## 5 Conclusions  
This study answered two main questions about the total productivity and carbon balance of the Amazon rainforest (and their spatial distribution) and about the relationship between forest productivity (GPP) and various forest attributes, such as aboveground biomass, net ecosystem exchange, canopy structure, and age. Low canopy height complexity was linked to young to middle-aged forest stands with high GPP values and neutral-to-positive carbon balance. It is important to protect these forests from deforestation and degradation in order to continue storing carbon so that climate change can be partially mitigated. In addition, our analysis showed that the total productivity and total carbon balance of the Amazon rainforest were \(11.4\) and \(-0.1\) Pg C a\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Low gross primary productivity was found in the southeast, where the Arc of Deforestation is located, and high gross primary productivity was found in the central Amazon Basin. A negative net ecosystem exchange was mainly found in the Andes, the Negro-Branco moist forests, and the Arc of Deforestation. A positive NEE was mainly found in the central Amazon Basin. Furthermore, Amazon-wide maps were created, showing the forest parameters forest height, aboveground biomass, gross primary productivity, and net ecosystem exchange. They directly showed the regions in the Amazon that have been disturbed due to various environmental and anthropogenic influences such as fires, deforestation, or drought and therefore have provided little aboveground biomass, gross primary productivity, or net ecosystem exchange. Large parts of the central Amazon Basin appear still intact. However, even there, the first signs of degradation are already visible. In our analysis, the Amazon still had a neutral carbon balance. To convert it back into a carbon sink, it is necessary to support climate change mitigation. To ensure that the Amazon remains the largest intact rainforest on Earth, deforestation and degradation must decline. High spatial resolution knowledge of Amazon rainforest behavior as a carbon sink or source can help policymakers make localized decisions for climate change mitigation actions and forest restoration programs. The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13224540/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13224540/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13224540/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13224540/s1)), Figure S1: Map of turnover time, Figure S2: Frequency distribution of turnover time for the Amazon based on \(110\) million lidar waveforms, Figure S3: Comparison of aboveground biomass with gross primary productivity for three different precipitation areas, Figure S4: Representation of the waveform matching, Figure S5: Frequency distribution for the number of GEDI waveforms per 1 km\({}^{2}\) grid cell, Figure S6: Map of the difference between biomass from this study and data from [PERSON] et al. [12] for a resolution of 1 km\({}^{2}\), Figure S7: Map of the difference between GPP from this study and data from [PERSON] et al. [25] and MODIS data for a resolution of 1 km\({}^{2}\). Conceptualization, L.B. and R.F. ; methodology, L.B., R.F. and N.K. ; software, L.B. and N.K. ; validation, L.B. ; formal analysis, L.B. ; investigation, L.B. ; resources, L.B., N.K. and R.F; data curation, N.K. and L.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.B; writing--review and editing, L.B., R.F. and N.K. ; visualization, L.B. ; supervision, R.F. ; project administration, R.F. ; funding acquisition, R.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This study was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under the funding code 50 EE1911. **Data Availability Statement:** Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: [https://e4 ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/GEDI/](https://e4 ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/GEDI/), accessed on 29 March 2021.