esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
#### 3.4.2 ANOVA and RSM for Cumulative Fluorescein Production  
An analysis of variance was also done for the fluorescein production, again to evaluate the influence of u% and C/N ratio on the microbial activity. The analysis was done at t = 30 days.  
It was shown that the concentration of nutrients influenced the amount of fluorescein produced, while the effects of water content were almost negligible. This was proven by the F and \(p\) values given in Table 10. For C/N, the \(p\) value was lower than \(\alpha\); therefore, the C/N ratio was statistically important to microbial activity. For the u%, the \(p\) value was about 1; thus, the variation of water content did not affect the production of fluorescein.  
The third-degree regression polynomial was:  
Fluorescein production \[\left(\text{mg}\cdot\text{kg}^{-1}\text{ of soil}\right)=\] \[-21.29+2.674\text{x}_{1}+0.1879\text{x}_{2}+0.1207\text{x}_{1}^{ 2}-0.005597\text{x}_{1}\text{x}_{2}-0.0003775\text{x}_{2}^{2}+\] (12) \[+0.0004529\text{x}_{1}^{2}\text{x}_{2}-0.0000192\text{x}_{1}\text {x}_{2}^{2}+0.0000003735\text{x}_{2}^{2}\]  
where \(\text{x}_{1}\) is the water content (u%) and \(\text{x}_{2}\) is the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N).  
Figure 16: Response surface for diesel oil removal by microcosms with C/N = 120 and C/N = 180 at t = 138 days.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **SS** & **Df** & **MS** & **F** & \(p\) \\ \hline u\% & 0.86 & 2 & 0.43 & 0.036 & 0.96 \\ \hline C/N & 88.66 & 3 & 29.55 & 2.472 & 0.16 \\ \hline Error & 71.73 & 6 & 11.95 & & \\ \hline Total & 161.25 & 11 & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: ANOVA for fluorescein production.  
Figure 15: Response surface for diesel oil removal by microcosms with C/N = 120 and C/N = 180 at t = 112 days.  
Considering the polynomial coefficients, it is possible to see that the second- and third-order terms were negligible and the coefficients for water content (\(\beta_{1}\) = 2.674) and for C/N ratio (\(\beta_{2}\) = 0.1879) were positive. Therefore, an increase of u% and C/N ratio enhanced production of fluorescein, i.e., the microbial activity.  
The response surface for the fluorescein production after 30 days is shown in Figure 17.  
For microbial activity, the optimal condition occurred with a C/N ratio in the range of 180 to 220, regardless of the water content in the tested range. This means that fluorescein production was not influenced by the percentage of water content when this factor was in the range of 8% to 15% b.w.  
With reference to Equation (12), the theoretical optimum on the surface was calculated; the fluorescein production was equal to 9.8 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) of soil, with u% = 13.3% b.w. and C/N ratio = 182.
# Electrocatalysis for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media: Progress and Challenges
## 1 Introduction
In this regard, optimizations of the reaction energy barrier, electronic conductivity, and reaction surface area of the OER electrocatalysts are of great importance [18, 36, 37]. The transport efficiencies of electrons, ions, and produced oxygen are directly related to the number of channels, which depend on rational surface/interface engineering through nanostructural modifications, such as pore size control and construction of a multi-stage structure [33, 38]. The nanostructures include zero-dimensional nanoclusters, nanoparticles, nanocages, and nanoframes [39]; one-dimensional nanotubes and nanowires [40]; two-dimensional nanosheets [41]; and three-dimensional nanowire networks, aerogels, etc. [42, 43]. Moreover, simple and effective surface/interface engineer  
Figure 1: Schematic of sustainable pathways for energy conversion and storage based on electrocatalysis. ing techniques have been diversified for adjusting the surface atoms, electronic structures, interfacial stresses, and bridge bonds, such as doping elements, tailoring the coordination environment, and loading with active materials [43; 44; 45; 46]. Although Ru/Ir-based electrocatalysts have indeed shown good OER performance, they are still far from ideal OER electrocatalysts in terms of activity and are not completely stable at high oxidative potentials [17; 47]. A growing body of evidence shows that Ru-based OER catalysts dissolve extensively during the electrocatalytic process [32]. This is because the onset potential of Ru-based catalysts is consistent with the corrosion potential of the metal Ru [48]. Ir-based catalysts also suffer similar degradation issues [49]. During the long-term catalytic process, rutile oxide of IrO\({}_{\text{x}}\) will transition to other kinds of phases that are soluble in acid media [50]. Therefore, the harsh operating conditions must be taken into account when designing suitable catalysts. Based on this, substantial research efforts have been devoted to investigating the low-precious-metal or precious-metal-free OER catalysts that are stable in acid media, such as perovskite, spinel, and the layer-structure-type family [23; 51; 52]. These kinds of catalysts also exhibit remarkable activity and are low-cost, easily synthesized, and environmentally benign [23]. The field of oxygen evolution has seen significant breakthroughs and notable advancements in the development of highly active electrocatalysts in acidic media, as evidenced by the rapidly increasing number of publications on this subject [23; 53]. In this review, we begin by presenting OER mechanisms in acid media, which is followed by tailoring strategies for effective OER electrocatalysts, including controlling metal-support interaction, the electronic structure, the coordination environment, and the morphology of the catalysts. Their effects on the activity of the electrocatalysts are highlighted. This review also outlines some recent advances and possible future developments, representing an important perspective for future work.
