esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
This scenario involves asymmetric traffic–high-volume uplink traffic generated by the LiDAR sensor and low-latency downlink traffic used for control. count for hardware-specific behaviors and real-world radio conditions [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. As a result, there is still a clear gap between the theoretical potential and practical performance of 5G networks in industrial deployments. Our work addresses that gap by jointly evaluating both latency and throughput, which are rarely studied together, using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) 5G hardware in a real testbed environment. Our research focused on uplink-intensive applications, such as those involving LiDAR sensors mounted on mobile robots. These sensors generate high-volume uplink traffic, while low-latency downlink is simultaneously required for control signaling. To simulate realistic scenarios, we used configurable attenuation to represent mobility and environmental changes and tested numerous configurations inspired by both the literature and equipment vendor recommendations. Our goal was to evaluate 5G performance in a realistic industrial scenario involving a LiDAR-equipped ground vehicle, with a focus on achieving both high uplink throughput and low control latency. However, we did not find any publicly available specifications describing LiDAR data traffic for UGVs. What mattered was the service profile itself, not the specific platform type. For this reason, we used UAV-related throughput characteristics, as they include detailed LiDAR traffic profiles. Meanwhile, latency expectations were guided by scenarios involving autonomous ground vehicles. This combination allowed us to realistically reflect the requirements of industrial UGV applications despite the lack of direct standardization references. This dual-focus approach, combined with the use of deployable COTS infrastructure, allows our findings to be directly applicable in real-world industrial deployments and distinguishes our study from prior simulation-based or single-metric testbed works. A key contribution of our work is the practical analysis of how selected 5G parameters affect latency and throughput under different conditions. We demonstrate which configurations are capable of supporting demanding applications such as remote drone control via video streaming or LiDAR data transmission. The results are presented in a manner directly applicable to engineers and system designers aiming to deploy wireless connectivity in industrial scenarios. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses the related literature and standards in more detail. Section 3 outlines our research methodology. Section 4 describes the experimental setup, including hardware and scenarios. Section 5 presents and discusses the measurement results. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the key findings and outlines directions for future research.
There are also studies indicating that soil Cd pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region is severe, showing a gradual accumulation trend, but the accumulation rate is gradually slowing down [30]. The intensification and persistence of Cd pollution underscore the pressing necessity for long-term continuous monitoring [26; 27]. Tropical agricultural systems, characterized by high temperatures, heavy rainfall, and intensive cropping, exhibit unique heavy metal dynamics compared to temperate regions. Hainan Island, China's largest tropical island province, presents a unique case for studying trends of contamination with metals. Compared to other metals, such as Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, and As, Cd exhibits a significantly higher degree of enrichment in Hainan's agricultural soils and contributes the most to overall soil pollution [31; 32]. This suggests that, while other heavy metals are present, Cd remains the primary environmental risk factor in this region. Historically, Hainan has experienced relatively low pollution levels. However, rapid urbanization, intensive farming practices, and tourism expansion have introduced new complexities to Cd contamination patterns. Additionally, Hainan's tropical climate--characterized by frequent heavy rainfall and high temperatures--may enhance Cd mobility and alter its bioavailability. While previous studies have investigated spatial distribution, pollution risk, and contamination sources in Hainan's soils [31; 33; 34], comprehensive assessments of long-term spatiotemporal trends remain limited [32], with few addressing the evolution of pollution sources. The primary challenge lies in obtaining extensive, continuous sampling data over long periods. However, advancements in meta-analytic and systematic review methodologies provide opportunities to synthesize existing data and derive meaningful insights into Cd pollution trends [7; 28]. Therefore, this study utilizes a meta-analysis approach to examine the spatiotemporal trends of Cd pollution in agricultural land soil on Hainan Island, based on measured soil Cd data collected from published literature between 2000 and 2024. The study highlights the regional variability and long-term changes in Cd contamination and also explores the evolution of contamination sources. Furthermore, it quantitatively assesses the contribution of various environmental and anthropogenic factors to Cd pollution in agricultural soils. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Cd contamination in tropical agricultural systems, providing valuable insights for promoting sustainable farming practices, improving environmental quality, and mitigating risks to human health. Moreover, the study offers important references for the development of future policies and strategies for managing soil contamination and ensuring agricultural sustainability in tropical regions.
