esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase Determination and Crystalline Size Analysis via X-ray Diffraction (XRD)  
The X-ray diffraction was carried out for the three samples, namely, CO-Dolo, HP-Dolo and HP-Dolo-BM which is shown in Figure 3. The phase matching, peak and hkl planes identification was performed using ICSD database software, Version 4.4.0 that is loaded in the package of Rigaku, PDXL-2. The commercial dolomite [CO-Dolo] exhibits a single phase compound with hkl indices matching CaMg(CO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\), ICSD PDF Card no. 202162. There is one diffraction peak at 29.34\({}^{\circ}\), d-value 3.026 that is assigned to the maximum intensity XRD peak of calcite (ICSD PDF Card No. 164935) with angle and d-values (29.34\({}^{\circ}\), d = 3.042) matching with miller index correspond to (104). On the other hand, the handpicked dolomite sample and its ball milled counterpart, showed CaMg(CO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) similar to the pristine dolomite, CO-Dolo sample. Since the pure dolomite mineral phases are predominant (49.6%--sample 2 and 74.9%--sample 3) than the Fe-containing dolomite phases (0.08%--sample 2 and 0.53%--sample 3), as reported in Table 2; the XRD profiles show no indication of Fe in the dolomite structure. The Fe containing dolomite phase increase to 3.51% for calcined, handpicked dolomite (sample 4) and 29.38% for partially calcined, commercial dolomite (sample 1), for which the XRD was not performed. Additionally, an impurity phase, quartz (SiO\({}_{2}\)) with ICSD PDF Card no. 42498 is matched with three diffraction peaks at 20 angles of 27\({}^{\circ}\), 42\({}^{\circ}\) and 69\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The relative intensities of the majority peak at \(\sim\)30.9\({}^{\circ}\) is much smaller for the handpicked dolomites when compared to the commercial samples, thus indicating the handpicked versions are at the smaller average crystallite sizes. Table 3 represents the XRD data (few prominent peak positions) of all three samples mentionedabove with respect to the shift in 20, d spacing and full-width at half maximum (FWHM) values corresponding to the assigned dolomite phase with hkl Miller indices. From Table 3, it is evident that the HP-Dolo samples show an increase in FWHM compared to the commercial dolomite sample, showing that the HP-Dolo has a less crystalline structure form when compared to the CO-Dolo sample. The handpicked ball milled samples on the other hand, have increased FWHM compared to their pristine, handpicked counterparts. This indicates a reduction in average crystallite sizes. The average crystallite sizes based on the Scherrer's equation is found to be 552.5 nm for CO-Dolo, 448.3 nm for HP-Dolo and 354 nm for HP-Dolo-BM. The FWHM shift in terms of the quartz phase has not been explored since this phase does not contribute for the thermochemical reactions during the calcination and carbonation processes. The most useful information such as lattice constants and unit cell volume of these dolomite samples have been calculated and compared with PDF Card no. 202162 for CaMg(CO3)2. The crystal
## 2 Monostatic-Bistatic Geometry for Stereo-Radargrammetric Reconstruction
### 2.2 Methods for Monostatic-Bistatic DEM Generation
#### 2.2.3 Hybrid  
A hybrid formulation for height determination has been introduced in [24], moving from the idea to derive the parallax vector from classic SAR ground range and azimuth coordinates. The core of the method is to evaluate where a target, characterized by non-zero height, is projected on two-dimensional monostatic and bistatic images. Relief reconstruction equation is:_Sensors_**2009**, \(9\)  
\[h=\frac{\vec{u}_{z}\cdot\vec{a}}{\left|\vec{u}_{z}\right|^{2}} \tag{14}\]  
where the parallax vector, \(\vec{a}\), is defined as the difference of ground range and azimuth coordinates between monostatic and bistatic images; \(\vec{u}_{z}\) depends on position and velocity of monostatic and bistatic sensors with respect to the centre of the target area [24]. Eq. 14 allows computation of target height with respect to a control point of known height and therefore it assumes a reference plane tangent to an Earth-centred sphere with radius defined by the control point [17, 24].  
Both theoretical and implementation differences among the methods exist, however in [17] it is showed that the overall height uncertainty reveals the same order of magnitude for each approach and metric accuracy can be achieved provided that bistatic angles are larger than 5-10\({}^{\circ}\).
