# Toward Integrated Satellite Operations and Network Management: A Review and Novel Framework
## 2 State of the Art
### Satellite Operations and Management Systems
#### 2.2.3 Security Considerations in Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks  
The integration of satellite and terrestrial networks introduces unique security challenges that differ significantly from traditional terrestrial network security paradigms. Recent research has identified critical security aspects that must be considered in integrated NTN-TN operational frameworks, particularly for distributed control scenarios. Physical layer security has emerged as a fundamental requirement for satellite communications, addressing challenges such as eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing attacks in the open broadcast nature of satellite links [83]. The space environment presents unique vulnerabilities due to the accessibility of radio frequency transmissions and the difficulty of implementing traditional physical security measures. Authentication and key management in integrated networks face particular challenges due to high latency, intermittent connectivity, and the need for seamless handoffs between satellite and terrestrial domains. Recent work has proposed anonymous access and roaming authentication protocols specifically designed for 6G satellite-ground integrated networks, addressing privacy preservation and efficient authentication switching [84]. SDN security in satellite networks requires specialized approaches due to the dynamic topology and distributed control nature of satellite constellations. Comprehensive security frameworks have been developed to address controller security, policy synchronization, and attack detection in distributed SDN environments [85]. These frameworks achieve significant improvements in preventing interception and spoofing attacks while maintaining sub-second response times for threat detection. Authentication mechanisms for satellite communication systems have evolved to address the unique constraints of space-based platforms, including limited computational resources and power constraints. Comprehensive surveys of authentication methods highlight the development of lightweight protocols, blockchain-based authentication, and chaos-based encryption techniques specifically tailored for satellite environments [86]. System-level security evaluation frameworks have been developed to assess the overall security posture of satellite systems, encompassing ground segments, space segments,  
\begin{table}
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**Tool/Framework** & **Category** & **Limitations** & **CMS Contribution** \\ \hline  & & Focused on EO mission requirements with task scheduling optimized for imaging and data collection. Limited consideration of telecommunications-specific constraints such as QoS, network handovers, and traffic management. Semi-automated operations requiring human supervision and intervention. & Extends traditional CCSDS task scheduling to incorporate telecommunications constraints including QoS enforcement, network metrics, and 3 GPP procedural requirements. Enables fully autonomous operations with minimal human intervention through closed-loop optimization and adaptive scheduling. & Extends traditional CCSDS task scheduling to incorporate telecommunications constraints including QoS enforcement, network metrics, and 3 GPP procedural requirements. Enables fully autonomous operations with minimal human intervention through closed-loop optimization and adaptive scheduling. & Extends traditional CCSDS task scheduling to incorporate telecommunications constraints including QoS enforcement, network metrics, and 3 GPP procedural requirements. Enables fully autonomous operations with minimal human intervention through closed-loop optimization and adaptive scheduling. & Extends traditional CCSDS task scheduling to incorporate telecommunications constraints including QoS enforcement, network metrics, and 3 GPP procedural requirements. Enables fully autonomous operations with minimal human intervention through closed-loop optimization and adaptive scheduling.