}{std.dev}\] (15) where \(v^{\prime}\) is the new value, average is the mean of the data, and std.dev is the standard deviation of the data.
* Max-Min normalization: It changes the range of values of the data between 0 and 1. The equation is as follows [66]: \[v^{\prime}=\frac{v-min}{max-min}\] (16) where \(v^{\prime}\) is the new value, \(max\) is the maximum value of the data, and \(min\) is the minimum value of the data.
# Electrophysiological Hyperscanning of Negotiation During Group-Oriented Decision-Making
## 1 Introduction
Building on these premises, this study aims to: (i) examine the single-brain neural correlates of group-oriented individuals during decision-making processes that explicitly involve negotiation; (ii) investigate inter-brain neural synchronization within dyads working toward a shared decision. The participants, paired in dyads, discussed a hypothetical situation where a workgroup member did not align with the team's ideals. Before the interaction, their group decision-making orientation was assessed using the Likert scale. During the negotiation interaction, they were asked to negotiate on the best solution for the hypothetical situation previously presented, while EEG data were continuously recorded to analyze their neural activity. Given the previous evidence, first at the single-brain level, we hypothesized that group-oriented individuals (for which a group decision-making solution would be a relevant option) will show a significantly increase in low-frequency bands (delta and theta) connected to emotional processing in the frontal brain region compared to parieto-occipital regions [29; 20]. This is because frontal delta and theta activity has been associated with emotional engagement, motivation, and goal-directed control, all crucial for effective negotiation and group alignment, especially in group-oriented individuals. Secondly, a greater high frequency band power (beta and gamma bands [34,35]) is expected in parieto-occipital regions, deputed to cognitive processing and awareness during the negotiation process. Beta and gamma oscillations in these areas are linked to cognitive control, memory, and decision-making, supporting the integration of different perspectives and the monitoring of the negotiation process. These bands have been associated with a greater ability to integrate multiple pieces of information, a key element for those who are group-oriented. Furthermore, since previous hyperscanning studies showed an increase in delta and theta EEG coherence in the frontal area during cooperation and prosocial exchange [38], we expect to observe a lower dissimilarity in the frontal area compared to other brain regions in this sample of group-oriented dyads during the negotiation process. While frontal low-frequency synchrony is typically observed in joint action and imitation paradigms, cooperative negotiation may involve functionally divergent but complementary regulatory processes, whereby each individual evaluates and modulates their own cognitive and affective strategies in the pursuit of a shared decision [43,44]. Frontal EEG coherence has been linked to interpersonal alignment, empathy, and joint decision-making, suggesting that a greater synchronization in this region reflects a shared mental framework essential for negotiation.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we conducted AFT and ZFT techniques to study Meso-Cenozoic thermattencion evolution in the central and southern HTB. AFT analysis of 7 samples with the radial plot could be divided into 4 age groups: 147 Ma, 120-109 Ma, 92-77 Ma, and 65-50 Ma. The inverse modeling of AFT suggests the presence of 4 rapid cooling stages: 170-120 Ma, 120-95 Ma, 66-60 Ma, and 8-0 Ma. In addition, based on the ZFT analysis of 6 samples with radial plots, the following 5 age groups could be discovered: 279 Ma, 222-213 Ma, 193 -169 Ma, 151 Ma, and 130-110 Ma. In summary, the analysis of the ZFT and AFT ages could be categorized into the following 8 age groups: 279 Ma, 222-213 Ma, 193-169 Ma, 151-147 Ma, 130-109 Ma, 92-77 Ma, 65-50 Ma, and \(\sim\)10-8 to the present.  
