esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Unveiling the Role of Minerals and Trace Elements of Thermal Waters in Skin Health
## 2 Minerals, Trace Elements, and Other Compounds of TSW in Skin Health
### Anions  
As mentioned before, TSWs are classified by their predominant ion. In this subsection, the effects of the most import anions are discussed, taking into account the fact that spring waters are endowed with a \"physical-chemical dynamism\", in which most of their ions are interrelated, and part of that balance is lost when the water is carried away from the spring.  
[PERSON] et al. [61; 62] performed several studies and reviews on the skin permeation of ions and the mechanisms involved. In short, the skin absorption of ionic species is much more complex than just passive diffusion due to the complexity of the skin structure being organized in layers, with the _stratum corneum_ being a simple passive barrier (high content of lipids) and with the viable epidermis and dermis being characterized by a higher water content (up to 70%) where the facilitation of ion transport operates. Therefore, various types of skin-ion interactions are possible. Furthermore, based on the Hofmeister series of anion classifications (F\({}^{-}\), Cl\({}^{-}\), Br\({}^{-}\), NO\({}^{3-}\), I\({}^{-}\), SCN\({}^{-}\), ClO4\({}^{-}\)), which is based on their interactions with macromolecules in aqueous solutions, and the concept of \"salting in\" or \"salting out\" properties, the authors postulated that similar effects can be expected within the _stratum corneum_, such that the adsorption/absorption of anions into/onto the hydrophobic _stratum corneum_ and the protein-facilitated anion transport depend on the nature of the anions in the same order as the Hofmeister series. Several transport pathways are involved, such as chloride channels (CIC), calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCC), volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC), etc.
## 2 Methodology  
The flowchart of the fault-tolerant model predictive control algorithm (FTAMPC) designed in this paper is shown in Figure 1. Vehicle motion status information can be obtained by GPS combined navigation system, visual odometer system, and LIDAR SLAM system. The multi-sensor signals are fused by the proposed data fusion algorithm and fault signals are detected by the proposed fault detectors based on federal Kalman filtering chi-square detector. The fault signals are isolated in the data fusion process. Finally, the designed adaptive model predictive controller is used for robust path tracking control of autonomous vehicle.  
Figure 1: The flowchart of the proposed method.
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Related Work
A collection of various parameters have been collected and the best parameters among the collected ones are selected for CH selection. **How does the proposed scheme differ from prior works? ** In most of the existing cluster-based schemes in WSNs, CH declaration is based on residual energy, distance from member nodes, and distance from the sink node. However, to the best of our knowledge, all such schemes do not consider storage capacity and computational capability for best CH declaration. Besides, most of the existing proposals do not take into account one or more of the following CH and sensor node parameters in new node association process: (i) traffic load on CH; (ii) residual energy; (iii) computational capability of a CH; (iv) distance between CH and sink node; and (v) less distance between a sensor node and a CH. In contrast to the existing schemes, our scheme proposes an efficient mechanism for the new node association, and considers all of the aforementioned parameters for optimal CH selection. Furthermore, the proposed scheme also provides CH-acquaintanceship and CH-friendship mechanism in order to prolong the network lifetime.
# Controllable Fano-like Resonance in Terahertz Planar Meta-Rotamers
## 2 Design and Methods
As can be inferred from the two electric near-field images on the top, one appears at the lower frequency and corresponds to the fundamental LC resonance, whereas the other appears at the higher frequency and corresponds to the second-order LC resonance (also called quadrupole-mode resonance) [25]. The meta-molecules are designed such that the electric-dipole resonance  
Figure 2: (**a**) Simulated THz amplitude spectra in the arrays of Y-shaped meta-atoms at the rotation angles of \(\theta_{y}=0^{\circ}\), \(30^{\circ}\), and \(60^{\circ}\). The inset shows the values of resonance frequency. The upper image shows the near electric field distribution at the resonance frequency at the rotation angle of \(\theta_{y}=0^{\circ}\). (**b**) Simulated THz amplitude spectra in the arrays of C-shaped SRR meta-atoms at the angular gaps of \(\theta_{c}=10^{\circ}\), \(20^{\circ}\), and \(30^{\circ}\). The upper images show the near electric field distributions at the resonances appearing near the frequencies of 0.25 and 0.7 THz. of the Y-shaped meta-atom can be overlapped on the quadrupole-mode resonance of the C-shaped SRR in frequency. All simulations were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software, which is a frequency-domain solver based on the finite element method (FEM), to solve the Maxwell equations. For the structure of the metamaterial unit cell, the unit element was surrounded by periodic boundary conditions on four sides, and the top and bottom of the unit element were considered as perfectly matched layers. The simulated structure was illuminated by an x-polarized plane wave at normal incidence. Most metals can be regarded as perfect conductors at THz frequencies. Therefore, we obtained the values of permittivity, plasma frequency, and damping constant of aluminum required for the simulations using the Drude model [39]. In addition, the silicon layer with a thickness of 200 \(\upmu\)m was modeled as a lossless dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity of 11.68.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Manufacturing of Graphene/AgNP Hybrid Suspensions  
A step-by-step scheme for a hybrid manufacturing process is shown in Figure 1.  
