## 4 Discussion  
Antibiotic resistance is one of the major threats to global health and bacterial resistance is steadily increasing [27]. Misuse of antibiotics has accelerated the antibiotic resistance process which has become harder to treat [6]. The present study has focused on using plants to combat bacterial infections. Plants are considered the richest bioactive secondary metabolites which have become essential to screen potential as sources of antimicrobial agents against a wide range of MDR bacteria [10; 19; 28]. An increasing interest in studying herbal remedies worldwide was observed because it is safe and effective [23; 26; 29]. In the present investigation, _in vitro_ antibacterial activities of 60 plant extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against MRSA, MSSA. ESBL _E. coli_ and MDR _P. aeruginosa_ isolated from human and animals. Ten of them (_Camelia sinensis_, _Aloysia citrodota_, _Hibiscus sabdariffa_, _Glycyrrhiza glaba_, _Pllomis brachyodon_, _Thymus vulgaris_, _Urtica pillifera_, _Anchusa azurea_, _Plantago_, and _Pallenis spinosa_) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The highest inhibitory zone was for extracts of _Camelia sinensis_, _Aloysia citrodota_, _Hibiscus sabdariffa_, _Thymus vulgaris_, _Glycyrrhiza glaba_, _Anchusa azurea_, and _Pllomis brachy \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Groups**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Mortality \%**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Gross Lesion of 10 Mice**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Lungs Lesion Scores \%**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Liver Lesion Scores \%**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total No. of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total No. of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Normal No. of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total No. of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Moderate**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sever**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Normal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Abnormal**} \\  & & **Abnormal Lungs** & **Abnormal Liver** & & & & & & & \\ \hline G1: Negative Control & 0 & 0 & 00 & 100 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 100 & 0 \\ G2: Positive Control & 15 & 20 & 20 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 100 & 15 & 85 \\ G3: _Camelia sinensis_ & 0 & 2 & 00 & 80 & 10 & 10 & 0 * & 100 & 0 * \\ G4: _Hibiscus sabdariffa_ & 0 & 5 & 1 & 50 & 30 & 20 & 0 * & 90 & 10 * \\ G6: _Hibiscus sabdariffa_ & 0 & 6 & 3 & 40 & 40 & 20 & 0 * & 70 & 30 * \\ G6: _Camelia sinensis_ & 0 & 4 & 0 & 60 & 30 & 10 & 0 * & 100 & 0 * \\ G7: _Camelia sinensis_ & 0 & 6 & 2 & 40 & 40 & 20 & 0 * & 80 & 20 * \\ G8: _Hibiscus sabdariffa_ & 0 & 6 & 2 & 40 & 30 & 30 & 0 * & 80 & 20 * \\ G9: _Vancouveris_ & 0 & 7 & 2 & 30 & 30 & 40 & 0 * & 80 & 20 * \\ control & 0 & 7 & 2 & 30 & 30 & 40 & 0 * & 80 & 20 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Number of mice in each group was 10 mice except the positive control was 20 mice, * Significant: \(p\leq 0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effects of plant extract treatment on clinical outcome of MRSA infected mice at 8 days post-infection following treatment with tested plants and vancomycin; mortality, gross lesions of lung and liver, and percentage of histopathological score for lung and liver. odon_ against MRSA and MSSA; this is similar to [30], Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram negative bacteria. ESBL _E. coli_ were affected by _Phimis brachyodon_, _Pallenis spinosa_, _Urtica pilullifera_, _Anchusa azurea_, _Aloysia citrodora_, and _Hibiscus sabdariffa_. _Camellia sinensis_ showed the greatest antimicrobial effect when compared to the other plants, this is in agreement with the results of [22]. In contrast, _P. aeruginosa_ was not affected by any of the extracts except _Hibiscus sabdariffa_ and not in agreement with the results of [22] results that _Hibiscus sabdariffa_ extract had no antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. All plants display (MIC) values less than 8 mg/mL in MIC test are considered as antimicrobial agents [31]. _Camellia sinensis_ and _Aloysia citrodora_ exhibited wide spectra of antimicrobial activity in comparison to _Hibiscus sabdariffa_, _Glycyrrhiz glabra_, and _Thymus vulgaris_ (Table 3).