This FT analysis reveals that the central and southern HTB has undergone a series of tectonic thermal events. The Early Permian of 279 Ma was characterized by a weak structural episode, representing the back-arc extension in the south HTB and southern Alxa block. The Late Triassic age group of 222-213 Ma was marked with NNE-SSE trending contraction between the South China and North China cratons. The weak extension event in the Early-Middle Jurassic of 193-169 Ma corresponded to the post-orogenic collapse after the Triassic strong compression event. The 151-147 Ma event was caused by the eastward extrusion of the Alax and HTB, resulting from the far-field effect of the subduction between the Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks. The Early Cretaceous (130-109 Ma) event has multiple dynamic origins, from the rollback of the Pacific Plate in the east and the collapse of the thickened lithosphere formed in the Late Jurassic. The Late Cretaceous (92-77 Ma) was ascribed to the convergence between the Pacific and Eurasian Plates. The event during 65-50 Ma was a far-field correspondence to the onset subduction of the Indian Plate under the Eurasian Plate. From 10-8 Ma to the present, the progressive collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates had a significant impact on the northeastern TP. Meanwhile, the growth and eastward escape of TP developed substantial deformation in the HTB.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed and initiated the research. [PERSON] and [PERSON] were responsible for fieldwork. All authors were responsible for discussion. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported by the Chinese NSF (41602213) and the fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2-9-2017-052).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
We are grateful to [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for their critical advice of this manuscript. And we sincerely thank reviewers and editors for their thoughtful comments to improve the quality of the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
In this work, the degradation and mineralization of Diallyl Phthalate (DAP) in water by Fenton oxidation was investigated. The effects of different experimental parameters including the initial pH, the hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) dose, the catalyst (Fe\({}^{2+}\)) dose, the iron source, and the DAP concentration on the rate and the yield of DAP degradation by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. DAP and its intermediates were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and the measurement of total organic carbon (TOC) during Fenton oxidation. The results obtained confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (HO\({}^{\bullet}\)) generated from Fenton's reaction were capable of completely eliminating DAP from water. Fenton oxidation of 100 mg/L DAP aqueous solution at pH = 3.2 required 1000 mg/L H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) and 50 mg/L Fe\({}^{2+}\). Under these conditions, more than TOC removal exceeded 95% after 300 min Fenton oxidation. The competition kinetics method was used to determine an absolute rate constant of 7.26.10\({}^{9}\) M\({}^{-1}\) s\({}^{-1}\) for the reaction between DAP and HO\({}^{\bullet}\) radicals. HPLC analysis showed that phthalic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, maleic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid were the main intermediates formed during DAP degradation. Accordingly, a simple DAP degradation mechanism by the Fenton reaction was proposed. These promising results proved the potential of Fenton oxidation as a cost-effective method for the decontamination of wastewaters containing phthalates.  
Keywords:dially phthalate; Fenton oxidation; hydroxyl radicals; degradation; mineralization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Characterization under All Sky Conditions in Burgos, Spain
###### Abstract
), due to the shorter optical length of rays through the atmosphere [43; 44; 45]. On a summer's day, _GHUV_ is strongest at around noon when 50-60% of solar UVR can be measured. The solar zenith angle also affects the intensity of UVR: _GHUV_ increases with the solar zenith angle, because solar UV rays, perceived as solid angles, are distributed over larger surface areas of the globe [16]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Experimental** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Location**} & **Geographical Data** & **Height** & \multirow{2}{*}{**GHUV/GHI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Comments**} \\  & **Campaign** & & & & **Level** & \\ \hline
[46] & Austral summers & Amundsen-Scott & & & & \\
1978–1981 & South Pole Station & & & & & \\ \hline
[47] & 30 min & Safat & & & & \\
1985–1987 & (Kuwaiat) & & & & & \\ \hline
[48] & 60 min & Dhahran & & & & \\
1985–1987 & (Saudi Arabia) & & & & & \\ \hline
[49] & 60 min & Dhahran & & & & \\
1985–1987 & (Saudi Arabia) & & & & & \\ \hline
[49] & 60 min & Dhahran & & & & \\
191/01/1987– & Makkah & & & & & \\
31/05/1988 & (Saudi Arabia) & & & & & \\ \hline
[50] & 2 min & & & & & \\
01/04/1985– & Potsdam 1 & & & & & \\
31/04/1988– & (Germany) & & & & & \\ \hline
[51] & 10 min & Valencia (Spain) & & & & \\
03/1991–09/1991 & Valencia (Spain) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Experimental measurements of the _GHUV:GHI_ ratio around the world. This study focuses on the determination of the \(GHIV/GHI\) ratio in Burgos (Spain), and its dependency on sky conditions, which is classified using different criteria. Experimental data of \(GHIV\), \(GHI\), and the sky luminance distribution were compiled from experimental sky scanner measurements. A complete statistical analysis of the results over different time scales (10 min, hourly, daily, monthly, and seasonal intervals) was completed. The results collected under different sky conditions, classified in accordance with the CIE standard sky taxonomy [61] and clearness index (\(k_{t}\)), were tested during a 22 month experimental test campaign. The experimental facility, the measurement campaign, and the quality filters applied to the experimental data are described in Section 2. In Section 3, the description of the sky conditions in Burgos during the experimental campaign is presented, as well as a complete analysis of the quality of the experimental data and an analysis of the \(GHIV/GHI\) ratio over different temporal intervals and against sky classification criteria. Finally, the main results and the conclusions of the study are summarized in Section 4.
