# Characterization of Sidr (_Ziziphus_ spp.) Honey from Different Geographical Origins
## 3 Results  
A total of 794 Sidr honey types that had been imported from different countries were collected from the Saudi market. Melissopalynological analysis of Sidr honey from different geographical origins proved that not only the expected pollen type based on the specific source of nectar but different pollen from some other sources were also present depending on the geographical origin (Table 2 and Figure 1). The Sidr honey included pollen from the following species: _Ziziphus jujuba_, _Conocarpus erectus_, and _Eleusine coracana_ (Emirates); _Ziziphus jujuba_, and _Brassica napus_ (China); _Ziziphus jujuba_, and _Cichorium intybus_ (Iraq); _Ziziphus spina-christi_, _Amarantthus blittum_, _Capsella bursa-pastoris_, and _Oryza meyeriana_ (Pakistan); _Ziziphus spina-christi_, _Rhanterium epupposum_, _Seamumum indicum_, and _Oryza meyeriana_ (Bashawer); _Ziziphus spina-christi_, _Amarantthus blittum_, and _Oryza meyeriana_ (Panjab); _Ziziphus jujuba_, _Acacia asak_, and _Blepharis Ciliaris_ (Saudi Arabia); _Ziziphus spina-christi_, _Capsella bursa-pastoris_, _Amarantthus blittum_, and _Chrysanthenum leucanthenum_ (Kashmir); _Ziziphus jujuba_, and _Cynama auranitica_ (Libya); _Ziziphus lotus_, _Oryza meyeriana_, _Zea mays_, and _Brassicatournefortii Gouan_ (Egypt); _Ziziphus jujuba_, _Oryza meyeriana_, and _Acacia asak_, (India); and _Ziziphus jujuba_, and _Acacia asak_ (Yemen). The physicochemical properties as shown in Table 3 reveal that the Sidr honey samples were comparable in water content, which ranged from 14.2 \(\pm\) 0.41(Libya) to 17.06 \(\pm\) 0.47% (Iraq). The optical rotation ranged from \(-\)1.13\({}^{\circ}\) (Egypt) to \(-\)2.42\({}^{\circ}\) (China). The colors observed ranged from extra white (China, Kashmir and India) to deep amber (Yemen). The pH varied from 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 (Egypt) to 7.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 (Yemen). The acidity also varied from 7.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 (Egypt) to 11.3 \(\pm\) 1.4 med/1 (Libya). Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.02 (China, and Libya) to 1.40 \(\pm\) 0.39 mS/cm (Pakistan). The insoluble solids ranged from 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 and 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.03% (Saudi Arabia, and Libya, respectively) to 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.02 (Pakistan). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Honey Origin** & **Botanical Family** & **Botanical Species** & **Pollen Count** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Emirates} & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\  & Combretaceae & _Conocarpus erectus_ & ++ \\  & Peaceae & _Eleusine coracana_ & ++ \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\ China & Brasiscaceae & _Brassica napus_ & ++ \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\ Iraq & Asteraceae & _Cichorium intrbus_ & ++ \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus spina-christi_ & ++++ \\ Pakistan & Amaranthaceae & _Amaranthhus blitum_ & ++ \\  & Brassicaceae & _Capsella bursa-pastoris_ & ++ \\  & Peaceae & _Oryza meyeriana_ & + \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus spina-christi_ & ++++ \\ Bashawer & Asteraceae & _Rhantreurition epupposum_ & ++ \\  & Pedaliaceae & _Sessum indicanu_ & ++ \\  & Peaceae & _Oryza meyeriana_ & + \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus spina-christi_ & ++++ \\ Panjab & Amaranthaceae & _Amaranthhus blitum_ & ++ \\  & Peaceae & _Oryza meyeriana_ & + \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\ Saudi Arabia & Mimosaceae & _Acacia asak_ & + \\  & Acanthaceae & _Bleparylus Ciliaris_ & ++ \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus spina-christi_ & ++++ \\ Kashmir & Brassicaceae & _Amaranthhus blitum_ & ++ \\  & Amaranthaceae & _Chrysanthemum_ & ++ \\  & Asteraceae & _leucanthemum_ & + \\ Libya & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\  & Asteraceae & _Cynara aurantitica_ & ++ \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus lotus_ & ++++ \\ Egypt & Peaceae & _Oryza meyeriana_ & ++ \\  & Tamaricaceae & _Zea mays_ & ++ \\  & Brassicaceae & _Brassica tournefortii_ & ++ \\  & & _Gouan_ & + \\  & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\ India & Peaceae & _Oryza meyeriana_ & ++ \\  & Mimosaceae & _Acacia asak_ & ++ \\ Yemen & Rhamaceae & _Ziziphus jujuba_ & ++++ \\  & Mimosaceae & _Acacia asak_ & ++ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}