esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fuzzy-Logic Based Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
We propose a fully distributed clustering algorithm EEDCF, which better combines the clustering algorithm with the TSk fuzzy model. In the stage of CH election, we propose a scheme that not only considers the residual energy and node degree of the node, but also introduces the residual energy of the neighbor nodes as the new fuzzy input parameter. In addition, through the TSk fuzzy inference system, the probability that the node is currently elected as a CH node could be calculated reasonably. The proposed scheme improves the quality of CH candidate nodes to optimize CH election and solves the load balancing problem in multi-hop communication inside the cluster. The simulation results indicate that, compared with EADEEG algorithm and DFLC algorithm, the proposed EEDCF algorithm can prolong sensor nodes' average life time, extend the life cycle of the whole network by reducing the energy consumption of the system, and improve the data transmission efficiency, which makes the whole system more energy efficient, especially for the networks with higher nodes densities. For the future works, we will further improve our algorithm aiming at security routing problems to try to establish the trust evaluation model by DS (Dempster-Shafer) evidence theory to defend the attacks from the malicious nodes in the network. In the stage of data communication within the cluster, we will strive to build the secure links between the nodes and CH, effectively reduce the end-to-end delay, and improve the performance of the whole network. All these efforts will make our research more suitable for practical applications.  
This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 61673259, 61672338 and 61373028); International Exchanges and Cooperation Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (No. 15220721800); also supported in part by the US National Science Foundation Grant CCF-1337244, 1527249 and 1717388.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived and designed the research and experiments, and contributed as the lead author of the article; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the article and performed the experiments; [PERSON] gave more valuable suggestions to the research, and analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to give some suggestions and materials.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Figure 14: Data transmission in the network of the three algorithms in Scenario 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **EADEEG/B** & **DFLC/B** & **EEDCF/B** \\ \hline Scenario 1 & \(6.58\times 10^{4}\) & \(10.2\times 10^{4}\) & \(14.7\times 10^{4}\) \\ Scenario 2 & \(7.8\times 10^{4}\) & \(12.7\times 10^{4}\) & \(22.9\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Data transmission in two scenarios.
# A Survey of Analog-to-Digital Converters for Operation under Radiation Environments
###### Abstract  
In this work, we analyze in depth multiple characteristic data of a representative population of radenv-ADCs (analog-to-digital converters able to operate under radiation). Selected ADCs behave without latch-up below 50 MeV\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{2}\)/mg and are able to bear doses of ionizing radiation above 50 krad(Si). An exhaustive search of ADCs with radiation characterization data has been carried out throughout the literature. The obtained collection is analyzed and compared against the state of the art of scientific ADCs, which reached years ago the electrical performance that radenv-ADCs provide nowadays. In fact, for a given Nyquist sampling rate, radenv-ADCs require significantly more power to achieve lower effective resolution. The extracted performance patterns and conclusions from our study aim to serve as reference for new developments towards more efficient implementations. As tools for this purpose, we have conceived FOM\({}_{TID}\) and FOM\({}_{SET}\), two new figures of merit to compare radenv-ADCs that consider electrical and radiation performance.  
ADC performance patterns; ADC state of the art; ADC survey; analog-to-digital converters; applications under radiation environments; figure of merit under radiation; radenv-ADC design guidelines; radiation effects; radiation hardening; radiation test methods +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics  
0000-0001-5000-0000]R.P.P.P.
## 2 EPIC Earthquake Early Warning System
### Estimation of Earthquake Location and Warning Time  
EPIC uses at least four stations to generate robust and reliable alerts. The location of the earthquakes is determined by using the arrival times of the P waves. Following an earthquake, after the first four stations closest to the epicenter are triggered, a grid search method is used to find the location of the event. This method minimizes the error between observed and predicted values of arrival times [30].  
