## 2 Types of Surfactant-Modified Polymer Nanocomposites  
### Surfactant-Modified Inorganic Nanofiller/Polymer Nanocomposites  
Table 3 indicates the examples of inorganic nanofillers, surfactants, polymer matrices, and preparation processes of polymer nanocomposites. An inorganic filler, such as MMT, could be modified by a cationic surfactant, like HMAC, to produce organoclay (OMMT) [9]. OMMT was incorporated into PEVA via melt blending and compression molding processes for the preparation of OMMT/PEVA nanocomposites [9]. TiO\({}_{2}\) NRs have also been used for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. TiO\({}_{2}\) NRs could be modified or capped by an anionic surfactant, such as OA, to prevent aggregation in solution [3]. The OA-capped TiO\({}_{2}\) NRs were mixed with PS solution via the solvent blending technique, followed by a drop casting process to prepare the TiO\({}_{2}\)/PS nanocomposites [3]. Other than clay mineral and metal oxide nanomaterials, the CNTs, G NPs, and GO NSs are also categorized as inorganic nanofillers. Although carbon is an organic material, the allotropes of carbon, such as CNTs, G NPs, and GO NSs, are considered as inorganic nanomaterials [38]. CNTs could be modified by a non-ionic surfactant, like Triton X-100, to improve dispersion in a PBO matrix [10]. CNT/PBO nanocomposites were prepared through solvent-free blending and pour casting processes at an elevated temperature [10].  
CNFs are also regarded as an inorganic nanofiller due to their preparation procedure and structure, which are the same as in CNTs, but CNFs have a larger diameter than CNTs [25]. CNFs could be modified by a silicone surfactant, like AK8805, to improve the dispersion of CNFs in an epoxy matrix, such as DGEBA [5]. CNF/DGEBA nanocomposites were prepared through solution blending and compression molding processes at an elevated temperature [5]. On the other hand, G NPs could also be modified by Triton X-100 via sonication in the solvent [11]. Modified G NPs were mixed with an SR solution through the solution blending process, followed by a compression molding process for vulcanization to obtain G NP/SR nanocomposites [11]. In addition, Triton X-100 could treat GO NSs to promote dispersion in a DGEBA matrix [6]. GO NS/DGEBA nanocomposites could also be prepared by means of solution blending and pour casting processes [6]. Table 3 demonstrates that the surfactant-modified inorganic nanofiller/polymer nanocomposites could be prepared by using typical polymer composite processing procedures without requiring complicated or complex preparation processes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inorganic Nanofiller** & **Surfactant** & **Polymer Matrix** & **Mixing Process** & **Final Process** & **References** \\ \hline MMT & HMAC & PEVA & Melt blending & Compression molding & [9] \\ TiO\({}_{2}\) NRs & OA & PS & Solvent blending & Drop casting & [3] \\ CNTs & Triton X-100 & PBO & Solvent-free blending & Pour casting & [10] \\ CNFs & AK8805 & DGEBA & Solution blending & Compression molding & [5] \\ G NPs & Triton X-100 & SR & Solution blending & Compression molding & [11] \\ GO NSs & Triton X-100 & DGEBA & Solution blending & Pour casting & [6] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Examples of inorganic nanofillers, surfactants, polymer matrices, and preparation processes of polymer nanocomposites.