# Health Misinformation in Social Networks: A Survey of Information Technology Approaches
## 3 Fact-Checking
### Automatic Fact-Checking
#### 3.2.2 Claim Validation
In addition, they evaluate various BERT models for extracting descriptions of populations, interventions, and outcomes, as well as for tagging claims, questions, and experiences. Finally, using snippets, they retrieve trustworthy (published) evidence relevant to a given claim. To this end, they introduce a heuristic supervision strategy that outperformed pre-trained retrieval models. Knowledge Bases and Claim Validation  
Another direction for assessing the validity of a claim and retrieving the corresponding evidence is by exploiting knowledge bases. A knowledge base (KB) is a collection \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Name** & **URL** \\ \hline World Health Organization & [[https://www.who.int/](https://www.who.int/)]([https://www.who.int/](https://www.who.int/)) \\ \hline Medscape & [[https://www.medscape.com/](https://www.medscape.com/)]([https://www.medscape.com/](https://www.medscape.com/)) \\ \hline News-Medical Life Sciences & [[https://www.news-medical.net/](https://www.news-medical.net/)]([https://www.news-medical.net/](https://www.news-medical.net/)) \\ \hline Medical News Today & [[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/)]([https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/)) \\ \hline Medical Xpress & [[https://medicalxpress.com/](https://medicalxpress.com/)]([https://medicalxpress.com/](https://medicalxpress.com/)) \\ \hline The BMJ & [[https://www.bmj.com/](https://www.bmj.com/)]([https://www.bmj.com/](https://www.bmj.com/)) \\ \hline Stanford Medicine & [[https://med.stanford.edu/](https://med.stanford.edu/)]([https://med.stanford.edu/](https://med.stanford.edu/)) \\ \hline MedlinePlus & [[https://medlineplus.gov/](https://medlineplus.gov/)]([https://medlineplus.gov/](https://medlineplus.gov/)) \\ \hline Healio & [[https://www.healio.com/](https://www.healio.com/)]([https://www.healio.com/](https://www.healio.com/)) \\ \hline Centers For Disease Control and Prevention & [[https://www.cdc.gov/](https://www.cdc.gov/)]([https://www.cdc.gov/](https://www.cdc.gov/)) \\ \hline Modern Healthcare & [[https://www.modernhealthcare.com/](https://www.modernhealthcare.com/)]([https://www.modernhealthcare.com/](https://www.modernhealthcare.com/)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Trustworthy websites for medical news. of information and resources where human knowledge can be stored. A common way of representing it is by connecting two entities with a given relationship. These relationships can form a graph, the knowledge graph (KG), where the entities are represented as nodes and relationships are represented as edges. In this case, a fact is defined as a triple that has the form of (\"subject\" s, \"predicate\" p, and \"object\" o) and can be classified to different categories (e.g., numerical, object properties, etc.). Usually, the data modeling languages that are used for creating the graphs are the Resource Description Framework (RDF) ([[https://www.w3.org/RDF/](https://www.w3.org/RDF/)]([https://www.w3.org/RDF/](https://www.w3.org/RDF/)), accessed on 10 December 2024) or the more expressive Web Ontology Language (OWL) ([[https://www.w3.org/OWL/](https://www.w3.org/OWL/)]([https://www.w3.org/OWL/](https://www.w3.org/OWL/)), accessed on 10 December 2024) that also provides automatic reasoners. An example is the KG-Miner [58], which can predict the truthfulness of a statement using discriminative predicate path mining. Given a textual claim and a KG, the claim is converted to a triple by using NLP methods [59; 60], and the validity of the fact is checked against the information contained in the graph. However, the KG is considered incomplete (the Open World Assumption), meaning that it does not contain all known true facts. As a result, a missing fact does not imply an invalid claim. The proposed methods in the literature try to overcome this issue.