# Low Profile Monopole Meander Line Antenna for WLAN Applications
## 2 Antenna Geometry  
Figure 1 depicts the geometry of the designed meander monopole antenna. The proposed antenna is made up of symmetric meandering elements. To meet the growing demand for communication equipment development, antenna research focuses on a few specific aspects, such as how to reduce antenna's size while maintaining higher radiation efficiency. Meanwhile, as the size of small-scale integrated circuits becomes smaller, the size of communications equipment is reduced as well. When compared to other types of antennas, the meander line antenna provides the largest size reduction at a given frequency at the expense of a narrow bandwidth.  
The advantage of the meander line antenna is that it is relatively easy to catch a larger relative bandwidth. The fabricated antenna is fed using a 50 \(\Omega\) SMA connector. The patch and ground plane are annealed by copper, and the substrate is Rogers RT5880 at 1.575 mm. The meander line monopole antenna prototype has been designed and constructed, and its photo can be seen in Figure 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Frequency (GHz)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gain (dBi)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Radiation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Return Loss**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Bandwidth**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Dimension (mm\({}^{3}\))**} \\  & & & **Efficiency (\%)** & & & **dB** & \\ \hline
[23] & 2.4 & 1.34 & 79 & \(-19.11\) & 146 & \(40\times 10\times 1.6\) \\
[24] & 2.4 & 1.97 & 97 & - & - & \(38\times 10.8\times 0.8\) \\
[25] & 2.4 & 1.8 & - & \(-52\) & 0.135 & \(16\times 32.5\times 1.6\) \\
[26] & 2.5 & 1.2 & - & \(-25\) & 200 & \(10\times 19\times 1.6\) \\
[27] & 2.45 & 2.06 & 75 & \(-19\) & \(11\) & \(39\times 39\times 0.508\) \\
[28] & 2.45 & 1.26 & 70 & \(-10\) & 970 & \(40\times 30\times 0.787\) \\
[29] & 2.4 & 1.33 & 65.3 & - & 180 & \(12.45\times 13.05\times 0.8\) \\
[30] & 2.45 & 1.78 & - & - & 235 & \(19\times 31\times 1.58\) \\
[31] & 2.45 & 1.47 & 88 & \(-17\) & - & \(29\times 13.7\times 1.5\) \\ Proposed work & 2.43 & 2.8 & 97 & \(-20\) & 94.2 & \(15\times 90.86\times 1.575\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: A comparison of the recent literature concerning the proposed design.  
All of the geometric parameters were considered and analyzed, and eventually, it was estimated that the following were the efficient parameters for the proposed scheme, as shown in Table 2. The designed antenna is smaller and much more compact, measuring only 90.86 \(\times\) 15 mm\({}^{2}\) at 2.4 GHz. Computer simulation technology (CST) was used to obtain the antenna's simulation results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **L** & **W** & **L\({}_{\text{g}}\)** & **W\({}_{\text{g}}\)** & **a** & **b** & **c** & **d** & **e** & **f** & **g** & **h** \\ \hline Dimension (mm) & 90.86 & 15 & 33.3 & 6 & 22.8 & 15.9 & 41.3 & 24.8 & 15.9 & 37.5 & 10 & 2.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Optimised dimensions of the proposed monopole antenna.  
Figure 1: Geometry of the simulated monopole antenna design. (**a**) Front view and (**b**) back view.  
Figure 2: Prototype of realized monopole antenna array. (**a**) Front view and (**b**) back view.