esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Vegetation Indices  
Four vegetation indices were employed as the proxy of vegetation growth. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) are derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard NASA's Terra (MOD13C2) and Aqua (MYD13C2) satellites. The monthly NDVI and EVI datasets we acquired were produced at 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution and the MOD13C2 covers the period 2000-2019 meanwhile MYD13C2 covers the period 2002-2019, and we further combined the two sources (MOD13C2 and MYD13C2) by averaging the overlapped (2002-2019) monthly NDVI and EVI to mitigate the impacts of the gaps in data. More details can be found on the official website ([[https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)]([https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 22 December 2019). The monthly Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) dataset over the TP, obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center ([[http://data.tpdc.ac.cn](http://data.tpdc.ac.cn)]([http://data.tpdc.ac.cn](http://data.tpdc.ac.cn)),  
Figure 1: Ecological Geographical Division of Tibetan Plateau and the spatial distribution of alpine meadow and alpine steppe.  
accessed on 14 May 2022), covers the period 2000-2018 and is produced at 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution. The modified triangular vegetation index (MTVI2) is one of the spectral indices proved to be sensitive to vegetation biophysical parameters [58]. The formula of the MTVI2 is as below, where \(R_{800}\), \(R_{550}\), and \(R_{680}\) represent the surface reflectance at the 800 nm, 550 nm, and 680 nm wavelengths, respectively [58]. The MODIS surface reflectance products (MOD9A1) provide an estimation of high-quality surface spectral reflectance at 8 days and 500 m spatiotemporal resolution, but these exact wavelengths to use to calculate the MTVII2 were not available. Therefore, we used the closest available wavelength, and the actual bands contained in MOD09A1 used in this study were band1 (620-670 nm), band2 (841-876 nm), and band4 (545-565 nm).  
\[MTVI2=\frac{1.5[1.2\left(R_{800}-R_{550}\right)-2.5\left(R_{680}-R_{550}\right) ]}{\sqrt{\left(2R_{800}+1\right)^{2}-\left(6R_{800}-5\sqrt{R_{680}}\right)-0.5}}\]  
To match the climatic data, we firstly aggregated all the gridded monthly NDVI, EVI, and SIF data by averaging the values of each 5 \(\times\) 5-pixel matrices (in 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)), but 50 \(\times\) 50 pixels (nearly to 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)) for the MTVI2 data. Then, we resampled all the layers with the \"nearest neighbor\" method. The growing season vegetation indices (GSNDVI, GSEVI, GSSIF, GSMTVI2) were calculated as the mean monthly NDVI from May to September. The mid-growing season vegetation indices (MGNDVI, MGEVI, MGSIF, MGMTVI2) were defined as the mean value in July and August. Areas with GSNDVI less than 0.1 were eliminated in this study to minimize the impacts of soil on vegetation in sparse areas [59].
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: this study aimed to determine if there are differences in quadriceps and hamstring muscle activation in professional male and female soccer players. (2) Methods: muscle activation was recorded by surface electromyography in 27 professional soccer players (19 male and 8 female). The players performed the Bulgarian squat and lunge exercises. Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris were the muscles analyzed. (3) Results: The statistical analysis of the hamstring:quadriceps ratio showed no significant differences (\(p>0.05\)). Significant differences were found in the vastus medialis:vastus lateralis ratio for both the lunge exercise (\(t_{20}=3.35;p=0.001\); d = 1.42) and the Bulgarian squat (\(t_{23}=4.15;p<0.001\); d = 1.76). For the intragroup muscular pattern in the lunge and Bulgarian squat exercises, the female players showed higher activation for the vastus lateralis muscle (\(p<0.001\)) than the male players and lower muscle in the vastus medialis. No significant differences were found in the rectus femoris, biceps merrons, and semitendinosus muscles (\(p>0.05\)). (4) Conclusions: Differences were found in the medial ratio (vastus medialis: vastus lateralis). Moreover, regarding the intramuscular pattern, very consistent patterns have been found. In the quadriceps muscle: VM-Vl-RF; in the hamstring muscle: ST-BF. These patterns could be very useful in the recovery process from an injury to return players to their highest performance.  