# A Versatile Resilience Packet Ring Protocol Model for Homogeneous Networks
## 2 Related Work
### Media-Independent Handover (MIH)  
MIH is a standard which is developed by IEEE 802.21. [17] This standard supports users in moving their IP session from one layer to access the technology of another, as depicted in Figure 4. With the advancement in mobile technology, when a user moves from one area to another frequency area, the IP address changes. Due to the change in the IP address, the session is lost. This limitation is not only for mobile users, but also for the wired user. IEEE introduced the MIH standard to support the seamless handover between two different access technologies. It can be a wired or wireless handover. MIH works on Layer 2, but it also supports the upper layers. MIH has some outstanding features, as it helps in selection. It helps to continue the current session, and it is an open interface for link-state event reporting, intersystem information services, and handover control. MIH provides the architecture of handover for heterogeneous networks. It also helps with decisions about the handover and provides network information and commands. It also supports station- and network-initiated handover. However, it cannot define handover policies, network selection procedures, execute the handover, or the detection of the network [9]. Figure 5 reveals the traffic flow view of the VRPR-based network design.  
There are three services of MIH: (1) event services, which provide triggers such as link up, down, or the availability of a new link, (2) command services, such as a switch, and the configuration of a link and initiating of the handover, and (3) information services, which provide information about the network, the IP version of the network, and the operators. All of these services are available through Service Access Points (SAPs). We also name these services Media-Independent Event Services (MIES), Media-Independent Command Services, Media-Independent Information Services (MIIS), and Media-Independent Han  
Figure 4: Media-Independent Handover, MIH [17].  
dover Function (MIHF). We can use MIH in the handover between wired and wireless networks. We can even set different threshold values.
## 5 Simulation Experiments
### Simulation and Analysis
These results indicate that the ISSA algorithm performs well in controlling the trolley position, meeting the positional control requirements of the bridge crane system effectively. In the payload swing angle curves, the maximum swing angles for the SSA, PSO, SA, and WOA algorithms are 0.163, 0.264, 0.217, and 0.188, respectively, while for the ISSA algorithm, it is 0.158, which is lower than that of the other four algorithms. Additionally, the ISSA algorithm exhibits a steady-state time for the payload swing angle of 9.382, which is smaller compared to 0.011 s, 12.142 s, 13.384 s, and 4.893 s for the other four algorithms, respectively. Both the maximum swing angle and steady-state time of the ISSA algorithm are the smallest, indicating its effectiveness in suppressing the payload swing angle in bridge crane applications. Experimental data show that after incorporating overshoot penalty terms into the fitness function, none of the control curves for the crane's trolley position exhibit overshoot for any of the five algorithms. Furthermore, the PID controller optimized by the ISSA algorithm demonstrates excellent control performance in the bridge crane control system, indicating its superior suitability for both trolley positioning control and payload swing angle suppression compared to the other four algorithms.
# Formal Verification and Analysis of 5G AKA Protocol Using Mixed Strand Space Model
## 5 Discussion
### Security of the 5G-AKA' Protocol
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Security Properties** & **5G AKA** & **[22]** & **[23]** & **[24]** & **5G-AKA’** \\ \hline Implement mutual authentication & No & No & No & No & Yes \\ Prevent MitM attacks & No & No & No & No & Yes \\ Resistance against cross attacks & No & No & No & Yes & Yes \\ Compromise the location privacy of the UE & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ Prevent masquerading attacks & No & No & No & No & Yes \\ Resistance against replay attacks & No & No & No & No & Yes \\ Defend against DoS attacks on the SN & No & No & No & Yes \\ Prevent MAC failure attacks & No & No & No & Yes & Yes \\ Provide key secrecy & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ Provide perfect forward secrecy & No & No & No & No & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The comparative analysis of security properties between the 5G-AKA’ protocol and some recently improved 5G AKA protocols [22; 23; 24]. the SN. Because the UE and the HN cannot reach an agreement in \(SNN\), MitM attacks can be performed. Since the MAC failure is inherited from the 5G AKA protocol, cross attacks and MAC failure attacks still exist in the protocol of [22]. The received messages of the SN do not contain the challenge of the SN (i.e., \(r_{SEAF}\)), so these messages can be replayed messages, forming replay attacks, masquerading attacks and Dos attacks on the SN. In addition, \(K_{AUSF}\) and \(K_{SEAF}\) are encrypted, so key secrecy is provided, but perfect forward secrecy cannot be provided because \(K_{AUSF}\) and \(K_{SEAF}\) can be calculated when \(K\) is leaked. In [23], the Eph Private key and Eph Public key of the UE, the public/private key pair of the SN and the public/private key pair of the HN are used to ensure the security of the channel between the UE and the SN, the security of channel between the UE and the HN, and the security of channel between the SN and the HN. Since the first received message of the UE is encrypted by the Eph Public key of the UE, this means that the message can only be decrypted by the Eph Private key of the UE, so it cannot be a replayed message, preventing the location privacy of the UE being compromised. However, the other parts fully inherit the 5G AKA protocol, so the other attacks of the 5G AKA protocol still exist in the protocol of [23]. Similarly, perfect forward secrecy cannot be provided. In [24], both the synchronization failure and the MAC failure are constructed as the format of \(RES^{*}\), making it impossible to distinguish them, so as to prevent the location privacy of the UE from being compromised and prevent cross attacks and MAC failure attacks. However, the other parts fully inherit the 5G AKA protocol, so the other attacks of the 5G AKA protocol still exist in the protocol of [24]. Similarly, perfect forward secrecy cannot be provided. Therefore, our proposed 5G-AKA' protocol is better than the 5G AKA protocol, and these recently improved 5G AKA protocols in security.