# Impacts of Drought and Heatwave on the Vegetation and Ecosystem in the Yangtze River Basin in 2022
## 3 Results
### The Response of Vegetation and Ecosystem to the 2022 Drought and Heatwave
Negative anomalies began to emerge in the northeast in August (Figure 7j), gradually spreading southwestward, culminating in widespread negative anomalies by October (Figure 7l). Additionally, there were some notable phenomena, in which the negative anomalies of NDVI and SIF in the western region from September to October significantly weakened, contrary to the overall trend. We attribute this phenomenon to the early recovery of normal temperature, VPD, and soil moisture levels in the western Yangtze River Basin region. Figure 7: Spatial distributions of NDVI, SIF, and GPP anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin during July ((**a**,**e**,**i**,**m**) in 1 st row), August ((**b**,**f**,**j**,**n**) in 2 nd row), September ((**c**,**g**,**k**,**o**) in 3 rd row), and October ((**d**,**h**,**l**,**p**) in 4 th row) in 2022. The spatial distribution of NEE anomalies also exhibited a relatively delayed response akin to GPP. In July, NEE remained globally negative, with the western region particularly affected (Figure 7m). Positive anomalies began to emerge in the northwest in August (Figure 7n), spreading subsequently to the central and eastern regions (Figure 7o). However, by October, some positive anomalies replaced negative ones, leaving only the western and central-eastern regions as negative anomalies (Figure 7p).
## 1 Introduction
The occurrence of FHO of UE not only increases network congestion and signaling overhead but also incurs additional costs associated with relocating services back and forth with every HO. Along with the benefits of HetNet and mm-Wave, the deployment of a large number of small cells (HetNet) and the use of a high-frequency band in 5G HetNet also encounter mobility and HO problems. For instance, the small coverage area of the small cells increases the likelihood of HO, HO failures (HOF), HO ping-pong (HOPP), and radio link failure (RLF), which adversely affect the capacity, throughput, and SE of the entire system. Figure 1 depicts the frequency spectrum and structural layout of various cellular networks. The implementation of UD-HetNet, where the number of cells in an area is considerably greater than the active number of users, is essential to meet 3 GPP specifications in the 5G network [22; 23; 24]. However, the fundamental issue of ensuring a seamless, ongoing, and dependable connection for high-speed mobile users in the 5G UD-HetNet needs to be addressed [25]. According to Ericsson's latest mobility report, the number of cellular subscribers, currently around 8.2 billion, will reach 9.1 billion by the end of 2027. In the ultra-high-speed 5G UD-HetNet scenario, HO management is crucial for enhancing the system's overall performance in terms of throughput, resistance to unnecessary HO (UHO), and RLF. Extreme and FHO will lower the QoS and consume more scarce resources. Therefore, to ensure seamless and uninterrupted connectivity during high-speed scenarios, it is crucial  
to develop and implement new techniques for managing mobility and HO in 5G UD-HetNet networks.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Identification of Vegetation Groups and Peatland Plant Communities
Detailed characteristics of the plant communities within the 52 plots are presented in Table S1 (supplementary table). (iii) **Peatland vegetation groups**: Calcareous fens (CF); transition mites (TM); sedge vegetation (SV); rush vegetation (RV); rush vegetation/alkaline fens (RVAF); low birch bush (LBB); alder forest (AF). Legend b): (i) **Meadows plant communities** (ME): _Agrostis capillaris-Hieracium pilosell_ (AP): 41; Mowed grassland (MG): 49, 51, 52; Semi mowed grassland (SMG): 48,50; _Corniculario-Corynebroetum_ (CC): 37,47; _Stellario palustris-Deschampsietum caespitosae_ (SPDC): 40; (ii) **Peatland Rush communities** (PR): _Cladietum marisci_ (CM): 24; _Phragmittum communis_ (PC): 5,10,17,32; _Caricetum lasicocarpae_ (CL): 1, 2, 11, 19, 25, 44, 46; _Thelypterido-Phragmittum_ (TP): 8; _Typhetum latifoliaae_ (TL): 30,43; (iii) **Fen Vegetation communities** (FE): _Caricetum diandrae_ (CD): 21; _Caricetum limosae_ (CLi): 14; _Caricetum paniculatae_ (CP): 29,45; _Caricion lasicocarpae_ (CLa): 13; Communities with dominated _Sphagnum trees_ (CST): 16; _Menyantho-Sphagnum teretis_ (MST): 4; _Sphagno apiculati-Caricetum rostrata_ (SACR): 3, 6, 7, 12, 15, 20, 22, 35; _Sphagno recurvi-Eriohoretum angustifolii_ (SREA): 9, 18, 23, 34, 36; _Sphagno-Caricetum rostrata_ (SCR): 42; _Sphagnum teres_ (ST): 33.