elecromyography; ratio; prevention; injury 1
## 3 Results and Discussion
### FTIR Spectra Analysis  
The FTIR spectra of the calcined copper ferrite and zinc ferrite samples are shown in Figure 2a,b. The wide band around 3425 in Figure 2a and 3447 in Figure 2b and absorption peaks at 1652 in Figure 2a and 1633 in Figure 2b correspond to the respective hydroxyl group [41; 42]. A sharp peak around 1388 cm\({}^{-1}\) in both the spinel ferrites is attributed to the symmetric vibration of the NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) group [41]. The small absorption peaks around 2927 and 2855 cm\({}^{-1}\) in zinc ferrite are ascribed to the anti-symmetric and symmetric-CH\({}_{2}\)-vibrations of the carbon chains [43]. Generally, the metal oxide vibrations occur below 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\)[41]. Fe-O-H bending vibrations were observed at 797 cm\({}^{-1}\)[44]. The little broad band that presents at 552 cm\({}^{-1}\) is marked as Fe-O vibration [45].  
Figure 1: (a) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern of the CuFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanopowder; (b) XRD pattern of the ZnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanopowder.
# Smart Clothing Framework for Health Monitoring Applications
## 3 Proposed Framework for Smart Clothing (Leggings)
### Carbone Nanotube (CNT)  
To build wearable devices, CNT powder is often mixed with polymer substrates and its outstanding conductivity is used for constructing sensors. To create electrodes in capacitive sensors, CNT reagent can be placed onto the substrate. Further, the CNT reagent is dispersed into flexible/stretchable polymers to develop piezoresistive composites or films. The network of CNTs has an admirable strain-sensing capacity.  
[PERSON] et al. [126] presented carbon nanotube (CNT)-based e-textiles used as wearable strain and pressure sensors. The nanosoldering facile method was used to fabricate e-textiles by the ultrasonic soldering of CNTs on a nonwoven fabric (NWF) to make conductive textiles. CNTs are used as wearable sensors for monitoring blood pulse. An e-textile  
Figure 16: Graphene-based ink and an inkjet-printing process to print integrated circuits onto fabric [119].  
has been developed for intelligent human-machine interfacing using conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and screen-printing technology [127]. The textile was used as a self-powered touch/gesture sensor with outstanding performance under washing conditions. The e-textile is constructed in three layers, including a top layer, which consists of silk fabric acting as frictional material, nylon fabric used for the bottom layer as substrate and a CNT electrode array is used in the middle layer. CNT ink was printed onto nylon fabric to fabricate the electrode array.
## 4 Simulation Results
It can be observed that the performance of the proposed FFTSO is better than that of the FFTSO and LESO. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Controller**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Actual Value**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Performance Indices**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & **Estimation** & **IAE** & **ISE** & **ITAE** & **ITSE** \\ \hline LESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.939 & 0.824 & 1.915 & 0.349 \\ FTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.759 & 0.648 & 1.156 & 0.254 \\ Proposed FFTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.244 & 0.063 & 0.596 & 0.020 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of performance indices of the estimated linear velocity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Controller**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Actual Value**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Performance Indices**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & **Estimation** & **IAE** & **ISE** & **ITAE** & **ITSE** \\ \hline LESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.939 & 0.824 & 1.915 & 0.349 \\ FTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.759 & 0.648 & 1.156 & 0.254 \\ Proposed FFTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.244 & 0.063 & 0.596 & 0.020 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of performance indices of the estimated angular velocity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Controller**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Actual Value**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Performance Indices**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & **Estimation** & **IAE** & **ISE** & **ITAE** & **ITSE** \\ \hline LESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.939 & 0.824 & 1.915 & 0.349 \\ FTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.759 & 0.648 & 1.156 & 0.254 \\ Proposed FFTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}-v_{1}\) & 0.244 & 0.063 & 0.596 & 0.020 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of performance indices of the estimated linear velocity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Controller**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Actual Value**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Performance Indices**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & **Estimation** & **IAE** & **ISE** & **ITAE** & **ITSE** \\ \hline LESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}^{\omega}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}^{\omega}-\sigma_{1}^{\omega}\) & 6.807 & 52.38 & 9.494 & 22.49 \\ FTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}^{\omega}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}^{\omega}-\sigma_{1}^{\omega}\) & 6.993 & 61.49 & 6.899 & 25.369 \\ Proposed FFTESO & \(\widetilde{v}_{1}^{\omega}=\hat{\varrho}_{1}^{\omega}-\sigma_{1}^{\omega}\) & 2.255 & 4.882 & 5.824 & 1.893 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of performance indices of the estimated signals \(\sigma_{1}^{\omega}\).
