## 3 Emission Reduction Measures at Ports
### Landside Industry and Support Facility
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Measures** & **Cases and Effect** & **References** \\ \hline
**Operational** & & \\ \hline Gate layout design, Vehicle booking systems, Extended gate hours, Automated gate systems, Vehicle use and loading, Empty equipment logistics & Many ports in China, Europe, and US; Improve efficiency of gate operations & [1,48,49]; www.epa.gov (accessed on 20 December \\ \hline Rail terminal layout design, Rail service slot scheduling, Wagon shunting, Container pre-staging, Loading/unloading trains & Felixstowe in the UK; Container port in Italy; Improve efficiency of rail terminal operations & [1,50,56] \\ \hline
**Technical** & & \\ \hline Replacement/retrofit program & Most American seaports & [46] \\ \hline Electric trucks & Laem Chabang Port; Felixstowe & www.eadt.co.uk (accessed on 20 December 2023) \\ \hline Retrofitted locomotives & Ports of New York/New Jersey, Corpus Christi and Long Beach; decrease diesel emissions & [46] \\ \hline
**Fuel and energy** & & \\ \hline Battery & Road transport in many countries & [51] \\ \hline Hydrogen & Port of Houston & www.houstonchronicle.com (accessed on 20 December 2023) \\ \hline
**Infrrastructural** & & \\ \hline Electrified roadways & Los Angeles and Long Beach & [38] \\ \hline Modal shift & Port of Gothenburg; Barcelona & [52] \\ \hline Digitalisation & & \\ \hline Digital solution for truck access & Hamburg & www.portstrategy.com (accessed on 20 December 2023) \\ \hline Blockchain technology & driveMybox and IBEXUS & www.portstrategy.com (accessed on 20 December 2023) \\ \hline Predict truck arrival or delay & Jinzhou Port; increase port efficiency & [53] \\ \hline Antwerp Intermodal Solution & Port of Antwerp & [52] \\ \hline
**Policy and collaboration** & & \\ \hline Vehicle emission standards & Taichung Port & [54] \\ \hline Rule by California’s air regulator & California drayage vehicle & [57] \\ \hline Modal shift policies at international, national, local levels & European ports & [52,55] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Categorised solution measures to reduce emissions at port landslide interface. installation of monitoring sensors, upgrading and replacing equipment and facilities, and the use of natural ventilation and hybrid hydraulic drive systems [39; 54]. Fuel and energy measures associated with port landslide industry and support facilities are closely related to the generation and utilisation of renewable energy. Renewable energy will play a critical role in decarbonising seaports and other industrial sectors. Seaports are well-positioned for power generation from renewable sources such as onshore wind, offshore wind, waves, tide differentials, geothermal energy, and solar panels [35; 59]. In that sense, seaports could be developed into an energy hub. An energy hub may be defined as a geographical concentration area with high-energy demand and supply activities, where energy-intense industries, power generation, distribution, and related activities and projects are co-located [35; 60]. Infrastructural measures are required to ensure power availability and meet the requirements from port operations, typically from the national grid [35]. Renewable energy generated from wind, solar panels, and harbour waste at port can be provided through a direct current microgrid to support the electricity needs for port operations. Here, microgrids refer to the decentralised electrical grids that combine clusters of loads and parallel distributed generation systems in a local area [61]. Digitalisation measures: The smart grid is an emerging concept based on smart meters and digital technologies to supply electricity to port electricity users via two-way digital communication. The smart grid allows for near-real-time monitoring, analysis, control, and communication within the electricity supply chain from generation and distribution to consumption in order to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs [62; 60].