## 8 Microencapsulation of _C. ternatea_'s Phytochemical
### Coating Materials  
The materials which are encapsulated are commonly called active, core, pay-load, internal phase, encapsulate, or fill, while the materials that envelope the core are usually called the wall, shell, coating, external phase, support phase, or membrane. The coating material is able to form a cohesive film on the core, stabilize it, and provide strength to the capsules. The coating material is commonly insoluble, nonreactive with the core or inert, and does not give any specific taste to the product [15; 77]. Additionally, it is impermeable and capable of releasing the core at a specified time and location after receiving a specific treatment. The materials that can be used as the microencapsulating-agent are sugars, gums, proteins, natural and modified polysaccharides, lipids, waxes, and synthetic polymers [15; 83]. Various types and combinations of coating agents used to encapsulate anthocyanin have been studied and reported in the literature. Maltodextrin and Arabic gum are the most common materials used for microencapsulation [6], as well as their combination together or with other coating agent materials such as gelatin, carrageenan, and cyclodextrin. Maltodextrin is commonly used as a coating agent due to its high solubility in water and high retention of bioactive compounds [84; 85]. The microencapsulation of _C. ternate  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Extract**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Microencapsulation Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Notes for Recommendation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-5}  & **Coating Agent** & & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Ethanolic extract} & 85\% maltodextrin and carrageenanan, & & The formulation with a ratio of maltodextrin (90\%) and carrageenanan (10\%) indicated the best results & \\  & 90\% maltodextrin, and 10\% carrageenanan & Freeze drying & compared to maltodextrin (85\%) and carrageenanan (15\%) in maintaining the antioxidant activity and color intensity & \\  & (_w/w_ of coating materials) & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline  
flower extract by maltodextrin has a retention of more than 90% (92.02%) [13]. The physicochemical properties and the retention of bioactive compounds by microcapsules can be modified and improved by the addition and combination of other coating materials [85; 86]. The combination of maltodextrin and gelatin showed a slightly higher retention, which is 92.8%, with the greatest lightness in color but least saturation, while the combination with cassava starch showed lower retention and the darkest color, but the color was more vivid [13]. Maltodextrin and gelatin, respectively, were used alone to microencapsulate anthocyanins from jacrat pulp, and showed that overall, gelatin has the ability to retain more than maltodextrin [87]. However, gelatin's ability to maintain the originated pigment is lower than anthocyanin's, which was indicated by the overall difference of color (\(\Delta E\)), where jacrat microcapsules with gelatin and maltodextrin were 12.8 and 4.45. Low \(\Delta E\) values demonstrate that following reconstitution, the powdered pigment retains the color of the pulp from which it was derived [87]. Therefore, gelatin as a coating agent has a higher ability to retain more active compounds but a lower ability to maintain the pigment of anthocyanin. Another coating agent combination was conducted by [PERSON] [82], using maltodextrin and \(\beta\)-cyclodextrinrin, with freeze drying as the drying method. Various water extract of _C. ternatea_ and coating agent ratios were examined, namely, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The coating agents' concentrations between maltodextrin and \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrin used were 75:25, 50:50, and 75:25. The 1:1 ratio of water extract to coating agents with 75% maltodextrin and 25% \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrin indicated the highest retention of anthocyanin content, as high as  
Figure 3: Illustration of the microencapsulation process and the basic principles for the most commonly used drying techniques.