esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Topology Optimization Issues  
Current issues and possible developments can be encased in two main areas:  
* TO algorithms and tools and features development;
* TO workflow and DfAM effectiveness.  
The first point concerns TO usability improvements, such as support-free structures [17; 18], optimization of supports [19], or both supports and part orientation [20]. Currently, a lot of studies are focused on performance maximization subject to support structure constraints [21; 22]. Nowadays, many Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools implemented TO so that it can be exploited by AM technologies [6]. [PERSON] et al. [11] realized their importance and attempted to benchmark commercial and academic available software. Most current design tools still show room for the development of specific AM constraints. Self-supporting structures [23], material anisotropy [24] introduction and implementation [13] are interesting advances. However, build direction still cannot be computed aiming to minimize supports, build time, or part warping [11], and other challenges concern functionally graded structures and materials, or TO and lattices integration [25; 26], as confirmed by recent reviews [27].  
The second point regards the process chain and the integration within DfAM methods. Workflow steps can be complex and slow [28] and manual design interpretation is time-consuming [29] and could benefit from smooth boundary representation to get \"ready to print\" models [30], but currently, as [PERSON] et al. [11; 31] explain, designers have to interpret design and add further studies taking into account build direction, overhangs, supports and build time by using additional design tools and personal experience. Integration of specific design tools in the design phase could be a great advantage to improve the DfAM process [32]. In this sense, the holistic approach suggested by [PERSON] et al. [2] could be implemented by the use of CAD platforms, their development, and their related-based approaches [16].
## 5 Conclusions  
In this research, volatile and non-volatile compounds were quantitatively analysed using sensory evaluation, GC-MS, and UPLC-MS technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis, and the key compounds contributing to the grade of MKH standard samples were identified. Furthermore, we investigated the biochemical basis of the aroma and taste quality performance of MKH standard samples. The following conclusions were drawn:  
1. The MKH standard sample was generally positively correlated with the content of non-volatile compounds including AAs, catechins, and caffeine, and Ile, Thr, Asp, and GABA show significant differences between grades and are potential biomarker components for MKH.
2. (\(E\))-\(\beta\)-Ocimene, 2,6-dimethyl-2-trans-6-octadiene, and 1-methoxypropyl-benzene were the most abundant volatile compounds in the higher grade of MKH, being conducive to the formation of the delicate sweet and floral aroma, while (\(Z\))-3-hexen-1-ol, nerolidol, and (\(Z\))-butanoic acid, 2-pentenyl ester were the most abundant volatile compounds in the second and third grade of MKH, being conducive to the formation of the rich fruity aroma.
3. The maturity of fresh tea leaf raw materials was negatively correlated with the grade of MKH, which was the main internal factor for the difference between volatile and non-volatile compounds in the sample grade.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalrae10040374/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalrae10040374/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalrae10040374/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturalrae10040374/s1)), Figure S1: Group standard of Fu'an Tea Industry Association Tanyang Congou Tea with flowery-fruity flavour Minkehong black tea. Figure S2: The packaging of 4 standard samples of Minkehong. Figure S3: Validation of the PLS-DA model of different grades of Mingkehong.  
**Author Contributions:** Z.-W.Z.: investigation; writing--original draft; formal analysis; writing--review and editing; funding acquisition; and supervision. Q.-Y.W.: investigation; and writing--review and editing. L.-Q.C.: investigation; methodology; and supervision. S.-L.R.: investigation; formal analysis; and supervision. Z.-Y.Y.: investigation; formal analysis; and supervision. Y.S.: conceptualization; writing--review and editing; and supervision. R.A.: conceptualization; writing--review and editing; and funding acquisition supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by Ningde Normal University Youth Research Project (2022 ZQ110) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Ningde Normal University (2018Y01).  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in this article/Supplementary Materials. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Study Area and Data  
The Volve field is located on the Theta Vest structure within the Sleipner area of the Norwegian North Sea. The predominant tectonic elements in this region, extending from east to west, comprise the Gamma High, the Sleipner Terrace, and the intervening main fault zone (Figure 2a). Theta Vest, situated within the Gamma High domain, represents a dagger-shaped structural high that has undergone substantial tectonic deformation. This deformation is attributed to two major episodes of continental rifting that impacted the Sleipner area and the South Viking Graben (Figure 2b). The most prominent structural feature in the region is a fault system originating from the collapse of a continuous salt ridge during the Jurassic Period. This fault system exhibits particular complexity and extensive fracturing in the western part of the area due to significant regional extension, thereby introducing uncertainties regarding fault geometry and continuity. Hydrocarbons in the Sleipner area, including the Sleipner Vest and Volve structures, are contained within sandwich strata of the Triassic, Jurassic, and Paleocene age. Reservoirs are typically encountered at depths ranging from approximately 2700 to 3100 m [46].  
