## 4 Prevention Mechanisms of the Proposed Scheme
### Probability Analysis of Vehicles Based on Elliptical Segment Area Transmission Range  
This section discusses the probability analysis of vehicles based upon PESATRM. The section also includes utilization of the NSHV concept of authentication based upon the FS and the RSU authentication algorithm, and secure SRSIE. Based upon this, NSHV links are set up to forward the attacked detected packet, utilizing the transmission and relay of IEEE 802.11p beacons in the ESATRM. This is based upon the communication process of NV-to-NV utilized in the network. Based upon this,a sender \(NV_{A}\) is required to find at least the NSHV \(NV_{B}\) that is in the same ESATR. This is followed by authentication and subsequent transmission of the SRSIE, which is based upon the PESATRM deployment. NV/NODV that are present in the ESATRM utilize three parameters, namely density \(\lambda\), segment angle \((\alpha-\beta)\), and transmission range \(R\). The PESATRM probability analysis has an objective of analyzing the impact of the parameters, \((\alpha-\beta)\), and \(R\). In addition, the PESATRM is also anticipated for use where it is also important for providing secure authentication. This secures each NV2 NV communication, and also sharing of \(Gk\) with individual NVs. The objective of utilizing sharing of \(Gk\)s that fall in the same ESATR also include the probability analysis of locating at least one NV for sharing of \(Gk\)s in the segment area. This objective can be achieved when different values are assigned to \((\alpha-\beta)\) in increasing order, until a NODV is found in the ESATR that would authenticate and also share the common \(Gk\) with every other neighbor vehicle during the vehicle movement of NODV in the ESATR. The movement of NODV is considered to take place using a two-dimensional network area. This is based upon the ESATR. NODV availability in the network follows a Poisson distribution with NODV density \(\lambda\). When considering the mean density of NODV in the network, the number of NVs that are present in the ESATR is obtained using a Poisson distribution. In addition, each NODV arrival also depends on how successfully it is able to initially be authenticated with each other NV. It is then followed with the secure sharing of the \(Gk\) with every other NODV vehicle. This also includes exchange of the standardized safety and road emergency conditions with each driver or vehicle on the road. The proposed scheme uses NODV position to initially broadcast/multicast and finally unicast information to other NVs that fall in the same ESATR. In addition, it is presumed that the proposed scheme PESATRM probability analysis also utilizes the attacked packet detection algorithm (APDA) that was achieved in the PSAM. This is in order to mitigate against HDSAs, including DoS JSA attacks, which may be encountered in the ESATR. The proposed scheme PSAM, which is already integrated with the PESATRM, is also deployed together to prevent malicious nodes becoming part of the network. The NODV position information is represented through both \(x\) and \(y\) coordinates on a plane using a 2D network model. Optimal transmission range investigation for VANET has been conducted by various researchers in [41; 42]. In those studies, it was revealed that transmission range requirements in VANET decrease with increases in vehicle density. High density vehicular traffic situations require a smaller transmission range. Moreover, we recall that NV2 NV communication would also require authentication and encryption of data, including the sharing of the \(Gk\) in a non-shadow environment (ENSE). The ENSE avoids real-time conflict in transmissions of data authentication and exchange of information in the shadow area. Based upon this, neighbor vehicle transmissions would result in collision and congestion [43]. Therefore, we adopt our previous proposed scheme, the ESATR detection process for DoS attacks [44].