## 5 Kinesiophobia and Physical Activity (PA)  
PA is identified as any body movement that requires energy expenditure and leads to health benefits in both psychological and physiological terms [56]. In the context of chronic diseases, PA plays a crucial role in alleviating symptoms without increasing the risk of adverse events. Despite its well-documented benefits, studies indicate that a significant proportion of individuals fail to meet recommended PA levels. The primary barriers include financial constraints, lack of time and motivation, and pain-related concerns [57]. Among the various factors contributing to reduced PA, kinesiophobia emerges as particularly significant. Unlike other limitations, such as age, which can fluctuate over time, kinesiophobia appears to be a persistent determinant of PA, remaining relatively stable regardless of age-related changes [39]. The relationship between PA and kinesiophobia is grounded in the cue perception theory, which suggests that negative associations with PA--such as pain, fear of injury, or concerns about worsening health--can lead to avoidance behaviors. Over time, this avoidance becomes habitual, reinforcing fear and further reducing PA levels. Consequently, individuals experiencing kinesiophobia face significant challenges in maintaining regular PA, ultimately compromising their therapeutic progress and overall well-being [58]. Existing research on chronic disease populations supports the inverse relationship between kinesiophobia and PA levels. A study conducted among 86 patients with Parkinson's disease found a negative correlation between kinesiophobia and PA (\(p<0.001\), r = \(-0.38\)) [59]. Similarly, negative correlations have been observed in patients with diabetic neuropathy (r = \(-0.21\), \(p=0.001\)) and stable asthma (r = \(-0.889\), \(p<0.001\)) [60, 61]. In the context of cardiovascular diseases, a study by [PERSON] et al. revealed a statistically significant negative impact of kinesiophobia on PA levels among patients with coronary artery disease (\(p=0.000\)) [52]. These findings underscore the necessity of addressing kinesiophobia in rehabilitation programs to prevent further deterioration in PA levels. Kinesiophobia has also been extensively studied in cancer populations, with a systematic review by [PERSON] et al. emphasizing the crucial role of PA in improving treatment outcomes and quality of life. The review identified kinesiophobia as a major barrier to engaging in PA and
## 1 Introduction
In this work, we demonstrate an optimal method to fabricate polymer-based ML through photon-acid diffusion [23]. We experimentally show that MLs with an effective optical window size as large as 54 \(\upmu\)m can be mass produced and pass the related reliability qualifications. Such an ML allows the maintenance of high external responsivity through low coupling loss and high alignment tolerance when interfacing a PD. Moreover, we demonstrate the integration of a Ge PD with the fabricated large polymer ML. The optical aperture size is thus effectively enlarged and the trade-off between PD bandwidth and PD size becomes less stringent. The optical properties of the polymer ML and the Ge PD are designed through running a commercial finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation software. The designed device, i.e., a Ge PD integrated with a polymer ML, is then fabricated and duplicated to form a one-dimensional (1D) array on 8-inch Si wafers. The dark current, responsivity, 3 dB bandwidth, and effective aperture size of the integrated device are characterized through either wafer-level or die-level electro-optical testing. Based on these results, selected devices are packaged and are subjected to an eye diagram as well as sensitivity measurements. In addition, reliability tests based on GR-468 reliability assurance standard are also performed. With the demonstrated Ge PD integrated with polymer ML, 100 Gb/s NRZ systems can be realized by four-channel 25 Gb/s devices having a 3 dB bandwidth of \(>\)17.5 GHz, and 400 Gb/s PAM4 systems can be likewise realized by four-channel 50 Gb/s devices with a 3 dB bandwidth of \(>\)35 GHz in the future [24; 25; 26].
