# Comparison of the Relative Importance of Factors Affecting the Conveyance of Bulk and Liquid Cargo
## 3 Results  
### Results of Mathematical Calculations  
Equation (8) specifies the centrifugal force, which is computed based on Equation (1):  
\[F=\frac{35,000\cdot 30.8}{17}=63,535,\text{N} \tag{8}\]  
Upon conducting calculations, it was ascertained that a motor vehicle traversing a circular intersection with a radius measuring 17 m at a velocity of 20 km per hour experiences the influence of a centrifugal force amounting to 63,535 N.  
The gravitational force, as described by Equation (9), is computed based on Equation (2):  
\[F=35,000\cdot 9.81=343,350,\text{N} \tag{9}\]  
Figure 3 illustrates that the vehicle maintains stability when its speed does not exceed 45 km/h. At this threshold, the centrifugal force remains within the limits of gravitational force. Nevertheless, when the velocity of the vehicle above 45 km/h, the centrifugal force surpasses the gravitational force, leading to the overturning of the vehicle. To analyze the stability of a cargo vehicle, it is crucial to determine the height of the car's center of mass, denoted as hsc. The manufacturer provides the location of the center of mass for both an empty truck and a fully loaded truck in the technical data of the vehicle. The center of mass of an unladen freight truck is consistently displaced towards the front of the vehicle. When an automobile is loaded, the location of its center of mass shifts in relation to the center of mass of an empty car and may move in many directions [29]. The vehicles used for the investigation include a dump truck designed for moving large quantities of bulk freight, as well as a tank truck specifically designed for transporting liquid cargo. The trucks' technical specifications, categorized by type and model, include the following: mass of 20,500 kg and 23,540 kg, respectively, height of the center of mass of 1.624 m and 1.741 m, respectively, and track width of 2.174 m and 2.04 m, respectively. Dynamic stability calculations were conducted to ascertain the threshold speed at which the vehicle would maintain balance and prevent both overturning and sliding. Figure 4 depicts a graphical depiction of the truck's roll and slide in relation to the driving speed and center of gravity. The vertical location of the center of gravity was adjusted within the range of 0.60-3.00 m, with increments of 0.6 m, as seen in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: The relationship between centrifugal force and speed (red curve is the gravitational force, blue curve is the centrifugal force). The occurrence of crucial skidding in the vehicle is not expected until the velocity exceeds 34 km/h. Nevertheless, once the velocity of the vehicle surpasses 34 km/h, it will initiate a skidding motion when navigating a bend. The critical roll of the vehicle is calculated by considering the width of the vehicle track and the height of the center of gravity of the load. The width of the semi-trailers for bulk and skid products is 2.55 m. The selected height of the center of gravity of the load is 1.8 m from the ground when the vehicle is loaded, while the center of gravity of the unloaded transport vehicle is selected at a height of 1.2 m.  
The essential turning speed of both loaded and empty vehicles was determined for a roundabout with a diameter of 17 m. A vehicle that is carrying a significant amount of weight will experience a tipping motion when its speed exceeds 38 km/h, while a vehicle that is not carrying any additional weight will undergo a tipping motion at speeds exceeding 51 km/h. Figure 4 provides a visual representation of the relationship between the speed and the height of the center of gravity. The critical juncture occurs when the intersection of the turning speed and sliding speed curves is reached. In this scenario, if the height of the vehicle's center of gravity is 2.4 m above the ground and the vehicle is traveling at a speed of 34 km/h, a rollover event is expected to transpire. When assessing the transportation of bulk and liquid cargoes, certain key elements that impact the safety of the transportation process are identified.