esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Review on the Lifecycle Strategies Enhancing Remanufacturing
## 4 Recent Trends in Remanufacturing
### Upgrading Products  
Remanufacturing, as mentioned earlier, is a recovery process that helps transform a used product into a good-as-new product. Under normal circumstances, the remanufactured product carries out the same functions as the original product and often has the same appearance. There has been a recent trend in remanufacturing whereby the FoL product is upgraded such that the final remanufactured product does not necessarily look like the original product and has higher performances than the original product [55]. This trend has emerged due to the fact that certain EoL returns are still in good shape to be remanufactured but cannot perform the same functions as the original products [64]. Upgrading products at their end-of-life adds more options in remanufacturing, making it more flexible and thereby increasing the chances of EoL returns being be remanufactured [110]. Products can be customized by remanufacturing to meet the demands of customers due to the fact that remanufactured products are often way cheaper than the original product and OEMs often avoid getting involved in remanufacturing because they might lose customers [123]. This is because if the remanufactured product has higher performances and lower prices, then the demand for new products will drop. Upgrading these products enables them to be sold at higher prices than the normal remanufactured products [111]. For example, a 50 cc motorcycle can be upgraded into a 100 cc model through remanufacturing. According to [65], upgrading through remanufacturing can benefit the PSS.
###### Abstract  
Fifth-generation (5G) advancements improve transmitter and receiver functionalities, but the propagation environment remains uncontrolled. By changing the phase of impinging waves, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have the potential to regulate radio propagation environments. RIS-assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) improves spectrum efficiency while enabling massive connectivity. The uplink outage probability expressions for blind-RIS-NOMA are derived in this work using RIS as a smart reflector (SR) and RIS as an access point (AP). Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to validate the derived closed-form expressions. The optimal powers to be allocated to the users are also derived in order to maximize the uplink sum capacity. In comparison to the sub-optimal power allocation, the optimal power allocation enhances the sum capacity. In terms of sum capacity for 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and 32 reflecting elements, it is demonstrated that the blind-RIS-NOMA surpasses the conventional NOMA by \(\approx\)38%. The sum capacity and outage performances are enhanced by the addition of RIS elements.  
s 2022 14 13188. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/s142013188](https://doi.org/10.3390/s142013188)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/s142013188](https://doi.org/10.3390/s142013188)) [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability))
## 4 Discussion
### Cell Compatibility Study of the NPs  
The testing of various surfactants for potential cytotoxicity, using four established cell lines--HeLa, A549, Hepa 1-6, and RAW294.7--Has demonstrated that all three surfactants--Tween 20, Kolliphor P188, and Brij 010--That gave the best results in terms of the NPs' size, in general, have shown almost the same level of cell compatibility as Mowiol 4-88 (poly(vinyl alcohol)), known for its low toxicity [44; 45]. Among these three surfactants, based on the obtained results (Figure 9), we considered Tween 20 the optimal one. Since this surfactant was also found to be one of the best in terms of particle size (see above), the NPs obtained from the AABB polymers--**1F6**, **1L6**, **4F4**, and **8L6**--Fromthe DMSO solutions in the presence of Tween 20, were tested for cytotoxicity using the mentioned cell lines. The obtained results are given in Figure 10.  
During our pilot experiments, the NPs' cytotoxicity has been tested on the A549 cell line, using three different concentrations of all four types of NPs--1.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 2.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL, or 5.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL. No cytotoxicity has been detected for any of the NPs at low concentrations--1.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL, or 2.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL after 24 h incubation (_data not shown_). Aiming to identify the NPs with the highest biocompatibility, we have decided to perform further cytotoxicity testing using the highest concentration of the NPs--5.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL. According to the results presented in Figure 10, the **8L6** NPs have revealed the highest level of biocompatibility: the decrease of cell viability for these NPs in the case of three cell lines--A549, Heng 1-6, and RAW294.7--Was minor and has not exceeded 15%. The **8L6** NPs at the concentration 5.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL appeared to be cytotoxic for only one cell line--HeLa (cell viability (%): 47.32% \(\pm\) 0.002%). With this cell line the NPs made of other AABB polymers--**1F6**, **1L6**, and **4F4--**Were less cytotoxic.  
