## 4 Results and Discussions
### Emerging Digital Technologies
#### 4.1.6 Cyber-Physical Systems  
CPS are intelligent, interconnected, and self-regulating systems that integrate computational and physical elements to monitor and control real-world processes in real time [3; 9; 21; 36]. They form the technological foundation of industry 4.0 and 5.0 by enabling continuous interaction between physical operations and their DTs, facilitating decentralized decision-making and adaptive manufacturing [20; 26; 55; 61]. They are complex, large-scale, and heterogeneous systems that rely on the interconnections of numerous networked devices [9]. Composed of sensors, actuators, controllers, and smart units, CPS connect machines, storage, and production systems into autonomous and self-regulating networks [26; 53]. In manufacturing, CPS are increasingly adopted to enhance HRC, production efficiency, and automation [21]. Smart wearable devices, such as sensor-equipped smart soles, can effectively monitor shop-floor workers' movement and well-being, contributing to safety in factory settings, and exemplifying CPS applications [26]. CPS also enables real-time synchronization between physical and virtual environments, forming the core of smart factories through integration with IoT, cloud computing, and big data analytics for predictive maintenance and operational optimization [61; 77]. Likewise, CPS defines the core of the smart factory concept through its extensive reliance on intelligent robots as the primary production framework [11]. Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), a manufacturing application of CPS, are designed for automation, predictive maintenance, and collaborative robotics. CPPS rely on computing technologies like cloud, fog, and edge to perform tasks such as computation, modeling, and analysis, which are selected based on latency, bandwidth, and security requirements [15]. Cloud technology enables real-time information management and remote access, eliminating the need for physical proximity to computers. Cyber-Physical Social Systems (CPSS) and Human-Centric Cyber-Physical Systems (HCPS) place human needs at the center, integrating physiological and behavioral data via wearable sensors to enhance safety, personalization, and resilience in industrial environments [4; 9; 15; 16; 20]. These systems integrate human factors directly into the CPS design to enhance operator interaction, safety, and well-being, thereby making industrial plants more human-focused, resilient, and sustainable. HCPS systems use smart sensors and modeling to simulate human-machine cooperation, enabling real-time feedback and tailored interfaces [16; 19; 20]. These systems also integrate edge computing and thermal imaging analysis to enhance safety management [9] and rely on 5G for high-speed communication, enabling real-time VR/AR task execution, remote control, and health monitoring [20; 31]. Similarly, edge computing is widely used in AR image processing applications because it reduces latency and boosts performance by positioning computing devices near the data source [31]. Moreover, modern CPS are supported by advanced human-machine interfaces and immersive interaction technologies,