The pre-rift evolution of the Theta Vest structure commenced during the Permian-Triassic transition and was predominantly marked by continental deposition. Throughout the Triassic and into the Jurassic, the depositional environment gradually evolved from continental to marginal marine settings, culminating in fully marine facies. A second significant rifting phase transpired from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, characterized by deltaic clastic sedimentation. The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic interval represents the inner rift sequence of this extensional phase (Figure 2c). During the Middle Jurassic, extensive peat accumulation occurred on the coastal plains, which constituted the primary source material for the Hugin Formation. Concurrently, significant volumes of conglomerates and gravel were deposited along the western margin of the basin, forming multiple stacked sequences characterized by transgressive degradation and vertical  
Figure 2: Geological background of Volve oilfield (modified from references [44,45]): (**a**) location of the Volve field, (**b**) contour map and well distribution of Hugin Formation, and (**c**) geological time column of Volve oilfield reservoir.  
accretion. These deposits resulted in the formation of sandstone bodies with thicknesses reaching up to 200 m. The lithology is predominantly composed of fine to coarse-grained, poorly sorted subfieldsarenite sandstones. These units exhibit excellent reservoir quality, featuring favorable porosity and permeability that are highly conducive to hydrocarbon storage and flow [47; 48].
# Dynamic Vertical Mapping with Crowdsourced Smartphone Sensor Data
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution  
The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
* We introduce a novel infrastructure-independent method for the dynamic vertical mapping.
* We introduce a novel approach for the reference pressure estimation through the identification of the outdoor-indoor transition (OITransition) of the user through the fusion of three different sensors. In this way, the need of calibration between sensors becomes obsolete.
* We propose an enhancement of the CityGML level of detail two plus (LoD2+) method that provides the indoor geometry of buildings at lower levels of detail.  
This paper is an extension of work already presented in [15]. More specifically, in this paper, we have extended the approach, by including an additional sensor for the OITransition discovery. This additional sensor is the magnetic sensor, and more information about it is available in Section 3.3.3. Additionally, the method has been extended and sensor fusion functionality has been added in the reference pressure area component. More information is available in Section 3.3.4. Moreover, the evaluation has been extended with additional collected data over longer period of time, as can be seen in Section 4. Finally, as a result of the above-mentioned extensions of our approach, we have achieved a more accurate identification for the recognition of the OITransition discovery with a true positive score of 99.3% instead of 94.2% in the past. This makes our method more robust against various building characteristics.