Polyol synthesis is widely used to manufacture suspensions of AgNPs of pre-defined morphologies [49; 50; 51], as suspensions can be readily formed into thin films suitable for various TCE applications [52; 53; 54; 55; 56]. In our previous study [48], we established that synthesis in EG at temperatures below 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a PVP/AgNO\({}_{3}\) weight ratio above 3:2 g/g leads to primarily silver nanowires (AgNWs) (Figure 2a,b); some smaller polyhedric and spherical AgNPs (Figure 2c; see also smaller particles in Figure 2b) are also present in the mixture. Such a complex suspension composition may seem detrimental, as usually efforts are made to obtain morphologically-homogeneous products [57; 58; 59], but numerous studies suggest that the percolation threshold is usually lower for composite systems of mixed particle morphology, as both experimental and theoretical studies suggest [60; 61; 62].  
Direct liquid-phase exfoliation is a well-established protocol for manufacturing low-defect FLG at relatively low cost. Water-based suspensions of FLG can be effectively used as both fillers for polymer-based composites and thin film technology. As can be seen from Figure 2d, the technique described in detail in [47] provides very thin (2-3 layers) FLG with a lateral size of ca. 1 \(\upmu\)m.  
TEM images of particles in hybrid FLG/AgNP suspensions show very pronounced decoration of the FLG surface with smaller isometric silver particles. Although this decoration must be purely noncovalent in nature, it may well serve to increase composite connectivity while decreasing high FLG-FLG interparticle local contact resistances. The observed decoration effect was achieved by simple collective ultrasonication of the mixed suspension; therefore, no defects affecting \(\pi\)-electron system and charge carrier mobility  
Figure 1: Process scheme for hybrid FLG/AgNPs suspensions manufacturing.  
should be introduced in the graphene plane. Analyzing electron microscopy data, one can also notice that in hybrid suspensions almost all of the FLG particles are decorated with AgNPs, which suggests a high homogeneity of the system.
## 3 Test Results and Analysis  
### Evolution of Strain Field of Sandstone under Different Loading Rates  
Figure 4 shows the stress-strain curves of red sandstone under three loading rates, and Table 2 shows the uniaxial compression test results of red sandstone under three loading rates. It can be found from the stress-strain curve and the test results that the peak strength and elastic modulus of sandstone increased with the increase in loading rate. In addition, with the increase in loading rate, less time is required for the sandstone specimen to be damaged. This is due to the fact that when the loading rate is high, the initial crack in the sandstone does not have time to fully expand and develop, which leads to the enhancement of rock resistance to external force and deformation. Its engineering significance is that properly increasing the excavation speed is beneficial for maintaining the strength of surrounding rock and reducing the difficulty of support when excavation is carried out in rock mass.  
