# Carbazoles: Role and Functions in Fighting Diabetes
## 2 Carbazole Derivatives in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **Name** & **Biological Activity** & **References** \\ \hline
**6** & 1-(3-(3-(3,6-Difluoro-9\(H\)-carbazol-9-yl))-2- & Cryptochrome modulator & [22] \\ (Synthetic compound) & hydroxypropyl)imidazol-2-one & & \\ \hline
**7** & 2-(4-((9\(H\)-Carbazol-9-yl)methyl)-1\(H\)- & \(\alpha\)-Glucosidase inhibition & [36] \\ (Synthetic compound) & 1,2,3-triazole-1-yl)-1-(3-bromo-4- & (IC\({}_{50}\) = 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.057 \(\mu\)M) & \\  & hydroxyphenyl) & & \\  & ethanone & & \\ \hline
**8** & 9-((1-(Pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-1\(H\)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) & \(\alpha\)-Glucosidase inhibition & [36] \\  (Synthetic compound) & methyl)-9\(H\)-carbazole & (IC\({}_{50}\) = 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.01 \(\mu\)M) & \\ \hline
**9** & 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-chlorobenzoyl)- & Hypoglycemic effect via the AMPK & [37] \\  (Synthetic compound) & 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1\(H\)-carbazole-3- & pathway & \\  & carboxylic & & \\  & acid & & \\ \hline
**10** & Ethyl & Hypoglycemic effect via the AMPK & [38] \\ (Synthetic compound) & 8-(benzyl)-5-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-7- & \(\mathrm{fluoro}\)-3,4-dihydro-1\(H\)-pyrido[4,3- & \\  & \(b\)]indole-2(5\(H\))-carboxylate & & \\ \hline
**11** & Mahanine & Prevention of insulin resistance due to lipid & [39; 40; 41] \\ (Naturalcompound) & 3,5-Dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)- & induced signaling defects & \\  & 11\(H\)-pyrano[3,2-\(a\)]carbazol-9-ol & \(\alpha\)-Glucosidase inhibition & \\  & & (IC\({}_{50}\) = 21.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 \(\mu\)M) & \\  & & Antioxidant properties & \\  & & Increase in the translocation of GLUT4 & \\  & & protein from intracellular vesicles into the & \\  & & plasma fraction and glucose uptake & \\  & & through the activation of phosphorylation & \\  & & of Akt & \\ \hline
**12** & Bisgerayafoline D & Antioxidant and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase properties & [40] \\ (Naturalcompound) & 3,3\({}^{\prime}\)-Bis((\(E\))-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-9\({}^{\prime}\)-methoxy-3,3\({}^{\prime}\),5,5\({}^{\prime}\)–tetramethyl-3,3\({}^{\prime}\),11,11\({}^{\prime}\)-tetrahydro-3,3\({}^{\prime}\),5,5\({}^{\prime}\)–Tetramethyl-3,3\({}^{\prime}\)–bis(4- & \\  & methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-3,3\({}^{\prime}\),11,11\({}^{\prime}\)- & \\  & tetrahydro-[9,10\({}^{\prime}\)-bipyrano[3,2- & \\  & \(a\)]carbazol]-8-ol & \\ \hline
**14** & Bispyrayafoline & Antioxidant and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase properties & [40] \\ (Naturalcompound) & 3,3\({}^{\prime}\),5,5\({}^{\prime}\)–Tetramethyl-3,3\({}^{\prime}\)–bis(4- & \\  & tetrahydro-[10,10\({}^{\prime}\)-bipyrano & \\  & [3,2-\(a\)]carbazole]-9,9\({}^{\prime}\)-diol & \\ \hline
**15** & \(O\)-Methyl malanine & Antioxidant and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase properties & [40] \\ (Naturalcompound) & 9-Metchoxy-3,5-dimethyl-3-(4- & \\  & methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-3,11- & \\  & dihydropyrano[3,2-\(a\)]carbazole & \\ \hline
**16** & \(O\)-Methyl mukonal & Antioxidant and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase properties & [40; 42] \\ (Naturalcompound) & Koenimbine & Antidiabetic activity in L6-GLUT4 myc & \\  & 8-Metchoxy-3,5-trimethyl-11\(H\)- & myotubes & \\  & pyrano[3,2-\(a\)]carbazole & & \\ \hline
**17** & \(O\)-Methylmurrayamine A & Antidiabetic activity in L6-GLUT4 myc & [42] \\ (Naturalcompound) & 9-Metchoxy-3,5-trimethyl-11\(H\)- & myotubes & \\  & pyrano[3,2-\(a\)]carbazole & Decrease in blood glucose profile & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._