## 3 Results and Discussion
### Out-of-Plane Torsion and Oblique Deformation of Specimens  
The torsion of the specimen before and after loading is shown in Figure 16. The torsion of the specimen was evaluated by the out-of-plane displacement of the loading beam relative to the base beam (obtained by the difference between measuring points D-5 and D-6), and the out-of-plane displacement generated by the clockwise rotation of the specimen was defined as positive. Figure 17 shows the relationship between the horizontal force and out-of-plane displacement of the specimen. As shown in Figure 17, the force-out-of-plane displacement curve of the L-shaped shear wall was roughly oblique. It can be seen from Figure 17a that specimen LSW rotated counterclockwise outside the plane of the specimen under positive loading, and rotated clockwise under negative loading. When the load was small, the difference between the maximum out-of-plane displacements under positive and negative loading was not obvious, while when the load was large, the out-of-plane displacement under negative loading was significantly larger than that under positive loading, which was mainly due to the serious damage of the concrete at the root of the straight-edge member in the later loading stage. As shown in Figure 17b,c, the out-of-plane displacement of the prefabricated specimens gradually rotated counterclockwise and accumulated during the loading process, mainly due to the existence of growing joints at the bottom of the prefabricated walls. Since the bottom of the prefabricated walls in this test was not chiseled, the accumulation of damage was prone to occur at the joint surface. When the specimen was positively loaded, the damage of the counterclockwise torsion and the accumulation of damage had appeared. Although the out-of-plane displacement of the counterclockwise torsion was reduced during the negative loading, it was still in the counterclockwise state. Therefore, the out-of-plane displacement generated by the counterclockwise rotation of the prefabricated wall was continuously  
Figure 15: Strain distribution of longitudinal rebars above and below the sleeves of the precast walls during cracking and yielding: (**a**) 10 mm above the sleeve; and (**b**) 10 mm above the base beam. superimposed when the prefabricated wall was positively loaded. The absolute value of the maximum out-of-plane displacement of the prefabricated walls was smaller than that of the cast-in-place wall, which was mainly because the sleeve and grouting material at the bottom of the prefabricated walls increased the stiffness of the specimens. The oblique deformation curves of the shear walls are shown in Figure 18, in which the positive value of the displacement represents elongation, and the negative value represents shortening. The stress and deformation of the wall element during positive loading are shown in Figure 19. It is apparent that the measuring point D-7 was elongated under the positive loading of the specimen, and the measuring point D-8 was the opposite. The shape of the oblique deformation curve of the prefabricated and cast-in-place specimens was similar, while the maximum tensile displacement of the measuring points D-7 and D-8 of the cast-in-place wall was larger than that of the prefabricated walls, and the maximum displacement of the compression was smaller than that of the prefabricated walls. The reason was that during the loading process, the prefabricated walls were basically in a counterclockwise torsion state outside the plane, meaning the measuring point D-7 was taken in a compressed state. Although the measuring point D-7 was stretched under positive loading, the compressive deformation was continuously superimposed due to the accumulation of damage to the grouting layer under negative loading. Therefore, the maximum compressive displacement of the prefabricated walls was greater than that of the cast-in-place wall. Similarly, the deformation of measuring point D-8 under positive loading loading was larger than that of the cast-in-place wall.