esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Computational Simulations and Experimental Results
### System Simulation Design
#### 4.2.2 Variations in Decoding Stability Index with Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)  
In this section, an analysis is conducted on the impact of variations in \(\lambda_{s}\), \(\lambda_{b}\), and the symbol rate \(R\) on frequency matching. The investigation focuses on the statistical assessment of the frequency matching ratio when 40 kHz carrier frequency signals are introduced into the 40 kHz and 45 kHz detection channels. This ratio serves as a metric to characterize the performance of decoding reliability, called the Decoding Stability Index.  
A higher Decoding Stability Index signifies more pronounced disparities in frequency matching, which correlates with an enhanced decoding reliability and reduced probability of decoding errors. \(\lambda_{s}\), intimately related to the sampling frequency and the intensity of the  
Figure 6: Normalized spectral matching of the 40 kHz signal entering the frequency detection windows: (**a**) entering the 40 kHz detection window; (**b**) entering the 45 kHz detection window; (**c**) entering the 50 kHz detection window; (**d**) entering the 55 kHz detection window.  
received signal, denotes the likelihood of photon detection within a single sampling period in the system design. Its Poisson distribution expression is intricately associated with the _F(f\({}_{c}\),t)_ sequence, and its integration yields the mean expression over the sampling period.  
In Figure 7a, the background light noise for each sampling period was configured into four intensity ranges, denoted as \(\lambda_{b}\) (0.00015, 0.000075, 0.00003, 0.000015). At a symbol rate of 2.5 ksps, the relationship between the Decoding Stability Index and \(\lambda_{s}\) is demonstrated. Four curves are plotted corresponding to different values of \(\lambda_{b}\). It is observed that with increasing \(\lambda_{s}\), the Decoding Stability Index also increases, indicating a higher decoding accuracy of the system. Moreover, at the same \(\lambda_{s}\) value, lower \(\lambda_{b}\) values representing lower environmental light noise correspond to a stronger Decoding Stability Index, resulting in a lower error probability.  
Expanding upon this analysis, Figure 7b explores the relationship between the Decoding Stability Index and \(\lambda_{s}\) for four symbol rates \(R\), while keeping the environmental noise constant, setting \(\lambda_{b}\) to 0.00015. It is observed that as \(\lambda_{s}\) increases, the Decoding Stability Index also increases. At the same \(\lambda_{s}\) value, with decreasing \(R\), higher changes in the Decoding Stability Index are observed, indicating a lower error probability. This suggests that lower rates can significantly improve the system's error probability.
# Effects of Resisted Methods upon Sprint Performance in Rugby Players: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of Short-Term Training Taking into Account Load  
In numerous studies on sprint training with resisted sledge to improve sprint performance, it is noted that there is no agreement on the quantification of the ideal sledge loads for each sprint performance improvement [13; 51].  
Despite the fact that in the specialized literature it is recommended to use relatively light loads (>10%), research related to the effect of toboggan towing where light loads are compared to heavy loads for the improvement in the performance of the sprint capacity questions this assertion. In this sense, [PERSON] et al. [21] carried out a longitudinal randomized experimental design of two groups to compare the effects of sled towing training between heavy (heavy group; \(n=10\)) and light (light group; \(n=11\)), in which they showed that the training intervention in both cases was equally effective in improving the performance of the 10 m sprints, while the training with heavy loads improved the performance in 5 m sprints. Thus, [PERSON] et al. [40] corroborate that the sprint resistance training with a load of 5% of BM 4 kg (sled weight) improves the performance in acceleration but is no more effective than a sprint training program without load.  
Overall, studies show that resisted training between 6 and 8 weeks of planning produces improvements in sprint performance, applying loads between 10 and 13% of body mass or with loads that do not reduce the athlete's velocity by more than 10% of unloaded sprint performance [13; 40]. The findings support the use of a training load of approximately 13% of body mass for a run distance of 15 to 20 m [41] and 10 and 30 m runs with a load of 12.6% of BM [44], a significant improvement over traditional sprint training. These results are consistent with the indications set forth in other research related to the effects of sprint training with sled drag [22; 52].  
Recently, [PERSON] [53], in their study on the effects of different loading conditions during resisted sprint training, found that after 8 weeks of training, the improvement in unloaded sprint performance improved in groups of athletes who had worked with loads of 40% of BM, while groups training with loads of 20 and 80% of BM did not show any significant improvements in sprint performance.  
