## 2 IoT in the Maritime Industry
### Key Applications of IoT: Navigation, Monitoring, Safety, and Efficiency  
IoT has emerged as a transformative force in the maritime industry, having a significant impact across various domains. Below are some of the key applications of IoT in this sphere (Figure 3): \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Description** & **Impact on the Industry** \\ \hline Navigation & Utilizes IoT devices for real-time tracking of ships, efficient route planning, collision avoidance, and improving navigation safety [36]. & Improved route optimization leading to fuel efficiency, reduced travel time, and enhanced safety [34]. \\ \hline Monitoring & IoT devices are used for monitoring various parameters such as engine performance, fuel consumption, temperature, humidity, etc. in real-time [37]. & Enhanced vessel performance through timely interventions, reduced downtime, predictive maintenance [38]. \\ \hline Safety & Incorporates IoT for continuous surveillance, identifying potential hazards, and immediate response to emergency situations [24]. & Reduction in the number of accidents, improved safety measures, enhanced protection of cargo and crew [2]. \\ \hline Efficiency & IoT is applied in optimizing operations such as cargo handling, berth scheduling, loading and unloading, etc. [39]. & Increased operational efficiency, reduction in waiting times, and cost savings [40]. \\ \hline Environmental Sustainability & IoT sensors monitor emissions and waste to ensure compliance with environmental regulations [41]. & Improved environmental performance, compliance with regulations, and reputation management [42]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Key Applications of IoT in the Maritime Industry. * Navigation: With the advent of technological advancements, maritime navigation has benefited from a variety of systems beyond the traditional Global Positioning System (GPS). While GPS remains a foundational tool, there are several other complementary and supplementary technologies that offer enhanced precision and capabilities [55; 56]:
* Differential GPS (DGPS): This augments the standard GPS system by correcting signals to eliminate potential errors, providing improved location accuracy. Fixed, ground-based reference stations transmit the difference between the known position and the GPS position to DGPS-equipped receivers, ensuring a higher degree of accuracy. * Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Navigation: RTK is a satellite navigation technique that enhances the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems. By using data from at least one reference station, RTK can provide centimeter-level accuracy, making it crucial for specific maritime operations that demand high precision. * Laser Systems: In some maritime contexts, especially in close-quarter maneuver or docking, laser systems are employed. These systems provide precise distance measurements between the vessel and a fixed point, such as the quay, assisting in safe and efficient berthing. These technologies, in tandem with traditional GPS, form the backbone of modern maritime navigation, each with its specific applications and advantages in different maritime contexts. * Monitoring: IoT devices are extensively used for monitoring various aspects of maritime operations. Onboard sensors can continuously track the performance and condition of essential machinery, alerting the crew to potential issues before they lead to failures. In cargo shipping, IoT-enabled smart containers can monitor the condition of goods, tracking parameters, such as temperature and humidity to ensure cargo quality [37; 38]. * Safety: Enhancing maritime safety is a critical application of IoT. Advanced sensor networks can detect abnormalities or malfunctions early, mitigating risks. For instance, structural health monitoring systems can identify potential damage in a ship's structure.