## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
In this paper, the law of influence of rubber particles on the freezing characteristics of concrete is systematically investigated, and based on the test results, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. Ordinary concrete and rubber concrete specimens after being subjected to different freeze-thaw cycles demonstrate different degrees of spalling. From the rate of mass loss and the relative dynamic elastic modulus of two aspects of the phenomena and the results of the concrete specimens after freeze-thaw cycle analysis, it is concluded that the mixing of 10-mesh, 20-mesh, 30-mesh rubber, and 30 mesh rubber has the most obvious improvement on the concrete frost resistance.
2. Based on the compressive test and split tensile test results of the ordinary concrete and rubber concrete (mixed with 20% 10-mesh, 20-mesh, and 30-mesh rubber) after 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ties freeze-thaw cycles, the rubber admixture leads to a reduction in concrete strength, and the smaller the rubber particle size, the smaller the impact on the concrete strength. The rubber admixture improves the frost resistance of concrete. With an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the strength reduction rate of the rubber admixture of concrete is smaller. Taken together, this indicates that 30-mesh rubber has better frost resistance and has the least effect on concrete strength.
3. Through the tensile ratio, it can be seen that in the process of freezing and thawing cycles, the increase in the rubber concrete tensile ratio decreases to a smaller extent, indicating that rubber mixing makes the concrete show better toughness and have better working performance, but a change in the particle size of the rubber does not have an obvious effect on the concrete toughness.
4. The SEM microanalysis shows that the rubber admixture reduces the development of internal pores during freezing-thawing of concrete, and at the same time acts as an air-entraining agent, which improves the frost resistance of concrete.
5. The test proved that rubber mixed into concrete has certain advantages in frost resistance, and at the same time solved the problem of secondary utilization of rubber to a certain extent.  
[PERSON] wrote the manuscript and edited the manuscript; [PERSON] designed the research methods; [PERSON] edited and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Supported by the Open Research Fund of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Building and Assembly Construction, Anhui Institute of Building Research & Design, Grant No. 2022-JKYL-007; funded by the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Anhui Province (2023 AH051219); funded by the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, CUMT, (SKLCRSM23 KF007); supported by the Key Laboratory of Mine Construction Engineering in Anhui Province, project number: GXZDSYS2022102; and supported by the Anhui University of Science and Technology Young Teachers Scientific Research Fund Project, project number: QNYB2021-08.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors would like to thank the editor-in-chief, editor, and anonymous reviewers for their valuable reviews.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.