## 3 Analysis of Original Research Articles
### Time Series Models
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c l l l l l} \hline
**Refs.** & **Year** & **Commodity** & **Model Type** & **Technique** & **Evaluation Metric** & **Performance** \\ \hline
[37] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{l} Corn, Soybean, \\ PVC, Egg, Rebar \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & \
\begin{tabular}{l} GWO– \\ CNN–LSTM \\ \end{tabular} & MAE/RMSE/MAPE &
\begin{tabular}{l} 15.2499/18.8905/ \\ 0.0079 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[38] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Soybean, \\ Corn, Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL & LSTM & MAE/RMSE/MAPE &
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn: 84.82/ \\ 102.32/3.08\% \\ Weat: 222.66/ \\ 269.26/ 7.09\% \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[39] & 2023 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Soybean \\ Meal, Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & Full-PSO–CS & MAPE & 0.7144\% \\ \hline
[40] & 2024 & \begin{tabular}{l} Wheat, \\ Corn, Soybean \\ \end{tabular} & DL & \begin{tabular}{l} Bi- \\ DSConvLSTM– \\ Attention \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{l} RMSE/MAE/ \\ MAPE/R\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} 5.61/3.63/ \\ 0.55/0.9984 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[41] & 2022 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL + TS &
\begin{tabular}{l} AttLSTM– \\ ARIMA–BP \\ \end{tabular} & MAPE/MAE/RMSE & 0.0043/1.51/1.642 \\ \hline
[42] & 2022 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Rice \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid &
\begin{tabular}{l} K-means + \\ MLPNN \\ \end{tabular} & RMSE/MAPE & 14.37/4.09\% \\ \hline
[43] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid &
\begin{tabular}{l} CEEMDAN– \\ CNN– \\ JADE–TFT \\ \end{tabular} & MAPE/MAE/RMSE & 0.67\%/17.89/26.37 \\ \hline
[44] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & SCINet & MAE/MAPE/RMSE &
\begin{tabular}{l} 15.791/0.570/ \\ 21.181 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[45] & 2024 & \begin{tabular}{l} Onion, Potato, \\ Rice, Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & \
\begin{tabular}{l} REN \\ \end{tabular} & RMSE &
\begin{tabular}{l} Onion: 155.56, \\ Potato: 86.08, \\ Rice: 135.62, \\ Wheat: 55.96 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[46] & 2021 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL & ANN (NAR) & RMSE & 0.00047 \\ \hline
[47] & 2022 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Coffee, Corn, \\ Cotton, Oats, \\ Soybean, Soybean \\ Oil, Sugar, Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL & ANN (NAR) & RMSE &
\begin{tabular}{l} Coffee: 2.47\%, \\ Corn: 1.84\%, \\ Cotton: 1.71\%, \\ Oats: 2.08\%, \\ Soybean: 1.70\%, \\ 1.81\%, Sugar: \\ 3.19\%, \\ Wheat: 2.12\% \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[48] & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Hard Red \\ Winter Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & CNN & PNL & 1.01\% \\ \hline
[49] & 2023 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Oat, Corn, \\ Soybean, Wheat \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & LSTM–CNN & MSE &
\begin{tabular}{l} Wheat for \\ 5 weeks: 0.0090, \\ 10 weeks: 0.0086, \\ 15 weeks: 0.0088 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[50] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & AEs, VAEs & BSS/MCC/AUC &
\begin{tabular}{l} Malawi \\ 0.68/0.9/0.93 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[51] & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & Bezier LSTM & RMSE/MAPE & 30.42/0.80\% \\ \hline
[52] & 2021 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn, Palm Oil \\ \end{tabular} & DL & DLSTM & RMSE/MAPE/MAD &
\begin{tabular}{l} For Corn: 0.031/ \\ 7.337\%/0.026 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[53] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Corn \\ \end{tabular} & DL Hybrid & LSTM–RNN & MAE &
\begin{tabular}{l} (Seven-day \\ forecast \\ horizon) 2.75 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[55] & 2023 & \begin{tabular}{l} Wheat, Millet, \\ Sorghum, \\ Corn, Rice \\ \end{tabular} & DL + TS & \
\begin{tabular}{l} SARIMA– \\ LSTM \\ \end{tabular} & MAPE &
\begin{tabular}{l} Wheat 5.37, Corn \\ 7.80, Rice 6.87 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._