# Augmented Reality in a Lean Workplace at Smart Factories: A Case Study
## 2 Literature Review
### Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0  
In recent years, the industrial landscape has been dramatically altered due to technological advancements and new manufacturing processes. This has sparked conversations between academics and organisations around a new concept called Industry 4.0, also referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This has allowed companies to benefit from emerging technologies that integrate digital and physical systems and enable more efficient, automated, and interconnected production [4; 27].  
Industry 4.0 is being compared with the previous three industrial revolutions that occurred in the last centuries. After steam power, electricity and the advent of computers, the emerging fourth industrial revolution will bring together the digital and physical worlds, embracing successive innovations and disruptive developments, mostly regarding digital technology and manufacturing [2].  
Industry 4.0 has been highly discussed and studied, with a considerable impact on the industrial landscape by introducing disruptive changes with the advent of smart and future factories. This concept is a broad term encompassing the future of industrial developments, such as Cyber-Physical Systems, the Internet of Things, the Internet of Systems, Robotics, Big Data, Cloud Manufacturing, and AR, which will revolutionize both products and processes. Companies that make use of these technologies will increase their efficiency and productivity, transforming the current work environment and workplaces and bringing new ways of operating [5].  
After a decade of discussion surrounding Industry 4.0, visionaries are now predicting the next revolution--Industry 5.0. During this time, Industry 4.0 has concentrated more on digitalisation and the use of disruptive technologies for greater efficiency and flexibility. In contrast, Industry 5.0 will emphasize the importance of a human-centric industry and its service to humanity. This will involve a renewed focus on social aspects, enabling companies to be more ethical and socially responsible in their practices [16; 28; 29].  
Industry 5.0 complements and extends the Industry 4.0 paradigm. Merging between real and virtual worlds is crucial to gather and generate useful data to create solutions to face the challenges, enhancing the safety, security, and comfort conditions of people [30; 31; 32]. Thus, Industry 5.0 is a strategy that has resulted from a forward-looking exercise to help frame how industrial developments and emerging societal trends and needs can co-exist, driving the transition to human-centric, sustainable and resilient systems [16].  
The human-centric approach puts people's needs and goals at the forefront, leveraging technology implementation to suit human interests. Consequently, the primary focus is on humans and employees. Additionally, Industry 5.0 is directed towards building sustainable systems, creating circular processes and cutting down energy usage in order to protect the environment. Furthermore, resilience refers to the construction of systems endowed with exceptional robustness, flexible processes and adaptable production capacity to accommodate the changing market requirements [16].  
In addition, the concept of Industry 5.0 is related to the one of Society 5.0. Both of them are focused on a shift of society, economy and industry towards a new paradigm aimed at creating a people-centric society [16; 33; 34]. Society 5.0 concept was presented in 2016 [35] and its aim is to stimulate economic growth while solving societal and environmental problems, enhancing the quality of life and creating a society that attends to the different needs of people, regardless of region, age, sex, language or disabilities [36].  
Therefore, the paradigms of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 can create synergies to promote the elimination of wastes (3M) within the workplaces and foster healthy work environments.