## 5 Conclusions  
1. MaxEnt is capable of modeling the 30 m resolution permafrost probability of Arxan by using multi-source environmental variable data. The simulation results depict a detailed distribution pattern of permafrost and provide clear boundaries of permafrost areas. The results can provide a reference for research in the fields of ecology, environment, and engineering. 2. The permafrost in Arxan is mainly located in the GKM from the northeast to the southwest, followed by a low-altitude area in the northwest. The area with PP > 0.5 is 3079.6 km\({}^{2}\), accounting for 41.9% of the total study area. Topographically, the permafrost is mainly distributed on the slope surface, while a small amount is distributed on the peak/ridge and valley. On the slope surface, there is more permafrost located on the upper slope than on the lower slope. There is more permafrost in the north and west slope aspects than in the south and east. 3. Samples with permafrost and samples without permafrost have differences in the selected environmental variables, among which the difference of SR is the largest and the overlap part is the least. Conceptualization, Y.G. ; data curation, S.L. and L.Q. ; formal analysis, W.S. and S.L. ; funding acquisition, W.S. ; methodology, Y.G. and S.L. ; project administration, W.S. and Y.G. ; software, S.L. ; supervision, W.S. ; writing--original draft, Y.G., S.L., L.Q. and Y.W. ; writing--review and editing, W.S., S.L., L.Q., Y.W. and C.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41641024) and the Science and Technology Project of the Heilongjiang Communications Investment Group (Grant No. JT-100000-ZC-FW-2021-0182) for providing financial support and the Field scientific observation and research station of the Ministry of Education-Geological environment system of permafrost area in Northeast China (MEORS-PCSNEC). Not applicable. Related data are available upon reasonable request. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Pearson's Correlation between PP and Each Characteristic Variable  
Pearson's correlation between PP and the characteristic variables throughout the study area. The symbols (* and **) denote that the Pearson's correlation value is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) or 0.01 level (2-tailed), respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \(n\) = 100 & **PP** & **LST1** & **LST2** & **LST3** & **DEV** & **SR** & **NDVI** & **NDWI** \\ \hline PP & 1 & & & & & & & \\ LST1 & \(-\)0.601 ** & 1 & & & & & & \\ LST2 & \(-\)0.629 ** & 0.887 ** & 1 & & & & & \\ LST3 & \(-\)0.573 ** & 0.314 * & 0.293 * & 1 & & & & \\ DEV & 0.12 & \(-\)0.092 & \(-\)0.223 * & 0.168 & 1 & & & \\ SR & \(-\)0.238 * & 0.286 * & 0.266 ** & 0.113 & \(-\)0.061 & 1 & & \\ NDVI & \(-\)0.324 ** & 0.429 ** & 0.360 ** & 0.044 & \(-\)0.022 & 0.233 * & 1 & \\ NDWI & 0.333 ** & \(-\)0.476 ** & \(-\)0.435 ** & \(-\)0.034 & 0.067 & \(-\)0.299 ** & \(-\)0.980 ** & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
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