## 1 Introduction
Studying PEF in plant-based models aligns with the \"Three Rs\"--Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement--to minimize animal usage [34; 35]. Also, the Biomedical Engineer's Pledge 1.0 encourages minimizing animal experimentation [36]. Potatoes are widely used as a plant-based model for electroporation research, including device testing and the development of new measurement methods, due to their cost-effectiveness, availability, and lack of ethical concerns [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44]. The effects of PEF in potatoes can be detected by dye staining [38], melanin browning [38; 40; 45], magnetic resonance imaging [39; 46], fluorescence imaging [42; 43; 44], and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [47]. Compared to other techniques, EIS offers quantitative assessment of the electrical tissue properties, including conductivity and permittivity, which serve as indicators of pore formation and membrane permeabilization [48; 49]. EIS perturbs an electrochemical system by applying a sinusoidal signal, typically an alternating voltage or current, across a range of frequencies. It then monitors the system's response, either current or voltage, to study the frequency-dependant electrical impedance. The system is typically assumed to be linear and time-invariant, meaning its behaviour remains constant over time [50]. Even the slightest changes at the medium-electrode interface are detected by EIS, which finds extensive use in biosensing applications [51]. Accurate estimation of tissue-specific electrical conductivity and permittivity changes following electroporation, has multiple applications in optimizing and predicting PEF-induced ablations by allowing more precise numerical simulations [52; 53]. Another application of tissue-specific electrical changes post-electroporation is the optimization of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a low-cost, non-invasive imaging modality that maps tissue conductivity in real time [54]. EIT is sensitive to the passive electrical properties of tissues altered during electroporation, making it the only imaging modality that directly detects electroporation-mediated conductivity changes through its underlying impedance-based mechanism [55]. However, one must choose a frequency in advance that yields optimal contrast between electroporated and non-electroporated tissue, as tissue conductivity varies with frequency [54; 56; 57]. EIS with higher accuracy can further assist in identifying optimal frequencies with maximal conductivity changes. Different electrode configurations can be used in EIS, i.e., two-, three- or four-electrode setups. The four-electrode method offers superior accuracy compared to the others [58]. In this setup, the outer electrodes inject current, while the inner electrodes measure frequency-dependent voltage signals, or vice versa [58]. The four-probe EIS method eliminates electrode polarization [59], which occurs at the tissue-electrode interface due to molecular charge organization forming ionic double layers [60]. Probes using open-ended coaxial cables have demonstrated the capability to rapidly evaluate highly accurate and precise dielectric properties in various materials after calibrating the probe by measuring its cell constant in a solution of known dielectric properties. Also, they only require a small sensing area as small probes can be constructed [61]. [PERSON] et al. used an open-ended coaxial cable system to obtain the dielectric properties of biological tissues from EIS [62; 63]. A recent systematic review of 18 preclinical studies in both animal and phantom models highlighted the need for research on the optimization of IRE treatment protocols to better predict the effect of specific pulse parameter combinations on treatment response [21]. Yet, to the best of the authors' knowledge, comprehensive studies integrating PEF for a wide range of the above-mentioned pulse parameters and EIS measurements in plant tissues are so far absent in the literature. A previous study by [PERSON] et al.