esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Can Maritime Data Be Protected under Personal Information Protection Laws?  
Information protection legislation needs to consider the de-identification of shipper information for cargo shipped on autonomous vessels. Article 4 (\"Rights of Data Subjects\") of the Personal Information Protection Act of the Republic of Korea recognizes that data subjects have the following rights concerning their personal information: (1) the right to be informed of the processing of such personal information; (2) the right to determine whether to provide consent, and the scope of the consent regarding the processing of personal information; (3) the right to confirm whether personal information is being processed, and to request access (including the provision of copies) to such personal information; (4) the right to suspend the processing of and to request the correction, deletion, and destruction of, personal information; and (5) the right to appropriate redress for any damage arising from the processing of personal information through a prompt and fair procedure [53]. Furthermore, Article 5 of the same Act (\"Obligations of the State, etc.\") stipulates that the State and a local government should formulate policies to prevent the harmful consequences of beyond-purpose collection; the abuse and misuse of personal information; indiscrete surveillance and tracking; and so on. The policies should also enhance the dignity of human beings and their individual privacy. Article 5 also states that \"the State and local government shall establish policy measures, such as improving statutes, necessary to protect the rights of data subjects\" [53]. For example, subdivided maritime data lacking shipper information and accuracy at the reprocessing stage on a \"digital platform for maritime data transactions (tentative name)\" might lead to a data buyer considering it unreliable and declining the purchase. This might also lead to some maritime data buyers not accepting the level and quality of the data's protection and demanding enhancements before agreeing to legitimate data transaction costs. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the benefits of using sensitive personal information [53]. There needs to be considerable discussion and social consensus regarding the information available on the shippers, shippowners, ship personnel, and the contract because personal information belongs to individuals and not to the wider public. Thus, if individuals' protected information is leaked, the value of the enterprise decreases or incurs significant social losses and individual losses [3]. Therefore, maritime data brokers need to apply technologies for anonymizing personal information,= and stipulate related mandatory provisions in the contract on the \"digital platform for maritime data transactions (tentative name)\" [28].
## 5 Conclusions  
A new built-in UHF antenna sensor that adequately incorporates the structural characteristics of switchgear is designed and applied in a high-voltage switchgear unit. The casing of the switchgear is initially used as the ground plane of the antenna sensor, which integrates the antenna sensor into the high-voltage switchgear. The two-dimensional plane structure of the microstrip antenna does not affect the internal operation environment of the high-voltage switchgear, while the antenna presents a relatively high anti-interference capacity because of the electromagnetic shielding effect of the all-metal casing. The feed position and the dielectric layer thickness are simulated to analyze the multi-frequency performance of the sensor. The built-in antenna sensor possesses four resonant points with good impedance matching after optimization, which results in good multi-frequency characteristics in the entire working frequency band. A built-in antenna sensor prototype is fabricated based on a sensor simulation model, and the actual measurement results show that the antenna presents favorable multiple-frequency performance, which accord with the simulation results. PD detection experiments are conducted in the high-voltage switchgear, and an external UHF antenna sensor is used as a contrast to assess the PD detection ability of the built-in antenna sensor. The experimental results demonstrate that the built-in antenna sensor possesses high detection sensitivity and strong anti-interference capacity, which proved the validity and practicability of the sensor designed in this study, and built-in sensor has more advantages at the high-voltage switchgear PD detection than the external sensor.  
[PERSON] designed the project, instructed the research and modified the manuscript. [PERSON] did the simulation, performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] modified the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure Using the Web of Trust
## 7 System Evaluation and Limitations
### Security Evaluation  
Our enhanced security framework addresses the challenges of existing centralized PKI systems, as detailed in Section 3. Furthermore, it offers better security solutions in certain areas compared to previously proposed blockchain-based PKIs. A detailed comparison is provided in Section 8. The key security enhancements our system introduces are as follows:  
* Earlier research was primarily aimed at detecting attacks and fast certificate revocation, with less emphasis on detailed prevention strategies. Our research, however, prioritizes preventing malicious certification through an advanced verification system and a decentralized trust network. Public blockchains utilize cryptography to prevent unauthorized access, complemented by an initial authentication system designed for the same purpose. Furthermore, our verification system, upheld by members of a trusted key ring, ensures that certificates are not issued to malicious users.
