# Authenticity, and Approval Framework for Bus Transportation Based on Blockchain 2.0 Technology
## 1 Introduction  
The expansion of city structures, due to increasing populations, has resulted in a huge amount of traffic on roads and highways. This escalation has brought a variety of challenges to the urban transportation system, which demands State-of-the-Art solutions equipped with the latest technologies. These challenges include road congestion, traffic jams, accidents, roadside safety, the availability of transport, vehicle maintenance, and many more. Such problems directly influence people's lives and affect a nation's economy. For instance, it is cumbersome to be stuck in traffic while going to the office for an important business meeting, to be unable to find a proper seat booking system from the local transportation service, or not to get an intimation about road blocking due to an ongoingprotest. Therefore, it is imperative to incorporate the latest technologies into facilitating urban transportation systems. Introducing information and communication techniques into the transport system gives rise to the concept of an intelligent transport system (ITS). It helps to address challenges, such as traffic congestion, transport availability, road safety, blockages on the routes, alternate route information, vehicle breakdown recovery, and many more [1]. Moreover, it also facilitates reducing commute times during travel and waiting times at bus or train stops, while adding comfort to the lives of people. An ITS is the backbone of a smart city: it reshapes the whole transportation mechanism of the city, with the latest technologies, and it greatly enhances the commuting experience of the people [2]. Communication among different vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, and roadside objects is essential in an ITS, to get updates about road conditions, traffic situations, and many more things, and, therefore, the internet of vehicles (IoV) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) are the backbone of an ITS system [3,4]. According to the US Department of Transportation, the internet of vehicles (IOV) can reduce the chances of car crashes significantly, by communicating effectively among vehicles [5]. It also facilitates avoiding traffic jams, blocked or congested roads, etc. [6,7]. Nowadays, blockchain has been considered in ITSs, to further enhance the system and improve network security. Introduced initially for the financial sector, blockchain has later been considered and implemented in many other sectors, such as healthcare, supply chain management, banking, transportation, and others. Blockchain has significantly altered digital currencies [1]. Blockchain is a decentralized database with no single point of failure. Before addressing the specifics of blockchain, it is important to note that we are talking about an alternative to traditional databases, not a replacement. Conventional databases outperform blockchain in a variety of real-time scenarios, and use cases and are also more versatile, easier to build, and easier to manage. As a result, traditional databases will survive and be widely used for the foreseeable future. Blockchain was initially adopted as a financial technology (fintech), which was a pioneering step, and it then followed the supply chain technology [8], which has expanded to public administration, transport, and logistics. It is based on a decentralized, transparent, and tamper-proof framework that can maintain transaction logs within the network. Blockchain maintains real-time information, transaction transparency, and the changing of records and data, making it a more secure, versatile, and trustworthy technology. The adaptation of blockchain to the IoV can greatly enhance network security, reliability, and efficiency. The authors in [9] studied the usage of blockchain technology in the used car market, with the goal of eradicating fraud by building a secure ledger to document the events that occur over a vehicle's life cycle.