We can speculate that a possible explanation of the NPs' cytotoxicity towards this particular cell line might be a decreased activity of hydrolases in HeLa cells, compared to other cell lines used. Generally, it has been shown recently that HeLa cells have some peculiarities in their metabolism [49; 50]. A lower proteolytic activity can lead to a slower degradation of the **8L6** NPs inside the cells and, consequently, might cause increased cytotoxicity. Presumably, the intracellular degradation of the NPs made of **1F6**, **1L6**, and **4F4** proceeded at a higher rate, which diminishes the toxicity of these particulates. At this stage of the research, it was important for us to identify the optimal NPs, including their cell compatibility characteristics. Further experiments focused on these particular NPs will be performed to choose the optimal concentration for potential in vivo applications.
# Research Status of Pathogenesis of Pneumoconiosis and Dust Control Technology in Mine--A Review
## 3 Preventive Measures for Dust in Mines
### Chemical Dust Suppression  
Chemical dust suppression is one of the effective ways to suppress dust transmission. At present, China's expert team in dust prevention and control has made many scientific research achievements in chemical dust suppression technology. For example, through experiments such as modifying natural polymers and optimizing performance compounding, a new high-efficiency and environmental protection series of dust inhibitors have been developed. This kind of dust suppressor takes natural polymers as the main raw material, uses graft copolymerization technology for molecular modification, and forms branched chains on the molecular main chain, then mixed a small amount of surfactant. Finally, a non-toxic, biodegradable environment-friendly polymer spray dust suppressant was prepared, as shown in Figure 10. At the same time, a variety of different dust inhibitors have been developed for different dust environments, which overcomes the technical problems such as short dust suppression time, poor wettability and difficult natural degradation of a single dust inhibitor.  
The combination of wet dust removal and chemical dust suppression, especially anionic surfactant, has the most significant effect on the wettability of coal. [PERSON] et al. [68] systematically analyzed the physical properties and wetting behavior of coal dust. The research shows that the finer the particle size of coal, the more complex the microstructure of coal and the worse the wettability of coal. Coal with high volatile content has poor wettability because volatile is easier to release and a gas film is easier to form around particles. [PERSON] et al. [69] respectively studied the wettability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) on coal dust, and tested the parameters such as coal dust contact angle, surface tension  
Figure 9: Principle sketch of partially closed atomization dust removal in shearer–hydraulic support area [63; 64].  
and wetting time, as shown in Figure 11. The experimental results show that for the same anionic surfactant, with the increase of concentration, the adsorption density and hydrophilic water point of coal dust surface increase accordingly, and the wetting efficiency is improved.
