## 3 Results  
The differences in concentrations of plasma oxidative stress biomarkers for the three warm-up times are summarized in Table 3.  
Figure 1: Study design. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) Standard Deviations**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Warm-Up**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Recovery**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Warm-Up \(\times\) Recovery**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & & **Ret** & **PWD** & **P0** & **P10** & **P20** & **F02** & **F02** & **P** & **\({\bf\Pi^{1}p}\)** & **F04**, **S20** & \({\bf\Pi^{1}p}\)** & **F05** & **P0** & **P10** & **P10** & **P10** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SAT (mm/L)} & Ech15 & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 1.75 \(\pm\) 0.05 ab & 1.79 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab & 10.17 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.44 & 246.96 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.95 & 0.87 & 0.544 & 0.06 \\  & Ech10 & 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.77 \(\pm\) 0.05 ab & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.05 ab & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab & & & & & & & & \\  & Ech15 & 1.54 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.58 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.79 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.83 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SOD (U/g H)} & Ech15 & 13.16 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 13.63 \(\pm\) 4.1 & 1588 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 1491 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 1386 \(\pm\) 6.0 & 27.75 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.68 & 18.49 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.99 & 2.16 & 0.037 & 0.14 \\  & Ech15 & 1376 \(\pm\) 3.13 & 1468 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 1590 \(\pm\) 7.7 & 1622 \(\pm\) 1.98 & 1667 \(\pm\) 2.01 ab & & & & & & & \\  & Ech15 & 1409 \(\pm\) 15 & 1466 \(\pm\) 1.81 & 1557 \(\pm\) 1.92 & 1601 \(\pm\) 1.55 & 1662 \(\pm\) 1.73\(\pm\) 0.04 & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{GR (U/g H)} & Ech15 & 35.21 \(\pm\) 1.5 & 37.01 \(\pm\) 1.74 & 3.20 \(\pm\) 2.32 & 39.21 \(\pm\) 1.57 & 36.97 \(\pm\) 1.62 & 1.28 & 0.295 & 0.99 & 59.52 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.82 & 3.61 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.22 \\  & Ech10 & 34.81 \(\pm\) 3.84 & 35.35 \(\pm\) 3.95 & 41.99 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 4.24 \(\pm\) 3.43 & 41.55 \(\pm\) 2.99 & & & & & & & & \\  & Ech15 & 34.88 \(\pm\) 3.88 & 35.24 \(\pm\) 3.78 & 39.73 \(\pm\) 5.24 & 40.06 \(\pm\) 5.58 & 40.87 \(\pm\) 3.75 ab & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{GR (U/g H)} & Ech15 & 9.64 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 10.08 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 12.77 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 10.78 \(\pm\) 0.45 & 9.26 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 5.6 & 0.009 & 0.30 & 13.13 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.50 & 1.88 & 0.071 & 0.13 \\  & Ech10 & 9.43 \(\pm\) 0.03 &Concerning the TAS concentrations, the ANOVA showed a significant \"warm-up\" effect (F (2, 26) = 10.17; \(p\) < 0.01; \(\eta^{2}\)p = 0.44), and a significant \"recovery\" effect (F (4, 52) = 246.96; \(p\) < 0.001; \(\eta^{2}\)p = 0.95). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (_p_ < 0.05) between PR and P0 for the three warm-up durations performed and a significant difference between PWU and P0 for the three warm-up durations performed. Following a 15-min warm-up and after 20 min of effort, the SAT concentrations are significantly different (_p_ < 0.05) from those found after 5 min of warm-up (Figure 2). The 5-min, 10-min or 15-min warm-up durations induced variable changes in plasma SOD concentrations during the recovery. Figure 3 shows that 20 min after exercise following a 15-min warm-up, SOD concentrations are lower than and significantly different from those found after a 10- or 5-min warm-up (Figure 3). Statistical analysis revealed that SOD concentrations increased immediately after the Wingate test (_p_ < 0.05). Concerning GPx concentrations, ANOVA showed a significant \"recovery\" effect (F (4, 52) = 59.52; \(p\) < 0.001; \(\eta^{2}\)p = 0.82) and a significant \"warm up \(\times\) recovery\" interaction (F (8, 104) = 3.61; \(p\) < 0.001; \(\eta^{2}\)p = 0.22) (Figure 4). Figure 3: Evolution of SOD at recovery after the three warm-up durations. *: significant difference compared to 15-min warm-up at \(p\) < 0.05. Figure 2: Evolution of the TAS at recovery after the three warm-up durations. *: significant difference compared to 15-min warm-up at \(p\) < 0.05.