esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Experiment
### Test Method and Procedure  
The breakdown voltage of transformer oil is one of the important parameters used to measure its electrical resistance performance, and it is also the most important tests in this study. In the experiment, the breakdown of pure oil and transformer oil with  
Figure 4: Test oil cup and electrode physical diagram.  
Figure 3: Test electrode structure diagram.  
Figure 2: Insulation oil withstand voltage tester.  
added nanomaterials is conducted separately. The experimental operation adopts the method of controlling variables, testing the oil samples with different water contents and different temperatures.  
Since the uniform electric field represented by the plate-to-plate electrode is overly idealized and does not meet the requirements of practical applications, this study focuses on comparing the breakdown characteristics between a pair of spherical cap electrodes and the sphere-to-plate electrode. All breakdown tests were conducted in accordance with international standard IEC60156. The experimental procedures were as follows:  
1. Select the type of electrode and adjust the electrode spacing to the standard distance of 2.5 mm.
2. Pour the test oil sample quickly into the oil cup, adjust the position of the magnetic stirring rod on the inner wall of the oil cup, and close the top cover of the oil cup and the electrostatic shielding cover.
3. Select the test standard and set the frequency to 61.8 Hz for alternating current. Gradually increase the voltage with a step size of 2 kV/s until breakdown occurs in the oil gap.
4. Allow the sample to stand for 2 min. During this resting time, stir the oil sample using the magnetic stirring rod. Repeat the breakdown test 12 times and take the average value.  
It is important to note that this study only focuses on the breakdown tests of oil samples with a nanoparticle concentration of 0.01 g/L. This choice is based on multiple preliminary breakdown tests conducted on oil samples with four different concentrations, which revealed that the oil sample with a concentration of 0.01 g/L exhibited the highest absolute breakdown voltage.
## 3 Results  
### PRISMA Flow Diagram  
As shown in the PRISMA flow diagram displayed in Figure 1, the search process in the databases yielded 358 results, 132 of which were duplicates, and thus, were eliminated. The remaining 226 results were then submitted to the screening process, where 25 academic books, one abstract, and one poster, were rejected. As a consequence, 27 studies were removed, leaving a total of 199 articles for the eligibility phase, where the exclusion criteria described in Table 1 were applied. To implement this process, the title and abstract of the research articles were reviewed first, and, if doubts about the exclusion criteria arose, a complete read was carried out. As a result of this phase, 24 articles were found to not use ML techniques, 27 articles did not focus their study on PD, 29 articles did not use EEG techniques, two articles considered animal studies, seven articles were pharmacological, 43 articles were reviews with a different purpose, and six studies considered invasive EEG. As detailed in the PRISMA diagram in Figure 1, the sum of all these types of excluded articles resulted in a total of 138 rejections, leaving 61 articles for the inclusion phase. Finally, one article obtained from the previous process was retracted, and one article could not be found, so both were excluded from the final result. Therefore, 59 articles were finally obtained for their subsequent analysis.  
Figure 1: PRISMA diagram of the bibliographic review conducted.
## 4 Methodology
### General Architecture  
We have designed and implemented the Tor multi-path transmission defense architecture shown in Figure 2, which mainly consists of an authorized directory server, a user's OP, a set of entry ORs, middle ORs, exit ORs, and a target service. Before starting the communication, the user's OP first requests the relay information, such as the IP address, public key, etc., which is currently available for the entire Tor network from the authorized directory server (step 1). After receiving the node information, the user's OP prioritizes three nodes to form an initial three-hop circuit, then establishes a multi-path sub-circuit based on the path selection algorithm, and generates a coding coefficient matrix for communication, which is used for redundant coding (step 2). After the circuit is successfullyestablished, the user's OP uses the coding coefficient matrix to process the data, creating partial redundant slices based on the data cutting (step 3). All the slices are scattered from the \(\mathbf{m}\) entry ORs into the Tor network and finally converge at the same middle OR, which uses the coding coefficient matrix to decode the \(\mathbf{k}\) slices that arrived, where \(\mathbf{k}\leq\mathbf{m}\). Even if some of the slices are lost during transmission, the receiver can still have a higher probability of restoring the original data with the help of the received data slices and redundant slices. The degree of redundancy can be adjusted by the user to suit the actual demand and network quality (step 4). The data is restored and forwarded by the middle OR to the exit OR (step 5) and forwarded by the exit OR to the destination (step 6). The traffic return is the reverse operation of the circuit. From the above steps, it can be concluded that the traffic patterns between the user's OP and entry ORs bear little resemblance to the fingerprinting of the visited website, which will fundamentally reduce the probability of Tor being subjected to WFP attacks, and the specific experimental results in Section 6 demonstrate the effectiveness of our design. Algorithm 1 provides the pseudo-code of SMART for this work.  