* In our system, each certification and revocation action is meticulously recorded on the blockchain network, establishing a transparent and immutable public audit trail. This property provides a robust mechanism for tracking and identifying compromised certifications. As a result, the system is capable of executing faster revocations.
* The decentralized and tamper-resistant characteristics of blockchain significantly hinder attackers' ability to intercept and alter data exchanged between parties. Furthermore, numerous members are involved in creating and revocation of certificates, making MitM attacks nearly impossible.
* The inclusion of multiple signatures in the X.509v3 to issue a certificate significantly reduces the risk of CA compromise and the problem of a single point of failure.  
Despite our significant advancements in security, vulnerabilities remain, particularly with smart contracts [43, 44]. The immutable nature of smart contract code contrasts with the mutable state of its internal data, posing data security risks. Correcting smart contract errors is challenging and costly, necessitating careful adherence to coding standards. While we implement strict precautions, especially with Solidity, ongoing research into smart contract safety certification is essential for improving secure development and deployment. Additionally, the use of blockchain's transparent and immutable characteristics for certificate transparency raises user data confidentiality concerns, indicating a potential area for future enhancement.
# Transmission Delay-Based Uplink Multi-User Scheduling in IEEE 802.11 ax Networks +
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, the proportional fair-based uplink multi-user scheduling method was proposed. The proposed method clusters stations based on transmission time to efficiently improve channel use and performs proportional-based scheduling for clusters to improve the network throughput performance. Through the various simulations and SDR-based experiments, we showed that the proposed method improves network throughput performance with enhanced channel use in dense IEEE 802.11 ax networks. In future work, transmission delays of stations could be cooperatively exploited for scheduling with beamforming gains that are affected by channel coefficients between the AP and selected stations. Multi-user beamforming can be performed on a single radio frequency to simultaneously support uplink stations. In dense networks where a large number of stations is deployed, the data arrival of stations, beamforming gains for supporting selected stations, and station clustering for simultaneous transmissions should be learned and decided in real-time to efficiently increase the performance of wireless connectivity services.  
Conceptualization, Y.K.; methodology, Y.K.; software, Y.K. and G.K.; validation, Y.K. and Y.O.; formal analysis, Y.K.; investigation, Y.K.; resources, Y.K.; data curation, Y.K. and G.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.K.; writing--review and editing, Y.K. and W.C.; visualization, Y.K., G.K. and Y.O.; supervision, W.C.; project administration, W.C.; funding acquisition, W.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the research fund from Chosun University, 2021.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Quantifying Fermentable Sugars in Beer: Development and Validation of a Reliable HPLC-ELSD Method
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.2.6 Accuracy  
Accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results obtained with those from external proficiency testing rounds conducted under the Brewing Analyte Proficiency Scheme (BAPS). The measured concentrations for glucose, maltose, and maltotriose were compared against consensus reference values, and the resulting z-scores were 0.13, \(-\)0.05, and 0.12, respectively, demonstrating strong agreement. These values, all within the acceptable \(\pm\)2 range, indicate that the method performs accurately in interlaboratory conditions and aligns with established reference methodologies. It is also worth noting that the official method for fermentable carbohydrate analysis in word, as defined in Analytica-EBC Method 8.7, quantifies glucose, fructose, maltose, and maltotriose by HPLC. The method developed in this study follows the same chromatographic principles, with the key distinction being the use of evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) instead of refractive index (RI) detection. This alignment further supports the validity of the proposed approach for routine application in brewing laboratories.
