esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Discovering Trends in the Digitalization of Shipping:
## 4 Analysis
### Trends and Evolutions  
4.3.1. Trends  
Based on the highest frequencies, the important topics with their relative frequencies and evolutions are shown in Table 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Topic Keywords** & **Guided Description** \\ \hline blockchain IBM transaction contract trade ledger smart bank network bolero & Smart contracting and blockchain \\ \hline power engine performance speed system fuel operation analytics monitoring abb & Operations monitoring software \\ \hline autonomous system operation technology development control unmanned management & Remote connectivity for operations \\ service remote & \\ \hline communication service connectivity speedcast satellite company solution crew sat onboard & Crew onboard connectivity \\ \hline grow Bimco ping container source value finance teu creation investment & Scalability \\ \hline satellite service certus market VSAT everywhere proprietary network Intellian Inmarsat & Satellite communication \\ \hline cyber security system risk attack network management cybersecurity control information & Cybersecurity and risk management \\ \hline port service system navigation information connecting union facility europe management & Smart ports and supply chain management \\ \hline port chain cargo supply ping smart logistics transport owner freight & Supply chain management \\ \hline transformation business technology solution connect smarter change anywhere service & Digital transformation strategies \\ \hline lng tanker Maersk bunker management scf bunkering fleet oil smskga & Fuel management \\ \hline step anywhere smarter network satellite connect infrastructure process leo provide & IoT \\ \hline IoT Inmarsat finding company adoption sector skill laggard fleet key & Digital skills \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: From keywords to description: fine-graded topics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Topic** & **Principal Topics** & **Evolution** & **Fine-Grained Topics** & **Evolution** \\ \hline Smart ports and supply chain & 49–70 & Increasing & & \\ management & 49–70 & & & \\ \hline Cybersecurity and risk management & 20–42 & Fluctuating & 30–30 & 15–40 & Stable 17–17 \\ \hline Crew onboard connectivity & & & 30–60 & Increasing 30–46 \\ \hline IoT & & & 4–22 & Increasing 4–17 \\ \hline Satellite communication & & & 0–9 & Fluctuating 9–6 \\ \hline Smart contracting and blockchain & & & 0–6 & Increasing 0–6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Trends and their evolutions.
# Symbol Error-Rate Analytical Expressions for a Two-User PD-NOMA System with Square QAM
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, BER and SER analytical expressions for two-user square QAM signals multiplexed by PD-NOMA and transmitted through the AWGN channel were proposed.  
Figure 4: The theoretical and simulated SER against \(E_{s}/N_{0}\) in PD-NOMA channels.  
Figure 5: Theoretical and simulated BER against \(E_{s}/N_{0}\) in PD-NOMA channels.  
The calculation requires the known PD-NOMA configuration, including QAM order and power weights of each user signal.  
The validation of the expressions using simulation is provided in Section 5. The SER and BER values obtained from the simulation are compared with the calculated analytical values. In order to make a reliable comparison, we have used four various PD-NOMA configurations. The following conclusions can be made on the basis of the obtained results, and their analysis:  
(1) The comparison result has shown that the SER analytical result perfectly coincides with the simulation result, which confirms the credibility of the obtained expressions. Therefore, the SER values for the PD-NOMA system described above can be exactly calculated by proposed expressions without difficulty simulation.  
(2) In turn, the BER analytical result matches with the simulation result only in the low BER region (<\(10^{-2}\)). Thus, the analytical BER expressions can be used for a rough estimate in the high BER region and for accurate calculation in the low BER region. The issue of error estimation in the high BER region will be solved in the following works.  
The goal of subsequent work is the further research of an error rate performance of PD-NOMA group channel in different multiplexing configurations by using received analytical expressions. In the future, we will design a table with adaptive joint modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for adaptive configuration selection based on the MCSs from the 5G NR standard. This table will be used in optimal group signal formation, scheduling, estimation of an achievable practice performance of PD-NOMA, etc.  
