## 1 Introduction
(2010) [3] developed a real-time SHM system based on a wireless smart sensor platform and deployed it on a full-scale bridge. Utilizing the Imote2 platform, their system effectively tackled critical engineering challenges, including onboard data processing, time synchronization, power optimization, and inter-node communication. This work represented a major step forward in the practical implementation of wireless SHM. However, the limited communication range between nodes and the inability to support a robust mesh network posed significant challenges for long-span bridges and high-rise structures. Furthermore, while data processing was conducted locally within the sensor nodes, the final decision-making processes for damage detection and structural evaluation relied on external servers, limiting the system's autonomy. The reliance on battery-powered nodesalso presented a key obstacle to long-term, maintenance-free operation. In a large-scale field study, [PERSON] et al. (2008) [PERSON] et al. (2008) installed 64 wireless sensors on the deck of California's Golden Gate Bridge, deploying dozens of nodes over several hundred meters to enable long-term structural monitoring. Their work provided a compelling demonstration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) applied to large-scale civil infrastructure, incorporating essential design considerations, such as scalability, data integrity, time synchronization, and power efficiency. The system successfully captured ambient vibrations over extended periods and extracted critical structural parameters, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes. Each node featured an integrated architecture combining sensing, processing, and communication functionalities, which facilitated ease of maintenance and modular expansion. Nevertheless, the continued dependence on battery-powered operation necessitated periodic maintenance and posed limitations for long-term deployment. Moreover, comprehensive analyses of cost-effectiveness, life-cycle maintenance demands, and comparisons with traditional wired systems were lacking, leaving practical feasibility an open issue. [PERSON] et al. (2010) [PERSON] et al. (2010) [PERSON] et al. (2010) customized the Imote2 platform for deployment in South Korea and implemented a wireless smart sensor-based SHM system on an in-service bridge. By integrating various functions, such as FFT, multi-hop communication protocols, distributed data processing techniques, and numerical analysis algorithms into the Imote2-based platform, a distributed smart sensor system was implemented that goes beyond simple measurement, reducing wireless data transmission and demonstrating the potential for real-time monitoring. Despite these advances, the system was only evaluated under short-term testing conditions (ranging from several hours to a few days), leaving questions about long-term durability and data fidelity unaddressed. While the embedded algorithms facilitated preliminary onboard analysis, real-time damage detection and autonomous warning capabilities were not fully realized. Additionally, as the system relied on battery power, long-term deployment on civil infrastructure remained challenged by energy supply constraints. Synchronization and latency issues, particularly in dense or complex structural networks, also persisted as limiting factors to scalability and real-time performance. According to the FHWA report FHWA-HRT-17-043 (2017) [PERSON] et al. (2017), recent advancements in wireless structural health monitoring have emphasized the development of self-powered wireless sensor systems aimed at enabling continuous monitoring of bridge structures and facilitating early damage detection. In collaboration with Michigan State University (MSU), the University of Washington, and the University of Southern California, researchers explored the use of Piezoelectric Floating-Gate (PFG) sensors to transduce structural strain into electrical signals.