esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Thermal Rating and Development of Renewable Energy Zones in Sicily
## 4 Methodology
### Application of Dynamic Thermal Rating to Sicilian Transmission Grid
#### 4.2.1 Climatic Study of Sicilian Municipalities for Dynamic Thermal Rating
While conventional Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) conductors typically operate below 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C, all HTLS conductors can continuously operate at least at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with some capable of operating at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C without significant changes in electrical and mechanical properties. The main advantage of replacing existing conductors with HTLS conductors is that they allow the thermal rating of the line to be increased without structural changes. Therefore, HTLS conductors have significant potential to replace conventional ACSR conductors. 2.2 Implementation of the Dynamic Thermal Rating Calculation Algorithm Proposed by IEEE on Python Software  
Once the climatic analysis of the Sicilian territory had been completed, a thermal analysis of the transmission lines was carried out. The purpose of the analysis is to calculate the current carrying capacity that the conductor can withstand without exceeding the permissible limits, in particular, those related to the phenomenon of annealing. The algorithm used is the one proposed by the IEEE Power and Energy Society in the document \"IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors\" [14]. This article presents a numerical methodology in which the temperature of the conductor is related to both the conductor's ampacity and the ambient weather conditions. In the study, the algorithm was used to calculate the Dynamic Thermal Rating of an overhead conductor. The output of the numerical method is the maximum current that can flow through the conductor without exceeding the maximum temperature limit. The analyses were carried out under steady-state conditions, considering constant external weather conditions within a one-hour interval. It is assumed that the variables proposed in the methodology evolve slowly compared to the electrical phenomena analyzed. Therefore, results obtained by considering short time intervals (one hour) are valid. For this reason, hourly meteorological data corresponding to the hourly averages recorded in the databases during 2024 in each of the Sicilian locations studied were implemented. These data were available through public Python libraries. Following the simulations and considering both the current configuration and the forecasts for the Renewable Energy Zones (REZs) in 2027, some hot spots in the Sicilian transmission lines were identified. The installation of DTR devices in these hot spots could bring significant improvements in the management of the transmission system.
# Optimizing Support Locations in the Roof-Column Structural System
## 5 Extended Designs
### Discussion  
The investigation into efficient column locations under flat roofs showed that the proposed method could effectively remove inefficient candidate columns. Allowable locations depend on the roof's mesh layout, where columns were connected to the grid points; a finer mesh corresponds to a large number of candidate columns. Examples in Sections 5.1 and 5.2 both had over 1000 candidate columns. However, computational costs were low. The OC method allowed for both examples to obtain their results within 1 hour using less than 100 iterations.  
This study considered compliance minimization of a roof-column structural system without considering the roof's deflection. However, stiffer results (with smaller compliance values) may correspond to smaller deflections, which may be achieved using more support columns. If deflection limitations are part of the design requirements, minimizing roof deflection can also be formulated as a different objective function. Simultaneously minimizing the compliance of the structural system and roof deflection may require a multiobjective optimization algorithm. Future study is needed to develop this.
# Laser Transverse Modes with Ray-Wave Duality: A Review
## 5 Conclusions  
We presented a thorough overview of the laser transverse modes with ray-wave duality in spherical cavities with and without astigmatism. We first reviewed the eigenfrequency spectrum in an ideal spherical cavity to manifest the critical role of degeneracy in the ray-wave correspondence. The derivation of Gaussian wave-packet states was given to understand the unification of the HG eigenmodes and the planar geometric modes. We extended the wave representation of the planar geometric modes to the case for the elliptical modes with orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, we reviewed the fine structure of the characteristic frequency in a spherical cavity with astigmatism. Taking the astigmatism into account, the wave packet representation for Lissajous geometric modes has been completely introduced. Finally, we reviewed the damping effect on the formation of transverse modes to reveal the generation of asymmetric geometric modes. It is believed that this review can offer useful insights into the ray-wave duality in mesoscopic optics and laser physics.  
Conceptualization, Y.-F.C., C.-H.W., X.-L.Z. and M.-X.H.; validation, X.-L.Z. and M.-X.H.; formal analysis, Y.-F.C., C.-H.W. and M.-X.H.; resources, X.-L.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.-F.C. and X.-L.Z.; writing--review and editing, Y.-F.C., X.-L.Z. and M.-X.H.; supervision, Y.-F.C. and M.-X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (Contract No. 109-2119-M-009-015-MY3).  
Not applicable.  
All of the data reported in the paper are presented in the main text. Any other data will be provided on request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 18: (**a**) Experimental results for the far-field patterns of Lissajous geometric modes generated by using an output coupler with \(T_{\infty}=25\%\). (**b**) Numerical patterns obtained from Equation (57).
