## 3 Blockchain-Based DED Supervision Model and Architecture
### DED Supervision Model  
We first detail and describe the main factors including the members, work code, and circulation of DEDs. We then introduce an abstract model for regulating the whole process of the DEDs. The Public Security organ is a supervisor authority to regulate DEDs in China. The National Industrial Electronic Detonation Cryptography Centre (NIEDCC) is responsible for storing and issuing work codes. The manufacturer (MAU) carries out the product plan. The sales enterprise (SAE) purchases DEDs from the MAU. The SAE sells the digital electronic detonator to the blasting enterprise (BAE). The blasting enterprise provides blasting services to the users. A competent logistics enterprise (LE) is in charge of transporting the digital electronic detonators. Thus, the system model involves the MAU, SAE, BAE, LE, NIEDCC, and supervisory agencies. **Work code**: To achieve dynamic DED supply chain supervision, we integrated the production link, purchase link, transport link, and blasting link into the supervision model. We first established a mechanism of the DEDs with three codes in one mechanism, which includes the chip UID code, initiating code, and detonator shell code. Three codes are encrypted to generate the work code; furthermore, the work code generates the identification code, which is labeled with the barcode. If a DED accident occurs, we can determine the DED and track it according to the three-code information. At each stage of the circulation of DEDs, it is necessary to update the DED information to track and verify the circulation of the electronic detonators. In the production of DEDs, each electronic detonator is labeled with the barcode on the terminal clamp of the DED. First, the electronic detonators' information is recorded in an information system, which maintains all information about the product from the raw materials to the product, including the manufacturer, DED batch, DED name, and time. After receiving the DED, the SAE scans the barcode and checks the consistency of the barcode data and the records stored in the information system. After that, the sales enterprise uploads the data to the blasting enterprise. The blasting enterprise should also scan the barcode to verify the information on the DED before the electronic detonators are stored. In the production of DEDs, the MAUs upload the work code to the NIEDCC and are put on record by the supervisory agent, and they can perform the production plan. The MAU's management system is associated with the supervision system, which means that the production records are involved in the supervision system to prevent falsified DED records of the MAU. The digital electronic detonators are only purchased from the MAU by the SAE. The information system comprehensively maintains all the processes of the DEDs from production to consumption. In the transportation sector, the DEDs are sent from the manufacturer to the SAE and then transported from the SAE to the blasting enterprise. All logistic enterprises must also be put on record by the supervision agent. In the blasting sector, the blasting enterprises need to apply to the National Industrial Electronic Detonator Cryptography Centre (NIEDCC) for the working code and then download the electronic detonator working code from the NIEDCC. Finally, the initiator loads and decrypts the encrypted information. All blasting enterprises must also be audited by the supervisor and have blasting qualifications to carry out blasting operations. After blasting, the detonator first feeds back the information, including the chip UID and the DED latitude and longitude, to the adapter through the regulatory authority. Next, the information is uploaded to the National Industrial Electronic Detonation Cryptography Centre, which contributes to identifying the reasons for and measures of Anti-explosion. Figure 1 shows the DED supervision model. The supervision model is detailed as follows:  
1.