## Abbreviations  
6-OHDA & 6-hydroxyopamine ABCA1 & ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 ABCG1 & ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 AD & Alzheimer's disease ADP & Adenosine diphosphate AIF & Apoptosis-inducing factor Akt & Protein kinase B ALT & Alanine aminotransferase AMPK & AMP-activated protein kinase ARE & Antioxidant responsive element AS & Atherosclerosis AS & aspartate aminotransferase ATF-4 & Activating transcription factor 4 Atg & Autophagy-related gene A\(\beta\) B Beta-amyloid protein BDNF & Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BID & BH3-interacting-domain CAT & Catalase CCl_4 & Carbon tetrachloride CDC25A & Cell division cycle protein 25A CDK & Cyclin-dependent kinases Chk2 & Checkpoint kinase 2 CHOP & C/EBP-homologous protein COX-2 & Cycloxygenase-2 Cry Cry Cytochrome CTL & Cytotoxic T lymphocytes DFF45 & DNA degradation factor 45 KD DRP-1 & Dynamin-related protein 1 E2F transcription factor 1 ECs & Endothelial cells ER & Endoplasmic reticulum ERCC6L & Excision repair cross-complementation group 6 like ERK & Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ER\(\alpha\) & Estrogen receptor alpha FAK & Focal adhesion kinase FLIP & FLICE inhibitory protein FOXO1 & Forkhead Box O1 GADD153 & Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153 GluT4 & Glucose transporter 4 GluT9 & Glucose transporter 9 GP & _Gynostemma pentaphyllum_ GPE & _Gynostemma pentaphyllum_ extract GPP & _Gynostemma pentaphyllum_ polysaccharides GPS & Gypenosides GRP78 & Glucose regulated protein 78 KD GSH-Px & Glutathione peroxidase GTP & Guanosine triphosphate HSVN1 & Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus HDL & High-density lipoprotein HDL-C & High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HGO & Hepatic glucose output HIF-1\(\alpha\) & Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\(\alpha\) HO-1 & Heme oxygenase 1 HUVECsG & Human umbilical vein endothelial cells I/R & Ischemia-reperfusionICAM-1 Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 IFN Interferon IL Interleukin iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase IP3R Inositol triphosphate receptor IxB\(\alpha\) Inhibitor of NF-kB \(\alpha\) JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase LC3 Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 LDL Low-density lipoprotein LDL LC Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDLR Low-density lipoprotein receptor L-DOPA L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine LXR Liver X receptor MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MDA Malondialdehydedehyde MDCK Madin-Darby canine kidney MFC Mouse forestomach carcinoma Mfrn2 Midofusin 2 MMP-2 Matrix metalloproteinase-2 MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 MPP+ 1-Methyl-4-phenylylpyridinium ion MPTP 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropropylidine mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin MyD88 Myeloid differentiation factor 88 NAFLD Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NFAT Nuclear factor of activated T cells NF-kB Nuclear factor-kappa B NK Natural killer NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NO Nitric oxide NOS Nitric oxide synthase NOX4 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase 4 Nrf2 Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 OAT1 Organic anion transporter 1 OGD/R Oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation OPA1 Optic atrophy protein 1 Oria1 Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 Ox-LDL Oxidized low-density lipoprotein PARP Poly ADP-ribose polymerase PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCEREB Phosphohydylated cAMP response element-binding protein PCSK9 PropProtein convertase subtilisisin/kexin 9 PD Parkinson's disease PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinases PPAR Peroxisome proliferatorator activated receptor PRRSV Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PTP1B Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B RANKL Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Ligand RCC Renal cell carcinoma ROS Reactive oxygen species SERCAarco/endoplasmic-reticulum-Ca\({}^{2+}\)-ATPase SIRT1 Silent information regulator 1 SOC Store-operated Ca\({}^{2+}\) channel SOCS1 Suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 SOD Superoxide dismutase SOS Sevenless homolog SRB1 Scavenger receptor class B type I