esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Ru(terpy)-Based Conducting Polymer in Electrochemical Biosensing of Epinephrine
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals  
The tyrosinase (Tyr) from mushroom (lyophilized powder \(\geq\) 1000 U/mg solid protein), (\(-\))-epinephrine (EP), tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TEAPF\({}_{6}\)), dichloromethane (CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)) and acetonitrile (MeCN) (anhydrorous \(\geq\) 99.8%), glutaraldehyde (GA, technical 50% in H\({}_{2}\)O, 5.6 mol dm\({}^{-3}\)), hydrochloric acid 37%, Tris (Trizma(r) base), and uric acid (UA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\)), sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\)), acetic acid, and sodium acetate from Carlo Erba; the citric acid from Riedel-De Haen; the ascorbic acid (AA) from Lancaster; the L-cysteine (L-cys) from Fluka; and the tryptophan (Trp) from Alfa Aesar. The ruthenium complex [(TAT)Ru(TpyCOOH)][PF\({}_{6}\)]\({}_{2}\) (RuT; TAT = 4\({}^{\prime}\)-[(2,2\({}^{\prime}\)5/2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-terthien-3\({}^{\prime}\)-ethynyl-2,2\({}^{\prime}\):6\({}^{\prime}\),2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-terpyridine, TpyCOOH = 4,4\({}^{\prime}\),4\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-tricarboxylate-2,2\({}^{\prime}\):6\({}^{\prime}\),2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-terpyridine) was synthesized according to a literature method [14]. All chemicals were used without any further purification. The tyrosinase was stored at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the epinephrine was stored at 2-8 \({}^{\circ}\)C. All aqueous solutions were prepared with double-distilled water. All the experiments were performed at room temperature and in an open-air atmosphere.
# A Robust Multi-Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Based on DTCWT-DCT and Henon Map
## 2 The Fundamental Theory
### Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT)  
The dual complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is a new transform method for improving the sensitivity of wavelet transform to translation operation and the inflexibility of direction selection [23]. It has two trees: one stores the real numbers, and the other stores the imaginary numbers [24]. When transforming, the two trees are played simultaneously. It can be selected in six directions and is stable for translation. The equation for the 2D DTCWT is as follows:  
\[\psi_{g}(x)\psi_{h}(y)+\psi_{h}(x)\psi_{g}(y) \tag{1}\]  
where, \(\psi_{h}\) and \(\psi_{g}\) are orthogonal or biorthogonal real wavelets, respectively.  
The 2D discrete wavelet is shown in Figure 2a. The first two wavelets represent the vertical and horizontal two main directions, respectively; the third wavelet is the mixed diagonal direction with no main direction and serious chessboard artifacts.  
The 2D DTCWT is enforced by using four 2D DWTs which are synchronous for the image, whereby its row and column use different filter banks. The sum and difference of its sub-band diagrams yield 12 wavelets, as shown in Figure 2b. The first line is used as the real part (imaginary part) of the 6 complex-valued wavelets, the second line is the imaginary part (real part), and the third line represents the amplitude of the complex-valued wavelet. Figure 2c shows the ideal directional distribution of a two-dimensional complex wavelet. As shown in Figure 2, 2D DTCWT has 6 main directions and has better directional selectivity compared with 2D DWT. Meanwhile, 2D DWT checkerboard artifacts are eliminated.  
In addition, 2D DTCWT can maintain good directional analysis capabilities while having translation invariance, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3a is an input image. Figure 3b from left to right are the first to the fourth layer of the dual-tree complex wavelet coefficient reconstruction image and the fourth layer scale function coefficient map (to save space, the reconstructed image is only half displayed). The 2D DWT does not have translation invariance; therefore, it will produce many irregular edges and striped derivatives. While the 2D DTCWT performs the same processing on all directions of the input image, the processed image is smooth and continuous.  
Figure 2: 2D discrete wavelet and 2D DT complex wavelet: (**a**) Two-dimensional discrete wavelet; (**b**) Two dimensional DT complex wavelet; (**c**) The ideal directional distribution of a two-dimensional complex wavelet.
