## 2 Dimensions of Artificially Intelligent Transport Systems
### Lane Control, Remote Sensing and Vehicular Guidance System: Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication  
A common feature of paved roadways around the world is the presence of lane control features, such as painted boundaries, lane markers, road signs, etc. The application of ITS for modernising the roadways and improving lane control, dynamic message signs and remote radio-frequency identification (RFID)-type controllable sensors have been cited by researchers [32; 33] as a critical feature of modern cities. Better communication between ITS roadway sensors and AVs may also be observed which can reduce average vehicle mileage, crashes and traffic congestions. The big data and machine learning revolution [34] is expected to result in intelligent control, traffic pattern recognition, embedded electronic markers (similar to barcodes), cognition of roadway users and adapting according to traffic behaviour. According to [PERSON] [35], agent-based controlling of transportation management on an on-demand basis may be a more cost-effective and reliable alternative to traffic control while providing flexibility. [PERSON] [10] commented that instead of traditional reliance on traffic lights, cooperative intelligent-space technology may be implemented at intersections over ad-hoc networks. Sustainable, ITS-controlled transportation systems may also account for the social and climatic variations [36; 37] of automated transit gateways through a comprehensive agent-based model.  
At present, there are many sensor-based, vehicular guidance systems available for partially automated assistance in navigation, parking assistance, crash aversion and warnings in lane departures, such as the adaptive cruise control (ACC). [PERSON] et al. [26] estimated that the effective capacities of roadway lanes may be increased by up to 80% (for a 90% market penetration of ACC), depending upon market shares. KPMG and the Center for Automotive Research [38] found that improvements in traffic congestion not only depend upon automated driving, but also efficient roadway sensors providing active in/out vehicle-environment sensing. For instance, vehicle to the roadway (e.g., traffic signals) and vehicle to vehicle communications to increase system performance and improve operational safety. [PERSON] et al. [39] note that reliable, efficient and effective wireless communication between connected vehicles (i.e., vehicles using vehicular guidance system for Level 1-2 automation) or autonomous vehicles and the appropriate infrastructure, is essential for modern transportations  
Figure 4: Stakeholder response distribution towards autonomous bus mode choices.  
systems. The authors [39] also highlighted the need for a safe, sustainable and secure wireless network for a large-scale operation to tackle mobility issues for real-world applications. Future research on vehicle guidance and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication for ITS application in transportation should acknowledge the safety-related issues as also noted by [PERSON] et al. [40]. Nonetheless, public investments should be directed accordingly at exploring all dimensions of the transport system's life-cycle, including social factors, environmental, mobility and safety features.