# On Deploying the Internet of Energy with 5G Open RAN Technology including Beamforming Mechanism
## 2 5G as the Network of the IoE  
IoE imposes several requirements on the underlying infrastructure that are related to the applications and services needed in the energy sector and their high standards in regard to privacy and security. In addition, critical Machine-to-Machine (M2M) services require a quick response from the network. Therefore, IoE needs a flexible, secure network with high capacity and wide radio coverage. The mobile networks fulfil some of those requirements, however, until the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G), they were not very flexible. The typical characteristics of the 5G make feasible its use as IoE underlying network. The high capacity 5G features are described below, together with the technologies adopted by 5G to achieve such a high capacity. The requirements for 5G networks can be divided into business and technological requirements. Figure 1 shows the requirements of 5G in comparison to 4G [7]. Concretely, the requirements for the 5G network in comparison to the previous generation of mobile networks are:  
* 1000-fold increase in the value of the data volume (\(\geq\)10 Tb/s/km\({}^{2}\)),
* 100-fold increase in the value of the maximum baud rate (\(\geq\)10 Gb/s),
* 1000-fold increase in the number of connected devices (\(\geq\)1 M devices/km\({}^{2}\)),
* 10-fold (1/10)--decrease in energy consumption by the device, compared to 2010,
* 5-fold (1/5) reduction of the current delay value (\(\leq\)1 ms for some applications),
* 5-fold decrease (1/5) in network operating costs--OPEX,
* 1000-fold reduction (1/1000) of the current time of service implementation (\(\leq\)90 min). These requirements can only be met if the network introduces many new mechanisms, not all of which are closely related to telecommunications (e.g., new solutions from energy suppliers that will significantly reduce energy consumption). **1000-fold increase in the value of the data volume (\(\geq\)10 Tb/s/km\({}^{2}\)), and 100-fold increase in the value of the maximum baud rate (\(\geq\)10 Gb/s):**  
The first two requirements are related to the much higher bitrate required in 5G networks compared to previous mobile networks. Higher bit rates can be achieved in radio access due to increased link capacity, higher bandwidth efficiency (b/s/Hz), and higher cell density. All three of these elements were provided for in 5G. The most immediate way to achieve a high bit rate is to increase the available bandwidth. 5G is planned to operate in a wider range of bands than 4G. Standards [8; 9] specify the frequency ranges in which the New Radio (NR) is to operate. In general, two broad bands have been identified, denoted  
Figure 1: Comparison of requirements for the 5G network and the 4G network. as FR1 (450 MHz to 6 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). The first range describes 30 bands of operation (denominated from n1 to n86) operating in both frequency duplex (FDD) and time duplex (TDD) mode and unidirectional \"downstream\" (SDL) and \"upstream\" (SUL). In turn, the bands intended for use in the FR2 are 26,500 MHz-29,500 MHz, 24,250 MHz-27,500 MHz, and 37,000 MHz-40,000 MHz. These bands are intended for transmission in TDD mode. It should be noted that the FR2 range is millimetre waves, which have not been used in cellular systems so far (except in radio lines), and the use of which presents a great technological challenge. Millimetre-wave signal propagation often requires direct visibility of the antennas because buildings and vegetation significantly attenuate signals in these frequency ranges. It can be shown that the range in a densely urbanized environment is of the order of 150-200 m.  
In line with these recommendations, three frequency bands are typically used for the new network:  
(1) The 700 MHz band will be used to ensure trouble-free coverage over large areas. One of the subsystems that can expect benefits from the use of new, reserved bandwidth seems to be intelligent agriculture.