esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Opportunities and Challenges of Smartglass-Assisted Interactive Telementoring
## 2 Related Work
### Wearable Displays  
Remote collaboration attempts to remove physical barriers between remote workers. One such technique is the capability of sharing a remote worker's view and displaying it on a local site's displays. Wearable displays such as head-mounted displays (HMDs) worn by collaborators enable the sharing of other users' views, as well as supporting hands-free actions naturally. Wearable displays present additional information to the wearer. This characteristic has enabled various applications to be implemented using wearable displays. Wearable displays can be categorized as optical see-through (OST) or video see-through (VST) displays, and there are many trade-offs. In OST HMDs, the wearer can naturally see the real world through half-transparent mirrors placed in front of the wearer's eyes, which optically reflect a combination of real and computer-generated images to the eyes without processing latency or delays [12]. In VST HMDs, the real world is first captured with video cameras of the wider field of view (FoV) mounted on the HMD, and then the computer-generated images are electronically combined over the captured video [12].  
Google Glass launched in 2013 and demonstrated a viable use of OST HMDs through various situated applications in information visualization and augmented reality using images and instructions. Since then, commercial smartglasses from Microsoft [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21], Google [22; 23], HTC [7; 8], Vuzix [24], Epson [25; 26] and Brother [27] have integrated a wearable display with a computationally sufficient computing unit that provides connectivity and a multi-modal user interface. For example, the latest OST HMDs such as HoloLens 2 and MagicLeap One provide high-resolution displays (i.e., up to 2048 \(\times\) 1080), a wide FoV (i.e., 52 and 50 degrees), and tracking and control capabilities. For a comprehensive review on HMD for medical usages, readers are referred to [28].
## 2 Problem Statement
### Coordinate Frames  
The proximity operation mission scenario is described in Figure 1. There are two spacecrafts, the servicer and target. The target is non-cooperative, which has a pair of solar panels and antennas, rotating and running on an elliptical orbit. To describe the relative motion of spacecraft proximity operation process, the frame system should be established first. As shown in Figure 1, there are three types of coordinate frames, including Earth-centered inertial (ECI) frame, local vertical local horizontal (LVLH) frame, and body-fixed frame. They are denoted as \(\mathcal{F}_{i}=\{O_{i},\ i_{i},\ j_{i},\ k_{i}\}\), \(\mathcal{F}_{i}=\{O_{i},\ i_{i},\ j_{i},k_{i}\}\), and \(\mathcal{F}_{b}=\{O_{b},\ i_{b},\ j_{b},\ k_{b}\}\), respectively. \(\mathcal{F}_{i}\), \(\mathcal{F}_{i}\), and \(\mathcal{F}_{b}\) are all right-handed system. \(O_{i}\) is located in the center of the Earth; \(i_{i}\) is along the direction of the vernal equinox; \(k_{i}\) points toward the north pole; \(j_{i}\) is perpendicular to \(i_{i}\) and \(k_{i}\). \(O_{l}\) and \(O_{b}\) are located at the target; \(i_{l}\) points along the instantaneous vector from Earth center to the target, \(j_{l}\) is perpendicular to \(i_{l}\), pointing along the instantaneous tangential velocity; \(k_{l}\) completes the triad. \(i_{b}\), \(j_{b}\) and \(k_{b}\) point to the three body axes of the target, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.3 Model Architecture
The computational process of LSTM is more complex than RNN, and the main computational process is shown following: \[f_{t}=\textit{sigmoid}\left(W_{f}\cdot[a_{t-1},x_{t},c_{t-1}]+b_{f}\right)\] (5) \[i_{t}=\textit{sigmoid}(W_{t}\cdot[a_{t-1},x_{t},c_{t-1}]+b_{i})\] (6) \[c_{in}=\tanh(W_{c}\cdot[a_{t-1},x_{t},c_{t-1}]+b_{c})\] (7) \[c_{t}=f_{t}\cdot c_{t-1}+i_{t}\cdot c_{in}\] (8) \[o_{t}=\textit{sigmoid}(W_{o}\cdot[a_{t-1},x_{t},c_{t-1}]+b_{o})\] (9) \[a_{t}=o_{t}\cdot\tanh(c_{t})\] (10)  
where \(f_{t}\), \(i_{t}\), \(o_{t}\), and \(c_{t}\) are the forget gate, input gate, output gate, and the cell unit information vector, respectively. \(W\) denotes a weight matrix (e.g., \(W_{i}\) is the weight matrix of the input gate), and \(b\) denotes an offset vector (e.g., \(b_{i}\) is the offset vector of the input gate). When the forget gate \(f_{t}\) or the input gate \(t_{t}\) is activated, the value stored in cell unit \(c_{t}\) is updated. The output gate \(o_{t}\) controls the value in the cell to be output from the LSTM cell. Compared with LSTM, BLSTM can fetch both the preceding and the following context information, avoiding the disadvantage that LSTM networks can only extract the preceding context information [22]. In this paper, we used BLSTM to consider 256 ECG features of the \(n\) segments extracted by the MCNN, the \(n\) segments are segmented in the chronological order of the ECG recording. Finally, a \(softmax\) layer is used to predict the type of one input ECG recording (normal, AF, or other rhythms).
