## 4 Results and Discussion
### PlanetQi Observations Spatial and Temporal Distribution
The observed distribution of ROE across various 20\({}^{\circ}\) longitude intervals provide a nuanced perspective on the geographic prevalence of signals emanating from GNSS constellations, namely GPS, Beidou, Galileo, and GLONASS. The distinctive patterns within each constellation's data showcase specific regions where these signals are more prevalent or less pronounced. For instance, the GPS constellation exhibits a substantial peak of 5556 events in the longitude interval of \(-80\) to \(-100\), while experiencing a minimum of 3618 events in the 20 to 40 longitude range. Similarly, the Beidou constellation demonstrates notable variations, reaching a maximum of 4968 events in the \(-80\) to \(-100\) longitude interval and a minimum of 3843 events in the  
Figure 4: Distribution of study period PlanetIQ ROE through the longitude and latitude based on LEO satellites. 40 to 60 longitude range. The Galileo constellation peaks at 5039 events between \(-60\) and \(-80\) in longitude and exhibits a minimum of 3672 events in the 20 to 40 longitude intervals. The GLONASS constellation, mirrors this trend with maximum and minimum occurrences of 4843 and 3812 events, respectively, in the \(-80\) to \(-100\) and \(20\) to 40 longitude intervals. Figure 5: Total occurrence of PlanetQ ROE with day hours through the study period. Figure 6: Average occurrence number for each of the GNSS constellation satellites. The overall total occurrences across all constellations sum up to 87624, with an average occurrence of 4868 events per longitude interval. This cumulative average provides a consolidated metric, reflecting the combined influence of all GNSS constellations across the analyzed longitudes. The results emphasize the significance of considering multiple constellations in understanding the distribution of RO events, as each contributes uniquely to the observed patterns. Such insights can prove invaluable for refining satellite-based positioning systems and enhancing our comprehension of atmospheric phenomena across diverse geographical regions. The distribution of RO events from the PlanetIQ mission, analyzed across 10\({}^{\circ}\) latitude intervals for GNSS constellations, reveals distinct patterns and variations in signal occurrences. For the GPS constellation, the data illustrates a pronounced concentration with the maximum occurrences of 8985 events in the 0 to 10\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval, highlighting a notable prevalence in lower latitudes. Conversely, the minimum occurrences of 1227 events in the 80 to 90\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval indicate a reduced presence in Polar Regions. Similar trends are observed for the Beidou and Galileo constellations, with their respective maximum occurrences of 7513 and 8026 events in the 0 to 10\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval and minimum occurrences of 1304 and 1105 events in the 80 to 90\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval. Notably, the GLONASS constellation exhibits a robust distribution, peaking at 11,612 events in the 0 to 10\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval. The  
Figure 7: Distribution of study period PlanetQ RO events through the longitude and latitude based on GNSS satellites. minimum occurrences of 1013 events in the 80 to 90\({}^{\circ}\) latitude interval indicate a consistent presence even in higher latitudes. The cumulative average occurrence, calculated as the sum of individual constellation averages, amounts to 5154.41 events per interval. These findings underscore the diverse spatial characteristics of GNSS signals and their varying strengths across latitudinal zones. Such insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric phenomena and aid in refining satellite-based positioning systems for enhanced accuracy and reliability. The geographic distribution of observations from PlanetIQ LEO Satellites GN02 and GN04 on DOY 342 is visualized in Figure 8. The figure provides a comprehensive overview of observations from various GNSS constellations, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou.