## 1 Introduction  
Launching lifeboats and landing airplanes on the sea surface in ice-covered areas are affected by the presence of ice on the water. However, current research mainly focuses on theoretical and experimental methods. Due to differences in water-based testing, the structure of an icbreaking object in water should consider the structure-ice-water interaction. However, the costs of testing are higher and the conditions are more demanding. As a result, after years of development, numerical simulation methods have become increasingly favored by scholars. In recent years, these methods have matured significantly, including traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD), near-field dynamics (PD), the finite element method (FEM), the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, and the discrete element method (DEM). Numerical simulations can be used to construct a structure-ice-water mixing model and simulate the physical phenomenon of icebreaking. Scholars from various countries have begun adopting numerical simulations for structural, waterborne icebreaking. [PERSON] et al. [1] used the SPH method, simulating each piece of broken ice as a combination of particles. Through a pulling test experiment, they investigated the mechanical and physical properties of ice in a broken ice region by changing the parameters, such as the void fraction, cohesion, and friction angle, providing a preliminary method to understand the icebreaking process. [PERSON] et al. [2] validated the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)approach using the Drucker-Prager plasticity model, combined with a 1:20 scaling ratio hull model, to simulate impacts with level ice for validation purposes. An inter-comparison of the results confirmed the applicability and reliability of the SPH approach for simulating structure-ice-water scenarios, as well as the Drucker-Prager model for simulating the ice-breaking process. [PERSON] et al. [3] simulated the process of continuous icebreaking using the combined smoothed particle method (CSPM), integrated with a density-corrected and artificial stress-corrected low-speed collision model. They investigated the icebreaking resistance and immersion resistance of the hull during icebreaking. The ice damage process is a discontinuous and complex material breakage involving the structure-ice-water interaction, and near-field dynamics is a meshless approach to solving the equations of motion in integral form, with clear advantages for simulating damage in complex materials. [PERSON] et al. [4] employed a non-local, meshless \"near-field dynamics\" numerical method, based on the integral form, to simulate interactions between horizontal ice and cylindrical, vertical, and rigid structures, at different velocities. They also investigated the relationship between the damage length of the icebreaking region and ice thickness, concluding that the damage length is \(0.15^{0.2}\) times the ice thickness. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a numerical method to simulate local ice loads generated by ship-ice interactions with horizontal ice and calculated the resulting icebreaking resistance components. [PERSON] et al. [6] developed a structure-ice-water numerical model using a combination of PD, BDIM, and VOF to simulate icebreaking and water ingress for a rigid sphere. They also analyzed the crack extension paths of the ice cap, the shape of the cavity, the pressure and velocity fields, and the motion of the sphere during icebreaking and water ingress, concluding that the ice loads on the sphere were much larger than the water loads. From simulating ice to calculating the resistance of icebreaking, the aforementioned research and analysis have made significant contributions. For research on icebreaking, it is more important to conduct simulations or experimental analyses of icebreaking processes. [PERSON] et al. [7] investigated the dynamic response and energy absorption characteristics of aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels (AHSPs) under wedge-shaped ice impact.