## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Antioxidant Potency by Scavenging DPPH Free Radicals  
The ability of all the plant extracts to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons to the DPPH free radical was evaluated by observing the bleaching effect on an ethanolic solution of DPPH. The DPPH radical is capable of absorbing UV radiation at a wavelength of 517 nm. The radical scavenging capacity of various extracts from _C. axillaris_ was determined by quantitatively measuring the decrease in absorbance. The introduction of a plant extract containing polyphenols and flavonoids leads to the neutralization of free radicals, resulting in a proportional decrease in DPPH absorbance [60]. Therefore, the quantitative measurement of the decrease in absorbance in an ethanolic DPPH solution was performed after the addition of _C. axillaris_ ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous extracts, in seven different concentrations for each extract. According to the data presented in Table 4, the acetone extract demonstrated the most significant inhibition of DPPH free radicals, reaching a remarkable 93.36% at a concentration of 500 \(\upmu\)g/mL. On the other hand, the aqueous extract exhibited the lowest level of free radical inhibition, with only 8.09% observed at the concentration of 7.81 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Figure 2 illustrates the IC\({}_{50}\) values for the different extracts, including ascorbic acid, which serve as a measure of their effectiveness in inhibiting free radicals. Among the four extracts examined, the acetone dried fruit extract exhibited the most favorable IC\({}_{50}\) value of 14.13 \(\upmu\)g/mL, followed closely by the ethyl acetate dried fruit extract with an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 15.72 \(\upmu\)g/mL. In comparison, the standard ascorbic acid displayed an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 5.35 \(\upmu\)g/mL. From this study we can observe that the extract with higher levels of flavonoids and phenolic compounds demonstrated a strong ability to effectively scavenge free radicals. Moreover, Table 5 provides information on the DPPH free radical scavenging effect exhibited by the standard sample, ascorbic acid. In a prior investigation on the assessment of antioxidant activity in _C. axillaris_, it was documented that the IC\({}_{50}\) values for the hydroethanolic peel and pulp extracts were 91.41 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 134.13 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively [56]. However, a separate study conducted in China reported an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 532.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL for the aqueous extract of _C. axillaris_ fruit [61]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concentration (\(\upmu\)g/mL)**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**\% DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **7.8125** & **15.625** & **31.25** & **62.5** & **125** & **250** & **500** \\ \hline Ethyl acetate extract & 38.02 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 49.20 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 55.48 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 65.76 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 82.93 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 87.17 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 92.74 \(\pm\) 0.2 \\ \hline Acetone extract & 41.92 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 51.18 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 56.15 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 65.05 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 81.94 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 88.87 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 93.36 \(\pm\) 0.2 \\ \hline Methanol extract & 9.64 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 11.94 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 24.80 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 58.17 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 83.45 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 83.96 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 88.41 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ \hline Water extract & 8.09 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 8.84 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 10.95 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 30.47 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 50.87 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 68.92 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 84.36 \(\pm\) 0.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are expressed as mean value \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Results for the DPPH free radical scavenging effect of _C. axillaris_ fruit extracted in different solvents (ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Concentration (\(\upmu\)g/mL)** & **\% Scavenged \(\pm\) SD** \\ \hline
1 & 8.32 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\ \hline
2.5 & 25.89 \(\pm\) 0.38 \\ \hline
5 & 51.92 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\ \hline
10 & 91.34 \(\pm\) 0.47 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are expressed as mean value \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3).  
\end{table}