The local warning time is the difference between the predicted S-wave arrival and the time the alert is issued. It can be estimated using the S wave arrival time curves along with the time of alert and location information. Using estimated values for S wave arrivals provides a conservative conclusion about the warning time [30].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Number of Trucks  
It was noted that the results produced by the models, shown in Figure 14, estimated an increase in the number of trucks starting from 30 up to 42 by the end of 2023. Nonetheless, this month-to-month increment varied according to the selected model. This difference came from the overall cycle time, overall haul distance, and tonnage to move. Moreover, the most noticeable difference between the models came from February, whereas in the rest of the months, the variation was one truck or none. Although the number of hours worked by the truck fleet and the overall cycle time from the deterministic and stochastic models were almost similar in February, when the mechanical availability was applied, the initial variation from those models increased from one up to two.  
Then, the results are discussed as follows:  
First, the results produced from the methodology showed that stochastic models differed from deterministic models in the longer queues at loading points, which were, in the end, translated as an increment in the number of required trucks for the yearly plan in almost every month. Additionally, the longer queues were generated as a consequence of the variability of the fixed times, and that effect had an impact on the other indicators reviewed, such as longer haul cycles and lower productivities and working hours. A great benefit produced from the proposed methodology is the simplicity in recreating the variability of the parameters present at the mining operation, which allowed the saving of time. Moreover, those parameters could be modified as many times as required.  
On the other hand, the queues generated at the mining fronts have to be reduced as a next step. However, the present work did not intend to optimize the haul fleet size or to increase truck productivity, and there are numerous studies that have covered these fields with a strong mathematical framework. In the study developed by [PERSON] et al. [10], researchers worked with a multiple-objective model capable of meeting the production requirement in an open-pit iron mine, requiring 85% of the fleet size of a deterministic model. Furthermore, [PERSON] & [PERSON] [2] were able to increase the productivity of truck and shovel systems by employing the match factor along with the dispatching system while reducing the truck queues and shovel idle times.
# Reliability Modelling and Evaluation for LTD System Based on Load-Sharing Model
## 3 Load-Sharing Based Voltage Redistribution Mechanism for Modules in Each Level
### Linear Load-Sharing Rule  
The linear load-sharing rule is considered as well. We define that the load on the failure module will be linearly assigned to the remaining normal modules; namely, the nearer the normal element is, the higher voltage variation it will be. Then, we have:  
\[\Delta V_{p}(x)=\begin{cases}0&p\in S_{1}(x)\\ a\cdot\left(D_{max,q}-D_{pq}+b\right)&p\in S_{0}(x)\\ \sum\Delta V_{p}(x)=\delta\cdot V_{q}(x-1)\\ a\geq 0,\;b\geq 1,\;x\geq 1\end{cases} \tag{13}\]  
where \(D_{max,q}\) denotes the maximal distance between the failure module and normal modules, that is:  
\[D_{max,q}=\max_{p\in S_{0}(x)}\left\{D_{pq}\right\} \tag{14}\]  
Moreover, \(a\geq 0,\;b\geq 1\) will guarantee the non-negativity of the voltage variation. According to Equation (13), we can obtain:  
\[a=\frac{\delta\cdot V_{q}(x-1)}{Size(S_{0}(x))\cdot\left(D_{max,q}+b\right)- \sum_{p\in S_{0}(x)}D_{pq}} \tag{15}\]  
Thus, we can write:  
\[\Delta V_{p}(x)=\begin{cases}0&p\in S_{1}(x)\\ \frac{\delta\cdot V_{q}(x-1)\cdot\left(D_{max,q}-D_{pq}+b\right)}{Size(S_{0}(x ))\cdot\left(D_{max,q}+b\right)-\sum_{p\in S_{0}(x)}D_{pq}}&p\in S_{0}(x)\end{cases} \tag{16}\]  
where \(b\geq 1\) represents the adjustment factor.
