esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Experiments and Design of an Anti-Disaster Support System for Apple Orchards
## 4 Design of the Anti-Disaster Support System
### Design Method
#### 4.1.1 Wind load  
The variables to calculate the wind load (\(W_{f}\)) are generally considered to be velocity pressure (\(q_{h}\)), gust coefficient of influence (\(G_{f}\)), drag coefficient (\(C_{d}\)), and effective net area (\(A_{n}\)), as shown in Equation (2). However, there is a limitation on directly applying the computational formula to calculate the wind load on the apple trees. Therefore, the wind speed (\(V_{10}\)), which was measured at 10 m height, was used as an instantaneous wind speed of 3 s in the 30 year reproduction period. The gust coefficient of influence represents a dynamic behavior component generated due to wind turbulence and a value statistically  
Figure 16: Test result of matrix support 1.  
Figure 17: Test result of matrix support 2.  
representing the ratio of maximum displacement to average displacement. In general, it is greater than 1.0; however, in this study, 1.0 was used because the instantaneous wind speed was applied.  
\[W_{f}=q_{h}G_{f}C_{d}A_{n} \tag{2}\]  
The drag coefficient is a value determined by the shape of the elevation where the wind acts. The elevation of an apple tree is not standard, so it is required to obtain the drag coefficient through an experiment. [PERSON] et al. [15] performed a wind tunnel test to measure the actual wind load on the apple trees, and the drag coefficient was suggested as Equation (3). In addition, the wind pressure can be increased by the dynamic effect of wind permeation, and [PERSON] [16] presented the drag coefficient according to 20-50% porosity and expressed the numerical value. [PERSON] [17] constructed a poplar tree with a porosity of 87% at trunk level and 60% at the crown and measured the speed of the wind appearing on the backside. It was shown that wind speed appeared up to 1.6 times in the outskirts, but the average was 1.0. Therefore, the effect of porosity can cause an increase in wind speed, but it is not included in the calculation of the wind load acting on the apple trees.  
\[C_{d}=3.2669V_{h}^{-0.6513} \tag{3}\]  
where \(V_{h}\) is the wind speed at the average height of the apple tree.  
In an axiom of uniform stress [18], the trees have growth in response to the loads such as wind and snow load at a specific part, which would consume energy and nutrients by growing necessary wood. The shape of the tree based on the axiom of uniform stress could be considered the same under the action of a non-directional wind load. The effective net area is a value considering a leaf area from the gross area of the tree. [PERSON] et al. [19] investigated the individual tree leaf area density and leaf area index measurement methods using terrestrial laser scanning. [PERSON] et al. [20] suggested the accurate crop load estimation using a machine vision system based on an image-processing procedure. The effective net area was calculated as 75 percent of the gross area of the apple tree [15]. Table 3 presents the wind load acting on the apple tree based on the wind speed and Equation (2):
###### Abstract  
A comprehensive evaluation of the fatty acid and mineral composition of _Rhynchophorus ferrugineus_ (sago grub powder, SGP), pre-treated to meet New Zealand import biosecurity requirements, was investigated. Palmitic acid (42.5% FA), oleic acid (39.0% FA), and linoleic acid (1.02% FA) were the most abundant saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively. Lipid nutritional indices of SGP fats were \(\omega\)6/\(\omega\)3 (2.17), hypochelostereloemic/hypercholesterolic acid ratio (0.88), atherogenicity index (1.01), thrombogenicity index (1.65), and health-promoting index (0.99). Although there are no established recommended values for these dietary indicators, including them in a balanced diet may be advised to reduce the risk of adverse health effects. The mineral analysis profile of the SGP found 11 essential and 29 non-essential minerals, and 4 heavy metals. SGP was rich in important minerals such as potassium (1657 mg/kg DW), magnesium (805.3 mg/kg DW), iron (23 mg/kg DW), manganese (8.8 mg/kg DW), calcium (477 mg/kg DW), and phosphorus (2950 mg/kg DW). However, the Ca:P ratio (0.16:1) of SGP samples was lower than the recommended Ca:P ratio (1.31) needed for optimum bone health. Heavy metals such as arsenic (0.17 mg/kg DW), cadmium (0.04 mg/kg DW), lead (0.56 mg/kg DW), and vanadium (0.01 mg/kg DW) were detectable in SGP but were below acceptable toxicity limits. These findings indicate that SGP pre-treated for export is safe for consumption and contains appreciable nutrients, especially minerals. However, the nutritional and health implications of the elevated saturated fatty acid levels, low polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, and low Ca:P ratio of SGP should be considered when choosing sago grubs as a food source.  
