# Supply Chain Management in Renewable Energy Projects from a Life Cycle Perspective: A Review
## 3 Results
#### Key Phases of the Renewable Energy Supply Chain
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Energy** & **Extraction and** & **Component** & **Transport and** & **Operation and** & **Decommissioning** \\
**Type** & **Processing of Materials** & **Manufacturing** & **Construction** & **Maintenance** & **and End of Life** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Wind Energy} & Emissions from the extraction of metals such as steel, copper, and rare earth elements; mining impact & Emissions of energy-intensive processes and high-resistance materials & Emissions during the formations of CO2 & emissions during operation & Emissions from turbine \\  & Emissions from the manufacturing of energy-intensive processes and high-resistance materials & Emissions from the transport of components and infrastructure & practically negligible. & decommissioning, with partial industrial disruption and increased mortality of birds due to turbines. & material recycling; complex waste management \\  & Emissions from biomass cultivation, harvesting, and processing, impacting land and water use & Emissions from biomass cultivation, harvesting, into biotitoles or pellets, requiring industrial processes & Emissions from biomass transportation to power plants & Emissions are present during operation & Emissions from ash and gas \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._  
Figure 2: (**a**) Environmental impact of photovoltaic energy. (**b**) Environmental impact of wind energy. To comprehend the environmental impact of energy sources, a comprehensive LCA analysis is necessary, as each phase contributes differently to the total carbon footprint. Table 4 presents a percentage breakdown of the environmental impact across various stages of the LCA, comparing different RESs with oil, which remains the most widely used energy resource. This analysis aids in making informed decisions regarding the development and adoption of more sustainable energy technologies [206]. Figure 4 illustrates the total energy consumption through the phases of the LCA of different sources along their supply chains. The data highlight the considerable energy demand of fossil fuels, particularly oil, compared to RESs such as photovoltaic, wind, and biomass. The optimization of SSCM not only reduces the environmental impact of RESs but also boosts operational efficiency and competitiveness in the energy sector. To achieve this, it is essential to implement strategies such as circular economy [207; 208], eco-design, and the use of recyclable materials, which minimize resource demand and promote the reuse of components in the manufacturing and decommissioning phases. In the last decade, the need for energy planning tools tailored to each context has become increasingly evident. Addressing data limitations is key to fostering sustainability strategies on a global scale. This study proposes an energy system optimization model based on scenarios, analyzing the nexus between energy, water, and emissions within the electricity supply chain [209; 210]. The integration of public policies and corporate sustainability strategies into SSCM, along with strict environmental regulations and economic incentives for the adoption of clean technologies, can accelerate the transition toward a cleaner and more efficient energy model. Figure 4: Comparative energy consumption in the supply chain of renewable and fossil energy sources (MWh).