# Formal Modeling of IoT-Based Distribution Management System for Smart Grids
## 2 Related Work
A fast-distributed fault detection, isolation, and restoration algorithm was designed based on an IEC generic object-oriented substation event messaging system for reducing the service outage time [21]. In [22], a comprehensive survey is presented on different classification frameworks for faults in transmission, distribution, and consumption levels based on the learning algorithms of machine learning. In [23], a novel approach was developed for distribution networks by using feeder terminal unit signals with the combination of grid states to detect and locate faulty areas timely and accurately. The pickup and tripping signals of the feeder terminal unit and loss of voltage were used. An optimization model for the service restoration is presentedwith the objective of reducing the control actions in active distribution systems. The effectiveness of the system was measured on the distribution system by changing the buses from 135 to 540, and a satisfactory result was gained [24]. The author in [25] developed a platform based on IoT for performing the simulations. An Opal real-time simulator was used for modeling the physical elements of the smart distribution system. Transport message queuing protocol was used in the system, and an algorithm for fault detection was developed using Matlab. A comprehensive review of the customer activities based on different scenarios was undertaken, and the duration was measured in the test plant. A novel algorithm was presented for detecting the earth fault that happened in a cross-linked network with the integration of distributed energy resources [26]. An integrated framework with the combination of IoT and phasor measurement units was presented. The communication and monitoring of the system were designed with security measures, and they provided support for managing and forecasting the load [5]. A comprehensive study on smart grid technologies, along with their implications, was presented in this paper. Centering/focusing on consumers' empowerment, the architecture of smart grids analyzed issues including advanced metering infrastructure, demand-response, and demand-side management components. The author also stated that the smart grid is facing several issues, such as consumer awareness and their interest. Several other contributing components of smart grids were reviewed, such as microgrids, pico grids, nano grids, inter grids, virtual power plants, and distributed generation [27]. A generic review of the communication requirements of advanced metering infrastructure, distribution automation, and wide-area measuring systems was given for particular transmission and distribution smart grids. These requirements were analyzed with respect to the quality of service parameters, in particular latency and bandwidth [28]. Internet protocol multicast technology will be the only viable solution for communication, hence the demand for complex power system applications in the future. A heuristic algorithm has been presented that will add a minimum set of links to the network topology, and a threshold value of the delay for multicast configuration has been set. As a result, it has been shown that by adding a few links, delay can be reduced [29]. The petri-net-based method is proposed for fault location by using the fault indicators' information. The statuses of the indicators and circuit breakers and the measurement of pre- and post-current can help to identify the faults. The indicators have the capabilities to communicate with the central system and alert the system to send the team to the faulty area for restoring the services quickly. The proposed system was simulated in the distribution feeder of Taiwan [30]. A comprehensive review of the advanced progress for protecting the alternate current micro gird from faults was performed. Different fault detection methods were classified into digital signal processing methods and artificial intelligence methods alongside their advantages and disadvantages [31].