## 4 Discussion  
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive descriptive analysis of visual and oculomotor skills in federated university athletes, focusing on basic visual functions (visual acuity, stereopsis, vergence, and contrast sensitivity), oculomotor skills (dynamic visual acuity, identification, anticipation time, peripheral awareness, and hand-eye coordination), and inspection time (visual memory). The findings provide valuable insights into the visual and oculomotor abilities that underpin sports performance, contributing to a deeper understanding of how these skills vary among athletes. This aligns with the special issue's focus on innovative approaches to training, performance, coaching, and health in sports science. The objective of the study was to examine the visual skill profiles of federated athletes and explore their relationship with self-perceived performance. The results reflect patterns in the visual and oculomotor abilities of this specific cohort, particularly in parameters such as dynamic visual acuity, anticipation, and visual memory. However, it is important to clarify that no direct comparisons were made between federated university athletes and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Question** & **Visual Parameter** & **Group** & **Median** & **IQR** &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(P\) \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Is your overall sports performance as consistent as you would like?} & Contrast Sensitivity & Yes & 250.0 & 0.0 & 0.044 \\  & (6 cpd-Binocular) & No & 250.0 & 32.0 & 0.044 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Contrast Sensitivity & Yes & 150.0 & 0.0 & 0.01 \\  & (12 cpd-Binocular) & No & 150.0 & 111.0 & 0.01 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Visual Memory—Average Time (s) & Yes & 1.4 & 0.47 & 0.039 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 1.5 & 0.53 & 0.039 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Anticipation Time—Average Time (s) & Yes & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.022 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.022 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Is your level of sporting performance consistent throughout the game?} & \multirow{5}{*}{Monocular Static VA (RE)} & Yes & 1.3 & 0.0 & 0.025 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & No & 1.1 & 0.4 & 0.025 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Contrast Sensitivity & Yes & 250.0 & 0.0 & 0.043 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 250.0 & 0.0 & 0.04 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Vergence Break Base-in & Yes & 1.2 & 0.4 & 0.004 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 1.5 & 0.9 & 0.025 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Does your performance increase under pressure?} & \multirow{5}{*}{Dynamic Binocular VA} & Yes & 0.8 & 0.2 & 0.025 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & No & 0.8 & 0.0 & 0.016 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Binocular Static VA & No & 1.3 & 0.0 & 0.018 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Contrast Sensitivity & Yes & 250.0 & 124.0 & 0.018 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 250.0 & 0.0 & 0.005 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Vergence Break Base-in & Yes & 1.6 & 0.8 & 0.005 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & 1.3 & 0.4 & 0.004 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Identification Correct answers (\%) & Yes & 89.4 & 8.2 & 0.004 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Does your performance decrease when there are shadows on the field?} & \multirow{5}{*}{Disparity} & Yes & \(-0.1\) & 0.1 & 0.04 \\ \cline{2-5}  & No & \(-0.0\) & 0.1 & 0.04 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Vergence Recovery Base-out & Yes & 0.4 & 0.2 & 0.006 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & No & 0.7 & 0.4 & 0.006 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._general or non-athlete populations; therefore, such extrapolations cannot be drawn from the presented data. Instead, our findings should be interpreted as a descriptive analysis focusing on this specific athletic cohort. Additionally, variations in self-perceived satisfaction with performance were linked to faster visual memory and anticipation times. This suggests a possible relationship between certain visual skills and athletic success, although further research with longitudinal designs and validated tools is necessary to establish stronger causal relationships. The findings of our study underscore the pivotal role of visual skills in sports performance, corroborating previous research on the subject. [PERSON] et al.