## 4 Applications of WSN in Urban Areas
### Solid Waste Monitoring  
In urban areas, solid waste management presents significant challenges due to the increasing population density and congestion. Municipalities expend considerable resources on waste collection to maintain cleanliness and odor control, with customer satisfaction being a crucial consideration. However, overfilled bins and inefficient garbage pickup schedules often lead to dissatisfaction among residents. The optimization of waste collection routes and schedules is essential to minimize costs, including fuel expenses for collection trucks. Currently, waste collection is often performed sporadically, without proper planning or optimization, resulting in inefficient use of resources. With population growth exacerbating waste generation, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions in solid waste management. WSNs can play a vital role in optimizing waste collection processes by providing real-time monitoring of bin fill levels, enabling municipalities to schedule pickups more efficiently. By deploying sensors in waste bins, authorities can receive timely alerts when bins are nearing capacity, allowing for proactive and optimized waste collection. This approach can lead to cost savings, reduced fuel consumption, and improved overall efficiency in solid waste management in urban areas. [PERSON] et al. (2022) [47] proposed a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and cloud-assisted architecture for real-time monitoring of solid waste in remote locations. This methodology uses XBee communication and the Internet to enable remote monitoring of waste bins. Customized hardware was deployed within the bins to facilitate data collection, with customized sensor nodes and coordinator nodes employed in the architecture. The Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) data logger was used for real-time monitoring, capturing bin status, and representing it digitally. This solution addressed the challenge of inefficient waste management and lack of real-time monitoring in remote areas. By providing a system for real-time monitoring, authorities can optimize waste collection schedules, improve efficiency, and reduce operational costs associated with waste management. Additionally, the cloud-assisted architecture enables data storage and analysis, allowing for informed decision-making and proactive management of waste collection processes. Overall, this approach offers a promising solution for enhancing solid waste management practices in remote locations, contributing to cleaner and more sustainable urban environments. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [48] discussed Solid Waste Management (SWM) techniques to address the challenges posed by the lack of appropriate facilities for the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). SWM leads to open burning practices that negatively impact the surrounding environment. This methodology aimed to assess the ecological  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. No. ** & **Method Name** & **Objective** & **Sensor Type** & **Network Type** & **Typology** & **EC** & **NL** & **E** & **Daley** & **RO** & **T** & **LR** & **R** & **ET** & **Cust** & **CO** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[41]} & Real-time and early- & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  } &  
factors around dumpsites to understand the environmental impacts and propose technical solutions. Pollution metrics, including particulate matter concentration and hydrogen oxides, were measured to assess air quality in real-time monitoring processes. The results indicated elevated levels of fine suspended particulate matter concentration and nitrous oxide, highlighting the environmental pollution caused by inadequate SWM practices. This study shows the importance of implementing effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental pollution and ensure the well-being of surrounding communities. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) [49] proposed a real-time smart garbage bin apparatus for solid waste administration in urban areas.