## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion  
### Inerts  
The TKM simulates the turbulent effect on chemical reaction rates by means of the concentration fields splitting method (CSM) using the extent of reaction [10]. In each simulation using the TKM, the inert species' concentrations are first computed by setting all reaction rates equal to zero. (The reader is reminded that the term \"inert\" as used here refers to a model pseudo-species and not to real unreactive substances. The 'inert' species calculation is for the same species but taking account only of their dispersion and not of the chemical reactions between them.) Then the model species' concentrations are computed. The inert case is used to calculate indirectly the extent of reaction and also is used as a control to indicate the effects of chemical reactions on the resulting concentration profiles. The integration of the governing equations is explained in the previous study [10].  
The results of the TKM for the inert species are shown in Figure 2. Their vertical profiles reveal the effects of the physical processes in the ACM. For the bottom-up diffusing concentrations of inert species NO and RH, the vertical concentration profiles were very simple and constant throughout the CBL above the surface layer as shown in Figure 2a,c. The magnitude of the emission fluxes for NO and RH cause the steep concentration gradient at the surface layer of the CBL and increase in time. Figure 2b,d reveal the concentration profiles of the inert O\({}_{3}\) and NO\({}_{2}\) simulated for the same times as in Figure 2a,c. The concentration profiles of the inert O\({}_{3}\) and NO\({}_{2}\) remain at a high concentration in the mixing layer due to the relatively slow downward transport rates in the ACM. Unlike the NO and RH, the concentrations of inert O\({}_{3}\) and NO\({}_{2}\) are reduced because there are no emission fluxes and are removed by dry deposition at the surface layer. At the upper layer of the CBL, all inert species reveal  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **BMch** & **BM** & **CKM** & **TKM** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Conditions} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{All the same conditions described in Table 2 (no emission source in BMch;} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{only depending upon initial concentrations and photochemistry of species)} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Deposition term} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} & Concentration & \multirow{2}{*}{Concentration at lowest model layer (surface layer)} \\  & & in BM & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vertical Diffusion term} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} & Asymmetric Convective Model (ACM): vertical mixing scheme \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Chemical Kinetics term:} & & & Effective reaction rate \\  & & & \(\overline{R}_{e}\)\({}_{\left|{TKM}\right.}=-k_{f}\left(\overline{C}_{A}\overline{C}_{B}+ \overline{c^{\prime}_{A}}c^{\prime}_{B}\right)\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Mean reaction rate} & Using Concentration Splitting Method (CSM) with segregation coefficient \(l_{s,AB}\) in Equation (4) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\overline{R}_{e_{s}}\)\({}_{\left|{TKM}\right.}=-k_{f}(1+l_{s,AB})\left(\overline{C}_{A}\right)\left( \overline{C}_{B}\right)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Description of Models for simulating Model Problems: BMch (Photochemical Box Model with chemistry only), BM (Box Model with chemical and physical processes), CKM (Conventional Kinetics Model with mean reaction rate and ACM), and TKM (Turbulent Kinetics Model with concentration fluctuation using conventional extent of reaction and ACM.  
the lowest concentrations because of ventilation by the flux exchanges between the CBL and the free atmosphere (FA) which have low concentrations constantly.