esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 The Causative Agents  
The spirochetes that cause LB belong to the so-called _B. burgdorferi_ s.l.-complex. They are spiral-shaped bacteria (Figure 1) of 4-30 \(\upmu\)m in length and 0.2-0.3 \(\upmu\)m in diameter. They are members of the Spirochaetaceae family and belong to the genus _B Borrelia_ which comprises both the relapsing fever borreliae and the closely related LB agents. _Borrelia burgdorferi_ s.l. is transmitted by members of the _Ixodes ricinus_ complex. These are predominantly _I. ricinus_ and _I. persulactus_ in Europe and Asia, and _I. scapularis_ and _I. paciticus_ in North America [23]. Once infected with borreliae, these three-host hard ticks (Ixodidae) can remain infected for the remainder of their lives, including through molts. Thus, they are able to effectively transmit spirochetes in the next feeding stage and potentially to their hosts [24]. The geographical presence of the disease in the northern hemisphere mirrors the distribution of the _Ixodes_ spp. ticks that transmit the LB agents. At present, the _B. burgdorferi_ s.l.-complex includes 23 different genospecies. However, only _B. burgdorferi_ sensu strictu, _B. afzelii, B. spielmanii, B. garini, and _B. bavariensis_ have been definitively established to be pathogenic to humans [25; 26; 27; 28]. Very recently, _B. bissettiae_ and _B. mayoni_ have been described as causes of LB in clinically ill patients from Germany, the U.S.A. and Canada [29; 30; 31]. Human pathogenicity is also very probable but remains a matter of debate for _B. valaisiana_[27] and _B. lusitanie_[28]. All of the above-mentioned species that are assumed to be pathogenic to humans, with the exception of _B. mayoni_, are found in Europe. _Borrelia burgdorferi_ s.s., _B. mayoni_ and the probable pathogen _B. bissettiae_ are present in the U.S.A., and all species listed here are distributed in Asia, except for _B. burgdorferi_ s.s. and _B. mayoni_[26].
## 4 PENS for Low Back Pain  
LBP affects 540 million people worldwide, and it is the most frequent disease suffered by patients referred to the Italian Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient reha  
Figure 2: PENS treatment in a patient with low back pain: the needle-electrode monopolar probe is placed at lumbar level.  
bilitation services [40; 41; 42]. Indeed, LBP is one of the main causes of disability worldwide with crucial implications in the rehabilitation field [41]. Thus, the American College of Physicians recommended a multidisciplinary treatment including physical exercise, pharmacological drugs, and interventional rehabilitative approaches for patients suffering from chronic LBP [43].  
Among instrumental physical therapies that might be used (e.g., TENS, ultrasound, laser therapy, oxygen-ozone therapy) in the complex multidisciplinary management of LBP [27; 44; 45; 46; 47], PENS could be mentioned among the innovative approaches to treat this pathological condition, and few promising papers addressed this issue.  
A randomized crossover study [5] investigated the effectiveness of PENS therapy, compared with TENS, and physical exercise on pain management in LBP patients. The authors performed a PENS treatment for 30 min, 3 times per week for 3 weeks, on a sample of 50 patients diagnosed with LBP secondary to degenerative disk disease. Their findings showed a significant decrease in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score in patients treated with PENS compared to those treated with TENS and physical exercise, suggesting that PENS was effective in providing short-term relief and improving physical function in long-term LBP patients [5]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [48] compared the efficacy of a single PENS treatment compared to a single TENS treatment and medication only in 133 patients affected by chronic LBP. They observed that both PENS and TENS induced a significant improvement in VAS pain scale compared to the medication-only group, although no differences between the two intervention groups emerged [48].  
Despite these promising results, the long-term efficacy of PENS therapy on LBP is still unclear. In 2004, a study [49] was conducted to evaluate the number of PENS sessions needed to determine analgesic effect and the effect duration in LBP. Patients treated with PENS showed a significant pain and physical impairment reduction, together with decreased NSAIDs use. Thus, they found a significant analgesic effect of cumulative sessions of PENS; however, this benefit gradually faded after discontinuation of treatment [49]. Lastly, a randomized controlled trial [50] conducted with over 200 chronic LBP patients found that all patients treated with PENS showed a reduction in pain and physical impairment, even though general conditioning and aerobic exercise was more effective than PENS alone in reducing fear avoidance beliefs.  
