## 3 IoT-Based Cloud Platform Architecture
### Design Method  
In order to improve the communication efficiency and operation performance of autonomous agricultural equipment, this paper proposes a cloud platform architecture and optimization strategy that combines IoT technology. The platform adopts NB-IoT and 5G dual-channel communication mode to give full play to the advantages of both: using NB-IoT to achieve low-power, long-distance data transmission, such as real-time monitoring of sensor data such as soil moisture and meteorological parameters; at the same time, using the high bandwidth and low latency characteristics of 5G leverages its high bandwidth and low latency characteristics to support agricultural machinery scheduling, path tracking, and remote control, thereby meeting the communication needs of diverse scenarios in modern agriculture.  
As shown in Figure 5, the cloud platform converts task parameters into operational instructions, including equipment configuration, path planning, and dynamic scheduling. These instructions are transmitted to the cloud via a dual-channel communication framework for comprehensive optimization and scheduling. For static tasks, the platform employs cloud-based multi-objective optimization to generate initial plans. Meanwhile, for dynamic tasks such as equipment failures, weather changes, or task conflicts, the system continuously adjusts and replans operations through a real-time data feedback mechanism, ensuring seamless equipment coordination and uninterrupted workflows. The dynamic optimization results are used to reorganize task and equipment information for secondary scheduling, enhancing the overall stability and reliability of the scheduling process.  
In addition, the platform integrates environment perception and dynamic control capabilities: through embedded sensors and visual systems, agricultural equipment can autonomously perceive its surroundings and leverage both NB-IoT and 5G real-time communication technologies for efficient task collaboration. Sensor data support path tracking and real-time adjustments, enhancing the equipment's environmental adaptability and operational accuracy. Multi-objective optimization strategies are introduced to reduce  
Figure 5: Design methodology of an agricultural cloud platform based on NB-IoT and 5G IoT.  
path tracking errors and optimize resource allocation while minimizing the impact of external disturbances on operations.  
Figure 6 illustrates the platform architecture, which consists of two levels: physical devices and software services. The physical device layer comprises sensors, routers, and gateways, responsible for data acquisition and transmission. The software service layer encompasses cloud platforms, business control, and data management, serving as the intelligent core of agricultural operations. Devices communicate either directly via mesh networks or indirectly through base stations and gateways, ensuring collaborative efficiency in complex scenarios.  
The focus of this study is to develop a flexible and efficient dual-channel communication system leveraging IoT technology to enhance real-time decision-making and task scheduling for modern agricultural machinery. In the future, with the continued advancement of agricultural communication technology, the platform can be expanded to broader applications, such as global smart farm management and in-depth precision agriculture analysis, facilitating the comprehensive transition of agriculture toward mechanization and intelligence.