Figure 5a shows the cloud diagram of strain field evolution at different times during the uniaxial loading process of sandstone, with a loading rate of 0.02 mm/min. Under the loading rate, the deformation localization zone of the rock begins to grow and develop from the left side from the right side of the bottom of the specimen, and gradually forms a macroscopic crack whose direction is approximately parallel to the axial direction of the specimen. This crack eventually runs through the whole specimen, leading to its overall failure. Figure 5b shows the cloud diagram of strain field evolution at different times during the uniaxial loading process of sandstone, at a loading rate of 0.1 mm/min. Under the loading rate, the deformation localization zone of rock begins to grow and develop from the left side of the top of the specimen, and macroscopic cracks appear. These cracks eventually run through the whole specimen, resulting in its overall failure. Figure 5c shows the cloud diagram of strain field evolution at different times during the uniaxial loading process of sandstone, at a loading rate of 0.5 mm/min. Under the loading conditions of this loading rate, the deformation localization zone of rock begins to grow and develop from the left side of the bottom of the specimen, and several small cracks grow near the main crack. The development, expansion and intersection of small cracks lead to the final macroscopic failure of the rock.  
By comparing the evolution cloud diagram of the sandstone strain field and the macroscopic deformation process of rock under the three loading rates, it can be seen that the failure range increases with the loading rate until the final failure of the specimen. With the increase in loading rate, the failure mode also changes from shear failure to splitting failure, and the failure degree of rock specimens shows an increasing trend.
## 2 Materials and Methodology
### Data Reduction  
The temperatures on the hot and cold sides have an impact on a TEG module's maximum efficiency. This is because the temperature of a module affects the voltage and current it produces. According to Equation (9) [27; 28; 29], the maximum efficiency of a TEG module can be anticipated as:  
\[\eta_{max}\ =\ \frac{T_{h}\ -T_{C}}{T_{h}}\ \ \frac{\sqrt{1+Z\overline{T}}-1}{ \sqrt{1+Z\overline{T}}+\frac{T_{c}}{T_{h}}} \tag{9}\]  
\(\overline{T}=\frac{T_{h}+T_{c}}{2}\) is the mean temperature of the source, while \(T_{h}\) and \(T_{c}\) are the temperatures of the hot and cold sides of TEG, respectively. A figure of merit is denoted by the symbol \(Z\overline{T}\), where \(Z\overline{T}\), and \(Z_{p,n}\) are defined as [27; 30]:  
\[Z\overline{T}_{p,n}=\frac{\alpha^{2}\ \overline{T}}{\rho\ k^{\prime}} \tag{10}\]  
\[Z_{p,n}=\frac{\alpha^{2}\ \sigma}{\lambda} \tag{11}\]  
Figure 7: Thermal paste, arrays and insulators used in the panel.  
The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are represented as \(\alpha\), \(\sigma\), and \(\lambda\), respectively, in the above equation. All of these parameters depend on the material chosen to fabricate the TEG, which in this case is Bi\({}_{2}\)Te\({}_{3}\). \(Z\overline{T}\) is a constant in the above equation. Nevertheless, \(Z\overline{T}\) has a temperature dependency, as shown by Equation (9). In consideration of the fact that \(Z\overline{T}\) is dependent upon the characteristics of fabricated materials, the value of \(Z\overline{T}\) was determined considering the temperatures at which the experiments were carried out. The normalized temperature ranges between (0 and 1). As suggested by [31].
## 4 Enhancing the Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing (EDMR) Protocol
### The Routing Phase of the EDMR Protocol
#### 4.2.2 The Active/Sleep Sub-Phase
These decisions are made based on the data received from the currently active clusters and INs located near the sleeping clusters. This operation is repeated in every cycle. For example, the use of WSNs in target tracking applications requires continuous updates on the coordinates of mobile targets moving within a specific area. The clusters near the target's position remain active and continue sensing its coordinates, whereas those farther away enter sleep mode, as illustrated in Figure 7. When a target begins to move, as shown in Figure 8, the BS activates the clusters in its new vicinity. This approach provides an efficient method for detecting the target's location, reducing energy consumption, and prolonging the network lifetime. Algorithm 4 illustrates the pseudocode corresponding to this scenario. Figure 7: A case example of the dynamic sleeping scenario. ```
