## 2 State of the Art
Therefore, temperature and humidity can be considered universal parameters for sensor design to monitor a wide range of food products [2]. Combining these sensors with machine learning algorithms, wireless sensing technology, and intelligent devices like manipulators effectively enhances monitoring accuracy [18]. The fruits and vegetables often result in shriveling, which can significantly affect the quality in terms of texture, appearance, and saleable weight during transportation and storage [19]. Recognizing the imperative need for pre-cooling in cold chain development, the paper highlights the evolving technologies of solar and biomass energy. While there are challenges, such as the instability of solar energy and its low energy density, coupled with advancements in phase change energy storage technology, the paper suggests a novel approach--integrating solar and biomass energy in a coupled drive for pre-cooling energy storage processes [20]. Because of the perishability and strong timeliness of distribution of fresh products, inventory costs, penalties, and damage costs need to be considered [21]. Livestock products, comprising over 15% of global agri-food trade, face increased food safety risks due to rising demand. Ensuring their safety necessitates improvements in food quality, cold chain transit, and preservation. Despite authorities' demand for complete traceability, traditional supply chains often manipulate paperwork, neglecting this requirement. Overhauling supply chains and managing food recalls during safety issues prove expensive and challenging. Traceability-focused food supply chain management explores technologies like IoT, while blockchain shows promise in numerous studies and use cases across regions [22]. The creation of a seamless cold chain supply system undergoes three distinct stages, with blockchain technology serving as a crucial element. The behavioral decisions of the three stakeholders are notably impacted by factors such as the expenses associated with adopting blockchain, government incentives, and potential penalties [23]. Traditional traceability data faces challenges with low cooperation trust and poor authenticity in the supply chain's data transmission process, causing a crisis of trust among consumers. The blockchain traceability system addresses this by establishing multi-party participation, maintaining a distributed database, and using cryptography and consensus mechanisms to ensure data integrity and high credibility [24]. The paper [25] addresses the challenge of maintaining the freshness of perishable products during transportation in urban areas. It focuses on planning activities to preserve freshness within a specific distance range, utilizing an analytical model involving an online retailer and a third-party logistics service provider. This finding is crucial for management, as accurate prediction and control of freshness by distance range can minimize customer complaints about delivered product quality. Moreover, the use of mobile and desktop applications facilitates paperless operations for shipping, remote monitoring of temperature and humidity, anomaly detection, warnings, and customer interactions [26]. Other research [27] proposes a stochastic hub-and-spoke network model and optimization algorithm to minimize transportation costs by optimizing production, distribution, and transportation networks. This accounts for climate variability and its impact on crop yield, enabling distributors and consumers to find alternative suppliers in different areas to address fluctuations in produce supply. The field of the route of transportation optimization for cold chains is the area of scope of many researchers. The areas are a two-stage hybrid-heuristic-path-scheme algorithm, incorporating taboo tables, genetic algorithms, optimal-path generation, load capacity constraints, and time window constraints, devised to address the complexity of the model [28].