## 3 Results
### Main Study Outcome  
The aim of this study was to determine the current surface treatments that improve the stability of orthodontic miniscrews and evaluate which surface treatments showed successful results compared to the control groups. The number of miniscrew samples ranged between 18 and 144 (totaling 1097 with a mean of 64.52) (Table 1). Among the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline  
surface modifications in the articles, the SLA method was most frequently applied, followed by acid etching in second place. The control groups' (machined surface) MRT values varied from 2.05 to 50.50 Ncm, while MIT values varied from 7.23 to 19.25 Ncm (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline
**Author/Year** & **Design of Miniscrew** & **Insertion Sites** & **Measurement of Stability** & **Results** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Park et al./2019 Park et al./2019 Park et al./2019 Park et al./ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline
**Author/Year** & **Design of Miniscrew** & **Insertion Sites** & **Measurement of Stability** & **Results** \\ \hline  & & & & CG1 \\  & & & & MIT: \(11.7\pm 4.3\) Ncm \\  & & & & MRT: \(4.3\pm 1.6\) Ncm \\  & & & & CTG2 \\  & & & & MIT: \(12.5\pm 5.1\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2016 [37] & Self-drilling, cylinder-type & & & CTG \\  & titanium aluminum & On both sides, each & MIT & MRT: \(4.0\pm 1.5\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2016 [37] & vanadium & mouldable. & MRT & \\  & alloy; 1.45 mm in diameter & & & MIT: \(11.4\pm 4.1\) Ncm \\  & and 7 mm in length & & & MRT: \(5.1\pm 2.6\) Ncm \\  & & & & TG2 \\  & & & & MIT: \(12.4\pm 4.9\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(4.1\pm 1.7\) Ncm \\ \hline [PERSON] et al./2015 & Self-drilling, Ti-6 Al-4V & Inserted approximately 3 & & MRT-W0: \(5.38\pm 1.48\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2015 & titanium alloy, 6 mm length, & mm superior to the medial & MRT: Week 0, 8 & MRT-W8: \(8.00\pm 2.51\) Ncm \\
[38] & 1.5 mm diameter. & epicondyle. & & TG \\  & & & MRT-W0: \(7.21\pm 2.41\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT-W8: \(6.59\pm 1.20\) Ncm \\ \hline  & & & CG \\  & & & MIT: \(24.77\pm 3.03\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(6.57\pm 2.88\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2012 [28] & Titanium alloy, cylindrical & & & TG1 \\  & shape, drill-free-type, 1.45 & & MRT & \(12.43\pm 20\) Ncm \\  & mm diameter, 8 mm length. & & MRT: \(8.03\pm 3.09\) Ncm \\  & & & TG2 \\  & & & MIT: \(13.15\pm 4.40\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(12.80\pm 4.15\) Ncm \\ \hline  & & & CG \\  & & & & MIT: \(11.11\pm 2.05\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(9.54\pm 1.35\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2016 [29] & Ti-6 Al-4V alloy, 6 mm length, & & MRT: Week 2, 4 & \\  & & & MRT: Week 2, 4 & \\  & & & MRT: Week 2, 4 & \\  & & & & TG \\  & & & & MIT: \(9.57\pm 1.47\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT-W2: \(7.06\pm 1.78\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT-W4: \(7.08\pm 3.12\) Ncm \\ \hline  & & & CG \\  & & & & CTG \\  & & & MRT: \(19.25\pm 8.34\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(7.45\pm 2.18\) Ncm \\ [PERSON] et al./2009 [39] & Titanium alloy, cylindrical & & & MRT: \(7.26\pm 2.18\) Ncm \\ shape, self- & Inserted in buccal side of the & & MRT & \(16.52\pm 7.26\) Ncm \\ tapping, 1.8 mm diameter, 8.5 & maxilla and mandible. & & MRT & \(6.18\pm 1.73\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(76.1\) \\  & & & MRT: \(15.27\pm 6.65\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(10.74\pm 8.53\) Ncm \\  & & & TG2 \\  & & & MRT: \(15.33\pm 8.80\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(8.43\pm 1.62\) Ncm \\ \hline  & & & CG \\  & & & MRT: \(18\pm 3\) Ncm \\  & & & TG1 \\  & & & MRT: \(22\pm 4\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(52\pm 10\) Ncm \\  & & & MRT: \(57\pm 8\) Ncm \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._In the three papers evaluated, there was no clear difference in stability between the surface treatment group and the control group [25; 37; 40]. In two of these studies, acid etching was applied as surface treatment. In a human study by [PERSON] et al. [25], acid-etched and machined surface treatments were compared. In this study, the overall success rate of miniscrews was found to be 88.8%. The success rates of the two groups were found to be similar.