# Within and Across-Language Comparison of Vocal Emotions in Mandarin and English
## 3 Results
### Within-Language Comparison of Vocal Emotions
#### 3.1.1 Mandarin
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Language**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measurement**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Emotion**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Anger** & **Fear** & **Happiness** & **Neutral** & **Sadness** \\ \hline Rise & 1.363 & \(-\)0.206 & 0.648 & 0.006 & \(-\)0.417 \\ Fall & \(-\)1.539 & 0.267 & \(-\)0.843 & \(-\)0.009 & 0.502 \\ Rise slope & 1.231 & 0.070 & 0.669 & \(-\)0.206 & \(-\)0.716 \\ Fall slope & \(-\)1.492 & 0.032 & \(-\)0.852 & 0.184 & 0.636 \\ Speech rate & 1.059 & 1.098 & 0.742 & 0.034 & \(-\)0.670 \\ Intensity & 1.157 & 0.056 & 0.954 & \(-\)0.308 & \(-\)1.466 \\ CPP & 0.470 & \(-\)1.223 & 1.119 & 0.450 & \(-\)0.525 \\ H1 & 0.902 & 0.376 & 0.757 & 0.063 & \(-\)1.352 \\ H2 & 1.103 & \(-\)0.401 & 0.956 & 0.256 & \(-\)1.088 \\ H4 & 1.011 & \(-\)0.387 & 1.038 & 0.539 & \(-\)1.100 \\ H1-H2 & \(-\)0.694 & 1.380 & \(-\)0.580 & \(-\)0.325 & \(-\)0.110 \\ H1-A1 & \(-\)0.864 & 0.872 & \(-\)0.668 & 0.065 & 0.084 \\ H1-A2 & \(-\)0.686 & 0.619 & \(-\)0.814 & 0.252 & 0.584 \\ H1-A3 & \(-\)0.536 & 0.615 & \(-\)0.589 & 0.619 & 0.732 \\ CQ & 0.947 & \(-\)1.230 & 0.630 & 0.225 & \(-\)0.218 \\ PIC & 0.710 & 0.537 & 0.365 & \(-\)0.920 & \(-\)0.394 \\ SQ & \(-\)0.431 & 1.091 & \(-\)0.566 & \(-\)0.445 & 0.180 \\ \hline English & Mean pitch & 0.350 & 0.903 & 0.785 & \(-\)1.189 & \(-\)0.849 \\ Pitch range & 0.542 & \(-\)0.054 & 1.008 & \(-\)0.953 & \(-\)0.542 \\ Mean absolute slope & 0.433 & \(-\)0.065 & 1.279 & \(-\)0.927 & \(-\)0.721 \\ Rise & 0.179 & \(-\)0.170 & 0.430 & \(-\)0.220 & \(-\)0.219 \\ Fall & \(-\)0.309 & \(-\)0.064 & \(-\)0.937 & 0.813 & 0.497 \\ Rise slope & 0.475 & \(-\)0.090 & 0.905 & \(-\)0.702 & \(-\)0.587 \\ Fall slope & \(-\)0.324 & \(-\)0.059 & \(-\)0.994 & 0.821 & 0.556 \\ Speech rate & 0.058 & 0.254 & 0.233 & \(-\)0.039 & \(-\)0.506 \\ Intensity & 0.898 & \(-\)0.009 & 0.993 & \(-\)0.787 & \(-\)1.094 \\ CPP & 0.158 & \(-\)0.632 & 0.463 & 0.084 & \(-\)0.073 \\ H1 & 0.416 & 0.085 & 0.743 & \(-\)0.651 & \(-\)0.593 \\ H2 & 0.456 & \(-\)0.166 & 0.841 & \(-\)0.507 & \(-\)0.624 \\ H4 & 0.494 & \(-\)0.323 & 0.769 & \(-\)0.359 & \(-\)0.581 \\ H1-H2 & \(-\)0.198 & 0.761 & \(-\)0.567 & \(-\)0.288 & 0.292 \\ H1-A1 & \(-\)0.447 & 0.623 & \(-\)0.714 & \(-\)0.085 & 0.623 \\ H1-A2 & \(-\)0.408 & 0.240 & \(-\)0.513 & 0.030 & 0.651 \\ H1-A3 & \(-\)0.589 & 0.101 & \(-\)0.274 & 0.148 & 0.613 \\ CQ & 0.111 & \(-\)0.632 & 0.192 & 0.123 & 0.205 \\ PIC & \(-\)0.158 & 0.153 & 0.162 & 0.230 & \(-\)0.388 \\ SQ & \(-\)0.362 & 0.048 & \(-\)0.724 & 0.270 & 0.769 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._had a typical waveform of modal phonation, with a left-skewed EGG signal, indicating a slightly longer duration of vocal fold opening period than closing period. Likewise, the waveform of happiness showed the similar pattern of modal phonation. Anger had a larger vocal fold contact area and the duration of vocal fold closing was slower, which was similar to tense phonation. The shape of pulse for fear was symmetrical, indicating a comparatively equal vocal fold opening duration and closing duration and a small contact area, suggesting a breathy phonation. Sadness showed a slight degree of breathy phonation. Three EGG parameters, including CQ, PIC and SQ, were extracted to quantify the different patterns of EGG waveform mentioned above. Statistic results confirmed our observation that the influence of emotion was significant for CQ, X\({}^{2}\) = 185.98, _df_ = 4, \(p\) < 0.001, PIC, X\({}^{2}\) = 70.07, _df_ = 4, \(p\) < 0.001 and SQ, X\({}^{2}\) = 107.92, _df_ = 4, \(p\) < 0.001. Table 3 illustrates the post-hoc multiple comparison (Tukey) results between emotions for each language. In Mandarin, each emotion pair can be distinguished by most of the prosodic cues. However, for neutral and sadness, there was no significant difference between them in terms of mean absolute slope, rise and fall slope. Pitch range only had a marginal difference. Likewise, fear and sadness had no significant difference in rise and only a marginal difference in fall.