## 3 Electrodeposition
### Properties Relevant to Applications
#### 3.3.3. Wettability  
The wettability of electrodeposited HEA surfaces is not a common subject of study [27; 32; 40; 50], despite its importance for both corrosion susceptibility and gas bubble detachment (hydrogen and oxygen) during electrocatalytic water splitting. [PERSON] et al. [50] investigated the effect of pulse parameters on the wettability of CoCrFeMnNi alloys deposited from an organic bath. Regardless of the duty cycle and pulse frequency (\(-9\) V/1 V), hydrophilic surfaces were obtained with water contact angles ranging from 41\({}^{\circ}\) to 56\({}^{\circ}\). The sample with the highest contact angle exhibited the lowest corrosion current (6.7\(\cdot\)10\({}^{-2}\) uA/cm\({}^{2}\)), while the other coatings showed approximately twice the corrosion current. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [27] found that the incorporation of chromium into a multicomponent alloy enhanced hydrophobicity, with water contact angles of about 86\({}^{\circ}\) for FeCoNiMoW and 110\({}^{\circ}\) for FeCoNiMoWCr. This clearly translated into improved corrosion resistance of the alloy, resulting from the formation of a passive chromium oxide layer. [PERSON] et al. [32] obtained a hydrophilic AlCrFeCoNiCu alloy with an initial water contact angle of 63\({}^{\circ}\), which was further enhanced to 125\({}^{\circ}\) after annealing (600 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Notably, the same behavior was found for a somewhat shorter deposition time [65]. This increase in hydrophobicity was attributed to the formation of air pockets on the surface, with their fraction rising from 23% to 66% [32]. The improvement in surface properties also led to better corrosion resistance, as indicated by the increased polarization resistance of the coating, which was attributed to the prevention of corrosive media penetration due to the presence of stable alumina and chromium oxides acting as protective barriers.  
A separate group of applications involves HEA coatings for the purpose of water-oil mixture separation. [PERSON] et al. [40] synthesized a ZnFeCoNiMn alloy potentiostatically from a chloride-glycerol electrolyte on an iron foam substrate, followed by soaking in ethanol (4 h). The resulting material exhibited superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of 154\({}^{\circ}\)) and superoleophilicity (oil contact angles of 0\({}^{\circ}\) for acetone, DMF, and ethanol), also displaying the lotus effect (water droplet sliding angle of 3\({}^{\circ}\)). The superhydrophobicity was maintained in aqueous solutions over a wide pH range (2-14), with contact angles remaining above 150\({}^{\circ}\) after 10 days of exposure to air, water, and mechanical abrasion. The HEA-coated mesh showed high separation efficiency for water-oil emulsions (up to 99% for dichloromethane and soybean oil), even under simulated rough marine conditions. Combined with high corrosion resistance (on the order of 10 uA/cm\({}^{2}\)), the material can offer promising durability for oil-spill remediation applications.
## 3 Results  
### Determination of the Suitable Preparation Parameters of Coated Surfaces  
Initially, the particular process gas-dependent treatment times leading to first breakdowns of an NPBS coating during DBD plasma treatment were determined. For argon, the first layer destructions occurred between 2 s and 5 s, so the treatment time must not exceed 2 s. The contact angle reached at this time was 34.7\({}^{\circ}\), starting at a reference value of 57.1\({}^{\circ}\) where the test liquid was diiodmethane. For both nitrogen and air visible destruction already appeared after a 1 s treatment duration. For this reason, these gases are not suitable for surface preparation of the investigated coatings and no contact angle measurement was performed. The use of helium plasma allows a treatment time of up to one minute without any damage to the functional layer. Figure 3 shows microscope images of the layer defects that could be observed after the different treatment durations.  
In Figure 4, the diiodmethane contact angle of a sample surface treated with a helium DBD is plotted versus the treatment time. The contact angle is notably decreased after plasma treatment. The water contact angle was not measurable any more for very short treatment durations, i.e., 1-2 s, showing the high degree of hydrophillisation induced by the plasma. Hence, diiodmethane instead of de-ionised water was used as test liquid. After a duration of 30 s, the contact angle is approximately 1.7 times lower in comparison to the untreated surface. As can be seen in Figure 4, the significant decrease in the contact angle already stops after 5 s. At this point, the contact angle achieved is 33.9\({}^{\circ}\).  
Based on the results obtained by the microscope images shown in Figure 3 and the contact angle measurements, a helium plasma with a treatment time of 30 s was used  
Figure 4: Contact angle of diiodmethane on silicon dioxide surfaces vs. direct dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment duration using helium as process gas.  
