esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Food waste is considered as \"one of the great paradoxes of our times\", with an increasing interest in the valorization of food products, utilization of its less used parts is urged as a necessity [1]. Food industries are interested in the economic utilization of food waste as valuable resources for other potential uses. Date pits are generally utilized as poultry and animal feed [2], encompassing high levels of dietary fibers which makes them suitable for preparing fiber based foods [3]. Moreover, date pit oil has proved to be an excellent biofuel source [3]; date pits are used as soil fertilizer [2]. An additional novel utilization includes roasting date pits for preparing a caffeine-free beverage to be used as coffee substitute. Famous coffee substitutes worldwide include dandelion, barley and malted barley [4].  
In the Middle-East, particularly in the Arab world where the date palm grows as a major crop, date pit drink is used as a substitute for coffee beverages. Coffee-like preparations made from date pits are available in several Arab countries. Roasting date pits into a caffeine free drink could provide a substitute to satisfy consumer habitual coffee drinking while mitigating against caffeine related side effects (e.g., for hypertensive patients).  
Volatiles analysis of raw date pits revealed different classes of compounds, mainly alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, terpenoids and esters [5]. Other than the date pit's aroma, nothing is known about changes accompanying the roasting process needed to prepare it as coffee substitute. Some of the chemical and physical changes occurring during date pit roasting are likely to involve Maillard type and Strecker reactions, as occurs upon typical coffee seeds when roasting to incur most of the attributed changes in its sensory characteristics; viz., aroma or taste. Maillard reactions occur between reducing sugars and amino acids and/or proteins producing volatile pyrazines, pyrroles and pyridines.  
Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) is a relatively novel technique used for volatile analysis with the advantage of being solvent free and requiring no heat application, when compared to other methods. Moreover, SPME enables the enrichment of volatiles from gas or liquid samples, over a fused-silica fiber, followed by subsequent desorption of these analytes, thus leading to detection of less abundant volatiles as in roasted date pits [6]. We have applied such technology for the analysis of date fruit aroma from several varieties [6] and extend that herein to encompass that of its pit's products.  
No research has been performed on the determination of the quality characteristics of a coffee substitute beverage from roasted date pits (_Phoenix dactylifera_ L.) compared to those of traditional coffee. The main goal of this study was to: (1) assess the metabolite changes that occur during date pit roasting; (2) identify key sensory chemicals of date pits and to distinguish them from those of coffee; and (3) determine any potential CNS effects for roasted date pit extracts in the context of the known effect from roasted coffee seeds.
## 2 Submillimeter-Level Microwave Ranging
### MWR Payload Development
#### 2.3.4 Signal Processing Hardware Platform  
The digital signal processing unit is the most important in the whole MWR system, since it processes both K/Ka dual-frequency signals and BeiDou dual-frequency navigation signals in high quality. New-generation BeiDou III B1C/B2a navigation signals are chosen, and dual-frequency receiver development is adopted, with the aim of providing high-precision time synchronization between satellites to the less than 0.3 ns that is required by MWR DOWR measurement.  
In order to ensure the time synchronization accuracy of 0.3 ns that is required by MWR, the dual-frequency navigation receiver is integrated with a K/Ka signal processing hardware platform that shares a unique USO frequency source. The hardware platform includes the MWR measurement processing module, the BeiDou measurement processing module, and the external interface module, as shown in Figure 4.  
The ADC1 component of the hardware platform, as shown in Figure 2, is composed of two dual-channel analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) chips, which conduct the analog-to-digital conversionof K/Ka-band IF signals. The digitized K/Ka-band signals are sent to an FPGA for digital signal correlation processing to obtain the original measurement. The digital signal processor (DSP) completes the on-board relative ranging calculation, channel control, and data packaging to the GNC computer and TT&C external interface. Similar to the MWR process, ADC2 completes the analog-to-digital conversion of L band BeiDou B1C/B2a signals, sending to the BeiDou FPGA for digital signal correlation and original measurement processing. The BeiDou DSP completes the functions of high-precision time synchronization, channel control, and navigation positioning solution.
## 4 Results
### Discussion  
It can be observed from Figure 4 that the highest PV production occurs in the middle of the day. As the observed network encompasses loads with different profiles, voltage unbalance is inevitable. Such conditions bear relevance to real-world distribution networks. Uneven load distribution can be noticed on voltage profiles in Figure 5. Since voltage violation is addressed as one of the main issues during high PV integration, voltage behavior is analyzed. In the base case, PV integration causes voltage rise in all three phases. The first phase is the most loaded, thus results in the lowest voltage rise. On the other  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case Study** & **Base Case** & **1** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline Energy losses by active power [kWh] & 645.53 & 652.52 & 181.94 & 187.09 \\ Energy losses by active power reduction [\%] & - & \(-\)1.08 & 71.82 & 71.01 \\ Energy losses by reactive power [kVARh] & 332.21 & 335.22 & 189.64 & 194.80 \\ Energy losses by reactive power reduction [\%] & - & \(-\)0.91 & 42.91 & 41.36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Energy losses by active and reactive powers in each case study.  