## 3. Results and Discussion
### Volume-Free Optimal Equal Bale Dimensions Design  
In this section the problem of volume-free design of equal optimal bale dimensions is considered being, in fact, a special case of Problem 1 for the order of near-equilibrium \(\varepsilon_{0}=0\).  
**Problem 3**.: _Given: film parameters \(b_{f}\), \(v_{f}\), \(\varepsilon_{lf}\), overlap ratio \(k_{f}\), Equation (20), and number of global film layers \(p_{l}\). Find film layers decomposition \((p_{b},p_{u})\) and overlaps \(\delta\), \(k_{fb}\) satisfying constraints expressed by Equations (22) and (23) such that the applicability condition, Equation (21), hold and for any bale volume \(V_{b0}\) the optimal dimensions \(D_{b}^{*}\), \(H_{b}^{*}\) are equal._  
The solution to the above problem is identical with that of Problem 1 for \(\varepsilon_{0}=0\). Thus, the next result follows directly from Proposition 4 by lying \(\varepsilon_{0}=0\) in inequalities expressed by Equations (25) and (26) and in Equations (5), (6) and (27). Inequality from Equation (24), here \(b_{fr}>\delta_{max}\), is identity.  
**Proposition 6**.: _The solution to Problem 3 exists if and only if there exists an integer \(p_{b}\) such that inequalities_  
\[\max\biggl{\{}\frac{b_{f}-2b_{max}}{2\left(b_{f}-\delta_{max}\right)}p_{l},\frac {1-k_{f}\max}{2-k_{f,max}}p_{l}\biggr{\}}\leq p_{b}\leq\min\biggl{\{}\frac{p_{l} }{2},\frac{b_{f}-2\delta_{min}}{2\left(b_{f}-\delta_{min}\right)}p_{l},\frac{1 -k_{f,min}}{2-k_{f,min}}p_{l}\biggr{\}} \tag{39}\]  
_are satisfied together with the applicability condition, Equation (21). For any such \(p_{b}\) the bottom layers overlaps are uniquely determined by_  
\[k_{fb}=\frac{p_{l}-2p_{b}}{p_{l}-p_{b}},\ \ \delta=\frac{1}{2}b_{fr}k_{fb}. \tag{40}\]  
_For a given bale volume optimal bale dimensions \(D_{b}^{*}\) and \(H_{b}^{*}\) are given by Equation (19)._  
Thus, to solve Problem 3 an integer \(p_{b}\) fulfilling inequalities from Equation (39) must be found. The fractions dependent on \(b_{fr}\) in \"\(\max\)\" and \"\(\min\)\" functions, which define the lower and upper bounds in this inequalities, increase with the film width. However, the upper and lower bounds may be determined by other arguments of \"\(\max\)\" or \"\(\min\)\", thus a larger \(b_{fr}\) does not necessarily imply a greater \(p_{b}\). Proposition 6 yielded the following algorithm.
## 4 Applications of AR and VR in Dentistry
### AR and VR in Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics  
Restorative dentistry and endodontics are some of the most challenging and exhausting fields of dentistry. In order to treat diseases such as dental caries, pulpitis, and dental abscess, knowledge and clinical skills are required to become a proficient clinician [35]. A high caries rate is prevalent throughout the globe, which mandates a visit the dentist and may require dental fillings or even root canal treatment as well. These treatments are performed to save a tooth that might require extraction if not managed in a timely fashion. Many factors are associated with failed dental fillings and endodontic treatments such as isolation, poor technique, smoking, underfilled canals, and missed canals [19].  
Conventionally, students are first trained in the laboratory on a phantom head where the mannequin mimics the patient, which allows the students to work as if they are working on an actual patient as in a clinical setup [36]. Procedures such as cavity preparation are practiced on these mannequins by the students. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [16], cavity preparation using AR technology was studied. In this study, it was found that the participants that used AR technology showed an improvement in their knowledge and skills. With the help of AR, realistic simulations can be delivered to the students in order to practice and improve their clinical skills without the need for live test subjects.  
To overcome the chances of failure in endodontic treatments in patients, augmented reality has been used in endodontics for the reliable detection of root canals. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [19], augmented reality was used to detect root canals where it was found that overall higher sensitivity was noted in detecting root canals in molars and premolars. The success rate of root canal treatment directly depends on identifying all of the root canals as any missed canal has pulp remnants that might trigger pain for the patient [37; 38].
