## 1 Introduction
The main reason for the increasing popularity of EVs are their potential to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and transportation costs, not to mention the ability of electric vehicles to serve as an independent distributed energy source [1, 11]. The literature mentions various ancillary services that can be provided to the grid via an EV, such as frequency and voltage regulation, peak power shaving, and spinning reserve [1, 5, 11]. Because the number of EVs on the road is increasing over time, a new concept was created as a method for EVs to transfer their stored energy back to the grid--vehicle-to-grid (V2G) [1, 11, 15, 16]. Currently, the infrastructure is not capable of this idea and thus an upgrade will be required [1]. Transportation electrification (TE) appears to be a promising solution to various global concerns--climate change, fuel economy, geopolitical, and energy security [5]. Its gaining popularity is tied to its ability to fix the aforementioned concerns. Some of the challenges that a smart grid faces are control, power quality, and reliability. A potent information and communication infrastructure alongside advance control schemes will be essential in the final establishment of TE [5]. Hence, it is necessary to explore and implement new innovative technologies to solve these challenges. Smart grid/microgrid, photovoltaic, and electric vehicle technologies are advancing at a rapid rate. The foundation of these technologies is based on advancements in communication systems and power electronics (PE) converters. While PE converters allowing flexible control on electric power delivery systems, communication systems are improving reliability and robustness to these systems. In the last decade, various PE converters have been proposed, designed, and introduced in the industry. At the design and topological conception level, deriving application of PE-converters are trivial; hence, they are interchangeable and useful to more or less to all of these technologies. However, a small difference in their operational mechanism may make them slightly better for use in a particular technology and interface. When choosing the right PE converter to interface PV, smart grid, and EVs/PHEVs, it is important to identify the main challenges that this interfacing systems has to overcome. According to the literature, the following are some of the main issues of interfacing these three systems [17, 18, 19]:  
* Excessive current harmonic distortion on the grid--when interfacing an EV battery to the grid, the battery is seen as a high-power DC load that continuously draw power from the grid, producing a high harmonic distortion;
* Sophisticated tracking algorithms has to be used to optimize the extraction of the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV array at any extreme environment conditions;
* It is important to follow the behavior of the PV module at higher frequencies, trying to avoid high voltage ripples at the output side of the DC-DC converter used at the PV stage. If there are high ripples, it will produce an instability in the MPP;
* Depending on the requirements of the system, the type of galvanic isolation at the input or output of the system must be decided, considering decisive factors such as weight, cost, additional losses produced in the system, and the power factor;
* Adequate DC output so it meets the power quality requirements of the AC grid;
* When using non-isolated inverters, there are associated problems such as DC current injection to the grid and common mode leakage current. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current state and future trends on the DC-DC and AC-DC converter topologies used to interface EVs/PHEVs with smart grid and PV energy sources, considering the challenges mentioned above in order to choose the right topology. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief overview regarding EV charging standards and PV systems. Followed by Section 3, where is showed the typical system structure of a PV/grid-tied EV charging system and its modes of operation.