# Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
## 2 Impact of the Increase in Electromobility on the Energy Industry
### Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle  
The average energy consumption of EVs is affected by a number of factors depending on the type of vehicle, the battery used or the type of recharging, which paradoxically results in the greatest energy losses. For recharging, an efficiency of about 80% is reported, which is based on the various measurements tested. According to [7], determination of the required energy for charging 1 kWh is determined from the equation:  
\[P_{S}=\ P_{D}.\frac{100}{\eta}=1.\frac{100}{80}\cong 1.25\,\mathrm{kWh}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\eta\) is the average charging efficiency (%), \(P_{S}\) is the energy taken from the electricity system (kWh) and \(P_{D}\) is the energy charged during the charging process to the electric vehicle battery (kWh).  
Therefore, it is obvious that in order to charge 1 kWh, it is necessary to produce 0.25 kWh. In the case that the energy losses in the power plants and losses in the transmission and distribution system were considered, this number would increase even more. Next, the calculated coefficient \(k_{\mathrm{s}}=1.25\) is considered. To determine the energy consumption when driving 100 km, the data in Table 1 are used, which shows the average consumption of several models of EVs commonly found in the Slovak Republic. The average consumption of selected vehicles, according to the German Automobile Club (ADAC) based on Table 1, is 20,582 kWh per 100 km. To this value, by adding the  
Figure 2: Registration of battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) + hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in 2014–2019 [6].  
abovementioned coefficient, which indicates the electricity consumption for charging 1 kWh, the total electricity consumption per 100 km is achieved:  
\[P_{RE}=k_{s}\cdot P_{ADAC}=1.25\cdot 20.582=25.73\;\text{kWh}/100\;\text{km}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(P_{RE}\) is the total energy required for 100 km of EV driving (kWh/100 km), \(P_{ADAC}\) is the average energy consumption of an EV per 100 km according to ADAC (kWh) and \(k_{s}\) is a coefficient expressing the energy required to charge 1 kWh.  
The calculation of energy consumption per 100 km makes it possible to calculate the annual consumption of an EV. Many sources state the annual rate for Slovak drivers is in the range 10-20,000 km [9]. Thus, it is an average of 12.500 km per year for a passenger car. With this value, another calculation will be entered, which consists of the equation:  
\[P_{EVpar}=\frac{P_{RE}\cdot 12500}{100}=\frac{25.73\cdot 12500}{100}\cong 3216\; \text{kWh}=3216\;\text{MWh}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(P_{EVpar}\) is the annual energy consumption of the EV (MWh).  
These calculations are used to roughly estimate the energy consumption for EVs. At present, no official data on this issue are available, and therefore the values may be more or less different from reality and deviations should be considered. From the point of view of the analysis of the impact of electromobility on the electrical system, the average consumption according to the ADAC ecosystem is higher than the consumption stated by the manufacturer for all mentioned types of EVs.