# The Full Lifecycle Evolution Model of Accidents: A Case Study of Underground Metal Mines in China
## 2 Methodology
### Safety Management Activity Analysis
#### 2.1.2 Analysis of Accident Causation Factors  
The evolution of accident causation theories has progressively broadened the scope of control factors, extending from unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions to include management systems, societal influences, and legal regulations. Based on a comprehensive review of existing theories and practical case applications, this study organizes and categorizes accident causation factors, forming the logical structure shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Logical structure of accident causation factors.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Proposer** & **Core Concept** & **Contributions** & **Elements** & **Representation of Consequences** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Domino Theory} & [PERSON] & Accidents result from a chain reaction of multiple factors, including healthy, social environment, personal defects, usable behavior or conditions, and injury. & Introduced the safety pyramid and chain record causation model. & Social environment, human errors, and unsafe conditions. & Injuries. \\ Energy Transfer Theory & [PERSON] & Accidents involve unwanted or abnormal energy transfer, and preventing additional  
Below is a detailed analysis of the factors and their relationships:
* Human factors: Since the accident proneness theory, human error has been regarded as a critical factor in accidents. [PERSON]'s accident causation chain theory posits that both unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions stem from human errors. In the SCM and HFACS, human factors occupy a central position in accident causation. Human factors are crucial because humans, as the only active agents in the production environment, influence all other factors, including the operation of machinery, any improvement to the working environment, and the establishment of management systems.
* Unsafe conditions: This factor includes all physical entities involved in production activities, aside from personnel. These can be further subdivided into equipment, materials, and the environment. Equipment refers to machinery and systems used to enhance production efficiency. Materials are man-made objects, aside from equipment, that lack power. The environment includes both natural and man-made settings. Changes in environmental factors can affect human behavior and tool performance, potentially triggering accidents.
* Management factors: In this study, management factors mainly refer to enterprise-level systems. Enterprises establish safety management systems in compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and standards to prevent safety management deficiencies and foster a positive safety culture [44].
* Legal factors: Laws and regulations related to safety management are enacted by each country based on its specific circumstances. These provide binding guidelines for government, society, and enterprises and serve as the primary foundation for enterprises' safety management systems.
* Government factors: Government agencies oversee enterprise safety by implementing policies and supervising production safety. They also provide resources and support in the event of major accidents.
* Societal factors: society plays a supervisory role in ensuring production safety through public scrutiny and media oversight.