esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Statistical Characterization of Seismic Activity
### Progression of Earthquake Activity
#### 5.3.1 Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN)  
To estimate the ANN index, the Euclidean distance between each seismic event and its nearest counterpart was calculated. These distances were then averaged to produce a composite measure. The ANN index is derived by contrasting this average distance in the observed dataset with the expected average distance under a hypothetical random distribution [59]. The results of the estimated ANN for the Red Sea region are presented in Table 3.  
The ANN analysis for both magnitude and year ranges of earthquake data shows that there is a pronounced clustering pattern, as evidenced by the large negative \(Z\)-scores. The extreme \(Z\)-scores and \(p\)-values indicate a significant departure from a random spatial distribution, revealing that earthquakes are clustered rather than randomly dispersed in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The spatial clustering of earthquakes does not vary significantly with magnitude within the range of 1.00-3.20, suggesting that seismic events occur in close proximity to one another, regardless of size. Additionally, the persistent clustering across various time periods from 1997 to 2020 suggests that the region's spatial seismic characteristics have remained stable over time. However, variations in ANN distances across different years may reflect changes in seismic activity intensity or concentration. This observed consistent clustering of seismic events may suggest the presence of active seismic faults or specific geophysical conditions favorable for earthquakes, a notion also highlighted in [14].
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposed route path selection with Link quality and critical switch awareness while improving forwarding performance. Path selection processes are introduced and route traffic flows through better quality links. Link quality estimation has been introduced and minimal Critical switch-based routing has been devised. Critical switch frequency score (CWFscore) metric which encourages path selection with better link quality and the minimal number of critical switches. Based on the experimental result, the proposed solution has reduced path stretch by 37%, path setup latency by 73% thereby improving throughput by 55.73%, and packet delivery ratio by 12.5% compared to the baseline work. In the future, RPSO will incorporate congestion management for link failure recovery at the SDN data plane. Moreover, it would be interesting to devise an intelligent flow-based end-to-end routing to classify flows based on their size and prioritize them. This way, higher priority flows shall be rerouted through an optimized path with multi-Quality of Service parameter based on a protection approach. Lower priority flows take the shortest path based on a restoration approach while minimizing the time and space gap between restoration and protection.  
Conceptualization, B.I. and F.A.G.; methodology, B.I. and K.A.B.; writing--original draft preparation, B.I.; writing--review and editing, M.S.M.Z., K.A.B. and F.A.G.; supervision, E.H.A. and F.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/292) Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
The Authors would like to acknowledge Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/292) Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
Figure 7: Comparison of the number of rules between ATT and Spain topology.
# Semantic Distributed Data for Vehicular Networks Using the Inter-Planetary File System
###### Abstract  
Vehicular networks provide means to distribute data among intelligent vehicles, increasing their efficiency and the safety of their occupants. While connected to these networks, vehicles have access to various kinds of information shared by other vehicles and road-side units (RSUs). This information includes helpful resources, such as traffic state or remote sensors. An efficient and fast system to get access to this information is important but unproductive if the data are not appropriately structured, accessible, and easy to process. This paper proposes the creation of a semantic distributed network using content-addressed networking and peer-to-peer (P2P) connections. In this open and collaborative network, RSUs and vehicles use ontologies to semantically represent information and facilitate the development of intelligent autonomous agents capable of navigating and processing the shared data. In order to create this P2P network, this paper makes use of the Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS), an open source solution that provides secure, reliable, and efficient content-addressed distributed storage over standard IP networks using the new QUIC protocol. This paper highlights the feasibility of this proposal and compares it with the state-of-the-art. Results show that IPFS is a promising technology that offers a great balance between functionality, performance, and security.  
semantic data; V2X communications; cooperative perception; P2P; ICN; IPFS; QUIC 2020; 6404; doi:10.3390/s20226404
## 4 Simulation  
### Robotics Lab Simulation  
Robotics Lab, a simulation program, was used to evaluate the estimation performance of the SPO in hot rolling systems. It has its own dynamics and control engine [21] and consists of a user modeling tool (rBuilder), control simulator, and data visualization tool (rPlot). The user can directly develop the control and kinematic algorithms in Microsoft Visual C++ and then interlock these with Robotics Lab.  
The simplified hot rolling model was designed using Robotics Lab, which was used to simulate the occurrence of the roller's perturbation when the rollers come into contact with the steel plate (Figure 4). The movement of the steel plate (green metal) between the two rollers is from left to right. The rotational and transfer velocities of the rollers and steel plate are denoted as \(V_{r}\) and \(V_{m}\), respectively. In this simulation, \(V_{r}\) was set to \(0.9V_{m}\) to produce a strong disturbance, and the perturbation caused by the force resulting from the collision of the roller and steel plate was estimated by the SPO.  
