# Toward Collaborative Intelligence in IoV Systems: Recent Advances and Open Issues
## 3 Networking Technologies toward Collaborative Intelligence
### Authentication and Secure Communications in IoV
Recently, blockchain technology has been used in many fields as a p2p decentralized computing architecture. In IoV, it is a distributed database retained by multiple entities in the network that can serve as a consensus, privacy, and security protocol to protect V2X communication. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Publication** & **Research Summary** \\ \hline
[56] & The security and privacy issues in VANETs are reviewed. \\ \hline
[57] & A quantum-defended blockchain-assisted data authentication protocol is proposed. \\ \hline
[58] & An effective vehicle-centric CRL distribution mechanism is proposed for secure and privacy-preserving IoV. \\ \hline
[59] & A blockchain-based data exchange system that is safe and \\  & verifiable is investigated. \\ \hline
[60] & A bivariate polynomial lightweight mutual authentication and key \\  & agreement protocol with blockchain is proposed. \\ \hline
[61] & An authenticated key agreement protocol without bilinear pairing is \\  & proposed to meet the security requirements of a fog-based \\  & vehicular network. \\ \hline
[62] & A secure authentication key management protocol for the deployment of IoV \\  & based on fog computing is studied to realize the safe communication in \\  & vehicle network, RSUs, fog, and cloud servers. \\ \hline
[63] & A framework that uses decentralized off-chain dataset and blockchain \\  & networks is proposed to increase the security. \\ \hline
[64] & A blockchain-based payment strategy for intelligent vehicle refueling to \\  & protect sensitive information when data sharing. \\ \hline
[65] & A trusted routing scheme based on blockchain and fuzzy logic is proposed to \\  & improve discrimination of malicious user in vehicular network. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Recent studies on Authentication and Secure Communications in IoV. For traffic control of flying vehicles, [PERSON] et al. [63]presented the blockchain-based lightweight security system UTM-Chain. The visited flight plan or collection of waypoints is saved by the vehicle in a transaction, which is then verified and stored in a block to securely manage vehicle flight. The blockchain is updated with these blocks using cloud servers. A decentralized database is adopted to maintain encrypted vehicle driving records to secure the privacy of information, as well as to lighten the load on the storage capacity of the cars. The system is resilient to different threats and is easily adaptable to the IoV environment, according to the performance evaluation. To provide clarity, privacy, and trust while erasing any human contact, [PERSON] et al. [64] discuss a new trading tactic for intelligent vehicle refueling with blockchain. The solution is implemented using a hyperledger structure and is designed so that data sharing between different participants and intelligent vehicle is not allowed. In Ref. [65], [PERSON] et al. propose a secure and trusted routing scheme for VANET based on blockchain and fuzzy logic. Using blockchain, malicious vehicles' information can be shared and removed. In order to avoid the burden of a proof-of-work blockchain consensus algorithm, this paper proposes a trust-proof consensus algorithm suitable for a VANET distributed, dynamic, and constrained resource environment. This scheme calculates the trust degree of nodes according to their routing performance. This method uses the Optimized Link State Routing routing protocol and is therefore only used to eliminate the case of malicious vehicles. At the same time, the system overhead is higher than that of other methods. [PERSON] et al. [57] designs a new data authentication protocol without a certificate, which is a conditional privacy protection authentication method based on lattice, and realizes the security characteristics of open wireless communication in the IoV. Quantum attacks can be reduced or avoided by using lattice cryptography.