esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# CONDA-PM--A Systematic Review and Framework for Concept Drift Analysis in Process Mining
## 5 Concept Drift Analysis Approaches in Process Mining
### Approaches Relying on Model-to-Log Alignment  
As it will be illustrated in Section 7, some concept drift analysis approaches rely on the presence of a process model along with an event log as inputs to the analysis process. This reliance raises similarities between concept drift and conformance checking tasks. These similarities were considered not to be in the techniques and mechanism. However, they were enough to blur clear lines between goals of both tasks. Early trials into the direction relying on model-to-log alignments are provided by conformance checking, which aims to detect differences between normative and descriptive behaviour. However, conformance checking is not suitable for detecting concept drift as it requires the presence of a precise normative model. Maintaining this normative model, however, becomes costly when the number of traces increases and the cost function of these traces cannot distinguish between non-fitting and almost fitting traces [5].  
As an alternative, the authors of [34] suggest the use of _event-based alignment_ rather than _trace-based alignment_. In particular, event-based alignment can be achieved through the _vertical_ and _horizontal partitioning_ of traces as well as the alignment of the resulting sub-logs when checking them against relevant sub-process models. _Vertical partitioning_ corresponds to the situation when an event log is divided into sublogs to be processed on several computing machines. In this situation, traces in the original event log are divided based on a selected criterion, for example, case Id or start time of the first event in a trace. Meanwhile, _horizontal partitioning_ corresponds to the situation when traces in a given event log are divided based on activities. The authors of [34] argue that partitioning is useful even if all partitions reside on a single computer. Note that the authors of [34] do not provide a numerical analysis of the effects of vertical and horizontal partitioning on computational overhead, but shows that conformance checking that is based on the vertical and horizontal partitioning of an event log can be accomplished easier for declarative models compared to procedural ones.  
The authors of [33] employ the same concept of model and trace alignment for comparing variants of the same reference process model across multiple organisations. As main contribution,  
Figure 13: Categories of selected studies based on used techniques.  
a visualisation is created of the alignment process over multiple event logs and multiple process models simultaneously. In turn, this is achieved through the construction of an _alignment matrix_, which enables the replay of logs on process variants to decide on the most frequent process variant or the most relevant one.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Blinding and Allocation Concealment  
Due to the nature of the interventions (VT vs. PR), blinding participants was not possible as they could clearly distinguish between the two recovery methods. However, the assessors who measured outcomes were blinded to the group assignments to minimize bias. Allocation concealment was maintained by having an independent researcher generate the random allocation sequence and assign participants to the groups.
## 9 Conclusions  
VLC technology has emerged as an alternative to RF communication because of the many advantages that VLC provides over RF. The above sections demonstrated the potential of the VLC system, which can achieve bandwidths of up to 1 GHz and transmission speeds of up to 2 Gbps. This review paper explains in brief the factors affecting the modulation bandwidth in LEDs, such as QCSE, carrier localization effect, carrier lifetime, etc. The potential use of semipolar \(\upmu\)-LEDs for the purposes of the VLC has been well established and proposed by many researchers. Since the optical power of a single \(\upmu\)-LED is very low due to its limited light-emitting area, it is preferable to make \(\upmu\)-LED arrays to increase optical power; thus, its use for VLC applications is very significant. The latest developments and advancements of device performance for VLC applications using semipolar \(\upmu\)-LEDs and \(\upmu\)-LED arrays have been elaborated in this study. Another important application of VLC, which is communications underwater, was also described in detail. In this paper, we have presented numerous approaches that can greatly improve the modulation bandwidth of the VLC system, but there are still some challenges that need to be addressed in the near future. Despite having these issues, VLC will remain an innovation, and a breakthrough is expected in the coming years.  