# A Design Method of Code Correlation Reference Waveform in GNSS Based on Least-Squares Fitting
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Multipath Error Envelope
#### 4.1.4 BOC(6,1) and BOC(7,1)  
Figure 38 shows the multipath error envelope for the BOC(6,1) signal of the 24.552-MHz bandwidth, compared to the multipath error envelope of the ideal S-curve. The LS coherent discriminator has a zero-crossing point offset of 0.02 chips because of the imperfect fitting.  
Figure 39 shows the multipath error envelope for the BOC(7,1) signal of the 20.46-MHz bandwidth. The results are similar to the BOC(6,1) signal. The LS coherent discriminator has a zero-crossing point offset of \(-\)0.005 chips. The area of each multipath error envelope for BOC(6,1) and BOC(7,1) signals is shown in Table 9.  
In all, the LS coherent discriminator outperforms other techniques in the area of MEE for the BPSK signal and the BOC(1,1) signal with infinite bandwidth. The LS non-coherent discriminator has a similar performance as the W2 technique for the BPSK signal. For band-limited BOC(1,1) and BOC(2,1) signals, the W2 discriminator has the least MEE area.  
Figure 38: Multipath error envelopes for the S-curves of the BOC(6,1) signal (24.552-MHz bandwidth).  
Figure 39: Multipath error envelopes for the S-curves of the BOC(7,1) signal (20.46-MHz bandwidth).
# Enhancing Automatic Modulation Recognition for IoT Applications Using Transformers
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, their scalability and ability to handle variable-length sequences make them well suited for processing signals of varying duration. Inspired by vision Transformers, we introduce Transformer-based architectures for modulation-recognition tasks. The proposed Transformer-based AMR approaches enable rapid processing and minimal resource usage, a critical aspect of edge computing systems within IoT ecosystems. By integrating our proposed models into edge devices, our research not only promises improvements in edge computing, but also addresses key challenges such as bandwidth efficiency and energy consumption. This ensures that IoT devices can operate longer and more effectively within their constrained environments. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 addresses the two datasets, RadioML2016.10b and our modified CSPB.ML.2018 dataset with channels (CSPB.ML.2018+), and emphasizes their properties. Section 3 focuses on the Transformer-based architectures for the task of AMR, followed by an introduction to four distinct tokenization strategies. Experiments and discussions are detailed in Section 4, with future investigation in Section 5 and conclusions summarized in Section 6.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Length of Equivalent Water Flow Path on the Subsurface Drainage of a PFC  
To observe the effect of PFC geometric designs on subsurface drainage, the curves depicted in Figure 5 present the relationship between the length of the equivalent water flow path (\(L_{R}\)) and the time for surface ponding (\(t_{p}\)) according to the different rainfall intensity values (\(I\)). The curves show that there is an inverse relationship between \(L_{R}\) and \(t_{p}\); remarkably, the higher value of \(L_{R}\) resulted in a lower value of \(t_{p}\). For example, for I = 10 mm/h and S\({}_{\text{R}}\) = 0.5%, as \(L_{R}\) increased by 20 m (from 10 m to 30 m), \(t_{p}\) dropped by 21 min (from 81 min to 60 min). The behavior indicated that surface ponding could occur faster for the PFC that had a longer \(L_{R}\). This implication is consistent with that found in the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(L_{R}\) (m)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(S_{R}\) (\%)} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Time for Surface Ponding, \(t_{p}\) (min)**} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & \(I\) = 10 (mm/h) & **20** & **30** & **40** & **50** & **60** & **70** & **80** & **90** & **100** & **110** & **120** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(  
studies of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (16) and [PERSON] et al. (30). According to [PERSON] et al. (31), a possible explanation for this might be that the PFC with a longer \(L_{R}\) could accumulate more water from rainfall than the one with a shorter \(L_{R}\). Hence, PFCs with shorter \(L_{R}\) performed better than the PFCs with longer \(L_{R}\) in subsurface drainage.  
