# Robust Optimization of Transport Organization for China Railway Express
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper has presented a comprehensive study of the robust optimization of the China-Europe freight train transport organization, particularly under the varying conditions of uncertain cargo transportation demand. The research commenced with the development of a robust optimization model suitable for specific environmental conditions and was further extended to incorporate models addressing the broader spectrum of uncertain freight demand. This included a flexible approach to adapt to varying demand levels, culminating in an extended fuzzy evaluation of the optimization structure.  
The key findings of this study indicate that with increased robustness requirements in the optimization model, there is a corresponding rise in transportation costs, impacting the overall efficiency of the China-Europe freight train network. The sensitivity analysis underscores the model's approach to managing cost fluctuations in response to variable cargo demand, aiming to preserve the stability and reliability of the transportation scheme.  
The research has successfully developed a robust and effective transportation organization plan for China-Europe freight trains, demonstrating resilience against uncertain cargo demand scenarios. This achievement enhances the economic feasibility, operational efficiency, and stability of the freight transportation system. The insights gained from considering a range of demand uncertainties contribute to a more adaptable and efficient transport organization strategy. These contributions mark significant advancements in the methodologies and practical applications related to China-Europe freight train logistics.  
This study unveils the complexities arising from fluctuating cargo demand in China-Europe freight train logistics, underscoring the need for ongoing research. However, it also recognizes a limitation: the lack of a thorough analysis on how infrastructure capacity constraints might influence the proposed transport strategy. Our model, addressing demand uncertainties, requires further in-depth exploration into the effects of limited route capacities on operational strategies, a vital aspect for enhancing the real-world applicability and efficiency of transportation models. Future research should delve into optimizing freight aggregation points, routes, modal combinations, return train organization, and empty container management, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of freight systems.  
Conceptualization, C.Z. ([PERSON]) and Y.S.; methodology, C.Z. ([PERSON]); software, J.M. and L.G.; validation, L.G.; formal analysis, Y.S.; investigation, J.M.; resources, C.Z. ([PERSON]); data curation, Y.S.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Z. ([PERSON]) and J.M.; writing--review and editing, C.Z. ([PERSON]); visualization, L.G. and J.M.; supervision, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); project administration, C.Z. ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, [PERSON] ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51808187); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20170879).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Nanjing Communications Construction Investment Group. Author [PERSON] was employed by the company JSTI Group. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.