# Toward Integrated Satellite Operations and Network Management: A Review and Novel Framework
## 3 Integrated Management Framework
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Challenge** & **Description** \\ \hline _Infrastructure and architecture_ & \\ \hline Heterogeneous architecture & The integrated satellite-terrestrial network can be conformed by different satellite platforms and payloads, GSN, MNO, SNO, and mission providers. \\ \hline Core functionality placement & CN functions may be split between ground and onboard the satellites. \\ \hline Hybrid architecture & Combine a centralized and distributed architecture to operate with global network information, react to scenario uncertainties, and increase system scalability and timeliness. \\ \hline SDN deployment & Effectively implementing a SDN architecture including a controller deployment strategy and algorithm. \\ \hline _Interperability and standardization_ & \\ \hline Mission-specific solutions & Traditional space agencies’ solutions are mission and procedure-specific. \\ \hline Proprietary solutions & The management of commercial constellations are proprietary and closed in-house solutions. \\ \hline Semi-manual operations & Current satellite operations management are not fully automated and require human interaction. \\ \hline Lack of a standard & Although the CCSDS promotes good practices for mission planning and scheduling, no horizontal standard exists. \\ \hline _Integrated management_ & \\ \hline Mobility management & Ensuring seamless connectivity and efficient handover between moving satellites and terrestrial networks while maintaining service quality and reliability. \\ \hline Resource management & Efficiently allocating and optimizing limited onboard resources. \\ \hline Mixed scheduling & Combining online and offline scheduling to effectively use the network topology predictability while reacting to unexpected events. \\ \hline Uncertainty & Accurately predicting and adapting to unpredictable data traffic patterns and volumes to ensure network stability and performance. \\ \hline Complex constraints & Solving advanced optimization constraints for operations management. \\ \hline Adaptive scheduling & Combine task scheduling and resource prediction with near-real-time feedback from the network status. \\ \hline SatOps in MANO & Integrate satellite operations into MANO of an SDN-enabled integrated network. \\ \hline NetOps in task scheduling & Integrate network operations into traditional CCSDS task scheduling for satellite operations. \\ \hline End-to-end scheduling & Providing synchronized schedules to the different mission providers and GSN. \\ \hline _Operational dynamics_ & \\ \hline Space routing & Efficient data routing strategies and algorithms in space and space-terrestrial networks. \\ \hline Multi-customer nature & Balancing diverse and potentially conflicting requirements from various customers. \\ \hline Traffic offloading & Dynamically transferring data between different network segments to enhance overall network efficiency. \\ \hline Unstable links & Managing the intermittent and unpredictable connectivity between satellites or between satellites and GS. \\ \hline Inefficient spectrum sharing & Utilization of radio frequency spectrum among various users and services within integrated networks to maximize efficiency. \\ \hline VNF deployment & Efficiently deploying, managing, and updating VNFs deployed on the satellites. \\ \hline Resources profiling & Modeling and profiling satellite resources using ML employing historical data (passive profiling) and latest system telemetry (active profiling). \\ \hline _Technology maturation and deployment_ & \\ \hline Real implementations & Advancing research-level enabling technologies such as SDN and NFV for satellite-terrestrial integrated systems to a mature stage. \\ \hline Space testing & Absence of space testing for validating integrated management solutions tailored for satellite and terrestrial networks. \\ \hline Management frameworks & Lack of practical and open implementations of a general management framework for satellite and integrated networks. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}