Figure 5: Relationship between the time for surface ponding (\(t_{p}\)) and rainfall intensity (\(l\)) with different length (\(L_{R}\)) values.  
The PFC with a shorter \(L_{R}\) provided a wide range of time for surface ponding (\(t_{p}\)). The evidence of this can be clearly seen in the case at \(S_{R}=4\%\); with the PFC with \(L_{R}=10\) m, at \(I=10\) mm/h, and \(I=50\) mm/h, \(t_{p}\) decreased by 79 min (from 96 to 17 min). Moreover, the values of \(t_{p}\) for \(L_{R}=15\), \(L_{R}=20\), and \(L_{R}=30\) m were 69, 63, and 54.5 min, respectively. Thus, the conclusion was that the PFC with a shorter \(L_{R}\) seems to be more sensitive to rainfall intensity values than the one with a longer \(L_{R}\). It is of note that the change in \(L_{R}\) values did not have a significant effect on the results of \(t_{p}\). This behavior could be seen clearly at high rainfall intensities. In Figure 5, the PFC with different \(L_{R}\) values at the high rainfall intensities from 80 to 120 mm/h resulted in close \(t_{p}\) values. Thus, it could be concluded that \(L_{R}\) had a low impact on the subsurface drainage of the PFC.
# Monitoring Acute Heart Failure Patients Using Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Monitoring System
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Performance of Proposed Approach Using Real-Time Dataset
#### 5.5.1 Dataset Description  
This study employs the Public Health Dataset, which comprises four datasets, Cleveland, Hungary, Switzerland, and Long Beach V. The dataset contains 76 features; however, only 14 features are used in all published research that used this dataset. Clinical HD data from 303 patients at CCF in Cleveland, Ohio, and across the US were collected in the dataset. The Heart Disease Database UCI_MLRepository contains this dataset and is publicly available [72]. In each of the 303 clinical cases, there are 76 attributes, as well as, a target attribute. An integer from 0 to 4 indicates the state of the patient, 0 indicates a heart patient, and [1; 2; 3] indicates a healthy subject. For the current study, binary classification is used, so the target values are set to 0 and 1 for heart patients and healthy subjects, respectively. The 282 clinical sessions include 125 instances of cardiac disease (44.33%) and 157 cases of lacking cardiac disease (55.67%). Table 14 displays features, attribute names, and domains. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Models** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline [PERSON] [68] & Logistic regression & 0.85 \\ [PERSON] et al. [69] & [PERSON] & 0.74 \\ [PERSON] et al. [70] & [PERSON] & 0.90 \\ [PERSON] et al. [71] & [PERSON] & 0.86 \\
**Proposed Model** & **CNN** & **0.9398** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Performance comparison of the proposed model with state-of-the-art approaches. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Features \textgreater{} 5** & **Patient Monthly Record** & **AI Technique** & **IoT** \\ \hline
[60] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ \\
[61] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ \\
[62] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ \\
[63] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ \\
[64] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ \\
[65] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ \\
[66] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ \\
[67] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ \\
**Proposed Model** & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Comparison of the proposed system with existing systems. ✓ indicates the existence of feature while \(\times\) indicates the non-existence of particular feature.