Rhychophorus ferrugineus; fatty acid composition; lipid nutritional indices; minerals Article
## 2 Enhanced Multistage Homotopy Perturbation Method
### Third-Order EMHPM Solution  
For the polynomial representation of the third-degree, the function that describes the delayed term \(\mathbf{x}_{i}^{\tau}(T)\) is approximated by a polynomial of order three, then Equation (4) of the Lagrange interpolator is used accordingly. In this case, it is necessary to employ the \(\mathbf{x}_{i-N}\), \(\mathbf{x}_{i-N+1}\), \(\mathbf{x}_{i-N+2}\), \(\mathbf{x}_{i-N+3}\) discrete values. Following the same procedure described in Section 2.1, the function that describes the delayed interval is given as:  
\[\begin{array}{rl}\mathbf{x}_{i}^{\tau}(T)=&\where  
\[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{P}_{i}(T)=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{m}\frac{1}{k!}\mathbf{A}_{t }^{k}T^{k},\\ \mathbf{Q}^{{}^{\prime}}{{}_{i}}(T)=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}\left(\frac{1}{(k+2)!} \!\left(\frac{N-1}{\tau}\right)^{2}\!\mathbf{A}_{t}^{k-1}\mathbf{B}_{t}T^{k+2} -\frac{1}{2(k+1)!}\!\left(\frac{N-1}{\tau}\right)\!\mathbf{A}_{t}^{k-1} \mathbf{B}_{t}T^{k+1}\right)\\ \mathbf{Q}_{i}(T)=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}\frac{1}{(k+1)!}\!\left(\frac{N-1}{\tau} \right)\!\mathbf{A}_{t}^{k-1}\mathbf{B}_{t}T^{k+1}-2\mathbf{Q}^{{}^{\prime}}{{ }_{i}}\\ \mathbf{R}_{i}(T)=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}\frac{1}{k!}\mathbf{A}_{t}^{k-1} \mathbf{B}_{t}T^{k}-\mathbf{Q}^{{}^{\prime}}{{}_{i}}-\mathbf{Q}_{i}\end{array} \tag{16}\]  
Similarly, to compute the stability lobes for the third-order EMHPM, the solution of the differential Equation (1) for third-order EMHPM is rewritten as  
\[\mathbf{x}_{i}(T)\approx\mathbf{P}_{i}(T)\mathbf{x}_{i-1}+\mathbf{Q}^{{}^{ \prime\prime}}{{}_{i}}(T)\mathbf{x}_{i-N+3}+\mathbf{Q}^{{}^{\prime}}{{}_{i}}(T )\mathbf{x}_{i-N+2}+\mathbf{Q}_{i}(T)\mathbf{x}_{i-N  
It is important to point out that in the case of the second-order EMHPM, the matrix \(\mathbf{D}_{i}\) is like the matrix of the third-order EMHPM without the matrix \(\mathbf{Q}_{i}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}\).  