Definitions \(\text{CH}[\text{m}]\ \in\) the set of CHs  TH: Threshold value N: Normal node \(V_{new}\): the new data value \(V_{pre}\): the previously stored data value \(\Delta\): the relative difference Max_Cycle: maximum cycle number in the round 1: begin 2: // cycle 1: Initial Evaluation 3: for each (CH[m]) 4: transmit \(V_{new}\) to the BS; 5: for each (\(V_{new}\) received from the BS) 6: compute \(\Delta\); 7: if (\(\Delta\) < TH) 8: mark cluster [m] as deactivated; 9: send broadcast message (CH[m]_ID, mode_bit = 1); 10: else 11: mark CH[m] as activated; 12: end if 13: end For 14: If (CH[m] received a broadcast message from the BS) 15: CH[m] broadcasts a sleep message to its Ns; 16: Ns of this cluster enter sleep mode; 17: remain CH[m] active; 18: else 20: remain Ns active 21: end if 22: end for 23: // from cycle 2 to the maximum number of cycles in the round 24: while (cycle \(\leq\) Max_cycle) 25: for each (CH[m]) 26: if (CH[m] received reactivate message) 27: CH[m] broadcasts activate message to its Ns; 28: Ns of the cluster [m] start sensing and transmit their data to CH[m]; 29: else 30: the cluster[m] remains in deactivate mode; 31: end if 32: if (CH[m] received a deactivate message from the BS) 33: CH[m] broadcasts a sleep message to its Ns; 34: Ns of this cluster enter sleep mode; 35: remain CH[m] active; 36: end if 37: cycle++;
```  
**Algorithm 4**Dynamic Sleeping Scenario
## 4 Results and Discussion  
We discuss the characterization results of individual and integrated passive components in this section. Our setup includes a two-port VNA with a 14-40 GHz range and 500 \(\upmu\)m pitch ACP40 GSG probes, using SOLT calibration. We conducted a dimensional analysis to inspect the features and determine the electrical dimensions from the physical coupons.  
There are two fundamental limitations of the available measurement setup which influence the design stage. The first one is the truncation of measured data at the highest frequency of VNA (40 GHz). The second limitation, which results in an extensive and elaborate design stage, is the number of VNA ports (limited to two). Since diplexers, couplers and their integrated versions are multi-port networks, several versions of the same structure need to be designed with the remaining ports terminated using broadband terminators. In this way, a three-port network such as a diplexer requires three design variants to obtain all six s-parameters, as governed by a commonly known formula of combinations. The combination of a diplexer and a coupler leads to a five-port network which requires ten design variants for complete characterization. To maintain practicality in measurements, a few variations are designed to obtain key s-parameters, such as S\({}_{21}\) and S\({}_{42}\), for the combined diplexer and coupler, as shown in Figure 10. High-frequency chip resistors with a 0402 (1005 metric) footprint are chosen as the broadband terminators [34]. Some of the soldered resistors on the fabricated multi-port structures, such as diplexers, couplers and their integrated versions, are shown in Figure 11.  
We fabricated the doubly terminated filters individually to characterize their response. Design and fabrication improvements ensured excellent model-to-hardware correlation. All filters (hairpin, interdigital and edge-coupled) show maximum passband insertion loss of 2.60 dB, return loss better than 15 dB and VSWR of less than 1.43. These values include  
Figure 11: Broadband terminators (0402 high–frequency resistors) soldered onto fabricated multi–port structures.  
Figure 10: Fabricated variant of integrated passive component block: hairpin diplexer for bands n257 and n260 combined with coupler (for S\({}_{21}\) measurement only).  
1 mm input and output feed lines. The frequency ratio at the 30 dB attenuation point to the band edge on both sides of the passband gives the stopband performance, which is less than 1.17 for hairpin filters, 1.2 for interdigital filters and 1.22 for edge-coupled filters. Figure 12 shows the simulated and measured responses of the two fabricated filters.
# SEIRD COVID-19 Formal Characterization and Model Comparison Validation
## 6 Parameters Validation
### South Korea Case  
Due to its strong and early response to the virus, we consider the time series from South Korea as a good reference. As an ideal assumption, the Korean data are not underreported in our preliminary analysis. The level of reporting is, however, unknown and, according to [23], it would be in the range of 50 to 100% of the total real cases.  
It is important to note that not all cases reported as positive develop the disease. Recent studies in Korea [24] and China [25] have set the case fatality rate (CFR, the fatality rate of detected cases) at 1.4%, substantially lower than initial reports. However, the infection fatality rate (IFR, the fatality rate of total infected population) remains highly uncertain due to the lack of reliable estimates on the number of asymptomatic cases. In our study, we have established a possible upper bound. So, if Korea's underreporting were higher, the IFR would decrease accordingly.  