Figure 11: Objective function over generations. (**a**) Case study 1. (**b**) Case study 2. (**c**) Case study 3.  
hand, the third phase is the least loaded, which results in the highest voltage rise. At some nodes, voltage exceeds the upper permissible value of 10% of nominal voltage. The nodes with the highest difference between PV production and load have the most significant voltage increase, i.e., node 336. To enable easier analysis of the acquired results, comparison of the voltages at node 336 obtained in each case study are given in Figure 12. In case study 1, the implementation of a conventional voltage control device (OLTC) effectively mitigates voltage rise at the observed node, ensuring that the voltage is maintained within permissible limits. In case study 2, PV RPC strives to ensure voltages around the nominal value aiming to establish a stable and effective voltage profile. Multi-stage optimization (case study 3) reduces the voltage rise in the first stage. In the second stage, it is only necessary to keep voltages within permissible limits, which is achieved due to OLTC positions representing input for the second stage. Furthermore, in case study 1, voltages are unnecessarily reduced in the middle of the day due to OLTC's equal performance. One notable advantage of the PV RPC is its capability to operate bi-directionally, allowing for a transition from leading to lagging reactive power conditions.  
As can be noticed, OLTC exhibits a lack of sensitivity to losses, and its application results in an increase in both energy losses by active and reactive powers. A combination of OLTC and reactive power sources such as CB and FACTS devices has the potential in yield to improve losses. Since this paper refrains from additional device implementation, their application would represent a future step for this paper. PV inverter as a reactive power source successfully decreases losses in ADN.
## 4 Results
### Data Comparison with AERONET-OC System--Matchup Analysis  
The 10 matchups between the PANTHYR and AERONET-OC systems, with resampling of PANTHYR data to gaussian spectral response functions on the AERONET-OC central wavelengths, are shown via scatterplots of \(\rho_{w}(\lambda)\), and associated linear regression statistics in Figure 9. There is a strong correlation between these datasets (\(r^{2}=0.996\)) with low systematic differences (slope = 0.95).  
Figure 8: Root-mean-square difference (RMSD) and the mean average relative difference (MARD) between PANTHYR and M3 TRIOS systems over 29 stations for (**a,b**) \(\overline{E}_{d}\), and (**c,d**) \(\overline{\rho_{w}}\). The 5% MARD is shown as a horizontal dashed line.  
The MARD over all wavelengths appeared high (18.3%); however, as seen in the spectral variation of MARD shown in Figure 8d, it was dominated by the data at 870 nm, where RMSD was low but \(\rho_{w}(\lambda)\) itself was very low. For the wavelengths from 413 nm to 555 nm, MARD between PANTHYR and AERONET-OC was between 3.5% and 6.5%, except at 530 nm, where it reached 9.0%. Possible causes of the differences are multiple and may include imperfect correction of skyglint, propagation of \(E_{d}(\lambda)\) differences (not available online for AERONET-OC), radiometer calibration and characterization (straylight and/or spectral response functions, non-linearity, polarization, thermal sensitivity, etc.), etc. A detailed analysis is beyond the scope of this technology-proving paper, which concludes merely that there is no major cause for concern at present.
###### Abstract  
The treatment of maxillofacial defects presents significant challenges due to the complexity of facial anatomy and the diversity of affected tissues. Traditional workflows are labor-intensive, costly, and limited in customization. Recent advancements in fully digital workflows and direct 3D printing technologies offer new possibilities for improving the fit, aesthetics, and efficiency of prosthetic manufacturing. This scoping review aims to evaluate the current state of direct 3D printing for maxillofacial soft prostheses, assess material properties and biocompatibility, and identify challenges and future directions in this field. **Methods:** A comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases, along with a manual search of relevant journals, was conducted to identify studies published up to December 2024. Articles focusing on direct 3D printing of maxillofacial soft prostheses were included, while studies involving traditional or mold-based workflows, ocular prostheses, and literature reviews were excluded. Data on materials, manufacturing techniques, and clinical outcomes were extracted and analyzed. **Results:** Out of 898 articles screened, 11 were included, 5 of which were in vivo studies (case reports). The additive manufacturing methods used in these case reports were Drop-on-Demand (DoD) silicone printing and Polylet technology. **Conclusions:** Fully digital workflows and direct 3D printing technologies show promise for advancing maxillofacial prosthesis manufacturing. However, the absence of dedicated software, biocompatible materials, and medium- to long-term clinical evaluations highlight significant research gaps. Future research should focus on material development, workflow optimization, and clinical validation to enable widespread clinical adoption.  
