## 2 _Introduction_
Moreover, the proposed scheme has been demonstrated as possibly preventing brittle failure from occurring in the core of a joint, which is attributable to the formation of plastic deformations in the form of hinges relocated off the column. Moreover, the study has revealed that the schemes are capable of improving the behavior factor of the frame in the CFRP, as well as influencing the ductility while the bracing approach influenced the strength. As a further matter, the authors have highlighted the limitations of the web-bonded approach in the context of plastic hinge relocation in large joints, suggesting that the combined web-flange-bonding method could be more effective. A diamond wire saw-cutting technology was adopted to achieve annular wrapping of the joint core area with the CFRP sheets. It was indicated that the proposed method improved the shear bearing capacity of the joint core area, inhibited the development of diagonal cracks in the joint core area, and transferred the failure location mode [28]. Furthermore, similar studies have yielded the same results with regard to the joint web-bonded scheme in which the practical limitations of web-bonded and web-flange-bonded schemes are both considered for retrofitting real 3D RC joints [29; 30]. Through the same application, another study utilized cementitious mortar to enhance the bond between CFRP rod panels [31], whereas the use of embedded CFRP rods in the beam-column joints in areas of high humidity has also been proposed [32]. The latter study opted for this method to prevent steel bar corrosion from occurring, therefore conducting the experimental study on a prototype under applied cyclic loads. In another numerical investigation, the efficiency of RC joints retrofitted with CFRP laminates has been investigated in detail [33]. For this purpose, three practical CFRP configurations were proposed, and the joint behavior was assessed via a detailed numerical model in FE software (i.e., ANSYS, 2019 R1) by subjecting them to monotonic non-linear analyses. The results revealed that the grooving method can shift the plastic hinge location off the column vicinity. Similarly, another numerical investigation aimed at studying the effects of the flange-bonded approach, which is geared at having the location of plastic hinges changed off the column face [34]. Scholars have conclusively stated that the flange-bonded approach leads to better results compared to the use of the web-bonded method, whereby their differences encompass several aspects including ductility, cost, capacity, and performance level. Moreover, they have given a report of the excellent compliance shown by the CFRP flange-bonded scheme performance compared with that of the steel-bracing method [35; 36]. More recently, another study has presented a complete summary of the results obtained following the analytical and numerical simulations of the structural behavior possessed by RC beam-column joints retrofitted with different types of fiber-reinforced polymeric (CFRP) composite laminates and hybrid connectors. In the process, non-linear numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the behavior of the beam-column joints, of which the behavior of eight full-scale interior RC beam-column specimens was numerically evaluated [37]. As the beam-column joint is considered as the initial point to introduce plastic hinges when the frame is subjected to lateral load [38], many efforts have been made to relocate the plastic hinge formation from the joint to the beam section. This is achieved by using CFRP strengthening to sustain the structure stability [39]. In line with this, many numerical and analytical studies have been conducted to predict concrete section deformation retrofitted using CFRP plates and rods [40], while increasing the bonding between CFRP and concrete. Based on the extensive literature review in this research, beam-column joints have been identified as the main causes of vulnerability in the RC frame in forming plastic hinges during structure loading, which may lead to its collapse.