## 1 Introduction
Through the modification of zeolites, MZP-PM was produced by the method of surface activation at high-temperature roasting after adding adhesive and porous former, which was applied as a filter column in the PAP system. This research developed a novel MZP-PM and zeolite bed in the PAP system for the first time to remove nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff. The addition of MZP-PM as a filter column and bedding layer in a PAP system was expected to enhance the elimination of P and N, both from the runoff of stormwater by four main ways. Firstly, a significant increase was caused in water retention by bedding materials [18], promoting the contact time. Secondly, alkaline and lanthanum amendment could enhance N and P removal by exchanging with sodium for NH4+-N and surface complexion for TP [16]. Thirdly, the increase in the particular surface area of MZP-PM gives a large number of adsorption sites during stormwater infiltration, resulting in remarkable improvement in the adsorption capacity [15]. Moreover, MZP-PM exhibits a highly stable performance, which enables the PAP system to remove nutrients without the external output of zeolite powder. In this research, a novel technology to improve water quality in the PAP system was proposed by the post-treatment of a filter column containing MZP-PM. The influences of water quality on the two laboratory-scale PAP systems were evaluated by comparing limestone bedding and natural zeolite incorporated into MZP-PM as a filter column under a typical rainfall. The forms of ammonium and phosphate are identified onto the loaded MZP-PM, meanwhile, the mechanism of ammonium and phosphate removals are studied. Findings from the laboratory experiments were employed in optimizing the removal of nutrients from stormwater runoff by the PAP system.
# Textile-Based Coils for Inductive Wireless Power Transmission
###### Abstract  
We developed and evaluated different textile-based inductive coils for near-field wireless power transmission. The technology uses electromagnetic induction for the contactless transfer of electrical energy. Therefore, we investigated various methods for the attachment of conductive materials on a textile-based material and the production of textile-based coils based on QI standard. Afterwards, the textile-based coils were examined and evaluated due to their specific quality characteristics. This happens by calculating the transmission quality and the maximum efficiency of the system which enables comparison of different coil systems and indicates the transmission efficiency of the systems.  
base material. The coil consisted of ten turns with a distance of 15 mm. The outer diameter of the coil was 66 mm and the inner diameter was 10 mm. The inductance of the coil was 3.5695 \(\upmu\)H. The heart rate can be measured by the change of the coil inductance in relation to the change of the impedance inside the body [5].  
[PERSON] et al. [6] investigated the electrical characteristics of sewn, embroidered, laser cut, and printed induction coils for wireless power transmission. They used a reference coil design of the Qi standard called WE-WPCC TRASM Qi-A5. The embroidered coil was made of a silver coated yarn. The planned inductance of the coil was 10.47 \(\upmu\)H which results in 16 turns. For the laser cut method, a conductive fabric from Kitronik was used, which is made of nylon and has a silver coating on the surface. The final coil had 14 turns, an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inductance of 8.89 \(\upmu\)H. As a third variant, an induction coil was printed onto a carrier textile via screen printing. They used an electrically conductive pigment printing paste. According to the planned inductance of 10.52 \(\upmu\)H, the coil had 16 turns. Furthermore, it was determined that the printed coil was not suitable for energy transfer due to the high coil resistance and insignificant conductivity. To detect a possible energy transfer, the embroidered coil was used as power receiver and coupled with a transmitter system. At the output they measured a voltage of 4.6 V, which confirmed an energy transfer [6].  
[PERSON] et al. [7] focused on the development of a textile-based induction coil for contactless energy transfer. They printed various coil geometries on a textile substrate using the screen-printing method. Therefore, they used a thermally curing silver printing paste. The design of the coil geometry was based on the planned inductance and was based on the Qi standard. An inductive energy transfer could be realized. A power of max. 1.2 W power was detected with a voltage of 5 V [7].  
There has been no practical implementation of inductive wireless power transmission in smart textiles. In our work, we would like to improve the energy transfer of the coils and examine the influence of the wire resistance of the coil on the possible energy transfer.
# Experimental Study on the Performance of Polyurethane-Steel Sandwich Structure under Debris Flow
###### Abstract  
Polyurethane-steel sandwich structure, which creatively uses the polyurethane-steel sandwich composite as a structural material, is proposed to strengthen the impact resistance of buildings under debris flow. The impact resistance of polyurethane-steel sandwich structure under debris flow is investigated by a series of impact loading tests, compared with that of traditional steel frame structures. Additionally, further discussions regarding the hidden mechanism are performed. During the whole impact process, as for steel frame structure, the impacted column appeared obvious local deformation both at its column base and on the impact surface, leading to remarkable decrease of its impact resistance; while the stress and strain of polyurethane-steel sandwich structure develops more uniformly and distribute further in the whole structure, maintaining excellent integrity and impact transmission capability. The impact loading tests confirm that polyurethane-steel sandwich structure possesses superior impact resistance under debris flow. This is of great practical significance for the prevention and reduction of geological disasters.  
