esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# RDSP: Rapidly Deployable Wireless Ad Hoc System for Post-Disaster Management
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### End-to-End Delay  
Figure 9(a) compares the end-to-end delay for the RDSP system and UF scheme. It shows that the end-to-end delay for both systems increases as the number of relays increases across the path. To elaborate, the end-to-end delay for path-4 having 8 relays is greater than that of path-1 having 7 relays. Similarly, the end-to-end delay of path-1 is greater than that of path-2 having 6 relays. Likewise,  
Figure 9: Distance covered by edges and paths.  
the end-to-end delay of path-2 is greater than that of path-3 having 5 relays. This is because when the number of relays increases across a particular path, the processing and transmission time of messages also increase, but more relays offer a long-distance coverage benefit. However, the RDSP system achieved around 12% lower end-to-end delays than the UF scheme across all the four paths. This was because the UF scheme is based on a DSDV protocol that requires all the relays to periodically exchange hello messages and entire routing tables, which leads to frequent contention and collisions among neighboring relays. In such cases, the relays must wait for a busy channel to become idle before performing any transmission. On the other hand, the RDSP system avoids the formation and exchange of routing tables and creates routes between the server and client device on the fly during the deployment of relays, as explained earlier in Figure 7, which eventually reduces collisions among neighboring relays and causes a decrease in the end-to-end delay. Figure 9(b) compares the round-trip delay for the RDSP system and UF scheme. It shows that the round-trip delays are approximately twice the end-to-end delays of both systems and R the DSP system achieves around 13% lower round-trip delays than the UF scheme across all the four paths.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Speed and Position Comparison  
To further elaborate the performance of the proposed hybrid MPC-UKF technique, we compare the estimation of speed and position under multiple-step change in the reference values. To check the robustness, five-speed references are imposed, such as 150 rad/s, 300 rad/s, 450 rad/s, 600 rad/s, and 225 rad/s. The comparative analysis of speed estimation under the control algorithm of MPC-UKF and MPC-EKF is shown in Figure 12. The graph in Figure 12 shows the accuracy of MPC-UKF as PWM manipulation is better compared to MPC-EKF. In Figure 12, the MPC with the EKF achieves a steady state speed in less than 1.5 milliseconds; however, the ripples remain constant during the whole step. Moreover, an overshoot is observed for every reference speed change due to aggressive achievement of steady-state, and ripples also propagate in the steady-state behavior because of the highly nonlinear system of the PMSM. The EKF could not handle the highly nonlinear systems since it approximates the mathematical model of the PMSM up to 1 st order by using a Taylor series expansion. However, no overshoot and ripples are observed for MPC-UKF. Therefore, in MPC-EKF, speed estimation is not accurate compared to MPC-UKF. Moreover, the parametric invariance of the EKF is not robust enough to remove the harmonics or internal disturbances. Furthermore, the receding horizon in the MPC is chosen as one step ahead because the feedback-estimated values through the UKF or EKF constantly determine the change in the input for the MPC. The MPC predicts the constant values from the observer when the reference value becomes steady. In the steady-state, ripples arise since the EKF could not reject the noise and is resilient to parametric invariance.  
Figure 11: Three-phase stator voltages for MPC-EKF.  
Figure 12: Speed estimation comparison of MPC-UKF and MPC-EKF.  
A detailed quantitative analysis of the proposed MPC-UKF technique with MPC-EKF and MPC-SMO is presented in Table 4. The results clearly indicate that MPC-UKF outperforms the other two techniques. Therefore, it is evident that the MPC with UKF produces smoother and more accurate results as EKF linearizes the system model and therefore develops inaccuracy. After the transient period, steady-state error in MPC-UKF reduces to zero while the error persists in MPC-EKF. The complexity level of MPC-UKF and MPC-EKF is almost similar, but under noisy conditions; MPC-UKF is more promising for highly nonlinear and complex systems, and it is robust and indifferent to parametric variation. However, the execution time of the MPC-UKF is higher compared to MPC-EKF and MPC-SMO because the UKF must compute sigma points at each sampling interval.
