## 3 Results and Discussion
### CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), and N\({}_{2}\)O Emissions  
The dynamic emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during the degradation of organic waste materials was observed. The CO\({}_{2}\) emissions with the highest peak in VPM on day-four after compost piles were well-mixed are shown in Figure 6a. The cumulative fluxes show a significant difference between the treatments (\(p<0.05\)). The cumulative fluxes (Figure 6b) in all treatments, COM, VCM, VPM, and VBC, were evaluated as 842.3, 1072.6, 778.5, and 751.4 g C m\({}^{-2}\), respectively. COM was significantly higher than VPM (\(p<0.05\)). VCM emitted higher fluxes, among vermicomposting treatments other than composting. The CH\({}_{4}\) emissions were higher in VPM (Figure 6c) before compost piles were well-mixed, and moisture concentration was low during the first three days. The difference was nonsignificant for cumulative fluxes between the treatments. The cumulative fluxes (Figure 6d) in all treatments COM, VCM, VPM, and VBC, were evaluated as 0.35, 0.33, 3.63, and 0.11 g C m\({}^{-2}\), respectively. The VBC is significantly lower than the VPM (\(p<0.05\)). The COM was significantly higher than VPM (\(p<0.05\)). The higher fluxes in VPM were observed among other vermicomposting treatments. The CH\({}_{4}\) emissions during vermicomposting treatments could be attributed to earthworms functioning as ecological engineers for aeration because of their burrowing activities, which decreased the cumulative methane emissions due to the large quantity of methan  
Figure 5: NH\({}_{3}\) volatilization (**a**) and cumulative NH\({}_{3}\) flux (**b**) in all treatments of three replicates. Error bars represent standard errors. Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatments (\(p<0.05\)). The high peaks of N\({}_{2}\)O emissions were observed in the early days of the experimental period, particularly before well-mixed compost piles, as shown in Figure 6e. The cumulative fluxes show a significant difference between the treatments (\(p<0.05\)). The cumulative fluxes (Figure 6f) in all treatments, COM, VCM, VPM, and VBC, were evaluated as 0.15, 0.20, 0.37, and 0.13 g C m\({}^{-2}\), respectively. The VPM was significantly higher than COM (\(p<0.05\)). The VBC showed a significant difference with VPM (\(p<0.05\)). Our results are similar to previous research, which showed that increased emissions in  
Figure 6: (**a**) Carbon dioxide emissions, (**b**) cumulative carbon dioxide, (**c**) methane emissions, (**d**) cumulative methane emissions, (**e**) nitrous oxide emissions, and (**f**) cumulative nitrous oxide emissions in all treatments for the whole experimental duration as mean of three replicates. Error bars represent standard errors. Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatment (\(p<0.05\)). pig manure were due to the elevated threshold availability of nitrogen determined by earthworms [74]. They could also be the result of more substrate (NO\({}_{3}\)) in VPC for the denitrification process. The N\({}_{2}\)O emissions might be decreased in the presence of earthworms by their gut functioning as anaerobic denitrification [75], which explained the decreased N\({}_{2}\)O emissions in VCM and VBC due to their burrowing activities. Furthermore, the change in earthworm production in vermicomposting of the different substrate also made a difference in N\({}_{2}\)O emissions compared to the control, as noted in past studies [76], and it could also be due to the more rapid degradation process and the enhanced mineralization process of N [76,77]. Overall evaluation of the vermicomposting practices was considered with high warming potential; two gases CH\({}_{4}\) and N\({}_{2}\)O for global warming potential (GWP) have been taken as a sum of gas emissions. VBC treatment had the lowest loadings of GHG emissions. Considering warming potential, two gases CH\({}_{4}\) and N\({}_{2}\)O for global warming potential (GWP), are taken as a sum of gas emissions among all the treatments (Table 3).