## 2 Evolution of Digital Certificate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline
**Two-Factor** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantage** \\ \hline
2 FA based on SMS text messages and voice & - & Works both on desktops and mobile devices. & - & The phone number that must be declared to the respective electronic service may be used for advertising purposes, be included in spam lists, or end up in the wrong hands. \\  & - & It is easy to implement and intuitive & - & If the phone does not work or does not have access to a mobile network, the service does not work. \\
2 FA based on SMS text messages and voice & - & Works both on desktops and mobile devices. & - & SMS can be easily intercepted with commercial equipment on the market. \\  & - & Easy to use and accessible to anyone. & - & Some malware aims to intercept SMS and voice code, which can be easily obtained through social engineering methods. \\  & & & - & Passwords sent via SMS are vulnerable due to the portability of mobile phone numbers. \\ \hline
2 FA & - & The code is linked to the device ID; it cannot go anywhere else, the most secure method apart from the one with hardware tokens. & - & When changing the device, the 2 FA application must be enrolled again. If the device is unsecured, the 2 FA notifications can be easily visible. \\  & - & The code is linked to the device ID; it cannot go anywhere else, the most secure method apart from the one with hardware tokens. & - & The push method must be more complex than a yes/no to avoid flood attacks with notifications. \\  & & & - & The electronic device needs an internet connection. \\ \hline
2 FA/Authenticator App/TOTP 2 FA & - & A mobile network connection is not required. & - & Third-party access to the device where the application is installed can very easily replicate the codes; the application is secured based on the device’s security. \\  & & - & Access to the code generator app can be secured with Face ID, Finger ID, password, etc. & - & If the device is insecure, so is the 2 FA application. \\ \hline
2 FA & - & It is probably the safest method. Difficult to intercept, replicate, and manipulate. & - & It is expensive to maintain and difficult to set up. \\  & - & It is probably the safest method. & - & Depending on the security of the hardware device, new enrollment is required when the device is lost or changed. \\  & - & The biometric fingerprint/iris/voice & - & Uncertainty regarding the existence of these devices in the long term. \\ Biometric 2 FA & - & Hard to fake. & - & These technologies are in a process of improvement and expansion. \\  & - & Fast and reliable. & - & The biometric password lasts a lifetime. \\  & - & It provides more security and consumes less time. & - & Its use depends on the progress of technology. \\  & & & - & There are possible errors that can lead to false acceptance and false rejection of an authentication attempt. \\  & - & It depends on the technical capabilities of the device; depending on the device, they can have a high error rate (Palm ID and Finger ID give quite a lot of false errors). \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages of available two-factor authentication technologies. Twilio released Authy in 2012. It offers features, security, and support for two-factor authentication sites. It allows users to set up a new account but requires a working SIM card. It can enter a private password or PIN that Authy will use to encrypt their login details for cloud accounts [16]. Microsoft Authenticator is a two-factor authentication technology in the form of an app. It requires a QR code from the site or application to Microsoft Authenticator if the Microsoft site or product is not being used. The next step requires scanning the QR code in the app. Major disadvantages are that both are conditioned by the internet to have a program that reads QR codes or an active SIM card, and one must install the app to sign into the account. In addition, Authy will not be able to recover the account if the user no longer knows the password.