# Resource-Based Quality Performance Estimation Method for Construction Operations
## 2 Status of Quality Estimation and Simulation Methods in Construction Management
### Quality Performance Management, Measurement, and Quantification
In addition, the quality performance of a certain construction activity can be estimated by linking the quality performance of the construction activities generated by the quality performance index of individual sub-activities [11]. For example, Table 2 shows an example of quality performance estimation from sub-activities (i.e., Sub-Activity A-1, 2, and 3) to a certain construction activity (i.e., Activity A) with a simple sum. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] proposed a method of quantifying the quality performance of individual construction processes or activities using a work classification system, and measuring the overall quality performance of a construction project. The factors that determine the quality of construction are categorized into construction equipment, labor, material, and administration. In the construction industry, quality can be classified from various perspectives according to the life cycle phase, and there are differences in management targets and methods. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposes a construction quality performance management plan classified into three stages as follows:  
* Strategic-A plan to manage construction quality at the level of a specific construction sector as a whole (e.g., road sector, etc.) * Tactical-A plan to manage construction quality by distributing quality management and planned resources among various organizations at the level of projects. * Operative-A plan to manage the construction quality of the production process at the level of the construction task, process, operation, or activity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**End Product** & **Indicators** & **Possible Measurement Methods** \\ \hline Hot-Mix & Asphalt content & Ignition oven \\ Asphalt & Laboratory compacted air voids & Measure by superpave gyratory compactor \\ Concrete (HMAC) & Voids in mineral aggregate & Measure by superpave gyratory compactor \\ Pavement & Ride quality & Measure by profilometer \\  & In-place air voids & Measure through cores or saved plugs \\ \hline Portland & Compressive strength & Compression test \\ Cement & Flexural strength & Flexural or split cylinder test \\ Concrete (PCC) & Ride quality & Measure by profilometer \\ Pavement & Thickness & Measure through cores or saved plugs \\ \hline Pavement & Retro reflectivity & Measurement of millicandelas \\ Marking & Reflectivity & Measurement of millicandelas \\  & Color & Match to federal standard color chips or measurement of \\  & yellow index \\ \hline Bridge & Coating thickness & Measurement versus specifications \\ Painting & Visible rust & Measurement of occurrence \\  & Peeling & Measurement of occurrence \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Construction quality performance measurement indicators. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Activity A** & \\
**Quality Indicator** & **Sub-Activity** & **Sub-Activity** & **Sub-Activity** \\  & **A-1** & **A-2** & **A-3** \\ \hline Quality score & 85\% & 88\% & 90\% \\ Quality weight & 0.2 & 0.4 & 0.4 \\ Activity quality performance & & 88.2\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Quantification of quality performance of construction project activities. This study seeks to find a way to measure quantitative construction quality performance indicators based on input resources at the construction operation level, the \"Operative\" stage among the construction quality control stages.