# Digital Processing of Seismic Data from Open-Pit Mining Blasts
## 5 Motivation or Practical Implications  
The seismic blast wave parameters forecasting at different points are especially relevant when drilling and blasting operations are carried out in the immediate vicinity of the protected objects (for example, gas pipeline construction). The blast wave peak velocity direct determination is impossible, as factors such as soil vibration and close objects' natural vibrations yield a major influence on the physical nature of the wave propagation and the close object's safety is vulnerable. Soil or object vibrations occurring at certain frequencies probably cause resonance phenomena. Thus, the averaged (or theoretical) values of the application of neglected amendments of formulas or empirical coefficients entail unpredictable consequences. Thereby, the practical value of experimentally determined methods for empirical coefficients or particles' peak vibration velocity forecasting during drilling and blasting operations, especially close to the protected objects, is of great relevance. The practical result of this research, based on the experimental data, is the formulated method for determining the optimal parameters for drilling and blasting, including the following stages:  
1. [label=0.,leftmargin=*]
2. Obtain the values of experimental seismograms for specific conditions. This involves a series of experimental blasts with an equal small mass of explosive at different distances. 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Distance** & **13 m** & **16 m** & **19 m** & **22 m** & **25 m** \\ \hline Delay period & 1 & 22 & 1 & 53 & 25 \\ Delay time for the gap & 1 & 22 & 1 & 53 & 25 \\ Embedding dimension & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ Entropy & 0.17 & 0.081 & 0.04 & 0.032 & 0.02 \\ Predictability period & 5.88 & 12,34 & 25 & 31.25 & 50 \\ Correlation dimensionality & 2.07 & 1.96 & 1.8 & 0.31 & 0.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Fractal analysis. Process the seismograms data, involving the following:  
Determine the signal dominant frequency and amplitude. Define the dependence of dominant frequency and amplitude on distance. This dependence enables us to determine the dominant frequency and amplitude for the certain distance between the blast epicenter and the protected object. Compare the natural object frequency with the calculated dominant frequency value. Estimate resonance possibility and destruction forces caused by this resonance. Compare the amplitude value with the acceptable velocity value. Carry out the signal wavelet analysis. Define the correlation between the energy distribution (in percent) of the signal wavelet analysis; the signal is received at different distances from the explosion center. If there is no correlation dependence, we can conclude that the experimental data are not adequate and are heterogeneous. A repeat experiment is necessary to establish the heterogeneity cause. Define the number of frequency ranges affected by distance. Reveal the dependence of distance on the energy value of the signal wavelet analysis. This dependence enables us to determine the energy value for the distance value equal to the distance from the blast epicenter to the protected object. Increase the available energy value of the frequency range by the defined value. Restore the signal based on new energy values. Estimate the dominant frequency and amplitude parameters. Repeat stage 2.2. Carry out fractal analysis. Define entropy, correlation dimension, and predictability time. Define the forecast horizon based on predictability time. Make sure that the obtained characteristics are within the area of the forecast horizon. It is worth pointing out that additional experiments with a fixed distance but different masses of explosives use the same principles to determine the max mass of explosives in order to ensure the safety of protected objects during drilling and blasting operations. This algorithm shows that this research has possible practical applications. In fact, the application area is much wider and, obviously, requires further research.