esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acids Concentration in Liver and Muscle Tissues of Rats and Mice  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.G.d.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.J.-S.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.G.d.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.J.-S.)  
[PERSON]  
3 Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagielfichska 26/28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.P)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.G.d.C.); [PERSON]#### Abstract  
This study conducted a comparative analysis of fatty acids (FAs) concentration derived from polar (PL) and non-polar (NPL) lipids in the liver and muscle tissues of rats and mice. The objective was to elucidate species-specific differences in tissue FA distribution. Employing targeted GC/MS-based methodology, the study aimed to provide insights into conserved and species-specific aspects of lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing future experimental design, linked with comprehension of the interactions between diet, metabolism, and health. Results revealed markedly higher levels of total fatty acids (TFAs) derived from PL in mice skeletal muscle compared to rats and elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in mice. Unsaturated fatty acid levels, mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were substantially higher in mice muscle across all lipid classes, resulting in a higher PUFA/TFA ratio in mice muscle. Detailed analysis of specific unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C22:6n3) indicated elevated levels in mice relative to rats. Conversely, rats exhibited higher SFA levels derived from the NPL fraction in the liver, particularly in myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0), and tricosanoic (C23:0) acids. Mice liver PL fractions displayed significantly elevated unsaturated FA levels, with notably higher MUFAs and lower PUFAs in NPL fractions compared to rats. Analysis of specific unsaturated FAs revealed higher levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) in mice, while rats exhibited increased linoleic (C18:2n6c) and linoleic (C18:3n3) acids. In conclusion, significant differences in FAs tissue distribution between rats and mice underscore the importance of considering species-specific FAs variations when utilizing these animal models and interpreting experimental results related to FA metabolism.  
lipids; fatty acids; saturated fatty acids (SFA); unsaturated fatty acids (UFA); monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs); polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)  
16 February 2024  
1
# Developments on Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs): A Critical Review
###### Abstract
The reduction in device thickness is shown in Figure 1d-g, sensitized cell structure (d) \(\rightarrow\) mesoporous structure (e) \(\rightarrow\) meso-superstructure (f) and, lastly, \(\rightarrow\) planar cell structure (g) has also contributed towards achieving highly efficient photon-to-electron thin PVs. The developments in designing the ABX\({}_{3}\) crystal structure and advances in device structure is of topical research, attracting the interest of many chemists and physicists across the world. This has attributed a rapid increase in PSC efficiencies to 25.5%, approaching the 27.6% efficiency for commercially available single crystalline silicon solar cells [22; 23; 24]. However, recording high efficiencies, PSCs are still lab-based devices and have not reached commercialization due to the device instabilities and the current use of the toxic inorganic lead (Pb) element. Factors affecting the PSC's stability include environmental variations such as oxygen, moisture, temperature, and UV radiation [25; 26; 27]. Thus, the major challenge in manufacturing is achieving a device with high performance, is environmentally friendly, and has a life span of 25 years. The perovskite active layer, together with the counter electron and hole transporting layer (ETL and HTL), are key components in the solar cell device [28]. Therefore, this work provides comprehensive literature on perovskite crystal structure modelling, perovskite (ABX\({}_{3}\)) compositional engineering, and maps out the road towards establishing the perfect required ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTM intermediate contacts [29; 30]. Interesting recommendations and possible future perspectives are also outlined.
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Static Target Ranging
Figure 9b shows the differences between the first set of measurements and the average of the three sets, indicating a maximum deviation of 0.55 mm, which corresponds  
Figure 8: Measurement results of the accumulated distance of 40 steps. (**a**) Mean value of the measured distance at 41 positions. (**b**) Deviation of the measured distance at 41 positions. Figure 7: Standard deviations of the distance measurements at the 41 positions. to a time-delay deviation of 1.83 ps. This ranging deviation was comparable to the 0.56 mm deviation observed in Figure 6a, indicating that the proposed method was highly accurate for both single and repeated ranging. An analysis of Figures 8b and 9 indicated that the 1.47 mm ranging error depicted in Figure 8b was influenced by factors such as the guide rail and the movement of the spot position on the retroreflector.
## 5 Milk Monitoring and Supply Chain
To connect 'n' number of the milk monitoring more to the blockchain, first it needs to connect to the cloud server. To connect to the cloud server, it should establish communication with a gateway, so the LoRa module embedded in the milk monitoring more empowers it to connect to the gateway. The LoRa module in the gateway serves as a receiver unit, and the Wi-Fi module allows it to connect to the internet and log data to a cloud server. Here the cloud server is interfaced to the blockchain web3.js interface, and this interface is utilized to connect the cloud server and blockchain locally or remotely through HTTP, IPC or WebSocket. Blockchain enables the provision of real-time data of milk with transparency and security. Moreover, the trust and collaboration with different business entities will be enhanced further for digitalized real-time information.
