esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
###### Abstract  
Reproduction in marine sponges remains poorly understood despite their known significance as melting pots of important biomedical compounds. Particularly in the Indo-Pacific, with noted high sponge diversity, existing studies in sponge reproduction are limited. In this study, sexual reproductive features, particularly the onset and timing of gametogenesis in relation to temperature, of the cryptic yellow demosponge _Neopterosia compacta_ were investigated. Sponge samples (N = 10, minimum) were collected monthly and dissected from November 2020 to March 2022 in Lucero, Bolinao, Pangasian from tagged and random individuals. Temperature loggers were also deployed over the course of the study to collect temperature data. Results show that reproductive individuals were detected almost throughout the sampling period with increasing detection as seawater temperature rose. Gametes begin to appear more frequently starting in April 2021, with a peak of gametogenesis recorded in June 2021 with more than 70% of collected individuals presenting reproductive propagules. Coincidentally, this was also the same month with the highest seawater temperature recorded at the site, of 30.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Moreover, _N. compacta_ most likely exhibit a viviparous mode of reproduction. Learning the timing and patterns as well as determining environmental cues that influence reproduction in sponges will further enhance applications that could facilitate technologies that may increase marine sponge biomass for pharmaceutical explorations.  
cryptic sponge; viviparous; _Neopterosia compacta;_ temperature; gametogenesis  
**Coral Bioerosion in South Central Vietnam and Some Discussion about the Monitoring Method**  
_[PERSON]_ 1,2, [PERSON]_ 1,3 and [PERSON]_ 1  
1 Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 1 Cau Da Street, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa 650000, Vietnam  
2 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China  
3 Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
site was similar to the average for the whole Nha Trang area (117.5% and 114.2%), while the rate in the Ninh Thuan area was much higher, at 158.8% (in two years). This might be due to environmental factors in the Ninh Thuan area (lower \(\Omega\)Ar value) that could have made corals more vulnerable. In addition, we found that the more hollow/porous the coral sample before deployment, the more susceptible it was to bioerosion. On the basis of the difficulties and limitations that we faced and from the results obtained, we had some discussions and suggested improvements for a more appropriate bioerosion monitoring method (artificial coral, tomography technique, histogram analysis, etc.).  
coral bioerosion; BMUs; bioerosion monitoring method
# Design Optimization of Underground Mining Vehicles Based on Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery
## 2 Design of Regenerative Braking System for Underground Mining Vehicles
### Methods of Energy Storage for Mining Vehicles  
This study focuses on the CTY5/6 GB explosion-proof electric locomotive, which has replaced the conventional overhead power supply with maintenance-free lead-acid batteries. These batteries possess strong explosion-proof properties and do not require electrolyte maintenance. They can be charged directly, resulting in low maintenance costs. In this locomotive, the battery is integrated with the regenerative braking system, serving as the energy storage component for energy recovery. The motor functions as the energy conversion component. During the braking process, the vehicle controller disconnects the connection between the engine and transmission. Consequently, the kinetic energy of the locomotive drives the transmission mechanism, causing the motor to rotate. As demonstrated in Figure 5, this conversion process transforms kinetic energy into electric energy, which is then stored in the battery, thereby increasing its capacity. The motor supplies power to the locomotive during acceleration or climbing phases.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **The Motor Brake Decoupled** \\ **from the Hydraulic Brake** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Adequate Recovery of** \\ **Braking Energy** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Applicable to Underground** \\ **Mine Cars** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Iterative regenerative & no & no & yes \\ \hline Collaborative regenerative & yes & yes & yes \\ \hline braking system & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of two regenerative braking systems.  
Figure 4: Relationship between braking force and braking intensity in the series regenerative braking system and the cooperative regenerative braking system.  
Figure 5: Principle of the battery energy storage system.