Figure 5 shows the estimated perturbation data using the SPO based on the encoder data of the motor rotating the upper roller. The roller collided with the steel plate at approximately 0.65 s after the initiation of simulation. Since the collision, a large perturbation value was consistently observed. The simulation result confirms that the assumed perturbation estimated by the SPO is the collision force disturbance between the steel plate and roller. The perturbation estimated by the SPO is used in practical experiments to minimize the friction between the roller and steel plate.  
Figure 6 shows the moving velocity profile of the steel plate. The graph shows that the velocity fluctuates owing to the excessive frictional force generated after the roller collides with the steel plate. Therefore, the rotational velocity of the roller should be synchronized with the moving velocity of the steel plate using a velocity synchronization algorithm.  
Figure 4: Robotics Lab modeling of simplified hot rolling system.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper implemented a Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System (WADGPS) system in Taipei Flight Information Region. The National Satellite Test Bed (NSTB) Reference Stations (RSs) were first used as the WADGPS RSs to validate the implementation. As shown in the three days validation results, the WADGPS system can provide enhanced GPS positioning services with full integrity required by the Lateral NAVigation (LNAV) service for civil aviation. This paper then used  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline
**95\% error bound** & **Stand** & **WADGPS** & **WADGPS** \\ **(two-sigma)** & **alone GPS** & **with 3 RSs** & **with 4 RSs** \\ \hline
**Horizontal (m)** & 10.970 & 5.587 & 4.0893 \\
**Vertical (m)** & 19.360 & 11.248 & 11.485 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Accuracy of positioning performance (Taipei FIR).  
Figure 27: The LNAV (NPA) performance of the developed WADGPS with 4 RSs in Taipei FIR.  
the e-GPS observation stations operated by Taiwan Ministry of Interior (MOI) as the WADGPS RSs in Taipei FIR. Two kinds of WADGPS RSs constellations were utilized in this work, and one used three RSs and the other used four RSs. Five-day data were used to analyze both WADGPS implementations. The results showed that the WADGPS system with four RSs performed slightly better than that with three RSs. Importantly, in Taipei FIR, both WADGPS implementations can successfully provide LNAV service with integrity required by civil aviation.
# An Urban Traffic Flow Fusion Network Based on a Causal Spatiotemporal Graph Convolution Network
## 4 Experiment
### Analysis and Comparison of Results
As shown in Figure 9 and Table 2, our CGLGCN model took only 2579.79 s and 1279.83 s for 1000 rounds of training in pems04 and pems08 datasets, respectively, while the LSTM model took 21,844.54 s and 17,973.62 s, and the GRU model 10,000.15 s and 7589.26 s. These substantial increases in training speed (more than eight-fold and approximately seven-fold, respectively) were mainly due to the fact that recursive structures were not used. Our method can realize full parallel training rather than relying entirely on a chain structure. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dataset**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**1000 Epoch Time Consumption (s)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **LSTM** & **GRU** & **CGLGCN** \\ \hline PeMS04 & 21,844.54 & 17,973.62 & 2579.79 \\ \hline PeMS08 & 10,000.15 & 7589.26 & 1279.83 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of training consumption time. Figure 8: Performance comparison of ablation experiment for the pems08 dataset. Figure 7: Performance comparison of ablation experiment for the pems04 dataset. Figures 5 and 6 show that our model performed stably in short-term and long-term predictions. To validate the stability of our model, we tried to predict 24-h traffic flow. The scale of the x-coordinate in Figure 10 represents the flow prediction for a total of 288 time points collected every 5 min from 0:00 to 24:00 on a single day. It can be seen from the figure that the prediction generated by our model for traffic flow changes throughout the day well matched the trend of traffic flow changes. Our model was able to predict accurately the traffic flow in each period at each junction. This fully demonstrates the stability of our model.
# Synchronizing TSN Devices via 802.1 AS over 5G Networks
## 4 Simulation Setup for TSN Synchronization over 5G Scenarios
### OMNeT+ Based Simulation Framework
#### 4.1.2 5G-TSN Device  
The INET framework contains a TSN Bridge model, which is inherently an Ethernet switch with TSN functionality. For 5G TSN integration and TSN frames being forwarded over a 5G network using IP PDUs, layer 3 functionality is required at the boundary devices. Since TSN Bridges do not provide layer 3 addressing, the existing INET Ethernet Router model is extended to include TSN functionality for layer 3 forwarding, encapsulation, and decapsulation. In addition to TSN functionality, 5G NIC is also added in the model, so it also can be used as a 5G UE instead of separately updating Simu5G's UE model to incorporate TSN time synchronization functionality. Finally, as the router has to receive, process, and forward time synchronization frames, the updated 802.1 AS model mentioned in the previous subsection is added in the created device model.
