esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Control Strategies for Gait Tele-Rehabilitation System Based on Parallel Robotics
###### Abstract  
Among end-effector robots for lower limb rehabilitation, systems based on Stewart-Gough platforms enable independent movement of each foot in six degrees of freedom. Nevertheless, control strategies described in recent literature have not been able to fully explore the potential of such a mechatronic system. In this work, we propose two novel approaches for controlling a gait simulator based on Stewart-Gough platforms. The first strategy provides the therapist direct control of each platform using movement data measured by wearable sensors. The following scheme is designed to improve the level of engagement of the patient by enabling a limited degree of control based on trunk inclination. Both strategies are designed to facilitate future studies in tele-rehabilitation settings. Experimental results have illustrated the feasibility of both control interfaces, either in terms of system performance or user subjective evaluation. Technical capacity to deploy in tele-rehabilitation was also verified in this work.  
gait simulator; Stewart-Gough platforms; inertial sensing; tele-rehabilitation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
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Footnote 0: Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licenses MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
# A New Approach to Border Irregularity Assessment with Application in Skin Pathology
## 3 Results  
### Image Dataset  
The presented method has been evaluated on 25 skin whole slide images (WSIs), obtained from Jagiellonian University Medical College. The set included cases of lentigo (9), dysplastic nevus (11), and melanoma (5). Images were captured under 10\(\times\) magnification (0.44 \(\upmu\)m/px) on Axio Scan.Z1 slide scanner and saved into TIFF format.  
For each image the ground truth consisting of the epidermis segmentation (a binary mask) as well as information about each individual rete (the approximated location of its base endpoints and its length) was prepared manually by an experienced dermatopathologist. The manual epidermis segmentations were prepared using GIMP image processing program and the information about individual retes were gathered using the \"ROI Manager\" functionality of ImageJ image processing program.
# Parameterized Modeling and Planning of Distributed Energy Storage in Active Distribution Networks
## 3 Parameterized Modeling of Optimal DES Planning in Active Distribution Networks (ADNs)
### Objective Function  
In order to clearly show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method in different application scenarios, two objective functions are considered and calculated respectively. Moreover, to meet the comprehensive planning requirements in real scenarios, the individual objects can be easily combined and solved by the multi-objective approaches.  
In reality, the DGs and DES may have different ownerships, such as belonging to the distribution company, the third-party, and the consumers. The differences in ownerships may affect their observability, controllability, and dispatch cost. For simplicity, all the DGs and DES in this paper are assumed to be owned by the distribution company or the distribution system operator (DSO), which means that they all can be dispatched without extra costs besides the operational cost. The dispatch cost of DGs that belong to the third-party can be easily considered in the proposed method with an additional cost item.
## 1 Introduction
Specifically, in chaotic optical communication systems, the Informer model is utilized to improve the BER performance quality of chaos shift keying (CSK) modulation communication systems due to a deep understanding of the dynamic behaviors of chaos through data-driven analysis [44]. In this study, we introduce DeepChaos+, a novel framework designed to address the chaos problem to enhance the performance of high-speed DP-16 QAM optical fiber communication systems. This framework tackles the chaos challenge in WDM systems, which previously caused high bit error rates, by using deep learning models to reduce the bit error rate to approximately \(10^{-5}\). Furthermore, with the use of advanced machine learning techniques, namely, data augmentation and knowledge distillation, reduction in both training time and inference time is achieved. This offers a reliable and efficient solution for enhancing the quality of optical fiber communications, which is critical for the advancement of high-speed networks.
## 3 Results
### Use of FFoV Array Synthesis Methods  
We proceed to design procedures that make use of FFoV array synthesis methods and we focus on square arrays. Such a procedure incorporates the following steps:  
1. The scaling factor is derived from the range of view;
2. The FFoV indices \(SLL_{\text{F}}\), \(HPBW_{\text{F}}\), and \(D_{\text{F}}\) are derived from the LFoV ones;
3. A FFoV array synthesis method is used to provide the FFoV solution;
4. The scaling transformation is enforced on the array to produce the final result.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper introduces an advanced control method that aims to efficiently counteract Electromagnetic interference (EMI) without compromising the error values and improving overall system performance. In the proposed design, the arithmetic complexity of PLGA was reduced with the simple logical operations, and also the controlling techniques required the IO resources for processing. Here, the random stream was utilized to change the random values according to the period of PWM, which was estimated based on the duty cycle of the random modulation scheme. Also, an interleaved boost DC-DC converter topology was utilized to generate the control signals for the switching activities, where the switching frequency was maintained with a constant value by dithering the frequency of the PWM signal. The SV-DiSDM scheme was used to reduce the effects of harmonics based on the digitalized control strategy. It is a kind of pulse density modulation scheme and is mainly used for controlling the switching activities that result in the increased harmonic contents. During experimentation, the proposed model was validated and its performance was assessed by using various evaluation indicators such as switching loss, harmonics  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **HSF of Voltage** & **HSF of Current** \\ \hline Random PWM & 30.1 & 23.5 \\ SVPWM & 22.3 & 19.1 \\ SDM & 18.6 & 16.3 \\ DiSDM & 17.5 & 15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Analysis of harmonic spread factor.  