## 3 Experimental Setting and Results
### Experimental Results
#### 3.3.2 Quantitative Analysis
TBH aims to preserve the similarity between the original data and the data decoded from the binary feature. Both TBH [10] and DCH [11] aim to preserve the pair-wise similarity, and it is difficult to capture the hyper structure among RS images. TOCEH establishes a tensor graph representing the triplet ordinal relation among RS images in both Hamming space and Euclidean space. During the training process, TOCEH expects that the triplet ordinal relation graphs have the same distribution in different spaces. Thus, it can enhance the ability of preserving the Euclidean ranking orders in the Hamming space. As discussed above, TOCEH can achieve the best RS image retrieval results.
# Extraction of Novel Bioactive Peptides from Fish Protein Hydrolysates by Enzymatic Reactions
## 4 Novel Peptides Derived from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Discards
### ACE-Inhibitory Peptides  
A well-known mechanism of antihypertensive peptides is the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, and these compounds are derived from food-related proteins which have been studied for their potential in the management of hypertension [90]. Novel ACE-I peptides from marine and aquatic byproducts are also being studied. [PERSON] et al. [64] identified a novel ACE-inhibitory peptide from shrimp waste hydrolysates hydrolyzed by Savinase, revealing that the peptides exhibited high antihypertensive activities with high affinity towards ACE. [PERSON] et al. [91] studied protein hydrolysates from red scorpionfish (_Scorpeana notata_) byproducts and identified novel peptides, namely, Gln-Gln-Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Ser-Lys-Gly-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, Gly-Gln-Lys-Ser-Val-Pro-Glu-Val-Arg, and Val-Glu-Gly-Lys-Ser-Pro-Asn-Val. Additionally, the authors stated that the abovementioned peptides showed high ACE-I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory activity. Similarly, in another study, two novel peptides were identified from the muscle protein hydrolysates of red scorpionfish, with amino acid sequences of Leu-Val-Thr-Gly-Asp-Lys-Thr-Asn-LeuLys and Asp-Thr-Gly-Ser-Asp-Lys-Lys-Gln-Leu; they are mainly composed of hydrophilic amino acids and show good antioxidant and ACE-I activities [92].  
[PERSON] et al. [93] purified and characterized a novel ACE-inhibitory peptide derived from grass carp protein hydrolysates hydrolyzed by alcalase. The authors indicated that the identified Val-Ala-Pro (VAP) is the first reported food-derived tripeptide and was observed to have excellent ACE-I activity and unique biochemical properties. For the in vivo analysis of the mechanisms of these antihypertensive peptides, [PERSON] et al. [94] investigated the antihypertensive effects of tuna frame protein hydrolysates in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed that the isolated peptide with the amino acid sequence Gly-Asp-Leu-Gly-Lys-Thr-Thr-Thr-Val-Ser-Asn-Trp-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Try-Lys-Asp-Thr-Pro was a noncompetitive inhibitor against ACE. The authors further presented that oral administration of the said peptide in spontaneously hypertensive rates significantly decreases systolic blood pressure. [PERSON] et al. [95] recently identified novel ACE-I peptides from muscle hydrolysates of skipjack tuna, where alcalase was used in hydrolysis to obtain Ser-Pro and Val-Asp-Arg-Tyr-Phe peptides with high ACE-I activities. Based on the novel discoveries of antihypertensive peptides, it can be noted that byproducts and discards from aquatic and other marine species are good sources of ACE-I peptides and could be relevant to the nutraceutical industry, and for other industrial purposes as an anti-hypertensive component in functional foods.
# A PSO-Based Uneven Dynamic Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Network and Energy Model  
The aim of the proposed protocol in this paper is to provide the more appropriate distribution of cluster heads and the better scalability for different scale network environments, and effectively improve the energy efficiency for WSNs. We mainly consider the clustering method, the algorithm for selecting CH nodes, and the routing algorithm to balance the energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime.