In addition, the low resolution of the spatial data used to provide indicators of the distribution of water/soil properties and soil conditions may lead to interpretation errors and possibly errors in soil management. On the contrary, geophysical methods allow rapid measurement of soil electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity, resistivity, and potential, directly from the soil surface to any depth without soil disturbance. Modern geophysical techniques are a very efficient and effective tool for the nonintrusive gathering of continuous agricultural field data on many soil types, soil conditions, soil salinity, and underground topographies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of modern geophysical techniques to study the agricultural aspects of Al Hassa oasis.
## 4 Results
### Evolution of P-Wave Velocity  
Only the P-wave velocities at the L3 and L4 stages were measured. Figure 5c shows the velocities measured along eight horizontal ray paths. For the convenience of description, Ra and Rb refer to the regions above and below the bottom of the borehole, respectively. The unequal velocities were observed along the ray paths located in Ra. In contrast, almost equal velocities were found along the ray path (S6-R18, S7-R19, S8-R20) located in Rb at the early period of the water injection. Additionally, we found that the former (except S1-R13 and S5-R17) was higher than the latter. Since the velocities were dependent on the microcrack distribution and water saturation, it can be inferred that Ra has a more heterogeneous microcrack distribution and a higher water saturation than Rb. Before AE initiation, all the P-wave velocities along these ray paths decreased slightly with increasing injection pressure. After that, no significant decrease was observed in the P-wave velocities along ray path S8-R20, but the other velocities decreased continuously. The most significant decreases in the velocities were observed along ray paths S3-R15, S4-R16, S6-R18, and S7-R19. By comparing with the spatial distribution of AE, we found that these ray paths corresponded to the region where AE activities were clustered. After rock failure, all the velocities dramatically declined, but they increased again after a few minutes. These increases indicated that the rupture-induced decrease had been restrained by the entry of the water.
## 5 Stability Analysis of High Slope of Carbonaceous Mudstone Based on Numerical Simulation
### Stability Analysis of Slope Excavation
#### 5.3.1 Horizontal Displacement Analysis of Slope  
Natural State  
Figure 9 shows the horizontal displacement contour map of the slope in its natural state. From the horizontal displacement contour map, it can be seen that under natural working conditions, the top and foot areas of the slope exhibit the same horizontal displacement direction, moving in the negative \(X\)-axis direction (horizontally to the left). The displacement shows a clear spatial variation pattern: from the top of the slope to the foot of the slope the displacement value and its influence range gradually increase, with the maximum horizontal displacement occurring near the foot of the slope, reaching 70.3 mm. It is worth noting that the displacement influence range of other parts is relatively limited except for the foot of the slope area.  
Saturated State  
Figure 10 shows the horizontal displacement contour map of the lower slope in a saturated soaking state. From the figure, it can be seen that compared with the slope  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Rock and Soil** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Unit Weight/kN-m-3**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Elastic**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Poisson’s**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cohesion/MPa**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Internal Friction**} \\
**Category** & **Natural State** & **Soak in Saturated Water** & **Modulus/MPa** & **Ratio** & **Natural State** & **Soak in Saturated Water** & **Natural State** & **Soak in Saturated Water** \\ \hline Clay & 19.4 & 20 & 13 & 0.3 & 2.60 & 2.40 & 13.02 & 11.25 \\ Interlayering of carbonaceous mudstone and sandstone & 25 & 25.4 & 110 & 0.35 & 45.10 & 43.14 & 25.85 & 23.87 \\ Carbonaceous mudstone & 22 & 24 & 190 & 0.4 & 11.88 & 8.00 & 51.40 & 43.51 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Parameters of slope materials.  