# Towards the Feasibility of Long Range Wireless Power Transfer over an Ocean Surface
## 1 Introduction  
[PERSON] was the first researcher who formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. Under his theoretical hypothesis, light is a propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields, which can travel through a vacuum without any involvement of charge movements. Similar to light, electromagnetic waves in free space were believed to be able to propagate in line of sight only.  
[PERSON]'s theory marked the beginning of wireless communication. [PERSON]'s work remained unproven until [PERSON] demonstrated the existence of the [PERSON]'s electromagnetic waves. The antenna in [PERSON]'s experiment was electrically too small to transmit a large amount of power. At that time, the idea of wireless power transfer was almost non-existent.  
The research into wireless electricity did not begin until [PERSON] and [PERSON] were actively pushing for long range wireless power transfer. [PERSON] independently achieved a small scale of wireless power transfer. However, the actual person who practically realized long range wireless power transfer was [PERSON] [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. [PERSON] unprecedentedly transmitted a series of high-voltage streamer discharges from London to New York. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, however, [PERSON] jokingly admitted he did not really understand how his invention worked. Although the history of wireless communication has finally begun, there was no explanation of the nature of the waves being sent across the Atlantic Ocean during [PERSON]'s prize winning experiments.  
There have been many unsuccessful attempts to explain [PERSON]'s work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] were among the pioneers who adopted the exact solutions to Maxwell'sequations to analyze the nature of [PERSON]'s ground waves [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18], but their work was fiercely debated in the scientific community. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s theory, surface electromagnetic waves (or [PERSON]'s ground waves) propagate along an interface between two homogeneous media having different dielectric constants. Most of their explanations as well as the existing theories [19; 20; 21; 22] have neglected a number of seemingly unrelated issues in [PERSON]'s work. The examples of these issues are as follows.
###### Abstract
The rumen temperature measured orally (by a sensor in the animal's mouth) has a strong correlation with the rectal temperature; thus, the rumen temperature can be considered as the body temperature [16]. According to previous studies, the use of oral sensors for temperature measurement is a less invasive and yet reliable method to detect an increase of temperature in the cow's body [17; 18]. However, the question is not how to collect the data, but rather how to process them. In particular, in order to detect early signs of diseases based on cattle behavior, it is necessary to know the animals' normal state and to predict and assess deviations from this norm. The development of algorithms for the interpretation of cattle behavior may help significantly [19; 20; 21]. [PERSON] (2013) highlighted that in the algorithm development process, different types of variables can be used and need to be defined in advance [22]. The level of feeding is described as one of the most important indicators of animals' health and well-being. It can be influenced by environmental factors such as food components, ambient temperature, conditions of keeping, and even group size. The level of water consumption is closely related to the feeding process [23; 24; 25]; therefore, similar factors can also affect this indicator. In their study, [PERSON] et al. (2016) revealed that any prolonged period of high temperature combined with high relative humidity of the air negatively affect food intake (decreased to 40%), milk production (decreased to 50%), and reproductive efficiency (decreased to 60%); at the same time, dramatically, the combination of these factors increases the probability of contracting parasitic diseases (by 43.3%) [26]. [PERSON] et al. (2013) found that during heat stresses, the number of the white blood cells in cattle increased by 21-26%, and the number of the red blood cells decreased by 12-20%. This negatively affected the animals' health and caused various diseases [27]. This study aimed to develop algorithms for the detection of possible/incipient diseases in cattle; these algorithms are intended for digital systems for the internal monitoring of cattle physiological state.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Extraction and Analysis Methods  
The trend analysis, based on statistical data from the WOS, involved the collection of annual publications from 2000 to 2023 for the top 10 countries, institutions, and authors. The study employed visualization tools such as VOSviewer (Version 1.6.20), CiteSpace (Version 6.2.R6), and Bibliometrix (Version 4.3.0) for data analysis [30]. These tools are adept at providing clear representations of social network graphs and knowledge maps.  
Figure 1: Conceptual framework of the literature retrieval methods. The asterisk (*) used as a truncation symbol used in search queries, broadening the search to include words starting with “climat”.  
