## 8 Conclusions  
This paper presents a multicriteria evaluation tool that enables the assessment of an FCEV powertrain's performance under specific operating conditions--such as driving cycles--and the comparison of different EMSs based on overall costs, including operational consumption and system degradation. This tool is implemented in a methodology to select an EMS that minimizes both fuel cell and battery aging while reducing hydrogen and energy consumption in a heavy-duty FCEV.  
The simulation model for performing the simulations across the methodology, developed in the AVL environment, has been validated using a more detailed MATLAB Simulink model. Semi-empirical aging models for the battery and fuel cell were incorporated into the simulation to evaluate EMSs in terms of system degradation.  
To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology, two EMSs were selected: a Standard Alternative Power Follower Control System (SA-PFCS) and a Discretized Alternative PFCS (DA-PFCS). Both EMSs are tested for a use case specific to commercial devices and a standard driving cycle.  
Based on the comparison conducted using this methodology with the two EMSs presented as examples, it can be concluded that if the goal is to reduce hydrogen consumption, a SA-PFCS is preferable, whereas if the aim is to preserve both the battery and fuel cells to extend their lifespan, a DA-PFCS is the better option.  
These findings demonstrate the practical value of the proposed tool and methodology in supporting the design and optimization of EMSs for heavy-duty FCEVs, paving the way for improved performance and an enhanced ESS lifespan.  
Conceptualization, J.R.A. and J.N.; methodology, J.N. and J.A.; software, G.S. and J.N.; formal analysis, G.S. and J.A.; data curation, E.A.; writing--original draft preparation, J.R.A. and G.S.; writing--review and editing, all; funding acquisition, J.R.A. and E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper has been funded by the following public research project: \"Desarrollo de una metodologia para determinar aquitectura optima de sistema hibrido basado en configuraciones de pila de combustible (MULTYTSCK-HD)\". Grant PID2021-125592 OB-I00/PROYECTOS DE GENERACION DE CONOCMIENTO 2021 funded by MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the \"European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR\".  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Element** & **Variable** & **SA-PFCS** & **DA-PFCS** & **U.M.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fuel Cell} & H2 Consumption & 1.247 & 1.255 & kg \\ \cline{2-5}  & Consumed Energy & 22.815 & 22.920 & kWh \\ \cline{2-5}  & Voltage Degradation & 0.00147 & 0.00141 & \% \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mean Efficiency & 0.548 & 0.547 & [f-] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Battery} & SOC Consumption & 7.516 & 7.341 & \% \\ \cline{2-5}  & Consumed Energy & 8.100 & 7.903 & kWh \\ \cline{2-5}  & Voltage Degradation & 0.0123 & 0.0117 & \% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results in consumption and battery and FC degradation for the SA-PFCS and DA-PFCS EMSs.  
Data Availability Statement: Some data presented in this study are not available on request from the corresponding author because of a confidentiality agreement.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.