esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# IoT Based Smart City Bus Stops
###### Abstract  
The advent of smart sensors, single system-on-chip computing devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing is facilitating the design and development of smart devices and services. These include smart meters, smart street lightings, smart gas stations, smart parking lots, and smart bus stops. Countries in the Gulf region have hot and humid weather around 6-7 months of the year, which might lead to uncomfortable conditions for public commuters. Transportation authorities have made some major enhancements to existing bus stops by installing air-conditioning units, but without any remote monitoring and control features. This paper proposes a smart IoT-based environmentally - friendly enhanced design for existing bus stop services in the United Arab Emirates. The objective of the proposed design was to optimize energy consumption through estimating bus stop occupancy, remotely monitor air conditioning and lights, automatically report utility breakdowns, and measure the air pollution around the area. In order to accomplish this, bus stops will be equipped with a WiFi-Based standalone microcontroller connected to sensors and actuators. The microcontroller transmits the sensor readings to a real-time database hosted in the cloud and incorporates a mobile app that notifies operators or maintenance personnel in the case of abnormal readings or breakdowns. The mobile app encompasses a map interface enabling operators to remotely monitor the conditions of bus stops such as the temperature, humidity, estimated occupancy, and air pollution levels. In addition to presenting the system's architecture and detailed design, a system prototype is built to test and validate the proposed solution.  
Internet of Things; intelligent transportation systems; air pollution; energy efficiency +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Summary  
From the simulation results above, we can conclude that Scheduling-PROPET achieves a better performance in several scenarios. First, our protocol gets better performance in different transmission ranges, compared with other protocols. Even in a relatively short transmission range, the protocol still gains better performance than others. The protocol also performs much better than others in the case of high node density in a network. Moreover, our protocol gets better performance than others when the buffer size increases. It means that we could consider increasing the buffer size of nodes if we want to make full use of the protocol in data transmission.  
A big challenge for IoT applications is to prolong network lifetime and maintain connectivity with resource limitation in order to deliver data to its destination. DTNs seem to be a suitable solution to handle intermittent connectivity, overcome resource constraints and network disconnection for IoT applications. Therefore, the proposed protocol can be used to achieve efficient data transmission in IoT scenarios, e.g., a mobile sensor network where sensor nodes are not powerful enough to send data to a collecting station all the time or scheduled to wake/sleep periodically to save their battery consumption. Scheduling-PROPET can be implemented to satisfy the data transmission requirements of IoT applications. Compared with existing protocols, we can see that the proposed  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Value**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Nodes} & Grouping & Pedestrians & Automobiles & Trans \\  & Buffer Space & 5 M & 5 M & 50 M \\  & Nodes Distribution & 80 & 40 & 24 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Bluetooth} & Transmission & \multirow{2}{*}{10 m} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 m} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 m} \\  & Range & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Simulation parameters for message generation intervals.  
Figure 6: Comparison in different intervals of message generation with the metrics: (a) Delivery Rate; (b) Overhead.  
protocol can be used well in IoT applications where the underlying network is characterized by intermittent connectivity, dynamic mobility and resource constraints. All we need to do is extend the existing PROPHET protocol with our mechanisms. However, according to the simulation results, it would be better to have a large buffer for our protocol in order to get a better performance in real-life IoT applications. Moreover, it will be better if the data transmission is based on Bluetooth.
# A Phased Array Antenna with New Elements Designed Using Source Transformations
###### Abstract  
Transformation electromagnetics/optics (TE/TO) has been shown to be a useful technique in designing electromagnetic devices with very unique properties. Here, the concepts of transformation optics for single elements is extended to an array of \"pinwheel\" shaped elements for the first time. Through full-wave finite element analysis (FEA), it is shown that a transformed \"pinwheel\" linear array can be designed to operate identically to a uniformly spaced linear dipole array. Thus, the \"pinwheel\" antenna array will maintain all the advantages of array processing of a simple dipole antenna array. The proposed method has applications in structurally integrated and conformal phased arrays for wireless communications, radars, and sensing where structural and mechanical constrains do not align with antenna performance.  
