## 1 Introduction  
Cement materials are the most commonly used materials for construction, and they have high compression resistance, rich shaping ability, and high economic efficiency. Nevertheless, the primary constraints of this kind of material are low tensile strength, poor deformation tolerance, and insufficient resistance to cracking. In this regard, various reinforcing materials, including steel, fibers, and more recently nanomaterials, are the focus of numerous research attempts aimed at resolving these issues. By impeding the development of microcracks, the conventional reinforcements using steel fiber can enhance tensile strength. On the other hand, nanoparticles offer superior reinforcing by managing nano-level cracks during their early stages, preventing their progression into microcracks. Nanoparticles are becoming more extensively used due to their capacity to function as particles in mortar and grout and as pore inserts to generate dense microstructures, which is facilitated by their enormous surface area. Nevertheless, the 0-dimensional nanocomposite is unable to retain cracks because of its low aspect ratio, which results in a lack of reinforcing effect. Nanoparticles are confined to the nanoscale range (typically less than 100 nm) in all three spatial dimensions. They do not extend significantly in any dimension, essentially making them point-like. In this scene, graphene oxide exhibits abundant surface properties, such as excellent solubility in water and the capacity to regulate microstructural alterations in cement mortar. Therefore, GO has recently become a promising alternative for reinforcing composite cement and other structural materials at the nanoscale. Recently, a compilation of the results of 46 research studies on compressive strength and 28 others on flexural strength on cement-based materials presented the GO content optimal for each study [1]. The results show that the optimal GO content commonly used in studies is in the range of 0.01-2.5% by weight of cement. The outstanding reinforcement of mortar by nano GO lies in the high interfacial adhesion of GO to cement mortar [2]. Graphene oxide has been included in the mortar mixture, which results in some small cracks with some branches. These cracks are trapped and are unable to pass through the sheets of graphene, in contrast to conventional mortar, in which cracks typically run in a straight fashion. The in-plane growth of micro-cracks is prevented and redirected by graphene oxide [3]. GO is involved in the modification of the crystal form of cement hydration products, the enhancement of the internal porosity of cement paste and aggregate transition zones, and the adjustment of the hydration process results to establish a stable microstructure. The waterproofing and durability in cement-based substances are enhanced by the lower density of the internal microstructure, which impedes the corrosion of Cl\({}^{-}\), SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\), and other corrosive ions [4]. It was shown that GO enhances the corrosion resistance of cement-based substances by altering the density of their internal structure and diminishing the pore volume through SEM and also power spectroscopy analysis. It has been reported that mortars containing 0.01% GO are five times more efficient in reducing the penetration of chloride than ordinary mortars [5]. Also, adding GO to cement mortar will accelerate the hydration reaction [6]. Similarly, electron spectroscopy and isothermal calorimetry show that GO quickly absorbs Ca\({}^{2+}\) in the early stages [7]. Together, these investigations demonstrate that GO sheets that contain groups of carboxylic acids can establish a robust interfacial adhesion to cement mortar. It leads to the mechanical behavior of cement reinforcement by GO being significantly enhanced [8; 9; 10]. Nevertheless, the use of GO in cement-based materials still has some limitations that should be considered, especially workability, dispersion capacity, and the mass production of GO.