Taking into account all these findings, PENS could be considered a valid therapeutic option in patients suffering from chronic LBP, especially in those not responsive to pharmacological interventions, albeit further studies are warranted to support this hypothesis.
## 4 Power Converter Topologies
### Charger Stage (Bidirectional DC-DC Converters)
#### 4.3.1 Non-Isolated Charger Topologies  
The following are the non-isolated bidirectional converter topologies that will be analyzed:  
1. Bidirectional converter with coupled inductors and output filter (Figure 8a);
2. Zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) interleaved HB converter (Figure 8b);
3. HB converter with resonant circuit (Figure 8c);
4. Zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) interleaved converter with resonant circuit (Figure 8d);
5. ZVS HB converter with coupled inductors (Figure 8e);
6. Three-phase interleaved buck converter (Figure 8f).  
Table 4 presents a comparison of the main characteristics of the aforementioned non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters used in the EV charger stage.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ref.} & **Charger** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Advantages**} & **Disadvantages** & **Applications** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[13, 38, 48, 70, 71]} & & \(\bullet\) & Step down/up functions & \multirow{8}{*}{Faces the right half plane zero effect within the output voltage to duty cycle in} & \multirow{8}{*}{Low power solar PV charger Solar PV power supply} \\  & & \(\bullet\) & It does not require an extra filter circuit since the & & \\  & & coupled inductor acts as a filter & & & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & A smoother control is & & \\  & Bidirectional & & offered by the & & \\  & Converter with & coupled inductor & & & \\  & Coupled Inductors & \(\bullet\) & It has an efficiency of 95\% & & \\  & and Output Filter & when operating at rated & & & \\  & & power despite not having & & \\  & & ZVS and Zero Current & & & \\  & & Switching (ZCS) & & & \\  & & Least expensive than & & & \\  & & other topologies & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[17, 38, 49]} & & \(\bullet\) & The use of the snubber capacitor allows to achieve the soft switching turn off at negative voltage instead of zero & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[13, 38, 72]} & & \(\bullet\) & High voltage gain & \(\bullet\) & It has a reduced output voltage due to the equivalent series & \(\bullet\) & How cost battery continuous duty charging application \\  & & & charge and discharge mode & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & Resonant Circuit & & resonant circuit, the ZVS and ZCS are implemented & \(\bullet\) & The operation of couple inductors & \(\bullet\) & Power supply \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & &
# Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A Comprehensive Review
## 2 Rubber Toughening
### Factors Influencing Rubber Toughening
#### 2.2.4 Interfacial Interaction and Compatibility  
The interfacial interaction and compatibility between the epoxy resin matrix and rubber are crucial factors influencing the toughening effect and remain a significant area of current research. For rubber and resin matrices that are not fully compatible, the interaction at the interface directly affects the bonding strength and the size and distribution of rubber particles.  
[PERSON] et al. [34] systematically investigated the effects of various shell compositions of core-shell particles--such as PMMA, P[MMA-acrylonitrile (AN)], [PMMA-glycolyl methacrylate (GMA)], and [PMMA-divinylbenzene (DVB)]--on the particle-epoxy resin interface. Their study demonstrated that the dispersion morphology of particles in the epoxy resin matrix plays a critical role in toughening the resin. This dispersion can be influenced by incorporating AN and GMA copolymer monomers into the PMMA shell or by crosslinking the shell. They also found that nanoscale interfacial interactions do not directly affect fracture toughness; instead, these interactions are used to control the morphology of the blend, which has a significant impact on toughness. Subsequent studies confirmed that the dispersion degree of particles is crucial for the fracture toughness of the modified epoxy resin, with a homogeneous particle distribution significantly enhancing toughness compared to microclustered forms [35].
