## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic Compound Profiles  
The phenolic compound profiles obtained by the LC-MS system of the seeds of _Ribes_ species/cultivars focused here are reported in Table 2. The identification was achieved by means of the retention time (Rt) of analytes and \(m/z\) of molecular adduct and fragment ions. All compounds were properly identified, and the bases for the identification of each compound are described in Table 2.  
Among detected phenolics, four consisted of hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acids (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, salicylic, vanillic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) (Figure 1A); four were cinnamic acid derivatives (caffeic, \(p\)-coumaric, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids) (Figure 1B); two were flavone derivatives (luteolin and apigetrin) (Figure 1C); and three were flavanone derivatives (juncein, eriodictyl, and naringenin) (Figure 1D). The largest group was the flavonoid derivatives, with eleven compounds (populin, quercetin, iso-quercitrin, rutin, kaempfer, quercetin, myricetin, fisetin, astragalin, nicotilforin, and galangin) (Figure 1E). Finally, a dihydrohalcone glucoside was also detected (phloridin) (Figure 1F). Anthocyanins, usually found in blackcurrant and redcurrant pomaces, such as delphinidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside [4], were not found, which was due to the fact that the analyzed material only included seeds and no other fruit tissues where such compounds occur. However, some authors reported low quantities of anthocyanins (3\(-\)6 mg/100 g), such as delphinidin and cyaniding glycosides, in black currant seeds (e.g., [9]), which can be due to an incomplete removal of pulp tissues from seeds. Three taxa among the four with the highest TPC, i.e., _R. nigrum_ 'Koksa', _Ribes_ 'Algo' Yakutskaya, and _Ribes_ 'Erkeeni' (with 94.8, 48.9, and 49.0 mg CAE/g seeds, respectively), also showed the highest variety of phenolic compounds. _Ribes_ 'Algo' Yakutskaya contained all detected compounds, while in _R. nigrum_ 'Koksa' and _Ribes_ 'Erkeeni', 24 out of 25 different detected compounds were detected. For the distribution of compounds among the various taxa, the highest diversity of compounds was detected in _Ribes_ 'Algo' Yakutskaya and _R. nigrum_ 'Koksa', while the compounds that were identified in all _Ribes_ samples were ferulic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids. Some compounds were restricted to few taxa; for instance, eriodictyl and phloridin occurred only in _R. nigrum_ 'Koksa', _Ribes_ 'Algo[PERSON], and _Ribes_ 'Myuryuchene'. It has not been possible to establish a correlation between the presence of phenolic compounds and the taxonomic category. This is interpreted as meaning that, within the _Ribes_ genus, environmental factors (temperature, soil, light, fertilizer, etc.) are more decisive in terms of the occurrence of phenolic compounds than any genetic proximity. This has been investigated in berries, and it has been reported that TPC was higher in fruits cultured in the north than in the south and that high insolation and temperature positively correlated with low amounts of the main phenolic compounds in all the cultivars studied [18]. However, the influence of the environment on the phenolic content of seeds remains unstudied. Some authors reported flavonoids as the main phenolic group in black currant seeds. Among flavonoids, quercetin-3-glucoside, myricetin-3-glucoside, and kaempfer-3-glucoside were the main compounds detected [9]. In this study, kaempfer-7-glucose was detected instead of 3-glucose, in addition to the aglycone of these compounds but not the glycosides of myricetin. In any case, most compounds found here were previously reported in _Ribes_ species. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [19], reported the black currant seed glucoside and rutinoside derivatives of quercetin and kaempfer, in addition to the aglycones of most compounds reported here. However, to the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to report on some compounds occurring in _Ribes_ taxa, such as fisetin, luteolin, eriodictyl, phloretin, galangin, and naringenin, as well as some of their glycosides.