# Empowering Pedestrian Safety: Unveiling a Lightweight Scheme for Improved Vehicle-Pedestrian Safety
## 4 Related Work
The VRU movement patterns and reaction times differ from autos, pedestrians, cyclists, and powered two-wheelers [42]. Children walk haphazardly, whereas older and handicapped people move slowly [43]. Variations affect the VRU's role and device selection. Kids prefer tag-based unilateral communication since they cannot be VRUs. Various efforts have been made to develop V2P communication, with the goal of overcoming possible problems by adjusting the interaction of various aspects. Figure 11 classifies and provides an overview of the various V2P designinitiatives based on the three design criteria: VRU type, the technology employed, and the VRU device. Visualization is a key aspect of V2P systems, helping convey information in an intuitive and effective manner. Visualization points are used to support safety in V2P systems and include pedestrian presence visualization, where icons are used on the vehicle's display to indicate the presence of pedestrians in the vicinity. Crosswalk status indicators employ dynamic visual cues to indicate the status of a crosswalk (e.g., flashing lights, changing colors) to notify drivers of pedestrians who are actively crossing. Distance and speed visualization displays real-time information about the distance and speed of pedestrians relative to the vehicle to assist drivers in making informed decisions. Intersection safety visualization uses augmented reality or head-up displays to highlight potential collision points at intersections and provide guidance on safe navigation. Smart crosswalks integrate embedded LED lights that dynamically change based on the presence of pedestrians, creating a visual warning for drivers. Effective visualization in V2P systems can significantly contribute to safer road interactions by enhancing situational awareness for both drivers and pedestrians. It is essential to design these visualizations with clarity and simplicity to ensure the quick and accurate interpretation of information. In [44], the authors discuss the communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and human road users through external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs), like the displays on the AV's surface. The study examines the size requirements for displayed text or symbols to ensure legibility, considering factors such as road traffic dynamics and human reaction time. The results suggest that, for the maximum detection range among human road users, AVs should display symbols rather than text, and color-coded symbols can enhance message comprehension without affecting detection range. In [45], The paper explores the challenges of ensuring pedestrian safety, especially at crosswalks, in unique environments where traditional traffic infrastructure is absent, such as \"naked streets.\" The research introduces an innovative smart pole interaction unit (SPIU) with an external human-machine interface (eHMI) in autonomous vehicles (AVs). Using virtual  
Figure 9: Research directions and trends for V2P design. reality (VR) technology, the study demonstrates that integrating an SPIU with an eHMI in vehicles significantly improves secure decision making for pedestrian passing and stops in shared spaces, leading to a substantial 21% reduction in response time and highlighting the positive impact on interaction dynamics in both unidirectional and bidirectional scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [46] focus on cyclist safety in traffic, utilizing a visual tracking tool to identify critical points in infrastructure with high distraction levels. By replicating the scenario in a bicycle simulator and comparing it to a real test conducted in Stockholm, the research objectively analyzes cycling behavior, finding the crossing as a significant critical aspect. The results, based on both objective and subjective evaluations, highlight the importance of attention and workload perception, emphasizing the potential differences in user experience between simulated and real-world cycling situations. [PERSON] et al.