## 5 LEFM-Based Analytical Model  
### State-of-Art  
Theoretical approaches, based on the stress distribution in the joint, have been used to describe the laws governing the mechanical behaviour of connections by glued-in rods. One of the pioneering works was by [PERSON] (1977), who developed an elastic analysis of the shear distribution in a single lap joint. However, the substrates were assumed to respond to  
Figure 11: Average experimental failure load versus the ratio of analytical prediction, as obtained for specimens with (**a**) epoxy or (**b**) polyurethane adhesive and parallel rod-to-grain arrangement.  
Figure 12: Inverse experimental derivation of \(f_{y,90,mean}\) strength, based on Equation (9), for epoxy or polyurethane specimens with perpendicular rod-to-glue arrangement.  
the load only in tension and the adhesive to respond only in shear. A further development was made by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32], who included the influence of a bending moment in the connection in their calculation model. Later, [PERSON] [33] introduced elastic-plastic stress distribution of anisotropic materials in the analysis. Depending on the ductility of the bond-line, these traditional strength analyses will be more or less accurate.  
More recently, the behaviour of glued-in rods was investigated within the framework of fracture mechanics. In this approach, a pre-existing crack in the joint is assumed to lead to a stress singularity so that the traditional maximum stress criterion can be no longer applied. For instance, in accordance with LEFM, [PERSON] [11] proposed an evaluation model of the load bearing capacity for a single glued-in rod, assuming that failure of the joint could occur when the energy release rate is equal to the fracture energy. In the same year, [PERSON] [17] took into consideration the damage amount preceding the failure of a joint through an approach based on nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM), and essentially based on the mode II fracture energy. Thus, many empirical or theoretical design calculations could be found in literature to estimate either the shear strength (especially in studies based on elastic stress analysis) or the fracture energy in mode II. It should be noted that most existing studies were either based on experiments or numerical investigations, but rarely combined both approaches [21].
## 3 The Proposed EATS-MOBFS Method for the 2L-VRPSC
### The Proposed MOBFS Method for Two-Dimensional Loading
#### 3.2.2 Improved Skyline-Based Heuristic  
The skyline-based heuristic was first proposed to solve the two-dimensional rectangle packing problem, and the key is selecting the position of the items on the loading surface. A set of selection criteria were proposed for this purpose, and more details can be found in [9].  
One of the selection criteria is selecting the placement with minimum local waste at every stage of the packing process. However, this wasted space measure is only a measure of the actual number of wasted space segments, ignoring a measure of the total area of wasted space segments. Therefore, we further quantify the wasted area and propose the wasted-area-based selection criterion to determine the positions of items, i.e., if there are multiple candidate positions with the same number of wasted space segments, the algorithm will select the position with the minimum total wasted area. It is motivated by the assumption that if the area of wasted space is minimized at every stage of the packing process, the remaining unplaced items will be more likely to be placed. The four types of wasted space are given in Figure 5a-d.  
Let \(w_{min}\) and \(h_{min}\) be the minimum width and height of the remaining rectangular items, respectively. The pattern area in case (a) is always considered wasted space. The pattern areas in cases (b) and (c) are considered wasted if the length of the gap is less than \(w_{min}\). The pattern area in case (d) is wasted if the gap is less than \(h_{min}\).  
Figure 4: An example of complete covering.  
Figure 3: An example of violating the sequential loading constraint when using the BLF.  
Based on the above improvements, we apply the skyline-based heuristic to the four classes of two-dimensional loading configurations. Under the \(2|\text{U}\text{O}|\text{L}\) and \(2|\text{SO}|\text{L}\) settings in which item rotation is not allowed, it only evaluates the feasibility and area of the wasted space for each pair item-position without rotation. Under the \(2|\text{UR}|\text{L}\) and \(2|\text{SR}|\text{L}\) settings, it evaluates the feasibility, wasted area of rotation and non-rotation to decide the placement position and whether to rotate so as to improve the utilization of the wasted space in the packing process.
# Evolution of Access Network Sharing and Its Role in 5G Networks
## 4 Software Defined Network (SDN)  
Initially devised as a mechanism to separate control and data plane in network switches and routers, SDN has in only a few years evolved into a comprehensive framework to add flexibility and programmability to the entire telecommunications network. These features have led to SDN being considered as an essential element to deliver network multi-tenancy.