# Intensity Evolution of Cosine-Gaussian-Correlated Schell-Model Pulse Scattered by a Medium
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, we investigated the intensity evolution of a CGSM pulse scattered by a quasihomogeneous medium on the basis of the scattering theory of nonstationary fields. We derived the closed-form formula for the intensity of the scattered pulse in the time domain. We found that the effective angular width of the scattered pulse can be modulated by the pulse and medium parameters. It increased when the pulse parameters increased or the medium parameters decreased. When variations in the correlation length of the medium and the effective radius of the medium were the same, the former resulted in a more rapid change in the effective angular width of the scattered pulse. In addition, the intensity properties of the scattered CGSM pulse were closely related to the \(n\) parameter. Variations of the effective angular width of the scattered pulse induced by parameter \(n\) were analyzed in detail. For large values of parameter \(n\), the effective angular width of the scattered pulse changed slowly with the initial pulse duration, and sharply with the temporal-coherence length of the pulse. These results might find uses in practical applications of pulsed-beam scattering.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Normalized intensity of scattered pulse against scattering angle \(\theta\) for three different values of effective radius \(\sigma_{R}\) of medium. (**b**) Effective angular width of scattered pulse against effective radius \(\sigma_{R}\) of medium.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Normalized intensity of scattered pulse against scattering angle \(\theta\) for three different values of correlation length \(\sigma_{r}\) of medium. (**b**) Effective angular width of scattered pulse against correlation length \(\sigma_{r}\) of medium.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 61675094) and the Foundation of Henan Educational Committee (2016 GGJS-116).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Adsorption
#### 3.1.4 Accumulation Time  
Fundamentally, adsorption of the nonpolar analyte onto a nonpolar solid substrate (working electrode) is an equilibrium process. Curves characterizing the dependencies of accumulation time on peak current responses have the typical shape of adsorption isotherms [30] that express the variation in the amount of analyte adsorbed by the adsorbent within the time period at a constant temperature. As is shown in Figure 1, peak heights increased with increasing accumulation (adsorption) time up to 300 s. For longer accumulation periods, no significant increase in peaks intensity (saturation) was found based on the comparison of standard deviation values (error bars). For this reason, the value of 300 s was chosen as the optimum to achieve the equilibrium.  
Figure 1: Dependence of anodic peak current phylloquinone (VK1) (red) and of (+)-\(\alpha\)-tocopherol (\(\alpha\)-TOH) (blue line) on adsorption time. square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWadSV) of 50-\(\mu\)mol L\({}^{-1}\)\(\alpha\)-TOH and 50-\(\mu\)mol L\({}^{-1}\) VK1 adsorbed from its 50% aqueous–acetonitrile mixture onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at stirring rate 400 rpm for different time durations. Voltammetric detection was carried out in 0.01-mol L\({}^{-1}\) HNO\({}_{3}\) containing 0.1-mol L\({}^{-1}\) KCl (pH 2.08) at \(E_{\text{dep}}=-0.1\) V, \(t_{\text{dep}}=60\) s, \(t_{\text{eq}}=5\) s, \(E_{\text{step}}=5\) mV, \(E_{\text{ampl}}=25\) mV and \(f=20\) Hz.