# The Effect of an Ag Nanofilm on Low-Temperature Cu/Ag-Ag/Cu Chip Bonding in Air
###### Abstract  
Low-temperature Cu-Cu bonding technology plays a key role in high-density and high-performance 3D interconnects. Despite the advantages of good electrical and thermal conductivity and the potential for fine pitch patterns, Cu bonding is vulnerable to oxidation and the high temperature of the bonding process. In this study, chip-level Cu bonding using an Ag nanofilm at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C was studied in air, and the effect of the Ag nanofilm was investigated. A 15-nm Ag nanofilm prevented Cu oxidation prior to the Cu bonding process in air. In the bonding process, Cu diffused rapidly to the bonding interface and pure Cu-Cu bonding occurred. However, some Ag was observed at the bonding interface due to the short bonding time of 30 min in the absence of annealing. The shear strength of the Cu/Ag-Ag/Cu bonding interface was measured to be about 23.27 MPa, with some Ag remaining at the interface. This study demonstrated the good bonding quality of Cu bonding using an Ag nanofilm at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Cu bonding; Ag nanofilm; 3D packaging; metal passivation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Multi-Scale Video Longformer Network for Action Recognition
## 4 Experiments
### Hyperparameter Tuning
#### 4.4.1 Position Encoding  
We tested two encoding methods of MSVL, absolute 3D position encoding (Ape), and relative 3D position encoding (Rpe). The results for top-1 and top-5 accuracies, FLOPs, and parameters on the HMDB51 dataset are presented in Table 3. Remarkably, the utilization of absolute 3D position encoding resulted in a reduction of 1G FLOPs compared to relative 3D position encoding, while maintaining consistent parameters. However, relative 3D position encoding also notably improved top-1 accuracy by 2.76% and top-5 accuracy by 1.97%.  
To investigate the reasons behind the superior performance of relative 3D position encoding over absolute 3D position encoding, we visualized the position encoding of four stages in both scenarios, as depicted in Figure 9. Our observations revealed that relative 3D position encoding, which relies on 3D depthwise separable convolution, can capture spatiotemporal positional information from local tokens, simultaneously enhancing the features. On the contrary, the absolute 3D position encoding contains no feature information and solely provides positional information. We think this disparity leads to the superior generalization performance of relative 3D position encoding compared to absolute 3D position encoding.
## 6 Design Example According to the Proposed Workflow
### CFD Model of OPAM  
As mentioned in previous paragraphs, the OPAM case study was chosen. The geometry can be quickly updated with the provided comprehensive parametrization, comprising 53 parameters describing every part of the aircraft.  
The first step was to define the baseline and create the CFD mesh of the initial geometry. Table 1 outlines the main characteristics of the mesh, and Figure 11 provides some details of the mosaic mesh. Symmetry was leveraged to reduce the computational domain.  
The following main options are configured:  
* Steady-state simulation;
* Density-based solver;  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Number of faces** & _4,979,888_ \\
**Number of cells** & _957,205_ \\
**Number of nodes** & _3,366,691_ \\
**Min. Orthogonal Quality** & _1.50172_ \(\times\) _10\({}^{-1}\) \\
**Max. Aspect Ratio** & _1.38865_ \(\times\) _10\({}^{+2}\)_ \\
**y+** & _<10_ \\
**Number of faces** & _4,979,888_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Details of CFD Mesh.  
Figure 11: CFD Mesh.  
* k-omega SST turbulence model;
* Air as an ideal gas with the Sutherland viscosity law;
* Boundary conditions: \(\odot\) Inlet [pressure-far-field]: Mach equal to 0.7 inclined by \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\). \(\odot\) Outlet [pressure-outlet]: Pressure and temperature standard (101,325 Pa, 298 K). \(\odot\) Side [pressure-far-field]: Same conditions as the Inlet. \(\odot\) Symmetry [symmetry]: Symmetry plane. \(\odot\) Plane [wall]. The implicit Roe-FDS formulation with second-order discretization was employed.
# Tensile Properties and Tensile Failure Criteria of Layered Rocks
## 3 Numerical Study of Layered Rocks
### Discussion
#### 3.4.2 Tensile Strength of Layered Rock Specimens  
For layered rocks, many Brazilian tests have been conducted to investigate the tensile behavior [48; 49; 50; 51; 52]. The numerical results in Section 3.2.2 shows that there are three main failure modes of layered rock specimens under the Brazilian test. Figure 17 also displays the fracture patterns of Mosel slate discs with different dip angles in laboratory tests [53]. Figure 17 shows that the layered rock specimens with different dip angles are not always fractured along the center diameter line under Brazilian tests. The failure modes are different because of the influence of the bedding planes. The typical failure patterns can be divided into three types: layer activation, central fracture, and non-central fracture. However, the precondition of Equation (1) to calculate the tensile strength of rocks should be satisfied so that Brazilian disc specimens are fractured along the center diameter line. Therefore, the tensile strength of the layered rocks calculated by Equation (1) is not reasonable, except for the specimens with dip angles of 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\), which are fractured along the center diameter line. Similar results can be found in other papers [54; 55; 56; 57]. This demonstrates that the tensile strength of the layered rocks obtained by the Brazilian test is erroneous because of the influence of bedding planes. Specially, the tensile strength of the layered rock specimens with dip angles of 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\) can be predicted by the Brazilian test because their failure modes meet the precondition of Equation (1). However, the tensile strength of the layered rock specimens obtained by the direct tension test is relatively accurate. Therefore, we suggest that the direct tension test is more suitable than the Brazilian disc test to measure the tensile strength of layered rock specimens.  
