## 2 Literature Review  
Urban sprawl is related to the pattern of streets [10]. Studies in high-income countries have shown that the pattern of the street network is different in sprawled areas. In other words, sprawled areas have different street structures, with different levels of connectivity and accessibility. Areas of new development have appeared with large residential blocksand with them large streets and fewer intersections. These new development areas are designed more for driving cars than for walking and cycling. Urban scholars have paid attention to this relationship between street connectivity, urban sprawl, and travel behavior in Western and high-income countries [1; 6; 11; 12]. \"Urban form\" is a multidimensional concept, consisting of the street network, land use patterns, density, and urban design [13]. Urban sprawl is one characteristic of urban form studied by urban planners. A growing number of studies have analyzed the association between urban form characteristics and travel behavior. [14] showed that built environment features correlated with households' vehicle miles of travel. [PERSON] (2010) applied multivariate regression analyses to assess the relationship between urban sprawl and commuting trips in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The results showed that the new sprawled developments there promoted unsustainable transportation modes [15]. Urban sprawl as a specific urban form and its relationship with travel behavior has been investigated in several studies. [PERSON] et al. (2014) discussed how density and diversity influenced travel behavior among elderly people in Denmark. Another study found that the total distance traveled, the distance traveled for non-work purposes, and the distance traveled by car decrease in neighborhoods with high population densities and mixed land use structures in comparison with sprawled neighborhoods [16]. [PERSON] et al. (2019) used an ordinary least square (OLS) regression model for Nanjing, China to examine the relationship between urban forms and average travel distance. According to their research, there is a positive relationship between features of compact neighborhoods, such as mixed land use and the employment/entertainment/residential \"balanced\" areas and with average travel distance in Nanjing [17]. Compact urban characteristics, including higher density and better street network connectivity, increase walking trips across all age groups in Singapore [18]. [PERSON] (2003) used block density, intersection density, street density, connected node ratio, link-node ratio, and grid patterns to measure connectivity and its association with active mobility for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area [19]. Link-node ratios and accessibility have been used to analyze physical activity among adults in Australia [20]. A similar study in 2010 looked at intersection density and link-node ratio and their relationships with physical activity and active mobility [21]. Urban sprawl, with its low level of street connectivity, low-density areas, and disjointed areas of development, has increased in developing countries in recent years. Urban researchers have investigated the different forms and causes of urban sprawl in various developing countries. South African cities, for instance, have been affected by heavy migration, natural population growth, and economic development; hence, sprawl occurred as a pattern for urban expansion in formal as well as informal ways [22]. This urban form was the dominant pattern in Nigerian cities due to uncontrolled urbanization. It is characterized by unplanned housing development in urban suburbs without any coordinated layout; this inefficient housing market along with rapid urban population growth creates sprawl in Nigerian cities [23]. This pattern of development is rapidly consuming rural settlements on the outskirts of metropolitan Kumasi, Ghana, as well; [24] argued that this resulted from individual housing preference, a poor planning management system, and the low price of land on the outskirts.