# Trade-Off Analysis of Hardware Architectures for Channel-Quality Classification Models
## 5 Results
### Comparison with Other Works
We reported the used memory in terms of FFs (79,465), [PERSON] et al. [27] in registers (22,123, best result). We did not use BRAMs, whereas [PERSON] et al. [27] used eight. We achieved a higher result with 164.44 MHz for frequency since [PERSON] et al. [27] achieved 100 MHz. We described the throughput in Megabits per second (Mbps) with 249, and [PERSON] et al. [27] in Mega samples per second (MSam/s) with 2.02 (best result). The achieved latency for this work is described in clock cycles, reaching 317, while [PERSON] et al. [27] used microseconds (8.05, best result). For Logistic Regression, the achieved latency in our work is 21 clock cycles, whereas [PERSON] et al. [28] mentioned that it depends on the number of iterations that are performed by their system. In addition, their number of resources in terms of LUTs, FFs, BRAMs, and DPSs is higher than our proposal. The frequency of operation is 31.81 MHz for our work, and it is 667 MHz for the implementation of [PERSON] et al. [28], where the throughput and efficiency were not reported. In the case of our SVM architecture, we implement a linear kernel, as well as the work developed by [PERSON] et al. [30]. Our work achieved a latency of 25 clock cycles; [PERSON] et al. [29] and [PERSON] et al. [30] reported the latency in seconds, obtaining 1.648 us in the first and a range of 274.50-40632 ns (depending on the number of dimensions) in the second. The minimum number of LUTs was obtained by [PERSON] et al. [29] (1314), followed by our proposal (4865) and [PERSON] et al. [30] (12,090). The FFs and DSPs were not reported by [PERSON] et al. [29] and [PERSON] et al. [30], whereas the present work obtained 1922 FFs and 75 DSPs. For BRAMs, [PERSON] et al. [29] did not report the results; in contrast, our architecture achieved zero BRAMs, followed by [PERSON] et al. [30] (8). The maximum frequency was achieved by [PERSON] et al. [30] (100 Mhz), followed by our proposal with 58.84 MHz and [PERSON] et al. [29] with 50 MHz. We reported the throughput in Mb/s,obtaining 1129.8, whereas [PERSON] et al. [29] reported it in MOPS, obtaining 1.64. [PERSON] et al. [30] did not report it.
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Dependence of the Polarization in CBCO on the Dopant Concentration at the Co Site  
In our final analysis, we delve into the effects of doping, exemplified by Ni or Zn, on the polarization, \(P\), within CBCO. Substitution of magnetic Ni ions at kagome layer Co sites within CBCO results in an augmentation of polarization, \(P\), as illustrated in Figure 8, curve 1, a trend corroborated by findings from [PERSON] et al. [16] and [PERSON] et al. [24]. [PERSON] et al. [12] have elucidated that the ordering of Co charges and the configuration of exchange bonds within the kagome layer play pivotal roles in inducing significant spin-induced electric polarization, \(P\). Moreover, the spin structure within the kagome layer undergoes a transition from non-collinear to collinear (up-up-down-down) upon Ni ion doping, accompanied by a reduction in magnetization, \(M\), and a shift from a ferrimagnetic to an antiferromagnetic ground state, as depicted in Figure 5, curve 4. Similarly, an increase in the polarization, \(P\), is observed with Mn ion doping in CBCO, as shown in Figure 8, curve 2, an observation recently reported by [PERSON] et al. [31]. The enhancement of \(P\) is smaller compared to that of the Ni-doped CBCO.  
Let us explore the scenario wherein nonmagnetic Zn ions are substituted for Co ions within CBCO. This substitution not only fills the Co positions within the kagome layers but also diminishes the orthorhombic distortion. Furthermore, Zn doping serves to stabilize antiferromagnetic ordering, exerting a significant influence on both the magnetic properties and the spin-induced polarization. As depicted in Figure 8, curve 3, an increase in the polarization, \(P\), is observed with rising concentrations of nonmagnetic Zn dopant, consistent with findings reported by [PERSON] et al. [14]. It is worth highlighting that the potential impacts of doping on the dielectric properties of CBCO will be explored in future research endeavors.
## 4 Analysis of the Modulational Instability
### The Anomalous-Dispersion Regime
#### 4.1.1 The Effect of the Input Power on the Instability Spectrum  
To elucidate the role of individual effects in the dramatic expansion of the MI region in the asymmetric coupler, we first examine the variation of the MI gain spectrum as a function of the CW power, in both the symmetric and asymmetric systems. Figure 2a clearly demonstrates that the MI gain in the former case increases as in the case of the usual MI [16], i.e., linearly with the power. For the asymmetric system, Figure 2b shows not only the growth of the MI gain with the increase of the power, but also strong expansion of the MI bandwidth.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Quantification of Volatile Compounds  
The volatiles were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and separated by GC-MS. The method was modified from [PERSON], et al. (2016). The standards were grouped into three mixtures according to chemical classes and retention time, in order to optimize the separation. The stock solution was prepared for each mixture and then diluted with a base solution to five calibration levels. Wine and juice base solutions were prepared by adding citric acid and ethanol to water, mimicking the wine (pH 3.0, and alcohol content of 4%) conditions.  
