## 1 Introduction  
Today, with recent innovations in technology, the ability of different devices we use in our daily lives to connect to the internet, communicate, and exchange messages has rapidly increased. A large number of devices of different categories currently extend the internet to almost every part of the world. These devices provide different services via communication with other devices. The devices, whether a smartphone, vehicle, or vending machine, are capable of connecting to the internet and sharing data. The Internet of Things (IoT) provides various services to users in the whole network system. The IoT is also expected to increase automation levels. The IoT increases the efficiency of smart health, smart cities, and smart transportation when it is integrated with these services. The objective of this smart environment is to save money, time, lives, and energy [1; 2; 3]. The IoT has been implemented in the transportation industry by specialists through the development of wireless and mobile communication technologies. As a result, wireless networks have been steadily deployed on vehicles and roadways, allowing vehicles to share information with each other and with infrastructure. To make these vehicles more intelligent and secure, they are being equipped with external and internal sensors. External sensors are attached outside of the vehicle and include cameras and parking sensors, while internal sensors include automotive sensors such as brake sensors, fuel sensors, and tire pressure sensors. Vehicles equipped with sensors that communicate through a mobile and wireless network are considered part of the IoT and are referred to as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). IoV integrates two technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and the IoT, to take steps toward intelligent transportation [4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. The IoT mobilizes IoV to produce a revolution in the field. IoV is an open, integrated network system with significant controllability, manageability, and credibility that has evolved from the IoT. Numerous vehicles, users, things, and networks allow nodes to communicate information with their surroundings via various communication channels. IoV is considered one of the most significant IoT applications in the area of automobiles [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Driving safety is the main goal of many applications of IoV environments. IoV has its own set of challenges, particularly in terms of security and trust, since it has to provide highly important security functions. As with other technologies, IoV has many security vulnerabilities. Hackers could control vehicles if vulnerabilities in IoV are exposed, which could lead to traffic accidents. The security of IoVs is a critical issue for the safety of drivers and anyone using the roadways. The need for data security will increase as the number of vehicles connected to the public Internet increases. A trusted environment is a method of achieving security in IoV networks; hence, trust is an essential component of security. Messages exchanged between vehicles and their surroundings must be legitimate since trust must be established between vehicles. The detection and revocation of malicious vehicles, as well as their communications, is critical to providing a safe IoV environment. Before accepting and sending a message received by a legitimate vehicle, the vehicle should examine its trustworthiness and legitimacy. Some aspects of the V2X paradigm have been known to prompt major security concerns as well as lead to road accidents and traffic congestion. Users of vehicular networks aim to avoid any infringement on their privacy and any disclosure of private information. It is critical that users can also ensure that the data they receive are accurate. Traditional methods may not be able to address all these concerns or safeguard current IoV scenarios. It is important for security requirements such as integrity, confidentiality, and availability to be carefully considered by organizations.