## 3 Results
### Insecistatic Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Ricinus communis on Spodoptera frugiperda  
An increase in larval duration was observed with an increase in the concentration of extract in the treatments, with a significant difference with respect to the control starting at 1000 ppm. Likewise, pupal duration increased as the treatment concentration increased. In contrast, a decrease in the weight of the pupae was observed as the concentration of the extract increased, presenting a significant difference starting at 1000 ppm, as detailed in Table 3.  
Insecistatic Activity of the Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extract of Ricinus communis on Spodoptera frugiperda  
The hydrolyzed methanolic extract presented insecticidal activity of 60% from 1000 ppm. Meanwhile, when evaluating pupal mortality, no effect was found on the pupae as, in all cases, the surviving larvae emerged and developed into their adult stage. Therefore, when determining the accumulated mortality, it was equal to the larval mortality; therefore, the accumulated mortality presented insecticidal activity starting at 1000 ppm. In this sense, both larval and accumulated LC\({}_{50}\) values were 1057 ppm, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Cumulative mortality of the methanolic extract of _R. communis_. Data are the average of 20 measurements \(\pm\) standard error. Different letters imply a significant difference according to the Tukey test with \(p\) = 0.05. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Treatment (ppm)** & **L larval Duration (d)** & **Pupal Duration (d)** & **Pupal Weight 24 h (mg)** \\ \hline
5000 & 31 \(\pm\) 1.6 a & 15 \(\pm\) 0.6 a & 166 \(\pm\) 15.6 a \\ \hline
4000 & 24 \(\pm\) 0.5 b & 13 \(\pm\) 0.4 bc & 191 \(\pm\) 4.4 ab \\ \hline
2000 & 23 \(\pm\) 0.2 bc & 12 \(\pm\) 0.2 bc & 211 \(\pm\) 4.02 b \\ \hline
1000 & 22 \(\pm\) 0.4 cd & 12 \(\pm\) 0.2 cd & 233.7 \(\pm\) 4.0 c \\ \hline
500 & 20 \(\pm\) 0.3 de & 11 \(\pm\) 0.2 de & 239.8 \(\pm\) 4.3 cd \\ \hline
0 & 20 \(\pm\) 0.3 e & 10 \(\pm\) 0.3 e & 254.2 \(\pm\) 3.7 d \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are the average of 20 measurements \(\pm\) standard error. Means with different letters imply a significant difference according to the Tukey test with \(p\) = 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Insecistatic activity of the methanolic extract of _Ricinus communis_. Insecistatic Activity of the Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extract of Ricinus communis on Spodoptera frugiperda  
The hydrolyzed methanolic extract showed an increase in larval duration starting at 4000 ppm, reaching up to 29 days; meanwhile, at a concentration of 500 ppm, the larval duration was only 18 days, below that observed for the control (which reached 22.5 days). Continuing from the above, when evaluating the pupal duration, a decrease in the duration of the pupae was observed at all concentrations, where 2000 ppm was the value at which the pupae showed the shortest duration of 9.8 days--a time shorter than that reported for the control (11.5 days). Likewise, when evaluating the weight of the pupae at 24 h, we aimed determine the concentration of the extract at which a decrease in the weight of the pupae occurred. This value in the control was 232.94 mg while, at 1000 ppm, the pupae presented a significant difference compared to the control with a weight at 24 h of 197.63 mg, as detailed in Table 4.  
Identification and Quantification of Kaempfer in the Methanolic and Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extracts of Aerial Parts of R. communis  
The retention time obtained when analyzing the kaempfer standard was 20.3 min, giving a maximum absorption at 363 nm. When running the methanolic extract of _R. communis_, the presence of kaempfer was detected; however, due to the chromatographic method used, it could not be quantified, as seen in Figure 5.