```
0:\(matrix\leftarrow\) The coding coefficient matrix fetched from the authority directory server.
0:\(subcircuit\leftarrow\) The subcircuit information fetched from the authority directory server.
0:\(splitStrategies\leftarrow\) The strategies of sending slices.
0:\(Data\leftarrow\) Communication data.
0:\(K\leftarrow\) The minimum number of recoverable slices. function\(\text{SEND}(matrix,subcircuit,Data)\) \(s\leftarrow{Slicing}(Data)\) \(s_{r}\leftarrow{Encode}(s)\) based on matrix \(sStrategies\leftarrow{Choose}(splitStrategies)\) while\(1<i<s_{r}\)do for\(m=1\to subcircuit\)do \(Send(i)\leftarrow\) based on strategies if\(Send(i)==1\)then \(j++\) endif endfor \(i\gets j+i\) \(j\gets 0\) endwhile endfunctionfunctionRECEIVE(\(matrix,K,s_{r}\)) \(slice\gets sizeof(s_{r})/sizeof(s_{r}[0])\) if\(slice\geq K\)then \(Data\gets Decode(slice)\) based on matrix else \"Decoding failed, request retransmission\" endif endfunction
```  
**Algorithm 1** SMART defense algorithm
# FBG-Based Monitoring of Geohazards: Current Status and Trends
## 4 Current Status of Applying FBG Systems for Geohazard Monitoring
### Slope Stability and Landslide Monitoring
#### 4.1.2 Monitoring of Slope Movements  
Conventionally, slope movements monitoring is performed using inclinometers, extensometers, time domain reflectometry (TDR) cables, tiltmeters, and geodetic photogrammetry techniques such as GPS and InSAR. The limitations of these methods have been mentioned previously. Recently,  
Figure 7: Long-term monitoring results of the slope site in Hong Kong (adapted from [15]). (**a**) Rainfall; (**b**) Strains of the soil nail and the soldier pile.  
both surface and subsurface FBG-based slope deformation monitoring have been reported. [PERSON] et al. installed a long gauge FBG sensing system in southern Switzerland for continuous rockslide monitoring [48]. There were two types of sensors, i.e., fully embedded borehole sensors and surface extensometers. The monitoring system detected sub-micrometer scale deformations, which offers new insight into the deformation process of the test site. A similar field trial was carried out by [PERSON] et al. in Czech. In their study, the performance of the FBG sensors was compared with the fully distributed BOTDA sensors [34].  
[PERSON] et al. used FBG-instrumented strain tubes to monitor the subsurface displacement of Erlangmiao landslide crossing oil and gas pipelines in China [69]. The measured results indicate that this was a shallow landslide. [PERSON] et al. reported the monitoring of subsurface deformation at the Luk Keng slope using newly developed FBG in-place inclinometers [15]. As shown in Figure 8, the slope movements developed in a three-dimensional pattern, due to the orientation of weak zones within the slope mass.  
With reliable installation method, FBG sensors can perform direct measurement of soil strain. In this area, some preliminary investigations have been conducted by [PERSON] et al. [17; 70]. They carried out a series of laboratory model tests on slope stability. Quasi-distributed FBG strain sensors were directly embedded in the slope models in the horizontal and vertical directions. The soil strains during surcharge loading and groundwater level variations were measured, which provides critical insights into the slope deformation and failure modes.
