# Computational Flow Dynamic Analysis in Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation Risk: A Review
## 5 Future Directions  
CFD has played a pivotal role in elucidating the hemodynamic factors underlying LAA thrombus formation, thereby providing valuable insights into its mechanisms. In terms of expanding the understanding of LAA thrombus formation and its clinical significance, the future holds promising prospects for harnessing CFD's potential. CFD's ability to generate patient-specific simulations is a significant technological advancement. By incorporating advanced imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), it has become possible to generate patient-specific models of the LAA. These customized simulations take into account unique anatomical variations, including shape, size, and spatial orientation. In the future, it will be crucial for researchers to focus on refining and validating these patient-specific models. These efforts will increase the precision of CFD simulations, allowing for a more thorough understanding of LAA thrombus formation in individual patients. Blood is a dynamic fluid composed of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma, all of which play a significant role in the process of blood clot formation. Future directions for CFD research include incorporating more complex models of blood constituents into simulations. By considering the behavior of these constituents and their interactions with the wall of the LAA and other blood components, it is possible to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of how blood clots form. These models have the potential to identify new hemodynamic markers that indicate blood clot formation and provide clinicians with valuable guidance for making informed decisions regarding anticoagulation therapy. The formation of LAA thrombus involves intricate interactions between macroscopic and microscopic fluid dynamics. Although current CFD simulations provide useful insights into macroscopic flow patterns, they frequently struggle to accurately represent micro-scale phenomena. Future developments in CFD research look to develop multi-scale modeling techniques that bridge the gap between macroscopic and microscopic scales in order to overcome this limitation. These multi-scale models will allow for the investigation of phenomena of coagulation within the context of LAA thrombus formation, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes involved. Combining artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques with CFD offers a fascinating chance to improve the understanding of LAA thrombus formation. AI/ML algorithms are capable of analyzing vast quantities of CFD simulation data and detecting intricate patterns that may not be immediately discernible to human observers. These algorithms have the potential to aid in the prediction of patient-specific thrombosis formation risks, the optimization of treatment strategies, and the improvement of patient outcomes. Utilizing the assets of CFD simulations and AI/ML capabilities, researchers can uncover new insights and create more accurate predictive models. By analyzing future directions in CFD research, such as enhanced patient-specific simulations, incorporation of blood constituent models, multi-scale modeling, and integration with AI/ML techniques, it is possible to further improve our understanding of this complex phenomenon. These developments have the potential to influence the future of cardiovascular research and clinical decision-making, resulting in enhanced patient care and outcomes in the management of LAA thrombus formation. Conceptualization: A.M.A., A.P.P., M.O.-S. and L.G. ; Formal analysis: S.V. and M.O.-S.; Methodology: S.V. and M.O.-S.; Supervision: A.M.A., A.P.P. and L.G. ; Writing--original draft: S.V. and M.O.-S.; Writing--reviewing and editing: S.V., M.O.-S., A.M.A., A.P.P. and L.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable.