## 1 Introduction
### The Literature Review  
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1] utilized a combination of PV/Wind Turbine WT)/Biomass Generator (BMG)/Biogas Generator (BGG)/LA battery technology to electrify hamlets with 123 households located on the border of India's Gujarat and Rajasthan states and analyzed the optimal component selection using multi-variable linear regression technique along with the gradient descent (MVLRT-GD) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine the optimal results;
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] conducted a study that assessed the feasibility of PV/WT/Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHP)/Diesel Generator (DG)/Battery (BAT) configurations with LA and Li-Ion battery technologies for off-grid un-electrified villages in Chikmagalur district in India. They used HOMER Pro(r) software to evaluate three different dispatch strategies and found that the Li-Ion-battery-based system with a combined dispatch strategy provided the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) compared to the cycle charging and load-following strategy-based systems using the LA battery technology;
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] studied the most cost-effective way to electrify an off-grid rural area in Myanmar by using PV/DG/BAT configuration with both LA and Li-Ion battery technologies. They used the HOMER Pro software tool to minimize the NPC of the system and determined that using the LA battery technology provided the most optimal results;
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] evaluated the PV/WT/BAT system with LA, Li-Ion, and nickel-cadmium battery technologies in Adarrin province, Algeria. They applied various optimization algorithms, such as GWO, ALO, Krill Herd, and JAYA, to minimize the electricity cost of the system and concluded that LA battery-based configuration with the JAYA algorithm was the most optimal solution, followed by the Li-Ion and Ni-Cd batteries;  
Figure 1: All types of demand-side management. * [PERSON] et al. [11] examined the PV/WT/DG/BAT system for Dodoma, Tanzania, with both LA and Li-Ion battery technologies to identify the most cost-efficient configuration. These researchers found that Li-Ion battery configuration with a genetic algorithm provided the lowest cost of energy (COE);
* [PERSON] et al. [12] conducted a study of the WT/DG/BAT system for 280 off-grid households in Gansu province, China, with LA, Li-Ion, and Zinc-Bromine (ZB) battery technologies. They used the HOMER Pro(r) software tool to determine the optimal option and found that the ZB battery technology provided the optimal results;
* [PERSON] et al. [7] examined the use of a microgrid for remote area applications, such as oceanic islands, specifically in the context of Ouessant Island in Brittany, France. The microgrid consists of a PV system, tidal turbine, diesel generator, and Li-Ion battery, and the economic operation of the system is achieved by taking into account various factors, such as battery degradation cost, levelized costs of energy, operating and emission costs of the diesel generator, and network constraints;
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] proposed an energy management system for microgrids and building prosumers using a multi-agent system, particle swarm optimization, and thermal and electrical models. It allows for optimal operation scheduling in grid-connected and autonomous operational modes and can result in cost savings of around 11%. Simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness in meeting a large number of operation and technical constraints;
* [PERSON] et al. [14] used a decentralized energy management system based on multi-agent systems, which was developed for the efficient charging of electric vehicles. This approach leads to a significant reduction in investment costs, peak load, and load variances. Furthermore, it increases the total amount of chargeable EVs. This novel charging management system offers an intelligent approach to the islanding of distribution grids with high penetration of electric vehicles by offering operational and financial benefits;
* [PERSON] et al.