###### Abstract  
The primary correction of congenital complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) is challenging due to inherent lack of palatal tissue and small extent of the palatal shelves at birth. The tissue deficiency affects the nasal mucosa, maxillary bone and palatal mucosa. This condition has driven the evolution of several surgical and non-surgical techniques for mitigating the inherent problem of anatomical deficits. These techniques share the common principle of altering the neighboring tissues around the defect area in order to form a functional seal between the oral and nasal cavity. However, there is currently no option for rectifying the tissue deficiency itself. Investigations have repeatedly shown that despite the structural tissue deficiency of the cleft, craniofacial growth proceeds normal if the clefts remain untreated, but the cleft remains wide. Conversely, craniofacial growth is reduced after surgical repair and the related alteration of the tissues. Therefore, numerous attempts have been made to change the surgical technique and timing so as to reduce the effects of surgical repairs on craniofacial growth, but they have been only minimally effective so far. We have determined whether the intrinsic structural soft and hard tissue deficiency can be ameliorated before surgical repair using the principles of periosteal distraction by means of magnetic traction. Two three-dimensional maxillary finite element models, with cleft patterns of UCLP and BCLP, respectively, were created from computed tomography slice data using dedicated image analysis software. A virtual dental magnet was positioned on either side of the cleft at the mucoperiodestal borders, and an incremental magnetic attraction force of up to 5 N was applied to simulate periosteal distraction. The stresses and strains in the periosteal tissue induced by the magnet were calculated using finite element analysis. For a 1 N attraction force the maximum strains did not exceed 1500 \(\upmu\)strain suggesting that adaptive remodeling will not take place for attraction forces lower than 1 N. At 5 N the regions subject to remodeling differed between the UCLP and BCLP models. Stresses and strains at the periosteum of the palatal shelf ridges in the absence of compressive forces at the alveolar borders were greater in the UCLP model than the BCLP model. The findings suggest that in newborns with UCLP and BCLP, periosteal distraction by means of a magnetic 5 N attraction force can promote the generation of soft and hard tissues along the cleft edges and rectify the tissue deficiency associated with the malformation.  
cleft lip and palate; finite element model; periosteal bone remodeling; unilateral cleft palate; bilateral cleft palate; distraction 2020
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a novel network architecture PcBD for point cloud outlier removal, projection boundary extraction, and boundary smoothing in one processing flow. By introducing local reference frames, improved 3D point cloud processing modules, and letting 2D and 3D features make connections and guide each other's work during processing, PcBD is able to learn to output high-precision de-noised point cloud projection boundaries, ensuring more accurate and reliable processing for downstream applications. Additionally, we introduced a dataset, Bound57, designed to simulate realistic ToF camera outputs, incorporating edge deficiencies and synthetic noise to reflect real-world sensor imperfections.  
Compared to existing methods, PcBD achieves:  
* A **89.47-99.30%** reduction in Chamfer-L1 distance in outlier removal, outperforming methods such as ROR and PD-LTS;
* A **58.15-81.33%** improvement in boundary detection accuracy over methods such as Grid-Contour and Adaptive \(\alpha\)-Shape methods;
* Superior smoothing results with an average Chamfer-L1 distance of **9.92**, surpassing traditional methods such as MLS and modern networks such as Score de-noise.
* As a processing flow, significantly outperforms a processing flow consisting of three different advanced methods in completing the above tasks simultaneously.  
In addition, the proposed Bound57 dataset serves as a benchmark for multi-task point cloud processing flows, filling a gap in current public datasets. Together, PcBD and Bound57 offer a reliable and extensible framework for future work in point cloud processing and real-time 3D detection.  
Conceptualization, S.S.; methodology, S.S.; software, S.S.; validation, S.S. and J.H.; investigation, S.S.; resources, S.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, S.S.; writing--review and editing, J.H. and S.Z.; visualization, S.S.; supervision, S.Z.; project administration, T.H.; funding acquisition, T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the \"Pioneer\" and \"Leading Goose\" R&D Program of Zhejiang, grant number 2024C01131, and the Key Research and Development Program of JiaXing, grant number 2024 BZ20017.  
Not applicable.  
Codes of the PcBD model presented in this paper and the proposed Bound57 dataset are available at [[https://github.com/desperadossy/PcBD](https://github.com/desperadossy/PcBD)]([https://github.com/desperadossy/PcBD](https://github.com/desperadossy/PcBD)), accessed on 1 June 2025.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
ToF Time of Flight MLP MultiLayer Perceptron kNN k-Nearest Neighbors LRF Local Reference Frame GT Ground Truth CD Chamfer Distance BCE Binary Cross Entropy
# Design of PAM-8 VLC Transceiver System Employing Neural Network-Based FFE and Post-Equalization
## 3 Analysis of Equalization Methods
### Passive Equalizer  
The schematic of the adopted passive equalizer is presented in Figure 6, and it was a basic high-pass filter for simplifying the structure of the discrete circuit. When the signal frequency was low, the capacitive reactance was large since \(X_{c}=1/\left(2\pi fC\right)\), while the inductive reactance was small since \(X_{L}=2\pi fL\). For the high-frequency signal, these two component values changed reversely. Thus, the low-frequency signals were bypassed to the ground through the inductor, while the high-frequency signals were sent to the output of this filter. Therefore, this high-pass filter could decrease the low-frequency gain and increase the high-frequency gain of a frequency response, so that contributed to the modulation bandwidth extension. By properly setting the zeros and poles of this high-pass filter, the high-frequency gain loss could be compensated for at the target frequency. Moreover, the values of L and C determining the zeros and poles of this filter could be calculated with the following:  
\[L=\frac{L_{0}\times K}{2\pi\times\text{ }t_{\text{target}}}, \tag{7}\]  
Figure 5: Simulated path loss versus distance in free-space channel and water channel.  
\[C=\frac{C_{0}}{K\,\times\,2\pi\,\times\,f_{\rm target}}, \tag{8}\]  
where L\({}_{0}\) is a unique inductor with the value of 1 H, C\({}_{0}\) is a unique capacitor equal to 1 F, and K is the impedance ratio of the designed filter to the standard filter, which is normally equal to 50 due to the 50 \(\Omega\) impedance matching. f\({}_{\rm target}\) is the target frequency of compensation through the passive equalizer, which can be treated as the \(-3\) dB bandwidth of the LED without equalizers.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Kinetic Models  
According to the data obtained from investigating the effect of time on the Cu\({}^{2+}\) adsorption by AgNPs, different kinetic models were used to understand the Cu\({}^{2+}\) adsorption mechanism by AgNPs to identify the rate-limiting step. The pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), intraparticle diffusion (IPD), and liquid film diffusion (LFD) kinetic models are expressed as follows [28,29]:  
\[log\ (q_{e}-q_{t})\ =log\ q_{e}-\frac{K_{1}t}{2.303}, \tag{3}\]  
\[\frac{t}{q_{t}}\ =\frac{1}{K_{2}{q_{e}}^{2}}+\frac{t}{q_{e}}, \tag{4}\]  
\[ln\ (1-F)=-K_{lfd}t+C_{lfd}, \tag{5}\]  
\[q_{t}\ =K_{lpd}\ t^{1/2}-C_{lpd}, \tag{6}\]  
Figure 6: Effect of AgNPs\({}^{\prime}\) dose on the adsorption percentage of Cu\({}^{2+}\). (**a**) The effect of pH, (**b**) the contact time, (**c**) the Cu\({}^{2+}\) concentration and temperature, and (**d**) the adsorption percentage of Cu\({}^{2+}\) by AgNPs (0.2 g).  
where \(q_{e}\) and \(q_{t}\) represent the adsorption amounts of Cu\({}^{2+}\) at equilibrium and at time \(t\), respectively, \(K_{1}\) is the rate constant of the pseudo-first-order reaction, \(K_{2}\) is rate constant of the pseudo-second-order reaction, \(K_{ipd}\) is the intraparticle diffusion coefficient, \(C_{ipd}\) is a constant that provides information on the thickness of the boundary layer, \(F\) is the fractional attainment of equilibrium (\(F=q_{t}/q_{e}\)), \(K_{ipd}\) is the rate constant of the liquid film diffusion reaction, and \(C_{ifd}\) is the constant of the boundary layer.  
Figure 7 shows the four kinetic diagrams of the Cu\({}^{2+}\) (10 and 50 mg/L) adsorbed by AgNPs. The parameters for the four kinematic models are recorded in Table 1. The experimental data did not agree with the pseudo-first-order model. However, the kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model: \(R^{2}\) values were 0.999 with 10 mg/L and 0.984 with 50 mg/L of Cu\({}^{2+}\)[30]. The calculated \(q_{e}\) values were 0.24 mg/g with 10 mg/L and 2 mg/g with 50 mg/L of Cu\({}^{2+}\), which were consistent with the experimental \(q_{e}\) values of 0.24 mg/g for 10 mg/L and 2 mg/g for 50 mg/L of Cu\({}^{2+}\)[7]. Figure 7 evident that the AgNPs is adsorbed Cu\({}^{2+}\) ions in two or more steps. This suggests that the Cu\({}^{2+}\) adsorption process involves multiple mechanisms. The first step is the diffusion of Cu\({}^{2+}\) on the AgNPs surface, and the next step is the spread of Cu\({}^{2+}\) within the pores, to reach the final equilibrium. The correlation coefficients for the adsorption of Cu\({}^{2+}\) by the AgNPs based on the liquid film diffusion model (\(R^{2}\)) were 0.960 and 0.986 for 10 and 50 mg/L of Cu\({}^{2+}\), respectively, indicating that the film diffusion is one of the factors that controls the process of the adsorption of Cu\({}^{2+}\)[31].  