Each wine sample/standard solution (10 mL) was placed in a 20 mLamber glass screw-capped SPME vial (\(75.5\times 22.5\) mm, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). After adding 20 mL of internal standard mix and 3 g of NaCl, the vials were purged with nitrogen and tightly capped. The samples were placed on a gerstel multipurpose sampler (MPS) tray. Prior to extraction, the samples were incubated at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min in a shaker bath. The volatiles were then extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for 60 min at 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a 2 cm, 23-Gauge, 50/30 \(\upmu\)m, DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre (Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA). The SPME fibre was baked out at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min before and after each analysis to avoid possible contamination.  
After extraction, the detection was conducted on an Agilent Technologies 7890 gas chromatograph system coupled with a 5975C inert XL MSD (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The volatiles in the extract were separated using a tandem column composed of an HP-1 MS column (30 m, 0.320 mm ID, 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film), and an HP-INNOWax-fused silica capillary column (30 m, 0.320 mm ID, 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The carrier gas was helium at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The interface line temperature was 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The oven conditions were set up as follow: started at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (5 min), then ramped to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the rate of 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min (80 min), and held for 5 min. The ion source temperature was held at 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, operating in electron impact mode at 70 eV. All samples and standards were run in duplicates. The volatile compounds were identified by authentic standards, and quantified using standard curves of the reference compounds.
## 5 Evaluation Measures
### Integrity Measures
#### 5.3.1 Trust
In various cases, the studies in our sample did not explicitly refer to a specific trust theory but rather relied on a common sense understanding of the concept. Most often, the self-reporting approach was used, where participants were asked general questions about their perceived trust in the system and its outcomes. For example, [PERSON] et al. [38] simply assessed trust by asking participants to express their level of trust in the studied explanation systems. [PERSON] et al. [39] measured trust in the system's outcome using a single item: \"I trusted the recommendations made\". Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [41] evaluated perceived trust with the statement \"I trust the system to suggest good songs\". Overall, our survey shows that trust is an essential construct in the empirical evaluation of explanations. Our survey also shows varying interpretations and operationalizations across different studies, utilizing objective measures that observe user behavior and subjective measures that rely on self-reports. The advantage of objective measures is that they allow researchers to uncover when explanations lead to over-trust and under-trust. In contrast, the advantage of subjective measures lies in capturing the nuanced perceptions of trust. Our survey further shows that psychological, institution-based, and technology-oriented trust theories shape the various operationalizations in our sample. These various perspectives are not mutually exclusive but rather complement each other. In conclusion, researchers should combine different perspectives and measures in their evaluation studies to comprehensively understand how explanations affect trust in a particular context.
# Considerations of Curvature for a Near-Eye Holo-Video Display
## 4 Radius of Curvature vs. Field of View  
We now briefly consider the case between the flat-screen and the circular design with the end of the ROC placed at the location of the eye (at distance \(r\)). Everything between these two edge cases can likewise be described in terms of a circle with an ROC somewhere behind the eye (keeping the distance between the display and the eye fixed). Indeed, even the flat-screen case is only an iteration of the curved case, where the ROC is infinite.  
Figure 10 shows how the FOV is determined for a display with a given ROC. By constraining the aperture size and draw distance to some predetermined values, we can find the relationship of ROC and FOV. This relationship will run from a FOV of 4\({}^{\circ}\) (in the case of the flat screen) to 180\({}^{\circ}\) (when the radius of curvature = the distance from the display to the eye). The results for this scenario are shown in Figure 8a. Note that the FOV in Figure 8a is shown to extend slightly beyond 180\({}^{\circ}\); this is because the simulation extends an extra \(\theta_{MAX}=2^{\circ}\) beyond the 180\({}^{\circ}\) arbitrary limit (on each side) imposed by the theoretical LiNbO\({}_{3}\) curved display. In reality, the FOV will be limited by the amount of useable hardware in the final instantiation of the product.  
