# A Statistical Performance Analysis of Named Data Ultra Dense Networks
## 2 Motivation: Ultra-Dense Network  
The motivation for this paper can be illustrated by an example shown in Figure 2, which shows a use case scenario for the ultra-dense network environment of a stadium. Generally, a stadium is considered to be a highly-crowded area, where communication may be affected by various factors, such as interference, congestion, and bottlenecks. According to the statistics presented in the case study [20], the largest stadium in the world is Pyongyang, North Korea, with a capacity of 150,000 people, whereas the second largest stadium is in Kolkata, India, with a capacity of 120,000 people. Moreover, as of 2014, 934 stadiums in the world have more than 30,000 seats. However, these numbers may be exceeded, since the hotspot must include those regions that are outside the bowl area, such as conference rooms, press rooms, shopping areas, and restaurants. Stadiums with such a capacity of people make the size and configuration of the network complex, and congestion and interference may often occur. Several conventional design and deployment considerations have been proposed in the literature [18; 20]. Some of the design and deployment requirements that have been discussed in the literature so far are:  
1. Radio frequency (RF) coverage: The RF coverage must be the same throughout the stadium so that the users are not affected by signal fading due to signal attenuation and obstacles. 2. Multimedia support: The stadium network must support all service types, such as audio or video streaming [20]. 3. Real-time and reliable connection: The stadium network should support a real-time and extremely reliable connection so that a cooperative and intelligent communication system can handle emergency scenarios in such a crowded area. 4. Hands-off management: Users in the stadium may be mobile and may change their position very often, mainly if they are outside the bowl area. Therefore, reliable hands-off strategies should be established in these areas to avoid intermittent connectivity. 5. Interference management: Interference may occur in the stadium due to the deployment of multiple wireless access points (WAP) inside and outside the stadium. Minimizing interference may increase network capacity and throughput. 6. Edge computing: A stadium network must be facilitated with the emerging technology of edge computing. Edge computing offers cloud resources closer to the end-users, thereby improving the latency requirements and reducing the backhaul traffic on cloud devices [21]. 7. Bottleneck mitigation: Ultra-dense networks with single edge computing devices are cost efficient. However, bottleneck or congestion may occur [22], since many WAPs may frequently and directly access the information from the edge node, as shown in Figure 2. Therefore, a stadium network must be capable of coping with such situations to give better services to its end users. All of the design and deployment requirements as mentioned above are aimed at communication services that have a low delay, avoid interference and bottlenecks, increase the data rate, and support the real-time and multimedia transmission of data. Moreover, these requirements still rely on existing TCP/IP and server-client models. Therefore, communication may be inflexible in a mobile environment, and the network may be overloaded due to massive data transmission with static paths. To address the TCP/IP limitations, there is a need to look for an alternative communication paradigm, such as NDN, which appears to be a promising network architecture. In NDN or general networks, the packet delivery ratio (refereed to as ISR in the NDN architecture) is a critical network performance metric. It describes the ratio of the number of data packets received by the consumer node to the total number of interest packets sent. Thus, compromising the ISR may lead to inadequate services and result in network performance degradation.