# Research on Ultra-Low-Frequency Communication Based on the Rotating Shutter Antenna
## 1 Introduction
FEKO was used to analyze the propagation characteristics of the RPMA in air-soil-rock media and the simulated results show that the B\({}_{z}\)-field at a depth of 450 m away from the antenna on ground with a magnetic moment of 1 Am\({}^{2}\) was 1 fT. The formula of the B\({}_{z}\)-field was derived using measured magnitude versus distance and the path loss was also analyzed. The formula shows that the path loss of the rotating shutter antenna in free space was 303 dB at a distance of 570 m, while the signal strength was 1 fT. The prototype antenna was also used to carry out indoor communication experiments with a code rate of 12.5 bps in the ULF. This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the principle and simulation of the rotating shutter antenna are presented. The simulation of RPMA in layered media is shown in Section 3. In Section 4, the prototype and the experimental results are presented. Finally, Section 5 draws the conclusion.
# Analytical Study on the Load-Bearing Performance of RC Beams Subjected to ASR Expansion
## 4 Load-Carrying Capacity of RC Beams with ASR Deterioration
### Analysis Cases  
This study aimed to clarify the relationships between aggregate expansion due to ASR, cracking, and load-carrying capacity. The study focuses on the amount of aggregate expansion, which is one of the indicators of ASR deterioration. It examines how the amount of expansion affects the load-bearing capacity of concrete. Because ASR degradation is a phenomenon in which alkali-silica gel absorbs water and expands as water enters the concrete, it can be said to depend on the way water moves. Therefore, this analysis examined how the cracking behavior associated with ASR deterioration changes depending on the method of water inflow and how it affects the load-bearing capacity of the concrete. In other words, this analysis is a parametric study in which the expansion method, the amount of expansion given to one aggregate, and the method of water inflow are used as parameters. The analysis cases are shown in Table 5.  
Two cases were considered for the expansion method: the constant expansion case, in which the expansion is not dependent on moisture content and is caused by a direct change in relative humidity as a boundary condition, and the moisture-dependent case, in which the expansion is caused based on the change in relative humidity obtained from the moisture transfer analysis assuming moisture inflow from the RC beam surface. The amount of expansion per aggregate was adjusted using \(\alpha\), the expansion performance described in Section 4.3.2, as a parameter. This study assumed an alkali content of 4.0 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and 5.5 kg/m\({}^{3}\) for the ASR-deteriorated RC beams. Therefore, as described in Section 3, \(\alpha\) was calculated backward from the surface expansion of the cylindrical specimens. As a result, \(\alpha\) = 0.006 for an alkali content of 4.0 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and \(\alpha\) = 0.008 for an alkali content of 5.5 kg/m\({}^{3}\) were used as analytical parameters. As for the water inflow conditions, as shown in Table 5, bottom and top inflow in the y-direction, inflow in the x-direction, and inflow in the z-direction were considered.
# A CFD Study of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Autonomous Underwater Helicopter
## 4 Conclusions  
This work numerically analyzed the hydrodynamic performance of a disk-shaped AUH. The AUH was examined with several altering parameters, including modifications to the angle of attack, velocity, and length-to-height ratio. The numerical results demonstrated that the apex of the AUH's snout exhibits the highest velocity value while traversing through water. The AUH operates with an angle of attack ranging from \(-10^{\circ}\) to \(10^{\circ}\) and a velocity below 0.8 m/s; the disk-shaped AUV exhibits little drag and lift forces. This indicates that the AUH conserves more energy and has superior motion stability. It has been noticed that an increase in velocity correlates with an increase in drag force. Then, according to a series of CFD simulations with increasing velocity, the AUH can operate well at a velocity from 0.8 m/s to 1.2 m/s. This range of velocity helps the AUH adapt both operating speed and hydrodynamic performance. Simulation studies demonstrating variations in the length-to-height ratio suggest that the dimensionless hydrodynamic coefficients often rise. Taking an appropriate value of the L/H ratio between 2.5 and 3 is appropriate because it provides balance not only to the design space but also the performance of the AUH's propulsion system. The numerical findings corroborate prior experimental outcomes. The current results are quite suitable for future designs related to autonomous underwater vehicles. The knowledge gained from this research can contribute to the development of improved design strategies, control algorithms, and operational guidelines for autonomous underwater helicopters. This field holds great potential for advancing the capabilities and applications of AUHs in various underwater missions and inspections, and future AUH models will be further improved.  