###### Abstract  
To investigate the effect of pre-shredding as a replacement for high-speed shearing in the preparation process of SBS-modified asphalt, the particle size and mixing time of pre-shredded SBS modifier were studied. Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the morphological changes and dispersion state of the SBS modifier during the mixing process, and process parameters were determined through rheological performance tests. FTIR tests were conducted on the original asphalt and PAV-aged modified asphalt to assess the impact of the pre-shredding process on the chemical composition and aging resistance of the modified asphalt. The specific conclusions were as follows. During the preparation process of the SBS modifier using low-speed mixing, the morphological changes of the SBS modifier can be summarized as follows: It cycles through edge networking, mesh fiberization, and filamentous granulation, and eventually presents a granular atomization form after multiple cycles. It is recommended that the mixing time be maintained between 30 and 60 min, which results in the microstructure of the modified asphalt consisting of filamentous and point-like combinations. This asphalt exhibited excellent performance in high-temperature rut resistance, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature crack resistance. When the mixing time was too long, the SBS modifier formed small granules in an atomized state, which weakened the strength of the mesh structure and led to a decrease in overall performance. It is recommended that the SBS be shredded into particles sized between 18 and 30 mesh or 30 and 100 mesh. SBS-modified asphalt with SBS particles sized between 18 and 30 mesh exhibited greater hardness in the mesh structure, resulting in better high-temperature rut resistance. SBS-modified asphalt with SBS particles sized between 30 and 100 mesh had better extensibility in the mesh structure, leading to superior performance in medium-temperature fatigue resistance and low-temperature crack resistance. Compared to the conventional process, the pre-shredding process for preparing SBS-modified asphalt improved aging resistance by 10% to 13%. Additionally, SBS-modified asphalt prepared using the pre-shredding process saved 1 to 3 h of processing time compared to the traditional preparation method, reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, the asphalt produced through the new process exhibited better performance, reducing road wear and saving maintenance costs.  
SBS-modified asphalt preparation process; pre-cutting; microstructure; rheological properties +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Study on the Effect of Anchor Cable Prestress Loss on Foundation Stability
## 3 Numerical Simulation
### Analysis of Numerical Simulation Results
#### 3.4.3 Effect of the Prestress Loss Rate on the Plastic Zone of the Rock and Soil Mass  
When the foundation pit excavation is completed, the distribution of the plastic zone of the rock and soil mass in the middle section of the model is shown in Figure 8. The failure forms of rock and soil bodies include tensile failure and shear failure, mainly shear failure, as tensile failure only occurs in a small range in the rock layer near the top of the foundation pit and the pit wall. With the increase in the prestress loss rate, the range of the plastic zone of the rock and soil mass gradually increases, and it increases obviously when the loss rate reaches 40%, especially in the shear failure zone near the soil-rock interface.  
Figure 6: Cloud map of horizontal displacement of the rock mass after foundation pit excavation with different prestress loss rates (unit m). (**a**) \(\beta\) = 0%; (**b**) \(\beta\) = 10%; (**c**) \(\beta\) = 20%; (**d**) \(\beta\) = 30%; (**e**) \(\beta\) = 40%.  
Figure 7: Maximum horizontal displacement of the rock and soil mass under different prestress loss rates.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis  
Seven taro and eight sweet potato accessions (acc.) were cultivated in six plots (three experimental replicates for control, and three experimental replicates for drought) to determine their physiological response to water scarcity (Table 1). The taro assay (Figure 1) was performed in an open greenhouse at the Preces experimental station (32\({}^{\circ}\)39\({}^{\prime}\) N, 16\({}^{\circ}\)58\({}^{\prime}\) W, 188 m a.s.l., Camara de Lobos, Madeira, Portugal), with the implementation of drought conditions for seven months, for two agronomic trials in 2015 and 2017 [42]. Similarly, the sweet potato assay (Figure 1) was established at the ISOPlexis experimental field (32\({}^{\circ}\)39\({}^{\prime}\) N, 16\({}^{\circ}\)55\({}^{\prime}\) W, 174 m a.s.l., Funchal, Madeira, Portugal), in randomly split-plot field design, with water scarcity conditions applied for three months, for two trials in 2017 and 2018 [43]. The trials were established on soil free of chemical contaminants, without the addition of any fertilizers or phytopharmaceutical products. At the end of each trial, 336 taro corm and shoot (petioles and leaves) and 384 sweet potato storage root and shoot (stem, stalk, and leaves) samples were harvested from the control and drought plots. All samples were cleaned under running water, weighed with a scale (Sartorius Basic BA2100S, Gottingen, Germany), sliced (2-3 mm thick) with a mandolin slicer, dehydrated using an air oven at 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C during 48 h (Memmert UF260, Schwabach, Germany), and finely milled (IKA-Werke M20, Staufen, Germany). The flour was placed