# Generic Methodology for Field Calibration of Nacelle-Based Wind Lidars
## 4 Calibration/Verification of LOS Positioning Input Quantities  
By definition (see [11]), a verification simply consists in checking that a quantity lies within a range close to the expected value, while a calibration additionally corrects the quantity value with the calibration relation and assign uncertainties.  
The calibration and/or verification of the beam position input quantities may be performed during field testing or in-house--in which case the lidar manufacturer procedures must be audited  
Figure 3: Schematic of the white box calibration concept for wind lidars.  
independently. A non-exhaustive list of methodologies to locate the beam includes hard target methods, IR-imaging or the use of IR-sensitive paper.  
For the calibration of the 5B and ZDM lidars, the calibration of the inclinometers and verification of the opening or cone angles (steps (1) and (2)) were performed during field testing (Figure 4). As their technology differs, the hard target methods we employed for detecting the beam position were adapted: fixed targets for 5B, moving ones for ZDM. The 3D coordinates of the beam(s)' position were measured with a total station. By placing the lidar in several tilt and roll positions, the inclinometers' readings were compared to the physical tilting and rolling of the beam(s) and a calibration relation was obtained. For 5B, the opening angles can be derived simultaneously to the inclinometers calibration. For ZDM, the geometry parameters are the azimuth position in the scan and the cone angle. The cone angle was derived by fitting the detected beam positions to a circle. To account for potential deviations of the beam trajectory from a circle, an additional uncertainty on the cone angle value may be considered. However, no significant eccentricity was detected during the testing conducted on ZDM. Formally, the accuracy of the azimuth position should also be checked, although we do not expect this to impact significantly the total uncertainties. The detailed procedures and geometrical developments are exemplified in [4; 5].  
The verification of the sensing range (step (3)) was performed using statistical analysis of the LOS velocity calibration data for 5B, and visual observations of the backscatter levels for ZDM.
# Flavour Generation during Lactic Acid Fermentation of Brassica Vegetables--Literature Review
## 6 Changes in Flavour during the Fermentation of _Brassica_ Vegetables
### Glucosinolate Metabolism  
GLS are an important group for Brassica vegetables which undergo degradation during fermentation. For sauerkraut, the time required for complete degradation of GLS varied from four days [72] to even two weeks of fermentation [73], and in the ready-to-eat product, the intact GLS are not present anymore. GLS are secondary plant metabolites with \(\beta\)-thioglucose moiety, which are derived from amino acids. Depending on the structure  
Figure 3: Schematic presentation of the formation of methanethiol.  
and type of GLS, the degradation can lead to the formation of a broad range of compounds. Aliphatic and aromatic GLS are hydrolys to corresponding isothiyanates, nitriles but also thiocyanates and epithionitriles (Figure 1), and the direction of reaction depends on the reaction conditions (pH, temperature) and the presence of cofactors, such as epithio-specific protein, nitrile-specific protein, thiocyanate-specifier protein and ferrous ions [74,75]. Glucobrassicin, the main indole GLS detected in Brassica vegetables, undergoes hydrolysis to indole-3-acetonitrile and unstable isothiyanate, which then converts to indole-3-carbonol, its product of oligomerisation (3,3-dindolylmethane, indole[3,2-b]carbazole) or ascorbigens after reaction with ascorbic acid [72]. In the initial stage of fermentation, intensive respiration with the release of carbon dioxide and environmental acidification occur, which provides favourable conditions for myrosinase [76]. Importantly, the vegetables used for fermentation are usually shredded or cut, releasing myrosinase and GLS from the separated cell parts. The LAB were also found to be capable of hydrolysing GLS [77]. Thus, it cannot be excluded that these activities were combined from the beginning of the fermentation. The study of [PERSON] et al. [77] showed that some LAB shifted the degradation of GLS into nitrile formation; however, the majority of studies reported that isothiyanates are the main product of the GLS degradation during fermentation [78,79]. A recent study evaluating the changes of GLS showed that the direction of hydrolysis depends on the stage of fermentation [72]. Considering the final product, the content of isothiyanates in sauerkraut, and also sauerkraut juice, was relatively high. This is of importance from the nutritional point of view [80], but also from the consumer perspective. Recent studies showed that isothiyanates contribute to the taste and aroma of Brassica vegetables [45,46], which was summarized in excellent reviews [14,31]; however, the sensoric approach has never been applied to fermented Brassica vegetables, and thus the key odourants of fermented foodstuffs cannot be defined. Notably, the aroma and taste of ascorbic, which is the main product in GLS degradation of sauerkraut, have not been elucidated to date, which we believe is worth consideration in the future.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Further Discussion on the Cavity Profile Optimization
#### 4.3.3 DAP-Type Cavity Profile  
Figure 20 shows the influence of DAP-type profile design parameter (\(\lambda_{N}\)) on the diaphragm stress (\(\delta\)) and diaphragm swept volume (\(V_{mo}\)). Within the design interval [0.25, 0.85], increasing parameter \(\lambda_{N}\) initially reduced the diaphragm stress before inducing a subsequent stress increase, while simultaneously causing a gradual increase in the diaphragm swept volume. Specifically, Figure 20a,b shows the stress distribution and swept volume variations for the first-stage geometric parameters (\(R\) and \(H\)), while Figure 20c,d shows the corresponding second-stage configuration results. The results revealed that at the \(\lambda_{N}\) of 0.79, both first-stage and second-stage DAP-type cavity profiles achieved a minimum value of \(\delta_{max}\). The first-stage diaphragm within the optimized DAP-type cavity exhibited 173.95 MPa maximum principal stress with 0.001129 m\({}^{3}\) swept volume, whereas the second-stage configuration reached 172.57 MPa stress with 0.0003835 m\({}^{3}\) swept volume.  
