## 3 Results
### Analysis of Local Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies
#### 3.3.3 Spatial Differences in Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies
In terms of synergistic relationships, global synergies, encompassing both high and low synergy, are predominantly located in the western and southwestern parts of Liaoning Province, excluding the Western Carpathian Region (WCR) and its adjacent areas. Conversely, local ecosystem service effects, particularly synergistic relationships, are more frequently observed in the southeastern part of Liaoning, specifically within the WCR, indicating a certain degree of spatial variability. Conversely, food production demonstrated stronger trade-offs than synergies with the other four services. In terms of the spatial manifestation of synergistic effects between ecosystem services, these were predominantly clustered in the southeastern region of the WCR, forming a pattern resembling the number \"7\". This area encompasses Donggang and Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County in Dandong City, Huanren Manchu Autonomous County in Benxi City, and Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County in Fushun City. The spatial distribution of trade-off effects lacks a clear pattern, with notable significance only in the northeastern part of the WSFR. In most cases, trade-offs are interspersed irregularly across the five ecological restoration zones, showing no distinct clustering. Overall, synergies between services far exceed trade-offs across the regions. Specifically, in the WCR, carbon sequestration exhibits synergistic effects with soil conservation, habitat quality, and water yield in both the northern and southeastern areas. Similarly, the synergies between water yield, soil conservation, and habitat quality extend outward from the central WCR, though the core region does not show significant spatial clustering. In contrast, food production demonstrates trade-offs with the other four services, forming a diagonal band from the northeast to the southwest, highlighting the presence of trade-off effects. In the WSFR, the spatial interaction between water yield and soil conservation is predominantly synergistic, covering nearly the entire region with strong spatial significance. Carbon sequestration and soil conservation also exhibit a clustered synergy in the northwest of the WCR, while habitat quality and carbon sequestration, as well as water yield, show a block-like distribution of synergy in the central WSFR. There is a small synergistic area between food production and habitat quality at the boundary between the WSFR and SWCR, but most interactions between services are expressed as trade-offs or non-significant relationships. In the SWCR, services generally exhibit trade-offs or lack significant spatial effects, with the exception of water yield and soil conservation, which demonstrate synergistic effects in the eastern part of the SWCR. This area of synergy covers more than 50% of the region, while the spatial interactions of other services are more mixed and interspersed. In the CR, food production shows trade-offs with the other four services, and habitat quality, soil conservation, water yield, and carbon sequestration display similar spatial distribution patterns of synergy. Both synergy and trade-offs are concentrated in the northern part of the CR, where it intersects with the WSFR and SWCR. In the IR, there are no significant patterns of synergy or trade-offs between services, with only sporadic distributions in the southern part of the region. Notably, in the central urban area of Dalian, food production shows synergies with carbon sequestration and habitat quality. In contrast, in the Lushunkou District of Dalian, habitat quality, water yield, and food production exhibit trade-offs.