# A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement
## 4 Design, Communication and Maintenance Studies of the MASS
### Communication System and Cyber Security of MASS  
It is difficult to say that developing an autonomous ship is easier than developing a self-driving vehicle because the sea is much wider than roads and has fewer obstacles. Specific routes or ports where the ships are in operation are more complicated than roads. Moreover, there is no sign to separate the space on the sea like a road lane. In fact, ship collisions occur more than expected. Operations of the autonomous ships will take place in remote locations, so the wireless communication systems between the ships and the SCC are crucial for their safe and efficient operation. The autonomous ships are expected to adopt more comprehensive communication systems, such as the navigation systems related to positioning and route-setting, marine satellite systems, data communication systems for information related to navigation and safety between \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & & **Design Changes** & **Potential Impacts** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hull structure} & \(\bullet\) & Closed structure & \\  & \(\bullet\) & External access for & \(\bullet\) & Reduction of wind resistance \\  & \(\bullet\) & maintenance and repair & \(\bullet\) & Prevention of piracy for crew and cargo \\  & \(\bullet\) & Streamlined exterior & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Dechhouse} & \(\bullet\) & No dechhouse; without & \(\bullet\) & Reduction of ship lightweight \\  & \(\bullet\) & accommodation for crew & \(\bullet\) & Loading more cargo \\  & \(\bullet\) & No stairs and doors & \(\bullet\) & Reduction of ballast water due to reduced \\  & \(\bullet\) & No sanitary system & \(\bullet\) & weight of dechhouse and more cargo \\  & \(\bullet\) & No galley and laundry & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Machinery} & \(\bullet\) & No HVAC & \(\bullet\) & Small main and auxiliary engines \\  & & and life-sustaining systems & \(\bullet\) & Reduced electrical/fuel consumption \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Propulsion system} & \(\bullet\) & Electric/hybrid propulsion & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Efficient electric power and reduced \\  & \(\bullet\) & system with ESS & \(\bullet\) & electrical consumption \\  & \(\bullet\) & Electric propulsor(s) & \(\bullet\) & Efficient control of VFDs \\  & \(\bullet\) & DC-grid system & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Equipment (sensor)} & \(\bullet\) & IR cameras, LIDAR, RADAR & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Design consideration of installation \\  & \(\bullet\) & High-resolution sonar & & and system integration \\  & \(\bullet\) & Microphones & \(\bullet\) & Potential requirement for remote maintenance \\  & \(\bullet\) & Homogeneous and/or & & and inspection \\  & \(\bullet\) & heterogeneous redundancy & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hull outfitting} & \(\bullet\) & Fully or semi-automatic & \(\bullet\) & Boarding crew for cargo handling and port calls \\  & & cargo handling & \(\bullet\) & Decrease of lighting and ventilation \\  & & and mooring systems & \(\bullet\) & Modified dockside infrastructure \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & No life-saving equipment & \(\bullet\) & Electrical/fuel savings \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Design changes for autonomous cargo ships over MASS Step 3 and their potential impacts. ships at sea and infrastructures onshore (e.g., SCC, ports), and remote monitoring and control systems. Such communication will need to be bidirectional, robust, accurate, and supported by multiple systems, without creating redundancy and by minimizing risk [38]. The third-party infrastructure, such as satellite or terrestrial communication systems, are expected. Therefore, performance, cybersecurity, and the cost of the systems and their reliability are important issues that need to be tackled. Today, a manned vessel has from 400 to several thousand sensors that, in one way or another, are reporting data or are used in operation [43].