We have first reproduced the curve of confirmed active infectious cases knowing that the first lockdowns and serious containment measures taken by the government happened between February 20 and 25. However, these effects will be noticed days later due to the delay in diagnosis and publication of the data. For Korea, we have estimated a delay of around 10 days on average from the infectious contact to the confirmation of the case, which includes the 5 days of latency and the 5-day infective period see Figures 12 and 13.  
Figure 12: Korea fits. For the “one change point” model, we use the data of active cases (infective in the model) and adjust the transmissivity rate (\(\beta\)) and the containment factor (\(\rho\)) but also the infectious period (\(\gamma^{-1}\)). We find the best fits at \(\gamma^{-1}=5.4\) days, being consistent with the values proposed by [22]. For the second set, we use \(\gamma\) as a fixed parameter to find again the new values of \(\beta\) and \(\rho\). For each case, we use their fitted parameters to find an estimation of the infectious fatality rate considering the time series of confirmed deaths.  
The results of our approach are consistent with other techniques such as the time series correlation analysis [26] where a range of 0.4 to 0.7% is calculated for the Korean IFR, an interval that includes all our proposed values. But these are only higher estimates assuming no underreporting. The actual value should be even lower as more comprehensive studies seem to indicate. They estimate it at 0.1 to 0.4 according to the CEBM [27] or even slightly less than 0.1 according to [28].  
All this leads, in turn, to a higher R\({}_{0}\) value than initially estimated (2.2-2.7). The Imperial College raised it in its March 30 report [29] to 3.87 [3.01-4.66] and the CDC published, on April 7 [30], an even more dramatic update raising R\({}_{0}\) to 5.7 [3.8-8.9]. The latter values are in line with those obtained in our fits. Of course, there is still a lot of uncertainty around these values but a relatively high value of R\({}_{0}\) is already a reasonable hypothesis.
## 2 Antennas Design and Working Principle Analysis  
### Transmission Property Analysis of the Parallel SSPPs-TL  
The profile of the paralleled SSPPs-TL is shown in Figure 1. The paralleled SSPPs-TL consists of a pair of parallel striplines with corrugated grooves periodically along two sides. The period of the unit cell is d, and the height of the groove is h. The length and width of the corrugated strips are H and a. In order to realize good impedance matching between the SSPPs-TL and 50 \(\Omega\) feeder, the transition section between the SSPP TL and microstrip line is designed. The top and bottom surfaces of the transition section are tapered in the opposite ways. The lengths of the corrugated strips in the bottom surface are \(w_{1}\), \(w_{2}\), and \(w_{3}\). The substrate F4B is utilized with dielectric constant 2.65 and thickness 1 mm.  
The dispersion curves of the parallel SSPPs-TL with various depths of the corrugated grooves are shown in Figure 2. The SSPPs-TL support slower waves compared with the traditional slow-wave TL, which has a stronger dispersion property. As \(h\) is 0, the parallel SSPPs-TL becomes a balanced TL, the dispersion curve of which is a linear relationship with the frequency, approaching \(k_{0}/\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r}}\). As \(h\) is greater than zero, the dispersion curve gradually deviates from a linearity and then the mode is prohibited, propagating at a certain frequency. With the increase in the groove depth \(h\), the dispersion is stronger and stronger, and the cutoff frequency moves to a lower and lower frequency. When \(h\) is 4 mm and 6 mm, waves are stopped to travel through the parallel SSPPs-TL at about 7.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz, respectively.  
The S parameters of the parallel SSPPs-TL with \(h\) = 4 mm is shown in Figure 3, which has good transmission property until 7.5 GHz.  
Figure 1: The profile of the parallel SSPPs-TL. (**a**) the full view, (**b**) a unit cell, (**c**) a transition section. \(d\) = 6 mm, \(a\) = 3 mm, \(w\) = 2.7 mm, \(h\) = 4 mm, \(H\) = 10.7 mm, \(l_{1}\) = 8.7 mm, \(l_{2}\) = 6.7 mm, \(l_{3}\) = 4.7 mm, \(w_{1}\) = 4.7 mm, \(w_{2}\) = 6.7 mm, \(w_{3}\) = 8.  
Figure 2: Dispersion diagram of the parallel SSPPs-TL.