Conceptualization, T.-L.L. and H.-P.V.; methodology, T.-L.L. and T.-H.P.; software, T.-H.P.; validation, T.-L.L. and T.-H.-N.V.; formal analysis, T.-T.N. and T.-P.N.; investigation, H.-P.V. and T.-H.P.; resources, T.-L.L.; data curation, T.-L.L. and T.-H.P.; writing--original draft preparation, H.-P.V. and T.-H.P.; writing--review and editing, T.-L.L. and T.-H.-N.V.; visualization, T.-T.N. and T.-P.N.; supervision, T.-L.L.; project administration, T.-L.L.; funding acquisition, T.-L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is funded by Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) under grant number B2024-20-06.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
Figure 15: The lift and drag coefficients around the AUH model versus its length-to-height ratio.  
**Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, for supporting this study.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Failure Mode  
Figure 10 shows the post-testing specimens. Two failure modes can be identified. The failure interface of the bolting specimens with a rib spacing of 12 mm was nearly a regular cylinder surface, which indicates that its predominant failure mode was a parallel shear failure. For the dextral bolt with rib spacing of 48 mm, the grout of specimens was relatively broken, and blocky grout accumulated beneath the transverse rib, suggesting that of the bolt was dominated by the expansive slippage failure. The difference between these two failure modes can be understood in the previous study [41]. In addition, it suggests that changing the rib spacing can change the failure mode and process of the anchorage system. Therefore, it may improve the bolt anchoring performance by optimizing the bolt rib spacing.
## 5 Experimental Findings
### Difficult Cases
#### 5.4.1 Case with Low Contrast-Enhanced Mass  
In some cases, MR images are difficult to segment because the lesion itself does not appear brighter with respect to the muscle and adipose surrounding tissue. This kind of images exhibit a narrow histogram located typically toward the middle of the intensity scale, implying a washed-out grey look through the whole image. As a consequence, the meaningful partition of the original image results in a very difficult task leading to imprecise results. The opposite is true for the histogram of a high-contrast image, which covers a wide range of the intensity scale and has a pixel distribution not too far from uniform. The effect is an image that shows a great deal of gray-level detail and has a high dynamic range. As a matter of fact, a segmentation process on this kind of images will produce satisfying results with a high reproducibility. As easily appreciable in Figure 13, MR images offer a very difficult scenario where the lesion boundaries are not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the image. The manual segmentation (green contour) cannot properly segment the whole lesion because of the strong uncertainty due to the low contrast characterizing the whole image. On the other hand, the FCM segmentation (red contour) correctly identifies the lesion but, because of the low percentage of overlapping area with the manual mask, it does not ensure satisfying results.
## 2 Literature Review
Although, scholars have already divided the city into three zones [39]. But, this study still uses a uniform PCA of metro stations across the three zones. To our knowledge, no scholars have identified separate metro station's PCA according to different zones. In terms of the selection of dependent variables, daily ridership was the most popular among scholars [1; 4; 21; 31; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 56], while some other scholars chose monthly ridership [33; 36] and seasonal ridership [39] as dependent variables. In addition, some scholars will choose several dependent variables in one article [18; 23; 34]. Fewer scholars consider boarding or alighting ridership during the morning peak hours on the working day alone. But, the fact is that for mega-cities like Beijing, the morning rush hour is the time of most significant conflict, and there are already morning rush hour entry restrictions at metro stations. We think that a separate analysis of boarding ridership during the morning peak hours is important to improve metro operations' efficiency and adjust metro station traffic later. Fewer academics have analyzed the boarding ridership during the morning peak hours separately. In terms of the selection of explanatory variables, the main explanatory variables in the existing studies include land use and density [1; 4; 16; 22; 23; 31; 33; 37; 58], socioeconomic characteristics [4; 22; 31; 33; 34; 35; 56; 58], accessibility [1; 4; 16; 31; 32; 34; 35; 36; 37; 58], and metro service (including metro service level and metro service quality) [32; 35; 37]. However, there is a lack of systematic selection of explanatory variables. Therefore, scholars have systematically selected the explanatory variables based on the \"5D\" dimension [59]. However, there is a lack of population-related explanatory variables in the \"5D\" dimension. Scholars add demand management and demographics to the \"5D\" dimension, thus introducing the \"7D\" dimensions [60]. The \"7D\" dimension has been used in studies [17]. This study focuses on the impact of the \"7D\" built environment on the boarding ridership during the morning peak hours. The XGBoostwas was used to determine the optimal PCA for different zones. And, the nonlinear influence of the built environment on subway passenger flow and its spatial heterogeneity are studied under an optimal subway PCA.