## 3 Digitalization for BIPV
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Sensing Device** & **Function** \\ \hline Current & Detects and converts current to an easily measured output voltage, which is proportional to the current through the measured path. \\ \hline Voltage & The input is the voltage and the output is its analog voltage signal, a current signal, or an audible signal. \\ \hline Optical & Measures the physical quantity of light rays and converts this into electrical signals which can be easily read by the instruments. \\ \hline Radiometric & Measures the UV irradiance or illuminance with the radiometer. In the case of non-vertical irradiation, the diffusers inside the sensors ensures the cosine correction. \\ \hline IR & Emits or detects infrared radiation in its surroundings and also measures the heat emitted by the objects. \\ \hline Lux meter & Converts the amount of light that falls on the photodiode into a current form. The amount of current measured will give the approximate value of lux radiation falling on the surface. \\ \hline Pyranometer & Measures the potential difference developed due to the temperature difference between two surfaces of the thermopile. The gradient of temperature is used to measure the sum of solar radiation. \\ \hline Anemometer & Measures the input power required to maintain the temperature of the hot wire cooled down due to the flow of air. The input power is utilized as the measurement of airspeed. \\ \hline Temperature & Measures the temperature through an electrical signal using the thermocouple. The thermocouple will change electrical resistance indirectly proportionally to changes in the temperature. \\ \hline Humidity & Measures the change in electrical permittivity of dielectric material and change in the resistivity value of this resistive material for predicting the change in humidity. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Different sensing devices used in digitization. ML is founded on the premise that computers can learn from prior data, recognize patterns, and make judgments using algorithms. ML algorithms are built in such a way that they can automatically learn and improve their performance. DL is a subset of ML \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Wireless Communication** & **Transmission Area** & **Bandwidth** & **Transmission Rate** & **Network Topology** & **Authentication** \\ \hline Sigfox & 9.5 km & 868 MHz (Europe); 915 MHz (US) & 100 bps & Star & Private key signature Encryption \\ \hline NB-IoT & 15 km & LTE bands & 250 kbps & NA & 3 GPP S3 security \\ \hline LoRa & 7.2 km & 433 MHz (Asia), 868 MHz (Eu) and 915 MHz (US) & 0.25–5.5 kpbs & Star of stars & Distinctive key distribution, \\ \hline BLE & 150 m & 2.4 GHz & 1 Mbps & Star, bus & Secure pairing before the key exchange \\ \hline Zigbee & 30 m & 2.4 GHz & 250 kbps & Star, Peer 2 Peer (P2P), mesh, tree, & AES-128b, Network key \\ \hline Wi-Fi & 100 m & 2.4 GHz & 54 Mb/s & Point-to-hub & \\ \hline MQTT &
\begin{tabular}{c} Machine 2 \\ Machine (M2M) \\ \end{tabular} & 2.4 GHz & 2 Mbps & TLS/SSL \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Wireless Communication Protocols [30]. Figure 6: Subsets of AI. that allows machines to execute human-like activities without human intervention. DL is implemented through neural network architecture, also called a deep neural network. An expert system is a type of AI application that relies on acquiring knowledge from human experts and implementing that knowledge into a system [34]. Expert systems simulate human decision-making abilities. Instead of traditional procedural code, these systems are designed to tackle complex problems using bodies of knowledge. (c) **Edge computing:** In IoT, many computing paradigms such as edge computing, cloud computing, and mobile ad hoc cloud (MAC) are employed to provide various services based on the application requirements [35]. Real-time delay-sensitive applications cannot accept prolonged delays generated by a wide area network during IoT installation.