Data curation, A.-C.L., F.-J.L., and T.A.; project administration, C.-C.L., C.-W.C., and G.-R.L.; supervision, S.-W.H.C. and H.-C.K.; writing--original draft, K.J.S. and Y.-M.H.; writing--review and editing. T.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (107-2221-E-009-113-MY3, 108-2221-E-009-113-MY3, 1092124-M-009-101); National Natural Science Foundation of China (11904302).  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] of Xiamen University, [PERSON] of HKUST and [PERSON] of Yale University for helpful discussions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Use in Nanomedicine
## 1 Introduction
For this purpose, the doping of ZnO served as a powerful approach to confer on ZnO new functionalities rather than to improve pre-existing ones. The various physical and chemical properties of ZnO NPs have been properly customized for a specific function by inserting _ad-hoc_ chemical elements (dopants) into the ZnO crystalline structure. For example, the optical [96], electrical [97], electromechanical [98] and catalytic [58] properties could be optimized and strengthened after doping ZnO with appropriate elements. In other cases, doped ZnO nanomaterials showed unprecedented properties with respect to the pure material counterpart [99]. Therefore, ZnO doping represents an intriguing solution to overcome some of the abovementioned limitations and, to a further extent, a way to use ZnO NPs in nanomedicine. The interest in using doped ZnO nanomaterials for nanomedicine is quite recent and the literature about this topic is growing rapidly. Even though the potentiality of pure ZnO nanomaterials applied to biomedicine has been already highlighted by other works, to the best of our knowledge no literature reviews have stressed the important progress and manifold biomedical applications that can be achieved by using doped ZnO nanoparticles. Therefore, this review covers the more recent achievements in the use of doped ZnO NPs for applications in nanomedicine. The first section summarizes the most diffuse elements for doping ZnO nanoparticles. Then, a general overview of the main synthetic approaches used to prepare doped ZnO NPs is provided. Finally, the main applications of doped ZnO NPs in nanomedicine are reviewed, with a particular focus on their use as antimicrobial agents, contrast agents for bio imaging applications and as therapeutics against cancer.
# Integrated Robotic and Network Simulation Method
###### Abstract  
The increasing use of mobile cooperative robots in a variety of applications also implies an increasing research effort on cooperative strategies solutions, typically involving communications and control. For such research, simulation is a powerful tool to quickly test algorithms, allowing to do more exhaustive tests before implementation in a real application. However, the transition from an initial simulation environment to a real application may imply substantial rework if early implementation results do not match the ones obtained by simulation, meaning the simulation was not accurate enough. One way to improve accuracy is to incorporate network and control strategies in the same simulation and to use a systematic procedure to assess how different techniques perform. In this paper, we propose a set of procedures called Integrated Robotic and Network Simulation Method (IRoNS Method), which guide developers in building a simulation study for cooperative robots and communication networks applications. We exemplify the use of the improved methodology in a case-study of cooperative control comparison with and without message losses. This case is simulated with the OMNET++/INET framework, using a group of robots in a rendezvous task with topology control. The methodology led to more realistic simulations while improving the results presentation and analysis.  
networked robotic systems; robot cooperation; communication network simulation; simulation framework; simulation method +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Environmental Effects on Normalized Gross Primary Productivity in Beech and Norway Spruce Forests
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing and Analysis
#### 2.4.3 Multi-Linear and Tree-Based Regression Model Analyses  
In order to assess the response of GPP\({}_{\text{norm}}\) to the environmental factors (PAR, CNI, SVWC, VPD, T\({}_{\text{air}}\), and T\({}_{\text{s}}\)) at each site, two methods were tested: (i) a stepwise multi-linear regression (SMLR) and (ii) random forest algorithm (RF). P was excluded from the analyses as it is not a direct measure of soil moisture; thus, SVWC was used for the regression analysis. The SMLR selection with interaction terms was designed using the stepwise regression method (in both forward and backward direction), to determine the significant terms in the model and eliminate the nuisance (i.e., non-significant) variables with 95%probability. In addition, quadratic terms were included to test for nonlinearity of the environmental variables with GPPnorm. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software package'stepAIC' (Version 7.3-54, [51]) for computing stepwise regression in both forward and backward direction [49].  
We trained and applied RF to predict GPPnorm at each of the forest ecosystems and for benchmarking the performance of the SMLR model. We used the R software package 'randomForest' (Version 4.6-14, [52]), with the following parameters established: number of trees of the model (ntrees) = 300, number of variables in each mode (nodesize) = 5, and the number of variables used in each tree (mtry) = one third of the total number of samples, as in [53] for regression RF. As part of the byproduct of the RF, the built-in variable importance measure that ranks the environmental variables (i.e., the features) according to their relevance in predicting GPPnorm at each of the forest ecosystems has been provided [54]. These feature scores are computed from permuting data points that were not included in the RF analyses (Out-Of-Bag samples) based on the mean decrease in accuracy. The higher the value of the mean decrease in accuracy, the higher the importance of the variable in the model.
