## 4 Simulation Results
### Simulation Setup
At each time interval, the maximum amount of discharging power of EVs, utilized to alleviate peak load and decrease the operating cost of PV-based charging station, is determined by (9) and (10) in the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme and the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme, respectively. The EV charging/discharging candidates are determined based on the remaining parking time, the current SOC, and the initiation of charging/discharging process of each EV. Then, through the multi-objective optimization, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline Epoch & 1000 \\ Batch size & 200 \\ Learning rate & 0.005 \\ Gradient moving average & 0.9 \\ Dropout rate & 0.2 \\ Gradient threshold & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Training parameters of GRU network. Figure 7: Variation of local load demand and PV power production. the coordinated power distribution of power sources in the MG and EVs are allocated to charging/discharging operation among the EV charging/discharging candidates. Comparative Performance of Power Management Scheme Based on the Newly Proposed \(EV\) Charging/Discharging Scheduling Algorithm  
The variational trends of the total grid power consumption for interdependent MG and EV fleets depending on three EV charging/discharging scheduling strategies, are described in Figure 8. With the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme, it has lower grid power consumption than the other schemes over the time interval 7:00-9:00, as most of the parked EVs are charged without discharging depending on the EV charging scheduling algorithm. In the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes, higher total grid consumption is shown over the time interval 7:00-9:00, because several EVs are discharged for the power management of the MG in the prior time period, and it is available to charge more EVs depending on the relationship between local load demand and PV power production. In addition, higher grid power consumption during 7:00-9:00 causes the reduction in electricity cost imposed for EV charging demand by charging more EVs with low TOU price. Around 13:00, with the \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" scheme, less grid power is used for the economic power management of the MG by lessening the number of EVs to be charged due to high-peak periods over the time interval 13:00-16:00, even though the EV charging is preferred depending on the condition \(\sum_{k=0}^{K}(PW_{load}(t+k)-PW_{pv}(t+k))<(K+1)\times PW^{flag}\). It is observed that the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes produce a volatile pattern of total grid power consumption because the power management is deployed to the MG with charging/discharging control of EVs. Due to the relatively higher local load demand than EV charging demand, the different power management schemes of MG with three EV charging/discharging scheduling algorithms have similar variation trends of the total grid power consumption. In addition, the produced PV power is used to reduce the total grid power consumption over the time interval 6:00-20:00. Figure 9a,b represent the grid power consumption for local load demand and EV charging demand to verify the effect of EV charging/discharging scheduling algorithms on an energy-efficient power usage. With the \"EV Ch Scheduling\" scheme, higher grid power consumption is shown over the time interval 3:00-7:00, 10:00-12:00, and 19:00-23:00, because the power is supplied to local load demand from the utility grid and PV system without discharging of EVs. With the \"EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" and \"Proposed EV Ch/Dch Scheduling\" schemes, the discharging power of EVs can be used to supply the local load demand and charging demand of EVs. Over the time interval 3:00-7:00, 10:00-12:00, and 19:00-23:00, where discharging of EVs is preferred depending on the condition (9) and  
Figure 8: Total grid power consumption for interdependent MG and EV fleets. (10), the grid power consumption for local load demand decreases due to the discharging power of EVs used for local load demand.