## 1 Introduction
However, there is the fact that the commercial BIM solution bundles often direct users towards a specific goal. For example, commercial BIM design models cannot be used for maintenance purposes because they lack real-behavior information for the structure. In this regard, the concept of using a digital twin model is suggested [14] in which different single-purpose BIM models such as digital-twin, reality-twin, and mechanical-twin are federated into one unique master model. Hence, the engineer can handle more aspects not only of the design information but also damage condition, deterioration assessment, and service performance status of the structures. However, the limitation of using a federated model lies in its concept itself, because each twin is a model-based entity, so the engineer's capability in terms of mapping the models or overlapping the appropriate structures will decide the accuracy of the federating process. On the other hand, suspension bridge projects are increasingly become bigger and more complicated, requiring more information but less time for design revisions; thus, more attention must be paid to the way in which information is handled. Therefore, this paper proposes a new concept for the creation of a master digital model based on and backed by data. The data schema for long-span bridges is not new and can be learned from engineers' experience as well as referred from recent neutral open-standard models. However, the way to manipulate those data to form the database for the master model is a new challenge for the engineers. The master digital model is developed from one source of information, but the model is driven by different BIM protocols to achieve multiple purposes. In another word, the state of the art for a new master digital model lies in the way to implement the information, which is so-called data-driven design. A so-called data-driven design is backed by data and helps users understand the target audience; it proves that the designer is on the right track. Recently, data-driven designs have been presented through a few early successful applications in planning and design projects. In particular, these designs enable engineers to modify and refine early prototypes in an iterative manner based on the simulated design outputs and functionality while constantly gathering project data for future usage. Thus, the engineer would need to formulate the procedures for link design, fabrication, construction, and operation. To address this, an interoperability platform that allows the exchange of models between programs should be considered [22]. Data-driven design nowadays is widely introduced as a \"vehicle\" for BIM education and sustainability [23]. Especially for building structure, several implementations of this design concept to create the information model for different purposes are proposed [24; 25]. Moreover, for the infrastructure industry, data-driven engineering based on digital models requires a clear definition of a master digital model. This study deals with the information requirements of suspension bridge projects in terms of the design, analysis, and construction. Based on the as-built records of a suspension bridge, the digital inventory of each model and its master model are proposed. Additionally, model uses are presented as a pilot application of the model.