# Design and Characterization of Non-Erosive Polymeric
## 4 Conclusions  
The non-errosive polymeric tooth-whitening composition PVAc-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) exhibited whitening effects superior to that of PVP-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) composition in a similar oral environment. The PVAc-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) tooth-whitening compositions exhibited high water resistance, adhesion, and flexible films. Consequently, the PVAc-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) composition is expected to achieve an excellent tooth-whitening performance owing to its high retention and low erosion in the oral environment. Unfortunately, this research was only experimented with in the in vitro study, and whether non-errosive polymeric teeth whitening compositions can indeed achieve enhanced whitening effects in the actually oral cavity requires further study.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063698/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063698/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063698/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063698/s1)), Figure S1: Photo images of tooth whitening composition solutions and films coated on slide glass [dip coating method] (a) pristine solutions and films, (b) adding dye in solutions and their films; Figure S2: Thermal properties of pristine polymers (a) PVAc, (b) EC and (c) PVP; Figure S3: AFM surface morphology of pristine bovine teeth surface; Table S1: Residual H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) concentration of polymeric whitening compositions (initial); Table S2: Residual H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) concentration of polymeric whitening compositions (exposed 30 min); Table S3: Residual H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) concentration of polymeric whitening compositions (exposed 60 min); Table S4: L* a* b* and \(\Delta\)E values of initial and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) treated conditions for whitening compositions.  
Conceptualization, D.Y. and J.-H.A.; methodology, D.Y.; validation, D.Y.; investigation, D.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, D.Y.; writing--review and editing, D.Y. and J.-H.A.; visualization, D.Y.; supervision, N.G.K.; project administration, J.-H.A. and N.G.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Polymeric**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Contact Angle (\({}^{\circ}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Residual H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) Concentration (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**In-Vitro**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & & & & & & **Whitening** \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & **Initial** & & & & **Effect (\(\Delta\)E*) 1 ** \\ \hline PVAc-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 60.6 & 56.4 & 2.88 (\(\pm\)0.05) & 1.48 (\(\pm\)0.17) & 0.76 (\(\pm\)0.17) & 16.54 (\(\pm\)5.33) \\ EC-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 65.1 & 61.7 & 2.82 (\(\pm\)0.11) & 1.39 (\(\pm\)0.18) & 0.55 (\(\pm\)0.12) & 9.91 (\(\pm\)2.30) \\ PVP-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 32.4 & 9.8 & 2.86 (\(\pm\)0.21) & 1.26 (\(\pm\)0.13) & 0.37 (\(\pm\)0.04) & 6.97 (\(\pm\)0.82) \\ \(p\) value & & & 0.796 & 0.176 & 9.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & 3.16 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Contact angle, residual H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) concentration, and whitening effect of polymeric tooth whitening compositions.  
Figure 7: \(\Delta\)E values of various polymeric tooth whitening compositions after 1 h of treatment (in vitro). (significance codes; ***: \(p<\) 0.001).