# Vehicle Delay Model Applied to Dynamic and Static Traffic Impact Analysis of Large Parking Lots
## 5 Conclusions  
Plenty of large parking lots can solve the problem of insufficient parking spaces, but it intensifies the interaction between dynamic and static traffic. This paper proposed a dynamic and static traffic impact analysis method of the parking lot. Firstly, the average vehicle delay was selected as the evaluation index. The average vehicle delay models of arrival vehicles, departure vehicles and road vehicles were established. Then, for the parameters difficult to determine directly, this paper proposed a method to calibrate the model parameters by using the simulation experimental data on the VISSIM platform. Finally, the delay model is verified by the Jingfeng parking lot. The delay models proposed in this paper reveal a direct relation between traffic volume and vehicle delay. The delay of dynamic and static traffic flow in the parking lot calculated by models can provide a reference for predicting whether there is congestion between the parking lot and the connecting road, which is beneficial for the management department to guide and navigate in advance and improves the operational efficiency of the parking lots and connecting roads. There were still limitations in this paper. For example, this paper selected the typical scene of the entrance and exit of the parking lot to build the vehicle delay models. In the future, the dynamic and static traffic impact under atypical scenarios can be further studied and can be compared with the research in typical scenarios. Conceptualization, L.W. and J.C. ([PERSON]); methodology, L.W. ; software, L.W. And X.C. ; validation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and C.Z. ; formal analysis, L.W. ; investigation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); resources, X.C. ; data curation, C.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.W. ; writing--review and editing, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and C.Z. ; visualization, [PERSON] ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.719701059), and The Key Project of Transportation Science and Technology Achievement & Transformation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.2019Z01), and the Research Planning Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.19 YJAZH011) and SEU Postdoc Grant(Grant No.2242020R20026). Not applicable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Vehicle** & **Total** & **Measured** & **Theoretical** & **Measured** & **Average Delay** & **Relative** \\
**Type** & **Vehicles (veh/h)** & **Average Travel Time (s)** & **Travel Time (s)** & **Average Delay (s)** & **Calculated by Model (s)** & **Error** \\ \hline Arriving vehicles & 238 & 44.37 & 20.4 & 23.97 & 22.72 & 5.49\% \\ Leaving vehicles & 156 & 55.31 & 27.6 & 27.71 & 26.52 & 4.45\% \\ Road vehicles & 945 & 26.87 & 24 & 2.87 & 2.30 & 24.78\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Evaluation of Delay Model. +++ ==WARNING: Truncated because of repetitions==  
++  
* (18) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Cost efficient resource allocation for real-time tasks in embedded systems. _Statain. Cities Soc._**2019**, _48_, 101523. [CrossRef]
* (19) [PERSON]; [PERSON] A goal programming based energy efficient resource allocation in data centers. _J. Supercomput._**2012**, _61_, 502-519. [CrossRef]
* (20) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] An interleaved depth-first search method for the linear optimization problem with disjunctive constraints. _J. Glob. Optim._**2018**, _70_, 737-756. [CrossRef]
* (21) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Optimal task execution times for periodic tasks using nonlinear constrained optimization. _J. Supercomput._**2012**, _59_, 1120-1138. [CrossRef]
* (22) Fuzzy model of vehicle delay to determine the level of service of two-lane roads. _Expert Syst. Appl._**2016**, _54_, 48-60. [CrossRef]
* (23) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Dynamic Traffic Flow Entropy Calculation Based on Vehicle Spacing. _IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci._**2019**, _252_, 052073.