## 4 Discussion
### Frameworks for CH Application Development, Design, and Evaluation
With the rapid advent of Generative AI and the emergence of other new technologies, not only can 3D applications be built much faster, they can also be used to measure human emotional and cognitive responses to make better design decisions, providing objective data to refine the user experience, enhance emotional resonance, and tailor content to create more meaningful DCH applications. For instance, EEG-based affective computing and machine learning introduce new ways of helping design and evaluation by enabling real-time measurement of user emotions and engagement in VR [118]. As mentioned above, the paucity of frameworks available for these types of applications calls for further research and testing of suitable frameworks. A literature review of existing frameworks identified the following important issues:  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2024) [119] propose a framework that ensures cultural authenticity while integrating digital elements into heritage experiences. This approach emphasizes the complementarity of AR/VR with physical experiences, mitigating the risks of oversimplification or misrepresentation. However, the authors highlight the need for participatory design methods to involve local communities. [PERSON] et al. [120] introduced a participatory framework for digital libraries and museums, focusing on accessibility and inclusivity. Their approach integrates physgital tools to bridge gaps in cultural engagement, especially for remote or underserved communities. This framework encourages co-creation with stakeholders to align with diverse user needs. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [121] developed a framework to incorporate physgital elements into rural cultural heritage tourism. Their approach, designed for post-pandemic recovery, emphasizes sustainability and resilience in rural areas. The framework highlights the need to balance technological investments with infrastructure limitations in remote regions. [PERSON] et al. [122] propose a design framework for physgital customer journeys in tourism. This practice-based approach focuses on seamlessly integrating physical and digital interactions, ensuring consistency and emotional engagement across the user experience. [PERSON] [123] explores a framework for integrating intangible cultural heritage into digital platforms. This approach highlights the importance of physgital tools in preserving oral histories, traditions, and rituals while providing innovative opportunities for user interaction and education. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [124] propose a multisensory AR framework for cultural sites. Their approach integrates tactile, auditory, and visual experiences to enhance immersion and emotional engagement, addressing the challenge of creating sensory depth in digital replicas. [PERSON] et al. [125] outline a blockchain-integrated framework supporting cultural tourism startups. This framework highlights the economic potential of physgital business models while addressing the high costs and technical complexities associated with blockchain adoption. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [119] propose a co-design methodology to integrate smart technologies into cultural tourism. Their approach emphasizes the importance of engaging multiple stakeholders in co-creation processes to create physital experiences that are culturally meaningful and economically viable. The design and evaluation of XR-based DCH systems, particularly those integrated with metaverse applications and digital twins, require interdisciplinary approaches that connect theoretical principles with practical applications. Several foundational texts provide insights into these methodologies, offering guidance for designing immersive and interactive experiences while linking virtual and physical cultural heritage sites or artifacts. [PERSON]'s Museum Exhibition Planning and Design (2013) [126] outlines the integration of narrative, spatial, and visual elements in exhibition design, which can be directly applied to XR systems.