# A Taxonomy of Technologies for Human-Centred Logistics 4.0
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, in the aftermath of the substantial spread of Industry 4.0 and digitalization paradigms, digital technologies have played an increasingly important role in industrial production and logistics [1]. Connected machines, automated warehouses, Internet of Things (IoT) applications, autonomous vehicles, and drones, to name a few, can bring considerable benefits, especially in terms of waste and risks reduction, as well as productivity and safety increase in the working environment. However, the introduction of digital technologies in a production or logistics process always causes an increase in the complexity of overall system management [2]. A growth in complexity often affects negatively the workforce, who may have to adapt to a working environment that requires new skills, as well as the company, which may have to deal with new operational models, additional investments (e.g., cybersecurity), and with the need to apply standards not only in its departments but often also with suppliers and customers [3]. For these reasons, many companies are still in a transition phase from traditional production and logistics methods and management practices to more innovative ones [4]. There are still knowledge gaps regarding the technologies to be implemented in production and logistics processes, that can translate into resistance to technological innovation and fears of managing increased costs, impacts, complexity, and changes. Therefore, it becomes essential to bridge these knowledge gaps helping companies understand which technologies are the most appropriate to be implemented considering the company goals and the investments that can be afforded [5]. In particular, the logistics area has been affected by a rapid acceleration towards the necessity of technologies implementation. This acceleration can be attributed to the factthat the market increasingly requires higher service levels and shorter lead and fulfillment times for the supply of mass customized productions [6]. Moreover, the phenomenon of digitalization is pushing for better communication and data sharing between suppliers and customers to increase supply chains flexibility and resilience, which are increasingly necessary as the supply crisis of some essential products (such as personal protective equipment) during the pandemic period have shown [7]. In order to meet these market requirements, changes are occurring both in internal logistics and in the whole supply chain: correspondingly, the concept of Logistics 4.0 has emerged to represent \"the logistical system that enables the sustainable satisfaction of individualized customer demands without an increase in costs, and supports this development in industry and trade using digital technologies\" [8], describing specific applications of Industry 4.0 in the area of logistics [9]. However, the transition from traditional logistics to Logistics 4.0, namely introducing technologies and new operational models in the management of logistics systems, will bring benefits but also possible adverse effects (e.g., increased complexity) for which it is necessary to be aware and prepared. Furthermore, the role of humans in the Logistics 4.0 will be crucial to properly exploit the potential of technologies [8]. Therefore, this paper aims at increasing and systematizing knowledge about Industry 4.0 technologies supporting industrial logistics working activities. In particular, in this paper we present a taxonomy--developed using a deductive approach and an extensive literature review--to classify the main Industry 4.0 technologies implemented in industrial logistics according to three main categories: internal logistics activities, flow types, and human-technology relations.