# Path Planning for Conformal Antenna Surface Detection Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm
## 3 Improved Genetic Algorithm Combining the Historical Optimal Population
### Historical Optimal Population  
Biological genetics play a vital role in the evolutionary process in nature. At the same time, organisms can also draw experience and wisdom from their effective predecessors to guide the development of the population. In this paper, the concept of the historical optimal population is introduced, i.e., each time the optimal fitness changes, this contemporary optimal individual is included in the historical optimal population. For the historical optimal population, two main operations are performed: full mutation and merging. In this case, performing the full mutation operation on the historical optimal population is  
Figure 7: Comparison of the iterative results of the method described in this paper and the method described in the literature [23]: **(a)** the iterative results of crossover and mutation probabilities of the method described in this paper; **(b)** the iterative results of crossover and mutation probabilities of the method described in the literature [23]; **(c)** the kroA100 paths obtained via this paper’s method; **(d)** the kroA100 paths obtained via the method described in the literature [23].  
similar to the partheno-genetic algorithm [24], which performs the mutation operation on all individuals, with the same mutation operator as described in Section 3.2, while removing the mutation probability. This operation is performed on only one individual, simplifying the operation and improving computational efficiency. In addition, performing the mutation operation on this particular population has the probability of producing a better solution. The reason for not using the crossover operation is that there is a great deal of similarity between the individuals of the historical optimal population, and performing the crossover operation on them is ineffective. The merge operation refers to the merging of the mutated historical optimal population with the parent and offspring individuals, which together continue to the next step of the local optimization operation. Taking berlin52 in TSPLIB as an example, the comparison results of using the historical optimal population and not using the historical optimal population, with all other conditions being the same, are shown in Table 3, and a representative comparison of the iteration curves is shown in Figure 8. The comparison results show that with the introduction of the historical optimal population, the iteration speed was accelerated and there was a better chance of obtaining an optimal solution.
## 2 Vibration Signal Data Processing and Feature Enhancement  
The computational accuracy of convolutional neural networks is highly related to the diversity of data samples and the obviousness of the samples' features. Too few data samples and inconspicuous data features can lead to overfitting in the calculation process, resulting in inaccurate calculation results. In order to solve the above problems, image data enhancement and data expansion techniques are introduced. In image processing, common data enhancement operations include rotation, flipping, panning, scaling, cropping, and so on.
## 2 Communication Network Infrastructure
### Lagrange Subnet Routers (LSR)
#### 2.2.1 Lagrange Point Placing  
To address the challenges associated with wireless optical communication technology, it is proposed that the five LSRs be positioned at Lagrange points. Lagrange points offer advantages in terms of orbital stability for devices such as satellites. Taking the Earth-Moon  
Figure 1: Arrangement of Network Devices for a Celestial Body.  
system as an example, these points are named \(L_{1}\), \(L_{2}\), \(L_{3}\), \(L_{4}\), and \(L_{5}\), see Figure 2. \(L_{4}\) and \(L_{5}\) are considered stable, making it relatively straightforward to maintain a position relative to the planet without significant orbital adjustments. However, a problem arises with \(L_{1}\), \(L_{2}\), and \(L_{3}\) points, as they are considered unstable. Despite their potential utility in maintaining a certain position for devices, these points are susceptible to disturbances in their orbital paths due to gravitational and non-gravitational forces. When a nanosatellite moves away from its equilibrium point in these regions, it continues to drift away.  
The physical design of the LSR comes into play here. To utilize all five Lagrange points effectively, the LSR must have a significant amount of mass, enough to make them less susceptible to gravitational and non-gravitational forces that may disrupt their planned orbits.
