## Materials & Methods
### Analytical Methods  
The application of different analytical techniques was necessary for the characterization of the produced bio-oil and aqueous phase for a total of 21 samples.  
A GC-MS/FID device (Chromatogram GC 7890A MS 5975C Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) has been utilized as the main tool for compound detection. The machine implements a capillary column Agilent HP-5 MS, HP19091S-433 with Helium as a carrier gas, an end temperature of 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and a retention time of 24 min. The water content of the different fractions has been investigated via the Karl Fisher Titration method (Metrohm 787 KF Titrino, Herisau, Switzerland).  
The elemental composition of 11 samples extracted from the produced different cuts was finally analyzed using a Thermo Fischer Scientific Flash 2000 elemental analyzer. A tiny fraction of bio-oil was placed in an autosampler connected to a quartz reactor housed in a furnace where the sample underwent full combustion at 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C. An internal chromatograph then analyzed the eluting products. From known carbon dioxide, water, and nitrate ion  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Paraffin Oil—Shell Ondina 919 (Material Safety Data Sheet)** \\ \hline Appearance & Liquid at room temperature \\ Colour & Colorless & \\ pH & Not applicable & \\ Pour point & \(-\)15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & Method: ISO 3016 \\ Initial boiling point and range & \(>\)280 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\ Flashpoint & 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C & Method: ISO 2592 \\ Vapour pressure & \(<\)0.5 Pa (20 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ Relative vapor density & \(>\)1 & \\ Relative density & 0.856 kg m\({}^{-3}\) & at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & Method: ISO 12185 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Quench fluid properties.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Exp. Code** & **T 1 st Cond** & **T 2 nd Cond** & **T Intensive Cooler** \\ \hline FC\_SC2 & 170 & 70 & \(-\)10 \\ FC\_SC3 & 145 & 70 & \(-\)10 \\ FC\_SC4 & 130 & 70 & \(-\)10 \\ FC\_SC5 & 100 & 70 & \(-\)10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Temperature settings for the condensation system, expressed in \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
peaks, it then as back-calculated, by means of inverse-calculation, it detected the amount of each component of the sample. Finally, oxygen was calculated as the difference, while ash content was reasonably assumed as negligible [11].  
The elemental composition of the char was analyzed using the same elemental analytical machine. A small sample, approximately 2 to 3 mg, was placed in the machine. Here it was burned in the presence of oxygen. After burning the sample, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen gas were detected. The amount of the specific gas detected was used to calculate the output of the analysis. The output was a weight percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.  
The non-condensable gases were analyzed by a GC machine. The molar fraction of the produced non-condensable gases was corrected for the amount of inert nitrogen (fluidization gas) in the gas stream. In the fluidized bed reactor, the nitrogen flow rate was set by a calibrated mass flow controller (Brooks, Seattle, WA, USA). Gas samples were taken every 10 min. These samples were analyzed in a gas chromatograph for O\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\), CO\({}_{2}\), CO, CH\({}_{4}\), C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\), C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{6}\), C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{6}\), and C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{8}\) (Varian Micro GC CP-4900, SpectraLab, Markham, ON, Canada, with two analytical columns, 10 m Molsieve 5A and 10 m PPQ, using Helium as carrier gas). The sum of C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\), C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{6}\), C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{6}\), and C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{8}\) will further be referred to as C\({}_{2}\)-C\({}_{3}\) compounds. Elemental analysis, ash, and HHV were measured according to the methods proposed by [PERSON] et al. [29].