Figure 17: Comparative analysis of harmonic spread factor.  
spread factor, switching frequency, and distortion factor. Also, the obtained results were compared with some state-of-the-art models used for EMI reduction. From the evaluation, it is evident that the DiSDM technique outperforms the other techniques with improved performance results.  
The author [PERSON] contributed to organizing the paper. He also technically contributed to the data analysis. The author [PERSON] was involved in the background study of the paper and helped with the mathematical derivations. The author [PERSON] technically contributed and provided a factual review, and helped to edit the manuscript. The authors [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and M.A. ([PERSON]) technically contributed and made necessary corrections and revisions, and were also involved and helped to derive mathematical equations. The author [PERSON] prepared the figures and helped to reduce plagiarism. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Q-Pandora Unboxed: Characterizing Resilience of Quantum Error Correction Codes Under Biased Noise
## 2 Overview of Quantum Error Correction
### Threshold of Quantum Error Correction Codes  
The physical error rate measures how often errors arise from quantum operations like gates, measurements, and qubit initialization. A high rate implies many faulty operations, compromising quantum computation results. Conversely, the logical error rate evaluates errors in logical qubits, derived from multiple physical qubits through QECCs. Ideally, logical rates should be lower, as QECCs detect and rectify physical errors. However, an excessively high physical error rate or a limited QECC might still allow errors in logical qubits.  
A primary objective of QECCs is minimizing the logical error rate, even amidst high physical error rates. The 'threshold' error rate, a crucial performance metric, denotes the maximum physical error rate a QECC can handle while still diminishing the logical rate. Beyond this threshold, the code's redundancy cannot adequately counteract all errors due to the sheer volume. Hence, surpassing the threshold necessitates an alternative error correction approach or enhanced quantum systems. Performance evaluations typically center on rates beneath this threshold to guide optimal QECC design.
# Design of WPT System Based on Interleaved Boost Converter
## 5 Results and Discussion
The power transfer efficiency (PTE) and output voltage curves according to the offset condition are given as shown in Figure 14.  
In the whole operating area, the output voltage is stable which only fluctuates by 0.2%. The accuracy of the closed-loop control is demonstrated. PTE decreases when X- and Y-direction misalignments are increased. However, the minimum PTE is as high as 86.2% even if the X-direction misalignment is 200 mm. More importantly, such an efficiency is  
Figure 14: Plots of the output voltages and PTEs versus (**a**) X- and (**b**) Y-direction misalignment. Figure 13: Experimental waveforms in different phase-shifted conditions. achieved in the case that the employed ferrite is reduced by 41% and the power transfer distance is as long as 170 mm.
# Dual-Modality Cross-Interaction-Based Hybrid Full-Frame Video Stabilization
## 3 Proposed Method: Cross-Interaction-Based Video Stabilization
### Implementation
#### 3.2.3 Stage 3: Neural Rendering  
Applying a motion inpainting algorithm for full-frame image generation introduces distortion. To address this visually uncomfortable effect, a hybrid neural fusion for full-frame video stabilization [5] was developed by applying neural rendering. Traditional methods for improving distortion encode CNN features and perform fusion in the feature space before transforming the fused features into output frames through a decoder, often producing overly blurred images. This method extracts abstract image features, fuses warped features from multiple frames, and decodes them along with fused feature maps for each source frame into output frames and related maps, employing a weighted averaging of generated images for rendering the final output frame. This enhances the output frame's sharpness while avoiding ghosting and glitch artifacts. Additionally, it does not require retraining and can be applied even when accurate camera poses are difficult to obtain. In other words, it applies PCA-flow-based video stabilization [8] to improve cropping results in the loss of high-frequency components and the occurrence of distortion. To recover this, the residual details of the frame are extracted and added to the fused image. The structure used for the image fusion is an Encoder-Decoder network utilizing ResNet blocks and an average pooling layer. The description of the three stages is visually presented in Figure 4.
