# Nature-Based Management of Laws--Enhancing Biodiversity in Urban Green Infrastructure
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Groups of Plant Species in Grasslands
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Plan Species**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Abbr.**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Lawn Variants (Average Cover \%)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Classification According to Groups:**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Oranmental** & **City** & **Permaculture** & **Species Suitability** & **Moisture** & **CCA** \\  & & **Lawn** & **Lawn** & **Lawn** & **for Laws** & **Content** & **Analysis** \\ \hline _Festuca rubra_ & _FesRübr_ & 25.0 & 58.3 & & & 1 & 5 & O/C \\ _Hypericum perforatum_ & _HypPerf_ & 1.3 & 6.0 & 3 & 4 & C/P \\ _Inula britannica_ & _InuBrit_ & & & 1.3 & 3 & 7 & P \\ _Lactuca serriola_ & _LacSerr_ & & 0.3 & 2.0 & 4 & 4 & C/P \\ _Lolium perenne_ & _LolPere_ & 18.3 & 16.7 & & 1 & 5 & O/C \\ _Lotus corriculatus_ & _LotCorn_ & & 7.7 & & 2 & 4 & C \\ _Lythrum salicaria_ & _LytSali_ & & & 1.7 & 4 & 9 & P \\ _Medicago falcata_ & _MedFalc_ & & & 2.0 & 2 & 3 & P \\ _Medicago lupulina_ & _MedLupu_ & 9.0 & 15.0 & & 2 & 4 & O/C \\ _Medicago sativa_ & _MedSati_ & & 4.0 & 6.7 & 2 & 4 & C/P \\ _Phalaris arundinacea_ & _PhaArun_ & & & 16.7 & 4 & 8 & P \\ _Plantago lanccolata_ & _PlaLanc_ & 10.7 & 7.0 & & 3 & 5 & O/C \\ _Poa prtensis_ & _PoaPrat_ & & 4.7 & 8.3 & 1 & 5 & C/P \\ _Potentilla argentea_ & _PotArge_ & 3.0 & & & 3 & 2 & O \\ _Potentilla reptans_ & _PotRept_ & & & 2.0 & 3 & 6 & P \\ _Rosa canina_ & _RosCani_ & & & 1.0 & 4 & 4 & P \\ _Rumex crispus_ & _RumCris_ & & & 0.3 & 4 & 6 & P \\ _Setaria viridis_ & _SetViri_ & 2.3 & & & 3 & 4 & O \\ _Silene latifolia_ & _SilLati_ & & & 3.0 & 4 & 4 & P \\ _Solidago canadensis_ & _SolCana_ & & & 1.8 & 4 & 5 & P \\ _Sonchus olercus_ & _SonOler_ & & & 0.3 & & 3 & 5 & C \\ _Taraxacum_ sect. _Taraxacum_ & _TarSect_ & & 10.0 & 4.3 & 3 & 5 & C/P \\ _Trifolium pratense_ & _TriPrat_ & & 7.7 & & 2 & 5 & C \\ _Trifolium repens_ & _TriRepe_ & 11.7 & 6.0 & & 2 & 5 & O/C \\ _Veronica maritima_ & _VerMari_ & & & 1.3 & 3 & 8 & P \\ _Vicia craca_ & _VicCrac_ & & 1.3 & & 2 & 5 & C \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Legend: Groups according to suitability for lawns: 1—own species, 2—useful species, 3—less suitable species, 4—undesirable species. Groups according to indicative value for moisture content: 2—transition between values 1 and 3; 3—missing on damp soil; 4—transition between values 3 and 5; 5—indicator of fresh soils, focus on soils of average moisture content, missing on wet soils and on soils that frequently dry out; 6—transition between values 5 and 7; 7—humidity indicator, focus on well-moistened, but not wet soils; 8—transition between values 7 and 9; 9—wetness indicator, focus on often soaked, poorly aerated soils. Groups according to CCA analysis: O—group consists of species which prevailingly occurred as part of the vegetation of ornamental lawns. O/C—group of species occurring predominantly in ornamental and city lawns. C—group of species which occurred predominantly in the city lawn variants. C/P—group of plant species recorded particularly in the city and permaculture lawn variants. P—group of plant species which dominated in permaculture lawns. P/O—group of plant species recorded in the ornamental and permaculture lawn variants.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._In terms of human intervention, lawn plant species can be classified as (1) sown, (2) useful, (3) less suitable, and (4) undesirable. We assessed the criteria from a turf perspective only. Sown species are grasses that create basic and characteristic types of lawns. Useful species include leguminous plants that enrich the soil with nitrogen [54; 55], thus supporting the growth of grasses and participating in improved rainwater infiltration into the soil [23; 56]. Species that are less suitable for lawns are other dicotyledonous plant species, but only low-growth ones. Species that are undesirable for lawns are high-growth herbs or woody plants; that is, species that significantly alter vegetation characteristics [27].