## 3 Results
### Spatial Variability of Annual and Seasonal Mean LST
#### 3.1.2 Daytime LST
Lucknow, Jaipur, Kanpur, Dhanbad, and Ahmedabad showed relatively less variability, and cities such as Hyderabad, Karachi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Dhaka, Chennai, Surat, Pune, Yangon, Coimbatore and Colombo showed the least variability in nighttime temperature. Figure 5: Histogram showing seasonal average (**a**) nighttime and (**b**) daytime MODIS-derived LST (\({}^{\circ}\)C) over India and surrounding countries for AMJ (April–May–June) and DJF (December–January–February) months for the period 2000–2023. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sl.** & **City** & **Ann.** & **AMJ** & **DJF** & **Jan** & **Feb** & **Mar** & **Apr** & **May** & **Jun** & **July** & **Aug** & **Sep** & **Oct** & **Nov** & **Dec** \\ \hline
5. & Kolkata & 29.61 & 32.73 & 25.29 & 23.48 & 27.71 & 31.99 & 33.41 & 32.69 & 32.08 & 29.00 & 30.05 & 30.70 & 30.78 & 28.73 & 24.70 \\ \hline
6. & Lahore & 29.89 & 37.94 & 19.64 & 17.50 & 21.47 & 28.27 & 36.00 & 39.84 & 37.97 & 34.11 & 32.84 & 33.31 & 31.94 & 25.99 & 19.96 \\ \hline
7. & Bengaluru & 31.26 & 33.82 & 29.90 & 29.03 & 32.98 & 36.29 & 36.53 & 33.76 & 31.18 & 29.57 & 29.42 & 30.46 & 29.72 & 28.16 & 27.69 \\ \hline
8. & Chennai & 34.19 & 37.76 & 30.65 & 29.95 & 32.96 & 35.78 & 36.84 & 37.96 & 38.50 & 35.96 & 34.86 & 35.24 & 33.52 & 29.68 & 29.05 \\ \hline
9. & Hyderabad & 34.14 & 39.22 & 31.41 & 30.35 & 34.05 & 38.15 & 40.16 & 40.28 & 37.21 & 32.91 & 31.40 & 32.12 & 32.26 & 30.80 & 29.84 \\ \hline
10. & Ahmedabad & 35.21 & 41.49 & 30.02 & 28.07 & 32.37 & 38.75 & 43.31 & 42.71 & 38.45 & 33.10 & 30.82 & 33.90 & 36.47 & 33.90 & 29.64 \\ \hline
11. & Surat & 33.44 & 37.75 & 31.10 & 29.68 & 33.16 & 37.98 & 40.53 & 38.59 & 34.12 & 28.16 & 27.90 & 30.96 & 34.81 & 33.64 & 30.47 \\ \hline
12. & Pune & 34.88 & 41.27 & 32.40 & 31.07 & 35.59 & 40.44 & 44.03 & 42.50 & 37.29 & 30.28 & 29.39 & 31.72 & 33.00 & 32.26 & 30.53 \\ \hline
13. & Yangon & 33.29 & 35.89 & 32.63 & 31.78 & 34.82 & 37.44 & 38.58 & 37.05 & 32.05 & 31.02 & 29.55 & 29.19 & 30.73 & 32.07 & 31.29 \\ \hline
14. & Lucknow & 31.03 & 37.53 & 22.94 & 20.59 & 25.41 & 32.48 & 38.34 & 37.60 & 36.64 & 34.50 & 31.77 & 32.24 & 32.21 & 28.30 & 22.82 \\ \hline
15. & Faisalabad & 30.82 & 38.48 & 20.30 & 18.12 & 21.95 & 28.41 & 36.31 & 40.67 & 38.45 & 35.52 & 34.85 & 35.18 & 33.04 & 26.55 & 20.84 \\ \hline
16. & Jaipur & 33.37 & 40.94 & 24.88 & 22.31 & 27.46 & 34.87 & 41.35 & 42.08 & 39.38 & 35.20 & 32.49 & 34.73 & 35.43 & 30.28 & 24.86 \\ \hline
17. & Kanpur & 31.22 & 38.58 & 22.76 & 20.36 & 25.08 & 32.14 & 39.01 & 38.90 & 37.81 & 33.91 & 31.76 & 32.37 & 32.64 & 28.05 & 22.85 \\ \hline
18. & Dhanbad & 31.77 & 37.72 & 26.80 & 24.96 & 29.89 & 35.82 & 39.85 & 37.66 & 35.65 & 31.52 & 30.10 & 30.58 & 30.67 & 28.91 & 25.55 \\ \hline
19. & Coimbatore & 35.55 & 37.69 & 32.39 & 31.49 & 35.34 & 38.57 & 38.42 & 37.57 & 37.07 & 36.53 & 37.22 & 37.89 & 35.54 & 30.66 & 30.33 \\ \hline
20. & Colombo & 31.44 & 31.10 & 31.47 & 31.22 & 32.57 & 32.86 & 32.45 & 30.93 & 29.93 & 30.56 & 31.22 & 31.69 & 31.87 & 31.39 & 30.63 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (Ann.: Annual; AMJ: April–May–June; DJF: December–January–February).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._