## 4 Bioactive Compounds on Cork and Cork By-Products
### Biological Activity of Cork Extracts and Cork By-Products
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Extraction Solvent** & & & & & \\
**and Source Material** & **Composition** & **Quantification** & **Biological Activity** & **References** \\ \hline water; water/ethanol & Castalagin (**19**) & 46.9 & mg of & Antioxidant activity & \\
**(50:50)** & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 26.7 & compound/g & (DPPH (EC\({}_{50}\)) = 5.32 \(\pm\) 0.45 ug of & \\  & Vescalagin (**21**) & 22.4 & extract/mL; ORAC = 2.11 \(\pm\) 0.24 & \\ _granulated cork_ & Gallic acid (**12**) & 2.9 & & mgTeq\({}_{\text{eq}}\)/gextract) & \\ \hline  & Betulinic acid (**4**) & 11719 & & & \\  & Cerin (**1**) & 2060 & & & \\ dichloromethane; & Friedelin (**2**) & 2009 & & & \\ methanol/water & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 1347 & mg of compound/kg of & & \\  & Betulin (**3**) & 875 & cork powder & & \\ _cork powder_ & \(\beta\)-Sitosterol & 254 & & & \\  & Ursolic acid & 104 & & & \\  & Lupeol & 60 & & & \\ \hline subcritical water & Gallic acid (**12**) & 4.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & mg of & & \\  & Ferulic acid (**14**) & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & compound/g & (EC\({}_{50}\) = 0.25 mg extract/mg DPPH) & [76] \\ _granulated cork_ & Caffe acid (**15**) & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & extract) & & \\ \hline  & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 6800– & & Antioxidant activity & \\  & Roburin (**22**) and & 8200 & & (ORAC = 22,603 \(\pm\) 2097 ymoIET/L; & \\  & Roburin (**22**) and & & & HORAC = 15,712 \(\pm\) 1419 & \\  & & 500–3200 & & \(\mu\)molEAC/L; HOSC = 22,678 \(\pm\) 3225 & \\  & Grandinin (**20**) & & & pmolET/L; DPPH = 1.68 (IC\({}_{50}\)) \\ water/propylene & Grandinin (**20**) & & & mL/L; O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) = 11.08 (IC\({}_{50}\)) mL/L) \\ glycerol (40:60) & Castalagin (**19**) & 1800– & \(\mu\)g of & Antiaging activity: inhibition of & \\  & Castalagin (**19**) & 2100 & compound/g & MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 activity; & \\ _granulated cork_ & & 2100–130 & & inhibition of ROS formation in & \\  & Vescalagin (**21**) & & & keratinocytes and fibroblasts. \\  & Vescalagin (**21**) & & & Depigmenting activity: inhibition of & \\  & & 800–1900 & & \\  & & & & trvosinase activity; & \\  & & & inhibition of melanin production in & \\  & Protocatechuric acid (**11**) & & & Anti-inflammatory activity: & \\  & & 100–130 & & inhibition of NO production; & \\  & Gallic acid (**12** ) & & & reduction of IL-6, TNF-\(\alpha\), CCL5 & \\  & & & levels; & \\  & Gallic acid (**12** ) & & & reduction of the activation of NF-kB. & \\  & & & Inhibition of lipid accumulation in & \\  & & 60–100 & & keratinocytes (inhibition of SREBP-1 & \\  & & & gene expression) & \\ \hline  & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 2031.5 & & & \\  & Caffe acid (**15**) & 57.6 & & \\  & Salicylic acid & 32.7 & & \\ methanol/water & Gallic acid (**12**) & 30.6 & & \\ (80:20); diethyl & Eriddictivol & 27.4 & & \\ ether & Protocatechuric acid (**11**) & 17.5 & mg of compound/kg of & Antioxidant activity & \\  & Vanillin (**16**) & 14.3 & dry cork & & extract/mL) \\ _granulated cork from_ & Aesculetian (**24**) & 4.9 & & \\ _Portugal_ & Naringenin & 2.6 & & \\  & Vanillic acid (**13**) & Trace & & \\  & p-coumaric acid (**7**) & Trace & & \\  & Ferulic acid (**14**) & Trace & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l} \hline \hline
**Extraction Solvent** & & & & \\
**and Source** & **Composition** & & & \\
**Material** & & & & \\ \hline  & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 1576.9 & & & \\ methanol & Aesculetin (**24**) & 106.7 & & & \\  & Protocatechuic acid (**11**) & 59.0 & mg of com- & Antioxidant activity & \\ _granulated cork from_ & Gallic acid (**12**) & 48.1 & \begin{tabular}{l} pound/kg of \\ dry cork \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{l} (DPPH (IC\({}_{50}\)) = 3.58 \(\pm\) 0.20 \(\mu\)g \\ of extract/mL) \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{l} [80] \\ [80] \\ [25] \\ \end{tabular}  \\ _Portugal_ & Vanillin (**16**) & Trace & dry cork & of extract/mL) \\  & Vanillic acid (**13**) & Trace & & \\  & Quinic acid (**26**) & Trace & & \\ \hline  & Ellagic acid (**10**) & 526.5 & & \\ water & Gallic acid (**12**) & 241.6 &