Figure 3: Microscope images of NPBS-coated samples treated with different DBDs generated with argon, helium, air and nitrogen.  
for further sample treatment. The preparation time of 30 s was chosen to provide the maximum treatment and to avoid any possible layer destruction, which can occur for treatment durations above 60 s at the same time. The contact angle is already stable at this point and no coating damage is risked by further approaching the limit of treatment duration of 60 s. Helium instead of argon was selected, since with argon plasma a very slight overrun of the treatment time already leads to coating damage in the NPBS coating. In addition, the contact angle is not yet stationary after a treatment time of 2 s.
# Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration
## 3 Low Power Wide Area Network
### Weightless-SIG  
The Weightless-SIG group is a non-profit, global, and member-based organization geared towards developing open standards for IoT connectivity. It was formed in 2012 particularly to coordinate activities surrounding the delivery of standards for wide area IoT connectivity. It has proposed three standards, which operate in both the licensed and unlicensed spectrum [4]. These standards are:  
1. Weightless-W standard, which uses TV white spaces based on different modulation schemes such as 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and differential binary phase shift keying (D-BPSK) [58].
2. The Weightless-N standard, which is a UNB standard that focuses only on simplex communication mode. It provides for higher energy efficiency and lower device cost as against the Weightless-W.
3. The Weightless-P standard, which provides full duplex communication mode based on QPSK and Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation techniques. It provides a data rate between 0.2 and 100 kbps [4; 58].
# Genipin Attachment of Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles to a Decellularized Tissue Scaffold
## Materials and Methods
### Cell Viability  
Cell proliferation reagent WST-1 (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, IN, USA) was used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The WST-1 assay works via the use of tetrazolium salts. The salts are added to wells containing cells and the tissue discs. The tetrazolium salts are then cleaved to formazan by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. This correlates to the number of metabolically active cells. The resulting formazan is can be quantified using UV-vis absorbance measurements. A total of 5 scaffolds (N = 5) from ten treatment types (untreated, 15 min, 1 h, and 24 h with 3 mM genipin and gold nanoparticles or either of the components independently) were seeded with L929 mouse connective tissue fibroblasts and incubated for 1, 3, 7, and 10 days with half of the media in each well replaced every 48 h. WST-1 reagent was added to each well and the plates incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h. After gentle mixing, 100 \(\upmu\)L was removed from each well and absorbance readings were acquired using a Tecan Safire II plate reader. The resulting values were then calculated relative to the absorbance found on the untreated control scaffold. The data is shown as a percentage in comparison to the control. Culture medium with the WST-1 reagent and no cells served as the blank.
## 1 Introduction
Overall, according to the literature, machine learning algorithms have been extensively used in the research of \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) estimation, with the scopes of such studies generally covering various time scales, study regions, and/or soil depths. However, to our best knowledge, the performance of machine learning algorithms on \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) estimation has rarely been reported in the different climatic zones of China, especially for studies with large spatial scales (such as the whole country). Accurate estimation of \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) in different climatic zones would be beneficial to studies of crop modeling, hydrological patterns, and soil properties under large-scale conditions, and may also provide theoretical support for better crop production in different regions [2; 41; 42]. Recently, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is considered as a promising machine learning algorithm, and has been widely applied in many fields such as meteorology [28; 43], hydrology [44; 45], and agronomy [46; 47]. However, to date no study has been conducted on a national wide estimation of \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) with XGBoost. Therefore, in this study we utilize six different combinations of meteorological variables as inputs to develop XGBoost models for estimating daily \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) at the 0 cm depth, with records from th period 1966-2015 from 689 meteorological stations that covers seven different climatic zones in China. To better evaluate the estimating performance of XGBoost, the M5P and RF algorithms that have applied for \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) estimation in previous studies are added for comparison. The primary purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of tree-based models to estimate daily \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) in seven different climatic zones (large-scale) of China and its applicability. The effects of different climatic and environmental factors on the performance of each model for estimating \(\mathrm{T_{s}}\) are then explored.
