## 4 Digitalization of MGs
### Microgrid Energy Management Systems
One of the primary functions of MEMSs is to monitor the energy inputs and outputs of a microgrid [91; 132]. This includes measuring the production and consumption of energy, as well as tracking the state of energy storage systems. By continuously monitoring the system, MEMSs can identify areas where energy efficiency can be improved, such as reducing energy waste or adjusting the balance of energy inputs. This information  
Figure 6: Structure of a sample microgrid energy management [131]. can also be used to predict future energy use and help to optimize the operation of the microgrid [92; 100; 133]. Another important feature of MEMSs is their ability to control the energy flows within a microgrid. This includes coordinating the use of different energy sources, such as solar, wind, and diesel generators, to ensure a stable and reliable power supply. MEMSs can also manage the energy storage systems within a microgrid, ensuring that energy is stored and used efficiently [134; 135]. By regulating the energy flows, MEMSs can help to avoid power outages and ensure that the microgrid remains operational even during periods of high demand. MEMSs also play a critical role in ensuring the security of energy supply within a microgrid. They can monitor the health of the system, identify any faults or issues, and take corrective action to prevent system failures. MEMSs can also coordinate with other systems, such as local utility companies, to ensure that the microgrid has access to backup power supplies if needed. This helps to ensure that the microgrid can continue to provide energy even during emergencies or disasters [109; 136]. The benefits of MEMSs are numerous, including improved energy efficiency, increased reliability and security of energy supply, and greater control over energy costs. By optimizing the use of RESs, MEMSs can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to a more sustainable energy future. MEMSs can also help to reduce energy costs for consumers by optimizing energy use and reducing waste [101]. However, the implementation of MEMSs can also present challenges. The integration of different energy sources and storage systems can be complex, and the software used to manage the system must be carefully designed and tested [137]. Additionally, an MEMS must be able to communicate with other systems, such as the local utility company or other MGs, to ensure a reliable energy supply. The cost of implementing MEMSs can also be a barrier for some communities, although the long-term benefits may outweigh the initial investment. In conclusion, MEMSs are critical to the efficient and reliable operation of MGs. They help to optimize energy use, coordinate different energy sources and storage systems, and ensure the security of energy supply. While there are challenges associated with their implementation, the benefits of MEMSs are numerous, including increased energy efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. As the use of MGs continues to grow, the importance of MEMSs will only continue to increase, making them a vital component of the energy landscape. Table 6 highlights the key features and characteristics of MEMSs briefly  
The current state of MEMSs involves the integration of advanced control algorithms, real-time monitoring, and energy management strategies to ensure efficient and reliable operation of microgrids. These systems aim to balance energy supply and demand, optimize the use of renewable energy resources, and enable seamless integration of distributed energy resources. MEMSs leverage technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and predictive modeling to make informed decisions regarding energy generation, storage, and consumption. They enable dynamic control of microgrid components, allowing for optimal dispatch of energy sources, load management, and grid stability. Furthermore, MEMSs are evolving to incorporate grid-edge intelligence and advanced communication systems, enabling enhanced coordination and interaction between microgrids and the larger utility grid.