Then, the Floquet transition matrix \(\mathbf{\Phi}\) is calculated over the main period \(\tau=(N-1)/\ \Delta t\), coupling each of the discrete maps \(\mathbf{D}_{i}\), \(i=1,\ 2,\ldots,\ (N-1)\), to obtain:  
\[\mathbf{\Phi}=\mathbf{D}_{N-1}\mathbf{D}_{N-2}\ldots\mathbf{D}_{2}\mathbf{D}_ {1} \tag{22}\]  
Thus, the stability of Equation (1) is determined by calculating the eigenvalues of the transition matrix given by Equation (22). The eigenvalues of the transition matrix are actually the Floquet multipliers which are the exponents of each complex exponential functions that describe the motion of Equation (1). If the modulus of greatest magnitude is greater than or equal to one, it implies that the system will behave in an unstable way and the amplitude of the vibration will increase exponentially, otherwise it will have a stable behavior.
## 3 Dipolar Contributions to the Mediated Rate
The same holds for the asymptotically limiting forms Equations (38) and (39). The final pure dipolar contribution to the third body-mediated rate to be considered is that between a magnetic dipole donor and a magnetic dipole acceptor, the magnetic analog of the leading pure electric dipole case, which has been examined previously [29; 30; 31; 32]. For an oriented configuration, the rate from Equation (21) is given by  
\[ \begin{array}{l}\Gamma^{(mm)^{D}-(mm)^{A}}=\frac{2\pi\rho_{f}}{h}m_{i}^{0m}( D)m_{i^{\prime}}^{m0}(D)m_{j}^{0m}(A)m_{j^{\prime}}^{m0}(A)\alpha_{kl}^{T} \overline{\alpha}_{k^{\prime}l^{\prime}}^{T}U_{ik}^{R}\overline{U}_{i^{\prime }k^{\prime}}^{R}U_{jl}^{R^{\prime}}\overline{U}_{j^{\prime}l^{\prime}}^{R^{ \prime}}.\end{array}  \tag{40}\]  
Employing the rotational averages Equations (29) and (36) and contracting with the geometrical tensors, the mediated rate for a freely tumbling system is  
\[ \begin{array}{l}<\Gamma^{(mm)^{D}-(mm)^{A}}>=\frac{\pi\rho_{f}}{135\hbar} \frac{1}{(4\pi\epsilon_{0})^{4}}\frac{1}{R^{6}R^{6}}|\overrightarrow{m}^{0m}( D)|^{2}|\overrightarrow{m}^{m0}(A)|^{2}\\ \times\{[-1+3(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_{\lambda\lambda}^{T} \overline{\alpha}_{\mu\mu}^{T}+[13+(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_ {\lambda\mu}^{T}\overline{\alpha}_{\lambda\mu}^{T}\}[k^{4}R^{2}{R^{\prime}}^{ 2}+k^{6}({R^{2}}{R^{\prime}}^{4}+{R^{4}}{R^{\prime}}^{2})+k^{8}{R^{4}}{R^{ \prime}}^{4}],\end{array}  \tag{41}\]  
with \(k=k_{m0}\). In the near zone, \(k\)R and \(kR^{\prime}\) are both a lot less than unity so that the dominant contribution from the polynomial factor is \(k^{4}{R^{2}}{R^{\prime}}^{2}\), yielding the limit  
\[ \begin{array}{l}<\Gamma^{(mm)^{D}-(mm)^{A}}>_{NZ}\sim\frac{\pi\rho_{f}}{135 \hbar}\frac{1}{(4\pi\epsilon_{0})^{4}}\frac{k^{4}}{R^{4}R^{\prime 2}}| \overrightarrow{m}^{0m}(D)|^{2}|\overrightarrow{m}^{m0}(A)|^{2}\\ \times\{[-1+3(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_{\lambda\lambda}^{T} \overline{\alpha}_{\mu\mu}^{T}+[13+(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_ {\lambda\mu}^{T}\overline{\alpha}_{\lambda\mu}^{T}\},\end{array}  \tag{42}\]  
which is not a true near-zone limit due to the presence of the radiative factor \(k^{4}\), but which exhibits inverse fourth power dependence on each displacement variable. In the far zone, the rate takes the form  
\[ \begin{array}{l}<\Gamma^{(mm)^{D}-(mm)^{A}}>_{FZ}\sim\frac{\pi\rho_{f}}{135 \hbar}\frac{1}{(4\pi\epsilon_{0})^{4}}\frac{k^{8}}{R^{2}R^{\prime 2}}| \overrightarrow{m}^{0m}(D)|^{2}|\overrightarrow{m}^{m0}(A)|^{2}\\ \times\{[-1+3(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_{\lambda\lambda}^{T} \overline{\alpha}_{\mu\mu}^{T}+[13+(\hat{R}\cdot\hat{R^{\prime}})^{2}]\alpha_ {\lambda\mu}^{T}\overline{\alpha}_{\lambda\mu}^{T}\},\end{array}  \tag{43}\]  
illustrative of a radiative exchange mechanism due to the inverse square behavior of \(R\) and \(R^{\prime}\).