## 3 State-of-the-Art
### Ship Energy Efficiency  
The ship energy efficiency depends significantly on the ship resistance and propulsion. Theoretically, for a newly built ship, the total ship hull resistance is obtained from the bare hull resistance test, where the ship without propeller is run in calm water in the towing tank at a constant speed \(V\) and the ship hull resistance is measured by the computer in the towing carriage. The ship hull resistance \(R_{T}\) is then used to calculate the effective power, \(P_{E}\), of the marine engine as follows [43]:  
\[P_{E}=R_{T}\times V. \tag{1}\]  
As the ship bare hull resistance test does not take into consideration the effect due to the propeller and wave as well as mechanical losses such as shaft and gears, the final ship engine power which is measured as the Total Engine Brake Power, \(P_{TEB}\), has to take into account these losses coefficients, \(\eta_{Losses}\), as shown in Equation (2) [44]  
\[P_{TEB}=\frac{P_{E}}{\eta_{Losses}} \tag{2}\]  
The fuel consumption of the ship depends significantly on \(P_{TEB}\), where higher fuel consumption is required when a greater amount of \(P_{TEB}\) is needed, and vice versa. However, in practice when the ship is operating in the sea, the amount of fuel required to achieve the same \(V\) might differ from ship to ship depending on the performance of the engine and also due to the changes of the ship resistance affected by factors such as hull fouling, weather conditions and water depth. Thus, a more reliable method to measure the fuel consumption efficiency is by direct measurement from boats in the real sea and by the use of the Energy Efficiency Index \((EEI)\), measured as [45]  
\[EEI=\frac{\Delta^{\frac{3}{2}}\cdot V^{3}}{FC} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\Delta\) is the ship displacement, \(FC\) the fuel consumption and \(V\) the vessel speed. If Equations (1)-(3) are arranged into a single equation, the relationship between the \(EEI\) with the \(P_{TEB}\), \(R_{T}\), \(V\), \(\Delta\), \(FC\) is  
\[EEI\propto f\left(\frac{\Delta,P_{TEB},V}{FC,R_{T}}\right) \tag{4}\]  
Equation (4) shows that the vessel speed, mean draft and trim are the few parameters if properly adjusted, may reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions, thereby increasing the energy efficiency. For HCV, the draft and trim do not significantly change due to their scale, thus one of the methods to improve the \(EEI\) is via the adjustment to the vessel speed. In addition, the speed of the vessel also depends on the shipping route and the environmental conditions such as the wind and current velocity. Thus, the influence of the vessel speed, wind and current velocity on energy efficiency has to be taken into account.
# Rotor Fault Diagnosis Method Based on VMD Symmetrical Polar Image and Fuzzy Neural Network
## 3 Model Establishment
### Rotor Fault Feature Extraction Based on VMD Symmetrical Polar Image
#### 3.1.2 Selection Method of Modal Decomposition Parameter \(K\)  
The modal decomposition parameter \(K\) determines the number of IMF components obtained by VMD. If the value of \(K\) is not selected properly, it is easy to produce modal mixing, which affects the precision of signal analysis. The center frequency of each IMFcomponent obtained by the VMD decomposition of the signal is distributed from low to high. If the best-preset ratio parameter \(K\) is obtained, it means that the center frequency distribution between adjacent IMF components is reasonable [21]. Moreover, the final result value \(K\) will not be similar or mixed. If the optimal value of \(K\) is selected, it means that the center frequency value of the highest order IMF component is the largest and the value of the maximum center frequency still tends to be stable during subsequent decomposition. In this paper, the optimal value of \(K\) is selected based on the principle that the center frequency of the IMF component is the maximum value for the first time.