###### Abstract  
Background and aim. Acute rhinitis (AR) is a common condition in children, primarily of viral origin, causing nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and discomfort, with a significant impact on quality of life and economic burden. Current treatments are limited to symptomatic relief, with nasal irrigation being the primary non-pharmacological intervention. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of _Elysium Naso-gola_--an isotonic saline solution enriched with mullen (_Verhascum thapsus_), thyme (_Thymus vulgaris_), propolisis, and long-chain polyphosphates--in reducing symptom severity and duration in pediatric AR. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial was conducted on 60 children (aged 4-14 years) with AR. Participants were randomized into two groups: the active group received _Elysium Naso-gola_, while the placebo group received a sterile isotonic saline solution, both administered as nasal sprays four times daily for seven days. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline (T0), day 5 (T1), and day 10 (T2) using the I-NOSE questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The primary outcome was symptom reduction at T1, while secondary outcomes included nasal obstruction improvement and complete symptom resolution at T2. Results. At baseline, both groups exhibited comparable symptoms severity. At T1, the active group showed a significant reduction in I-NOSE scores compared to placebo group (\(p<0.05\)), with a marked decrease in nasal obstruction severity. VAS scores also indicated a greater improvement in nasal breathing in the active group. At T2, complete symptom resolution was achieved in 60% of patients treated with _Elysium Naso-gola_, compared to only 5.3% in the placebo group (\(p<0.01\)). No adverse events were reported, and treatment adherence was high in both groups. Conclusions. The findings suggest that _Elysium Naso-gola_ is a safe and effective non-pharmacological treatment for pediatric AR, providing faster symptom relief and higher resolution rates. Larger multicenter trials are warranted to confirm these preliminary results and further explore its role in pediatric respiratory care.  
acute rhinitis; pediatrics; mullen; thyme; propolis; polyphosphates; randomized controlled trial +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Simulation Parameters  
For the simulation scenario, we consider a mining roadway with a single CSK transmitter at a fixed position and a single CSK receiver in a miner's helmet (hence, we position the height of RX at 1.8 m), free to move anywhere in the \(x\)-\(y\) plane of the tunnel. The spatial  
Figure 3: Proposed CSK-based UM-VLC channel model. dimensions of the scenario and the channel parameters used in this work are defined in Table 2. All the spectral parameters used in the simulation are presented in Figure 4.  
The SPDs for each LED, \(\Phi_{1}(\Lambda),\Phi_{2}(\lambda),\Phi_{3}(\lambda)\), are collected from [42] and were selected because they have already been used in an experimental CSK setup in [10; 24]. Their dominant wavelengths are in the ranges \(\lambda_{R}\in[620,645]\) (nm), \(\lambda_{G}\in[520,540]\) (nm), and \(\lambda_{B}\in[460,485]\) (nm) for the red, green, and blue LEDs, respectively.
# Phase Center Corrections for BDS IGSO and MEO Satellites in IGb14 and IGSR3 Frame
## 4 Results and Validation
### Validation  
Subsequently, we investigated the effect of the new PCOs and PCVs of BDS satellites on the orbit consistency and the station coordinates with the data from DOY 335 to 362, 2019. For this purpose, three solutions were obtained taking account of the PCC estimates as well as the ground antenna calibrations for BDS signals. Specifically, the solution labeled as IGS was determined based on the isgs14_2101.txt, taking into account the ground antenna calibrations for BDS signals taken from isgsR3_2077.txt. For the solutions labeled F14 and FR3, the updated isgsR3_2077.txt was compiled to include the BDS PCC estimates in IGb14 and IGSR3 frame.
# Investigation of Steep Waste Dump Slope Stability of Iron Ore Mine--A Case Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Geo-Slope Calculation Results  
According to GB50421-2018 \"Standard for Waste Dump Design of Nonferrous Metal Mines\" [51], waste dumps could be classified into three levels. According to these standards, the safety factor reserve for the understudied Waste Dump#1 should ideally be between 1.15 and 1.20. However, the slope stability coefficient for Waste Dump#1, as calculated using the GEO-SLOPE software, was found to be 1.047. This value is somewhat (8.7%) lower than the predetermined safety range recommended by the above standard, indicating a potential hazard in the current configuration of the waste dump.  