## 5 Experimental Progress
### Resources of the Ground Segment  
The ground system is responsible for the TT&C and OC&M, communication management of the LEO satellite and constellation, user operation management, etc. It is mainly composed of gateway stations, TT&C stations, data receiving stations, and a center for TT&C and OC&M. The TT&C stations that which are in cooperation with GalaxySpace are shown in Figure 7, with a total of 40 antennas. The gateway station in Shangzhuang, Beijing, with coordinates 40.1173\({}^{\circ}\) N, 116.209\({}^{\circ}\) E, was used for this RITS experiment.  
For near real-time remote sensing services, GalaxySpace has developed an ICRS application system, which is responsible for user demand collection, near real-time remote sensing task planning, task status monitoring, near real-time data distribution, etc. The ICRS application system can interact with TT&C and OC&M centers through a network interface.
# Experimental Study of a Signal Modulation Method to Improve eLORAN Data Channel Communications
## 5 Conclusions  
We set up an experimental verification platform that can broadcast an actual APM signal. The test results showed that when field strength of the ground wave signal is weakened, the field strength has reached the minimum limit specified by RTCM, the demodulation success rate of 3S-PPM is greatly reduced, while the demodulation success rate of APM has maintained a high level. Thus, APM modulation method has a higher engineering application value.  
The APM modulation method is an extension of the compatibility of the original transmitting and receiving equipment. It does not affect the original signal format and modulation method, and doubles the amount of transmitted information.  
In addition, it has certain advantages in resisting industrial interference and sky wave interference. The inadequacy of APM modulation lies in occupying the information resources of the transmission  
Figure 12: Standard zero crossing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test Site**} & **Distance from** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Received Signal Estimated Field**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decoding Success Rate**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & **BPL (km)** & & **Strength (dB\({}_{\text{i}\text{v}}\))** & **3S-PPM (\%)** & **APM (\%)** \\ \hline NXGY & 325 & 81.9 & 98.5 & 100 \\ GSZY & 915 & 63.0 & 90.2 & 96.4 \\ GSJQ & 1119 & 58.0 & 83.9 & 96.7 \\ GSXXX & 1461 & 49.2 & 29.3 & 87.8 \\ XJSS & 1857 & 39.6 & 4.4 & 50.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Test data analysis.  
channel and increasing the load on the transmitter; the simultaneous use of multiple extended transmitting stations can easily cause cross-interference. In the planned follow-up work, we will carry out the cross-interference test of APM signals in the eastern part of China, this area is in the coverage of the Changhe 2 system.  
[PERSON] designed the mathematical model of the proposed algorithm, simulated the system, analyzed the test data, and wrote the article; [PERSON] helped to frame the idea. [PERSON] performed review and editing, [PERSON] performed the experiments and completed the data preprocessing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was mainly supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences \"Light of West China\" Program (Grant No. (XAB2018B21) and Grant No. (XAB2019B20)).  
