## 1 Introduction
The mechanisms governing collapse and consolidation differ significantly depending on soil type. For sandy and gravel soils, the collection of undisturbed samples poses substantial challenges, as their granular structure is easily disturbed during sampling [35]. Moreover, gravel soils present additional difficulties due to their large particle sizes, which necessitate the use of specialized equipment, such as oversized consolidometers, to ensure accurate testing [36]. As a result, the consolidation properties of sandy and gravel soils are often estimated using empirical correlations or in situ testing methods, such as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) or Cone Penetration Test (CPT) [37; 38; 39]. Foundational work in this field, such as by [PERSON], has provided critical empirical data for these estimations [40; 41]. Sandy and gravelly soils, characterized by low compressibility and high hydraulic conductivity, drain excess pore water rapidly, resulting in fast consolidation [42]. However, in specific cases, significant and irregular settlements in coarse-grained soils can occur, warranting meticulous evaluation [43]. In contrast, the largest consolidation settlements are typically observed in soft clay soils. For coarse-grained soils, empirical methods or in situ testing are preferred for estimating compressibility [44]. Gravel soils are commonly found in various regions of Turkiye, particularly in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. These soils are characterized by their high proportion of coarse particles, typically ranging from 2 mm to 60 mm in size. Gravel soils are known for their permeability, which allows for rapid drainage and can make them suitable for various construction applications. However, the strength and deformation characteristics of gravel soils can vary significantly depending on factors such as particle size distribution,compaction, moisture content, and the presence of fines. Researchers have used a variety of methods to assess the bearing capacity of gravel soils, including field tests such as Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) and Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs), as well as laboratory tests such as triaxial testing and direct shear testing. These tests have provided valuable data on the strength properties of gravel soils and have helped engineers better understand how these soils behave under different loading conditions. In addition to strength characteristics, the deformation capacity of gravel soils is also an important factor to consider in geotechnical engineering. Deformation capacity refers to the ability of the soil to deform and consolidate under applied loads without undergoing excessive settlement or deformation. [PERSON] et al. focused on the geotechnical properties of gravel soils in the Cankiri region of Turkiye. They conducted laboratory tests to determine the shear strength parameters of the gravel soils, including the cohesion and angle of internal friction. They found that the gravel soils exhibited moderate to high shear strength values, making them suitable for use in construction projects [45]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the bearing capacity of gravel soils in the Mediterranean region of Turkiye. They conducted plate load tests to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the gravel soils under different loading conditions. They found that the gravel soils exhibited good bearing capacity values, indicating their suitability for supporting heavy structures [46]. [PERSON] et al. focused on the deformation characteristics of gravel soils in the Black Sea region of Turkiye. They conducted oedometer tests to determine the compression and consolidation behaviour of the gravel soils under different stress levels. They found that the gravel soils exhibited good deformation capacity, with low compressibility and settlement values [47]. The bearing capacity of gravel soils in Turkiye was investigated through laboratory testing and numerical simulations.