# State-of-the-Art Mobile Radiation Detection Systems for Different Scenarios
## 2 Scenarios
### Nuclear, Accelerator, Targets, and Irradiation Facilities--Scenario C  
This scenario addresses facilities and installations, such as nuclear energy facilities (fission and fusion), as well as high energy and high beam intensity particle accelerators, targets, and irradiation facilities, for emerging and innovative applications of nuclear technologies. Some examples are: spallation neutron sources, accelerator driven systems (ADS) for transmuting radioactive waste, and multi-MegaWatt targets, for fundamental and applied science applications. To ensure workers and environmental safety, these nuclear technologies need to undergo periodic or unexpected inspections, maintenance, and repair. However, due to the demanding environment characterized by high dose rates (combination of proton, neutron and photons), high magnetic fields (e.g., accelerators), and high temperatures (e.g., fission reactors, spallation targets, ADS, multi-MegaWatt targets), these tasks presents a challenge to the radiation monitoring systems. Normal decommissioning of nuclear power plants (NPP) and accelerators can also be included in this scenario. In the case of an NPP, this includes the decontamination of the facility (reduce residual radioactivity), dismantling the structures and removing contaminated materials to appropriate disposal facilities (nuclear fuel storage). In nuclear reactors, approximately 99% of the residual radioactivity is related with the fuel (removed after shutting down). The remaining is due to activation products in steel (reactor pressure vessel exposed to neutron irradiation) producing highly radioactivity iron-55, iron-59, and zinc-65 (half-lives of 2.7 years, 45 days, and 245 days, respectively); thus, 50 years after shut down, their radioactivity is very low, and the radiological risk is significantly reduced to workers. Since the decommissioning of an NPP can take up to 60 years and more than 180 commercial, experimental, or prototype reactors, as well as more than 500 research reactors and several fuel cycle facilities, have been shut down worldwide, this issue is gaining prominence [34]. In Reference [35], some R&D activities needed for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities are discussed. The optimization of robotics is suggested in areas, like 3D integrated gamma-ray and vision systems, and in the developing of flexible robots (possible mounting of different tools). Today, particle accelerators are used in many applications as: radioisotope production, medical applications, sterilization of medical devices and food products, mineral prospecting and oil well logging, material science and applications, fundamental and applied physics research, archaeological dating, and cargo inspection. Particle accelerators facilities produce and make available beams of particles, like electrons and protons, as well as deuterons, helium nucleus, and other heavier ions. Radioactivity can be induced by primary beam interactions or by indirect interactions of secondary particles in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Instrument Category** & **IEC Standard** & **ANSI Standard** \\ \hline Alarming personal radiation devices & IEC 62401 & ANSI N42.32 \\ \hline Spectroscopy-based alarming personal radiation detectors & IEC 62618 & ANSI N42.48 \\ \hline Handheld instruments for the detection and identification of radionuclides & IEC 62327 & ANSI N42.34 \\ \hline Highly sensitive handheld instruments for photon detection & IEC 62533 & ANSI N42.33 \\ \hline Highly sensitive handheld instruments for neutron detection & IEC 62534 & - \\ \hline Backpack-type radiation detector & IEC 62694 & ANSI N42.53 \\ \hline Vehicle-mounted mobile systems for the detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive materials & IEC 63121 & ANSI N42.43 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Standards for mobile radiation detection equipment considering scenario B. Adapted from Reference [19].