VOSviewer specializes in constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks [31]. CiteSpace facilitates the analysis of the scientific literature and generates knowledge maps [32]. Bibliometrix, a software package based on the R programming language, enables network analysis, trend analysis, and collaboration network analysis of the literature [33]. It should be noted that the publication analysis is based on statistical data from the WOS and the aforementioned software, which includes all countries, institutions, and authors appearing in the author part of an article without distinguishing their order. VOSviewer and Bibliometrix represent all names and keywords in lowercase, while CiteSpace capitalizes the initial letters of names. The figures of this paper retain the original formatting of names and keywords as provided by the software. In the text part, English names are formatted with the given name first and the surname last, whereas Chinese names are presented with the surname first and the given name last. The database may contain different expressions for the same author (e.g., \"[PERSON], [PERSON]\" and \"[PERSON], [PERSON]\"). In such cases, this study manually verifies and merges these entries based on detailed author information in the WOS.  
This study analyzed both the BCL dataset and its subsets. Analyzing subsets from different time periods helped to assess changing trends in collaborative research among countries over time. Furthermore, by examining specific subsets, a more in-depth analysis of influential authors or articles was conducted.
## 5 On-Orbit Mode to Support Intercalibration with Radiometric Traceability  
In the calibration mode, LIBRA will be considered as the reference satellite to intercalibrate a target satellite with radiometric traceability. Intercalibration and the radiometric transfer from LIBRA to other satellites require the measurements from each spacecraft are taken along similar lines of sight, and within a few minutes of each other [29]. Similar techniques are currently used for intercalibration of satellite sensors within GSICS, an international effort to improve the consistency and accuracy of satellite intercalibration [12]. Examples of GSICS Products to support intercalibration with radiometric traceability are listed in Table 3. LIBRA would serve the international community by intercalibrating other Earth-observing instruments. The following sections describe the possible standard transfer methods from the LIBRA reference instruments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Instruments** & **Products** & **Intercalibration Method** & **Example** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{IRS} & Spectrally-resolved infrared radiance & Quasi-synchronous intercalibration & [16] \\ \cline{3-4}  & Spectrally-resolved infrared & LEO-LEO SNO & [30, 31] \\ \cline{3-4}  & & GEO-LEO SNO & [32, 33] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{EMIS} & Spectrally-resolved reflectance of solar radiation & Quasi-synchronous intercalibration & [34] \\ \cline{3-4}  & Spectrally-resolved reflectance of solar radiation & LEO-LEO SNO & [35, 36] \\ \cline{3-4}  & GEO-LEO SNO & [37] \\ \cline{3-4}  & Selected DCC reflectance & DCC & [38, 39] \\ \cline{3-4}  & Selected PICS reflectance & PICS & [40] \\ \cline{3-4}  & Selected Lunar reflectance & Lunar & [41, 42] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Products to support intercalibration with radiometric traceability.  
Figure 7: Traceability chain of the Infrared Spectrometer (IRS).
# A Review of Variable-Beam Divergence Angle FSO Communication Systems
In the existing studies, considering the aforementioned influencing factors, closed-form expressions of communication performance metrics such as OP and BER have been derived and simulated. This was achieved by deriving the expressions of probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) under different channel fading models, such as K distribution [12; 13], Log-Normal distribution [14; 15], \(\Gamma-\Gamma\) distribution [16; 17; 18; 19], and generalized Malaga distribution [20; 21], etc. The results demonstrate a strong dependence of performance indices on adjustable system parameters, such as beam divergence angle, transmitted optical power, and receiver's FOV angle [14; 21; 22; 23]. Additionally, the OBDA varies with different factors, such as transmitted optical power [14; 21; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Therefore, VBDA technology can facilitate achieving better communication performance. In this paper, leveraging over 10 years of extensive experience in FSO communication [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34], we present a comprehensive review of VBDA technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of VBDA technology. Distinguishing itself from previous studies, which focused on specific VBDA methods, this review classifies and organizes various VBDA techniques according to their respective methods, while summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. By providing this comprehensive analysis, we aim to enhance the overall understanding of VBDA methods. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 1 introduces the demand for FSO communication in the development of 6G, the basic structure of FSO communication systems, and the advantages of VBDA scheme; Section 2 introduces the transmission theory of the Gaussian beam and the basic optical principles of the VBDA method; and Section 3 provides a comprehensive overview of the currently employed VBDA methods, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages in detail. Additionally, the paper summarizes research on the utilization of VBDA technologies for different types of links. Finally, the challenges and possible future research directions of VBDA technology are summarized.