# Deformation of Air Bubbles Near a Plunging Jet Using a Machine Learning Approach
###### Abstract  
The deformation of air bubbles in a liquid flow field is of relevant interest in phenomena such as cavitation, air entrainment, and foaming. In complex situations, this problem cannot be addressed theoretically, while the accuracy of an approach based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is often unsatisfactory. In this study, a novel approach to the problem is proposed, based on the combined use of a shadowgraph technique, to obtain experimental data, and some machine learning algorithms to build prediction models. Three models were developed to predict the equivalent diameter and aspect ratio of air bubbles moving near a plunging jet. The models were different in terms of their input variables. Five variants of each model were built, changing the implemented machine learning algorithm: Additive Regression of Decision Stump, Bagging, K-Star, Random Forest and Support Vector Regression. In relation to the prediction of the equivalent diameter, two models provided satisfactory predictions, assessed on the basis of four different evaluation metrics. The third model was slightly less accurate in all its variants. Regarding the forecast of the bubble's aspect ratio, the difference in the input variables of the prediction models shows a greater influence on the accuracy of the results. However, the proposed approach proves to be promising to address complex problems in the study of multi-phase flows.  
air bubbles; plunging jet; shadowgraph technique; machine learning +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Further Discussion on the Cavity Profile Optimization
#### 4.3.4 Optimization Comparison  
Figure 21 shows the diaphragm characteristics with optimized cavity profiles. In detail, Figure 21a,c illustrates the optimized cavity profiles for the first-stage and second-stage diaphragm compressors, respectively. It was observable that the optimized DAP-type cavity profile exhibited greater deflection near the radial location of \(\mathrm{pr}=0.6\), resulting in increased cavity volume. Moreover, with the characteristic parameter \(\mathrm{\lambda N}=0.79\), an inflection point in cavity profile slope was observed at \(\mathrm{pr}=0.79\). Figure 21b,d compares the performance ratios (K) in terms of pressure difference (\(\mathrm{\Delta}p\)), maximum principal stress (\(\mathrm{\delta max}\)), and diaphragm swept volume (Vmo). The results indicated that the DAP-type cavity profile demonstrated enhanced volume and reduced stress levels but required higher operating pressure differences. Specifically, the optimized first-stage SEP, DEP, and DAP profiles exhibited pressure differences 1.013, 1.022, and 1.151 times the baseline values of the experimental SEP-type profiles (shown in Figure 15), respectively, while the second-stage counterparts required 1.173-, 1.197-, and 1.456-times pressure differences. Moreover, the optimized first-stage and second-stage DAP-type diaphragm swept volumes achieved 1.017 times and 1.171 times the baseline values of the experimental SEP-type profiles, respectively.  
Figure 20: Diaphrag stress optimization for DAP-type cavity profiles. (**a**) Impact of profile parameter (\(\mathrm{\lambda}_{N}\)) on the first-stage maximum diaphragm stress (\(\mathrm{\delta max}\)) and swept volume (\(V_{mo}\)). (**b**) First-stage diaphragm stress and swept volume variations within the profile parameter ranges. (**c**) Impact of profile parameter on the second-stage maximum diaphragm stress and swept volume. (**d**) Second-stage diaphragm stress and swept volume variations within the profile parameter ranges.
## 2 Computational Methods  
The calculations in this study were performed using the following theoretical methods or programs:  
Density functional theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical modelling method used to study the electronic structure of molecules and solids. It provides a way to calculate the properties of a system based on the electron density distribution.  
Time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) extends DFT to study electronic excitations, such as those involved in optical and UV-VIS spectroscopy. It is particularly useful for the calculation of UV-VIS spectra, providing information about electronic transitions between molecular orbitals.  
B3 LYP Functional: [PERSON]'s three-parameter hybrid exchange functional [42], combined with the Lee-Yang-Parr gradient-corrected correlation, is a specific functional used in DFT calculations. B3 LYP is known for its good performance in predicting a wide range of molecular properties.  
The 6-311++G(d,p) basis set is a set of mathematical functions used to approximate the wavefunctions of electrons in a molecule. In this case, the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set is employed, which is relatively large and versatile.  
Figure 4: Proposed structure of a novel antiposoriatic prodrug DIT-SAL (8-hydroxy-9-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl-2-hydroxybenzoate) formed by ester bond between dithranol and salicylic acid.  
