## 6 Next-Generation Structural Optimisation and Design Guide for Lattice Structures
In addition, engineers will ultimately be allowed to enter more complicated and specific design constraints as well as performance goals into automated generative design procedures, and the modelling packages will suggest optimised lattice designs [10]. Lattice structures that are tailored to certain performance parameters, such as the maximum strength-to-weight ratio, can be created. Generative design techniques, which are driven by complex algorithms, would not only explore a wide range of design choices but additionally pick and recommend lattice structures that are optimised based on the provided constraints and goals. This optimisation could involve the material usage, manufacturability, and overall performance, resulting in highly efficient lattice designs. Multi-material AM technologies are emerging that enable the printing of lattice structures with graded materials and different properties within the same structure [8]. Techniques such as multi-material 3D printing and Digital Light Processing (DLP) with numerous resin vats can be used. These methods allow the simultaneous use of various materials during the printing process. Multi-material 3D printing, for example, allows for the layer-by-layer deposition of different materials, resulting in it being easier to build complex structures with multiple material compositions. Improved methods of AM, such as nanoscale printing, have the capacity to support the manufacture of complicated lattice structures at extremely small dimensional scales and thus serve to update industries such as microelectronics and the manufacture of medical devices [17]. Nanoscale 3D printing uses techniques such as two-photon polymerisation and direct laser writing. Current 3D printing processes could be limited in their ability to produce high-resolution structures at the nanoscale. Improved methods, such as two-photon polymerisation or direct laser writing, provide an improved precision and resolution, allowing for the creation of complex lattice structures at levels that cannot be achieved with conventional manufacturing procedures. Material advancements could also allow lattice structures to self-assemble or repair damage, providing a greater resilience and life expectancy [9; 12]. Materials with shape-memory capabilities are capable of self-assembling into lattice forms. Shape-memory materials can change their shape in response to external stimuli, such as temperature or stress. By incorporating these materials into lattice designs, they could self-assemble into predetermined configurations, improving the manufacturing effectiveness and facilitating the building of complicated structures, without the need for external assembly procedures. Additionally, lattice parts that offer different functions, such as structural support and energy storage or sensing capabilities, could become more prevalent. The integration of sensors into lattice structures is expected to allow for the real-time monitoring of stress and strain, allowing responses that adapt to changing conditions or loads. This will allow the growth of design principles that take account of dynamic loading conditions, which is particularly crucial for applications in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering [1; 2; 17]. Methods of topological optimisation are changing as well to take advantage of more complex constraints and allow for the generation of lattice designs that are tailored to specific functions [10], considering thermal, acoustic, and multifunctional constraints in addition to structural requirements. Topological optimisation has generally focused on structural challenges. However, emerging approaches now include a broader set of constraints, allowing engineers to optimise lattice designs for heat dissipation, sound absorption, and other particular functional requirements. A focus on concepts of sustainable design should also result in the manufacturing of lattice structures constructed using eco-friendly and recyclable materials.