# A New Driver Model Based on Driver Response
## 6 Conclusions  
A new microscopic traffic flow model based on forward and rearward driver responses is proposed. Driver response is a function of distance and time headways. The proposed model was compared with the Intelligent Driver (ID) model for different time headways over a circular road. The results obtained show that with a large exponent \(\delta\), traffic queues with the ID model do not dissipate which is unrealistic. This is due to an inadequate characterization of traffic behaviour. With the proposed model, queue dissemination is quick with a large time headway, while queues exist longer with a short time headway. Further, velocity and density evolve realistically over time based on the headway. Conversely, the ID model results in unrealistic behaviour due to the use of a constant exponent. Moreover, position changes with the proposed model are faster with a smaller time headway. Hence, following vehicles achieve a smooth flow which is realistic. With the ID model, position changes are based on a constant exponent, which results in an unrealistic flow. With the proposed model, a large distance headway ensures quick movement from stop and go traffic, whereas with a smaller distance headway, vehicles stay longer in stop and go traffic. Hence, traffic stability with the proposed model is more realistic than with the ID model, as expected. This suggests that the proposed model can be employed in adaptive cruise control systems, and with connected and automated vehicles for effective traffic control. Further, it can be used to obtain realistic flows in traffic software packages. The proposed model can characterize traffic flows in different traffic conditions as compared to the ID model. Existing research has primarily considered homogeneous traffic flows. Future research can investigate heterogeneous flows based on real-time data obtained from road measurements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Traffic Parameter(s)** & **ID Model** & **Proposed Model** \\ \hline Flow and Velocity & As \(\delta\) increases, the maximum flow and velocity increase based on this constant. The queue dissipation is based on the constant \(\delta\). The queue appears again with a larger \(\delta\) and the congestion increases over time which is unrealistic. The position changes are based on the constant \(\delta\). They are slower with a larger \(\delta\) and hence vehicles move slower. & The flow and velocity vary based on the forward and rearward driver responses. The queue dissipation is based on the time and distance headways and evolves realistically over time. \\ Position changes & The position changes are based on the constant \(\delta\). They are slower with a larger \(\delta\) and hence vehicles move slower. & The position changes are based on the time and distance headways. Vehicles are faster with a smaller time headway and hence achieve a smooth flow which makes the platoon more realistic than with the ID model. \\ Density & Density is based on the constant \(\delta\) which results in unrealistic traffic behaviour. A larger \(\delta\) produces significant changes in density which increase over time whereas they should decrease. & Changes in density are small and evolve realistically over time. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Summary for the ID and proposed models. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.H.K. and F.A. ; methodology, F.A. ; software, F.A. and Z.H.K. ; validation, F.A., Z.H.K., T.A.G. and F.A.K. ; formal analysis, F.A. ; investigation, F.A., T.A.G. and K.S.K. ; resources, T.A.G., Z.H.K., F.A.K. and K.S.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, F.A. and Z.H.K. ; writing--review and editing, F.A., Z.H.K. and T.A.G. ; visualization, F.A., Z.H.K., K.S.K. ; supervision, Z.H.K., T.A.G. and F.A.K. ; project administration, Z.H.K. ; funding acquisition, T.A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.