## Numerical Simulation and Parametric Analysis
### Failure Modes and Ultimate Resistance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Specimen Size**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Enhancement**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(N_{FEM}\)} & \(\Delta_{\mathbf{u}}\) & \(\Delta_{\mathbf{0.85}}\) & \\ \cline{2-13}
**Specimen** & **H** & **b** & **t** & **t\({}_{\mathbf{c}}\)** & **t\({}_{\mathbf{s}}\)** & **t\({}_{\mathbf{r}}\)** & **s** & & **(kN)** & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **DI** \\ \hline SDC-REF & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3398.1\({}^{\prime}\) & 1.126 & 1.620 & 1.438 \\ SCS & 600 & 600 & 100 & 94 & 3 & 0 & 75 & / & 3405.2 & 1.123 & 1.359 & 1.210 \\ SDC-sleeve & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & sl & 3325.9 & 1.059 & 1.367 & 1.291 \\ SDC-sheet & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss & 3243.8 & 1.068 & 1.516 & 1.419 \\ SDC-no enh & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & / & 3108.4 & 1.033 & 1.212 & 1.173 \\ SDC-R1 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 92 & 3 & 1 & 75 & ss+sl & 3444.9 & 1.126 & 1.599 & 1.420 \\ SDC-R3 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 88 & 3 & 3 & 75 & ss+sl & 3352.6 & 1.126 & 1.634 & 1.451 \\ SDC-R5 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 84 & 3 & 5 & 75 & ss+sl & 3270.7 & 1.122 & 1.843 & 1.643 \\ SDC-R8 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 78 & 3 & 8 & 75 & ss+sl & 3166.9 & 1.195 & 1.968 & 1.647 \\ SDC-R10 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 74 & 3 & 10 & 75 & ss+sl & 3079.1 & 1.129 & 1.957 & 1.734 \\ SDC-R15 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 64 & 3 & 15 & 75 & ss+sl & 2896.2 & 1.175 & 2.057 & 1.751 \\ SDC-T4 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 88 & 4 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3879.1 & 1.100 & 1.950 & 1.773 \\ SDC-T5 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 86 & 5 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 4344.2 & 1.185 & 3.693 & 3.116 \\ SDC-T6 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 84 & 6 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 4810.2 & 1.238 & 5.289 & 4.272 \\ SDC-S100 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 100 & ss+sl & 3211.7 & 0.988 & 1.296 & 1.311 \\ SDC-S150 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 150 & ss+sl & 2773.2 & 1.057 & 1.327 & 1.255 \\ SDC-C100 & 600 & 600 & 110 & 100 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3658.3 & 1.169 & 1.763 & 1.509 \\ SDC-C110 & 600 & 600 & 120 & 110 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3918.6 & 1.147 & 1.838 & 1.603 \\ SDC-R5C100 & 600 & 600 & 110 & 94 & 3 & 5 & 75 & ss+sl & 3563.9 & 1.162 & 2.110 & 1.710 \\ SDC-R5C110 & 600 & 600 & 120 & 104 & 3 & 5 & 75 & ss+sl & 3803.3 & 1.192 & 1.990 & 1.815 \\ SDC-R5T4 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 82 & 4 & 5 & 75 & ss+sl & 3754.8 & 1.178 & 3.006 & 2.551 \\ SDC-R5T5 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 80 & 5 & 5 & 75 & ss+sl & 4212.0 & 1.194 & 4.527 & 3.972 \\ SDC-ss15 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3364.2 & 1.1 & 1.434 & 1.315 \\ SDC-ss35 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3432.5 & 1.1 & 2.044 & 1.793 \\ SDC-ss(sq)25 & 600 & 600 & 100 & 90 & 3 & 2 & 75 & ss+sl & 3409.9 & 1.1 & 1.768 & 1.571 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{\({}^{\ast}\)H = height of specimen; b = width of specimen; t = thinkness of specimen, t = \(t_{c}+2s_{t}+2r_{t}\); \(t_{c}\) = thickness of concrete core; \(t_{s}\) = thickness of steel plate; \(t_{r}\) = thickness of rubber layer; s = binding bar spacing; Nr\({}_{\text{FBM}}\) = failure load by FEM; SDC-REF= the reference specimen of SDC walls; ss = steel sheet, sl = sleeve; and DI = ductility index.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Dimension, ultimate compressive resistance, and ductility index of FE modeled specimens. This type of failure takes place due to inadequate shear bond and insufficient shear connector design between the steel plates, the rubber layer, and the concrete.