## 3 Results and Discussion
### Rutting Property (G*/sin \(\delta\))  
Figure 3 and Tables 7 and 8 present the rutting resistance G*/sin \(\delta\) in kPa for various binder samples before (original) and after (RTFO) short-term aging. The tested binders include a base binder (PG 64-22), TLA, CRM, and the warm mix additive (LC), offering insights into the improved rutting resistance achieved by LC. The initial rutting resistance of the base binder (PG 64-22) is 2.01 kPa, increasing to 5.25 kPa after RTFO aging. Adding TLA enhances rutting resistance slightly: PG 64-22 with 10% TLA shows 2.51 kPa before and 5.88 kPa after aging. With 20% TLA, resistance improves to 3.07 kPa and 6.47 kPa, respectively, demonstrating TLA's positive impact on binder performance. CRM significantly boosts rutting resistance. For instance, PG 64-22 with 5% CRM achieves 3.71 kPa pre-aging and 8.10 kPa post-aging, with increasing CRM content further enhancing performance. The most significant improvements occur with LC addition. For example, PG 64-22 combined with 10% TLA, 5% CRM, and 1.5% LC shows resistance of 4.30 kPa before and 7.50 kPa after aging, highlighting LC's substantial effect. LC dramatically improves binder performance under high temperatures and stress. Using PG 64-22 with 10% TLA, 10% CRM, and 1.5% LC, rutting resistance increases from 8.58 kPa to 14.20 kPa post-aging. The most significant enhancement is in the PG 64-22 + 20% TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC mixture, with values of 9.67 kPa pre-aging and 20.60 kPa post-aging, demonstrating that increased TLA and CRM with LC significantly improve rutting resistance. LC's role in producing high-performance warm mix binders is clear. LC conserves energy and reduces emissions during pavement construction, enabling work at lower temperatures while maintaining sufficient compression. It enhances binder rheology, increasing resistance to deformation, crucial for high-temperature applications prone to rutting. The synergy of CRM and LC combines flexibility and resilience with enhanced rigidity, yielding a binder performing well under high temperatures and heavy loads. RTFO test results show binders with LC resist rutting even after aging, vital for long-term pavement performance. Overall, incorporating LC with TLA and CRM substantially improves binder rutting resistance, both before and after short-term aging, demonstrating LC's efficacy in producing high-performance warm mix binders for challenging conditions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Viscoelasticity RTFO Condition at 64 °C**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Combination**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**PG64-**} \\  & & & & & PG64- & & 22+ & & & 22+ & & & PG64- & 22+ & \\ \cline{3-14}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**PG64-**} & **PG64-** & **PG64-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** & **PG2-** \\  & & 22+ & 22+ & & 10\%TLA & 20\%TLA & 20\%TLA & 20\%TLA & CRM & 22+ & 10\%TLA & 22+ & 20\%TLA & 22+ & 20\%TLA \\ \cline{3-14}  & 22 & 10\%TLA & 20\%TLA & 5\% & + & 5\% & + & + & + & + & + & + & + & + \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & & & CRM & + & & CRM & + & & CRM & + & CRM & + & & CRM + \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & & CRM & 1.5\%L & & 1.5\%L & & 1.5\%L & & 1.5\%L & & 1.5\%L & & 1.5\%L \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Statistical analysis of the G*/sin \(\delta\) at 64 °C of asphalt binders modified as a function of different combinations at RTFO condition (\(\alpha\) = 0.05). The original binder, PG 64-22, shows low percentage recovery (0.05% original, 1.86% RTFO) and high Jnr values (5.10 k/Pa original, 1.90 k/Pa RTFO), indicating inadequate elastic recovery and a tendency toward permanent deformation.