###### Abstract  
Very-high-energy electrons, coupled with ultra-high dose rates, are being explored for their potential use in radiotherapy to treat deep-seated tumours. The dose per pulse needed to achieve ultra-high dose rates far exceeds the limit of current medical linear accelerator capabilities. A high dose per pulse has been observed as the limiting factor for many existing dosimeters, resulting in saturation at doses far below what is required. The MOS_kin_, an existing clinical quality assurance dosimeter, has previously been demonstrated as dose rate independent but has not been subjected to a high dose per pulse. Within this study, the MOS_kin_ dose-per-pulse response was tested for linearity, with a dose per pulse as high as 23 Gy within 200 ns at the ANSTO Australian Synchrotron's Pulsed Energetic Electrons for Research facility. While using EBT-XD film as a reference dosimeter, a dose rate dependence of the EBT-XD was discovered. Once confirmed and a correction factor established, EBT-XD was used as an independent reference measurement. This work presents confirmation of the MOS_kin_ suitability for ultra-high dose-rate environments with an electron energy of 100 MeV, and a theoretical discussion of its dose-rate and dose-per-pulse independence; the MOS_kin_ is the only detector suitable for both clinical quality assurance, and ultra-high dose-rate measurements in its standard, unmodified form.  
1 Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 14 Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia 2  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
6 June 2025  
Revised: 14 July 2025  
Accepted: 17 July 2025  
Published: 21 July 2025  
[PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; et al.  
Establishing Linearity of the MOS_kin_ Detector for Ultra-High Dose-per-Pulse, Very-High-Energy Electron Radiotherapy Using Dose-Rate-Corrected EBT-XD Film.  
Dose-Pulse-Per-Pulse, Very-High-Energy Electron Radiotherapy Using Dose-Rate-Corrected EBT-XD Film.  
Appl. Sci.2025, 15, 8101  
[[http://doi.org/10.3390/app15148101](http://doi.org/10.3390/app15148101)]([http://doi.org/10.3390/app15148101](http://doi.org/10.3390/app15148101))  
Copyright: 6 2025 by the authors.  
Luoense MDPL Basel Switzerland.  
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license  
[[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
# Cascaded Nanorod Arrays for Ultrabroadband, Omnidirectional and Polarization-Insensitive Absorption
###### Abstract  
An ultrabroadband, omnidirectional, and polarization-insensitive absorber based on cascaded nanorod arrays (CNAs) is numerically demonstrated, and an average absorptivity of 98.2% with a relative absorption bandwidth (RAB) of 149.8% can be achieved in the 0.38-2.65 um wavelength range. The proposed CNA-based absorber requires only several pairs of multilayers to achieve excellent absorption performance. More significantly, the physical mechanism for this intriguing ultrabroadband absorption results from the synergistic effect of localized surface plasmon (LSP) and plasmonic resonant cavity (PRC) modes, which is fundamentally different from the tapered metal/dielectric multilayer-based absorbers associated with the slow-light mode. We investigated the absorption properties of the CNA-based metasurface by using the impedance theory, which indicates that the impedance of the structure matches well with the impedance of the free space from the visible to near-infrared wavelength range. In addition, the absorption properties of the CNA-based metasurface are robust to the variation of the structural parameters and the metal/dielectric materials, and ultrabroadband absorption performance can be maintained within 0-60\({}^{\circ}\) for both TM and TE modes.  
light absorption; cascaded nanorod arrays; ultrabroadband; omnidirectional; polarization-insensitive Article
# Design and Experiment of a Novel Facade Cleaning Robot with a Biped Mechanism
## 3 Trajectory Generation
### Inverse Kinematics  
Firstly, target angles of each actuator, \(\phi_{b1},\ \phi_{b2},\ \phi_{1}\), and \(\phi_{2}\) [rad], to realize target positions of the foot unit \(x_{r},\ y_{r},\ z_{r}\) [cm] were formulated by utilizing inverse kinematics. Figure 12 and Table 3 show a schematic figure and parameters of the robot.  
Figure 11: Photograph of the actual robot.  
Figure 10: A diagram of the vacuum system. **Top**: The switching valve is controlled by the RC servo motor via a cam mechanism. **Bottom**: Chamber air in the suction cup is sucked once the toggle is pushed in.  
The target angles of the base actuators are  
\[\phi_{b\{1,2\}}=\tan^{-1}\frac{y_{r}}{x_{r}}. \tag{5}\]  
Moreover,  
\[x_{d} =\sqrt{x_{r}^{2}+y_{r}^{2}}-2d,\] \[l_{3} =\sqrt{x_{d}^{2}+z_{r}^{2}},\] \[\phi_{0} =\tan^{-1}\frac{x_{d}}{z_{r}}.\]  
By cosine theorem,  
\[\phi_{1} =\cos^{-1}\frac{l_{1}^{2}+l_{3}^{2}-l_{2}^{2}}{2l_{1}l_{3}},\] \[\phi_{2} =\cos^{-1}\frac{l_{2}^{2}+l_{3}^{2}-l_{1}^{2}}{2l_{2}l_{3}}.\]  
Thus, the target angles of each link \(\theta_{\{1,2\}}\) are  
\[\theta_{1} =\phi_{0}+\phi_{1}, \tag{6}\] \[\theta_{2} =-\phi_{0}+\phi_{2}. \tag{7}\]  
The trajectories of each joint to move the system were derived by utilizing inverse kinematics formulated in Equations (5)-(7).