into bags (Termofilm PA/PE), vacuum-sealed (Audionvac VMS153, Weesp, The Netherlands), and stored at \(-\)35 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Liebherr ProfiLine GGPV6570, Schwabach, Germany) until analysis. The flows from the 1 st trial were chemically evaluated and used as reference values for the above and underground organs, for the following constituents: nitrogen (N), protein (Pt), starch (St), crude fiber (Fb), total minerals (M), calcium oxalate (CaOx), carbon isotopic composition (8\({}^{13}\)C), carbon isotope discrimination (\(\Delta^{13}\)C), nitrogen isotopic composition (8\({}^{15}\)N), and total carbon (TC) content. Nitrogen and protein content were determined by the Kjeldahl method, using a distillation and titration automatic unit (Velp Scientific UDC 152, Milan, Italy), with the factor Nx6.25 applied to convert the total nitrogen to crude protein content [44]. Starch was determined according to Hodge and Hofreiter [45] using a spectrophotometer UV/Vis (Shimadzu, 2401 PC, Kyoto, Japan) with the UV Probe 2.52 software. Total mineral or ash content was gravimetrically determined using a furnace at
## 4 Price-Based DR
### Cpp  
This pricing scheme uses predefined pricing rates. Usually, this scheme can be implemented along with any other pricing schemes, such as RTP or TOU. If customers use more energy beyond some threshold limit imposed by the utility, they are charged according to new rates. The utility informs the users prior to implementation of the critical pricing plan. One important aspect of this scheme is restricting the users to consume less energy during peak intervals to balance the energy demand and supply. A study conducted in California shows that 41% of energy is reduced by imposing a two-hour threshold limit on hot water with end user control [37]. On the other hand, approximately 13% of energy is saved for a five-hour threshold limit without providing end user control.
# Optic Disc Detection from Fundus Photography via Best-Buddies Similarity
## Materials and Methods  
Given a retinal fundus image, assume that the location and area of the OD have been accurately delineated by human experts. We can then obtain a template image by constructing a minimum bounding rectangle containing the whole OD region according to the manually delineated boundary (ground truth), as shown in Figure 1. The goal of our method for OD detection is to search and find a small part of new fundus photography that matches the given template image.  
Specifically, we break the template and the target image into \(U\) and \(V\) distinct patches, respectively. The size of each patch is \(k\times k\). We then assume each image patch as a point, the point sets to be matched and composed by these patches. Each \(k\times k\) patch is represented by its RGB values, gradient, and the \(x,y\) location of the central pixel. The value of \(k\) should be adjusted according to the size of the template. In this paper, \(k=3\) was chosen and fixed in all our experiments.  
We then detect OD from fundus photography by computing the BBS between the template and every possible window in the target image. Details of the BBS are described in the following subsections.
## 2 Mechanism of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP)
### Influencing Factors of MICP Reaction
#### 2.3.4 Calcium Source and Its Concentration  
The BP cells can be regarded as a formation site to produce CaCO\({}_{3}\) precipitation [67]. The MICP reaction process in Figure 1 indicated that the carbonate ions generated by the urea decomposition of BP will be continuously transported from the intracellular to the extracellular and meet with calcium ions in the environment. Therefore, the PH value of calcium sources and the concentration of calcium ions affect the rate, quality, and output of CaCO\({}_{3}\) crystals produced in the MICP process. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [68] compared the effects of four calcium sources on BP-induced CaCO\({}_{3}\) precipitation, and proposed that calcium chloride is a better calcium source in the MICP process, followed by calcium nitrate. [PERSON] et al. [69] took seawater as the bio-cementing fluid to conduct MICP process, and the results showed that the strength of samples maximized after 200 grouting times, since calcium ion concentration was low in seawater. The Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration is very important for the precipitation and precipitation efficiency of CaCO\({}_{3}\) crystals. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [70] found that high concentrations of urea and CaCl\({}_{2}\) (more than 0.5 mol/L) reduces the deposition efficiency of calcium carbonate, and urea and CaCl\({}_{2}\) can improve the deposition efficiency of calcium carbonate at low concentrations (0.05-0.25 mol/L). From the current test results, a too low or too high calcium ion concentration cannot have the corresponding calcite yield. The calcium ion concentration should be optimized by laboratory tests to effectively bio-cement the test medium together by MICP calcite.  
Based on the above reviews, the MICP technology results from the metabolic processes of bacteria including urease-producing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, denittifying bacteria, and oxidizing bacteria. Although the type of bacteria and the reaction mechanism may be different in the MICP application, both the nutrient solution and the calcium source are necessary to generate CaCO\({}_{3}\) (calcite). Therefore, the MICP is mainly affected by the concentration of calcium ions and urea.