## 4 Taking Advantage of Process Synergies
### Co-Digestion at Large Scale
The waste was submitted to a specific pre-treatment to remove any inert material and obtain a high-quality slurry. However, the accumulation of floating material was observed on the top layer of the digester and impurities were detected in dewatered sludge such as plastics, elastic bands and seeds. Even with these disadvantages, the authors also indicated that the addition of the co-substrate attained 85% electricity self-generation, whereas in the previous conditions, the electricity produced from single digestion of sludge only covered 50% of the WWTP energy demand. Table 5 present a list of different co-digestion studies regarding enhanced energy performance at a large scale. The homogenization of the results is not possible due to the different ways and measurement units the authors used for reporting results. However, the table contains the main characteristics of their studies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Co-Digestion** & **Amount Added** & **Benefits** & **Disadvantage** & **Reference** \\ \hline SS * + food waste & & 16\% increase in & \\ Grünneck WWTP (Munich, Germany) & & energy production & & \\ \hline SS + organic solid & & 174\% increase in biogas & 33\% increase in & \\ waste & Increase in OLR from & production. Energy obtained & digestate production & \\ Zirl WWTP (Tyrol, Austria) & 1.17 to 2.18 kg VS/m\({}^{3}\) d & was 115\% of the plant & and nitrogen back load & \\  & & energy demand & was doubled & \\ \hline SS + food waste & & Enhanced methane yield & \\ WWTP Garching/Alz & 10\% (\(w/w\)) & & reporting synergism (12\% & High nitrogen load in \\ (Germany) & & increase). Biogas & reject water. Reduced & \\  & & production doubled & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Benefits reported by large-scale co-digestion studies found in the literature. Co-digestion performed in large-scale plants offers several advantages. Nevertheless, digestate characteristics may be adversely affected and process modifications may be necessary, resulting in additional complexities in plant operation and maintenance. Research dealing with these aspects is necessary to properly balance the benefits and inconveniences, therefore, real practical solutions can be implemented without risking current process operation. Policies dedicated to favor the flexible treatment of wastes, thereby facilitating solutions to the final disposal of digestate derived from co-digestion systems are necessary.
# Non-Contact Measurement of Small-Module Gears Using Optical Coherence Tomography
## 1 Introduction
In the present work, we applied OCT to the measurement of the micro-gear with a modulus of 0.5 mm, and the detection of the tooth profile of interest was carried out. The module, tooth number, pressure angle, modification coefficient, and other basic parameters of the gear were obtained in the work. In addition, by controlling the rotation degree of the sample platform, optical measurements can be carried out on different parts of the tooth profile. For example, parameters such as tooth thickness and pitch can be obtained by measuring the profile of the tooth side; also, the reconstruction of the entire tooth profile with a smaller modulus gear such as 0.2 mm can be realized by using data imaging algorithms. The optical coherence tomography method is used to measure the small-module gear, which can avoid the contact measurement problem caused by the small size of the measured part [14], and can increase the measurement precision. Furthermore, it can also solve the difficulty that visual measurement and microscopic measurement are unable to obtain the contour of any position in the depth direction of the tooth width.
## 2 Physical Layer-Based Full-Duplex Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems
### Spread Spectrum (SS) Based Systems  
Low probability of detection (LPD) is highly dependent on input SNR at the interceptor of the signal wave form [61]. The UWAC system that is equipped with SS system, experience huge phase change between the two adjacent data symbols. To accurately detect the phase difference between the UW moving objects SS based systems require highly precise channel equalization, symbol synchronization and high SNR signals [62]. Also, in an extreme fading multipath UWAC channel, SS system has multiple access capabilities for different users. Because of these benefits, researchers became interested in DSSS and used it in various FD-UWAC systems, where it demonstrated substantial performance by reducing the effects of fading, noise, jamming, and self-interference [30; 31]. A communication channel is divided into data and control channels in [63; 64], and at the physical layer, the control packets were modulated and demodulated using the DSSS method at a frequency of 6-8 kHz.  
