# Applications of Digital Twin across Industries: A Review
## 6 Automotive  
As in other industries, predictive maintenance is one of the applications of a DT in the automotive industry. [PERSON] et al. [106] show the role of DT in predictive maintenance, taking the brake pad as an example. They collected and compared the real-time data from a brake pad and the data from the simulated DT of the brake pad. The similarity in the data from both sources suggests that the predictive maintenance of brake pads is possible using their model and collecting the real-time data for a longer period of time. The automotive industry is also exploiting DT technology in order to provide more personalized/customized services to its customers by capturing and analyzing behavioral and operational data of the vehicle [107]. By doing so, car manufacturers can build a car that fits the needs of their customers by keeping track of the features depending on their usage. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) believes that, besides doing monitoring and predictive maintenance for vehicle services and parts, a DT can boost vehicle sales as well [108]. A DT can provide a 360\({}^{\circ}\) view of the vehicle, integrating customer's preferences which, when combined with AR, can alleviate the whole sales experience by making it more immersive and interactive. Tesla Motors is developing a DT for every car it manufactures. By using the data from individual vehicles, the company makes sure that every one of its cars is performing as intended. With the data, Tesla also updates the software for each car individually and then uploads it to fix several maintenance issues, such as compensating a rattling door by adjusting hydraulics [109, 110]. Another automobile company that is using DTs is Volkswagen. Unlike Tesla, Volkswagen used DTs to integrate a new robot workstation in one of their manufacturing plants. They created a highly detailed 3D model of their plant which included robot arms, sensor logic, and safety components, and then simulated processes and procedures before adding the production line. The DT saved them about three weeks of time and 40 square meters of production space [111]. Maserati also used a DT to add two new assembly lines into an existing facility. They saw how the changes in the car design affect production using a DT and then adapted the production processes accordingly [59]. A DT has even found its way into competitive sports such as Formula 1 (F1) racing. The team of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport has developed a Digital Twin to analyze their car performance after every race. A total of 150 sensors in the car collect data of temperature, pressure, acceleration, forces, shaft speed, etc., every 0.001 s, to which virtual sensing is added, thereby having five billion data sets to be processed by the end of a two-hour race [112]. With the help of a DT, race engineers study the data to build a car that can perform better, as well as having increased reliability and safety. All the data from the race help the team in developing strategies for future races. Moreover, the F1 drivers now use the simulations to prepare for the real races, test new design features, and gain a deeper understanding of the vehicle's behavior [113]. Another area in the automotive sector where DTs are finding their applications is the autonomous vehicles sector. Each autonomous vehicle is validated for the safety and movement algorithms aspects in the commercial or open-source digital environments. As most of the vehicles are unique in their development and manufacturing process, manufacturers are working on twinning every single aspect of the vehicles, such as electric propulsion drives, which is common for different brands and types of machines. Connected with a physical drive test bench, the simulated vehicle can drive around the virtual world based on the physical data and transfer back the behavior of the machine, which makes the physical drive behave as it should if it was installed in the car [114; 115]. All the applications of DTs described in manufacturing can be applied to this industry from design to disposal.