# An Overview of Indoor Positioning and Mapping Technology Standards
###### Abstract  
Technologies and systems for indoor positioning, mapping, and navigation (IPMN) have rapidly developed over the latest decade due to advanced radio and light communications, the internet of things, intelligent and smart devices, big data, and so forth. Thus, a group of surveys for IPMN technologies, systems, standards, and solutions can be found in literature. However, currently there is no proposed solution that can satisfy all indoor application requirements; one of the biggest challenges is lack of standardization, even though several IPMN standards have been published by different standard developing organizations (SDOs). Therefore, this paper aims to re-survey indoor positioning and mapping technologies, in particular, the existing standards related to these technologies and to present guidance in the field. As part of our work, we provide an IPMN standards system architecture consisting of concepts, terms, models, indoor positioning technologies, software and tools, applications, services and policies, and indoor mapping and modelling; and, we present IPMN standards developed for our projects in practice, such as multi-source fusion positioning data interfaces; seamless cooperative positioning service interfaces; content model for indoor mapping and navigation, and specification for digital indoor map products. indoor positioning; mapping and modelling; indoor navigation; standards system 2022202202202202202202202202202202202202202202220222022202220222022220  
indoor localization services to improve the services provided to the users [5]. [PERSON] et al. [6] provide readers with a meta-review of indoor positioning systems, aiming to guide the reader to easily find further details on each technology used in IPS. Nevertheless, the problem of positioning in indoor environments is far from being solved, and there is still no satisfactory IPS capable of being used in all indoor scenarios with standard behavior [7]. Indoor modelling and mapping play a key role in indoor positioning and navigation systems. The scientific and technological progress in 3D spatial data acquisition as well as 3D city and building modeling have been evolving into more sophisticated hardware, software, standards, techniques, and uses specific to indoor modeling and mapping [8]. With regard to indoor environments, geographical information system (GIS) technologies and tools can also undoubtedly be integrated to enhance an IPS functionalities; for example, the utilization of GIS includes indoor data acquisition and management, geospatial analysis, route planning optimization, and so forth [9]. Moreover, cartography has evolved and improved the way maps are depicted and communicated, meanwhile the increasing deployment of indoor positioning systems provides forceful motivation for improving the cartography of indoor maps [10]. Standardization plays a significant role in the process of industrialization of indoor positioning, mapping and navigation production and utilization, and it is an inevitable choice. According to the definition from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standardization is an activity formulating common and reusable rules for practical or potential problems to get the best order in a certain range. The challenge we are now confronted with is how to popularize indoor positioning systems to realize industrialization after the basic indoor positioning technologies have matured. Standardization work is an effective means to promote this industrialization process, in the following two ways: firstly, standardization is the premise and foundation of information sharing and interoperability among various systems. In different industrial applications, most companies will adopt the specialized standards common in that industry, resulting in a waste of resources that impedes sharing and interoperability. Secondly, standardization benefits cost saving and the enhancing quality of software products.