source transformations; transformation electromagnetics/optics; \"pinwheel\" antenna; metamaterial +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Reducing Videoconferencing Fatigue through Facial Emotion Recognition
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, such platforms often enable built-in functions which can be used to assess the quality of the presentation through the audience, for example, by using real-time questionnaires. For this reason, we recorded and evaluated presentations from a virtual seminar called Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs) over the course of twelve weeks with a total of seven two hour meetings using Zoom. There were eight student teams that consisted of three to five students. Each team presented its project progress in each of the seven two hour sessions spread out over the twelve weeks. In each team presentation, at least one or more team members presented their progress in ten minutes. After each presentation was held, the supervisor and the audience immediately evaluated it via a questionnaire. The facial recordings of the presentations were used to determine emotions of presenter, supervisor, and audience. We extracted the emotions using a deep neural network, a CNN based on the VGG16 architecture [11], which was trained prior to the recordings using self-labelled data and various facial emotion recognition data sets such as the Extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) [12], the Japanese Female Facial Expressions (JAFFE) [13], and the BU-3 DFE [14] data set. Using the emotions from the supervisor and the audience as well as the presentations scores, we found that:  
* The happier the speaker is, the happier and less neutral the audience is;
* The more neutral the speaker is, the less surprised the audience is;
* Triggering diverse emotions such as happiness, neutrality, and fear leads to a higher presentation score;
* Triggering too much neutrality among the participants leads to a lower presentation score. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review relevant literature with respect to facial emotion recognition and the relationship between emotions and the quality of presentations. In Section 3, we introduce the experimental setup and the research method. Results and discussions are presented in Sections 4-6, respectively. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the paper.
# Vulnerability Analysis of LTE-R Train-to-Ground Communication Time Synchronization
## 2 Network Architecture and Basic Knowledge
### LTE-R Train-to-Ground Communication Time Synchronization Process  
The LTE-R train-to-ground communication time synchronization process adopts the master-slave response mode. eNodeB is used as the primary clock node, and the on-board controller (OBC) of the high-speed train is used as the secondary clock node. eNodeB communicates with the high-speed train OBC through the LTE-R wireless transmission channel and the vehicle station (VS) deployed on the roof. Thus, the time synchronization of train-to-ground communication is proposed as shown in Figure 3.  
In Figure 3, eNodeB is set as the primary clock node to obtain accurate time information by using GPS or Beidou satellite signals as the external clock source. The OBC is set as the secondary clock node. The master-slave clock establishes two-way communication through the all-IP network of the LTE-R wireless channel, and it transmits a PTP time synchronization message to achieve time synchronization between the eNodeB and OBC train-to-ground communication.
## 5 DSS Techniques and Generalized Finite State Machine
### Dss1--Collaboration Protocol  
DSS1 is based on a decentralized CP that enables information dissemination between different node entities (within the same network or across different networks) that are taking part in the collaboration. This approach aims to provide each node with the necessary and relevant information about current spectrum usage and active transmissions from other nodes within its interference range. Having this information, a node can make informed decisions on its spectrum usage and avoid interfering with other nodes or getting interfered by others.  
We further enhanced the CP protocol in DSS1 to support an optional alarm message. This alarm message is initiated by terrestrial nodes and advertises a problem when suffering from interference at the receiver. This allows satellite transceivers with link adaptive capabilities to protect terrestrial links that cannot adapt. Once the FWA link detects interference, it notifies all the ESIM and satellite transmitters participating in CP to reallocate slots that might be causing this interference. Upon reception of the alarm message, each entity in the network should filter it based on the active transmissions and react if necessary. The interfering satellite link will reallocate slots that directly overlap with slots allocated by the FWA link. In addition, slots that might cause adjacent channel interference (ACI) are also reallocated. The DSS1 technique based on CP enhanced with alarm messages is referred to as DSS1+ in the rest of the paper.  
In DSS1 and DSS1+, the FSM shown in Figure 2a is executed at least in the GS (for satellite systems) or GW (for terrestrial systems), and optionally in the satellite and ESIM entities if decisions are taken locally at the satellite or ESIM. All the states explained in the generalized FSM remain the same with the DSS1/DSS1+ relying on the dissemination of necessary information via the CP. The main advantage of DSS1 is that it does not require any changes to the existing operation of satellite systems, and only requires the introduction of the CP that can run in the GSs controlling the satellites and ESIMs or the GWs controlling terrestrial links.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of Mesoporous Silicas  
The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the structure of the materials. Low-angle powder XRD patterns of the silicas were performed to determine if the materials showed the typical long mesoscopic ordered structure. XRD patterns were obtained on a Philips Diffractometer model PW3040/00 X'Pert MPD/MRD (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) at 45 kV and 40 mA, using Cu K\(\alpha\) radiation (\(\lambda\) = 1.5418 A). The samples were treated in power and placed in a sample holder. The sample and detector were rotated and the XRD patterns were collected from 0 to 10\({}^{\circ}\). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were performed on JEOL JEM 1010 (Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. The samples were dispersed in acetone and deposited on carbon-supported grids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were scanned by a Nova Nano SEM230 (FEG-SEM) (Denton, TX, USA) with an energy-dispersive spectrometry system (EDS). The metallizer used was Leica ACE600 (Wetzlar, Germany), using a gold target and depositing a layer of less than 5 nm. Nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption isotherms were performed with a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 (Norcross, GA, USA) analyzer. The isotherms were measured at \(-\)196 \({}^{\circ}\)C with an interval of relative pressures (P/P\({}_{0}\)) from 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) to 0.99. Previously, samples were degassed at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C under vacuum for 10 h. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was utilizedto obtain the specific surface area (SBET), and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model was used to calculate the pore volume and pore size distribution by the desorption branches of isotherms. The total pore volume (Vt) was estimated from the desorbed amount at a relative pressure P/P\({}_{0}\) of 0.97. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded with a Spotlight 200i, [PERSON] (Waltham, MA, USA) spectrometer in the region 4000-400 cm\({}^{-1}\) using KBr pellets with 16 scans and a resolution of 4 cm\({}^{-1}\). \({}^{29}\)Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (\({}^{29}\)Si-PDA-MAS-NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III-WB Spectrometer 400 MHz, operating at 79.4 MHz to \({}^{29}\)Si nucleus, Half-pi pulse: 6 \(\upmu\)s, number of accumulations: 1000, rotation speed: 12,000 Hz, time between pulses: 60 s. Finally, elemental analysis (% S) was performed using a microanalyzer Flash 2000 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Hampton, NY, USA).