m _Applied sciences_  
_Review_  
**Advances in Digital Workflows for 3D-Printed Maxillofacial Soft Prostheses: Exploring Design and Materials in Direct Additive Manufacturing: A Scoping Review**  
**[PERSON]**  
**1 Manufacturing Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independenteti, 06004 Bucharest, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]**  
**2 Department of Smart Biomaterials and Applications, Faculty of Medical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Politechnica Bucharest, 1-7 G Ch Polizu Street, 01106 Bucharest, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.C.); [PERSON].M.B.)**  
3 Department of Dental Techniques, \"[PERSON]\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Eroi Sanitari Bivd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania 3  
**4 Doctoral School, \"[PERSON]\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]**  
5 Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, \"[PERSON]\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 Plevni Ave., 010221 Bucharest, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
**5 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]**  
**7 These authors contributed equally to this work.**
# Study on the Thermospheric Density Distribution Pattern during Geomagnetic Activity
## 2 Date and Methodology
### Swarm-C Accelerometer Data Calibration  
In the Swarm-C satellite data obtained from the ESA, two types of problems need to be handled manually: the spike caused by the propulsion system in the accelerometer data and the abnormal data caused by error detection and correction (EDAC) events. During the experiment, we deleted the spike caused by the propulsion system in the accelerator data. Then, we filled the data gap by linear interpolation. For EDAC, we performed manual step correction on the step signal in the data.  
Besides the manual correction, the calibration method used in this paper is based on the GRACE-A satellite accelerometer's calibration method [42; 43]. However, unlike the GRACE-A, the Swarm-C accelerometer corrects the data error caused by the accelerometer carrier's temperature change. Therefore, a linear temperature correction will be introduced in this paper for this difference.  
For the point of the satellite orbit, the calibration equation is defined as shown in Equation (1). In Equation, \(Q\) represents a linear temperature factor. \(T(t+F)\) represents a temperature signal with a time shift of \(F\). Parameter \(\varepsilon\) represents statistical noise and \(a_{ACC}^{UNCAL}\) represents the uncalibrated acceleration data.  
\[a_{NG}^{GPS}=B+S\cdot a_{ACC}^{UNCAL}+Q\cdot T(t+F)+\varepsilon \tag{1}\]  
This paper uses GPS-derived non-conservative force acceleration data as the calibration standard. It is projected in the direction of the calibrated accelerometer data component to obtain \(a_{NG}^{GPS}\), the projected GPS-calibrated acceleration. The calibration parameters \(\hat{B}\), \(\hat{S}\), \(\hat{Q}\) are deduced by the least-squares method combined with Equation (1), where a variable cap with a variable represents the estimate of the linear calibration parameter. After obtaining the variable's estimated value, the calibrated acceleration value \(a_{ACC}^{CAL}\) can be calculated by Equation (2).  
\[a_{ACC}^{CAL}=\hat{B}+\hat{S}\cdot a_{ACC}^{UNCAL}+\hat{Q}\cdot T(t+F) \tag{2}\]  
The non-conservative acceleration signal is the strongest in the satellite's orbit direction for the Swarm-C satellite. The acceleration caused by the atmospheric resistance is dominant. Although the Swarm-C satellite accelerometer measures the acceleration of the three axes of the satellite reference system, this paper only calibrates and discusses the acceleration data along the satellite orbit direction. The acceleration data in other directions can be computed in the same way.
# Near Real-Time Freeze Detection over Agricultural Plots Using Sentinel-1 Data
## 5 Discussion
### Freezing Detection Approach  
Overall, the freezing detection results of our algorithm using either VH or VV were very similar over both sites, and across the three land cover classes. In essence, there were no freezing episodes that were detected using a particular polarization that were not detected in the other. Moreover, when we detected a freezing episode on a particular date, we were able to detect it for the three land cover classes. However, we suspect that prediction results using VH should present better accuracies, as the threshold ranges are higher in VH than VV. While both VH and VV falsely detected freezing episodes, mostly on the same dates, the number of falsely detected frozen plots was less prominent in VH than in VV, for both morning and afternoon acquisitions, and in both study sites. Moreover, the higher threshold values calculated for LC1 in comparison to LC2, and LC3 showed that LC1 is, on occasion, more precise when detecting frozen plots over both study sites. Indeed, for a given freezing episode, the number of detected plots in LC1 was the highest, followed by LC2 and LC3.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the production of a coplanar dipole using a new 3D LDM printing technology was presented. Usually, this technology is used for PCB manufacturing. However, here, it was used as an alternative method to manufacture a 3D-printed antenna in order to study the RF properties of the conductive and dielectric ink of the LDM technology. The selected antenna was also designed and manufactured on two conventional dielectric substrates using standard manufacturing procedures. These two conventional coplanar dipole antennas were compared with the antenna manufactured with the new 3D LDM technology.  
