# A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review
## Overview of Value for Money Assessment  
### PPP Literature Review and VfM  
There is a significant body of literature exploring the topic of PPP application. To get the important factors of public procurement and explore the VfM-related factors, the following search criterion was devised in both the Science Direct and Scopus search engines: (public-private partnership OR PPP) AND (infrastructure OR Construction) AND (important factor OR Success factor) AND (Value for money assessment OR VfM) AND PUBYEAR AFT 2006 AND PUBYEAR BEF 2017 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, \"English\")) AND (LIMIT TO (SRCTYPE, \"j\") within (Title OR Keyword). Based on the criterion, Table 1 shows the removal of irrelevant literature types, leaving only journal articles. Literature rated three to five remained, resulting in a final literature volume of 187 papers that only concerned PPP infrastructure performances. A combined quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed to classify the literature further. Eighty-five of the selected research papers referred to multiple PPP infrastructure projects. The remaining articles were concerned with different construction types. As shown in Figure 1, over 23% of the road and tunnel work was conducted using a PPP procurement model, which was a relatively low proportion. With respect to the research outcomes, the literature that was focused on \"investigation and analysis\" produced a high volume of work; there were 72 different infrastructure subjects. There was also extensive works focusing on the most common research themes, which were project case studies, methodology development, framework, and review approaches. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Rating** & **Description of Criterion to Remove Not-Related Literature** \\ \hline
5 & Literature focus on the important factors in PPP infrastructure projects \\
4 & Literature focus on investigating the PPP infrastructure status from the procurement level \\
3 & Generalised nonspecific work on PPP infrastructure research \\
2 & Literature relates to public procurement on infrastructure but not specifically relates to the \\
2 & PPP model \\
1 & Irrelevant literature that does not concern the infrastructure type of work nor PPP \\
1 & procurement model \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptions of rating criteria to remove irrelevant research articles. PPP: public-private partnerships. Figure 2 represents the distribution of the research articles that stressed different important factors or dimensions in the PPP infrastructure. Literature concerning \"risk factors\" (35), which referred to risk indication and allocation schema, \"performance factors\" (32) related to project performance measurement, and \"critical success factors\" (CSF) were found in high proportions. Other emerging areas included the leveraging of business models to stress the PPP implementation status (21) and relationship management (20). Specifically, with respect to finances, the underdevelopment of the VFM assessment was indicated (4). This was due to most literature on financial management not involving the structure or official body defined in VFM nor any to links to measurement issues. The papers refer to VFM assessments that are mainly investigation and analysis and literature review-based research. For example, [PERSON] et al. [10] proposed to use empirical studies to investigate the variations in PPP transport sectors that influenced the VFM assessment and found that the current assessment was often carried out with considerable uncertainty in costs estimates and requirements. Figure 1: Distribution of public-private partnerships (PPP) infrastructure publications by research outcomes and industry sector. Source: selected literature. Figure 2: Distribution of important factors/dimensions addressed in PPP infrastructure publications. Source: selected literature. Since there were differences in the levels of detail given in the papers selected, there was some degree of overlap and \"merging\" of indicators.