Figure 18: Diaphrag stress optimization for SEP-type cavity profiles. (**a**) Impact of profile parameter (\(Z_{a}\)) on the first-stage maximum diaphragm stress (\(\delta_{max}\)) and swept volume (\(V_{mo}\)). (**b**) First-stage diaphragm stress and swept volume variations within the profile parameter ranges. (**c**) Impact of profile parameter on the second-stage maximum diaphragm stress and swept volume. (**d**) Second-stage diaphragm stress and swept volume variations within the profile parameter ranges.  
Figure 19: Diaphrag stress optimization for DEP-type cavity profiles. (**a**) Impact of profile parameters (\(M_{b}\) and \(N_{b}\)) on the first-stage maximum diaphragm stress (\(\delta_{max}\)). (**b**) Impact of profile parameters on the first-stage swept volume (\(V_{mo}\)). (**c**) Impact of profile parameters on the second-stage maximum diaphragm stress. (**d**) Impact of profile parameters on the second-stage swept volume. (**e**) Stress distributions of the first-stage diaphragm within the optimized DEP-type cavity. (**f**) Stress distributions of the second-stage diaphragm within the optimized DEP-type cavity.
## 1 Introduction
To date, FBG ultrasonic sensors have been extensively investigated [18] 2008. The use of the fundamental shear horizontal mode in plates and torsional mode in pipes is of interest for ultrasonic inspection due to the nondispersive nature and insensitivity to water loading that these modes offer. However, the majority of FBG ultrasonic sensors have been used to detect Lamb-type guided waves which are quite different from the shear horizontal (SH) waves in plates and torsional waves in pipes, there are only a few papers experimentally describing the usage of FBG sensors for SH wave detection [19; 20; 21] but with inclusive results. The mechanism governing the interaction of an FBG sensor with SH waves in plates has not been thoroughly reported until our work was recently published by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [22] 2018. Our results in [22] confirm both theoretically and experimentally the feasibility of using FBG sensors for SH wave detection with a maximum reception efficiency around 45\({}^{\circ}\) incidence, which shows a completely different angular dependence in comparison to Lamb-type wave detection. In this current paper, taking advantage of the remote sensing (attenuation of the optical signal in an optical fiber is ultralow) and multiplexing capability of FBG sensors, the work is expanded upon our previous work in [22] to demonstrate how the technique could be used to extend the range in medium and long-range pipe inspection applications using torsional guided waves. The use of the fundamental shear horizontal mode in plates and torsional mode in pipes is of interest for ultrasonic inspection due to the nondispersive nature and insensitivity to water loading that these modes offer. Since long-range guided wave pipe inspection is critical and taking place all over the world on thousands of miles of pipe, the work reported in this paper was intended to investigate if improvements in inspection reliability and cost reduction would be possible with a hybrid ultrasonic guided wave-FBG approach. Some earlier work on this subject was reported by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [23] 2012 and [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [24] 2017. [PERSON] et al. [23] 2012 performed a modeling study suggesting feasibility to integrate optical fiber sensors into pipeline inspection using the L(0,2) mode, but an experiment was not reported. [PERSON] et al. [24] 2017 describe the use of fiber optic sensors to detect changes in the guided wave features of the L(0,2) mode to assess cross sectional irregularities such as pipe eccentricity. Obviously, their work does not address torsional wave detection. The work reported in this paper will illustrate how FBG receivers could be implemented as part of a hybrid ultrasonic pipe inspection technology using torsional guided waves.