## 6 Application of Cybersecurity Optimizer in Training Multi-Layer Perceptions for Attack Detection
### Uusw-Nb15 Dataset  
The UNSW-NB15 dataset consists of 49 attributes, with 175,341 training samples and 82,332 test samples, distributed across 10 classes. The statistical results of various algorithms applied to this dataset are presented in Table 10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **MSE (Average)** & **MSE (STD)** & **Classification Rate** \\ \hline Cybersecurity–MLP & 0.010410 & 0.004200 & 98.5\% \\ Chimp–MLP & 0.015300 & 0.005600 & 97.1\% \\ CPO-MLP & 0.012500 & 0.004800 & 97.8\% \\ ROA-MLP & 0.014200 & 0.00520 & 97.3\% \\ WOA-MLP & 0.016400 & 0.005700 & 96.8\% \\ MFO-MLP & 0.011800 & 0.004500 & 98.1\% \\ WSO-MLP & 0.013900 & 0.005100 & 97.5\% \\ SHIO-MLP & 0.017200 & 0.006000 & 96.4\% \\ ZOA-MLP & 0.018500 & 0.006200 & 96.0\% \\ DOA-MLP & 0.019300 & 0.006500 & 95.8\% \\ HHO-MLP & 0.020400 & 0.006800 & 95.5\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Experimental results for the NSL-KDD dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **MSE (Average)** & **MSE (STD)** & **Classification Rate** \\ \hline Cybersecurity–MLP & 0.007200 & 0.001500 & 97.8\% \\ Chimp–MLP & 0.008100 & 0.001800 & 97.3\% \\ CPO-MLP & 0.007500 & 0.001600 & 97.5\% \\ ROA-MLP & 0.008400 & 0.001900 & 95.1\% \\ WOA-MLP & 0.009000 & 0.002000 & 96.8\% \\ MFO-MLP & 0.007400 & 0.001700 & 97.4\% \\ WSO-MLP & 0.008200 & 0.001800 & 97.2\% \\ SHIO-MLP & 0.009300 & 0.002100 & 96.7\% \\ ZOA-MLP & 0.010000 & 0.002300 & 96.4\% \\ DOA-MLP & 0.010500 & 0.002400 & 96.1\% \\ HHO-MLP & 0.011000 & 0.002500 & 95.8\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Experimental results for the CICIDS2017 dataset.  
The results indicate that Cybersecurity-MLP achieves the best average MSE and the highest classification rate of 99.2%. This outcome highlights the high effectiveness of the cybersecurity-based trainer for IoT-related attack detection.
# Improving Conceptual Modeling with Object-Process Methodology Stereotypes
## 5 A Stereotype Example: The Optimal Light Power Consumption IoT System  
We demonstrate the benefits of using stereotypes in an OPM model with an IoT Optimal Light Power Consumption System aimed at maintaining constant room lighting [34; 35]. Light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors in the system measure the room light intensity andsend it to a microcontroller, which runs an algorithm to calculate the needed power, which, in turn, is delivered to the light emitting diode (LED).
# Design and Stability Analysis of Six-Degree-of-Freedom Hydro-Pneumatic Spring Wheel-Leg
## 3 Theoretical Analysis of Hydro-Pneumatic Spring  
### External Single-Chamber Hydro-Pneumatic Springs  
The proposed six-arm structure hydro-pneumatic suspension employs single-chamber hydro-pneumatic springs. Each spring is mainly composed of a hydraulic cylinder, a piston rod, a damping valve system, and an accumulator, as shown in Figure 4. This configuration is characterized by a simple structure and compact size [25]. When the piston rod moves upward, the piston pushes the hydraulic fluid from the cylinder through the damping valve system into the accumulator. Then, the inert gas in the accumulator chamber is compressed, increasing the elastic force of the hydro-pneumatic spring. This process is known as the compression stroke. As the fluid enters the accumulator, the pressure in the hydraulic cylinder decreases while the pressure in the gas chamber increases, causing the fluid to return from the accumulator to the hydraulic cylinder. When the fluid passes through the damping valve system, only the constant-flow damping holes are functional. The damping force during this process, which is known as the rebound stroke, exceeds that during the compression stroke.