The authors would like to thank their colleagues for testing of the data provided in this manuscript. We are also very grateful to our reviewers who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Development of a CALPHAD Thermodynamic Database for Pu-U-Fe-Ga Alloys
## 3 Literature Review
### The Uranium-Iron Phase Diagram  
The U-Fe system has been the source of many experimental investigations, with many authors performing thermal analysis including [55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62], some of whom also used dilatometry, metallography [63], XRD, microprobe analysis and calorimetric measurements [64]. The authors of [57, 58, 63] focused on the U-rich side of the phase diagram, where the solubility of iron in \(\gamma\)-U (bcc structure) was found to be 1.3 at. % Fe on average by [55, 56, 57, 63]. The other two phases of uranium have no solubility reported for the orthorhombic (\(\alpha\)-U) phase and limited information for the tetragonal (\(\beta\)-U) phase with solubility at 0.37 at. % Fe or less [58]. The allotropic phase transitions occur at 668 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 776 \({}^{\circ}\)C from \(\alpha\)-U to \(\beta\)-U and \(\beta\)-U to \(\gamma\)-U, respectively. A eutectoid reaction is reported around 0.1 at. % Fe between 661 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 675 \({}^{\circ}\)C for [\(\beta\)-U \(\leftrightarrow\)\(\alpha\)-U + U\({}_{6}\)Fe]. A similar reaction was reported for [\(\gamma\)-U \(\leftrightarrow\)\(\beta\)-U + U\({}_{6}\)Fe] between 0.5 and 0.8 at. %. Fe, with an average reported temperature of 762 \({}^{\circ}\)C [54, 58, 63]. The compound U\({}_{6}\)Fe forms from a peritectic decomposition of: [Liquid + \(\gamma\)-U \(\leftrightarrow\) U\({}_{6}\)Fe] with authors reporting temperatures between 795 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 829 \({}^{\circ}\)C [55, 56, 59, 60, 64]. The low melting eutectic of [Liquid \(\leftrightarrow\) U\({}_{6}\)Fe + UFe\({}_{2}\)] occurs at 725 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 66 at. % U according to [60]. The compound UFe\({}_{2}\) was found to melt congruently between 1228 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1235 \({}^{\circ}\)C [55, 56, 60, 64] and includes a eutectic reaction [Liquid \(\leftrightarrow\) UFe\({}_{2}\) + \(\gamma\)-Fe] at 1080 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 17 at. % uranium. The solubility of U in \(\alpha\)-Fe and \(\gamma\) -Fe are limited according to [55, 56], since the \(\delta\)-Fe phase is analogous to that of \(\alpha\)-Fe, it is assumed that the solubility is negligible, although quantitative data is not available. The currently accepted model by [PERSON] [3] for the U-Fe phase diagram includes similar discrepancies as the Pu-Fe system; there is little to no Fe solubility considered within the U-phases and the intermetallic compounds are not consistent with the most recent and generally accepted CALPHAD-formulation for the standard reference state.
# Flying Real-Time Network to Coordinate Disaster Relief Activities in Urban Areas +
## 2 Related Work
Consequently, they propose an autonomous system to deploy UAVs as the first phase of the disaster recovery communication network for wide areas. An automation algorithm controls the deployment and positioning of a set of quadcopters (UAVs), based on a hexagonal pattern distribution that uses an open source MAVLink point-to-point communication protocol. The distributed execution of the algorithm is based on a centralized management of UAV cells, which involves assigning the role of supernodes to some specific UAVs. The use of open-source solutions makes the system easily reproducible and accessible, but at the same time it exposes the system to several types of network attack. Therefore, this solution requires extensive protocol modifications and additions to become robust and reliable [22]. As an alternative to the previous works, this paper proposes a Flying Real-Time Network (FRTN) to provide support to SAR teams and the IC during first responses to natural and man-made disasters. We introduce a feasibility analysis of the proposed network model based on the demand bound function and divide the message propagation in different stages, each one with a computed release time and deadline. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this kind of analysis has not been done before for ad-hoc networks, and particularly for FANETs. Therefore, this proposal represents an advancement of the state-of-the-art in this study domain.