# A Hybrid Encryption Scheme for Quantum Secure Video Conferencing Combined with Blockchain
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Threat Model  
There are three main threats in this scheme:  
1. [label=(0)]
2. Network monitoring: The attacker knows the user's address information by some means. In the video conference system network, the attacker can intercept the encrypted video information by setting the network interface to the monitoring mode with tools such as Wireshark. The attacker tries to decrypt the video information and obtain the plaintext in order to achieve a certain purpose.
3. Minutes ciphertext cracking: The attacker knows the hash algorithm and creates a keyword index. Disguised as a legitimate user, the keyword index is sent to the alliance chain platform, and the alliance chain searches the corresponding cryptographic  
Figure 7: Data query model.  
information according to the index value and returns it to the attacker. The attacker tries to crack the ciphertext information and obtain the plaintext of the minutes.
3 Unpredictable threats: Quantum states are transmitted through quantum channels, which is easily influenced by the environment, eavesdropping, and other factors, and it is a possible that the key cannot be generated.
## 2 Experimental Details
### Characterization  
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out on a Japan Rigaku Smartlab SE; the scanning range is from 10\({}^{\circ}\) to 80\({}^{\circ}\), and the scanning speed is 10\({}^{\circ}\) /min. The XPS was carried out by the Scientific ESCALAB 250 Xi. The excitation source is Al K\(\alpha\) rays (1486.6 eV). The gas chromatograph is GC2010 PLUS, Shimadzu, Japan. The samples' morphologies were analyzed through a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using a JEM-2800 microscope, the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images were tested. The UV-vis measurement of the samples was carried out by a spectrophotometer with Shimadzu UV-3600i Plus. The electrochemical measurements were performed in a previous report [28].
## 3 Analysis of the Individual Factors Affecting the Stability of the Skid-and-Mud-Return Line
### Effect Analysis of Sea Current Disturbances  
The effects of sea current disturbance at different depths in the work area in various recurrence periods are shown in Table 11. The ABAQUS/Aqua module, widely used for simulating the characteristics of steady-state sea currents, is extensively applied in numerical simulations for offshore petroleum engineering. It can be used to calculate the drag force, buoyancy, and fluid inertia load caused by steady-state and wave-induced flow. The wind load can be applied to the structures above the free water surface. Therefore, the ABAQUS/Aqua module is utilized to simulate the effects of sea current on the skid-and-mud-return line. The analysis results are presented in Figure 8.  
With an increase in the recurrence period of the sea, the equivalent stress and displacement of the skid-and-mud-return line significantly increase at all depths. The rotation angle and the bending moment only exhibit significant increases near the seabed. As the water depth decreases for the skid-and-mud-return line, the equivalent stress decreases. The displacement sharply increases at the seabed, slightly decreases afterward, and then is stabilized. The rotation angle sharply increases at the seabed, sharply decreases to 0 rad, and then remains stable. The bending moment sharply decreases at the seabed, increases to 0 kN\(\cdot\)m, and then remains stable. The maximum equivalent stress is 17 MPa, 60 MPa, 67 MPa, and 75 MPa, as shown in Figure 8a. The maximum displacement is 0.13 m, 0.41 m,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Depth** & **Recurrence Period** & **1 Year** & **5 Years** & **10 Years** & **25 Years** \\ \hline
10 m & 0.68 & 1.40 & 1.49 & 1.59 \\ \hline
20 m & 0.66 & 1.39 & 1.48 & 1.57 \\ \hline
30 m & 0.70 & 1.36 & 1.46 & 1.57 \\ \hline
50 m & 0.45 & 1.35 & 1.46 & 1.58 \\ \hline
75 m & 0.57 & 1.29 & 1.40 & 1.53 \\ \hline
100 m & 0.48 & 1.21 & 1.31 & 1.42 \\ \hline
150 m & 0.44 & 0.99 & 1.06 & 1.14 \\ \hline
200 m & 0.43 & 0.81 & 0.86 & 0.91 \\ \hline
250 m & 0.40 & 0.75 & 0.81 & 0.87 \\ \hline
300 m & 0.35 & 0.73 & 0.77 & 0.82 \\ \hline
500 m & 0.35 & 0.56 & 0.61 & 0.67 \\ \hline
1000 m & 0.30 & 0.41 & 0.45 & 0.49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Environmental parameters of the regional well.  
0.45 m, and 0.49 m, as shown in Figure 8b. The maximum rotation angle is 0.006 rad, 0.02 rad, 0.022 rad, and 0.024 rad, as shown in Figure 8c. The maximum bending moment is 2.82 kN-m, 10.06 kN-m, 11.19 kN-m, and 12.51 kN-m, as shown in Figure 8d. It can be observed that the maximum stress, displacement, rotation angle, and bending moment of the skid-and-mud-return line appear near the seabed. This indicates that sea currents primarily affect the stability of the pipelines at the seabed. The effect of sea currents on the stability of the skid-and-mud-return line is relatively minor compared with that of the ship. It mainly affects the stability of the pipelines near the seabed in different recurrence periods.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Outcomes of Energy Simulations
For the sake of completeness, it was decided to report, in Figure 13, an annual plot where the average daily external temperatures (Outdoor) are compared with those of the ceiling in the presence of the green roof (GR_mean) and with those relative to the standard roof (ST). Regarding the energy consumptions for heating and cooling needs, these are summarized in Table 4 by reporting the absolute values (kWh) obtained for the standard roof scenario and the correlated average percentage deviations (including the respective variation ranges) relative to the achievable savings due to the green roof presence. Figure 13: Annual average daily temperatures (i.e. T\({}_{\text{outdoor air}}\), T\({}_{\text{ceiling with GR}}\) and T\({}_{\text{ceiling without GR}}\)) trends. Specifically, for each month, the amount energy consumed for both heating and cooling with and without the presence of the green roof is listed. The use of the bold character is intended to show more easily the actual HVAC working periods, that is December-March for winter conditions and June-September for summer conditions. Therefore, in Table 4, data related to months when the HVAC is working have been highlighted using the colour black. The results confirm the advantage of using green roofs as a solution capable of achieving valuable energy savings. Moreover, the mean indirect reduction of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions due to the green roof installation was \(145.6\pm 13.8\) HCO\({}_{2}\)/year, while for the direct reduction, a value of only 56 gCO\({}_{2}\)/year was observed. Finally, some further considerations need reporting. When an energy restoration of a roof is in context, such as the one considered in this work, it is easier and safer to add a vegetated coverage to an existing roof than making it larger. That is why here, it was chosen to exclude a theoretical comparison between a green roof and a hypothetical alternative high massive one and to limit the analysis to a specific comparison between the behaviour of the pre-existent standard roof equipping the building and the improvements brought by the installation of the green coverage. For this purpose, the thermo-physical characteristics of the roof are those typical of the building habit of the considered geographical area. In addition, the benefits of the presence of a green roof cannot be simply evaluated in terms of thermal insulation, since it generates other positive effects regarding the evaporative phenomena and the change of the albedo of the roof. Therefore, it was decided to exclude a comparison with insulated roofs too, in accordance with existing literature studies--such as that by [PERSON] et al. [73]--demonstrating that the presence of green roof on an insulated roof is practically irrelevant.
# Survey of Dense Video Captioning: Techniques, Resources, and Future Perspectives
## 5 Evaluation Protocols and Metrics  
Assessing video descriptions, whether automatically or manually generated, remains challenging due to the absence of a definitive \"correct answer\" or ground truth for evaluating accuracy. A single video can be accurately depicted using a range of sentences that display both syntactic and semantic variety. For instance, consider the various captions for vid1447 from the MSVD dataset, as illustrated in Figure 15. One caption states, \"Two men are rolling huge tires sideways down a street while spectators watch\", offering one viewpoint. Another says, \"Men are flipping large tires in a race\", presenting a different angle. Yet another description notes, \"Two men are pushing large tires\", emphasizing a distinct aspect of the action. Variations also emerge in how strength and activity are portrayed, such as \"A strong person pulling a big tire\", or the more concise version, \"Two men are rolling tires\". Additionally, some captions incorporate extra context, like \"A short clip about [PERSON], the strongest man in Southern California, who is moving the tire and proving his strength\". Each of these captions captures the essence of the video in a unique yet equally valid way, with differing focuses, levels of detail, and depictions of the actions and participants.