Measurements showed that the 3D LDM-printed patch antenna has a radiation pattern that matches theoretical predictions. The main advantage of the LDM technology is the high quality of the print. LDM technology can print with low roughness--top surface <2 \(\upmu\)m, bottom surface <0.25 \(\upmu\)m, and with a minimum particle size of 80 nanometers (d50). Such parameters allow for the printing of 3D miniature objects with high precision. LDM technology is also suitable for the production of coplanar dipole antennas due to the properties of the dielectric materials used for 3D printing. A 3D-printed antenna has a similar weight compared with antennas on conventional substrates.  
One disadvantage of the 3D LDM printing technology is that the printed objects are very fragile. Shaping or bending of these 3D-printed objects is very limited (however, this depends on the thickness of the PCB). 3D LDM-printed objects must be handled with great care. Based on the performed tests, it can be said that the 3D LDM technology is applicable for printing planar antennas. In the future, it is possible to fully exploit a new specific approach and implement completely new design rules. This approach would move away from the compared conventional technologies (i.e., etching or milling) toward a spatial arrangement of structural elements in thicknesses of up to 3 mm.  
Conceptualization, M.P. and J.O.; methodology, M.P.; validation, M.P., Z.J. and M.K.; formal analysis, J.O. and M.P.; resources, M.P., Z.P., L.P. and P.J.; data curation, M.P.; writing--original draft preparation, M.P.; writing--review and editing, J.O., Z.P., L.P., P.J., Z.J. and M.K. visualization, M.P.; project administration, J.O.; funding acquisition, J.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The presented research was supported by the Czech Ministry of Defence (AIROPS and VAROPS, the University of Defence Development Program), the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TM02000035, NEOCLASSIG), the Internal Grant Agency of Brno University of Technology (project no. FEKT-S-23-8191), and Nanodimension Academia Partnership.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest, and the funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Vehicle Control Strategy Evaluation Based on the Driving Stability Region
## 4 The Evaluation Based on the Driving Stability Region
### The Analysis of the Control Effect Based on the Driving Stability Region  
Figure 18a shows the driving stability regions with different control strategies and the regions without control strategies. Figure 18b shows driving stability regions under two different control strategies. Both control strategies have an effect on expanding the driving stability regions. When the initial longitudinal velocity is below 30 m/s, the driving stability regions under DYC expands significantly compared to the original driving stability region. Compared with 4 WS, the effect of DYC is obvious. Moreover, when the initial longitudinal velocity is above 40 m/s, the expansion of the driving stability region is clearly smaller than that of 30 m/s. This indicates that the control effect of DYC and 4 WS on vehicle instability is far less significant in high-speed conditions than in low-speed conditions.  
Figure 17: The dynamic characteristics of the vehicle with and without DYC control under test point 3 conditions: (**a**) Lateral velocity; (**b**) yaw rate; (**c**) longitudinal velocity; and (**d**) system additional yawing moment.  
Figure 18: The driving stability region of the 5 DOF vehicle system model with different control strategies: (**a**) Driving stability region with and without controller; and (**b**) driving stability region with DYC and 4 WS.
## 2 Paper Contributions  
In order to exploit the full potential of RISs in 6G, in this paper, we introduce a novel power optimisation algorithm. The proposed iterative algorithm operates by continuously updating the configuration of the RIS elements based on real-time user location data. By precisely aligning the RIS elements to reflect and direct the incoming signals toward the exact positions of the users, the algorithm minimises signal attenuation and maximises signal strength at the user end. This targeted approach not only reduces power loss but also significantly enhances the coverage area by ensuring that the signal is optimally directed, even in challenging environments with high user density and obstacles. Performance gains are achieved through a combination of precise beamforming and intelligent reflection, which are continuously refined through iterative updates. The algorithm enables full transmission and reflection capacity in a hybrid form called a hybrid reconfigurable intelligent  
Figure 1: The concept of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting RISs. (**a**) Reflecting only. (**b**) Transmitting only. (**c**) Transmitting and reflecting.  
surface (HRIS). Additionally, this paper explores the design of a hybrid transmission and reflection beamforming approach for multicast communication in three distinct scenarios. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:  
* We introduce an HRIS into a wireless communication system to assist transmission. In this system model, we identify a decision-making algorithm, HRIS-DMA, that optimally transforms signal power into either full transmission mode or full reflection mode without any power loss in the incident signal.
* We incorporated the user's location in the HRIS-DMA to provide a direct line of sight (LoS) for blocked users located in the transmission area without signal power loss. We verify the advantages of HRIS-DMA via MATLAB simulation and further analysed the simulation results.
* Three different downlink transmission scenarios are presented to characterise the terahertz frequency band (300-500 GHz) and different levels of user density with a maximum density of \(16\times 10^{6}\), which are anticipated to be standardised in the 6G era.