## 3 Results
### Proactive Balancing
#### 3.1.1 Path Time  
The path time was affected by target distance but not target direction. The path time was less in short target distance trials (\(p\) = 0.03) in all movement directions and irrelevant to movement directions (\(p\) = 0.15) (Figure 5a). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Target Distance**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Target Direction**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **0\({}^{\circ}\)** & **45\({}^{\circ}\)** & **90\({}^{\circ}\)** & **135\({}^{\circ}\)** & **180\({}^{\circ}\)** \\  & **(Left)** & **(Front Left)** & **(Forward)** & **(Front Right)** & **(Right)** \\ \hline Path Time & 60\% & 0.76 * & 0.71 & 0.73 & 0.44 & 0.88 * \\
80\% & 0.63 & 0.72 & - & 0.52 & 0.64 \\ \hline Path Length & 60\% & 0.78 * & 0.78 * & 0.44 & 0.49 & 0.78 * \\
80\% & 0.75 * & 0.95 * & 0.75 * & - & 0.50 \\ \hline Direction Error & 60\% & - & - & - & - & - \\
80\% & 0.95 * & 0.74 & - & - & 0.72 \\ \hline APA Time & 60\% & 0.69 & 0.74 & 0.67 & 0.60 & 0.72 \\
80\% & 0.83 * & 0.69 & 0.82 * & 0.78 * & - \\ \hline APA Distance & 60\% & 0.82 * & 0.69 & - & 0.50 & 0.62 \\
80\% & 0.41 & 0.93 & - & - & 0.61 \\ \hline APA correction & 60\% & - & 0.49 & - & - & - \\
80\% & - & 0.63 & - & 0.80 * & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* ICC > 0.75.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: The test-retest reliability of Proactive Balance and APA. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Variables**} & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Target** \\ **Distance** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Target Direction**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**2 Way ANOVA (p)**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **0\({}^{\circ}\)** & **45\({}^{\circ}\)** & **90\({}^{\circ}\)** & **135\({}^{\circ}\)** & **180\({}^{\circ}\)** & **166\({}^{\circ}\)** & **Main** & **Effect** & **Main** \\  & **(Left)** & **(Front Left)** & **(Forward)** & **(Front Right)** & **(Right)** & **(Right)** & **(Right)** & **(Bifect)** & **(Bifect)** \\ \hline Path Time & 60\% & 3.88 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 3.9 \(\pm\) 0.64 & 3.70 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 3.91 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 4.04 \(\pm\) 0.99 & & \\ (s) & 80\% & 4.04 \(\pm\) 0.95\({}^{*}\) & 3.93 \(\pm\) 0.69 * & 3.98 \(\pm\) 0.57 * & 4.10 \(\pm\) 0.89 * & 4.18 \(\pm\) 1.08 * & 0.93 & 0.03 * & 0.15 \\ \hline Path Length & 60\% & 88.78 \(\pm\) 24.62 & 89.00 \(\pm\) 70.11 \(\pm\) 72.62 \(\pm\) & 75.56 \(\pm\) & & & \\ (mm) & 60\% & 88.78 \(\pm\) 24.62 & 45.22 & 19.01 & 28.81 & 23.22 & 0.02 ** & - & - \\ (mm) & 80\% & 99.10 \(\pm\) 43.40 & 101.58 \(\pm\) & 104.29 \(\pm\) & 105.24 \(\pm\) & 116.64 \(\pm\) & & & \\  & 80\% & 99.10 \(\pm\) 43.40 & 21.76 & 41.87 \(\pm\) & 36.96 \(\pm\) & 50.82 \({}^{*}\) & & & \\ \hline Direction Error & 60\% & 8.28 \(\pm\) 5.27 & 11.22 \(\pm\) 8.33 & 7.00 \(\pm\) 5.06 & 13.79 \(\pm\) 8.32 & 6.49 \(\pm\) 5.80 & & \\ (deg) & 80\% & 6.77 \(\pm\) 4.81 & 8.41 \(\pm\) 6.35 & 5.18 \(\pm\) 4.62 & 8.78 \(\pm\) 6.33 & 6.08 \(\pm\) 3.90 & NA & & \\ \hline APA Time & 60\% & 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.59 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.56 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.15 & & \\ (s) & 80\% & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.15 & & \\ \hline APA Distance & 60\% & 28.04 \(\pm\) 12.81 & 25.56 \(\pm\) & 20.71 \(\pm\) 7.97 & 16.35 \(\pm\) 6.61 & 10.49 & 0.01 ** & - & - \\ (mm) & 80\% & 26.84 \(\pm\) 13.92 & 21.40 \(\pm\) 7.51 & 25.39 \(\pm\) & 20.52 \(\pm\) & 28.73 \(\pm\) & & \\ \hline APA correction & 60\% & - & 3.26 \(\pm\) 2.78 & - & 2.70 \(\pm\) 4.00 & - & - & 0.59 & 0.54 & \textless{}0.01 * \\ (mm) & 80\% & - & 3.09 \(\pm\) 3.04 & - & 3.41 \(\pm\) 3.78 & - & 0.59 & 0.54 & \textless{}0.01 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* *: Significant interaction (\(p\) < 0.05) between target direction and target distance *: significant main effect (\(p\) < 0.05). *: significantly different from short target distance.  
\end{table}