The Gaussian 09 [43] program is a widely used computational chemistry software suite. In this study, this program was employed to perform the DFT and TDDFT calculations. The results were visualized using the GaussView 3 molecular visualization package [44].  
Calculating vibrational frequencies helps confirm the stability of the molecular geometries. Imaginary frequencies indicate unstable structures. The absence of imaginary frequencies suggests that the computed geometries correspond to energy minima.  
Multiwfn ver. 3.7 [45] is a program designed for analyzing wavefunction properties. In this study, the characteristics of the calculated wavefunction were studied with tools like the reduced density gradient (RDG) and total density of states (TDOS) methods.  
The in silico modelling of the drug's pharmacokinetic profile, including toxicity (ADME), was performed using the SwissADME [46] and ADMETlab 2.0 [47] free online web platforms.  
As has already been shown for many molecules [48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54], these theoretical methods are very reliable, giving theoretical results which are in harmony with experiments.
# Leveraging Energy Harvesting and Wake-Up Receivers for Long-Term Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 MAC Protocol Leveraging Wake-up Receivers
### Design of SNW-MAC
Compared to traditional error-control schemes that require ACK frames, the energy overhead is significantly reduced for sensor nodes as they do not need to listen to ACK frames after each data packet transmission. On the sink side, as no ACK frame is sent, energy is also saved. Nonetheless, this energy saving is counterbalanced by longer WuBs sent by the sink due to the sequence number. Using SNW-MAC, only the data frame is sent by the nodes, thus minimizing the per-packet energy consumption and the \(H\) value introduced in Section 3.2. Moreover, the per-packet energy consumption variability is also minimized if the data frame length does not change. Indeed, the only possible cause of energy consumption variability is due to retransmissions. Having a low energy  
Figure 3: SNW-MAC: packet transmission illustration and Wake-up Beacon (WuB) format. (**a**) Packet transmission using the SNW-MAC. (**b**) WuB format of SNW-MAC. consumption variability is important to allow the EM to accurately control the energy consumption of the node.
## 3 Theoretical Analysis
### Data Filtering  
While using the Prony algorithm for signal detection, a larger model order \(p\) is usually selected due to the presence of noise in the signal. The fitting result contains many false components which are used to fit the noise in the signal. If the noise is weak, the amplitude of these false components is generally small and attenuates quickly. When the noise is strong, the amplitude of these false components may surpass that of the non-false components, which interferes with the deduction of the non-false components. Therefore, it is imperative to screen the data fitted by the Prony algorithm to determine the non-falsecomponents. To this end, this paper proposes a data screening method based on dominant factor (\(\mu\)). The dominant factor is expressed as  
\[\mu_{i}=\left|\frac{A_{i}}{\alpha_{i}}\right|,i=1,2,\cdots,p, \tag{19}\]  
where \(A_{i}\) is the amplitude of each frequency component; \(\alpha_{i}\) is the attenuation factor of each frequency component; \(p\) is the model order of the Prony algorithm; \(\mu_{i}\) denotes the dominant factor of each frequency component in the fitting result, representing the leading role of each frequency component in the signal. Once the noise in the signal is effectively filtered out, the false component representing the noise no longer plays a leading role, and its leading factor becomes close to zero. Meanwhile, the non-false component representing the noiseless signal plays a leading role with its dominant factor greater than one. This leads to the following expression:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mu_{i}>1\\ Result=\left[A_{i},f_{i},\varphi_{i}\right]\end{array}\right., \tag{20}\]  
where \(R_{\text{opt}}\) represents the non-false component screened out. \(R_{\text{opt}}\) consists of \(A_{i},f_{i}\)and\(\varphi_{i}\), which represent the amplitude, frequency and phase, respectively, and constitute the final detection results of harmonic and interharmonic signal parameters in electric power signals by the proposed method. According to Equation (20), when the dominant factor is greater than one, the frequency component plays a leading role in the signal and is a non-false component that is to be retained.
## 7 Conclusions  
This article evaluates the interference robustness of the OQPSK-DSSS and the SUN-OFDM physical layers defined in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard. Interfering conditions are generated in a controlled setup to evaluate the SIR required by each modulation to achieve PDR \(>80\%\). Compared to OQPSK-DSSS, results show that SUN-OFDM provides at least 6 dB additional protection regardless of interference type and packet length. In addition, SUN-OFDM only occupies 1.2 MHz bandwidth, whereas OQPSK-DSSS occupies 5 MHz. This results in a higher spectral efficiency that allows one to have denser deployments or to trade bandwidth efficiency and interference robustness depending on the application requirements. Overall, the presented results become a useful tool to understand the behavior of each particular modulation under interference conditions, and motivates the use of the SUN-OFDM physical layer to deploy low-power wireless systems in industrial scenarios.  
