## 1 Introduction  
Environmental pollution is an urgent problem of the present time, which has an increasingly negative impact on public health [1], climate change [2], and changes in entire ecosystems [3]. The international community is actively involved in the development of programs and initiatives aimed at mitigating the consequences of this negative impact. Such initiatives include the Paris Agreement (2015) [4], the UN Program for Sustainable Development until 2030 [5], and the European Green Deal [6]. Currently, two of the main approaches to regulating air quality is legislation and international standards. For example, the Clean Air Act [7] from the United States Environmental Protection Agency specified pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO\({}_{2}\)), carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), as well as ozone concentration (O\({}_{3}\)). In the case of the European EUR-Lex agreement [8], the main indicators that need to be monitored are PM10, PM2.5, NO\({}_{2}\), and O\({}_{3}\), as well as the Gtenbursky ones [9]. Components such as SO\({}_{2}\) and nitrogen oxides (NO\({}_{\text{x}}\)) are distinguished, as are the volatility of an organic compound from the methane content (NMLOC), PM10, and ammiak (NH\({}_{3}\)), for example, in international standards, in accordance with ISO 14001:2015 [10], ISO 12039:2001 [11], ISO 10473 [12] general requirements and rules for the use of defenders. However, these standards and legislation are not able to take into account all the features of air quality change conditions in various countries, in our case in the Republic of Kazakhstan. As noted in the document, as part of the Strategy to Achieve Carbon Neutrality of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2060 (approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 2 February 2023 No. 121 [13]), large factories, boiler houses, and industrial enterprises monitor emissions into the environment by installing automatic monitoring systems. Even taking into account the peculiarities of the geography, industry, and economy of a given state, the effectiveness of laws and standards is achieved only with the accurate and reliable operation of the monitoring system. Moreover, there are many standards that define the most appropriate measurement methods [14; 15]. However, there is a problem of uncertainty regarding a specific measurement method with sufficient accuracy within the framework of regulations on measuring the concentration of components at industrial facilities in Kazakhstan [16]. That is why the key task is to choose an accurate measurement method, which is also regulated by law. Currently, considering the information noted in the standards, there are common methods such as electrochemical [17; 18], gas chromatography [19; 20; 21], mass spectrometry [22; 23; 24], as well as optical, which is also divided by the frequency on infrared [25; 26; 27] and ultraviolet spectroscopy [28; 29]. One of the most common methods is electrochemical due to its ease of use. The study in [30] proposes a new type of electrolyte for an electrochemical sensor for hydrogen sulfide (H\({}_{2}\)S) detection. Monoethanolamine (MEA) was added to the ionic liquid electrolyte [C\({}_{3}\)OHmim]BF4, which increased the absorption capacity of H\({}_{2}\)S. It should be noted that the developed sensor is suitable for detecting only the mentioned component and does not react to CO\({}_{2}\) and SO\({}_{2}\). On the other hand, the article [31] proposes electrochemical sensor optimization for the detection of SO\({}_{2}\) by creating electrode structures with triple and quadruple phase boundaries. An electrochemical gas sensor in [32], based on epitaxial graphene, was developed to detect nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)). The authors note that the optimal operation of the sensor is achieved at a temperature of 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is not suitable for use under normal conditions. The study in [33] uses polyaniline (PANI) as an electrochemical sensing material for measuring SO\({}_{2}\).