## 1 Introduction  
Facing the current global energy and environmental problems, it is urgent to replace fossil energy with renewable and environmental alternatives to produce a series of high-value chemicals and clean fuels. The effect of biomass resources on these two aspects can effectively overcome the dependence on fossil energy [1, 2]. Lignocellose, the main structural component of plants, is by far the most abundant renewable resource. It is capable of being converted in significant quantities into biofuels, such as bioethanol [3], and other commercial chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), sugars, and phenols. HMF is a biological platform molecule that can be produced from lignocellulosic, that is, lignocellulosic is hydrolyzed into six-carbon sugars (glucose and fructose) and further dehydrated [4]. It is an intermediate as well as a raw material for many important chemicals and can be converted into high value-added chemicals by oxidation, hydrogenation, polymerization, and ring-opening reactions by its own furan rings, aldehyde groups, and hydroxyl groups. Some of the products are shown in Figure 1[5, 6, 7], such as cross-linking agents of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for battery manufacturing [8] and \(\gamma\)-valerolactone (GVL), which produces high value-added fuels. In particular, 2, 5-furanodicarboxylic acid (FDCA), for the substitution of petroleum-based aromatic compounds, can be produced by the oxidation path of IMF [9]. It can be polymerized with ethylene glycol to produce polytrhylenefurandicarboxylate (PEF), which can replace polyethylene terephthalate (PET) synthesized from petroleum-based compounds as precursors [10]. Furthermore, other polyester products synthesized by FDCA are also promising, such as bio-based copolyesters, which can be used as 3D printing materials [11]. The existing catalytic preparation of HMF can be roughly divided into two categories. Homogeneous catalysts are represented by inorganic acid [12], ionic liquid [13], metal salt [14], etc. In this kind of catalyst system, although the active center of the catalyst is uniform and the structure is clear, the separation of the catalyst in the reaction mixture is difficult and may be accompanied by side reactions, and the recovery performance of the catalyst is greatly reduced. Consequently, from an industrial perspective of product separation and equipment maintenance, etc., a heterogeneous catalyst is more advantageous. Due to various defects and the local environment of active sites, the coexisting environment of multiple active sites created is beneficial to improve the catalytic efficiency, but attention should also be paid to product selectivity. Some researchers have used metal oxides [15], metal carbide [16], functional carbon materials [17], etc., as catalysts for achieving HMF. The study of the catalytic active site, pore size, solvent environment, and other aspects is also often carried out to improve the catalytic efficiency of the whole reaction. Similarly, the above discussion of catalysts is also applicable to the catalytic conversion of HMF. Supported catalysts, as typical heterogeneous catalysts, have naturally become a hot option for catalyst structures, and can not only be combined with precious metals to further improve their efficiency but can also achieve efficient conversion by combining non-precious metals [18] or even environmentally friendly non-metallic components [19] with suitable carriers. Here, the selection of the catalyst support and active ingredients (sites) are very important. For the support, it is often a class of a solid porous material with a high surface area, suitable pore size and distribution, and adequate pore volume. Of course, some porous supports can also be directly used as the catalyst or occataly themselves [20]. A porous material is a kind of functional material composed of interconnected or closed holes. According to the pore size, they can be divided into micropore materials (<2 nm), mesoporous materials (2-50 nm), and macropore materials (>50 nm).