Figure 9: Horizontal displacement contour map of the slope in the natural state after excavation of section BK1+020.  
under natural conditions, the deformation range of the slope under saturated conditions is significantly expanded. From the contour map results, it can be seen that the displacement direction at the top of the slope is horizontally to the left, which is the same as the foot of the slope. The maximum horizontal displacement is mostly concentrated near the foot of the slope, where there is obvious stress concentration, mainly caused by the redistribution of stress in the internal rock mass due to the influence of rainfall. By continuously reducing the constitutive parameters of rock and soil, the displacement value of slope failure is about 996.2 mm, which indicates that after the rainstorm, the displacement of the slope under saturated conditions increased sharply, and the instability deformation scale of the middle part of the slope under the slope limit state increased, and the overall failure shape is consistent with the circular slip failure.
# Porosity Elimination in Modified Direct Laser Joining of Ti6 Al4V and Thermoplastics Composites
## 4 Conclusions  
A direct laser joining process was carried out to bond thermoplastics to Ti6 Al4V with a nanosecond pulse laser. Surface texturing treatment was performed on Ti6 Al4V before laser joining process, producing a strong mechanical anchor effect between Ti6 Al4V and PA66-GF30 after the solidification of PA66-GF30 melts. By using a conventional LAMP process, a large number of micro-pores with sizes ranging from dozens to hundreds of microns appeared in Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints due to the solidification shrinkage of PA66-GF30 and the pyrolysis of PA66 during laser joining process. These micro-pores limited the fracture strength of Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints to around 13.8 MPa,  
Figure 5: Cross-sections and fracture strength of Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints produced by modified laser joining process. (**a**) Cross-section of the produced Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints; (**b**) fracture strength of Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints as a function of structure density; (**c**) surface and cross morphologies of Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joint after tensile shear test.  
and fractures of the joints occurred in the porous zone of PA66-GF30. A modified direct laser joining process was proposed to effectively eliminate the generated micro-pores in joints. Therefore, the fracture strength of Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints was improved to 41.5 MPa, and fractures of the joints occurred at the bonding interface between Ti6 Al4V and PA66-GF30.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/3/411/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/3/411/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/3/411/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/3/411/s1)), Figure S1: The created grooves on Ti6 Al4V surface with structure density of 25% (**a**), 42% (**b**), 58% (**c**), and 75% (**d**), respectively; Figure S2: Cross-sections of LAMP produced joints with structure density of 25% (**a**), 42% (**b**), 58% (**c**), and 75% (**d**), respectively; Figure S3: Cross-sections of the modified laser joining method produced Ti6 Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints with structure density of 25% (**a**), 42% (**b**), 58% (**c**), and 75% (**d**), respectively.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper; [PERSON] contributed materials.  
This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant J170002; National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51705013; National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2018 YFB1107400, 2018 YFB1107700, and 2016 YFB1102503; National Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant 2015 CB059900.  