These findings are similar to those found by [PERSON] et al. [13]. It was also found that the use of 80% loads produced an improvement in horizontal strength over distances ranging from 0 to 20 m, even though it resulted in a loss of running technique due to the load applied. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [40] and [PERSON] et al. [49] found that both resisted training and unloaded sprint training improved sprint performance.  
On the other hand, studies corroborate that resisted sprint training is not an effective method for improving sprinting in the maximal velocity phase [51; 53]. According to [PERSON] et al. [13], this may be due to the friction between the sledge and the surface of the tracks on which the race takes place.
## 4 Discussion
### Dental Anomalies and Consanguinity  
Our study also aimed to determine whether a significant association exists between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriages in Arabic orthodontic patients in Israel. According to the results, the percentage of cases in which dental anomalies were present was at least two times greater in the group of participants that had a family marriage relationship, than in the group where consanguineous marriages did not exist. The chi-square test indicated a significant association between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriages (\(p<0.05\)). Among the group of participants with consanguinity, we also examined the relationship between the number of dental anomalies in every case and the degree of family relations (first/second cousins); however, no significant relationship was found between them according to [PERSON]'s correlation test.  
Although the relationship between body and facial disorders and consanguinity has been numerously investigated, few investigations have been conducted in dentistry. Our results are in accordance with the results reported in previous studies; a study conducted in Turkey among non-syndromic patients reported a significant correlation between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriage [45]. [PERSON] reported a higher prevalence of malocclusion, non-syndromic oligodontia, and enamel hypoplasia in individuals who had consanguineous marriage offspring [27]. Another study in India reported that the frequency of non-syndromic dental anomalies was higher than that of the non-consanguineous ones [46]. [PERSON] et al. found that congenital dental anomalies were significantly associated with consanguineous marriages, with a greater incidence in lower socioeconomic groups [47].  
It is known that the etiology of various dental anomalies is multifactorial, which is partly related to certain genes as well as to events in the period before and after birth, which could constitute a factor that may cause abnormalities in the size, shape, location, number, and structure of the teeth [48; 49; 50; 51; 52]. The distinct relationship found between dental anomalies and consanguineous marriages, according to our study, is an important consideration, for dentists in general and orthodontists in particular, for better understanding the etiology of dental anomalies and the factors that influence their development, since the treatment is multidisciplinary and usually requires orthodontic intervention. The higher prevalence of dental anomalies among Arab orthodontic patients in Israel is probably due to genetic and environmental factors and to a higher prevalence of consanguinity. Genetic counseling and education about the anticipated genetic consequences of consanguinity is required in order to reduce the prevalence of body, orofacial and dental abnormalities aiming to promote healthcare programs that will discourage consanguineous marriages [53].
# Experimental and Numerical Study on Dynamics of Two Footbridges with Different Shapes of Girders
###### Abstract  
The paper presents the experimental and numerical results of the dynamic system identification and verification of the behavior of two footbridges in Poland. The experimental part of the study involved vibration testing under different scenarios of human-induced load, impulse load, and excitations induced by vibration exciter. Based on the results obtained, the identification of dynamic parameters of the footbridges was performed using the peak-picking method. With the impulse load applied to both structures, determination of their natural vibration frequencies was possible. Then, based on the design drawings, detailed finite element method (FEM) models were developed, and the numerical analyses were carried out. The comparison between experimental and numerical results obtained from the modal analysis showed a good agreement. The results also indicated that both structures under investigation have the first natural bending frequency of the deck in the range of human-induced excitation. Therefore, the risk of excessive structural vibrations caused by pedestrian loading was then analysed for both structures. The vibration comfort criteria for both footbridges were checked according to Setra guidelines. In the case of the first footbridge, the results showed that the comfort criteria are fulfilled, regardless of the type of load. For the second footbridge, it was emphasized that the structure meets the assumptions of the guidelines for vibration severability in normal use; nevertheless, it is susceptible to excitations induced by synchronized users, even in the case of a small group of pedestrians.  
Keywords:footbridges; dynamic loads; experimental study; numerical analysis; human-induced vibrations +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells  
Mesenchymal stem cells were first isolated from the bone marrow and were characterized as cells that can generate connective tissue-forming cells [1]. Later, cells with multipotent differentiation capacity, which were termed as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), were found in almost all adult tissues. In 2006, the following minimal criteria for MSCs were proposed: Adherence to culture plastic under standard cell culture conditions; surface expression of mesenchymal markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 as well as lacking expression of hematopoietic markers CD11b, CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR; ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro [2]. There is an ongoing discussion about the nature of these cells and if their classification as \"stem cells\" is appropriate [3]. The acronym MSCs is widely used to define \"mesenchymal stem cells\" as \"mesenchymal stromal cells\". A recent consensus paper recommends to further use the abbreviation \"MSCs\" for identifying tissue-specific stromal cells, which should be supplemented by the tissue origin [4].  
