## 3 Analysis of Bibliographic Results on Road Network Pricing
### Co-Citation Analysis
#### 3.4.3 Modelling of Impacts  
This cluster of articles provided significant contributions in development and evaluation of modelling methodologies for evaluating impacts [25; 54; 90; 91]. These studies provide a clear understanding of benefits and limitations [54]. [PERSON] et al. simulated different congestion pricing schemes for Melbourne and showed that proposed pricing scenarios can be effective in reducing congestion. They also found that distance-based pricing distributes the traffic unevenly within a cordon and that combined distance/time pricing can mitigate these impacts [91]. Additionally, in a traffic modelling study for Melbourne, [PERSON] et al. explored different charging schemes, including fixed distance charge, gross vehicle mass charge, and link charges. The findings showed promising emissions benefits [21]. In a study that explored congestion pricing policies in Berlin, agent-based simulation was used to test pricing according to congestion levels [56]. The study showed a 5 percent mode shift from private vehicles to bicycles and a 3 percent mode shift to public transport. In a similar study that simulated impacts of cordon-based congestion charging for New York [58], cordon pricing was simulated by introducing mode choice decisions of travellers, including single occupancy vehicles, shared vehicles/carpools, public transit, taxis, bikes, walking, and biking [58; 92]. In a study conducted for Yokohama, a macroscopic cordon-based congestion pricing model was developed for morning peak trips considering equity and reliability [93]. Implementation of an optimal toll reduced duration of peak hours and travel delays, with savings in travel times found to be much higher than the charge paid. In a study that simulated impacts of commuters' times of departure and mode choice in Toronto, a dynamic assignment model was used and found that pricing significantly reduced total travel time within the network [94]. However, early morning travel time increased due to induced demand related to travellers who changed their route to avoid a higher charge. After a time-dependent charge was applied, travel times were reduced [5]. In a study on dynamic pricing, an agent-based model showed that congestion pricing provided incentives to use public transport, which in turn impacted mode shift and departure time choices [95]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] also studied impacts of parking restrictions. Two dynamic parking pricing strategies were developed to determine pricing for on-street and multi-storey parking. The pricing strategies had positive impacts on promoting a mode shift from private vehicles to buses [96]. Similarly, in a study that investigated the impact of a newly implemented parking pricing scheme in Nanning, China, it was shown that parking turnover increased in the long run, with parking demand found to be inelastic during peak periods [52]. In another study conducted in Sydney, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated impacts of reactive and pro-active parking pricing and suggested that free or under-priced parking should be eliminated [25]. Finally, recent studies also looked at some future scenarios such as pricing of shared autonomous vehicles (AVs). [PERSON] et al. used MATSim to study different traffic congestion pricing scenarios to evaluate the impacts of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) in Austin. A total of 45,000 travellers (agents) were modelled, representing a 5 percent sample of the population. It was found that in all pricing scenarios, traffic congestion was significantly reduced. A distance-based road pricing scheme was found to be more effective in both the base and SAV scenarios, while a link-based scheme was found to be more suited for AV scenarios [48]. In another study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] explored the impact of pricing on traffic flow considering drivers with different value-of-travel-time (VOTT). It was found that a combination of tolling and automated vehicles could significantly reduce congestion.