Figure 17: Fracture patterns of Mosel slate discs under different foliation-loading angles [53].
# Energy-Efficient IoT-Based Light Control System in Smart Indoor Agriculture
## 4 Grow Lights Monitoring System  
Smart farming consists of collecting information about the cultivation process, specifically, collecting data on plants' environment, including the weather, soil, and light conditions. In addition, data on plant growth and health conditions, and data on the existence of pests, diseases, or herbivores, are gathered. These data are collected by interconnected microcontrollers that are usually equipped with IoT technologies; the data are then analyzed and used to make optimal decisions, automate operations like fertilization and irrigation, improve the products and the productivity, and plan future productions. The general architecture of this IoT-based data collection process is given in Figure 1. The collected data are transferred to the cloud via a gateway where they can be stored, displayed, analyzed, and processed remotely on a distant computing system through the internet, or they can be displayed and processed locally on a server in a control room.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Average Contact Pressure from Axial to Radial Compression  
In Figure 8, the change in the average contact pressure is presented as a function of both axial compression, due to imposed displacement, and radial compression due to internal pressure. The contact-pressure changes are plotted and analyzed for compression ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% during assembly and internal pressures of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 MPa during operation. Overall, the average contact pressure increased exponentially as the axial compression increased up to 40% during assembly. By contrast, it increased linearly as the radial compression increased up to 10 MPa during operation.  
As shown in Figure 8, type 3 showed the largest contact pressure at all TRs, whereas type 1 showed the lowest contact pressure. In the case of type 1, the contact pressure did not change rapidly under axial compression and internal radial pressure, even when the TR increased. At an internal pressure of 10 MPa, type 1 showed contact pressures of 15.5 and 19.0 MPa at TR = 0.25 and 1.50, respectively. However, in the case of type 3, the contact pressure increased sharply with increase of TR. The maximum contact pressure at TR = 1.50 was observed as 31.5 MPa, about 1.5 times greater compared to type 1. This observed difference between types 1 and 3 could be caused by the effect of the open groove.  
Figure 8: Changes in average contact pressure with axial and radial compressions. The yellow area indicates axial compression from 10% to 40% of the compression ratio during assembly. The blue area represents radial compression from 2.5 to 10.0 MPa of the internal pressure during operation: (**a**) TR = 0.25; (**b**) TR = 0.50; (**c**) TR = 1.00; and (**d**) TR = 1.50.
# Holographic Lens Array for Solar Collector with Large Angle and Expanded Spectral Width
###### Abstract  
Holographic optical elements (HOEs) are promising for solar energy collection due to their advantages of lightweight and high efficiency, but the narrow reconstruction of their angular and spectral widths limits their application. This paper proposes a novel holographic lens array solar collector (HLASC), which can collect light from a large angle range with an expanded spectrum. The large acceptance angle is achieved by a holographic lens array with a large relative aperture. To expand the collection spectral width within a large incident angle, the collection spectrum is spatially allocated within a single lens range. The methods of single-wavelength recording and multi-wavelength reconstruction contribute to the flexible design and simple fabrication of the HLASC. The optical experiment demonstrates that the HLASC can collect the entire visible spectrum in a range greater than 54\({}^{\circ}\). We believe that an expanded reconstruction angle and wavelength will promote the widespread application of HOEs in solar energy collection.  
Keywords:holographic optical element; holographic lens array solar collector; large collection angle; expanded spectral width +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 The Influence of Different Factors on Oral Microbiome
### Local Factors, Socioeconomic Status and Sexual Habits  
Social status and sexual habits, as well as the presence of local factors such as wearing dentures, significantly influence the oral microbiome. These factors can alter the balance of microbial communities in the oral cavity, impacting overall oral health. Poor oral hygiene, often associated with lower social status, is a major contributor to oral dysbiosis. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may have limited access to dental care and education on proper oral hygiene practices, leading to the accumulation of dental plaque and the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This can result in an increased prevalence of oral diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental caries [112]. Studies have shown that socioeconomic factors are strongly correlated with oral health outcomes, with lower social status being linked to higher levels of harmful bacteria like _Streptococcus mutans_ and _Porphyromonas gingivalis_ which may predispose the oral mucosa to persistent inflammation and therefore contribute to oral carcinogenesis [113; 114; 115]. The presence of dentures can also impact the oral microbiome. Dentures create new surfaces for microbial colonization and can harbor pathogenic bacteria if not properly maintained. Poor denture hygiene can lead to the development of denture stomatitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by an overgrowth of _Candida_ species and other pathogens such as _Fusobacterium nucleatum_ and _Prevotella intermedia_. These changes in the microbiome contribute to an inflammatory environment that affects both the mycobiome and bacteriome further contributing to oral dysbiosis and possibly oral carcinogenesis [116, 117]. The microbial alterations in denture wearers have been shown to vary depending on the type of prosthesis (implant-supported vs. non-implant-supported) and the health status of the oral mucosa. Research indicates that the oral bacteriophage in denture wearers exhibits increased diversity, with an overrepresentation of pathogens compared to individuals without prostheses. This shift underscores the importance of regular denture cleaning, appropriate fitting, and routine dental check-ups to prevent dysbiosis and associated infections [118]. Sexual habits play a significant role in introducing new microbial strains into the oral cavity. Oral-genital contact can transfer microorganisms between partners, potentially altering the oral microbiome. For instance, HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be transmitted through oral sex, introducing new viral and bacterial species that may affect oral health. The oral microbiome composition can change with the introduction of these new microorganisms, potentially leading to dysbiosis and increasing the risk of oral and systemic infections as well as possibly promoting oral carcinogenesis [119, 120, 121].