This issue indicates that the understudied slope structure could be somewhat prone to failure and instability according to the GB50421-2018 standard. Such a fact is firstly attributed to the specific geometry of Waste Dump#1 (i.e., the slope height of the waste dump #1 is somewhat lower than 100 m, and there are problems such as large base dip angle and high step height). Another important issue is that the SF = 1.047 is almost obtained for the most critical sliding surface of the slope, which is provided for us through GEO-SLOPE software based on the Morgenstern-Price approach as well as try-and-error procedure of various sliding surfaces, until arriving at the nearly most critical one (i.e., the lowest level of SF). However, the suggested SF range by GB50421-2018 is generally provided for the global stability of the whole slope, not the local one obtained here as the critical sliding surface, somehow interpreting the present stability of the Waste Dump#1's slope.  
The above analysis guides us to suitably enhance the stability of the slope through its appropriate rectification. Before that, in the upcoming part, the capabilities of the PFC-based model in predicting the deformation of the present slope are carefully examined.  
Then, the appropriate rectifications are applied to the surface, and again stability and deformations will be analyzed.
## 4 Results
### Post Analysis: Yearly Changes of the Key Technologies in SEPs Optical Networks  
We subsequently inspected the yearly changes in the key technologies in SEPs optical networks to understand the technology trends. The results of the analysis are depicted in Figure 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**CPC**} & **Closeness** & \multirow{2}{*}{**CPC**} & **Eigenvector** & \multirow{2}{*}{**CPC**} & **Fragmentation** \\  & **Centrality** & & **Centrality** & & **Centrality** \\ \hline H04L & 15.500 & H04L & 0.448 & H04L & 0.552 \\ H04W & 14.500 & H04W & 0.419 & H04N & 0.551 \\ H04B & 12.167 & H04B & 0.340 & H04W & 0.532 \\ H04N & 12.000 & H04J & 0.304 & H04B & 0.513 \\ H04J & 11.667 & H04Q & 0.261 & H04J & 0.510 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Top 5 CPC codes for optical networks.  
Figure 2: Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) three-tier network diagram of laser and optical technologies. Note: The size of each node indicates the number of nodes connected to it; the thickness of the arc denotes the strength of the connection.  
Figure 3 illustrates that H04W and H04L technologies have exhibited high growth in recent years, which signifies that wireless communication devices and digital information transmission have gained attention with the development of 5G and the Internet of things. Looking into the future, we can expect that, as 5G or even 6G develops, the application of communication technologies will become more common in people's lives, such as the Internet of Vehicle. Therefore, many companies co-established the Innovative Optical and Wireless Network, using photonics network and digital twin computing as their core technology. In sum, from Figure 3 and from the industry trend of forming alliances, we can predict that in the future how to integrate optical networks with wireless communication devices and digital information will be a major trend of the industry's technological development.
# Multistage Smoothing Compressor for Multistep Pulse Compressors
## 2 Beam Smoothing Owing to the Spatial Chirp
### Beam Smoothing in the Near Field
\(\theta_{s}\) and \(\theta_{l}\) are the output angles of the shortest wavelength \(\lambda_{s}\) and the longest wavelength \(\lambda_{l}\), respectively, from the first prism or grating of the input laser pulse; \(L\) is the distance of the prism pair or the grating pair; \(D\) is the introduced spatial chirp width on the output beam; and w is the full width of the output beam. Figure 2: (**a**) LSIM ratio variations related to the spatial chirp width. (**b**) Spatial chirp width curves with respect to the distance of the prism pair or the grating pair. (**c**) Intensity curves of the center lines along the X\(-\)axis of the beams without spatial chirp (black) and those with 10 mm (red) or 60 mm (blue) spatial chirp width. The output laser beam using (**d**) a typical symmetrical four-grating compressor, and (**e**) an asymmetric four-grating compressor. angle and that of the grating pair with a groove density of 1400 lines/mm. It can be seen that the separated distance \(L\) for the prism pair is approximately ten times longer than that of the grating pair to achieve the same \(D\). A spatial chirp width of approximately 8 mm can be obtained using the prism pair with the distance \(L\) of about 10 m.  