**Author Contributions**: [PERSON] developed the firmware/software, conducted the experiments, obtained the graphics and contributed to writing the manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] equally contributed to conceptualizing the experiments, validating the results and writing the manuscript. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] equally contributed to the supervision of the projects and the review of the manuscript.  
**Funding**: This research is partially supported by Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR-60-2017 and SGR-891-2017) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SPOT5G <TEC2017-87456-P> and SPOTS <RTI2018-095438-A-I00>).  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Practical Experiments and Analysis
#### 4.2.2 SAR Tracking System
The comparisons of the longitude and latitude error curves of five filtering algorithms are shown in Figures 19 and 20, and the corresponding statistical data of the mean absolute error are listed in Table 5. We can see that the standard IMM-UKF has the biggest filtering error with the longitude error ranging [\(-25.0223\), \(24.8762\)] m and latitude error ranging [\(-23.9917\), \(24.9834\)] m. The IMM-NAUKF has better filtering precision than IMM-UKF because of the adaptive ability to the sensor faults with the longitude error ranging [\(-16.1849\), \(14.0871\)] m and latitude error ranging [\(-13.8628\), \(14.0563\)] m. The CPIMM-UKF has better filtering precision than IMM-UKF because of the adaptive ability to the non-Gaussian distribution with the longitude error ranging [\(-10  
In summary, the practical experiments results demonstrate that the proposed CPIMM-NAUKF is obviously superior to the existing IMM and UKF algorithms in terms of filtering precision and dynamic response for its adaptive ability to both non-Gaussian and sensor faults, and it can significantly improve the precision and robustness of the maneuvering target tracking system.
## 5 Experimentation, Results, and Analysis
### Significance of Dynamic Context Modeling
#### 5.5.3 Improving Semantics  
While syntactic correctness in a caption is important, the semantic richness is equally crucial for a comprehensive description of an image. Dynamic context modeling ensures that the generated captions are not just syntactically correct but also semantically rich. This is achieved by continually adjusting the model's focus on various elements of the image and the already generated parts of the caption, thereby ensuring that the final output is both linguistically and contextually coherent.
# Implementation of Fused Filament Fabrication in Dentistry
## 3 Novel Approaches of FFF in Dentistry
### Dual Material Customized Impression Trays  
Another use case for FFF in dentistry is the additive manufacturing of customized impression trays. While digital impressions present sufficient accuracy for fixed dental prostheses [28; 29], the acquisition of moving areas e.g., the alveolar mucosa in the vestibule, is still associated with limitations. These areas are especially important for the retention of prostheses for dedentulous patients. In a conventional workflow, impression taking is split into two steps. Before using the main impression material e.g., a thermoplastic compound material is manually applied to the rim of an individualized impression tray and intraorally adjusted by both the patient and the dentist to seal the moving soft tissue. This enables precise capture of these areas during the final impression taking. The aim of our novel approach was to incorporate a temperature sensitive rim into the tray design of the printed individual impression tray.  
Based on an intraoral scan, an individual impression tray (Figure 4) was designed using CAD software (inLab, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA). This was achieved by setting an insertion direction, blocking out undercuts, defining the length of the tray rim, and digitally positioning the tray handle.  
Subsequently, using additional software (Tinkercad, Autodesk, San Rafael, CA, USA), the resulting STL was split into two parts. Hereby, the cut was drawn along the occlusal plane, separating around 1.5 cm of the part touching the vestibulum from the central tray-body. Using a multi-material printer equipped with an independent dual extrusion (IDEX)  
Figure 4: Design of a dual-material customized impression tray. (**a**) intraoral scan with undercuts shown in red, (**b**) finished one-piece custom tray design, (**c**) thermoplastic compound material (brown), and rigid (cyan) parts separated into two STL files.  
system (Sigmax R19, BCN3D, Barcelona, Spain) allowed for combining two materials with different properties into one print. This creates the possibility of using a rigid material for the tray body, whereas the part which comes in contact with the mobile mucosa was printed using a temperature-sensitive material (Figure 5).  
Compared to the conventional approach, our dual material design with an integrated functional margin allows for a clean and fast workflow, a reduced treatment time, and, thus, increased patient comfort. However, until there are software enhancements that fully automatize the dual-material custom design process, this production workflow must be considered time-consuming and therefore may not yet be cost-effective.