## 3 Results
### Methodology Application on the Entire Valencian Community  
Subsequently, we determined the number of times each pixel's temperature fell below the first threshold of \(-2.3\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for more than 3 h (the minimum damage threshold according to our methodology) throughout the study period (Figure 12). This value represents the maximum number of occurrences where crops could have sustained damage over the past 20 years and allows us to assess which areas of the Valencian Community are most at risk for frost damage. It is observed that the region of the Community where these occurrences are most frequent is in the northwest, with some areas exceeding 400 occurrences in total. In contrast, along the coast, such a pronounced effect is not detected. In terms of coverage, frost events have been recorded in 87.7% of the Community extent over the last two decades. To analyze this effect in detail, damage intensity maps were generated for each year and each month (Figure 13; Appendix A, Figure A2) using the methodology previously described (Equation (1)). Starting with January, we observe medium-to-high-intensity damage present in all years, particularly in the northwestern areas. Some years show higher total intensity than others, with 2011 and 2021 leading the list. Additionally, 2011 and 2005 stand out as the years when frost occurred across almost the entire Community, except for a narrow strip of land along the coast. In contrast, in 2004, 2008, 2014, 2016, and 2018, the frost damage is practically insignificant throughout the study area. For February and March, we notice that in most years, frost intensity has been low or even negligible. The only exceptions are February 2012, which experienced fairly high intensity, and March 2004 and 2005, which had low intensity (between 5 and 20). It is also noteworthy that some intensity, though low, was recorded in March 2023, a phenomenon not observed in the previous 12 years. Figure 11: Comparison of the average minimum (**A**), mean (**B**), and maximum (**C**) land surface temperatures measured in the first decade (2004–2013) with those measured in the second decade (2014–2023) of the study period, across the Valencian Community. April is a special case as no significant damage intensity was recorded in any of the years considered. Therefore, in this context, it can be excluded as a month in which frosts occur and pose a risk to vegetation. Moving on to November, we see that while some years in the first decade of the study (2004-2013) show significant damage intensity, almost no years in the second decade (2014-2023) do. Finally, December shows a similar pattern, although the intensities are slightly higher in the second decade. To identify potential trends, the Mann-Kendall test was conducted on each monthly image (Figure 14). The months that exhibit a clear and consistent downward trend are March and December. In contrast, January, February, and November show a decreasing trend only in certain limited areas. No trend was observed in April, which aligns with previous data indicating the absence of significant damage during that month throughout the study period. To analyze the global trend over the time series, annual frost damage intensity maps were calculated (Figure 15; Appendix A, Figure A3). It was observed that the years with the highest frost intensity were 2005, 2010, and 2012. Additionally, it was noted once again that the damage intensity was higher during the first decade of the study compared to the second. The Kendall seasonal trend test was applied to the entire dataset of damage intensity to observe the overall trend over time. The results (Figure 16) illustrate the areas of the Valencian Community where the annual damage intensity has changed, taking into account the seasonality of the data. It was observed that across much of the region, there has been a decreasing trend in the intensity of damage caused by low temperatures, with the exception of the coastal zone, where no such damage was recorded.