###### Abstract  
The exploration of the geothermal potential of a geological unit has multiple aspects. The most important elements are the geological structure, the hydrogeological conditions, and heat flow. The analysis of the above-mentioned elements attempts to help maximize the use of a geothermal aquifer's potential. When choosing the most appropriate geophysical method, it is important to consider various factors, such as basic structural parameters as well as the total cost of exploration. This is especially true for low-thermal areas. Comparison of multi-geophysical exploration methods used in the study of the carbonate aquifer of the Humenne Unit identified the advantages and weaknesses of each method. The Humenne Unit is the north basement unit of the Eastern Slovak Basin (with a heat flow value ranging from 100 to 125 mW\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)), which is part of the Pannonian Basin (with a high heat flow ranging from 50 to 130 mW\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)). The calculation of the geothermal potential was based on the results of several methods. Some important geophysical survey methods resulted in: (a) deep seismic cross-sections which clarified the position and overall internal structure of the aquifer (b) gravimetric measurements in the form of a map of the Complete Bouguer Anomalies (calculated for density 2.67 g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\)) which confirmed the presence of structural elevations and depressions. These elevations and depressions intensified the water yield, heat flow and raised the overall temperature (c) the use of geoelectric resistivity profiling, which is a fast and cheap method, but is limited by depth. The similar resistivities \(\rho\): 80-360 \(\Omega\)m of carbonates and andesites was a serious problem. The specific heat-energy potential has a wide range of 0.337-19.533 GJ/m\({}^{2}\). The highest values above 15 GJ/m\({}^{2}\) are reached in areas where the temperature on the surface of the Triassic carbonates exceeds 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Keywords:geotherm; geophysics; gravimetry; geoelectric sounding; exploration; Pannonian basin; Eastern Slovak Basin +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
Although CFJ technology has significant performance enhancement for conventional airfoils, supercritical airfoils and wind turbine airfoils, DCFJ technology can achieve higher performance enhancement by using the discrete injection slots. However, there were few studies about DCFJ technology, and only the performance of the NACA6415 airfoil using DCFJ technology was studied. [PERSON] et al. [19; 20] implemented wind tunnel experiments to study the performance enhancement and mix mechanism of the DCFJ airfoil. Results showed that the DCFJ airfoil could generate both streamwise and spanwise vortex structures to achieve more effective turbulent mixing than an open slot CFJ airfoil. The DCFJ airfoil was shown to dramatically increase lift up to 150% from the baseline airfoil and delay separation up to 10 deg angle of attack. [PERSON] et al. [21] investigated the lift increase and drag reduction for the DCFJ airfoil using the CFD methods. Simulation results showed that DCFJ technology was more effective for increasing lift and reducing drag than CFJ technology. In reference [22], we implemented the wind tunnel experiments to study the effects of CFJ technology on the propeller airfoil. In comparison with reference [19; 20], in which the compressor and vacuum pump outside the airfoil models were used to realize both CFJ and DCFJ technologies, the ducted fans inside the airfoil models were used in reference [22]. Results showed that the maximum lift coefficient of the CFJ airfoil can be increased by more than 50%. Based on reference [22], the influence of basic parameters of CFJ rotor airfoil on lift enhancement and drag reduction were studied in reference [23]. Results showed that the CFJ rotor airfoil can significantly increase the maximum lift coefficient and delay the stall to higher angles of attack. The maximum lift coefficient could be increased by about 67.5%, and the stall angle of attack was significantly delayed by nearly 14.8 deg. However, wind tunnel experimental studies on DCFJ rotor airfoils have not been carried out yet. Based on this, wind tunnel experimental studies on the aerodynamic characteristics of the OA312 rotor airfoil based on DCFJ technology are carried out in this paper. Firstly, DCFJ technology is realized by arranging ducted fans inside the airfoil. Then, the effects of DCFJ and CFJ technologies on the lift enhancement and drag reduction of the OA312 rotor airfoil are compared. Moreover, the influence of fundamental parameters, such as the obstruction factor and relative unit length, are analyzed. In addition, the optimal values of the fundamental parameters of the DCFJ rotor airfoil are given. The research results can provide references for further development of CFD analysis and wind tunnel experimental research of DCFJ technology, and lay a foundation for the engineering applications of DCFJ technology on rotor airfoils and blades.
## 5 Conclusions  
1. Despite statistically significant differences in terms of PI, PD, apical root resorption, gingival recession and periodontal health, which favor the use of CAs, these values are mostly of no clinical significance.
2. Despite the possibility of treating PTM with CAs in the cases of high teeth mobility and inclination, fixed appliances are recommended.
