## 4 Experimental Results
### Results of Parameter Extraction Based on the DDM
Figure 6: Estimated and measured data of the RTC France silicon solar cell based on the SDM with the ICO: (**a**) I–V, (**b**) P–V, (**c**) IAEI, and (**d**) IAEP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(n\) & **Algorithm** & \(I_{p}\)**(A)** & \(I_{1}\)**(A)** & \(I_{2}\)**(A)** & \(R_{s}\)**(C)** & \(R_{sk}\)**(C)** & \(u_{1}\)** & \(u_{2}\)** & **RMSE** \\ \hline  & ICO & 0.760781 & \(7.46\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.26\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036740 & 55.456 & 2.000 & 1.4511 & 9.82486099138 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & CO & 0.760781 & \(7.50\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.26\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036741 & 55.486 & 2.000 & 1.4510 & 9.82484882272 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & DE & 0.764966 & \(2.55\times 10^{-6}\) & \(2.40\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.022457 & 100.0000 & 1.752 & 1.9806 & 6.28139269321 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & PSO & 0.760733 & \(1.71\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.46\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.036757 & 61.054 & 1.429 & 2.0000 & 1.00247341473 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & GA & 0.763271 & 0.000000 & \(4.23\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.022775 & 97.844 & 1.670 & 1.7963 & 5.99279149424 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\
40 & TLBO & 0.760909 & \(9.73\times 10^{-8}\) & \(2.76\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.036975 & 100.000 & 1.387 & 1.9994 & 1.103000200067 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & SEDE & 0.760769 & \(2.14\times 10^{-7}\) & \(8.07\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036790 & 55.795 & 1.447 & 1.9869 & 9.8275366356 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & JAYA & 0.759873 & \(5.29\times 10^{-7}\) & \(4.00\times 10^{-11}\) & 0.034438 & 70.729 & 1.532 & 1.8894 & 1.93867560984 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & PGJAYA & 0.760782 & \(2.45\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.90\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036477 & 54.289 & 1.999 & 1.4720 & 9.84193519571 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & WSO & 0.759500 & \(4.52\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.000000 & 0.035285 & 100.000 & 1.516 & 2.0000 & 1.48347587937 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & GWO & 1.000000 & 0.000000 & \(1.16\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000000 & 2.179 & 1.000 & 2.0000 & 1.54903265180 \(\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & SSA & 0.834308 & 0.000000 & 0.000000 & 0.000000 & 1.152 & 1.000 & 1.0000 & 2.22868413284 \(\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline  & ICO & 0.760780 & \(6.63\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.36\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036695 & 55.257 & 2.000 & 1.4547 & 9.82538943274 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & CO & 0.760781 & \(2.22\times 10^{-7}\) & \(7.72\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036757 & 55.539 & 1.450 & 1.9969 & 9.82528425982 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & DE & 0.763865 & \(5.19\times 10^{-8}\) & \(9.13\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.023974 & 99.963 & 1.407 & 1.9937 & 6.73013079580 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & PSO & 0.760797 & \(6.03\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.03\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036852 & 54.797 & 1.900 & 1.4430 & 9.84684073734 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & GA & 0.760727 & \(0.000000000\) & \(9.74\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.031507 & 100.0000 & 1.681 & 1.6015 & 2.93573932360 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\
80 & TLBO & 0.760754 & \(3.22\times 10^{-7}\) & \(5.04\times 10^{-17}\) & 0.036453 & 55.423 & 1.481 & 1.0230 & 9.95670791382 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & SEDE & 0.760178 & \(8.63\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.07\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.034961 & 82.980 & 1.806 & 1.4577 & 1.47037750973 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & JAYA & 0.761997 & \(1.39\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.0000000 & 0.028824 & 100.0000 & 1.644 & 2.0000 & 3.5770988277 \(\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & PGJAYA & 0.760851 & \(5.18\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.30\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.036667 & 54.633 & 1.917 & 1.4533 & 9.842004147988 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & WSO & 0.760776 & \(0.000000000\) & \(3.23\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.0363677 & 53.719 & 2.000 & 1.4812 & 9.8602187892 \(\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & GWO & 0.999003 & \(0.00000000\) & \(5.29\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.000514 & 1.373 & 2.000 & 1.8772 & 1.8743734369 \(\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & SSA & 0.836762 & \(1.17\times 10^{-9}\) & 0.0000000 & 0.000071 & 1.149 & 1.121 & 1.4507 & 1.57126305055 \(\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Optimal parameters for DDM obtained by different algorithms with \(n=40\).