## 5 Conclusions  
A detailed evaluation and survey of the latest advanced routing schemes for UWSN are performed in this paper. The nature of underwater acoustic communication and the network architectures in regards to reliability, latency, energy-efficiency and localization are described elaborately. Moreover, using these primary factors as metrics, some overviews of significant routing protocols of UWSN are discussed. In UWSN, due to multiple issues--for example, limitation of energy, harsh environment, difficult localization, path loss, low data rate, and so forth--the design of routing protocols is challenging and has become a vital research area due to its enormous applications and opportunities. Each of the considered routing protocols shows the robustness and the weakness depending on the underwater networking environment and scenarios. Different protocols are suitable for different situations and functions depending on the priority of the demands and deploying environment. Considering all the factors, EBER\({}^{2}\) and RE-PBR showed better overall performances compared to other considered routing protocols discussed in this paper.  
This survey summarizes the remaining challenging issues and the future trends of some of the advanced routing protocols. This work encourages further research efforts to improve the routing protocols of UWSN for enhanced underwater monitoring and exploration. Future work will involve further exploring routing protocols and localization to improve on these challenges and to propose a more reliable and efficient but also flexible routing protocol.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] planned and performed the survey. He analyzed, produced the initial manuscript and edited till the final submission. [PERSON] conceived the idea and continuously supervised and revised the manuscript for improvement. And, [PERSON] supervised and gave necessary enhancements and inputs along with the work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research is funded by School of Engineering and Technology and Faculty Research and Creative Endeavors (FRCE) of Central Michigan University, MI, USA  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Integrating Interactive Detection of Code Smells into Scrum: Feasibility, Benefits, and Challenges
## 2 Background
### Techniques for Code Smell Detection  
To assist themselves in detecting and refactoring code smells, developers commonly rely on (semi-)automated techniques [23]. These techniques consist of two essential components [10; 20]:  
1. Detection Mechanism: this component lets developers choose or define algorithms for detecting code smells. By selecting appropriate metrics and adjusting thresholds, developers can establish their detection strategy [24]. Code smell detection methods can be categorized into five groups: (i) metrics-based, (ii) machine-learning-based, (iii) history-based, (iv) rules-/heuristics-based, and (v) optimization-based [3].
2. User Interface: once the detection mechanism completes its analysis, the user interface presents the detected instances of code smells [5]. There are two main approachesfor displaying the results: (i) list-based, which provides a comprehensive list of code smell occurrences throughout the project, and (ii) interactive-based, which employs the source code to highlight potential instances of code smells.  
Figure 1 illustrates the different components involved in code smell detection. The detection mechanism can be activated either automatically after completing a programming activity or upon explicit request by the developer. In terms of how the User Interface presents code smell occurrences, it can be displayed within the source code itself, allowing developers analyze them while actively engaging in programming activities. Alternatively, the results can be presented in a separate structured file, preventing simultaneous analysis with programming tasks. Based on the developer's interaction with these components, code smell detection techniques can be classified into the following categories.  
Interactive Detection (ID) is a technique that facilitates developer interaction with code smells (Figure 1) by identifying instances within code fragments without requiring an explicit request. ID techniques continuously operate in the background, detecting code smell instances as developers work on coding tasks. This enables early identification and allows developers analyze, modify, and implement the source code accordingly [10; 20].  
Non-Interactive Detection (NID) is a technique that does not support direct interaction with code smell elements (Figure 1) unless specifically requested by the developer. In NID techniques, potential code smells are detected by analyzing the entire project once the developer initiates the detection process. Developers using NID techniques may only identify code smell occurrences after merging code changes with other software components. Empirical studies have shown that the longer code smells persist, the more time and effort it takes to address them [25; 26]. Furthermore, when developers directly interact with the detection mechanism, they cannot concurrently perform other programming activities [10; 20].