Figure 2c shows the intensity curves of the center lines along the X\(-\)axis of the original 370 \(\times\) 370 mm\({}^{2}\) beam and those when 10 mm and 60 mm spatial chirp widths are introduced. Strong LSIM can be observed in the laser beam with no spatial chirp. If a 10 mm or 60 mm spatial chirp is introduced, the beam is well smoothed, and its LSIM is reduced to approximately 1.3 or 1.1, respectively. Note that the induced LSIM with high spatial frequency is random, then there is LSIM with low spatial frequency in the simulation. Figure 2d,e show the experimental results of the beam-smoothing effect using the asymmetric four-grating compressor configuration in a Ti:sapphire PW laser [25; 26]. A 2 mm-wide paper strip is placed directly before the asymmetric four-grating compressor, which is used to induce strong LSIM to the input laser beam due to the diffraction effect. Figure 2d shows the output laser beam with obvious LSIM when the compressor is a typical symmetrical four-grating compressor. Compared to Figure 2d, Figure 2e shows the output laser beam with a clear and smoothed spatial intensity when a distance difference of approximately 90 mm is induced between the two grating pairs. When considering a full spectral bandwidth of approximately 100 nm, the induced spatial chirp width on the last grating is about 9 mm.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)  
The concentrations of essential oils used in this study ranged from 0.035% to 5% (\(v/v\)), with sterile DMSO as the diluent. To ensure maximum solubility and stability, all stock solutions of essential oils were initially prepared in DMSO. Following this, two-fold serial dilutions were performed in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth.Sterile distilled water was used to prepare aqueous vitamin C solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 20 mg/mL. Serial dilutions of thyme and oregano essential oils were prepared in BrainHeart Infusion broth (BHlb) (HiMedia, Ridacom, Sofia, Bulgaria) at concentrations ranging from 0.035% (_v/v_) to 5% (_v/v_) in a final volume of 1 mL. Following dilution, 0.5 mL of an aqueous vitamin C solution at a concentration of 20 mg/mL was added to each tube. Subsequently, 0.1 mL of a standardized microbial suspension (0.5 McFarland standard) was inoculated into all test tubes, which were then incubated under specific conditions. Three positive controls were included, each containing 1 mL of BHI broth and 0.1 mL of a standardized suspension of the three test microorganisms. Additionally, four negative controls were prepared, consisting of 1 mL of BHI broth supplemented with either oregano essential oil, thyme essential oil, vitamin C, or DMSO, respectively. A control sample was included to assess the potential interaction of the DMSO solution with the growth of bacterial and fungal microorganisms. Using the same methodology, separate samples were prepared to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils alone (0.035% to 5% _v/v_) and vitamin C alone (0.15 to 20 mg/mL). All tests were conducted in triplicate. The incubation period was set at 24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_, while the test tubes containing _C. albicans_ were incubated for 48 h at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest concentration (highest dilution) of the antimicrobial agent that prevented visible turbidity.  
Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)  
To determine the MBC and MFC for the combinations of oregano essential oil and vitamin C, thyme essential oil and vitamin C, and the individual active compounds against _E. coli_, _S. aureus_ and _C. albicans_, an inoculum from each sample was streaked onto blood agar plates using a sterile loop. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The agar plates containing _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h, while those with _C. albicans_ were incubated at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 48 h. The lowest concentration of the active compounds at which microbial growth was reduced by 99.9% was considered the MBC or MFC.