Conceptualization, Y.V.K. and D.A.P.; methodology, Y.V.K.; software, Y.V.K. and D.A.P.; validation, Y.V.K. and D.A.P.; formal analysis, Y.V.K.; investigation, Y.V.K.; resources, Y.V.K.; data curation, Y.V.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.V.K.; writing--review and editing, Y.V.K.; visualization, D.A.P.; supervision, S.A.N.; project administration, Y.V.K.; funding acquisition, S.A.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work has been completed with the financial support of Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation and Russian Venture Company (RVC JSC), as well as Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Identifier Subsidy's granting agreements 000000007119P190002, N005/20 dated 26 March 2020.  
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful remarks and recommendations, which considerably enhanced the paper's presentation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Key Modules
### Frame Structure with PN Sequence  
Due to the particularity of underwater acoustic channel, the data frame structure needs to be designed carefully in order to resist the adverse effect of UWA channel multipath and Doppler effect. The design of data frames must have the functions of synchronization, channel estimation, and Doppler  
Figure 3: The data of the same group of IFFT.  
Figure 2: The grouping and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) modulation.  
estimation. To solve the above problems, the frame structure with three pseudo-noise (PN) sequences is designed.  
PN sequences are set at the head, middle, and tail of the data frame, respectively. Eight OSDM symbols with cyclic prefix are inserted among three PN sequences to form the data frame. The data frame format is shown in Figure 4.  
The PN sequence consists of two identical short PN sequences to overcome multipath. PN sequences have three roles in this system. The header PN sequence can be used for signal detection and synchronization. At the same time, the header PN sequence and the middle PN sequence can be regarded as a block pilot, respectively, which is used as the pilot to do channel estimation for the subsequent OSDM symbols. Last but not least, the three PN sequences are used to do a Doppler estimation by the relative position of the three correlation peaks of sliding cross-correlation operation of the received signal.  
The PN sequence not only has good randomness and cross-correlation which make it easy to be separated from other signals, but also the deterministic and repeatable nature of the PN sequence makes it have good anti-interference performance. More significantly, for the pseudo randomness, when the Toeplitz method is used to construct an observation matrix, the PN sequence can be used as initial vectors to create observation matrix \(\phi\). In this way, the matrix \(\phi\) satisfies the important RIP metric.  
Under this frame structure design, the system data rate can be calculated as:  
\[Rate=\frac{r_{c}(N\cdot D)\log_{2}R}{T_{s}+T_{cp}+T_{PN}} \tag{10}\]  
where, \(r_{c}\) represents the coding rate. \(R\) means the coding rate. \(N\) is the number of symbol and \(D\) is the amount of each OSDM symbol, \(T_{s}\), \(T_{cp}\) and \(T_{PN}\) indicates the symbol duration, the cyclic prefix duration, and PN sequence duration, respectively.
# TGAN-AD: Transformer-Based GAN for Anomaly Detection of Time Series Data
## 6 Experiment
### Performance and Analysis
We recorded the training time of the model. In particular, our model took 53 s to train on the SWaT dataset, 1 min 11 s on the more dimensional WADI dataset, and converged in 41 s on the KDDCUP99 dataset. Our model requires less training time than classical deep learning framework LSTM (1 min 9 s/1 min 41 s/51 s) and the latest multivariate anomaly detection model GDN (2 min 25 s/6 min 42 s/1 min 45 s).
