## 6 Discussion  
In the detailed geological hazard survey of Huangshi Town, the project innovatively integrated remote sensing and UAV technologies--including orthophotography, oblique photogrammetry, and airborne LiDAR--to establish a multi-dimensional data acquisition system combining \"satellite-air-ground\" observations. High-resolution orthophotos, three-dimensional oblique models, and laser measurements were implemented in key areas to generate precise real-world models, providing rich and accurate data support for hazard research. By integrating remote sensing interpretation with ground surveys, the project accurately identified risk locations, monitored slope changes, delineated threatened areas, and achieved a comprehensive and systematic investigation of geological hazards. This approach significantly enhanced early warning and prevention capabilities, effectively overcoming the limitations of traditional ground surveys, such as low efficiency, limited coverage, and insufficient precision of single remote sensing techniques, thereby offering more reliable foundations for hazard mitigation. However, the integrated approach also faces practical challenges. The high costs of equipment acquisition and maintenance impose significant financial burdens, limiting its promotion in underfunded regions. Data processing and analysis heavily rely on skilled professionals and advanced software platforms, raising the technical threshold and posing challenges for talent cultivation and technology dissemination. Additionally, UAV operations are notably constrained by weather conditions, with adverse weather severely impacting the timeliness and completeness of data collection. Previous geological hazard risk assessments generally considered only single rainfall conditions, neglecting the variations in hazard probability and risk under different rainfall scenarios [39]. Furthermore, the long-term effects of rainfall on the physical and mechanical properties of rock and soil masses were often overlooked, resulting in considerable assessment inaccuracies [40,41]. This study comprehensively analyzed three rainfall scenarios: 24-h rainfall of 100 mm, 24-h rainfall of 250 mm, and 72-h effective rainfall of 240 mm, thoroughly accounting for the effects of prolonged rainfall. A combined evaluation unit approach of regular grids and slope units was adopted, selecting ten evaluation factors and deeply analyzing their correlations to achieve more accurate and reliable results. By calculating slope instability probabilities under different rainfall conditions, the study provided a more comprehensive reflection of geological hazard risks across varied scenarios, offering more practical guidance for disaster prevention and mitigation efforts. Through the risk assessment of geological hazards under multi-scenario rainfall conditions in Huangshi Town, Longchuan County, Guangdong Province, the study elucidated the impact mechanisms of prolonged rainfall on hazard risks and proposed corresponding improvement measures. The results indicate that evaluating disaster susceptibility with rainfall as a triggering factor better reflects the overall characteristics of geological hazard development in the study area. Future research could focus on several key directions: first, exploring the mechanisms of disaster occurrence under complex geological conditions to improve and refine evaluation models, thereby enhancing prediction accuracy under extreme scenarios; second, advancing multi-source data fusion technologies to further boost the efficiency and precision of data acquisition and analysis; and third, leveraging emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring and early warning of geological hazards, providing more effective technical support for hazard prevention and mitigation.