# Aromatic Characterization of Grasevina Wines from Slavonia and Podunavlje Sub-Regions
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Relationships between the Groups of VOCs and Samples Using PCA and PLS-DA  
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the similarities and distinctions among the samples and to identify potential patterns, 22 VOCs were subjected to PCA. Through eigenanalysis of the correlation matrix associated with PCA, five principal components (denoted as PC or F) were extracted, each having eigenvalues greater than 1. Notably, these five components effectively accounted for 83.71% of the total variability observed in samples from both the Podunavlje and Salvonia sub-region. The first three principal components (F1 = PC1 = 40.41%, F2 = PC2 = 19.60%, and F3 = PC3 = 10.39%) collectively explained 70.41% of the variance in the dataset. The PCA biplot (Figure A3 in Appendix B) again displayed a higher tendency of norisoprenoids and terpen towards samples originating from the western geographic region.  
The PCA score scatter plot failed to exhibit a distinct separation of samples based on geographical sub-regions. Therefore, to gain deeper insights into the differences among samples originating from diverse geographical origins, a new Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model was constructed, incorporating a confidence interval of 95%. In this PLS-DA model, three significant components elucidated 64% of the total variation in predictors (i.e., VOCs). The score scatter plot presented in Figure 5 did not reveal, however, a clear separation of samples based on geographical sub-regions. Additionally, the correlation circle plot in Figure 5 provides a visual representation of Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP) scores. Furthermore, detailed information regarding the individual loadings of all 22 VOCs in the PLS-DA method on various components can be located in Appendix C, illustrated in Figures A6 and A7. Once more, it can be seen that in both PLS-DA plots (Figure 5), as expected and discussed earlier, most of the chosen 22 VOCs, especially terpen, are of higher importance in the PLS-DA model and classification. This can be observed by their high loadings in the correlation circle plot in Figure 5.
## 1 Introduction
Theoretical studies of the complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) spectra of dielectrics with a compound crystalline structure (dielectrics with ionic-molecular chemical bonds and hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC)) at the fundamental frequency harmonic of the polarization \(\mathrm{P}^{(\omega)}(t)\) are carried out in this work. On this basis, constructed formulas for calculating the CDP components depend on the nature of the relaxation processes in the selected temperature range (Maxwell and diffusion relaxation; thermally activated and tunneling relaxation). The model we are developing will formally be applicable to the description of the nonlinear polarization kinetic phenomena and other solid dielectrics similar to HBC in the type of crystal lattice structure and in the mechanism of the ionic conductivity. Mainly, it could be for the case of diffusion transfer of the slightly coupled ions (with \(\mathrm{U}_{0}\approx(0.01\div 1)\) eV activation energies) at attachment places (equilibrium states) in the electric field. In the continuation of the papers [1; 3], the calculation of the k-th component of volume charge density \(\rho_{\mathrm{k}}(\xi_{i}\tau)\) will be carried out from a recurring expression suitable in any approximation of the perturbation theory. The results [1; 3] will be considered as private cases of the generalized method. Since for HBC the condition \(\varsigma_{0}=\frac{\mathrm{qE}_{0}u}{\mathrm{k_{B}T}}<1\) works in almost the entire theoretical range of parameter change \(\mathrm{E}_{0}\), T, the condition of \(\gamma=\frac{\varsigma_{0}W^{(1)}}{W^{(0)}}<1\), taking into account that \(\frac{W^{(1)}}{W^{(0)}}\leq 1\) ([1], p. 43; [2], p. 73), is fulfilled for any set of the parameters of the relaxers \(\mathrm{U}_{0}\), \(n_{0}\), \(\gamma_{0}\), \(\delta_{0}\) ([4], pp. 150-152) involved in volumetric-charge polarization. In this paper: \(\mathrm{E}_{0}\)--module of alternating electric field intensity; \(a\)--crystal lattice parameter; q-ion charge (in HBC-proton) ([1], p. 43). The effect of the temperature on the mechanism of the relaxation movement of the protons is reflected in kinetic coefficients \(W^{(l)}(\mathrm{U}_{0},\delta_{0},\gamma_{0};\mathrm{T})\) calculated in the \(l\)-approximation of the perturbation theory, taking into account both thermally activated (classical) and tunnel (quantum) transitions of ions (in HBC-protons) ([4], p. 154)  