## 4 Simulation Results  
We have estimated the performance of the two-way relaying PNC system applying the SIC detection algorithm proposed by us, using the example of an OFDM system model based on the WiFi model analyzed in [35]. In our experiments, we modeled a system  
Figure 5: Block diagram of the algorithm for detection of the signals received in the multiple access phase by the relay.  
consisting of two terminals (A and B) cooperating with a relay, as considered previously. The main system parameters are summarized in Table 1.  
As we have already mentioned, we assume that OFDM symbols that are transmitted from both end terminals are quasi-synchronous, i.e., the OFDM receiver in the relay is able to find the orthogonality period needed for OFDM symbol detection, which is located within OFDM symbols generated by each terminal. The convolutional code is used as the channel code with a coding rate \(R=1/2\). The standard [133; 171] code is applied. QPSK modulation is used by both terminals and the relay. Other modulation selection and coding rates, i.e., modulation and coding schemes (MCS), are also possible, depending on individual channel conditions. The applied channel models simulate multipath Rayleigh fading channels denoted in the text by vectors \(\mathbf{h}_{1}\) and \(\mathbf{h}_{2}\). They feature an exponential decay power profile with selected RMS delay spread.
###### Abstract  
A complex thermochemical process during biomass gasification includes many chemical reactions. Therefore, a stoichiometric model can be applied to predict the composition of the producer gas during gasification. However, the prediction of methane and hydrogen gas is still limited by a significant margin using the present stoichiometric models. The purpose of this research was to develop novel stoichiometric models that account for the reaction equilibrium constant with correction factors. The new models would enable forecasting of the composition of CO, CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), H\({}_{2}\), N\({}_{2}\), tar, lower heating value (LHV), and cold gasification efficiency (CGE). Model development consisted of two stages, whereas the development of the models and their validation adopted an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The first stage was calculating new correction factors and defining the new equilibrium constants. The results were six stoichiometric models (M1-M6) with four sets of correction factors (A-D) that built up the new equilibrium constants. The second stage was validating the models and evaluating their accuracy. Validation was performed by the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), whereas accuracy was evaluated using a paired _t_-test. The developed models predicted the composition of the producer gas with an RMSE of less than 3.5% and AH-value of less than 0. The models did not only predict the composition of the producer gas, but they also predicted the tar concentration. The maximum tar concentration was predicted by M2C with 98.733 g/Nm\({}^{3}\) at O/C 0.644, H/C 1.446, ER 0.331, and T 923 K. The composition of producer gases (CO, CO\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\), and N\({}_{2}\)) was accurately predicted by models M1D, M2C, and M3C. This research introduces new models with variables N/C, O/C, H/C, ER, and T to simulate the composition of CO, CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), H\({}_{2}\), N\({}_{2}\), and LHV-gas, with R\({}^{2}\) \(>\) 0.9354, tar (C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{6}\))-R\({}^{2}\) of 0.8638, and CGE-R\({}^{2}\) of 0.8423. This research also introduces correction factors and a new empirical correlation for the reaction equilibrium constants in new stoichiometric models using steam reforming.  