# Prediction of Transient Temperature Distributions for Laser Welding of Dissimilar Metals
## 4 Results
### Temperature Propagation during the Welding  
The study was conducted with a 300 W fiber laser heat source for two dissimilar materials having a thickness of 2.5 mm. The moving speed of the laser heat source was adjusted to 2 mm/s. Figure 5 shows temperature propagation of the upper surface on both sides from the weld line that can be predicted from these temperature distribution images. By the distinguishing colors of the image, it is possible to divide the weld bead zone into 4-5 zones: fusion zone, heat affected zone, softening zone, and base metal zone. Figure 5a-c shows large temperature gradients nearer to the heat source during the heating process. Figure 5d is for t =13 s and it basically indicates the heating process, but the cooling process had not begun at the areas farther from the heat source; i.e., the temperature gradient was still increasing. The last contour plot of Figure 5 (t = 16 s) clearly indicates the cooling process had started at the farther portion; i.e., temperature gradient began decreasing in those parts.  
Figure 4: Mesh modeling of the weld joint assembly.  
No very large fluctuation was observed in the temperature distribution along the weld line, as the heat supply was in continuous mode. The average value of fluctuation was nearer to 200 K. More fluctuation could be observed if the input mode was pulsed [39]. Farther from those in radial directions on both sides much less heat fluctuation was observed, which vanishes where no direct irradiation occurred. The temperature distribution of this part was similar for continuous and pulsed mode as direct irradiation was absent. However, no melting took place as a result of the temperature being less than that of the melting point for both materials. Thus, only a 4-5 mm of melt zone was observed in the model. This becomes clear from the probe points in the radial direction of joint, which revealed that, even at a distance of 5 mm from the weld, the temperature was near 1200 K--lower than the melting temperature of either material (Section 4.3).  
The temperature distribution at the top and bottom weld bead showed that the higher temperature fluctuation throughout the top bead, which was due to the irradiation, remained well above the melting point of AISI 316 stainless steel and Ti6 Al4V, which further ensured the full penetration welding for the entire joint. The predicted heat flow directions in terms of temperature gradient were oriented toward the solid region during laser-material interactions, and started decreasing while distance increased. This might be due to the heat loss by convection and radiation to the ambient surroundings, by conduction to the radial directions, and larger thermal gradient to the depth.
# Extending the Coverage of IEEE 802.15.4z HRP UWB Ranging
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Maximum Ranging Experiment According to PSR and PAC Size
However, if the link margin of the DP was relatively insufficient, even if the gain was secured in the SYNC section, the success rate was rapidly reduced beyond a certain distance, showing a limitation. In addition, as the PSR count increased, the processing gain in the SYNC section increased, but the overall packet length  
Figure 12: Long ranging experiment set-up. Figure 13: Maximum measurable distance according to variations in PSR and PAC sizes based on a 90% success rate. increased, which may hinder resource utilization in terms of gating gain utilization and simultaneous access performance of multiple tags. This means that the link margins of the SYNC and DR sections are complementary, and the optimization of both areas must be performed simultaneously during system design to simultaneously maximize the actual long-distance measurement stability and performance. In summary, this experiment verified that the long-distance measurement performance and stable distance measurement capability can be significantly improved by adjusting the PAC size and PSR length of the preamble while keeping the DP speed at a low speed of 850 kbps. This shows that PAC and PSR parameter optimization is necessary when designing a UWB-based long ranging system.
## 3 Prism Pair CEP Shifter  
### Introduction  
The EO CEP shifter discussed in the previous part of the document is well-suited to stabilize a high repetition rate CPA Ti:S CEP stabilized mode-locked oscillator system. Nevertheless, for some applications, the CEP shift is not the only relevant parameter. In particular, the electric field-induced group delay \(\Delta\tau_{\mathrm{g}}\) (\(\Delta\tau_{\mathrm{g}}=0\) for an isochronous system) and the electric field-induced dispersion \(\Delta\Phi_{2}\) (\(\Delta\Phi_{2}=0\) for an iso-dispersive system) may play a role. Furthermore, lowering the applied voltage necessary to obtain the same CEP shift is also clearly of practical interest. Equation 3 shows that the two ways to lower the electric field are to increase the (effective) crystal length or to find a material with optimized characteristics (for example, with a higher EO coefficient).  