The authors thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] from Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology for their advice and assistance during the research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Nomenclature  
Abbreviations  
API  
American Petroleum Institute  
ASTM  
American Society for Testing Materials  
atm  
atmospheric pressure  
DPAM  
dual-coated polyacrylamide  
GPC  
geopolymer cement  
OPC  
ordinary Portland cement  
\(R\)-additive  
elastomeric expandable additive used in the present study  
SCP  
sustained casing pressure  
Chemical Formulae  
Al\({}_{2}\)Ca\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{24}\)S\({}_{3}\)  
ettrinigite  
Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)  
aluminum oxide  
Al-O-Si  
polysialate  
Al-O-Si-Si  
polysialate siloxo  
Al-O-Si-Si-Si  
polysialate dissiloxo  
CaAl\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)  
calcium aluminate  
CaCO\({}_{3}\)  
calcium carbonate  
CaO  
calcium oxide  
CaSO\({}_{4}\)  
calcium sulfate  
Ca\({}^{2+}\)  
calcium cation  
Cl chlorine  
CO\({}_{2}\)  
carbon dioxide  
C-S-H  
calcium-silicate-hydrate  
Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)  
iron (III) oxide  
H\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\)  
carbonic acid  
K\({}_{2}\)O  
potassium oxide  
K\({}^{+}\)  
potassium cation  
MgO  
magnesium oxide  
NaOH
sodium hydroxide  
Na\({}_{2}\)O  
sodium oxide  
Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\)  
sodium silicate  
Na\({}^{+}\)  
sodium cation  
SiO\({}_{2}\)  
silicon dioxide  
SO\({}_{3}\)  
sulfur trioxide  
TiO\({}_{2}\)  
titanium (IV) Oxide  
Notations  
\(A\)  
cross-sectional surface area of the sample  
\(ECD\)  
equivalent circulating density  
\(F\)  
compressive strength  
\(L_{f}\)  
final length as measured using the expansion cell  
\(L_{i}\)  
initial length as measured using the expansion cell  
\(M\)  
alkali cation  
\(n\)  
degree of polycondensation  
\(p\)  
compressive load at the point of failure  
\(P_{amular}\)  
annular pressure loss  
PV  
plastic viscosity  
_TVD_  
true vertical depth  
\(v\)  
kinematic viscosity  
\(v_{100}\)  
kinematic viscosity at 100 rpm  
\(v_{300}\)  
kinematic viscosity at 300 rpm  
\(\gamma\)P  
yield point  
\(\Delta l/l_{0}\)  
linear expansion  
\(\rho\)  
slurry density
## 1 Introduction
Some modern, commercially available MWA systems rely on the, so-called, \"thermosphere technology\", that enables the formation of spherical ablation zones by implementing small saline irrigation channels in the antenna, thus making them independent of tissue properties [51; 52]. Recently, a compact, multislot coaxial antenna was built to obtain the required ablation shape and proper impedance matching to the target tumor tissue without damaging the surrounding healthy tissues [53; 54], so this design shall be used in the present study. In further developments and improvements of the design and optimization of microwave ablation devices, a numerical model of the antenna-tissue system play a central role in providing vital information on the thermal behavior of the tissue [55; 56; 57; 58; 59]. The performance of the antenna has been estimated considering the specific absorption rate, antenna impedance, and geometry of the obtained thermal lesion [60; 61; 62; 63; 64]. Several numerical works are devoted to the prediction of the temperature profile in the tissue and resultant tissue damage created by ablation devices [65; 66]. In most of the studies, the Arrhenius model is used to estimate the degree of destruction of biological tissue [67]. For studying the influence of the shape and size of the tumor during MWA, coupled bioheat and electromagnetic equations are solved by using the finite element method (FEM) [68]. Most of the numerical studies related to MWA refer to two-dimensional (2D) axis-symmetric simulations assuming a homogeneous medium [69]. This reduces the problem from a three-dimensional (3D) to a 2D one, which is often far from reality. In this paper, we developed and tested a full 3D model of the microwave ablation process with realistic geometry of the liver tumor taken from 3D-IRCADb-01 liver tumors database [70]. The Comsol Multiphysics simulation package has been used as a platform to solve the coupled electromagnetic-thermal problem of MWA [71; 72]. As a source of microwaves, we shall use a compact 10-slot coaxial antenna with a pi impedance-matching network that creates near-spherical ablation zones [53; 54]. The finely tuned pi impedance matching eliminates the damaging of the surrounding healthy tissues. Simulations were performed for an antenna operating at 2.45 GHz inserted into the tumor, including the temperature dependence of dielectric and thermal properties of healthy and malignant liver tissues, the blood perfusion, and water content. The power dissipation, the time evolution of the temperature, and the degree of tissue destruction under the influence of high temperature have been estimated. The ultimate goal of the developed simulation model is to help practitioners to determine optimal input power of the ablation device and duration of the ablation process for the actual shape of the patient tumor and chosen position of the ablation probe.