## 1 Introduction
### Why Disaster Management?  
As mentioned in the Section 1.1, the disaster management remains to be the most crucial applications across the globe due to several factors such as global warming and ecological calamities. This section will provide detailed insight on present situation and what needs to be carried out to improvise it aligning with the problem definition given in Section 1.1. The world needs stability with respect to the reliable systems for easy and effective transmission of data for significant applications to support life and sustainable resources on Earth extensively.  
For this, the constellations are primarily essential to provide timely data to the locations which immediately need relief and tracking data of the worst affected areas. Several companies worldwide are planning and some have already implemented the small satellite constellations with commercially available data to the end users.  
However, the major concern is that these products from companies currently are highly expensive and out of reach for majority of under developed and developing countries. Hence, there is a major necessity to make constellations from Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) components effective enough to deliver the same level of data products as the traditional ones respectively.  
The major advantage with COTS is that it provides the opportunity to develop smaller miniaturized components which is a great benefit in small satellites and can affect the performance in a constellation as well with greater reliability and sustenance for a long-term mission. Not only performance or reliability, COTS such as MEMS (part of COTS family), can help constellation operations through lower power consumption, robustness, enhanced  
Figure 3: Effect of using an efficient optimization technique.  
assurance and most importantly saves cost of implementation and procurement. As the technology for constellation operations and maintenance evolve, the resource optimization, strong inter-satellite communication, and exchange will remain of absolute importance among the satellites to remain in their aligned orbits autonomously.  
The COTS-based systems are cost-effective due to the fact that the value and the benefits they provide with a given cost are much higher than the traditional components. The purchase cost of COTS is substantially lower than the traditionally used ones due to lower cost of their development. They can also be purchased and operated at a lower expense over in-house development ensuring higher quality and durability.  
Hence, overall this research aimed at providing the solutions (using COTS) for a cost-effective implementation of the constellations. Though this portion of COTS is not directly related to trajectory optimization, it is taken up due to their major importance in aligning robust and cost-effective small satellite constellations for a longer duration operation in near future which depends on the components which are used and their effective performance over stretched lifecycle. Figure 4 provides a visible description to the disaster management implementation processes which is core of this research.  
This paper primarily is focused on providing an optimized trajectory solution for LEO using a unique optimizing technique for multiple ground stations or regions of interest. This implementation is planned for an autonomous behavior of the proposed optimization, propagation of the satellites in a well-formed constellation, and to address issues autonomously while in orbit.