As we can see from Figure 8a, choosing any radius other than one that falls on the eye gives a much smaller field of view. The slope of this falloff can be changed by choosing a larger aperture size, but that will necessitate placing the device much further from the eye in order to achieve a similar ability to converge, but because of the distance from the viewer, the virtual objects will have a proximity penalty. In addition, the improvement to the slope by increasing the aperture size is negligible when compared to the other compromises required to achieve it.  
We also ask the question of whether we could move the ROC center past the eye by, one day, achieving a deflection angle greater than \(\theta_{MAX}=2^{\circ}\). Figure 8b considers this possibility. As we can see, even if this were the case, the device still fails to produce results much different from the \(\theta_{MAX}=2^{\circ}\) case until we reach the 90\({}^{\circ}\) case, which obviously would produce the full FOV regardless of curvature. In this way, we see that the device performance depends almost exclusively on the correct curvature and eye placement and has very little to do with angular deflection capability.
# Pose Estimation of Primitive-Shaped Objects from a Depth Image Using Superquadric Representation
## 2 Related Work
### Superquadrics  
Superquadric functions are an extension of quadric surfaces and include supertoroids, superhyperboloids, and superellipsoids. Superellipsoids are most commonly used in object modeling because they define closed surfaces. Examples of elementary objects that can be represented with superellipsoids are depicted in Figure 2. Recently, superquadrics have been widely used for shape abstraction [24], object grasping [25; 26], object localization [27], and object recognition [28].  
Figure 2: Various superquadric shapes according to \(\varepsilon_{1}\) and \(\varepsilon_{2}\) The caption below the figure shows the \((\varepsilon_{1},\varepsilon_{2})\).  
A superquadric in an object-centered coordinate system can be defined by the inside-outside function with a scale parameter \((s_{x},s_{y},s_{z})\) and a shape parameter \((\varepsilon_{1},\varepsilon_{2})\):  
\[F(x,y,z,\Lambda)=\left\{\left(\frac{x}{s_{x}}\right)^{\frac{2}{2}}+\left(\frac {y}{s_{y}}\right)^{\frac{2}{2}}\right\}^{\frac{\varepsilon_{2}}{\varepsilon_ {1}}}+\left(\frac{z}{s_{z}}\right)^{\frac{2}{\varepsilon_{1}}}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Lambda\) is a tuple as \((s_{x},s_{y},s_{z},\varepsilon_{1},\varepsilon_{2})\). Parameters \(s_{x}\), \(s_{y}\), and \(s_{z}\) are scale parameters that define the superquadric size at the \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) coordinates, respectively. The superquadric function \(F\) in Equation (1) with a unit scale can be re-written with the following parametric equation:  
\[\mathbf{x}(\eta,\omega)=\left[\begin{array}{c}cos^{\varepsilon_{1}}(\eta) cos^{\varepsilon_{2}}(\omega)\\ cos^{\varepsilon_{1}}(\eta)sin^{\varepsilon_{2}}(\omega)\\ sin^{\varepsilon_{1}}(\eta)\end{array}\right], \tag{2}\]  
\[-\pi/2\leq\eta\leq\pi/2,\;-\pi\leq\omega\leq\pi.\]  
Parameters \(\varepsilon_{1}\) and \(\varepsilon_{2}\) are shape representation parameters that express squares along the \(z\) axis and the \(x\)-\(y\) plane. Given a point \((x,y,z)\), if \(F<1\), the point is inside the superquadric, if \(F>1\), the point is outside the superquadric, and if \(F=1\) the point lies on the surface of the superquadric. Further, the inside-outside description can be expressed in a generic coordinate system by adding six additional variables, representing the superquadric pose \(\Phi\) (three for translation \((t_{x},t_{y},t_{z})\) and three Euler angles for rotation \((\theta_{x},\theta_{y},\theta_{z})\)), with a total of eleven independent variables, i.e., \(q\in\mathbb{R}^{11}\).