# Application of the Gait Kinematics Index in Patients with Cerebral Palsy
## 3 Results
### Index Analysis of Gait in Patients with CP  
Following the analysis of the normative values of the GKI, this index was determined for the reference group with CP. It was also collated with results obtained in the case of the GGI and GDI. Table 5 contains averaged data, standard deviation as well as minimum and maximum values. The scatter of the values obtained in the analyzed group of ill individuals reveals a wide spectrum of disorders that may occur in patients with CP. Due to this fact, the children were divided into sub-groups, and the obtained values of indices were presented in Tables 6 and 7. The mean obtained in the group of children with CP (Table 5) for the GKI (1.55 \(\pm\) 0.66), and, in particular, the GGI (488.88 \(\pm\) 581.75), is higher in comparison to the values obtained in the reference group (0.77 \(\pm\) 0.17, 15.71 \(\pm\) 5.68, respectively) (Table 3). In addition, the standard deviation of the GGI is higher than its arithmetic mean, which shows how diverse the trial is. In the case of the GDI, average results were obtained below 100, which confirms the dysfunction of gait. The scatter of the values obtained in the analyzed group of ill individuals signifies a wide spectrum of disorders that can occur in patients with CP. Due to this fact, the division of the children into specific sub-groups was performed (Tables 6 and 7). Taking into consideration the results presented with the division into treatment methods, it can be stated that the highest mean deviation of gait from the norm, as well as the differences between minimum and maximum values in the case of all indices, were obtained in children qualified for the procedure of selective rhizotomy of dorsal roots. An exactly opposite situation takes place in the case of individuals subjected to  
Figure 2: Scatter plot depicting dependence between indices, regression equations, and R\({}^{2}\) values: (**a**) GKI and GGI and (**b**) GKI and GDI. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gait Index** & **Mean** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Standard** \\ **Deviation** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum Value** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline GKI & 1.55 & 0.66 & 0.64 & 4.26 \\ GGI & 488.88 & 581.75 & 27.18 & 3188.9 \\ GDI & 73.11 & 12.81 & 31.76 & 101.72 \\ \hline GKI—Gait Kinematic Index, GGI—Gillette Gait Index, GDI—Gait Deviation Index. & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of the GKI, GGI and GDI obtained in the group of children with CP. rehabilitation, where the results obtained in some patients fall into the norm. As far as the form of the cerebral palsy in children is concerned, the mean value of indices that was the furthest from the norm was obtained in patients with quadriplegia, whereas the closest value to the norm was in patients with hemiplegia. In the case of the GKI and GDI, the differences between minimum and maximum values were comparable and, at the same time, lower than in a homogeneous group of ill individuals. In addition, in the case of the GKI, each of the three sub-groups included patients who were included in the norm of a given indicator. Taking into account the GGI, one may notice that children with hemiplegia obtained a clearly smaller scatter in comparison with diplegia and quadriplegia. Simultaneously, the scope of values obtained in these patients was also not higher than in a homogeneous group. Comparing indices with each other, the greatest diversification of results, as in the case of the reference group, can be observed in the case of the GGI, whereas the smallest diversification is observed in the case of the GDI.