# Enhanced Scalability and Security in Blockchain-Based Transportation Systems for Mass Gatherings
### Problem Statement  
The positive development can be seen in the use of blockchain technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) for mass gatherings, allowing for scalability and security enhancements in transportation management under high-demand conditions. To maintain proper flow and control access to crowded places, transparency is a crucial factor, and it is offered by blockchain as a decentralized system. However, traditional ITSs pose serious challenges in terms of how time-sensitive data is moved, extensibility, and security. Traditional blockchain designs, particularly those utilizing Proof-of-Work (PoW), exacerbate these issues with latency, high transaction costs, and substantial environmental costs, as the consensus mechanism is highly computationally intensive [7]. Furthermore, although the decentralized ledger technology has experienced trend-setting success in other realms, such as financial services and supply chains, it malfunctions under ITSs, due to the low energy efficiency and throughput, which are inapplicable, as traffic and access control systems for large-scale, real-time public events continue to demand more secured, scalable, and real-time mechanisms [8]. The study aims to address these shortcomings by proposing a cost-effective blockchain that leverages subsequent cryptographic technologies, including State Channels and Rollups, to enhance scalability and reduce processing costs. The proposed architecture aims to address the disadvantages of traditional systems and optimize them in real-time for a sustainable environment [9].  
The hybrid consensus mechanism used in the proposed ITS blockchain-based architecture replaces PoW with Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or a hybrid method to increase scalability and minimize the energy costs involved in transaction confirmation. This transition will offer a more viable and sustainable model in contrast to PoW, which has been denounced over its environmental toll and inefficiency on a large scale [12]. The off-chain processing of Rollups and State Channels results in a significant reduction in on-chain transactions, leading to lower latency and increased throughput, which is crucial to the mass adoption success of ITS. Additionally, real-time data verification and decision-making based on smart contracts enable a shift towards a decentralized access control method, ensuring transportation is both secure and efficient without the need for a centralized agent [13]. The ease of the proposed system in forecasting the transaction process in a dynamic traffic scenario by computing a mathematical model also guarantees the ease of access control and monitoring at large-scale events. The specification of such advanced features elevates the blockchain-based ITS initial arrangement to one that is effective in operation and environmentally sustainable, thanks to its low energy use, and therefore, a feasible solution to the challenges inherent in modern ITS structures.  
Figure 2 illustrates a hybrid blockchain architecture combining on-chain and off-chain mechanisms for scalable transaction processing. The system features a blockchain network core with State Channels and Rollups for enhanced throughput, cryptographic security modules, and dual-access user interfaces via mobile and web platforms. Data management utilizes hybrid storage, incorporating decentralized ledgers for critical transactions and off-chain storage for high-volume data. Real-time processing capabilities ensure instant transaction management and incessant performance optimization.