## 3 Results
### Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies of The Adsorption of BF on RPNS
#### 3.4.2 Kinetics Studies  
Four kinetics models; namely pseudo-first-order (PFC), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Elovich, and Weber-Morris (W-M) were applied to simulate the kinetics of the adsorption of BF onto RPNS. Figure 9A,B show the plots of [ln(\(q_{e}-q_{t}\)) versus time] and [time/q\({}_{t}\) versus time] for the PFO and PSO kinetic models, respectively. The calculated parameters of the two models are tabulated in Table 9. Comparing the coefficient of determination values (R\({}^{2}\)) of the two models, the experimental data were in good agreement with the PSO model (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.995) [19; 44; 45]. Therefore, the reaction can be represented as:  
\[BF+RPNS\ \xrightarrow{k}\ \ \{BF-RPNS\} \tag{8}\]  
Figure 9: Kinetic models for the adsorption of BF dye on raw pistachio nutshells including: (**A**) first order, (**B**) second order, (**C**) Elovich, and (**D**) intra-particle diffusion (Weber-Morris (W-M)) curve. The following conditions were employed to obtain the listed models: DC: 200 ppm, AD: 1.500 \(\pm\) 0.005 g, pH: 12.00 \(\pm\) 0.20, and ST: 1–18 min.).  
The reaction rate of the adsorption can be given as \(rate=-\,k[BF]^{n}[RPNS]^{m}\), while the adsorbent is added in excess so the reaction rate can be written as \(rate=-\,k[BF]^{n}\), and \(n=2\).  
From the W-M intraparticle diffusion model, Figure 9C, the diffusion rate is low and the boundary layer (56.43 mg/g) is close to the \(q_{max}\) calculated by Langmuir isotherm, so the mechanism is controlled by adsorption rate. According to the Elovich model shown in Figure 9D, the R\({}^{2}\) values is low (0.938) compared to the other models. The initial sorption rate is three times higher than the desorption rate; therefore, the adsorption capacity could be enhanced by increasing the stirring time (ST), an issue that is confirmed by the output of DSD, Equation (4).
# Cell-Laden Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### 3D Printing Cell-Laden Constructs  
The printability of CBIs was investigated using the 3D bioprinting system (Figure 3A). Figure 3B shows that the CBIs successfully printed a monolayer of a grid structure. The biocompatibility was established using the live and dead assay. However, the printed CBIs did not have enough rigidity to support the building of multilayers. Therefore, we fabricated grid structures that could encapsulate CBIs laden with cells (Figure 3C). An appropriate 3D printing method was used to load the cell-laden chitosan (pre-gel) solution into the PCL framework placed on petri dishes. One crucial aspect for the successful 3D bioprinting of cell-laden CBIs was the circumvention of nozzle clogging. The three kinds of gelling agents used in this study have similar printability (Figure 3D). As reported in the experiments for estimating gelation times, the CS/NaHCO\({}_{3}\) group had the shortest gelation time. Therefore, the use of the CS/NaHCO\({}_{3}\) group in 3D bioprinting might reduce the probability of nozzle clogging. In Figure 3E, the lattice-type structures generated by PCL are shown. CBIs could encapsulate PDLSCs and maintain high cell viability during the 3D bioprinting, both on days one and seven. PCL and CBI constructs are, therefore, suitable for long-term cell culture without any harmful side effects, regardless of the gelling agent used.  
Chitosan has been widely used as a biomaterial in various forms, e.g., films [23; 24], 3D scaffolds [25; 26], nanopatterned composites [27; 28; 29], and as wound healing reagents [30; 31]. However, most chitosan-based materials have pre-formed shapes and specific treatments are required to transform their shapes to complement those of the wounds. Three-dimensional bioprinting is a revolutionary method for the generation of patient-specific scaffolds. The development of 3D printing bioinks is an important aspect of successful bioprinting. Because chitosan is characterized by antibiosis, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, it could be a superior candidate for 3D bioprinting inks. In this study, we introduced three types of CBIs based on different gelling agents. These have similar characteristics, except for their gelling times and precipitation regime. Among these 3 types, CS/NaHCO\({}_{3}\) was found to be the most appropriate 3D bioprinting material due to lesser nozzle clogging and good biocompatibility. Therefore, CS/NaHCO\({}_{3}\) bioink is suitable for 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering applications. By adding other components [32], such as growth factors [33] and graphene [21], their functionality could be enhanced, thereby extending their potential applicability.