# Analysis of the Impact of Vibrations on the Driver of a Motor Vehicle
## 2 Measurement Process  
### General Vibrations  
The measurement of general vibrations pertains to those transferred to the human body through various kinds of support structures, e.g., seats or rests in the pelvis and back region, but also through the floor to the feet. General vibrations are mainly observed in motor vehicles (cars, goods vehicles, ships, airplanes, special-purpose vehicles), but large machines that transfer vibrations through other surfaces, such as floor slabs, can also be vibration sources.  
The ISO 2631-1 [48] standard defines specific general vibration measurement methods to be used depending on whether they are performed to assess health exposure, comfort, or perception of a person exposed to vibrations. The vibration measurement is based on RMS values of vibration accelerations within the band of frequencies ranging between 0.5 and 80 Hz. Where the subject of the assessment is at risk of motion sickness, vibrations are assessed within the frequency range of 0.1-0.5 Hz.  
General vibration measurements are conducted against the axes of the X, Y, Z coordinate system, the origin of which is at the point of contact with the vibrating surface, where vibrations are transferred to the human body (see Figure 1).  
For people in a seated position, ISO 2631-1 indicates three main points of contact with vibrating surfaces: the seat, the backrest, and the feet. Therefore, vibration transducers (seat accelerometers) should be positioned at the contact point.  
The measurement time should be long enough to represent the typical vibration exposure of a worker or equipment user. The measurement is performed to established the A(8) daily vibration exposure level, expressed as a weighted mean of the highest RMS vibration acceleration level determined in three axes, taking a weighting factor (1.4 a\({}_{\mathrm{x}}\), 1.4 a\({}_{\mathrm{y}}\), a\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\)) into account. The fact that the coefficient of 1.4 is applied to the X and Y axes is associated with a greater risk of negative vibration effects in the horizontal axis than in the vertical axis of a human body.  
What is also calculated in the case of impulsive vibrations, i.e., those characterized by a peak-to-RMS ratio greater than 9, is the VDV vibration dose, and then, on the basis of the latter, A(8) is also determined and compared with the limits stated in the vibration directive.
# The Virial Effect--Applications for SF\({}_{6}\) and CH\({}_{4}\) Thermal Plasmas
## 2 Equations and Methods
### Partition Functions
#### 2.1.1 The Internal Partition Function of Monoatomic Species  
For species with only one atom, the internal partition function is given by Equation (2):  
\[Q_{int}(T)=\sum_{i}^{i_{max}}g_{i}.e^{-\frac{E_{i}}{E_{B}.T}} \tag{2}\]  
where  
* \(g_{i}\) is the statistical weight of an electronic level \(i\), given by \(g_{i}=2.J+1\), where \(J\) is the angular momentum;
* \(E_{i}\) is the energy of the electronic level \(i\);
* \(i_{max}\) is the limitation of the summation over the electronic levels, to avoid the divergence of the summation at high temperatures. The limit of the summation is the energy of ionization \(E_{ion}\), which is reduced by the lowering of the ionization potential \(\Delta E\) (\(i_{max}\leq E_{ion}-\Delta E\)). The lowering of the ionization potential (Equation (3)) is introduced in order to limit the number of electronic energy levels that are considered in the sum (Equation (2)), due to the electric and electromagnetic field effects created by the charged particles. This can be estimated from the Debye-Huckel formula (Equation (3)):  
\[\Delta E=\frac{(Z+1).e^{2}}{4.\pi.\varepsilon_{0}.\lambda_{D}}\ \ (eV) \tag{3}\]  
where  
* \(Z\) is the electrical charge of the considered species;
* \(e\) is the electrical charge of the electron;
* \(\varepsilon_{0}\) is the vacuum permittivity;
* \(\lambda_{D}\) is the Debye length, given by Equation (4):  
\[\lambda_{D}=\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_{0}.k_{B}.T}{e^{2}.(n_{e}+\sum_{i\
eq e}Z _{i}^{2}.n_{i})}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(n_{e}\) is the electronic density, and \(n_{i}\) is the density of each species.  
The various data on the energy levels, and the angular momentum for the calculation of the statistical weights of the considered levels, were extracted from the NIST database [38].