Departamento de Estadistica, Investigacion Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; laulpi@upves (L.  
decarbonization and net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions necessitates a comprehensive transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, emphasizing sector-wide electrification and alternative energy solutions where electrification is infeasible [5]. The shift to renewables is imperative due to several interrelated factors. Firstly, renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro, offer long-term sustainability compared to finite fossil fuel reserves [6; 7]. Secondly, mitigating climate change is critical, as fossil fuel combustion releases substantial GHGs, primarily CO\({}_{2}\) and CH\({}_{4}\), aggravating global warming [8; 9]. Transitioning to renewable energy reduces direct GHG emissions, lowering the carbon footprint and minimizing climate-related disruptions. Additionally, reducing fossil fuel use mitigates air pollution, improving public health while renewable technologies become increasingly cost-competitive [10]. Energy supply security is another key driver. Dependence on fossil fuels exposes economies to price volatility, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical risks, whereas renewable energy enhances energy security and stability [11]. Additionally, this transition fuels technological innovation and advancements within clean energy technologies, leading to economic growth, competitiveness, and job creation [12]. Sustainable economic growth is facilitated as the renewable energy sector stimulates employment in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research related to these technologies [13]. Innovation in renewable energy can integrate with energy storage, which often enhances energy efficiency, resulting in optimized energy consumption, reduced waste, and lower energy costs for consumers and businesses [14; 15; 16]. International climate commitments, exemplified by the Paris Agreement, underscore the necessity of transitioning to cleaner, more sustainable energy sources. Many nations are committed to reducing carbon emissions and limiting global warming, necessitating a shift towards renewable energy [17; 18]. In addition, recent proposals, such as REPowerEU [19], emphasize the urgency of accelerating the transition to clean energy and reducing dependence on imports. Consequently, an integrated approach is needed; then decarbonization entails addressing emissions across diverse sectors, including electricity generation, transportation, industry, and building infrastructure [20; 21]. Renewable energies provide a versatile solution applicable to these multifaceted sectors, facilitating a comprehensive transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon future [13; 22]. In summary, decarbonizing the economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions necessitate a systemic transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, addressing environmental concerns while supporting economic growth, technological progress, and energy security. However, widespread renewable energy adoption presents challenges, primarily due to the inherent variability and intermittency of sources like solar and wind. Fluctuations in sunlight and wind patterns lead to inconsistent energy generation, complicating grid stability and reliability. Unlike conventional power plants, renewables produce electricity only under favorable conditions, requiring solutions to manage supply fluctuations and ensure a stable energy system. However, large-scale renewable energy deployment presents technical and operational challenges, specifically those related to the decoupling, variability, and unpredictability of the two main renewable sources, i.e., solar and wind power generation [23]. For example, solar energy production invariably peaks during the day, with the maximum in the central daytime hours, which usually does not coincide with electricity demand, usually with significant values during the afternoon-evening.