# A Survey on Energy Drainage Attacks and Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Security Issues in WSN
### Literature Review For Overall Attacks  
Table 2 lists the technical contributions and key features of the literature in chronological order. [PERSON] et al. [2] first addressed the restrictions of WSNs and their security requirements in 2006. Attacks and their corresponding countermeasures are categorized into five classes: cryptography, key management, secure routing, secure data aggregation, and intrusion detection. In this study, the requirements of security for WSNs include availability, authorization, authentication, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and freshness. Freshness indicates that the data are recent and ensures that no adversary can replay old messages. Furthermore, feasible attacks in each layer and their countermeasures with open research issues are presented and compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. [PERSON] et al. [3] published a new survey paper on security issues in WSNs. The security requirements for WSNs are the same as those in [2]. In this study, threats and attacks were categorized as external and internal attacks. Moreover, the authors mentioned that internal attacks are more difficult to detect than external cases. Attack detection and prevention mechanisms typically involve five aspects: normal external attack defenses, attack/failed node detection, DoS attack and countermeasures, code testing schemes, and location verification schemes. Unlike [2], they focused on securing a location to provide reliable location information in two ways, namely a secure location scheme with and without \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Acronym** & **Meaning** \\ \hline WSNs & Wireless Sensor Networks \\ EDA & Energy Depletion Attack \\ IoT & Internet of Things \\ PLA & Physical-Layer Authentication \\ JAD & Jamming Attack Detection \\ DRL & Deep Reinforcement Learning \\ MAC & Medium Access Control \\ BMAC & Berkeley MAC \\ LMAC & Lightweight MAC \\ DoS & Denial of Service \\ WUR & Wake-Up Radio \\ DCA & Data Clustering Algorithm \\ CH & Cluster Head \\ LSTM & Long Short-Term Memory \\ RPL & Ripple Routing Protocol \\ AODV & Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector \\ GHA & Gray Hole Attack \\ RSSI & Received Signal Strength Index \\ DP & Detection Packet \\ FP & Feedback Packet \\ PSO & Particle Swarm Optimization \\ FCM & Fuzzy C-Means \\ PCA & Principal Component Analysis \\ SDN & Software Defined Networks \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of existing survey papers. beacons. In addition to analyzing attacks and countermeasures, they determined that end-to-end security, rather than a hop-by-hop security paradigm, as well as information assurance, are open research challenges. Sen [4] discussed security issues. Similar to two previous survey papers, various possible attacks and their possible countermeasures at various layers of the communication protocol stack in WSNs were identified, along with further research challenges. In addition, more than three requirements were addressed by considering self-organization, secure location, and time synchronization. Self-organization implies that a pre-installed key distribution scheme can be used. Moreover, secure locations can prevent false location information by reporting false signal strengths and replaying messages. Time synchronization is required for collaboration between sensor nodes among a group of sensors for a given task. In the case of attacks, countermeasures for traffic analysis in WSNs were presented to prevent rate-monitoring and time-correlation attacks. Furthermore, the detection of node replication attacks in WSNs was investigated using the randomized multicast scheme. [PERSON] et al. [5] published a new survey paper that incorporates recent works on this topic. They focused on three aspects: key management, authentication, and secure routing. They also investigated two more security requirements: robustness and access control. Robustness implies a minimized impact on performance in cases of successful attacks, whereas access control ensures legitimacy by determining access to the system.