# An Overview of Smart Composites for the Aerospace Sector
## 4 Discussion
### Aerospace Applications of Smart Composites  
The identified research hotspots in smart composites align with critical aerospace application scenarios, addressing key challenges in modern aircraft, spacecraft, and UAS. For instance, the development of EMI shielding materials, particularly those based on MXene and carbon-based nanomaterials, is essential for protecting avionics in next-generation aircraft and satellites from electromagnetic interference, ensuring the reliability of communication, navigation, and control systems [53; 54; 55]. In applications involving defense and space, where interference from outside sources may compromise mission success, these materials are very important.  
Additive manufacturing (3D/4D printing) is transforming aerospace engineering by enabling the fabrication of adaptive airframe structures and deployable space components. These smart composites facilitate the development of morphing wings that optimize aerodynamics in real time, lightweight structural panels with embedded functionalities, and deployable elements for space missions, such as foldable satellite antennas and self-unfolding solar panels [56; 57]. By reducing weight and enhancing structural efficiency, these innovations contribute to improved fuel economy and lower emissions in commercial aviation.  
Piezoelectric and self-sensing composites play a crucial role in SHM systems, allowing real-time assessment of aircraft integrity by detecting stress, strain, and microcracks before they become critical failures. Predictive maintenance can drastically reduce downtime, lower operating costs, and improve safety in next-generation airlines and military aircraft, making this technology especially pertinent to these aircraft [58; 59]. These materials are also being included in wind turbines and helicopter rotor blades, where long-term performance depends on constant vibration and stress distribution monitoring [60; 61].  
Furthermore, ultralight aerogels and self-healing materials are driving advancements in aerospace thermal protection systems, cryogenic fuel tanks, and impact-resistant structures. These materials are especially useful in reusable spacecraft, where higher insulation and resistance are required due to exposure to high temperatures and mechanical forces [62; 63]. The ability of self-healing composites, which draw inspiration from biological healing processes to self-heal fatigue-induced microcracks, could minimize the need for costly maintenance and increase the lifespan of vital parts like high-performance turbine blades, landing gear structures, and fuselage panels.  
Finally, future research should focus on overcoming key challenges in smart composites for aerospace applications. Scalability remains a critical issue, as many laboratory-scaleinnovations have yet to be successfully implemented in large-scale production, as most commented in this paper. Cost-effectiveness is another concern, as advanced materials such as MXene-based composites and aerogels require optimization for large-mass manufacturing. Durability in extreme aerospace environments, including high radiation exposure to space and mechanical stress in high-speed aircraft, must be further investigated to enhance long-term performance. Additionally, integrating AI-driven predictive maintenance models with self-sensing composites could revolutionize real-time aircraft monitoring, reducing failure risks and maintenance costs. Future research should investigate innovative material processing methods, hybrid composite designs with improved multifunctionality, and the integration of sustainable materials to meet the increasing need for environmentally friendly aerospace solutions.