## 2 Materials and Methods  
This study utilizes data from the Ebre ionosonde's high-rate campaigns. The first dataset with 1-min resolution ionograms corresponded to the October 2022 solar eclipse event, covering the time interval from 8:30 UT to 16:00 UT on 24, 25, and 26 October 2022. This period was characterized by quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp 1-2) and a medium solar activity level (\(\sim\)75 SFU). For the October 2022 event, the high-rate 1-min resolution ionosonde soundings were also coordinated with the El Arenosillo ionosonde. Thus, for the period of 24-26 October 2022, there were available 1-min cadence ionograms for two separate locations in the Spanish sector. Another campaign using high-rate 1-min sampling of atmospheric soundings was carried out on 19-20 March 2024. This time period was close to the equinox and was characterized by the high solar activity level (\(\sim\)170 SFU). The El Arenosillo ionosonde was operated with 5-min sounding intervals, and data from this station were also included in the analysis. It is important to highlight that all ionograms for this study were processed manually in so-called \"expert mode\" by the ionogram interpretation specialists. Such expert scaling of digital ionograms allows researchers to obtain the precise virtual height-frequency inversion for the electron density profiles, as well as accurate estimates of the major F2 peak parameters [35]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [36] reported that the accuracy of the expert-mode scaling had less than 5% uncertainty. The ARTIST-5 (Automated Real Time Ionogram Scaler with True height, [11]) software with the expert input mode was used to process ionograms from local Ebre Observatory repositories and from the DIDBase (Digital Ionogram Data Base) [37]. Figure 1 illustrates the steps of HF ionospheric sounding recordings, retrieving of the frequency-altitude dependences of HF signals reflected from the ionosphere (ionograms), and the true-height inversion of the resulting ionogram to the electron density profiles Ne(h) for that particular sounding interval. The left panel shows a typical sample of the scaled ionogram, including HF signal reflections (h'(f) traces) from the bottomside ionosphere, the computed electron density profile Ne(h), and a list of URSI-standard ionospheric parameters; the right panel displays the resulting inverted Ne(h) profile from this ionogram. It is important to note that in the ionosonde-based EDPs, only the bottomside part comes from real measurements (from \(\sim\)80 km up to the F2 layer ionization peak (200-400 km depending on location, local time, and solar activity level)), whereas the topside part of such profiles is derived by fitting a model to the measured peak electron density [38]. As noted earlier, the high-rate campaign ionograms were manually scaled and inverted by Ebre Observatory experts, and the ionosonde-derived EDPs selected for this study underwent thorough review. Our study also utilized COSMIC-2 electron density profiles as Level 2 data products provided by the UCAR COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC). These \"ionPrf\" files of ionospheric electron density profiles in netCDF format are publicly available via the CDAAC web portal [39]. Each \"ionPrf\" file contains information about altitude, latitude, and longitude of the RO tangent point and the corresponding electron density (Ne) value. CDAAC routinely processes RO observations as ionospheric EDP products using the Abel inversion technique from the ionospheric delay observations along the receiver-transmitter link. The retrieval technique for ionospheric electron density from GNSS RO measurements using the Abel inversion method is described in more detail by [40; 41; 42; 43]. The data from all six COSMIC-2 satellites, marked further as C2E1 to C2E6, are available for both high-rate ionosonde campaign periods.