# Smart Intravenous Infusion Dosing System
## 2 State of the Art
### Fluid Level Detection and Signaling Systems in IV Bottle/Bag  
This subsection presents fluid level detection and signaling systems in an IV bottle/bag using various sensors and alarms placed in the patient rooms and/or nurse room. A system for measuring the weight of an IV bottle to detect the liquid level in it using a load cell is shown in [4]. The microcontroller receives electrical signals and, on the basis of the defined parameters/response levels, activates the alarm/buzzer and displays a warning on the liquid-crystal display (LCD). The system for detecting fluid level in the IV bag using infrared (IR) sensors is shown in [5]. The converter sends a signal to the microcontroller that activates the voice module (sound recording), alerting the medical staff. The coupling of the load cell for measuring the weight of the IV bag (through fluid level detection in the bag), and the sensor for measuring the patient's pulse, just before the cannula, is shown in [6]. If the bag empties or the patient's pulse is outside the allowed values, then the microcontroller sends an alarm to the receiver at the nurse room via the Zigbee module. To detect the change in force/weight of the IV bag, the researchers used force sensors by mapping technique, as shown in [7]. On the basis of the defined threshold--the minimum level of liquid in the IV bottle--the microcontroller wirelessly sends an alarm signal to the nurse room. A sensor for detecting liquid in disposable plastic infusion or urine bags using a flexible capacitive sensor is shown in [8]. It consists of one or more conductive plates that are placed on the outer side of the bag, and with the change of liquid level, the capacitance between the plates changes. The second approach is based on an IR sensor that sends a signal regarding the fluid level in the IV bag to the Arduino controller and, if the minimum level is reached, the system generates a short message service (SMS) alarm to the medical staff [9]. An analysis of different systems for automated real-time IV infusion monitoring using a load cell, IR LED sensors, IR sensors, and ultrasonic sensors, along with the necessary electronics and communication to alert medical staff, is presented in [10]. An IV infusion monitoring system containing an IR sensor, an IV bag, a controller, a buzzer, and an LCD is shown in [11]. The IR sensor--transmitter and receiver--placed next to the IV bag sends a signal to the controller that, at the appropriate time, generates an alarm in the form of an audible and visual signal--a buzzer and an LCD, respectively. The sensor system for monitoring IV infusion shown in [12] uses three electrodes, the first of which is placed on the outlet of the IV bag (spike of drip chamber), the second in the middle of the drip chamber, and the third on the outlet of the drip chamber. By decreasing the fluid level in the IV bag and measuring the change in capacitance, the study generated the data on the remaining volume of the IV bag. A system for monitoring and controlling IV infusion using a photocell to detect and count liquid droplets through a drip chamber is shown in [13]. To display alarm states, the researchers formed a user interface with a screen attached to the IV stand. A prototype of a robotic IV infusion system is presented in [14]. It features an autonomous stand with Mecanum wheels powered by direct current (DC) motors, ultrasonic sensors for the safe movement of the stand, a tracking system with a camera (TAG) for monitoring patient movement, force and flow sensors for detecting fluid levels in the IV bag, and an IR LED sensor for detecting blood if returned to infusion via cannula, after which the valve closes automatically and alarms are sent to the medical staff.