# Research on the Evacuation Characteristics of Cruise Ship Passengers in Multi-Scenarios
## 1 Introduction  
The safety of passengers has always been a concern of maritime authorities and scholars, especially regarding the evacuation problem of some large passenger ships such as cruise ships. Cruise ships generally have ten or more decks, and most passengers need to traverse several decks to arrive at the embarkation area in the event of an emergency. The evacuation process is also related to the walking speed and the behavior of the passengers. In order to ensure the safety of passengers, some scholars have carried out research on ship evacuation. The research methods used in studying ship evacuation mainly include data collection, experiments, simulations, and so on. [PERSON] [1] adopted the cutting-edge sensor mesh technology of ScanReach to observe the movement trajectory and evacuation process of pedestrians in real-time. [PERSON] et al. [2, 3] investigated the possible behaviors of passengers during evacuation through a questionnaire survey. [PERSON] et al. [4] analyzed the characteristics of evacuation behavior of pedestrians through another survey. At present, a relatively comprehensive evacuation experiment for passenger ships is project SAFEGUARD [5]. This project carried out evacuation experiments on cruise ships and ROPAX ferries, and collected data related to the response duration and evacuation time of passengers [6, 7]. In addition, some scholars have studied ship evacuation through simulations due to the high cost of experiments. Evacuations can be simulated by means of simplified or advanced approaches. Simplified approaches assume pedestrian flow as a hydraulic or flow model, and the advanced approaches assume each pedestrian to be an individual [8]. Mostsoftware for evacuation is based on advanced approaches. [PERSON] et al. [9; 10] conducted an evacuation simulation for naval vessels and tour boats using the maritimeEXODUS software. [PERSON] [11; 12] used EVI software to analyze the influence of passenger speed on evacuation time. [PERSON] et al. [13; 14; 15] developed the Virtual Environment for Life on Ships system and evaluated the influence of ship motion on the evacuation characteristics of passengers by the system. [PERSON] et al. [16] studied the influence of the trim and pitch angles on pedestrian movement by using AENEAS software to build the passenger evacuation model of a RoPax ship. [PERSON] et al. [17; 18] simulated the evacuation process of passengers in a cruise ship by using cellular automata and the multi-grid model, and they analyzed the evacuation characteristics of pedestrians under different floating conditions of the cruise ship. [PERSON] et al. [19; 20] studied the behavior of passengers' return cabins regarding wearing life jackets and simulated the evacuation process using one deck as a scenario. [PERSON] et al. [21] used Pathfinder software to simulate the evacuation process of pedestrians in a warship and analyzed the effect of stair width on evacuation performance. For cruise ships, it is common for family members to travel together, and so the behavior in a group evacuation should be considered. Some researchers have studied the differences between group and individual evacuations. [PERSON] et al. [22] took individuals and social groups composed of two pedestrians as the experimental subjects and carried out unidirectional movement experiments in a confined space. [PERSON] et al. [23] conducted an evacuation experiment on social groups of 12 pedestrians in a room with six exits; they found that the evacuation time increased when the social groups were in existence. By considering the impact of social group behavior on evacuation, an extended cellular automaton model was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [24], and their research showed that the negative effects of social group behavior during evacuation would intensify when the social group density increased. The walking mode of social groups had a significant impact on the evacuation process. [PERSON] et al.