## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.2 Wireless Protocols
The Bluetooth LE radio, designed for ultra-low power operation, operates across 40 channels in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM frequency band. This design grants developers significant flexibility in crafting products that align with the specific connectivity demands of their target markets. Bluetooth LE supports various communication topologies, extending from point-to-point to broadcast and, more recently, mesh, enabling the creation of dependable large-scale device networks. Initially renowned for device communication, Bluetooth LE has evolved into a prominent device positioning technology, meeting the rising demand for highly accurate indoor location services [56]. The study from the Air Force Institute of Technology [57] delves into the security considerations of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) within CI applications, with a specific focus on WSNs, a technology routinely employed by the DoD for vital surveillance and reconnaissance. sance missions. The investigation foresees BLE as playing a pivotal role in the upcoming wave of wireless sensor networks, heightening its significance for military operations. Highlighting the centrality of BLE in CI, particularly in WSNs, the research illustrates its diverse applications, ranging from fortifying building security and enabling automation to contributing to environmental monitoring. It underlines the increasing relevance of BLE security as the DoD undergoes infrastructural modernization. The study underscores the potential repercussions of vulnerabilities within CI systems, emphasizing their ripple effect on air force networks and mission-critical systems. The research culminates by asserting the efficacy of BLE sniffers, specifically the BLE multi-variant, in fortifying CI application security by unveiling patterns of attack traffic. While proposing the integration of automated defensive solutions in the future, the study pragmatically advises current users to cautiously adopt BLE within CI, employing robust risk management strategies to navigate potential associated risks. As health/medical infrastructures are one of the critical infrastructures, paper [58] delves into increasing security concerns within smart health systems, specifically focusing on Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)'s devices employing Bluetooth technology. With the proliferation of IoMT devices in smart cities, there is a heightened vulnerability to cyberthreats, necessitating a robust cybersecurity strategy. The emphasis is on utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) for a decentralized proactive intrusion detection system designed to counter cyberattacks on IoMT networks. The proposed system seeks to independently identify and block malicious traffic, ensuring comprehensive defence. A notable contribution is the introduction of the BlueTack dataset, the inaugural intrusion detection dataset for both Bluetooth Classic and BLE. This dataset facilitates the creation of a multilayer intrusion detection approach, employing advanced deep learning techniques, and demonstrating impressive performance, with F1 scores ranging between 97% and 99.5%. The recommended decentralized architecture situates this intrusion detection system on the edge nodes of smart healthcare systems, offering a pragmatic solution for deployment in smart cities. * WirelessHART  
WirelessHART--initiated in 2004 by 37 HART Communication Foundation companies--is a wireless sensor networking technology developed for process field device networks. Approved by the IEC in 2009, it is an open standard supported by various industry leaders. The latest version--IEC/PAS62591:2016--was released in 2016. WirelessHART is an extension of the wired HART protocol, operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [59]. [PERSON] [60] notes that, in rural American communities, electric companies managing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are increasingly adopting wireless administration.