## 2 State of the Art
### Production Engineering System  
A production engineering system is comprised of all the elements required to perform the production task, such as machines, tools, and conveyor systems. In the third stage of the industrial revolution, production engineering systems are developed into automatedsystems through the integration of electronics and information technologies. One also speaks of mechatronic systems [22]. Automated systems are capable of acquiring and outputting data on system states, initially to perform automation tasks. As development progressed, additional software functions for data analysis were integrated into production engineering systems. These, combined with the ability to network, led to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) [23], specifically Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) [24]. Acatech defines CPS as follows: Cyber-physical systems are systems with embedded software (as part of devices, buildings, means of transport, transport routes, production systems, medical processes, logistic processes, coordination processes, and management processes), which: directly record physical data using sensors and affect physical processes using actuators; evaluate and save recorded data, and actively or reactively interact both with the physical and digital world; are connected and in global networks via digital communication facilities (wireless and/or wired, local and/or global); use globally available data and services; have a series of dedicated, multimodal human-machine interfaces.\"  
Figure 1 shows the modules of a CPPS. All modules influence the data quality in their own way:  
* The basic system, i.e., machine, tool, workpiece, and process (manufacturing process, handling...) represents the behavior that is to be examined and influenced using data. Thus, the behavior of the basic system first defines the analysis tasks and finally the requirements for the data needed for this.
* All data must be generated. This is usually done by measurement systems that influence the quality of the raw data. For example, the measurement range and accuracy as well as the suitability for the existing environmental conditions must be matched to the system behavior to be determined.
* The raw data must be transported from the measurement systems into the database or the analysis environment or the concrete application. The data transfer is done via the IT system which is the transmission path for the data that also influences the data quality in the database. For example, the number of signals and their clock rate determine the required data transmission rate in the transmission path which is determined, among other things, by the technology of the network connection (e.g., cable, radio) and protocol and the arrangement of computing power (local, edge, fog, cloud).
* For the transport, the establishment of the analysis capability, and the actual analysis, the data are preprocessed with a sequence of algorithms. The algorithmic steps are summarized in the data processing workflow and determine the quality of the data. Examples include the use of compression methods, window and filter functions, and the type of data synchronization.  
Figure 1: Structure of a mechatronic system and a CPPS.  
The development of mechatronic systems is usually based on the V-model according to VDI guideline 2206 [22]. Due to the increasing development complexity (from a system perspective), the need for collaborative model-based procedures is also increasing to efficiently bring together all the necessary specialist disciplines. For this purpose, the W-model [25] was developed for the development of so-called active systems. This W-model is also used for the development of CPPS [26]. The essential difference between the W-Model and the V-Model becomes apparent during the development of the discipline-specific components since it does not take place independently of each other in the W-Model. These process models partly include data-based approaches as well as a data management system, but do not consider the problem of \"data quality\".