# Machine Vision--Moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0
## 5 Discussion
### Contribution of Machine Vision in Industry 4.0
#### 5.2.1 Main Uses and Application Sectors
Monitoring of agricultural conditions (territorial variables, hydro-meteorological), counting, sorting [89], harvesting [76], monitoring and detection of defects in terms of quality control, cultivation, disease control, and more agricultural tasks were automated by employing machine vision [108]. Especially in cases where the decision to accurately estimate the crop load (yield prediction) before each harvest is crucial, machine vision systems in Agriculture 4.0 played a significant role. The latter is also important for storage and transportation procedures. Machine vision was also of interest in _educational applications_ in the period of Industry 4.0, according to the findings of this study. The need to convey both the concept of machine vision and its importance has prompted educational institutions and students to join experiments--attempts to use machine vision to further enhance its use. In the _construction industry_, suggestions to improve technical constructions in terms of Industry 4.0 include treating them as cyber-physical systems. The estimation of the surface roughness when cutting hardened steel with specific tools [113] using machine vision is a typical example. Also, constructions with panels, as well as modular constructions, are of great interest in the construction of commercial buildings and high-rise buildings. The main tasks for using machine vision in the construction sector are detection and quality control. A serious aspect of advanced industry and Industry 4.0 is _manufacturing metrology_, also showing an interest in machine vision applications. Anything manufactured with metrology systems must meet specific criteria, so inspection and measurement play a key role. The most common applications of machine vision in this field are related to quality control, measurement, and monitoring. An additional sector that took advantage of machine vision during Industry 4.0 is the _metallurgical industry_, characterized by increased requirements for quality, economy, and efficiency of technological processes [96]. Intelligent systems significantly helped the upgrading and development of this sector. Automation of parts of processes in heavy industry also followed the trend of Industry 4.0, employing machine vision and artificial intelligence. The use of machine vision in this field, according to our report, is mostly designated for monitoring and detection. The intervention of machine vision during Industry 4.0 in _infrastructure projects_, specifically in the road network, is also noteworthy. The condition of a road network is a critical parameter for safety issues. Machine vision was employed towards providing a solution for the aforementioned problem, reporting significant success rates and thus giving incentives for further improvement or suggestions in the future [111]. The integration of machine vision systems in road navigation on specific road models is an additional application. According to our investigation, the processes of interest in this field are related to detection [111] and inventory [118]. An interesting application of machine vision systems in Industry 4.0 is related to _LED displays_. In Industry 4.0, smart e-business manufacturing includes ways to detect product defects from an industrial robot to improve the quality and efficiency of the automatic production process. LED screens, with their wide use in the field of electronic production, constitute a large part of the developed applications. Bright spots, light leakage, white spots, foreign objects, markings, Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) (a geometric shape), black spots, uneven color, scratches, bubbles, and creases are the possible defects of an LED screen that need immediate treatment in case of non-smooth operation [120]. With the aim of deep learning technology and measurements aided by machine vision, the offered reinforcement and flexibility in detecting defects raise the level of intelligence of industrial production.