## 1 Introduction  
Cold plasma (CP) is a contemporary, emerging technology that modifies surfaces non-thermally without the use of chemicals and has minimal environmental impact. It can be generated by several sources, such as thermal energy, energy beam, and electric fields [1]. Systems used to activate cold plasma include micro-hollow cathode discharge (MCD), corona discharge (CD), gliding arc discharge (GAD), dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), plasma needle (PN) and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APP) [2, 3]. The formation methods of cold plasma impact its composition: specifically, the type and number of reactive forms and consequently also its technological applications. Due to its unique properties, which include low production costs and high effectiveness, it is extensively used in various fields such as waste management [4; 5], air purification [6], the surface modification mainly of polymer materials [7], and the production/processing of nanoparticles [8; 9]. Numerous publications detail and endorse the potential use of plasma for producing plasma-treated water (PTW) or plasma-activated water (PAW), which has antimicrobial properties due to the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and hydrogen peroxide [10; 11; 12]. The combination of physical factors, such as low pH and high redox potential, with the formation of numerous active chemical compounds results in an antimicrobial effect. [PERSON] et al. [13] and [PERSON] et al. [14] devised instruments for the plasma refinement of water by utilizing low-temperature and low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency (LPGP). The authors stated that this plasma-creating process gives liquids distinguished physical, chemical, biochemical and functional characteristics. LPGP avoids breaking valence bonds, so it does not trigger chemical reactions or create atomic oxygen radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone [14; 15]. Water treated with low-temperature, low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency (LPGP) is referred to as nanowater (NW) by the authors. Normally, water molecules form aggregates of up to 1000 units, but as a consequence of the cold plasma treatment, they are separated into individual, well-organized particles with a size of around 1 nM each. The dissociation of water macrostructure correlates with the concurrent excitation of triplet oxygen molecules that are dissolved in the water to the singlet state. Nanowater is characterized by low viscosity, very low density and high diffusivity. NW has a low dielectric constant, which facilitates the partial solution of non-polar compounds (such as lipids). It has been demonstrated that NW dissolves up to 35-40% more substances than traditional water. This facilitates the attainment of a higher concentration of nutrients or inorganic salts [13; 14; 15; 16]. The advantages of utilizing NW have been demonstrated in several subsequent studies. For instance, the favorable impact of employing water treated with cold plasma in the cryopreservation of rams and boars' sperm has been established. Additionally, irrigating wheat plantations with LPGP-treated water fostered plant development, resulting in greater yields [17]. A similar effect, associated with higher efficiency and improvement in the rate of seed germination and seedling development, was observed for Chinese cabbage watered with plasma water, the pH of which was neutralized by the immersion of metal ions (Mg\({}^{2+}\) and Zn\({}^{2+}\)) [18]. Furthermore, besides stimulating the growth of herbs, NW also affected the essential oil composition. Watering a peppermint (_Mentha pipertia rubescens_) crop in a greenhouse with LPGP-treated water over a period of 150 days resulted in a 24% increase in leaf growth and a 5% increase in stem growth. The extracts' composition changed without affecting its antibacterial properties [19]. In the case of basil (_Ocinum bacilicum_ L.), watering with LPGP-treated water positively impacted the seed germination rate.