## 3 Materials and Methods
### Solidification and Stabilization Process  
Treatment procedures for the solidification and stabilization of contaminated soils involve the use of specific materials, which are either combined with or injected into the soil to reduce the mobility and toxicity of pollutants. These treatments aim to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, stabilize the contaminants, and limit their leaching potential [49]. The addition of waste to specific agents is intended to reduce the number and mobility of the contaminants. These contaminants could otherwise infiltrate through the soil's physical and chemical properties, potentially contaminating the surrounding environment and spreading towards landfills or other dispersion routes [10]. Stabilization/solidification processes can be applied both in situ and ex situ, depending on the nature and extent of the contamination [24]. The procedure is carried out in several phases. First, the soil sample intended for treatment is analyzed and classified. Next, it is mixed with the binder selected for the treatment [50]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technique** & **Benefits** & **Disadvantages** & **Fields of Application** & **Source** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Incineration} & Highly effective in treating organic contaminants. Reduces waste volume. & High costs and energy consumption. Can produce polluting emissions if not managed properly. & Highly contaminated soils with heavy metals or organic substances. & [45] \\  & Ecological and cost-effective solution. Uses plants to absorb or degrade contaminants. Non-invasive. Natural and low-cost approach. Uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants. Non-invasive. Non-invasive. Natural and low-cost approach. Uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants. & Slow process. Effective only for specific contaminants and for shallow soils. & Agricultural land or small areas with superficial contamination. & [46] \\  & Non-invasive. Natural and low-cost approach. Uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants. & Not always effective for highly persistent contaminants or heavily contaminated soils. & Agricultural land, industrial areas, controlled landfills. & [47] \\  & Immobilizes contaminants, reducing the risk of dispersion over time. Reduces costs compared to other technologies. Efficient removal of soluble contaminants. Suitable for contamination spread over large areas. & Does not eliminate contaminants but makes them less mobile. Limited effect on contaminants that are hard to allow others. & Industrial areas, soils contaminated with heavy metals or solvents. & [24] \\  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of various techniques for remediating contaminated soil. The maturation conditions can be adjusted to meet the specific needs of the project, considering the desired characteristics for the final intervention. These conditions are selected based on the performance objectives and application methods of the treatment, optimizing results for the future operational phases of the project [51]. The benefits of this methodology include the following:  
* Improvement in mechanical properties: Enhances the soil's ability to support loads and reduces the risk of subsidence. * Permeability and moisture control: prevents the formation of puddles and facilitates drainage. * Durability and wear resistance: Contributes to prolonging the lifespan of the road surface, reducing the need for frequent maintenance. Stabilization/solidification treatments are primarily chosen for their ability to reduce the mobility and toxicity of contaminants in soils, particularly those contaminated by heavy metals such as arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), and mercury (Hg). If left untreated, these metals can infiltrate the soil and contaminate the surrounding environment, posing serious risks to public health and ecosystems.