## 3 Results  
### Changes in Drowsiness Level and the Constitution of the Dataset  
The changes in drowsiness level were investigated to confirm the validation of our experimental setting. The trends of the changes in drowsiness levels of 16 participants were illustrated as a line graph and error bar using mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) as shown in Figure 5. The drowsiness level of drivers increased over time in this experiment; thus, it was confirmed that the experimental setting was effective to increase the drowsiness level of participants. A dataset containing a total of 2847 rows was obtained from 30 min of driving by 16 participants after removing rows with missing values due to bad conditions of measurement. The dataset consists of 986, 1038, 654, 149 and 20  
Figure 4: The \(k\)-Fold cross-Validation.  
rows with drowsiness values of 0 (alert state), 1 (slightly drowsy state), 2 (moderately drowsy state), 3 (significantly drowsy state) and 4 (extremely drowsy state), respectively. The dataset of 2024 rows (alert vs. slightly drowsy) and 1789 rows (alert vs. moderately drowsy or more) was used for the \(k\)-fold cross-validation in which \(k\) was set to 5.
# Analysis of the Causes of Excessive Noise and Vibrations of Live Steam Pipelines
## 5 Measurement of the Sound Level Using an Acoustic Camera  
The analysis of pipelines included the measurement of the sound (noise) level in the live steam pipeline in power unit A using an acoustic camera array with 40 microphones (CAE Noise Inspector). The measurement frequency range was aiming to identify the noise source, preliminary observed roughly at the frequency of about 1 kHz. The results of such measurements are illustrated in Figures 12-14. The measurements of the sound intensity level taken at the level of 12 m indicate that the sounds in the frequency range of 929 Hz \(\div\) 1059 Hz originate at higher levels (Figure 12). The bottom portion of the image shows the reflections of sounds located near the microphone. The sound intensity level was approximately 101 dB.  
The measurements of the sound intensity taken at the level of 17 m indicate that the sounds in the frequency range of 929 Hz \(\div\) 1059 Hz originate near the support above the nozzle (Figure 13). The concentration of sound intensity source is slightly away from the supports because the acoustic wave is reflected from the surrounding elements. The level of sound intensity on the support was approximately 102 dB, whereas on the pipeline, at a distance of approximately 2.4 m from the support, it was 10 dB lower.  
Figure 11: Pipeline vibration measurements in the second point at the level of 12 m, unit A.  
Figure 12: Results of measurements of sound intensity for the frequency range 929 \(\div\) 1059 Hz at the level of 12 m at a distance of 7.39 m from the sound source.  
The measurements of the sound intensity level taken at the level of 36 m indicate that the sounds in the frequency range of 929 Hz \(\div\) 1059 Hz originate at higher levels, where individual branches of the pipeline are located (Figure 14). The sound intensity level there was approximately 107 dB.  
The performed measurements of sound intensity for the live steam pipeline indicate that only at the level of 17 m was it possible to precisely locate the sound source. The level of noise generated by the support located above the nozzle in the analyzed frequency range was thus significantly lower than the level of noise produced by the surrounding elements. In the case of levels 12 m and 36 m, the sound intensity of the environment and a series of reflections from surrounding elements made it only possible to approximate the location of the sound source.