## 2 Proposed Architecture
### Recovery Analysis
#### 2.2.3 SEU at S0  
When an SEU flips the state of node S0 from '0' to '1', transistors P1 and P3 are turned off while N3 is activated. However, because N5 remains off, the Q node stays in a high impedance (high-Z) state. For the S1 node, both P7 and N1 also remain off, resulting in S1 entering a high-Z state as well. As a result, node S0 is restored to its original state of '0' by the combined actions of transistors P8 and N2.
## 3 Related Work
They identify two main issues: communication overhead and computation overhead. These challenges remain open problems in the field of Deep Learning and present significant hurdles in achieving optimal performance and privacy. It is worth noting that in this work, we address these issues, particularly the communication and computation overheads. By tackling these challenges, we contribute to advancing the field of privacy-preserving deep learning and improving the overall performance and privacy guarantees of the framework. The following subsection reviews the related work on privacy-preserving deep learning frameworks.
## 4 Collision Avoidance Decision Support Based on CIPSO Algorithm  
### Basic Principles of PSO  
Assume that the total number of particles in a \(D\)-dimensional search space is \(N\), where the \(i\)-th particle is represented as a \(D\)-dimensional vector \(X_{i}=(x_{i1},x_{i2},\cdots,x_{iN})\), \(i=1,2,\cdots N\). The flight speed of the \(i\)-th particle is also a \(D\)-dimensional vector, denoted as \(V_{i}=(v_{i1},v_{i2},\cdots,v_{iD})\), \(i=1,2,\cdots N\). The individual extreme value found before the \(i\)-th particle is denoted as \(P_{best}=(P_{i1},P_{i2},\cdots,P_{iD})\), \(i=1,2,\cdots N\). The global extremum of particle swarm is denoted as \(g_{best}=(g_{1},g_{2},\cdots,g_{D})\). In the elementary particle swarm, particles update their speed and position according to the following formula:  
\[v_{ij}\big{(}t+1\big{)}=wv_{ij}\big{(}t\big{)}\ +\ c_{1}r_{1}\big{(}t\big{)} \big{[}P_{ij}(t)-x_{ij}(t)\big{]}+c_{2}r_{2}\big{(}t\big{)}\big{[}P_{gj}(t)-x_ {ij}(t)\big{]} \tag{37}\]  
\[x_{ij}\big{(}t+1\big{)}\ =\ x_{ij}\big{(}t\big{)}\ +\ v_{ij}(t+1) \tag{38}\]  
where \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) are acceleration factors; \(r_{1}\) and \(r_{2}\) are a uniform random number of [0,1]. The first part of Equation (37) represents the speed of particles before each update, which is used to ensure the algorithm's global convergence. The second and third parts provide the algorithm with a local convergence ability. The inertia weight value \(w\) represents the degree of inheritance of the original speed.
# Effects of Propanol on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Industrial Diesel Engine
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Emission Characteristics
#### 3.3.1 Nitrogen Oxides  
Among the most toxic components of an internal combustion engine's exhaust gases are nitrogen oxides (NO\({}_{\text{x}}\)). They primarily have a negative impact on human health, but are also responsible for environmental changes, including the formation of the so-called photochemical smog or acid rain. Nitrogen oxides are compounds composed almost entirely of nitrogen oxide (NO), which is formed by the chemical reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion process in the engine cylinder. NO\({}_{\text{x}}\) also include other nitrogen compounds together with oxygen, such as NO\({}_{2}\), N\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and others, formed outside the cylinder, primarily in the exhaust system. The necessary conditions for the formation of nitrogen oxide in the cylinder are a high temperature and the presence of excess oxygen. Compression ignition engines operating mainly on very lean mixtures can generate significant amounts of NO\({}_{\text{x}}\). In a diesel engine, the combustion phase of the pre-prepared mixture (kinetic phase) takes place at a high temperature, associated with a high rate of heat release, which favors the formation of nitrogen oxides. Figure 9 shows the NO emission changes of a dual-fuel diesel and propanol engine with respect to the emissions determined for the reference fuel engine (D100). It is clear that the combustion of diesel fuel with a small proportion of propanol, up to 30%, causes an increase in nitrogen oxide emissions, caused by an increase in the maximum temperature in the cylinder, resulting from a significant increase in the rate of heat release. Moreover, the formation of NO was favored by the additional active oxygen supplied with the alcoholic fuel. For DP30, compared to D100, the NO concentration increased by 292 ppm (38%). As a result of the combustion of diesel with 50% propanol (DP50), compared to the combustion of diesel fuel (D100) alone, a slight decrease in NO emissions by 14 ppm (2%) was recorded. Correspondingly, for DP65, this decrease was more pronounced and reached a value of 135 ppm (17.5%) lower than for diesel. The reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides resulted mainly from the  
Figure 8: Uniqueness of IMEP.  
reduction of the heat release rate and the lowering of the maximum temperature in the engine cylinder.