Keywords:polyurethane-steel sandwich structure; debris flow; impact loading tests; impact resistance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Circuit Descriptions  
### Basic Concept and Implementation of the CCCCTA  
The CCCCTA simplifies circuit implementation by providing an active building block. The CCCCTA device is obtained by cascading the CCCII with the OTA to implement analogue function circuits in compact monolithic chips [28,29]. This versatile component also has potential applications in analogue signal-processing circuits. Because its parasitic resistance and transconductance can be adjusted electronically by the input bias currents \(\mathrm{I_{S}}\) and \(\mathrm{I_{B}}\), respectively, it does not require a resistor in practical applications, which is an attractive feature for filter designers. Figure 1 shows the circuit symbol of the CCCCTA [29]. The port relations of CCCCTA can be characterized by the following matrix equation [26; 27; 28; 29]:  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{I_{Y}}\\ \mathrm{V_{X}}\\ \mathrm{I_{Z+}}\\ \mathrm{I_{Z-}}\\ \mathrm{I_{O}}\\ \mathrm{I_{-O}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}0&0&0&0&0&0\\ \mathrm{R_{X}}&1&0&0&0&0\\ 1&0&0&0&0&0\\ -1&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&\mathrm{g_{m}}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&-\mathrm{g_{m}}&0&0&0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{I_ {X}}\\ \mathrm{V_{Y}}\\ \mathrm{V_{Z+}}\\ \mathrm{V_{Z-}}\\ \mathrm{V_{O}}\\ \mathrm{V_{-O}}\end{array}\right] \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathrm{R_{x}}\) and \(\mathrm{g_{m}}\) are the parasitic resistance at X-terminal and the transconductance gain of the CCCCTA, respectively. The parasitic resistance \(\mathrm{R_{x}}\) can be controlled by the bias current \(\mathrm{I_{S}}\) of CCCCTA, and the transconductance gain \(\mathrm{g_{m}}\) can be controlled by the bias current \(\mathrm{I_{B}}\) of CCCCTA.
# Energy-Efficient IoT-Based Light Control System in Smart Indoor Agriculture
## 3 Plants Light Requirements
### Far Red Light Effect  
far-red is at the upper edge of the visible spectrum with a wavelength range of 700-750 nm. This kind of light can penetrate through dense canopies to reach the smaller plants. In this way, far-red light can stimulate stem elongation in these plants and push them to grow towards the light direction to get the other wavelengths, it is a phenomenon that can be easily observed in nature [63]. far-red light, with small exposure duration and intensities in the range of 5-20 \(\upmu\)mol/m\({}^{2}\)s, can be beneficial for some plants that are produced for their stems. However, excessive exposure to far-red light can also cause a decrease in leaf size, chlorophyll content, and nutritional value of plants. Therefore, the exposure duration and the intensity of the far-red light should be precisely controlled to match the optimal intensity required by the produced species depending on its growth stage.
## 2 Site Description and Data Collection
### Wind Data Source  
The present study uses wind data measured at meteorological stations installed by the Djibouti Centre for Research and Studies (CERD in French) at Ghoubbet (Latitude 11.5382\({}^{\circ}\); Longitude 42.4119\({}^{\circ}\), Figure 1). The wind speed data were collected and measured at three heights (i.e., 20 m, 40 m and 60 m) for a 10-min time interval throughout 2014-2015. The wind speeds are recorded using NRG#40C anemometers with an accuracy of 0.1 m/s in the range 1-96 m/s [35]. All data were checked thoroughly to identify any values that are outside the range of the sensors. The wind directions are recorded using an NRG 200P wind vane. A barometric pressure sensor (BP200) and temperature sensor (NRG 100S) were enclosed in a circular six-plate radiation shield to ensure accurate measurements and mounted on the tower. Further details regarding the tower, the instruments, and the support structure can be found on the website of NRG systems [35].