## 3 Evacuation Scenario Setup
### Evacuees  
Due to the fact that evacuation paths for differently-abled individuals with mobility impairments involve elevators, their evacuation time is not significantly affected by the assistance ratio; however, the focus of this study is on understanding variations in evacuation times for differently-abled people under various assistance ratios. Therefore, in the simulations, the evacuees considered only include the non-differently-abled public and differently-abled people without mobility impairments (including people with crutches, the blind, and others.). When non-differently-abled individuals provide assistance to differently-abled people through evacuation chairs, they form an assistance group. The ratio of assisting personnel to the number of differently-abled people is referred to as the \"differently-abled people assistance ratio\" or, simply, the \"assistance ratio\" [20].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sorption Isotherms
The highest adsorption capacity of the PPG-nZVI beads for Pb\({}^{2+}\) may also because of the more electronegative ion (2.33), paramagnetic and the larger atomic weight (207.2) and the higher standard reduction potential of Pb\({}^{2+}\) (\(-\)0.13 V) compared to Zn\({}^{2+}\) (\(-\)0.76 V). These properties make Pb\({}^{2+}\) most likely to be adsorbed. The PPG-nZVI beads had the least affinity for Zn\({}^{2+}\) may be because of its lowest electronegativity [Pb\({}^{2+}\) (2.33) \(>\) Cu\({}^{2+}\) (1.90) \(>\) Zn\({}^{2+}\) (1.65)] and largest hydrated ionic radii [Pb\({}^{2+}\) (0.401 nm) \(<\) Cu\({}^{2+}\) (0.419 nm) \(<\) Zn\({}^{2+}\) (0.430 nm)]. The affinity order (Pb\({}^{2+}\)\(>\) Cu\({}^{2+}\)\(>\) Zn\({}^{2+}\)) by PPG-nZVI beads was in accordance with the reverse order of hydrated ionic radii and [PERSON]'s electronegativity. Similar results were found by [PERSON] et al. who studied the adsorption of Pb\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), and Cd\({}^{2+}\) ions by wheat-residue-derived black carbon and found the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Langmuir Model**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Freundlich Model**} \\ \hline  & \(\mathbf{b_{1}}\) **(L/min)** & \(\mathbf{q_{m}}\) **(mg\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-}\))** & \(\mathbf{r^{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{K_{\rm f}}\) & **(mg\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1/n}\)\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1/n}\)\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\))** & \(\mathbf{n}\) **(mg\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1/n}\)\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1/n}\)\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\))** & \(\mathbf{r^{2}}\) \\ \hline Pb\({}^{2+}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 16.01 \(\pm\) 1.84 & 0.98 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.43 & 0.93 \\ Cu\({}^{2+}\) & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 5.23 \(\pm\) 0.40 & 0.98 & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 3.23 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 0.89 \\ Zn\({}^{2+}\) & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 2.31 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.99 & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 1.85 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 0.93 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters for adsorption of Pb\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), and Zn\({}^{2+}\) by PPG-nZVI beads. Figure 3: Adsorption isotherms of Pb\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), or Zn\({}^{2+}\) onto PPG-nZVI beads. Initial Pb\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), or Zn\({}^{2+}\) concentrations, 1–80 mg\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1}\); adsorbent dose, 5 g\(\cdot\)l\({}^{-1}\); total solution volumes 50 mL; pH, 5.0; temperature, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and shaking time, 24 h.  
affinity order of Pb\({}^{2+}>\) Cu\({}^{2+}>\) Cd\({}^{2+}\). They explained the phenomenon by the hard soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle [12]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] studied the sorption of metal ions onto bone char, and found the selectivity of bone char followed in the order of Cu\({}^{2+}>\) Cd\({}^{2+}>\) Zn\({}^{2+}\)[13]. [PERSON] et al. studied the sorption of metal ions onto modified sugarcane bagasse, and their result was also matched with the reverse order of the hydrated ionic radii: Pb\({}^{2+}>\) Cu\({}^{2+}>\) Cd\({}^{2+}>\) Zn\({}^{2+}\)[14].
# Evaluation of _Aspergillus flavus_ Growth on Weathered HDPE Plastics Contaminated with Diesel Fuel
## 3 Results
### Fungal Growth Dynamics on Plastic Substrates
#### 3.3.1 Comparative Fungal Behavior at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C According to Plastic Substrate Type  
At 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, marked differences in _Aspergillus flavus_ behavior were observed depending on the type of plastic matrix and its contamination status. The weathered and diesel  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Commercial Diesel**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Weathered Diesel**} \\ \hline
**Component** & **\% w/w** & **Error (\%)** & **\% w/w** & **Error (\%)** \\ \hline n-Alkanes C10–C14 & 8.5 & 0.38 & 0.5 & 0.1 \\ n-Alkanes C15–C20 & 20.0 & 0.42 & 5.0 & 0.3 \\ n-Alkanes C21–C25 & 25.0 & 0.39 & 8.0 & 0.4 \\ Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) & 15.0 & 0.16 & 0.2 & 0.05 \\ Naphthenes & 12.0 & 0.31 & 3.0 & 0.2 \\ Polycyclic aromatic & 5.0 & 0.32 & 1.5 & 0.1 \\ hydrocarbons (PAHs) & 1.5 & 0.19 & 0.7 & 0.05 \\ Pristane and phytane & 13.0 & 0.24 & 81.1 & 0.5 \\ (residuals) & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Estimated chemical composition of commercial diesel fuel samples and weathered diesel fuel extracted from HDPE plastic containers based on GC-MS analysis.  
