## 1 Introduction  
The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which connects vehicles to pedestrians, parking areas, roadside equipment, and city infrastructure, is being augmented by the notion of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) [1]. IoV incorporates many significant Internet of Things elements to deliver a wide range of new services that are beneficial to people and society. IoV vehicles are great things that work together to share information and communicate with one another via the Internet. Data dissemination, traffic management, cost administrations, and location-based services are all important IoV applications. The provision of connected vehicles to prevent accidents, lower vehicle assemblage when partnering accidents, and offer alarms related to street and crossing point status is one of the most crucial applications of IoV. Underlying VANETs are now essential for offering entertainment and safety applications due to the co-evolution of standards like IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 that facilitate Wireless Access in a Vehicular Environment (WAVE) [2]. The major characteristics that set it apart from other mobile ad hoc network are its high vehicle speed, dynamic mobility, and random topology. The most notable characteristic of VANETs is the high node mobility, which underlies a number of VANET-specific characteristics that demand the provision of appropriate solutions [3; 4]. All mobile networks have the inherent property of temporal connectivity caused by node mobility, which is much more apparent in the case of vehicular communications. Due to frequent communication link breakdowns between vehicles and poor performance, this poses serious issues. The topology continuously changes in a number of ways. In more detail, these issues make designing routing for VANETs very complex [5]. The changing aspects involved suggest that the actual connectivity abilities change quickly, so gathered routing data quickly become outdated and the formed communication routes quickly become invalid. Route reconstruction requires a huge amount of network resources, and the consequent interruption of information flow results in significant delays. Link quality has been accepted as a crucial performance component for VANETs by recent study. The frequency of route reconstructions will increase if the established routes are transient. There is no assurance that the new route will not break as soon as possible after it is established, leading to a series of subsequent route reconstructions. Authors addressed this issue in [6], suggested that VANETs have a relatively small network diameter due to the fact that many routes break down before they can be used. Authors in [7] suggest using the dissemination of GPS information to determine the desired link life span and to illustrate substantial performance improvement when the routing method tentatively involves link quality into consideration. This is important because it allows for the construction of long-lived routes and mitigates the occurrence of frequent communication interruptions. In recent times, location-oriented vehicular communication, also referred to as geocasting, has attracted a lot of attention due to the fact that it may be applied to a wide variety of ITS applications [6]. The location of vehicles as determined by GPS has been put to use in a number of different applications, including the measurement of the prediction of collisions at intersections [7], vehicle density on roadways [8], and the determination of the location of roadside units [9]. When using GPS to localize a vehicle, one must implicitly assume the non-disruptive availability of the GPS signal of acceptable quality for information dissemination in VANETs [10]. Due to increasing urbanization, including high-rise structures, multi-level flyovers, and highway bridges, GPS outages are becoming a significant challenge [11]. If a vehicle experiences a GPS outage in a specific highway traffic environment, how can other vehicles in the same environment determine its GPS location?