As can be seen from the theoretical analysis given in paragraph 2.1, the previously described EO CEP shifter configuration is neither rigorously isochronous, nor iso-dispersive, when using LiNbO\({}_{3}\) or RTP crystals. We investigated a combination of two CEP shifters with different crystals, but this set-up proved to be ineffective, as it led to very low CEP shifts when a constant group delay (isochronous system) or a constant dispersion condition (iso-dispersive system) were sought.  
The idea we propose here is to combine material dispersion with angular dispersion, as in the case of a prism compressor [23], and to study the characteristics of an \"EO prism compressor\". The prisms are EO crystals (RTP or LiNbO\({}_{3}\) for example) on which an electric field is applied (see Figure 4). In this configuration, the polarization of the optical electric field is parallel to the \"static\" electric field. This  
Figure 3: Shot to shot (red dots) and 10 ms averaged (grey dots) measurement of stabilized CEP drift over 10 min of amplified pulses at 3 W output (**a**) without slow feedback control, (**b**) with EO feedback loop over 25 min leading to RMS CEP noise of, respectively, 320 and 130 mrad and (**c**) over 7 min of amplified pulses at 20 W output leading to RMS CEP noise of respectively 440 and 250 mrad.  
leads to an S polarization on the prism surfaces and, thus, requires an anti-reflection coating in order to reduce optical losses. The other point, which will be clarified hereafter, concerns the homogeneity of the \"static\" field in the prisms.
## 3 Radio Wave Propagation Analysis
### Results of the Channel Analysis
As shown in Figure 8b, it was confirmed that the number of paths with a power difference of less than 60 dB from the direct wave in the vertical installation (light blue and blue lines) was much higher than that in the horizontal installation (pink and red lines). This is due to the fact that in vertical installation, the radiation gain of the transmitting and receiving antennas is high, and the pattern in the direction of the surrounding buildings is omnidirectional, i.e., the horizontal plane, so the receiving antenna is more likely to receive scattered waves generated by buildings. On the other hand, in the horizontal installation, the radiation gain of the transmitting and receiving antennas is small in the direction of Buildings B and C, so the receiving antenna is not expected to receive the scattered waves from Buildings B and C.  
Moreover, there are paths with power greater than the direct wave at \(H=30\) m in the vertical installation. A possible cause of this phenomenon is that the direction of the transmitting antenna relative to the receiving antenna increases in elevation angle with increasing the UAV altitude. In the vertical installation, the radiation gain of the direction of the direct path is very small in both transmitting and receiving antennas, resulting in lower path power, whereas, in horizontal installation, it is large because of the omnidirectional pattern, resulting in higher path power. Therefore, it is expected that the Rician K-factor  
Figure 8: Cumulative number of paths for the power difference between the direct wave and each scattered wave: (**a**) simple propagation environment and (**b**) complex propagation environment. will decrease in the vertical installation because the combined path power of the scattered waves will be greater than the path power of the direct wave.
## 5 Conclusions  
The performed long-term observations revealed that the pre-sowing treatment of industrial hemp seeds with CP, a vacuum, and EMFs induced stressor-specific changes in important agronomic plant properties, such as germination, biomass production, and secondary metabolite synthesis. Although CP5 and EMF15 treatments positively affected germination in vitro, the germination of treated and control seeds was not different in the field. This shows the limited value of laboratory germination tests for estimating the effects on germination in the field. Furthermore, the effects of treatments on the growth of the above-ground parts of the plants and the secondary metabolism also did not correlate with the effects on germination in vitro. The growth of industrial hemp was affected differently by the stressors used for seed treatment. EMF15 strongly increased (up to 70%) the weight of both the female and male plants and increased the number of female infloresances, the main part used for the extraction of CBD and other cannabinoids. The molecular mechanisms underlying such strong stimulations of hemp growth by seed treatment with EMFs remain to be elucidated, and we hypothesize that such changes are related to a shift in the balance of growth regulating phytohormes. The observed gender-dependent effects of CP5 treatment on hemp growth (growth stimulation in male plants and inhibition in female plants) also deserve further investigation and point to the potential use of CP for increasing the production of high-quality fiber, since the stems of male plants are valued as a source of fine fiber, whereas crude fiber is made from female stems [52]. Finally, only the vacuum treatment increased the amount of CBDA in female infloresances, and this result is highly relevant in the context of applied science, since the vacuum has obvious advantages compared with CP and is not only cheaper, but a technically simpler mode of seed treatment.  
Conceptualization, V.M., I.F., and P.R.V., methodology, Z.N., R.Z., and V.L.; investigation, A.I., L.D.-F., A.M., R.Z., Z.N., and P.K.; data curation, A.I. and P.K.; writing--original draft preparation, V.M.; writing--review and editing, V.M., P.R.V., and I.F.; visualization, Z.N.; supervision, V.M., P.R.V., and I.F.; project administration, V.M. and I.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Lithuanian Research Council grant No. S-LB-19-3 and grant No. F19 LITG-008 from the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research.  
We are grateful to agronomist [PERSON] and the Agrobiotech company for help with the field experiments.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Nonlinear Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Method for Wind Turbines Considering Dynamics
###### Abstract  
A combined strategy of torque error feed-forward control and blade-pitch angle servo control is proposed to improve the dynamic power capture for wind turbine maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Aerodynamic torque is estimated using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Wind speed and tip speed ratio (TSR) are estimated using the Newton-Raphson method. The error between the estimated aerodynamic torque and the steady optimal torque is used as the feed-forward signal to control the generator torque. The gain parameters in the feed-forward path are nonlinearly regulated by the estimated generator speed. The estimated TSR is used as the reference signal for the optimal blade-pitch angle regulation at non-optimal TSR working points, which can improve the wind power capture for a wider non-optimal TSR range. The Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) code is used to simulate the aerodynamics and mechanical aspects of wind turbines while MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system. The example of a 5 MW wind turbine model reveals that the new method is able to improve the dynamic response of wind turbine MPPT and wind power capture.  
wind turbines; MPPT; nonlinear regulation; state estimate; torque error feed-forward +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Conclusions  
Numerous researchers have dedicated their efforts to minimizing the TAM duration and extending TAM intervals. Despite some studies proposing the integration of certain TAM activities into on-stream maintenance, none of these initiatives have explored corrosion assessment during plant operation.  
Currently, on-stream inspection in high-temperature environments predominantly relies on UTG, with capabilities reaching material surface temperatures up to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C [12]. However, UTG's drawback lies in its time-intensive grid-by-grid measurement approach and the limitation of detecting localized corrosion. PAUT has garnered traction in various industries, expanding from weld inspection to corrosion mapping, and even encompassing diverse materials. While multiple studies have presented PACM, most have been conducted during equipment cool-down and at ambient temperatures. Notably, [PERSON] et al. [16] utilized a Dual Linear Probe to experiment with corrosion mapping on test samples up to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, although the accuracy of this technique has not been explored extensively.  
The reviewed literature proposed a pivotal shift in TAM practices by incorporating on-stream inspections into regular plant operations. This would entail assessing piping systems and preparing for TAM without necessitating a complete plant shutdown. PACM has emerged as a promising technique for on-stream inspections because it can detect localized corrosion within a notably shorter inspection timeframe than other methods. Consequently, this technique warrants further exploration as a research subject. The potential benefits of integrating on-stream inspection and PACM include reduced TAM duration and extended intervals between TAM, thereby yielding diminished production downtime, heightened plant reliability and availability, and diminished maintenance expenses.