contaminated gray HDPE, as shown in Table 2, proved to be the most favorable substrate, reaching the highest values of mycelial expansion (colony area averaging up to 355.8 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 125.13) and halo formation (up to 3109.66 mm\({}^{2}\)). This suggests a positive synergy between contaminant weathering and thermal conditions.  
In contrast, the non-weathered, diesel-contaminated white HDPE (Table 2), displayed an inherited the most limited fungal growth, with average colony areas of just 20.1 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 14.16 and inconsistent or minimal halo formation. These results indicate a likely combination of toxicity from commercial diesel and a possible inhibitory effect of additives in the white HDPE matrix.  
The control group, represented by uncontaminated gray HDPE (Table 2), displayed an intermediate growth pattern, with more stable mycelial expansion and moderate colony areas (average of 103.15 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 41.69). Interestingly, halo formation in the control samples reached values comparable to those observed on weathered diesel-contaminated plastic, suggesting strong metabolic activity even in the absence of hydrocarbons, likely supported by the nutritional contribution of the PDA medium.
# Analysis of Drone Flight Stability for Building a Korean Urban Air Traffic (K-UAM) Delivery System
## 3 Flight Data Coordinate System
Therefore, the Korean UTM coordinate system uses the WGS84 ellipsoid and uses the UTM-K coordinate system according to the 2004 Ministry of Construction and Transportation notice.
###### Abstract  
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is affected by the ionosphere, resulting in distortions of the SAR intensity, phase, and polarization. Although several methods have been proposed to mitigate the ionospheric phase delay of SAR interferometry, the application of them with full-polarimetric SAR interferometry is limited. Based on this background, Faraday rotation (FR)-based methods are used in this study to mitigate the ionospheric phase errors on full-polarimetric SAR interferometry. For a performance test of the selected method, L-band Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phase Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) full-polarimetric SAR images over high-latitude and low-latitude regions are processed. The result shows that most long-wavelength ionospheric phase errors are removed from the original phase after using the FR-based method, where standard deviations of the corrected result have decreased by almost a factor of eight times for the high-latitude region and 28 times for low-latitude region, compared to those of the original phase, demonstrating the efficiency of the method. This result proves that the FR-based method not only can mitigate the ionospheric effect on SAR interferometry, but also can map the high-spatial-resolution vertical total electronic content (VTEC) distribution.  
radar interferometry; ionosphere; polarimetric synthetic aperture radar; Faraday Rotation 2019 9 3871 10.3390/app9183871
# A Low-Latency Fair-Arbiter Architecture for Network-on-Chip Switches
## 3 Fair Switch Arbiter  
The analysis of arbiters in related works showed that we should provide fair arbitration and reduce arbitration delay to maximize switching throughput and performance for NoCs.  
As mentioned before, a decentralized arbitration structure can perform better in a large switching system. We proposed a novel arbiter based on the tree structure, which divides and distributes the arbitration task to separate nodes, providing high-performance arbitration with excellent scalability. Figure 4 shows the structure of a round-robin arbiter with 32 requests as an example. The leaf node is the lowest level of the arbiter, whose inputs and outputs are used as the interface of the whole arbiter. The outputs of other nodes (i.e., _ack_) are connected to the node as an acknowledgment to grant the result of the internal node or the leaf node to update their priority orders.
