# Extended Reality in Applied Sciences Education: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Impact of XR Technology Usage Frequency on Short-Term and Long-Term Learning Outcomes  
The results presented in Figure 6 indicate that the integration of XR technologies in teaching leads to a diverse range of learning outcomes. Some studies reported multiple benefits simultaneously, such as increased satisfaction, enhanced learning experience and motivation, and improved subject-specific knowledge, which are key advantages of XR technology applications. In terms of enhancing learning experience and motivation, VR technology was mentioned in 31 studies ([5; 11; 13; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 25  
Although most studies confirm that XR technologies enhance various aspects of learning outcomes, an in-depth exploration of learning outcomes should incorporate the critical factor of learning duration. Current literature primarily examines learning outcomes through a cross-sectional lens. This study adopts a longitudinal perspective to analyze the impact of learning duration on learning outcomes when XR technologies are integrated into teaching. The findings indicate that most collected studies focus on the outcomes of single-use interventions, with 22 studies reporting single-use applications ([5; 9; 16; 19; 21; 24; 26; 29; 30; 32; 42; 45; 46; 47; 48; 50; 51; 52; 55; 60; 63; 64]), 14 studies involving 2-5 uses ([7; 11; 12; 23; 33; 37; 38; 39; 41; 53; 54; 58; 59; 61]), 7 studies reporting 6 or more uses (excluding an entire semester) ([20; 25; 27; 40; 49; 57; 62]), and 13 studies conducting experiments over an entire semester ([13; 17; 18; 22; 28; 31; 34; 35; 36; 43; 44; 56; 65]), as illustrated in Figure 7. The data reveal that short-term interventions with emerging technologies dominate, while discussions on the effects of long-term implementations are relatively limited. Subsequently, this study further analyzes the influence of learning duration on learning outcomes across these studies. Short-term learning outcomes refer to the immediate results achieved following the initial application of XR technologies. XR technologies enable learners to accomplish learning objectives more efficiently and accurately within a short period, thereby enhancing learning efficiency. Additionally, the immersive learning process fosters greater sensory and emotional engagement, encouraging learners to focus more attentively. These positive experiences further influence overall satisfaction with course design, ultimately promoting the short-term acquisition and understanding of knowledge. In contrast, long-term learning outcomes are the cumulative results achieved through sustained application of XR technologies over an extended period. Continuous use of these technologies enhances learner engagement and increases behavioral involvement in courses, such as task completion rates and interaction frequency. Through repeated successful learning experiences, learners gradually develop a stronger sense of self-efficacy and demonstrate greater confidence in practical applications. Moreover, these long-term learning outcomes are reflected in improved memory retention, as the immersive nature of XR technologies helps learners consolidate knowledge more effectively and maintain subject matter retention over time. According to Figure 8, the relationship between learning outcomes and the frequency of XR technology usage reveals three main patterns (Cases A, B, and C). Figure 7: Distribution of studies based on XR technology usage frequency. * Case A: short-term learning outcomes  
The short-term learning outcomes are more pronounced when XR technologies are used only once (lower section of Figure 8). For instance, improved knowledge in 20 studies ([5,9,16,19,24,26,29,30,32,42,46,48,50,51,52,55,60,63,64]), enhanced learning experience/motivation was mentioned in 19 studies ([5,9,16,19,21,26,29,30,32,42,45,46,47,48,51,52,55,60,63,63]) and increased satisfaction was reported in 17 studies ([5,16,19,21,24,26,29,32,42,45,46,48,50,51,52,55,60]), while learning efficiency was highlighted in 11 studies ([19,29,30,32,42,46,48,50,51,52,60]).