# Internet of Nonthermal Food Processing Technologies (IoNTP): Food Industry 4.0 and Sustainability
## 3 Tools-Industry 4.0
### Inkjet Printing
#### 3.3.2 Sustainability of Additive Manufacturing  
Additive manufacturing has been successfully developing in a last decade mostly due to the technical advantages of this technology that exceed the possibilities of traditional methods. Such advantages include quite fast and simple production of complex food structures and geometries, customized products, and reduced material waste due to possibility of recycling [49].  
Additive manufacturing is considered as clean and green production that brings key environmental benefits manifested through three main aspects: resource consumption, waste management and pollution control. The majority of resource consumption refers to the electricity that drives the system and to the material used for printing (filaments, polymers, powders). The efficiency of the material using additive techniques is about 97%, which minimizes the amount of waste, for example, compared to conventional subtractive production [50]. Subtractive production generates a large amount of waste and additive production can reduce the amount of waste by as much as 90 %. However, this does not mean that additive manufacturing does not produce any waste. The majority of additive production waste consists of unexpected damage to this support structure if the method requires it. Compared to other production techniques, less pollution is created because non-toxic materials and green chemicals are most commonly used [49,51].  
Even though there are some disadvantages of additive manufacturing, some key environmental benefits can be expected (Figure 3). Additive production reduces the need for energy-intensive and polluting production processes. The advantage of this production is efficient and more flexible product design with better performance, it is possible to decentralize production and reduce CO2 emissions during the production process, which directly affects the carbon footprint. Consequently, time and cost effect can be potentially reduced, especially for individualized and small manufactures [40; 49; 51].  
A great example of sustainable application od additive manufacturing is given by a Dutch startup company Upprinting Food who recycle food waste and produce 3D printed snacks. Such food include bread, fruits and vegetables that are not eligible for selling but are still edible and food residues from restaurants [52].  
A physical part of the smart factories is limited by the availability of the existing manufacturing systems. This makes the additive manufacturing as one of the vital components of Industry 4.0. Finally, additive manufacturing is expected to become a key manufacturing technology for fabricating customized products in a sustainable society in the future. It is believed that it has a potential to revolutionize manufacturing industry and offers a way to replace the conventional manufacturing technologies [53]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] pointed out that 3D printing could be one of technologies useful for developing  
Figure 3: Environmental benefits of additive manufacturing.  
sustainable urban food ecosystems as a result to the increasing world population and limited availability of resources [54].