MSCs were found in different postnatal tissues [5], including numerous dental tissues: Dental pulp [6], human exfoliated deciduous teeth [7], periodontal ligament [8], apical papilla [9], dental follicle [10], gingival tissue [11], and periapical cyst [12]. Most dental tissue-derived MSCs are of neural crest origin and, therefore, they express several neural lineage markers [13; 14]. Numerous previous studies were performed with fibroblasts-like cells isolated from specific tissues, e.g., human dental pulp cells (hDPCs), human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), and periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). These cells exhibit largely similar properties to the corresponding \"stem cell\" populations isolated from these tissues [15; 16; 17]. For the sake of fairness, the cell names will be indicated in the present review as they are mentioned in the corresponding paper, but considered as tissue-specific MSCs. All these cells usually fulfill the minimal MSCs' criteria and also possess immunomodulatory potential [18; 19]. This narrative review aimed to summarize the functional effects of vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on MSCs-like cells isolated from different dental tissues and to estimate their potential physiological relevance. This review mainly focused on studies conducted with primary human cells. The effects of vitamin D\({}_{3}\) on systemic level as well as on specialized immune cells are reviewed elsewhere [20; 21; 22; 23] and go beyond the scope of this review.
## 5 Limitations and Future Work  
This work was designed for key frame extraction or static video summarization; however, we do not know how it can be expanded or modified to work for dynamic video summarization, which is usually a computationally heavier task. For the learning architectures used, LSTM architectures can be a limiting factor due to expensive computation. However, this can be remedied by using alternative architectures, such as light-weight 1D-CNNs and random forests.  
In HEVC-based temporal subsampling, we mentioned using a multiplier to vary the mount of deleted or eliminated frames that was arrived at through empirical testing. This multiplier can be potentially calculated dynamically or in an automated manner.
###### Abstract  
The particle filter (PF) algorithm has found widespread application in navigation multipath estimation. However, it exhibits significant limitations in complex multipath environments. Its state prediction relies heavily on particle distribution and is prone to particle degeneracy, where the weights of most particles approach zero, and only a few particles contribute significantly to state estimation. These issues result in an inadequate number of effective samples, degrading multipath estimation performance. Therefore, a navigation multipath estimation method based on an EKF-GAPF (Extended Kalman Filter-Genetic Algorithm Particle Filter) algorithm is proposed in this paper. This method utilizes the EKF to calculate the mean and covariance of samples using the latest observation information, providing a more reasonable proposal density for particle filtering and enhancing the accuracy of state prediction. Simultaneously, by introducing the crossover and mutation mechanisms of the adaptive genetic algorithm, particles are continuously evolved during the resampling process, preventing them from falling into local extrema. Experimental results show that EKF-GAPF outperforms EKF, EPF, and PF in amplitude and delay estimation. Under the condition of random initial values, the multipath signal amplitude estimation error converges to 0.002, and the multipath signal time delay estimation error converges to 0.006 (approximately 1.8 m). This method enables high-precision parameter estimation for both direct and multipath signals.  
multipath estimation; particle filtering; extended Kalman filter; adaptive genetic algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 1 Introduction
The main contributions are as follows. (1) We propose a method to calculate the ideal broadside beampattern combining various criteria, namely, null information, maximizing the directivity factor, and achieving the beampattern with equal sidelobes. (2) We derive the modal domain target beampattern of a given ideal broadside differential beampattern. (3) We propose a robust modal matching method with Tikhonov regularization to design the broadside beampformer in the modal domain. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the signal model, problem formulation, and some definitions. In Section 3, we propose a method to design broadside frequency-invariant beampatterns with a line array in the modal domain. Some simulations are presented in Section 4, including some design examples, along with a discussion about the effect of regularization on the proposed method and a performance comparison with the other existing beamforming methods. Section 5 gives the experimental results, which are consistent with the simulations, validating the proposed method. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 6.
