## 1 Introduction
### Background and Related Works
#### 1.1.4 The MCU Smart Classroom Project  
Ming Chuan University (MCU) [70] is an international university in North Taiwan. All classrooms in MCU were turned into technology-rich classrooms before 2005. Every classroom in MCU has at least one television connected to an internal closed circuit television (CCTV) system, a high-resolution projector connected to a computer with an Internet connection, and a sound system with audio mixer for sounds from microphone and the computer, and a security camera. The devices in classrooms are controlled by software and hardware developed by MCU. In 2017 MCU starts a plan to start upgrading the whole campus to smart campus with emerging technologies. The MCU Smart Classroom project is a subproject of the smart campus plan. As a result, the first smart classroom construction in this project is completed in spring 2018. Ming Chuan University has about 300 classrooms in Taipei and Taoyuan campus; the number of occupants in a classroom is usually between 60 to 80. The MCU Smart Classroom project is still ongoing, and the outcomes of this project are not published. Therefore, we review the smart classroom design of this project in this sub-subsection to cite the outcome of the MCU Smart Classroom project as an important foundation of this study. Essential devices, features and functions of the smart classrooms in MCU are listed as follows:  
* A 1080P laser projector
* Two large touch interactive boards
* Projector and interactive boards have wireless display capability for mobile devices
* Touch screen for the teacher computer
* RFID based Door access control
* A Wall mount digital information board for dynamic classroom schedule and other applications
* An AI service chatbot in the digital information board
* Almost all devices in this classroom can be controlled by a computer program
* Sensors for collecting environment parameters
* Environment parameters are monitored, and devices' operations in this classroom will be triggered by certain environment parameters
* All chairs for students are swivel tablet chairs for different types of lecturing and group discussion.
* All light sets can be controlled individually
* Several predefined classroom modes, which are combinations of control actions to lights, projector, projector screen, and interactive boards, are provided for users to control multiple classroom devices in one click for different classroom scenarios
* All the devices can be controlled in this classroom can be controlled by teachers computer and mobile phone
* Predefined classroom modes can be triggered by voice and classroom schedule  
Smart classrooms provide convenient functions and advanced features to support teaching and learning activities. A smart classroom contains many devices. A simple device control operation may related to control various kinds of technologies. Therefore, when a school-wide smart campus plan is ongoing, and many technology-rich classrooms are about to be upgraded to the smart classroom, an architecture for integrating various kinds of underlying technologies is needed in terms of technology, cost, and resource administration.