Hybrid-SS  
A hybrid SS approach is used to create an FD communication connection between multi-user modems for the transmission of data streams and to maintain synchronization between the simultaneously received signals [33]. Hybrid spread spectrum technique is created by combining DSSS and code shift keying (CSK). The spread spectrum is used to measure the channel characteristics in the in-phase, while the code phase of sequence in the quadrature channel is used to send data.
# Path Planning of Underground Robots via Improved A* and Dynamic Window Approach
## 2 Improved A* Algorithm
### Improvement of Heuristic Function
#### 2.3.3 Chebyshev Distance  
The Chebyshev distance is the minimum distance between two points when diagonal movement is allowed. It is suitable for the grid environment that allows diagonal movement, especially the path search problem of diagonal movement in a grid map. Its calculation formula is  
\[h(n)=\max(\left|x_{2}-x_{1}\right|,\left|y_{2}-y_{1}\right|) \tag{4}\]
# Powdered Foods: Structure, Processing, and Challenges: A Review
## 2 Bibliometric Data  
A current and comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database on 7 November 2023 ([[https://www.scopus.com/home.uri](https://www.scopus.com/home.uri)]([https://www.scopus.com/home.uri](https://www.scopus.com/home.uri)), accessed on 23 October 2023), employing the search string 'food' and 'powder'. The search considered article title, abstract, and keywords in the Scopus database, resulting in 22,768 documents. However, due to the broad scope of these documents, most authors did not specifically cover powdered foods, often emphasizing areas other than food science. Therefore, the words 'food' and 'powder' were considered exclusively for article title and keywords, with a total of 346 documents found, spanning the years between 1981 and 2023. For the bibliometric analysis, the data were exported to VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20, 2023).  
Out of the 346 evaluated documents, division by document type revealed four major groups, with 255 articles, 33 conference papers, 30 reviews, and 24 book chapters, representing 95% of all analyzed documents. Across subject areas, the majority belonged to Agricultural and Biological Sciences (29.3%), followed by Chemical Engineering (13.2%), General Engineering (12.3%), and Chemistry (10.0%). The most frequently used keywords were also evaluated, in which keywords that occurred in more than 15 articles were considered, resulting in a total of 45 keywords (Figure 1).  
The 45 keywords were categorized into three clusters. The first cluster was related to powdered food production processes (agglomeration, spray-drying, storage, and glass transition). The second cluster focuses on intrinsic food properties, including antioxidant capacity, particle size, and nutritional profile. Finally, the third group gathers keywords related to the effects of ingesting powdered foods, such as controlled studies in humans and animals.  
The clusters were also divided by the year of publication, suggesting that older topics addressed the drying process and quality control. In contrast, more recent topics addressed the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of functional food powders, and studies conducted in animal and humans regarding the potential effects of the food and ingredients tested. For more recent documents (2021-2023), studies explored powdered foods and their potential as functional foods. Examples include research on animal proteins with enhanced digestibility [11], fruit powders with improved antidiabetic properties [12],and even the utilization of protein powder obtained from insects as nutritional enrichment for human and animal consumption [13].
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we present very recent results regarding the latency characterization of a novel bidirectional visible light communication (VLC) system for vehicular applications, which could be relevant in intelligent transportation system (ITS) safety applications, such as the assisted and automated braking of cars and motorbikes in critical situations. The VLC system has been implemented using real motorbike head- and tail-lights with distances up to 27 m in a realistic outdoor scenario. We performed a detailed statistical analysis of the observed error distribution in the communication process, assessing the most probable statistical values of expected latency depending on the observed packet error rate (PER). A minimum attainable observed round-trip latency of 2.5 ms was measured. Using our dataset, we have also estimated the probability to receive correctly a message with a specific average latency for a target PER, and we compare it to the ultra-reliable low-latency (URLL) 5G communications service. In addition, a mobility model is implemented to compare the VLC and radio frequency (RF) technologies (IEEE802.11p, LTE, 5G) to support an automated braking systems for vehicles in urban platooning.  
visible light communication (VLC); 5G; 6G; intelligent transportation systems; bidirectional communication; vehicular communications +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors