# Investigation of the Automatic Monitoring System of a Solar Power Plant with Flexible PV Modules
###### Abstract
These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, which depend on the size of the system, the efficiency of the solar modules and the environmental conditions. PWM controllers are simpler in design and therefore cost less than MPPT. In small off-grid systems with small solar modules, PWM is a suitable choice, especially when the voltage of the solar modules is close to the battery voltage. PWM controllers cannot maximize the power of solar modules because they regulate the voltage according to the battery level and not according to the maximum power point. This means that a large part of the energy is lost. The MPPT charge controller is a more sophisticated device that continuously monitors the voltage and current of the solar modules to ensure that the system always operates at the maximum power point [1; 2; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. It converts excess voltage into additional current that efficiently charges the battery. MPPT controllers allow the maximum potential of solar modules to be used, even under different environmental conditions (e.g., cloudiness or temperature changes). This makes it possible to increase the charging efficiency by up to 30% compared to PWM. At low temperatures, solar modules often generate higher voltages. MPPT technology exploits this advantage by efficiently converting excess voltage into current [2; 3; 21; 29; 30; 31]. In an off-grid-type solar power plant with PWM and MPPT battery charging controllers, the operating parameter monitoring system ensures optimal operation, efficiency and equipment protection. The system monitors the voltage, current and power of the solar modules, allowing for the estimation of energy generation under different lighting conditions. PWM and MPPT controller parameters such as input and output voltage, current and operating modes are displayed in real time, ensuring efficient energy conversion. Battery health is monitored by state of charge (SOC), charge/discharge current and temperature to prevent overcharging or over-discharging, which could shorten battery life. All information is provided through a centralized data collection device, providing real-time monitoring and alarms when disturbances are detected [1; 2; 3; 4]. The monitoring system also collects historical data to analyze performance and optimize energy production according to weather conditions and seasonal changes. The advanced integration of monitoring systems with flexible solar modules not only increases the efficiency of operations, but also enables real-time data analysis, which can improve the performance and lifetime of solar devices in various environmental conditions. As the global demand for renewable energy grows, the market for flexible solar modules and their corresponding monitoring systems is expected to expand significantly, driven by their applicability to a wide range of applications, including residential, commercial and automotive sectors [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. The cost-cutting potential of developing efficient monitoring systems for flexible solar power plants can reduce installation and maintenance costs, making solar energy more affordable and attractive to a wider range of consumers and businesses. As many countries aim to be carbon-neutral by 2050, the use of efficient solar technologies, including flexible modules and advanced monitoring systems, will be critical to achieving these sustainability goals and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Along with the continuous improvement of energy storage technologies such as improved battery systems, the automation and optimization provided by advanced monitoring systems will enable better energy management, enabling more reliable and efficient use of solar power in off-grid applications [1; 2; 3; 4]. Integrating flexible solar modules into cars can increase their energy efficiency, allowing solar energy to recharge EV batteries and extend their range without relying on traditional charging stations.