## 4 Discussion
The disadvantages of incineration include the following: a--the equipment is more costly to operate than the other alternatives, b--the process must meet the stringent regulatory requirements of air pollution control, c--heavy metals are usually found in the ash, d--it produces high GHG emissions, and e--dioxins and furans can be generated; 4--Microwaving: microwaving is another technology that can be used for biomedical waste treatment. The advantages of microwaving technology include the following, a--it is an environment-friendly technology, b--it offers high volume reduction, c--it produces no liquid waste, and d--it generates minimum air pollutants. The disadvantages of microwaving include; high cost, not suitable for all waste types, odor problems, and high GHG emissions; and 5--Plasma pyrolysis: this process has the following advantages, a--it is suitable for all types of wastes, b--it occupies less space, c--it is environmentally sound, d--it does not require a chimney, e--toxic residuals are minimum, f--it does not require segregation, g--energy recovery is possible, and h--it can reduce the waste volume by over 90%. The collection and transport of biomedical waste would likely result in GHG emissions similar to the GHG emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and transport activities. However, treatment systems for MSW and biomedical waste are completely different, except for incineration. Therefore, GHG emissions from these different treatment systems for MSW and biomedical waste would also be different compared to each other. For instance, a net GWF of \(-0.274\) tCO\({}_{2}\)-e.ton\({}^{-1}\) was reported in the literature in a landfill gas (LFG) combustion unit, which indicated that 1 ton of MSW landfilled in order to generate electricity by burning LFG eliminated 0.274 tCO\({}_{2}\) of GHG emission [19]. In a similar LFG to energy study, [PERSON], [PERSON] [35] reported an average GHG emission of 0.291 tCO\({}_{2}\)-e.ton\({}^{-1}\). [PERSON] [19] reported GWF of \(-\)0.94 tCO\({}_{2}\)-e.ton\({}^{-1}\) from the combustion of MSW (waste to energy), which indicated that the incineration process eliminates more GHG emissions than it generates. This of course takes into account the energy generated from the incineration process that would offset the additional GHG emissions arising from different energy generation systems. Similar to four different studies, GWFs of \(-\)0.01, \(-\)0.12, \(-\)0.2385, and \(-\)1.019 tCO\({}_{2}\)-e.ton\({}^{-1}\) were also reported, respectively [36; 37; 38; 39]. [PERSON], [PERSON] [40] and [PERSON], [PERSON] [41] conducted case studies and reported that the treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes can also be assessed according to their greenhouse gas emission rates. The current waste management practices of countries can effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector. For example, a wide variety of mature, environmentally friendly technologies are available to reduce emissions and provide common benefits for public health, environmental protection and sustainable development. Collectively, these technologies can directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions or prevent significant greenhouse gas generation. It also represents an important and growing potential for the indirect reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by minimizing, recycling and reusing waste, the conservation of raw materials, improved energy and resource efficiency, and the prevention of fossil fuel use. It should also be emphasized that there are high uncertainties regarding global waste greenhouse gas emissions resulting from national and regional differences in definitions, data collection and statistical analysis. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste should be addressed in the context of integrated waste management. For instance, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important tool to consider both the direct and indirect effects of waste management technologies and policies [42; 43; 44].