# The Incorporation of Steel Slag into Belite-Sulfoaluminate Cement Clinkers
###### Abstract  
The potential use of steel slag from treated steel slag in belite-sulfoaluminate cements was investigated in this study. Cement clinkers with two phase compositions were synthesized, allowing the incorporation of different amounts of steel slag. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinkers at three different sintering temperatures were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method, as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that the targeted phase composition of clinkers was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, a higher amount of perovskite instead of ferrite was detected in the clinker with a higher content of Ti-bearing bauxite. Apart from the main phases, such as belite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and ferrite, several minor phases were identified, including mayenite, perovskite, pericase, and alkali sulfates. In both clinker mixtures, a higher content of MgO in the steel slags resulted in the formation of periclase. Furthermore, the hydration kinetics and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days were studied in two cements prepared from clinkers sintered at 1250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. As evidenced by the results of isothermal calorimetry, the hydration kinetics were also influenced by the minor clinker phases. Cement with a higher content of calcium sulfoaluminate phase developed a higher compressive strength.  
cements; BCSA; steel slag; secondary raw materials; microstructure; clinker phase Article  
The incorporation of steel slag into Belite-Sulfoaluminate Cement Clinkers  
1 Slowenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimikeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.B.) 1
# Investigation of 2D-WH/TS OCDMA Code Stability in Systems with SOA-Based Device
## 2 Impact of SOA-Based Devices Deployed in Fiber Link on Multi-Wavelength Picosecond Code Carriers  
In a 2D-WH/TS OCDMA system, each user's data are carried by a unique code. Each code requires a unique time-spreading of wavelengths (i.e., code carriers) over a bit period. The temporal separation of code carriers can be anywhere from a few to several hundreds of picoseconds and depends on the design parameters and the targeted number of simultaneous users [1]. SOA-based optical devices can be implemented in OCDMA systems to play an important role [3; 13; 14]. However incorrect implementation may have undesirable effects on the system performance. The subsequent investigation will demonstrate how the use of an SOA under different driving conditions influences OCDMA code carriers and affects the code integrity.
# A Survey on Visual Mamba
## 4 Visual Mamba in Application Fields
### Medical Visual Mamba  
Transformers [8] have exerted a deep influence on the field of medical imaging with their ability to master complex data representations. They have led to notable advancements across various imaging modalities, including radiography [112], endoscopy [113], computed tomography (CT) [114], ultrasound images [115], and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [116]. However, since most medical images are high-resolution and detailed, transformer models typically require considerable computational resources, which scale quadratically with image resolution.  
Recently, the medical imaging field has experienced a surge in the development of Mamba-based methodologies, particularly following the introduction of VMamba. The current section provides detailed examples of these design choices, further dividing them into 2D and 3D-based approaches based on the input type, as displayed in Table 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Sub-Category** & **Method** & **Efficiency** & **Code** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{P-Mamba [117]} & Mamba-UNet [51] & - & ✓ \\ \cline{2-4}  & H-vmunet [55] & Memory 0.676 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & Params 8.97 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Mamba-HUNet [59] & - & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{7}{*}{P-Mamba [117]} & Inference speed 23.49 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & Memory 12.22 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Params 183.37 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & FLOPs 71.81\(\times\)10\({}^{9}\) & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & ProMamba [78] & Params 102 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{7}{*}{Segmentation} & Params 14.86 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & TM-UNet [60] & Total Params 8.41 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & FLOPs 3.42 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Semi-Mamba-UNet [52] & - & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Swin-UMamba [61] & Params 28 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{7}{*}{UltraLight VM-UNet [62]} & Params 0.049 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & GFLOPs 0.060 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & U-Mamba [84] & - & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{7}{*}{VM-UNet [63]} & Params 34.62 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & & FLOPs 7.56 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & FPS 20.612 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{7}{*}{VM-UNET-V2 [64]} & Params 17.91 & \multirow{7}{*}{✓} \\  & FLOPs 4.40 & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & & FPS 32.58 & \\ \cline{2-4} \cline{2-4}  & Weak-Mamba-UNet [76] & - & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Radiation dose prediction} & MD-Dose [90] & Inference speed 18 & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} \\  & Params 30.47 & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Classification} & MedMamba [65] & - & \\ \cline{2-4}  & MambaMIL [118] & - & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Image reconstruction} & MambaMIR [56] & - & \\ \cline{2-4}  & /MambaMIR-GAN & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Exposure correction} & FDVM-Net [81] & Inference speed 22.95 & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Representative works of medical visual mamba.