## 5 Handover Scheme
Nevertheless, frequent handovers can result from vehicles' high mobility, which presents a major obstacle in VANET. These difficulties show the importance of finding practical ways to deal with the HO issue in systems built for 5G-VANETs. Seamless communication between vehicles must be maintained without interruption when they move from one RSU to another, which is challenging due to the latency caused by handover. 5G-enabled vehicular networks offer a promising solution to enable real-time services in high-density urban areas. Existing HO solutions do not effectively address the most significant problems in VANET, such as reduced quality of connection and QoS performance degradation. Frequent HOs can also lead to unnecessary and excessive signaling, resulting in a signaling storm that consumes VANET resources and energy, ultimately leading to HO failure. Several critical factors contribute to HO failure in VANET, including mobility, communication interference, coverage regions, and traffic congestion. Addressing these problems is essential for designing effective HO solutions to improve the VANET's QoS [28]. The high-speed movement of vehicles on highways poses significant mobility challenges in the proposed layout of 5G-VANET networks. Addressing these mobility problems is critical for ensuring seamless vehicle communication and reducing HO failures in the proposed design 5G-VANET. Many of the current HO solutions address the ideal situation of vehicles traveling on roads and being HO from one RSU to another. However, signal strength information has been the primary focus of ping-pong solutions in the literature, which may be inaccurate in environments with fluctuating signal strength. Increasing the HO margin, HO performance indicator, and time-to-trigger are examples of HO parameters that can be improved to reduce pointless HOs in 5G-VANET networks. Addressing these HO problems is crucial for ensuring seamless communication and reducing the frequency of HO failures in high-speed highway environments. By developing effective solutions to these HO problems, 5G-VANET networks can improve the quality and reliability of communication between vehicles and RSUs, ultimately enhancing the safety and efficiency of highway transportation. One approach is to use advanced encryption techniques to secure communication between vehicles and RSUs. Another approach is to use frequency-hopping techniques to avoid jamming attacks by changing the transmitted signal's frequency in a pseudo-random pattern. Additionally, directional antennas can be used to minimize interference and improve signal quality in areas with high signal interference. ML algorithms can also be deployed to detect and prevent jamming attacks by analyzing the patterns of jamming signals. In summary, jamming and interference signals pose significant challenges in designed 5G-VANET networks and can negatively impact network performance and driver safety. Addressing these challenges requires the deployment of effective countermeasures such as advanced encryption techniques, frequency=hopping techniques, directional antennas, and ML algorithms. By mitigating the impact of jamming and interference signals, 5G-VANET networks can ensure the safety and reliability of vehicle communication, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of transportation on highways. For the proposed microservice-based VANET, we considered the HO scheme introduced in [28].