# Instantaneous Beam Prediction Scheme against Link Blockage in mmWave Communications
## 5 Simulation Results and Performance Evaluation
### Energy Consumption  
Although the recovery times achieved here are similar to the ones achieved in [7,8], however this has the benefits of reduced energy consumption levels and enhanced robustness to blockage intensity. Figure 9 shows the energy consumption measured at the MS (similar behavior at the BS), which is defined as the power consumed by the RF-fronted during beam restoration times. This variable is modeled as \(E_{cont}\!=\!Q_{\text{MS}}T_{rec}^{\text{MS}}\), where \(Q_{\text{MS}}^{\text{ABE}}\) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline System & \(f_{n}\) (GHz), \(b\) (MHz), \(P_{n}\)(dBm), \(d\) (m) & 28, 800, 30, 250 \\ Channel & \(\partial\) (dB), \(\sigma_{n}^{2}\)(dB) \(\zeta\), \(\rho\) & 0, 1, 3, 0–1 \\ Path loss & \(d_{n\text{/}}(\text{m}),\ \delta_{\text{LoS}},\ \delta_{\text{NLoS}}\) & 5, 2, 6, 4 \\ Spectral efficiency & \(\Omega,\ \delta_{max}\) & 2, 10 \\ Power consumption (mW) & \(q_{n},q\text{ps},q_{\text{LNA}},\ \delta_{\text{ADC}},\ \delta_{\text{BB}},\ \delta_{\text{MIX}},Q_{\text{LO}}\), & 5.4, 78, 20, 20, 20, 19, 5, 14, 5 \\ \(q_{\text{LIFF}},\ \delta_{\text{AMP}}\) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: System parameters. Figure 8: Recovery times for various beamforming vectors. denotes the power consumption level in the analog beamformer at the MS. Table 7 lists the notations for the power model, formulated as,  
\[Q_{\text{MS}}=N_{\text{MS}}(q_{n}+q_{\text{PS}}+q_{\text{PA}})+q_{\text{LNA}}+q_{ \text{RF}}+q_{\text{ADC}}+q_{\text{BB}}, \tag{18}\]  
\[q_{\text{RF}}=q_{M}+q_{\text{LO}}+q_{\text{LPF}}+q_{\text{AMP}}, \tag{19}\]  
\[q_{\text{ADC}}=E_{\text{ADC}}^{\text{step}}s_{\text{ADC}}2^{B}, \tag{20}\]  
where \(q_{n}\), \(q_{\text{PS}}\), \(q_{\text{LNA}}\), \(q_{\text{RF}}\), \(q_{\text{ADC}}\), \(q_{\text{BB}}\), \(q_{M}\), \(q_{\text{LO}}\), \(q_{\text{LPF}}\), \(q_{\text{AMP}}\) are the power consumption values for a single microstrip antenna, the phase shifter (PS), low noise amplifier (LNA), radio frequency (RF) chain, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), baseband combiner (BB), mixer (M), local oscillator (LO), low pass filter (LPF) and the baseband amplifier (AMP), respectively. Moreover, the variable \(E_{\text{ADC}}^{\text{step}}\) denotes the energy consumption per conversion in the ADC, \(S_{\text{ADC}}\) accounts for the sampling rate and finally the variable \(B\) is the number of bits [36]. The power consumption values (in milliwatts) for these components are listed in Table 8, recorded from settings in [37]. The energy consumption levels plotted in Figure 9 show that the proposed scheme yields very low energy levels compared to other schemes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Notation** & **Variable** \\ \hline \(E_{\text{out}}\) & Energy consumption measured at MS \\ \(Q_{\text{MS}}\) & power consumption level in the analog beamformer at MS \\ \(T_{\text{rec}}^{\text{MS}}\) & The link recovery (restoration) time at MS \\ \(T_{\text{rec}}^{\text{BS}}\) & The link recovery (restoration) time at BS \\ \(q_{n}\) & Power consumption for a single microstrip antenna \\ \(q_{\text{PS}}\) & Power consumption for a single-phase shifter \\ \(q_{\text{LNA}}\) & Power consumption for a single low noise amplifier \\ \(q_{\text{RF}}\) & Power consumption for a single RF chain \\ \(q_{\text{ADC}}\) & Power consumption for a single analog-to-digital converter \\ \(q_{\text{BB}}\) & Power consumption for a single baseband combiner \\ \(q_{\text{M}}\) & Power consumption for a single mixer \\ \(q_{\text{LO}}\) & Power consumption for a single local oscillator \\ \(q_{\text{LPF}}\) & Power consumption for a single low pass filter \\ \(q_{\text{AMP}}\) & Power consumption for a single baseband amplifier \\ step & Energy consumption per conversion in ADC \\ \(S_{\text{ADC}}\) & Sampling rate \\ \(B\) & Number of bits \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: List of notations for the power consumption model. Figure 9: Energy consumption for various beamforming vectors.