# Flexible Coated Conductive Textiles as Ohmic Heaters in Car Seats
## 4 Metal-Coating Techniques
### Vapour-Deposition Techniques  
Vapour deposition is an atomistic deposition method in which the coating materials are vapourised and condensed in a vacuum onto the selected substrate, producing a thin film from virtually all inorganic (compounds, metals, alloys, and mixtures), as well as certain organic materials [59]. The depositing components are evaporated and condensed in a vacuum onto the chosen surface. The two most common solvent-free vacuum deposition techniques are chemical vapour deposition (CVD), in which the surfaces of coated materials and volatile substrates react, and physical vapour deposition (PVD), during which sputtering and evaporation take place. Both CVD and PVD have opened up new possibilities for textile material modification, and they represent an intriguing prospect for the development of e-textiles. The transport of precursors into the reactor, the diffusion of precursors to the surface, the adsorption of precursors on the surface, surface reactions such as the decomposition of precursors on the surface and integration into a solid layer, and the desorption and conjugation of molecular by-products into the gaseous state are all process steps in CVD [60]. The temperature has a significant impact on the reaction mechanism that proceeds when the precursor gases pass over through the heated surface layer. This solid phase is then deposited across the substrate surfaces. The use of substrates that are mainly composed of metals and pure gases instead of their price, complex, and frequently toxic chemicals gives PVD significant advantages above other deposition techniques (including CVD), including good quality, efficiency, and excellent biocompatibility. PVD also has the capacity to generate composite coatings. Pulsed-laser deposition, evaporative deposition, physical vapour deposition involving electron beams, sputter deposition, and cathodic arc deposition are among the PVD types employed for textile alteration. The most popular technique for depositing thin, long-lasting layers of metals (Ag, Al, Pt, Ni, Cu, Sn, Ti), metal oxides (Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), WO\({}_{3}\), TiO\({}_{2}\), ZnO), or non-metallic derivatives (silicon, graphite, ceramic) over a variety of kinds and patterns of flat textile materials is magnetron sputtering [61]. Figure 6 depicts the basic pathway of the magnetron-sputtering method [62].  
[PERSON] et al. [63] presented the ohmic heating potential, electrical conductivity, and UV-resistance of a nano-Cu film deposited on a polyester fabric surface by using the magnetron-sputtering method with pure Ag and Cu targets in the presence of argon gas. [PERSON] et al. [64] established conducting PP fibres that are simple to work with and long-lasting. These fibres are ideal for joule heating, EMI shielding, and susceptibility to antimicrobial activity, among other purposes. [PERSON] et al. [65] used low-temperature plasma and RF magnetron-sputtering technologies to manufacture copper coatings on polyester surfaces, and they examined how the ambient environment affected the conductance of those coatings. The findings indicated that Cu films were broken and sample stability was lost after 60 days, but the ohmic heating of the samples barely improved with temperature, the intensity of repeated washing, or moisture levels, which are mainly affected by the structural characteristics of substrates. Furthermore, high conductivity ohmic heatedfabrics are developed through a variety of two-step processes that incorporate magnetron sputtering and pre-treatment. [PERSON] et al. [62] fabricated a highly conductive cotton fabric through in situ polymerisation of PPy, followed by direct current magnetron sputtering of a silver thin film. The obtained Ag/PPy-coated cotton fabrics deposited with a sputtering power of 200 W for 25 min seemed to have the maximum electrical conductivity with an average resistive heating of 89 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It also had an excellent hydrophobicity, heat resistance, electromechanical effectiveness, and washing durability [62].