## 4 Discussion  
In this chapter, the results of the analyses carried out are presented, divided into three types: the first-order and second-order statistical characteristics and the energy dissipation rate of vertical jet energy dissipators under different structural parameters. These results were obtained through numerical simulations and physical model tests. The findings indicate that the energy dissipation rate of the vertical jet increases with the increase in the Reynolds number, the number of crushing needles, and the size of crushing needles.  
The observed increase in energy dissipation rate with higher Reynolds numbers aligns with previous studies, which have demonstrated that turbulent flow conditions, typically associated with higher Reynolds numbers, enhance energy dissipation due to increased  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Traditional** \\ **Dissipators** \\ \end{tabular} & **This Study** & **Improvement** \\ \hline Energy Dissipation Efficiency & 60–80\% & Up to 89.55\% & Significant increase in efficiency \\ \hline Adaptability to Terrain & Limited & High & Flexible design, independent of terrain \\ \hline Turbulence Modeling & Standard k-\(\epsilon\) or k-\(\omega\) & WMLES + VOF & Improved accuracy for complex flows \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: compare results with the literature.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of traditional dissipators and this study.  
mixing and momentum transfer [15]. This is consistent with the classical turbulence theory, where energy dissipation is directly related to the intensity of turbulent fluctuations.  
The positive correlation between the number of crushing needles and the energy dissipation rate can be explained by the increased surface area for interaction between the jet and the needles. This finding is supported by the work of [PERSON] et al. [13], who reported that additional obstacles in the flow path significantly enhance energy dissipation by creating more turbulence and flow resistance. Similarly, the increase in energy dissipation with larger crushing needle sizes can be attributed to the greater disruption of the jet flow, leading to more effective energy dissipation. This observation is in agreement with the results of the study of [PERSON] [10], who found that larger structures in the flow path result in higher energy losses due to increased flow separation and vortex formation.  
However, it is important to note that while increasing the number and size of crushing needles improves energy dissipation, there may be practical limitations. For instance, excessive numbers or sizes of needles could lead to increased construction costs and potential flow blockage issues, as highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [12]. Therefore, an optimal balance must be sought to maximize energy dissipation without compromising the efficiency and feasibility of the dissipator design.  
In conclusion, the results presented in this study are consistent with existing literature, reinforcing the understanding of the factors influencing energy dissipation in vertical jet energy dissipators. Future research could explore the optimization of crushing needle configurations to achieve the most efficient energy dissipation while considering practical constraints.