## 3 Results
### Pathogen Spillover
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sampling** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Green Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Bee Species**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Real-Time**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Real-Time**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Real-Time**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two-Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decon**} \\
**Date** & & & **PCR (CBPV)** & **PCR (ABPV)** & **PCR (DWV)** & **PCR (DWV)** & **PCR (ABPV)** & **PCR (ABPV)** & **PCR (ABPV)** & **PCR (SBV)** & **Process (Specs)** & **Process (Specs)** \\ \hline
8 March 2021 & Modern park E & A _medium_ & N & D(\(9\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
8 March 2021 & Modern park E & A _medium_ & N & D(\(8\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
9 March 2021 & Modern park E & A _medium_ & N & D(\(6\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(2\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
18 March 2021 & Historic city park B & A _medium_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
7 May 2021 & Modern park E & A _medium_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & D & N & N & EM DWW \\
24 June 2021 & Modern park E & A _medium_ & N & D(\(6\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & D & D (\(8\times 10^{9}\)) & (\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & (\(4\times 10^{9}\)) \\
24 June 2021 & Roadbookout F & A _medium_ & N & D(\(5\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(5\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & D & D (\(8\times 10^{9}\)) & (\(8\times 10^{9}\)) \\
24 June 2021 & Roadbookout F & A _medium_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
24 June 2021 & Roadbookout G & A _medium_ & N & D(\(1\times 10^{9}\)) & D(\(6\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & D & N & N \\
30 June 2021 & Roadbookout G & A _medium_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
31 July 2021 & Roadbook G & A _medium_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & D & N & N \\
24 July 2021 & Modern park D & A _medium_ & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
24 August 2021 & Roadbook F & A _medium_ & N & N & D(\(6\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
2 August 2021 & Roadbook F & R _shortcuts_ & N & D(\(4\times 10^{9}\)) & N & N & N & N & D & N & Focardiures \\
2 August 2021 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
3 August 2021 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
5 August 2021 & Historic city park B & A _medium_ & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N & N \\
5 August 2021 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N = Not denoted/No types detected/No viral particles observed by IBM for DWV and/or ABPV; D = Dotected. Viral load expressed in genomic copies/individual and species in case of _Nmeans_ spp.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Analytical details of pathogen detection in 2021: presence/absence; viral load; spores, and results of EM observation (identification of DWV/ABPV by IEM or presence of any other virus) [ABPV = Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; CDPV = Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus; DWV = Deformed Wing Virus; BOCV = Back Queen Cell Virus; SWV = Sao Broad Virus; EBV = Kashmir Bee Virus; LAVV = Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus. DWV was unexpectedly identified less frequently than ABPV, with only four positives in 2020, of which one had high titer. In addition, there were 6 positives out of the 21 tested in 2021, of which 2 had high titers. However, all three high-titer positives were found in _A. mellifera_. Regarding the other viruses investigated, we recorded constant negativity for KBV and IAPV. At the same time, BQCV and SBV were present with some frequency, albeit in a differentiated manner from one year to the next. BQCV was, in fact, only identified in 7 out of 12 samples in 2020, while SBV was predominant in 2021 (8 out of 21 positive samples) compared to 2020 (only 1 positive).