# Two Decades of Groundwater Variability in Peru Using Satellite Gravimetry Data
## 3 Results
### Comparative Analysis: Precipitation vs Groundwater Storage (2003-2023)  
To assess the annual precipitation behavior in the northern, central, and southern regions of Peru from 2003 to 2023, a simple linear regression model was used to estimate its temporal evolution (Figure 6). Detailed results for each zone are presented in Appendix B. The following section describes the comparison between precipitation patterns and GWS variations.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Influencing Factors
#### 4.2.2 Effect of Pr  
Under the difference of thermal stratifications, both experimental tests and numerical simulation results had the same trend--that increasing \(Pr\) will increase the RWT dramatically (Figure 8a).  
The flow velocity distributions of the water modelled with different \(Pr\) values were partly shown in Figure 8b. It can be seen that the flow velocity of the water above the TCC was significantly higher than that of the water in the lower layer. The curtain prevented the lower section of the water column from flowing downstream, thus separating it from the warmer upper water stratum. In addition, the water flow over the TCC was drawn by the tractive action of outlet. The increase of \(Pr\) caused the flow area above the TCC to decrease, which increased the flow velocity. As seen from the temperature field (Figure 8b), with the increase of \(Pr\), higher temperature surface water flowed into the plume downstream of the curtain; therefore, the average temperature of this water was higher.  
Meanwhile, there were critical values of \(Pr\); we can see from the line graph in Figure 9a that the trend lines levelled off at both ends. There was a sensitive zone where the changes of \(Pr\) and RWT were positively correlated, and out of the zone the change of \(Pr\) had no effect on RWT; the critical value of \(Pr\) was 90% and 65%. This indicated that only the top of TCC was in the thermocline; its ability to regulate RWT was explicit.  
As a result, the \(Pr\) obviously influenced the surface velocity and had a significant effect on the flow field. Most significantly, the increase of \(Pr\) blocked the flow of lower layers, allowing only high-temperature layers to flow around the curtain, thus increasing the RWT.
## Materials and Methods  
### Tower-Based Measurements  
#### 2.1.1 Site Descriptions  
Two field sites in China were selected: the Xiaotangshan (XTS) and Daman (DM) sites (Table 1). The XTS site was located in an open and flat area, with a homogeneous wheat cropland, at the National Precision Agriculture Demonstration Base in the town of Xiaotangshan, Beijing. The Daman superstation was located in the Daman irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, which is a typical oasis with very flat terrain, approximately 8 km southwest of Zhangye City in northwest China [34]. The dominant plant type grown at the DM site was single-crop maize, which was sown in early May and harvested in mid-September. The main plant type grown at the XTS site was winter wheat, which was sown in late October and harvested in mid-June. Conventional fertilizer and irrigation management were used on these crops, which had a uniform growth status.  
Figure 1: The diurnal cycles of \(\cos(\mathrm{SZA})\) or measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under three conditions: (**a**) Different latitudes on 1 July 2017, (**b**) different seasons, and (**c**) different weather conditions on adjacent days in 2018 at the Xiaotangshan (XTS) site. The dashed line marks the instantaneous time as 9:30 (solar time), which is the overpass time of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) measuring sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF).  
Two tower-based systems combining continuous meteorology, flux, and SIF measurements were deployed at the two sites. Table 1 lists the details of the measured height (denoted as the height above canopy) and time window for the SIF, flux, and meteorological measurements. During the wheat and maize growing seasons in 2017 and 2018, synchronous SIF, flux, and meteorological measurements were completed, except for the absence of correct flux data at XTS due to an operating error in the EC system. Although the flux and SIF may be measured with different footprints on the ground, the EC measurements can be representative of a homogeneous cropland at these sites.
# Quantitative Analysis of Caffe in Roasted Coffee: A Comparison of Brewing Methods
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Brewing Methods
#### 3.3.3 French Press  
The French Press method involves brewing coffee in a cylindrical vessel. The ground coffee is poured over hot water and left to brew for a few minutes. The filter plunger is then pushed down, causing the ground to fall to the bottom of the vessel. This method is considered to have the least environmental impact [73; 74; 75]. The resulting infusion is characterized by a medium color and cloudy appearance, with minimal or no foam due to sediment penetrating the piston mesh [76]. Extraction time can affect the resulting flavor, longer can increase bitterness and intensity, and shorter can emphasize acidity and sweetness [77].  
In the French Press method, caffeine content oscillated between 52.00-148.52 mg/100 mL and 2971.02 mg/100 g (Table 7).  