accurate H\({}_{2}\) prediction; biomass gasification; new correction factors; steam reforming; stoichiometric model; tar concentration
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analyses  
Statistical analyses in this study were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute of Taiwan Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the 24-hour of average of exposure data (indoor/outdoor air pollutant concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity). The concentrations of air pollutants were not normally distributed (data not shown), therefore we analyzed our data by nonparametric statistics, also known as distribution-free statistics. A paired Student's \(t\)-test was used toassess the difference in the average concentration of air pollutants between indoor and outdoor, between window opening periods and reference periods, and between cooking periods and reference periods. With the objective of evaluating significant differences among the areas (general, traffic, and industry) for all air pollutants variables, data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Scheffe multiple comparison test. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) is a general statistical method in a longitudinal study with small samples for adjusting time interference, in which each time point is an independent event. Finally, the relationships between the 24-hour average concentrations of indoor air pollutants (dependent variable) and household characteristics (independent variable) were analyzed using GEE, adjusting for other household characteristics, and time interference. A \(p\)-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
## 5 Simulation Results and Discussion
### IEEE Nine-Bus Case Study
Table 1 offers a comparison of the performance of PM with previous SOTA research in terms of total generation cost, speed deviation, and voltage deviation for different scenarios involving cyber-physical attacks. The table highlights PM's superiority in identifying the secure and optimal generation point of the system following disturbances, showcasing its accuracy and speed. It reports the minimum total generation cost across all scenarios for PM while also noting that PM exhibits the highest speed with the best accuracy in damping system oscillations with minimum voltage deviation.
# Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks
## 3 Results and Discussion
### General Technical Considerations  
As regards the biocides' physical and chemical properties and the possible practical applications of the treatments, the best properties were observed in the varnishes treated with benzalkonium chloride. This biocide enabled stable mixes formulas to be formed with the three varnishes without altering their transparency, which is in keeping with its properties as an emulsifier [21; 42]. Another advantage of benzalkonium chloride's nature as a surfactant is that it tends to be heavily absorbed and also tends to spread easily over the surface where it is applied, forming an antiseptic layer that lends protection for a long time [19; 42]. In the case of orthophenylphenol, transparent formulas dispersions were not achieved with the two varnishes of greatest polarity (sandarac and Manila copal), which also occurred with Metatin N spread on sandarac. This varnish, which is soluble in alcohol, gave the most problems in the mixes' formulas with biocides tested. As for the aesthetic appearance and transparency of the treated varnishes, in general good results were achieved visually, except in the aforementioned cases, although this factor has not been studied in the long term using quantitative colorimetric tests.  
The innocuousness of treatments for painting materials (especially for binders and pigments) is an important matter that remains to be studied in future. Perhaps the most tried and tested product on polychrome artworks among those tested is benzalkonium chloride, which is widely used for fresco paintings, whether in an aqueous solution or in mixtures for cleaning poultices such as \"AB 57\", commonly used in restoration [21; 42]. It can therefore be considered with some confidence for pigments. It is also compatible with metals, which is not the case with Preventol ON. The latter is corrosive to them, thereby restricting its use in artworks with gold or silver [43].  
Finally, human and environmental toxicity is another significant issue to take into account. Metatin N is the most toxic biocide tested here, since it contains tin (acute oral LD50 of 1300 mg/kg) [4], which restricts its use in practical applications. Orthophenyl phenol is the least toxic of the three, since the formulations used do not irritate the skin or mucous membranes [44], whereas benzalkonium chloride is found to be somewhere in the middle, not showing special toxicity problems at the proposed concentrations [21].
## 3 Results
### Effects of NPs on Viability of Yeast and Estrogenic Activity of E2  
Figure 2 shows the effects of NPs on the viability and the activity of E2 in the yeast two-hybrid system. When compared to control, no significant difference was observed in the viabilities of yeast cells exposed to ZnO NP and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP, except for 100 mg/L (Figure 2a,b). However, E2 estrogenic activities began to decline at 5 mg/L of ZnO NP and 10 mg/L of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), respectively. With the 50 mg/L NPs, the estrogenic activities were about 40%, compared to the control. Ag NP did not induce any significant difference in the viability and the estrogenic activity of E2 in yeast cells up to a concentration of 0.1 mg/L (Figure 2c). However, with 0.5 mg/L Ag NP, the viability and estrogenic activity significantly decreased (\(p<0.05\)) in comparison with control. For Ag\({}^{\text{cit}}\) NP, the mortality increase was slower than that with Ag NPs, and estrogenic activity was inhibited at a concentration of 10 mg/L and above (Figure 2d).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Nanoparticles** & **Hydrodynamic Size (nm)** \\ \hline ZnO NP & 201.4 \(\pm\) 30.7 \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP & 147.9 \(\pm\) 54.0 \\ Ag NP & 38.5 \(\pm\) 10.1 \\ Ag\({}^{\text{cit}}\) NP & 20.0 \(\pm\) 1.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values in table represent mean \(\pm\) standard deviation.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Hydrodynamic sizes of nanoparticles (NPs) tested.  
Figure 2: _Cont._