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Photogrammetry  
Digital photogrammetry [20], or structure from motion (SfM), is a technique that enables the generation of point clouds from a series of photographic images. These images must meet a number of requirements and be interrelated in such a way that algorithms can determine the position of hundreds of thousands of points via triangulation [21]. In this manner, photogrammetry can produce 3D reconstructions comparable to those generated by laser scanning, using considerably less expensive equipment. Although the resulting point clouds generally have a slightly lower density than those obtained by laser scanners, in many cases, they are sufficient for the intended purposes.  
The images required for photogrammetric procedures are subject to several constraints. First, it is essential to capture a sufficient number of images from varying viewpoints in order to resolve the position equations. These images must also overlap by a certain percentage to allow for the reconstruction of the relative position of all cameras involved.  
Furthermore, the pixels within the images must be sufficiently consistent so that the algorithm can identify identical areas across different frames. Homogeneous lighting and careful control of shadows and reflections are therefore crucial. Nonetheless, the success of the photogrammetric reconstruction depends heavily on the context and the equipment used. Exterior photography--especially in bright conditions and on surfaces with pronounced textures--typically offers the most favorable environment for this technique. In such cases, the primary concern is the presence of harsh shadows, which can result in overexposed or underexposed areas with a loss of detail.  
Conversely, interior photography presents far greater challenges. Lower light levels necessitate increased sensor sensitivity, which may introduce digital noise that renders the images unsuitable. Since the algorithm relies on detecting similar pixels across images, this distortion caused by noise can result in reconstruction artefacts or even cause the entire process to fail. These considerations directly influenced the application of this technique in our case study. The exterior survey was feasible thanks to the use of UAVs, which, in broad daylight, provided sufficient lighting to capture images from a moving platform without distortion. Special care was taken to schedule the flights when the sun was high enough in the sky to avoid backlighting, which could otherwise cause underexposed or overexposed areas with poor definition.  
As for the interior, image capture was possible due to the large opening left by the collapse of the dome, which allowed sufficient natural light to enter. To minimize digital noise and motion blur, photographs were taken using tripods, enabling low ISO sensitivity settings that resolved most of these issues. However, the use of tripods introduced further complications, particularly on uneven floors and during the transport of equipment to the top of the tower. This was especially challenging given the partially collapsed staircase, which made access both difficult and hazardous.
# Systematic Review: Anti-Forensic Computer Techniques
## 4 Results
### Exposition of Anti-Forensic Techniques
#### 4.2.4 Exposition of Anti-Forensic Techniques: Detection of Traces Left by Anti-Forensic Tools  
This section discusses articles that evidence traces of having used anti-forensic techniques and tools.  
[PERSON] et al. [14] expose artefacts related to intentional user account deletion techniques.  
[PERSON] [210] discusses forensic artifact removal by analyzing the update sequence number journal present when NTFS logs are active.  
[PERSON] et al. [211] expose the traces left by encryption tools. While [PERSON] et al. [212] focus on the detection of anti-forensic incidents using security incident and information management systems (SIEM).  
[PERSON] [213] explores common security techniques and methods, such as system logging, vulnerability scanning, and network monitoring. The paper then analyzes the traces left behind and suggests security approaches to reducing the effectiveness of these anti-forensic practices.  
[PERSON] et al. [214] analyze whether \"Wickr\" (a free app that allows users to send files and messages that self-destruct) delivers on its promise of leaving no digital traces, which would be a challenge for forensic investigation on Android devices.  
Among the contributions of these studies are the detection of traces in deleted user accounts [14], the identification of patterns in the USN registry to detect trace cleaning software [210], the analysis of the behavior of virtual disk encryption tools [211], the detection of anti-forensic activities by SIEM systems [212], the analysis of how common security tools can be used for anti-forensic purposes [213], and the evaluation of the Wickr application [214].