The similar values of caffeine content in the analyzed studies were due to the similarity of brewing conditions, characterized by an average extraction time of about 5 min and high water temperatures (90-98 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
Water temperature influenced caffeine extraction. Higher caffeine content was observed in studies using the highest water temperatures (98 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively) [31; 39], while other studies using lower water temperatures reported values at similar levels. It should be noted that both of these studies [31; 39] also used a higher coffee/water ratio, which may have further contributed to the increased caffeine extraction compared to the other studies analyzed.  
The method of determination of caffeine content may also be an important factor influencing the results obtained. Studies by [PERSON] et al. [51] and [PERSON] et al. [52] conducted on the same coffee type and brewing parameters showed twice as high values using the high-performance liquid chromatography method compared to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the coffees analyzed differed in origin, which could also have influenced the differences in results. In contrast, studies by [PERSON] et al. [36] and [PERSON] et al. [37], conducted under the same conditions and using the same method of determination, obtained similar results for the caffeine content of the brew.  
Determining the factors contributing to the higher caffeine content reported in the study by [PERSON] et al. [58] is challenging. This outcome may be attributed to using an alternative analytical technique and reporting results in units of mg/100 g, which complicates direct comparisons with other studies.  
In summary, in the studies analyzed, brewing conditions were similar, resulting in caffeine contents at similar levels, and higher caffeine contents were recorded when longer brewing times, higher water temperatures, and higher coffee-to-water ratios were used.
# Incorporating Spatial Autocorrelation into GPP Estimation Using Eigenvector Spatial Filtering
## 3 Methodology
### Accuracy Assessment  
#### 3.4.1 Model Evaluation Indicators  
To evaluate the efficacy of models and the precision of their alignment with actual GPP, the \(R^{2}\) and root mean square error (RMSE) are employed as assessment criteria. \(R^{2}\) indicates the proportion of the dependent variable modeled explained by the model, while RMSE quantifies the difference between the observed values and the actual values of the dependent variable. They are shown in Equations (6) and (7):  
\[R^{2}=1-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i})^{2}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}- \overline{y})^{2}} \tag{6}\]  
where \(y_{i}\) represents the actual GPP, \(\hat{y}_{i}\) is the estimated GPP, and \(\overline{y}\) is the average GPP.  
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i})^{2}} \tag{7}\]  
where \(n\) denotes the total number of samples, \(y_{i}\) denotes the actual GPP, and \(\hat{y}_{i}\) denotes the estimated GPP.  
Figure 4: The construction process of the SA-LGBM model.
## 4 Discussion
Another study assessed whether reperfusion slope-based NIRS would detect the effects of a 12-week rehabilitation program on lower extremity microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) [56]. Using rSO\({}_{2}\), the effect of a prototype multi-frequency whole-body vibration device, used in the supine position, on local tissue oxygenation in healthy volunteers was assessed. It was shown that therapeutic use of a vibration device induced moderate but significant increases in muscle activation, regional muscle oxygenation and metabolic parameters. These increases were similar to those observed during moderate physical activity, suggesting that whole-body vibration may serve as a suitable approach to combat muscle weakness associated with long-term immobilization [45]. Therefore, in view of the assessment of the possibility of using NIRS in the area of physiotherapy, it seems important that the next step of research in this area should be related to assessment, using the NIRS method, of the nature of changes in rSO\({}_{2}\) and the oxygen consumption in both muscles and tendons in response to physiotherapeutic treatments causing reflex vascular reactions and postulated trophic effect for tissues (e.g., thermotherapy, ultrasound therapy, laser therapy). In the study group, gender differences were found in some ROIs (Table 3). The SenSmart X-100 NONIN system used in our study uses four wavelengths of near-infrared light. The addition of the third and fourth wavelengths is intended to improve the accuracy of reporting the actual percentage of oxidized hemoglobin in target tissues. The additional wavelengths compensate for the influence of tissue factors that reduce the accuracy of the measurements and allow for the minimization of the influence of interindividual factors (age, weight or skin color) on the result [57; 58], which is extremely important in creating referential values. Nevertheless, in the results presented, we observed significantly lower rSO\({}_{2}\) values in the older group compared to the younger group (Table 2) and showed a negative correlation with age (Table 5). This indicates a decrease in rSO\({}_{2}\) values with age, which is confirmed by the source data [58]. Obesity and the related thickness of the adipose tissue above the measurement site also seem to be important factors contributing to the reduction of rSO\({}_{2}\) values (Table 5). In our own research, we showed a negative correlation between rSO\({}_{2}\) and PBF. In areas where fat tissue does not accumulate (carpal tunnel and ankle joint), this correlation was positive but very weak and not statistically significant. Only in the Achilles tendon area did the rSO\({}_{2}\) value show a positive correlation (\(p<0.01\)) with PBF.