Figure 7: Four kinetic model plots (pseudo-first-order (FFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), intraparticle diffusion (IPD), and liquid film diffusion (LFD)) for the adsorption of Cu\({}^{2+}\) by AgNPs (adsorbent dosage, 0.2 g; concentration of Cu\({}^{2+}\), 10 and 50 mg/L at pH 7, and 298 K).
# A Systematic Review of Perception System and Simulators for Autonomous Vehicles Research
## 2 Environment Perception System
### Cameras
As with IR cameras, they have a low resolution due to characteristics of the wavelength they are required to capture. Table 1 shows a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the sensors analysed in this section. In the table are shown 11 features, which have been quantified in line with data obtained in this review. The quantification has been carried out using four scores to simplify the process: 0--none, 1--low, 2--medium and 3--high. The first six features pose maximum quality with the highest score and the rest obtained the best quality with the minimum score. Figure 7 shows a set of spider charts of features of the sensors presented in this review. A perfect sensor is defined as the one that obtains the best scores in all the characteristics analysed in this review. This means maximum values (3) for FOV, range, accuracy, frame-rate, resolution, colour perception, and minimum values (0) for weather affections, maintenance, visibility, and price. This comparison offers a clear overview of the sensors' strengths and weaknesses. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Ultrasonic** & **RADAR** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**3D LiDAR**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cameras**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & & & **Rotating** & **Solid State** & **VIS** & **IR** & **ToF** \\ \hline FOV & 1 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 2 \\ Range & 1 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 2 \\ Accuracy & 1 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 \\ Frame rate & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 \\ Resolution & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ Colour perception & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\ Size & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ Weather affections & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 3 \\ Maintenance & 2 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ Visibility & 2 & 1 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ Price & 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 1 & 3 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the main features of sensors used in perception systems of AV. Figure 6: Emitted signal (blue) and received signal (red).
## Fluorine Based Superhydrophobic Coatings  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 2,* and [PERSON] 1**  
* Anti-icing Materials International Laboratory (AMIL), Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Universite, Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada; E-Mail: [PERSON]ESS]
* Centre Universitaire de Recherche sur l'Aluminium (CURAL), Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Universite, Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [PERSON]D.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.K.S.); Tel.: +1-418-545-5011 (ext. 2543).  
_Received: 15 February 2012; in revised form: 24 April 2012 / Accepted: 2 May 2012 / Published: 8 May 2012_  
**Abstract:** Superhydrophobic coatings, inspired by nature, are an emerging technology. These water repellent coatings can be used as solutions for corrosion, biofouling and even water and air drag reduction applications. In this work, synthesis of monodisperse silica nanoparticles of \(\sim\)120 nm diameter has been realized via Stober process and further functionalized using fluoroalkylsilane (FAS-17) molecules to incorporate the fluorinated groups with the silica nanoparticles in an ethanolic solution. The synthesized fluorinated silica nanoparticles have been spin coated on flat aluminum alloy, silicon and glass substrates. Functionalization of silica nanoparticles with fluorinated groups has been confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) by showing the presence of C-F and Si-O-Si bonds. The water contact angles and surface roughness increase with the number of spin-coated thin films layers. The critical size of \(\sim\)119 nm renders aluminum surface superhydrophobic with three layers of coating using as-prepared nanoparticle suspended solution. On the other hand, seven layers are required for a 50 vol.% diluted solution to achieve superhydrophobicity. In both the cases, water contact angles were more than 150\({}^{\circ}\), contact angle hysteresis was less than 2\({}^{\circ}\) having a critical roughness value of \(\sim\)0.700 \(\upmu\)m. The fluorinated silica nanoparticle coated surfaces are also transparent and can be used as paint additives to obtain transparent coatings.  
**Keywords:** sol-gel process; fluorinated silica nanoparticles; functionalization of nanoparticles; superhydrophobicity; fluoroalkylsilane; aluminum; water contact angle; FTIR; scanning electron microscopy; profilometry