3. Obtaining perfect occlusion is comparably difficult in both FA and CA treatment.
4. When planning orthodontic treatment in individuals with reduced periodontium, the use of both fixed appliances and aligners should be considered. The choice of method will ultimately depend on the dental condition of the patient.
5. Based on existing evidence, it is not possible to conclusively state that patients with periodontitis will benefit more from CA than FA treatment. There is a need for well-constructed RCTs with periodontal patients to clearly answer this question.  
Conceptualization: R.S.; methodology: R.S.; validation: B.G.; formal analysis: R.S., M.S., B.G. and M.M.; resources: B.G. and M.M.; data curation: R.S., M.S., B.G. and M.M.; writing--original draft preparation: R.S.; writing--review and editing: R.S., M.S. and M.M.; supervision: M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
The effects of characteristics of nanoparticles (material, size, shape), base liquid, surfactant, concentration and temperature on nanofluid thermal conductivity were studied in this paper, along with the effects of the addition of carbon nanotubes and combining multiple nanoparticles to form hybrid nanofluids. Additionally, the mechanisms which lead to increased thermal conductivity in nanofluids were briefly discussed, along with the numerical models used to obtain theoretical data. Several conclusions were made, such as that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with both temperature and concentration, and the thermal conductivity of nanofluids may increase, decrease, or experience no change with the decrease of nanoparticle size. However, in most cases, the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased when nanoparticle size was decreased. It was also concluded that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with an increase in base liquid thermal conductivity, and an increase in nanoparticle surface area. The thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids increases with both temperature and concentration, possibly as a result of Brownian motion. However, further experimentation should be completed in order to determine the exact mechanisms which contributed to the increase in thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids. Finally, the thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes increases with both temperature and concentration, but further experimentation should be completed to determine the best way to prevent nanotube aggregation, in order to maintain nanofluid stability. Overall, the majority of experimental data agrees with the conclusions stated above. However, as discussed in the preceding sections, many parameters, such as nanoparticle size, nanoparticle material, and the addition of surfactant should be further studied in order to better understand the controversial experimental data which is currently available. The manuscript was written by [PERSON], A.S., C.G. and advised by [PERSON]. This work is partially supported by Special Emphasis Program at Bradley University and Illinois Space Grant Consortium funding, USA. The authors declare no conflict of interest. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Specifications** & **Remarks** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [12] (2017)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{The thermal conductivity increased with both temperature and particle concentration. Ethylene Glycol nanofluid showed a more significant increase with particle concentration. Water-based nanofluid showed a more significant increase with temperature. \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{It was concluded that the rate of increase in thermal conductivity.} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{It was concluded that the increase in thermal conductivity with temperature was caused by increased Brownian motion.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Gum Arabic surfactant lowered the thermal conductivity
## 2 Literature Review and Cost Estimation Methods
### Cost Estimation Techniques
#### 2.1.2 Statistical Methods in Cost Estimation  
In a broader analysis, statistical methods can also rely on alternative formulas or approaches to establish causal relationships in the correlation between final costs and their characteristics [26]. Parametric cost estimation models are characterized by the cost evolution of parameters, which include volume and mass along with gross cost without adding other details [27]. Mathematically, the cost of the project is an estimate of its causal links with the presented parameters, and the result will be a function of the corresponding variables. Such approaches can streamline the early stages of projects, where information is very limited or unavailable, with subsequent adjustments starting from the minimum necessary cost [28]. We can say that there are three types of parametric cost estimation methods [29].  
The scale method is applicable in the prevailing technologies, where different dimensions characterize the products. These evaluations of the technical parameters are the basis of the precondition of the method. The evaluation is compared with that of other completed projects, making this method a combination of analog and parametric approaches, benefiting from cost assumptions based on parameters considered interactive through a linear function [30]. The statistical method has wide applicability; in this case, the activities are divided into different areas through which the final mathematical formulas are subsequently constructed. The model is composed of data on technical specifications, the relationship between data and final variables, constants, and cost estimation formulas. Thus, mathematical calculation refers to the relationship between the final cost and a limited set of technical parameters. We can say that some of the parameters are physical and dimensional values, and at the level of parametric methods, the most predominant are analysis, regression, and optimization techniques. Even parametric cost estimation methods have technical problems in that they benefit from all parameters in the early stages, leading to uncertainty in the results. To obtain viable results, at least five or six similar regression cases should be considered to arrive at the closest estimated cost. However, the methods are considered extremely useful in cost estimation due to how the required tasks are performed [31].