## 2 Operation and Specifications of the Optoelectronic FDS System  
### Operation  
The design and operation of the optoelectronic FDS system have been previously reported by [PERSON] et al. [21; 22]. As all FDS systems, it uses two fibre-coupled, continuous-wave semiconductor lasers emitting in the c-band (1530-1565 nm) whose frequencies are offset by the desired difference in the THz range. Frequency scanning is achieved by applying a periodic frequency sweep to one of these lasers, while the emission frequency of the second laser stays fixed. The laser outputs are spatially overlapped in a 3 dB coupler, which generates an optical beat note. This beat note is amplified by an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) before being converted into THz radiation via photomixing in a waveguide-integrated PIN photodiode emitter. The same beat signal is also used to drive coherent detection in a photoconductive receiver. Both emitter and receiver are based on commercially available, fibre-coupled modules from TOPTICA Photonics AG.  
The innovative advance of this system (Figure 1a, which enables it to achieve fast sweep rates and yields unambiguous phase data, is the method employed to obtain the phase. It utilises an optoelectronic adaptation of the FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous-wave) technique [21], which results in passive phase modulation. The tunable cw-laser is frequency swept at more than 500 THz s\({}^{-1}\). In combination with a path length imbalance of 20 cm between the emitter and the receiver arm (indicated by shaded arrows in Figure 1b, an intermediate frequency of 500 kHz is generated in the photomixing receiver, which can be directly used for coherent detection with a software-based lock-in amplifier. This quadrature lock-in detection allows one to detect amplitude and phase as a function of frequency. As a consequence, the optoelectronic FMCW systems require neither optomechanical nor electro-optic phase modulation. The frequency resolution of it is 1 GHz, determined by the cycle time of the sweep laser, which in this case is equal to 2 us [21].  
As shown in Figure 1b, the THz beam path was a standard configuration of two F/2 parabolic mirrors.  
Figure 1: T-Sweeper. (**a**) Photograph of the instrument. (**b**) Schematic drawing of instrument operation, components, and the optical and THz beam paths. Extracted from [22]. Tx—transmitter; Rx—receiver; DAQ—data acquisition.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### On the Effect of Zero Padding  
Zero padding in ECG beats was required due to there being a possibility that the distance between RR intervals is less than 256, as well as to avoid more than one R-peak being detected in one segment (see Section 3.1). Furthermore, zero padding has a positive impact on the performance, in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictivity, and accuracy, as evidenced in Table 4. The best performance is highlighted in bold. As shown in Table 4, our proposed ECG segmentation of 256 samples with zero padding has the highest performance. Hence, zero padding is used in our next experiments.
# Link Prediction with Hypergraphs via Network Embedding
## 3 Experiments
### Results  
To evaluate the performance of the four methods of link prediction, the experiment was implemented 10 times to compute the average AUC score and the results are shown in Figure 2. We observe that the AUC scores of HNE were 0.8247, 0.9077, 0.844, 0.8433, 0.8418, 0.8693 and 0.8120, respectively, on the seven datasets, which were better than those of the other methods on the seven datasets. The AUC scores improved by 26.9%, 16%, 19%, 32%, 1.67% and 7.38% at most compared with the scores of the CN, the Jaccard coefficient, the Katz centrality, the RWR, Node2 vec and GCN, respectively. Based on the above analysis, a promising performance was achieved for the HNE method. Moreover, the performance of HNE was very stable on the seven datasets with different sizes.  
We further evaluate the performance of our method with the precision, recall and F1-score on the seven datasets. As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the precision, recall and F1-score of our method achieved the best results on the seven datasets. Specifically, the precision of HNE was 0.9424 on the SUFE dataset, which was better than the other algorithms. For the recall and F1-score, our method improved by 2.2% and 28.7% and 7.7% and 19.2% compared to Node2 vec and GCN, respectively. The F1-scores of HNE were superior to the other methods except on the TJU dataset. The experiment results show that our proposed method outperformed the CN, the Jaccard coefficient, the Katz centrality, the RWR, Node2 vec and GCN on all datasets except the TJU dataset. Therefore, our algorithm showed a better performance and effectiveness for link prediction than traditional methods.  
From the experiments, we can see that in the seven datasets, our method still maintained a relatively stable overall performance.  
Figure 2: The AUC of CN, Jaccard, Katz, RWR, Node2 vec, GCN and HNE on seven datasets.