## 2 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Juice and OTA in Coffee, Beer and Win
### Occurrence of OTA in beer  
Beer, a beverage derived from cereals, mainly baffey,s widely consumed around the world. In 2004, beer consumption exceeded 150 billion lives; the higher consumption regions were Europe (32.8%), Asia (28.7%), North America (17.4%) and Central/South America (14.4%) [143]. OTA is typically carried with the contaminated commodities, mainly malting barley, but perhaps also with the adjuncts, to breweries. Brewing processes vary from one industry to another, but the way the toxin is carried over into the beer is basically the same OTA stable through the boiling process. After mashing, some OTA is recovered in the spent grains, but worst (the extracted liquid) does contain OTA. After fermentation, yeasts retain part of the original OTA content and the remainder is transferred to the beer [2]. Until the 1998, very few reports unavailable on the natural occurrence of OTA in beer [144; 145]. Today, surveys conducted in various countries have shown that OTA is a common contaminant of bed due to the presence of chichratoxigenic strains of _P. verrucosum_ or _A. ochraceus_ in grains. At present, there is no maximum allowable limit (MAL) established for OTA in beer by the European Union (EU) regulations, although the limit for cereals destined to human consumption is 3 ng/g. In Spain, the first report on OTA occurrence in beer was published by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [146]. In Italy, [PERSON] _et al_. [147] found OTA in 30 out of 61 beer samples, with no substantial differences between strong and light beers. The results of [PERSON] _et al_. [148] agreed with these data. In Germany, the first results were obtained with methods having a relatively high limit of detection, so consequently, the frequency of positive samples (42.5%) was low, although values as high as 1.53 ng/mL were reported. In Belgium, [PERSON] _et al_. [149] showed that OTA occurred in 97% and 100% of domestic and imported beers, respectively; however, levels were \(<\) 0.2 ng/mL and comparable to levels found in other European countries. [PERSON] _et al_. [150] found OTA in 12 out of 15 Belgian beers imported in Japan. [PERSON] [134] found that all 21 analyzed Danish beer samples were contaminated with OTA (0.001-0.160 ng/mL). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [151] reported that 13% of domestic and 60% of imported beers in Portugal were contaminated with this mycotoxin. [PERSON] _et al_. [152] reported 0.25 ng/mL level of OTA in one Hungarian beer sample. In the US, 130 breweries were checked by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [145] and found to contain OTA up to 10 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg. [PERSON] _et al_. [150] found 100% of 17 samples in US were contaminated (0.002-0.0311 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL). OTA was found in 26 out of 41 samples of Canadian beers [153] and in eight out of 10 samples from Central and South America [150]. It was only detected in trace amounts in six out of 26 samples of Brazilian beer [154]. In Turkey, [PERSON] _et al_. [155] found OTA in 42 out of 150 samples. In Japan, [PERSON] _et al_. [150] detected OTA in 21 out of 22 beer samples at levels ranging from 0.0022 to 0.0448 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL whereas [PERSON] _et al_. [18] detected OTA in 12 out of 20 samples, which matches the previous report. Thirteen samples from other Asian countries were screened and the toxin was found in practically all of them. In South Africa, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [156] found very high OTA levels (3-2340 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) in traditional breve beers (13 of 29). The upper value is the highest level ever reported for OTA content in beer, whereas Otav has not detected in Moroccan beers [157]. Thus, it may be concluded that OTA occurs in beer all over the world, with more than 50% of analyzed samples showing detectable levels, although they were usually 0.2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL. This means that beer is not a significant contributor to population exposure to OTA (43% with respect to the total world intake of 100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg b.w.).