\[W^{(l)}(\mathrm{T})=\frac{\gamma_{0}}{2}\Big{(}\exp(-\mathrm{X})+\Big{\langle} \mathrm{D}^{(l)}\Big{\rangle}\Big{)},\Big{\langle}\mathrm{D}^{(l)}\Big{\rangle} =\frac{\Lambda^{l}\exp(-\Lambda)-\chi^{l}\exp(-\mathrm{X})}{\chi^{l-1}( \mathrm{X}-\Lambda)}. \tag{1}\]  
In (1), \(\mathrm{X}=\frac{\mathrm{U}_{0}}{\mathrm{k_{B}T}}\), \(\Lambda=\frac{\pi\delta_{0}\sqrt{\mathrm{mU}_{0}}}{h\sqrt{2}}\), m--ion (in HBC - proton) mass; \(\gamma_{0}\)--natural frequency of oscillations of the ion (in HBC-proton) in the potential well; \(\delta_{0}\), \(\mathrm{U}_{0}\)--width and high (activation energy) of the potential barrier for the ion (in HBC-proton) ([4], p. 153). The potential barrier in expression (1) is taken to be parabolical ([4], p. 152).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterisation of the Biofloculant  
Figure 1 displays the structural images of the (a) flocculant, (b) kaolin clay and (c) flocculated kaolin clay. The biopolymer (biofloculant) revealed a longitudinal structure. The kaolin clay particles showed amorphous shape and were uniformly scattered. The kaolin particles that were flocculated by the biofloculant appeared clustered together, indicative of the formed flocs. The biofloculant's configuration might be responsible for its flocculating efficacy. [PERSON] et al. [40] observed similar findings where the flocculated kaolin particles appeared clustered together.  
The elemental analyser revealed the biofloculant to have different elements, mainly C (61%), followed by O (17.5%) and P (8.1%). K was the least constituent (0.5% \(w/w\)) (Table 2). The concentrations of C and O were high because of the fact that these elements are the building blocks of the biofloculant's backbone structure [41]. Moreover, the high percentage composition of C further confirmed the presence of carbohydrates while the least presence of nitrogen (1.1%, \(w/w\)) affirmed the low content of proteins. Moreover, the presence of C and N generally confirmed the biofloculant to be a glycoprotein molecule [34]. Similarly, the biofloculant from _Bacillus megaterium_ MW386824 was mainly composed of C and O [42].  
The functional structures of the biofloculant were analysed by using FTIR equipment. The absorptive frequency, 3267 cm\({}^{-1}\), corresponded to the vibration of OH or NH (Figure 2). The frequency 1646 cm\({}^{-1}\) was distinctive of the symmetrical or antisymmetrical vibration of the carboxylate group [43]. The frequencies at 1053 and 1160 cm\({}^{-1}\) revealed the stretches of C-N and C-H, respectively. These functional components served as the binding areas  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Components** & **Composition (\%) (\(w/w\))** \\ \hline Proteins & 12 \\ Carbohydrates & 27 \\ Uronic acid & 61 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Constituents of the biofloculant from _B. megaterium_ BMBF.  
Figure 1: Structures of **(a)** flocculant, **(b)** kaolin particles and **(c)** flocculated kaolin clay particles.  
of kaolin [33]. Moreover, the FTIR spectrum further suggested the biofocculant to be a glycoprotein biomolecule. The findings were comparable to those noted in other studies where the hydroxyl, amine and carboxyl groups were the effective structures [44; 45].  
The thermogravimetric assay was used to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of the biopolymer. The first loss of weight (8%) was noted at 50 to 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3). The reduction in weight was attributed to the loss of the water content. The water content was derived from the functional components such as the carboxyl and hydroxyl [46]. Further weight loss was observed at 200 to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The loss was credited to the dissociation of biofocculant structure due to high temperatures. At 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C, about 58% of the biofocculant residue was obtained. The obtained results affirmed the thermal stability of the biopolymer.