## 1 Introduction  
Studying the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere as a whole is a new frontier of geoscience. In particular, the possible interactions between each geo-layer before an earthquake or a volcano eruption are predicted by several models, and multiple observations support their existence, even if a definitive proof is still missing [1; 2; 3]. Instead, some evidence statistically proves such phenomena [4; 5; 6; 7]. Limitations are due to the multidisciplinary nature of such studies and the rareness of earthquakes and volcano eruptions, as they are not everyday events. In particular, the recording instrumentation is not always available close to the natural hazard location. In the last decades, the launch of several remote sensing satellites in Low Earth Orbits (LEO) permitted global coverage of our planet [8]. On the contrary, the satellite flew above the region of interest only for a limited time. Consequently, some effects could be lost if they are shorter than the revisit time of the satellite. Geostationary satellites observed the same region for 24 h/24 h, but their orbit is at about 36,000 km, so their spatial resolution is generally limited [9]. Furthermore, some observable physical quantities, like the geomagnetic field, require observation at a maximum altitude of hundreds of km. In fact, the weak magnetic perturbations that the preparation of the natural hazard are supposed to produce are just a few nT at an altitude of 400 km\(\sim\)500 km, and reduce as the altitude increases. Concerning the electromagnetic pre-volcano eruption studies, [PERSON] et al. [10] reported several geomagnetic Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) emissions before volcanic and seismic activity in Izu Island (Japan). In particular, they underlined two stages of preparation for the volcanic eruption with different transient levels that they identified as pre-seismic and pre-volcano eruptions. They also reported a confirmation as co-event transients. Several studies on satellite remote sensing multispectral imaging reported the identification of thermal infrared atmospheric anomalies as pre-volcano activity [6,11]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [12] successfully found thermal emission anomalies before the 2021 Etna volcano paroxysm, applying the Robust Satellite Technique (RST), initially developed for pre-earthquake thermal anomalies. All of these pre-volcano and earthquake phenomena could be explained by a lithosphere atmosphere ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model, such as the one proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] or [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] that started from radon or other gas emissions from the faults (for earthquakes) and from faults or directly from the vent in the case of a volcano. Then, reaching the atmosphere, they could ionise the air. Consequently, an alteration of the global electric circuit of the atmosphere and ionosphere could result, as further described by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14]. [PERSON] [15] proposed that electrical discharge inside the volcanic ash plumes can create some atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances, providing some shreds of evidence from the Etna volcano eruption recorded by the DEMETER satellite. Similar work has been performed by [PERSON] [16] on the occasion of Etna volcano activity and Sahara dust storm in 2006-2008 using atmospheric and ionospheric data from DEMETER satellite and other instruments. They investigated the atmospheric chemical potential and outgoing longwave radiation for the atmosphere. Electron density and electric field (from DEMETER satellite), together with Total Electron Content (TEC) (from ground stations), detected some possible interaction phenomena between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere before the Etna eruptions, as well as some independent ionospheric anomalies more likely due to external sources [16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] widely investigated the effect of dust storms from the Sahara desert over the Atlantic Ocean in 2012 and 2020 on the atmosphere and the ionosphere (TEC).