# Concept Justification of Future 3 DPVS and Novel Approach towards its Conceptual Development
## 2 Laws of System Evolution and Concept Justification for 3 DPVS
### Generic Laws of System Evolution (LSE)
#### 2.2.2 Second Group of Laws Supporting 3 DPVS Development Concept  
This group of laws specifies the conditions of scaffold system development independent of technological and physical factors. The 3 DPVS concept fulfil three generic laws in this category. _The law of increasing degree of ideality_ can be a vital evolution trend of a scaffold engineering system. A scaffold tends to become more reliable, effective and perfect in terms of the following aspects:  
* Increasing the amount of functions;
* Transferring functions to the sub-system (working units);
* Transferring functions to the super-system;
* Using both external and internal resources already available to the system;  
For a scaffold, 3D scaffolding create more functions than 2D scaffolding or a culturing plate; the 3D active scaffold will provide more functions than the 3D passive scaffold. For vibration, the traditional mechanism needs scaffold and outside vibrators, while the novel 3D vibratory scaffold can generate vibration by itself. Thus, the number of components is decreased. Level of ideality = \(\dfrac{\text{number of useful functions}}{\text{number of created components}}\)  
Ideally, the future scaffold will potentially include but not be limited to 5 aspects, as shown below. The 3 DPVS concept strongly fulfils the 3, 4 and 5, while maintain 1, 2 at reasonable level compared with traditional 3D static scaffold. Note that symbol \"->\" indicates the developing trend. 1. less energy to produce and operate (energy);
2. less cost of product in its life cycle (cost);
3. less space occupation (space), such as: * Field-based scaffold might finally replace physical scaffolds as it occupies zero physical space;
* Field-based vibration to replace mechanical vibrator;
4. less time from concept to market (time), such as: * traditional fabrication- > rapid prototyping- > advanced 3 DP;
5. increased functionality (performance), such as: * static functionality- > dynamic scaffold;
* fixed, uncontrollable vibration frequency->controllable vibration. _The law of no-uniform evolution of sub-systems (system components),_ in addition to the Law of increasing ideality, this indicates that three major functions of scaffold, namely geometrical control, mechanical stimulation and biological control, will probably be developed as non-uniform components of scaffolding, to fulfil the different cell cultivation requirements. In terms of vibration, this is among aspects of dynamicity and could possibly develop at an earlier rate than other dynamic aspects in cell culture. If designers want to address all dynamic issues simultaneous then nothing could probably be achieved at a satisfactory level. Also, the research weight on material composition and geometrical control could be different. For example, tailored materials for vibration might be studied firstly, then coming to the analysis of proper structures for specific vibrations. This suits the law as well. _The law of transitioning to a super-system,_ illustrates that a scaffolding system tends to evolve in two directions. The first direction is that a \"future scaffold system evolves into a combination of different existing systems\". Using the modern phone as example, it contains video camera, telephone, TV and photo camera into one unit; an aircraft carrier, similarly, is the integration of airplane and ship. Combining different system into one unit has witnessed vast applications through technological breakthroughs. This is one reason why combining a vibration mechanism with a 3D scaffold can be a promising future tendency for scaffold engineering. 3D scaffold system and vibration system have the potential to be integrated together, both fulfilling some beneficial or useful purposes for cell culture. 3 DPVS is therefore reasonable concept. Another direction inside this law is that the \"scaffold evolves from mono-system to bi- or poly-system\". Future scaffolds will most likely contain several sub-systems, compared with traditional passive scaffolds that only have one mono-system.