## 5 Discussion  
In Shewa Shahbazgarhi area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan components, SWIR bands (Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8) were also helpful in mapping marble outcrop in the area. Absorption was indicated in the SWIR2 band due to calcite, and both components of Landsat-8 indicated low emissivity in the TIR1 band due to the presence of orthoclase and quartz. PC3 of the stretched Landsat-8 data is granite, indicating components representing the reflection in the SWIR1 and SWIR2 bands and the absorption in TIR bands due to quartz, orthoclase, and biotite in granite. PC4 of the raw Landsat-8 dataset was marble, indicating components representing the high absorption of calcite in the SWIR2 band. In contrast, PC3 of the stretched Sentinel-2 data represented the weak absorption in the SWIR1 band due to biotite and muscovite (Figure 15) and a relatively high absorption of calcite in the SWIR2 band. The Kotah Dome, Malakand, rich in quartz, orthoclase (K-feldspar), biotite, and muscovite with garnet, chlorite, and amphibole accessories [60; 61] was mapped by equally weighted PC5 components of the stretched Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, and PC2 of the raw ASTER data. PC5 of the stretched Sentinel-2 data with negative loadings (\(-\)0.9317) in the SWIR2 band represented the high absorption of muscovite, epidote, and amphibole in the SWIR2 band. While PC5 of the stretched Landsat-8 represented quartz and orthoclase due to its reflection in the NIR bands and absorption in the TIR bands. ASTER components represented the mixed response of all granite-associated minerals quartz, orthoclase, biotite, and muscovite due to their significantly low emissivity in the TIR2 band and the high reflection in the SWIR bands. Nagarparker pink-colored granites is rich in orthoclase + plagioclase and quartz, with small amounts of iron oxide, biotite, titanate, chlorite, and epidote [42]. PC2 of the raw (weighted as 0.5) Sentinel-2 data showed the highest loading in the NIR bands, representing  
Figure 15: Granite mapping in Karoonjhar Mountains in Nagarparkar with one component of the raw and stretched Sentinel-2 datasets and the stretched ASTER dataset each. the reflection of granite-associated minerals (epidote, muscovite, and amphibole) and their absorption in the SWIR2 band. PC5 of the stretched (weighted as 1.0) Sentinel-2 data contained the highest loading in the NIR bands and relatively lower loadings in SWIR bands due to the mixed reflection of granite-bearing minerals. PC5 of the stretched ASTER data (weighted as 1.5) represented the corresponding absorption features of quartz, plagioclase, limonite, orthoclase, and amphibole in the TIR bands. The Karoonjhar and Kotah Dome has lesser vegetation cover as compared to Shewa Shahbazgarhi; therefore, the ASTER performed relatively better to identify granitic rock bodies in those areas due to the low emissivity in TIR bands. However, in the presence of vegetation in Shewa Shahbazgarhi, the TIR bands were less effective due to their lower spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions [11]. Therefore, the fusion of the TIR-bearing (Landsat-8) and SWIR-bearing data (Sentinel-2) were productive. Additionally, the SWIR bands in selective components with the TIR bands (Landsat-8) may represent reflection of orthoclase (potassium feldspar) quartz and the absorption of accessory amounts of amphibole, spherne, zircon, garnet, and mica in the absence of TIR bands as in Sentinel-2 data [62; 63]. In all the three case studies, granite low emissivity was indicated in TIR bands (8.8 \(\upmu\)m), while the carbonate absorption of the SWIR2 band was prominent in most of the components during the mapping of Shewa Shahbazghari granite. The low emissivity in TIR bands was observed due to granite-bearing quartz, orthoclase, and plagioclase in PC4 of the raw Landsat-8 band and PC3 of the stretched Landsat-8 (TIR1) band.