# A Lifestyle-Based Perspective on the Mobility Choices and Preferences of Urban Travelers
## 5 Discussion and Limitations  
The clusters' attitudinal characteristics were found to align with mode choices: eco-adopters exhibited higher preferences for sustainable transport mode across all trip purposes, while own-thinking conventionalists displayed higher preferences in motorized modes. This is consistent with previous research. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] found a correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral clusters. For instance, \"persistent car users\" (behavioral cluster) and \"addicted car users\" (attitudinal cluster) both rely heavily on cars and are less concerned about the environmental impact of their travel choices. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] observed that people's attitudes affect mode choice. They found relationships between behavior and attitude: for example, individuals with strong \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Characteristic**} & **Cluster 1** & **Cluster 2** & **Cluster 3** & **Cluster 4** & \\  & **(Eco-Conscious** & **(Digitally Engaged** & **(Cautious Green** & **(Socially Driven** & **(Socially Driven** & **p-Values** \\  & **Social Adapters)** & **Conventionalists)** & **Conservatives)** & **Digital Enthusiasts)** & **\(p\)-Values** \\ \hline Mode choice reflecting social status * & 2.64 & 2.71 & 2.50 & 2.84 & 0.000 \\ My\_PuT\_network\_better\_ & 2.29 & 2.28 & 2.19 & 2.29 & 0.000 \\ than\_other\_ areas * & 3.57 & 3.57 & 3.21 & 3.14 & 0.000 \\ Fuel\_safe\_with\_driverless\_metro\_ * & 3.26 & 3.79 & 3.70 & 3.51 & 0.000 \\ Micromobility\_as\_a\_credible\_option * & 3.18 & 2.88 & 2.90 & 2.63 & 0.000 \\ Wilimagnes\_to\_adjust\_desirable\_ & 3.68 & 3.52 & 3.52 & 3.52 & 0.000 \\
\begin{tabular}{c} Wilimagnes\_to\_adjust\_necessary\_ \\ activities\_to\_desirable\_mode\_ * \\ \end{tabular} & 3.45 & 3.29 & 3.26 & 3.31 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{7}{l}{*_p_ \textless{}0.05.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Mobility beliefs/perspectives/feeling of attitudinal clusters. environmental consciousness were willing to pay for the pollution caused by their cars, while 'travel pleasure addicts' displayed high percentages of train use, which allowed them to enjoy the landscape while travelling. They were able, though, to decouple mode choice from trip purpose, finding the \"constraint not being the purpose itself...but their own attitudes towards the travel\" [16] (p. 1303). In our study, this does not appear to be our case, as respondents revealed different mode preferences depending on the trip purpose. For example, trips for personal obligation showed the highest percentages of motorized transport across all clusters, whereas trips for shopping were the most sustainable ones. Still, a certain universal trait cuts across the different lifestyle groups of our study: the preference for motorized modes of transport, particularly private cars. This remains true even when individual segments show differences in environmental beliefs and varying degrees of openness to more sustainable modes under ideal circumstances. For example, although Eco-Conscious Social Adapters (cluster 1) display stronger environmental concerns than Socially Driven Digital Enthusiasts (cluster 4), their preference for cars is similar--and even more pronounced for certain trip purposes, such as personal obligations. Similarly, accessibility and convenience of parking, rather of the proximity to public transport, remain the dominant considerations for most individuals when choosing their work or residence location. However, this pattern shifts when the prospect of a new metro system is introduced. This finding agrees with recent evidence from Copenhagen, which is a city with a good public transport offer (including four metro lines). There, the necessity for flexibility and high mobility to meet 'perceived mobility necessities' is better addressed by private cars than public transport, resulting in a surprisingly high percentage (44%) of car-reliant travelers [27]. The inconsistency between attitudes and behavior is well documented in transport literature.