## 1 Introduction  
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the key ligaments that helps stabilize the knee joint. The ACL connects the femur to the tibia and is essential for stabilizing the knee joint. Its rupture is among the most frequent and debilitating injuries encountered in orthopedics [1]. Tendon and ligament injuries, particularly those involving the ACL, affect millions of people globally each year, imposing significant clinical and economic burdens [2]. Such injuries are often associated with high-impact sports, aging, or traumatic events, leading to impaired mobility, chronic pain, and diminished quality of life. ACL injuries profoundly impact patients' activity levels and quality of life, as recovery often involves prolonged rehabilitation with varying success rates. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols, outcomes often fail to achieve complete functional recovery or prevent long-term complications, such as re-injury [3]. This requires the exploration of innovative approaches that can provide more effective long-term solutions [4]. Tissue engineering (TE) has emerged as a promising field that overcomes the limitations of traditional treatments by promoting tissue regeneration and mimicking native tissues. TE combines principles of biology, materials science, and engineering to develop biomimetic scaffolds capable of supporting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation while restoring structural integrity. The goal of TE is to develop scaffolds with mechanical and biological properties that mirror those of natural ligaments [5]. Among the various fabrication techniques, wet spinning has gained attention for its ability to produce three-dimensional (3D) fibrous structures with favorable properties for tissue regeneration. Wet spinning is a manufacturing process that involves extruding a polymeric formulation through a needle into a coagulation bath, where the polymer coagulates into solid fibers. Unlike traditional methods, wet spinning enables precise control over filament alignment, diameter, and porosity, which are critical for replicating the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and achieving tissue integration [6]. In comparison with electrospinning and additive manufacturing, wet spinning does not require high temperatures or voltages, making it suitable for processing highly biocompatible polymers. This method enables the controlled formation of continuous filaments with tunable diameters and superior mechanical properties for large-scale production, making it particularly suitable for scaffolds where high tensile strength and controlled fiber alignment are crucial [7]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that computer-aided wet spinning (CAWS) can fabricate chitosan/hyaluronic acid scaffolds with controlled macroporosity, enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation, underscoring its potential for tissue engineering applications [8]. These findings highlight the importance of advanced fabrication methods in tailoring scaffold properties to meet specific biological and mechanical requirements. The choice of materials for scaffold production is critical, particularly in the context of sustainability and biocompatibility [9]. There has been a growing emphasis on using biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, driven by environmental concerns and the need for materials that are compatible with human tissues [10]. Natural and synthetic polymers, including collagen, chitosan, silk fibroin, polycaprolactone (PCL), and polylactic acid (PLA), have been widely investigated for their potential in ligament tissue engineering. Collagen and silk fibroin exhibit excellent biocompatibility but often lack the necessary mechanical strength for ACL reconstruction [11; 12]. PLA-based scaffolds offer tunable biodegradability, yet their brittle nature can limit long-term mechanical stability [13; 14]. An ideal material for ACL repair must balance biocompatibility and mechanical strength, ensuring both cellular integration and sufficient load-bearing capacity.