## 3 Results and Discussion
### Extraction Process of Sacharum officinarum  
Figure 1 shows the extracted polysaccharide content from bagasse under different solvents (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and NaOH) concentrations with fixed temperatures and mixing duration of 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1 h, respectively. Based on Figure 1, bagasse shows good extraction of polysaccharides after being extracted with NaOH instead of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). The optimum extracted polysaccharide was 322.0 mg/mL with 8% NaOH as the extraction agent. Unlike NaOH, H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) did not manage to extract as much polysaccharide content where the highest polysaccharide content that managed to be extracted was only 160.7 mg/mL using 10% of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). Such high extracted content is due to the lignin and hemicellulose content in bagasse. Cell walls are made up of middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall. Different sources have different thicknesses in each region containing various quantities of lignin and hemicellulose [27]. Extraction using acid mostly degrades hemicellulose while extraction using alkali affects both lignin and hemicellulose [28]. By comparing polysaccharide extraction of bagasse with other sources such as wheat straw [29] and barley straw [30], these sources require lower NaOH concentration while banana stem [31] is sufficient to be extracted using H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). For optimum polysaccharide extraction, the optimum NaOH concentration required by wheat straw and barley straw is 1.5% and 2%, respectively while banana stem requires 2% of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). The lignin content of wheat and barley straws were about 15% [32] while the lignin content of bagasse is around 25%. High lignin content requires bagasse to be extracted using a slightly high NaOH concentration [33]. Therefore, in the extraction process of bagasse, we extract more polysaccharides while deforming the lignin. NaOH at 8% concentration was the most optimum concentration. Figure 1: Polysaccharide extraction using H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and NaOH at different concentrations. Figure 2 shows the extracted polysaccharide content from bagasse under different temperatures with fixed solvent concentration and mixing duration of 8% NaOH and 1 h, respectively. Based on Figure 2, the highest polysaccharide content that has been extracted from bagasse was 322.0 mg/mL upon extraction at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At high temperatures, hemicellulose is degraded followed by cellulose and lignin [34]. This optimum temperature is well agreed upon by few researchers; [PERSON] et al. [31] and [PERSON] et al. [35] who used similar temperatures to extract active coagulant agents from corn straw and wheat straw. Extremely high temperature is required to degrade lignin, but the deformation of lignin alone is sufficient to extract more polysaccharides. At temperatures lower than the optimum temperature, hemicellulose will not be degraded, and lignin not deformed thus, the yield of extracted polysaccharides will be low. At an optimum temperature of 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, hemicellulose was degraded, lignin was deformed indicating the lignin was moved, and the lignin-carbohydrate bond was broken resulting in more polysaccharide [36]. However, at temperatures beyond the optimum temperature, not only hemicellulose was degraded but the cellulose content was also degraded hence, resulted in the reduction of the extracted polysaccharide content [37]. In addition, extremely high temperature is also reducing the molecular weight of the natural coagulant thus, it is not preferable [36]. Natural coagulant with high molecular weight is preferable as it will have a longer polymeric chain that can enhance the coagulation process especially natural coagulant with interparticle bridging as its main mechanism. Figure 3 shows the extracted polysaccharide content from bagasse under different mixing times with fixed solvent concentrations and temperatures of 8% NaOH and 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively.