# Neuromuscular Assessment of a Stand-Up Paddle Stroke
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phases**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Muscles**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Opposite** (\% MVC)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Adjacent** (\% MVC)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI for**} \\  & & & & & & & **Coher’s D** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Pull} & Upper trapezius & \(24.35\pm 8.75\) & \(12.28\pm 6.98\) & \(0.01\) & \(1.53\) & \(0.66\) & \(2.36\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(10.67\pm 5.10\) & \(10.02\pm 4.50\) & \(0.72\) & \(0.13\) & \(-0.61\) & \(0.87\) \\  & Biceps brachii & \(7.41\pm 3.86\) & \(8.51\pm 2.80\) & \(0.40\) & \(-0.33\) & \(-1.07\) & \(0.43\) \\ \cline{2-8}  & Tibialis anterior & \(10.18\pm 6.36\) & \(12.24\pm 7.70\) & \(0.45\) & \(-0.29\) & \(-1.04\) & \(0.45\) \\  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.98\pm 4.86\) & \(8.45\pm 4.06\) & \(0.15\) & \(0.56\) & \(-0.19\) & \(1.32\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Recovery} & Upper trapezius & \(14.78\pm 6.37\) & \(10.21\pm 5.49\) & \(0.05\) & \(0.77\) & \(-0.01\) & \(1.53\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(33.57\pm 17.03\) & \(32.92\pm 16.06\) & \(0.92\) & \(0.04\) & \(-0.71\) & \(0.78\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Biceps brachii & \(4.80\pm 2.17\) & \(8.36\pm 5.11\) & \(0.03\) & \(-0.91\) & \(-1.68\) & \(-0.12\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tibialis anterior & \(17.90\pm 11.76\) & \(18.70\pm 9.73\) & \(0.85\) & \(-0.07\) & \(-0.82\) & \(0.67\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.43\pm 4.86\) & \(10.73\pm 6.85\) & \(0.90\) & \(-0.05\) & \(-0.79\) & \(0.69\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean \(\pm\) SD of the %MVC for the comparison between the pull and recovery phases of a full stroke cycle, on the right paddling side, on the opposite and adjacent sides of the body during all five studied muscles. \(p\)-values and effect sizes are also shown. Figure 3: Muscle activity (%MVC) patterns for the right paddling side stroke concerning the stroke cycle and regarding the muscles of the opposite and adjacent sides of the body. Differences were found in all muscles of the upper limb and in the tibialis anterior on the opposite side. On the adjacent side, differences were observed only in the triceps brachii (Table 4). On the left paddling side, significant differences were found in the upper trapezius and the biceps brachii on the opposite side, and in the triceps brachii on the adjacent arm (Table 5). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Body Side**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Muscles**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pull**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Recovery**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cohen’s D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI for**} \\  & & & & & & **Cohen’s D** & \\ \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Opposite (\%)} & Upper trapezius & \(24.35\pm 8.75\) & \(14.78\pm 6.37\) & \(0.03\) & \(1.26\) & \(0.43\) & \(2.05\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(10.67\pm 5.10\) & \(33.57\pm 17.03\) & \(0.01\) & \(-1.82\) & \(-2.69\) & \(-0.92\) \\  & Biceps brachii & \(7.41\pm 3.86\) & \(4.80\pm 2.17\) & \(0.04\) & \(0.83\) & \(0.05\) & \(1.60\) \\  & Tibalis anterior & \(10.18\pm 6.36\) & \(17.90\pm 11.76\) & \(0.04\) & \(-0.82\) & \(-1.58\) & \(-0.04\) \\  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.98\pm 4.86\) & \(10.43\pm 4.86\) & \(0.77\) & \(0.12\) & \(-0.63\) & \(0.85\) \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Adjacent (\%)} & Upper trapezius & \(12.28\pm 6.98\) & \(10.21\pm 5.49\) & \(0.39\) & \(0.33\) & \(-0.42\) & \(1.07\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(10.02\pm 4.50\) & \(32.92\pm 16.06\) & \(0.01\) & \(-1.94\) & \(-2.84\) & \(-1.02\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Biceps brachii & \(8.51\pm 2.80\) & \(8.36\pm 5.11\) & \(0.93\) & \(0.04\) & \(-0.71\) & \(0.77\) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & Tibalis anterior & \(12.24\pm 7.70\) & \(18.70\pm 9.73\) & \(0.06\) & \(-0.74\) & \(-1.49\) & \(0.04\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(8.45\pm 4.06\) & \(10.73\pm 6.85\) & \(0.30\) & \(-0.41\) & \(-1.16\) & \(0.35\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}