# Bio-Sourced and Biodegradable Membranes
## 4 Green Membrane Technology Applications
### Fuel Cell
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Polymer** & **Application** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** & **Ref** \\ \hline CS/Cellulose & Heavy metal removal & High removal efficiency of 85\% and 94\% & Low removal efficacy and adsorption capacity for Cr. & [256] \\ \hline SCS/PVA & Heavy metal removal & Up to 90\% of CU ion removal after 3 h, improved areal swelling & Low Ni ion removal & [196] \\ \hline PLA-HAp/PDA & NOM removal & Antifouling properties, Flux improvement, thermal stability, more resistance to damage in harsh environment & Reversible fouling increased from 3.6\% to 10.5 \% & [7] \\ \hline PLA & NOM removal & Enhanced BSA removal up to 92\%, improved antifouling property, increased FRR from 57\% to 93\% & Lower water flux by increasing the PLA concentration & [180] \\ \hline PCL/PBS & Wastewater treatment & Enhanced hydrophilicity and biodegradability, improved water flux and FRR, and pollution rejection & Lower mechanical properties compared to neat PCL & [197] \\ \hline PLLA/PDLA/AlCl3 & Pathogen removal & Excellent filtration efficiency, high porosity, small pore size, low pressure drops & & [198] \\ \hline PBS/CA/DEX & Dairy wastewater treatment & Enhanced porosity and hydrophilicity, robust permeate flux, antifouling property, \(>\)99\% turbidity removal & Foulant rejection decreased, decreased mechanical property, low TDS removal & [199] \\ \hline PU/PVA & Gas separation & Enhanced CO\({}_{2}\) solubility, high CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) and CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) selectivity & Low permeability for pure gases such as N\({}_{2}\) and O\({}_{2}\) & [200] \\ \hline CS/DS-PVA & Gas separation & Robust self-healing efficiency, enhanced CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) selectivity, amino groups increase the CO\({}_{2}\) permeence & Lower CO\({}_{2}\) and N\({}_{2}\) permeability by increasing the PVA concentration & [201] \\ \hline PU & Gas separation & Improved mechanical and chemical stability, high CO\({}_{2}\) separation & Low CO\({}_{2}\)/H\({}_{2}\) selectivity & [203] \\ \hline PLA/PBS/MWCNT & Gas separation & Improved hydrophilicity, tensile strength, porosity, and crystallinity, enhanced pure gas permeability (At, CO\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\), and N\({}_{2}\)), \(\rm{H_{2}/N_{2}}\) selectivity improvement & Low selectivity and no improvement for CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\), Ar/N\({}_{2}\), and CO\({}_{2}\)/Ar & [204] \\ \hline PLA/layer silicate & Gas separation & Improved thermal and mechanical stability, enhanced pure gas permeability by increasing silica concentration & Decreased CO\({}_{2}\), N\({}_{2}\) and O\({}_{2}\) permeability by increasing clay content & [205] \\ \hline CS/PVA & Gas separation & Improved specific surface area, high CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption capacity & [206] \\ \hline PVA/CNC & Gas separation & Increased CO\({}_{2}\) permeability and CO\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) separation factor & [257] \\ \hline CMS & Gas separation & High specific area, pore volume, and CO\({}_{2}\) absorption capacity, improved N\({}_{2}\) absorption, & [258] \\ \hline CS/PHB/MWCNT & Pervaporation (1,4-dioxane/ water) & Low swelling degree compared to pristine CS, improved mechanical properties, improved water selectivity by increasing the 1,4-dioxane concentration in feed & Not significant water selectivity improvement for mixed matrix membrane compared to pristine CS & [207] \\ \hline SA/PCL/GO & Pervaporation (Alcohol/water) & Excellent membrane hydrophilicity and dehydration performance for alcohol-water, water flux and separation factor improvement & Increased swelling degree by increasing GO content & [208] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline