# Shoot Phenology in _Bambusoideae_: A Review
## 2 Phenological Studies in Bamboo Species
### Factors Affecting Bamboo Phenology  
The air temperature and precipitation usually influence the growth of bamboos as it was observed in the case of _Phyllostachys nidularia_[23]. The shooting period was reported to be from the beginning of May to the end of June, which coincided with a significant rise in precipitation. Additionally, soil temperature plays an important role in bamboo new shoot development, as the impact of soil temperature on the growth of _P. praecox_ f. _preveralis_ was investigated [24]. Their results showed that shooting was initiated when soil temperature reached 8-8.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the number of shoots increased during 10-16 \({}^{\circ}\)C of soil temperature. When the soil temperature reached about 16 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the shoot sprouting decreased and ceased. _P. praecox_, _P. iridescens_, _P. dulcis_ were evaluated for their shoot growing conditions in different altitudes in Tongzi, China [25]. _P. praecox_ had the highest number of shoots and survival rate and was the most adaptable species at 1400 m altitude, while _P. dulcis_ was the least adaptable. In contrast, _P. edulis_ was the most flexible at 1100 m altitude while _P. praecox_ was not. Some other authors also concluded that air temperature is the main factor affecting the sprouting period of bamboo [26]. In 1979, the shoot growth of _Phyllostachys_ nigra was observed, and it was found to increase when temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity rose [27]. _P. pubescens_ (_P. edulis_) was also studied in 1987 and 1988, at Longtan Village in Tianzhu Mountain, China [28]. In the 1987 study period, the average daily air temperature in early March reached 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C; the bamboo shoots emerged on the 7 th of March, while in 1988, when the average daily air temperature reached 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C in early April, the bamboo shoots began to sprout on the 1 st of April. They pointed out that the optimal temperature for shoot growth was when the daily average air temperature was between 10 and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The growth of bamboo shoots was greater at night than during the day because of the effect of humidity. Additionally, altitude influences the phenology of bamboos, as was reported for moso bamboo. The phenological phases of moso bamboo _P. pubescens_ (_P. edulis_) were studied at different altitudes in Anhui Province, China, for two years in 1984 and 1985 [29]. In 1984, the bamboo plants at the altitudes of 250 m, 400 m and 670 m in the Huangshan Tea forest area started shooting on the 25 th of March, the 2 nd of April and the 5 th of May and ended at the 22 nd, 17 th and 30 th of April, respectively. In the second area in Cai village in Jing County, the shooting period was found to be from 29 th of March to 23 rd of April at 100 m altitude above sea level. Moso bamboo at the 100 m and 110 m above sea level site located in Lujiang were observed to have a shooting period from 30 th of March and 1 st of April to the 28 th and the 30 th of April, respectively. The bamboo at Pai Raoyuan River at an altitude of 470 m had its shooting period from the 16 th and 31 st of March to 26 th of April. In 1985, the authors found that the plants had their shooting period from the 7 th and 8 th and 2 nd of March to 25 th, 25 th and 26 th-30 th of April in Caicun, Jingxian County, where the altitudes of the sites were 100 m, 110 m, and 100 m above sea level, respectively. In Huoshan, Taoyuanhe area, the shoot emergence stared from the 5 th to 25 th of April at the altitude of 470 m. With regard to leaf unfolding in this species, it was observed on the 25 th of May at 250 m, 2 nd and 7 th of June at 400 m and 670 m in the Huangshan Tea forest area, 31 st of May at 100 m in Cai village in Jing County, 23 rd and 21 st of May at 100 m and 110 m in the Lujiang area, and 11 th and 11 th-16 th of June at 470 m in the Pai Raoyuan River area in 1984. The leaf unfolding was found on 31 st of May, 2 nd of June, 31 st of May at 100 m, 110 m, 100 m in Caicun, Jingxian County, and on the 20 th of June at 470 m in the Huoshan Taoyuanhe area in 1985.