# Tracking Dynamic Northern Surface Water Changes with High-Frequency Planet CubeSat Imagery
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Remote Sensing Data  
Planet currently distributes three types of imagery, RapidEye, PlanetScope, and SkySat, two of which are studied here (Table 1). RapidEye refers to a constellation of 5 satellites (dimensions \(0.8\,\mathrm{m}\times 0.94\,\mathrm{m}\times 1.2\,\mathrm{m}\)) launched in 2008 by German company RapidEye AG and now acquired and operated by Planet. RapidEye imagery has 5 bands, blue (Band 1, 440-510 nm), green (Band 2, 520-590 nm), red (Band 3, 630-685 nm), red edge (Band 4, 690-730 nm) and near infrared (Band 5, 760-850 nm) and a ground spatial resolution of 6.5 m. PlanetScope is a constellation of 120 smaller CubeSats known as 'doves' (dimensions 10 cm \(\times\) 10 cm \(\times\) 30 cm) built and operated by Planet, and launched in groups called 'flocks'. PlanetScope imagery has four bands, blue (Band 1, 455-515 nm), green (Band 2, 500-590 nm), red (Band 3, 590-670 nm) and near infrared (Band 4, 780-860 nm) and a ground spatial resolution of 3.7 m. Skysat imagery has four bands (blue, green, red and NIR) and a ground resolution of 0.8 m. As it is a constellation of 13 satellites, however, SkySat currently captures imagery only over tasked areas (typically urban and developed areas). It was not available to this study and therefore excluded from the analysis.  
For both RapidEye and PlanetScope we analyzed the Planet Level 3A data product (\"Analytic Ortho Tile Product\") which is a mosaic of multiple images from the same swath aggregated into uniform 25 km \(\times\) 25 km tiles. This product is projected to UTM coordinates and orthorectified using GCPs and fine-scale DEMs to a positional accuracy of <10 m RMSE [33]. Planet Level 3A imagery is also converted to absolute radiometric values using calibration coefficients that are monitored and updated for each satellite (see Section 5.2). Following radiometric calibration [33], the Level 3A product has 16-bit spectral resolution. RapidEye and PlanetScope data availability was irregular in summer 2016, when Planet's multi-satellite flocks were in early stages of deployment. Therefore, the revisit rates presented in this study are irregular and less frequent than current revisit rates at full operational capacity. We examined all RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery in one Planet tile (No. 0669714) collected in summer 2016, which due to data availability limitations ranges from 23 June to 1 October (Table 2). To validate our water extraction method, we also used panchromatic WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 imagery operated by DigitalGlobe (Table 2). The panchromatic band (450-800 nm) has a ground resolution of 0.5 m (WorldView-2) and 0.3 m (WorldView-3).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In the present study, the helical piles used for the analysis and testing program are made of steel and their respective properties are entered into software for finite element analysis. Through a vast gathering of literature, it is found that the ultimate capacity of a helical pile (both uplift and lateral loading conditions) is dependent upon several parameters. The significant design parameters include spacing ratio, embedment depth ratio, number of helical plates, and soil condition [23]. Considering all the parametric influences on the design of helical pile, the analyzing sequence is formed in order to reduce the repetition of work that has already been done. The model helical piles are made at a steel fabrication shop; a circular plate with a thickness of 2 mm is cut and molded into a helical shape, and then welded to a steel circular solid rod of grade Fe 415 with the requisite diameter. Four such helical piles were used in this study with same shaft diameter (\(d\)) of 14 mm, helical plate diameter (\(D\)) of 40 mm, helical pitch (p) of 8 mm, and the length of pile (L) is 510 mm. The casted four helical piles with dimensions are shown in Figure 1. The helical plates were spaced at a spacing ratio (S/D of 3.75, 1.875, and 1.25, where S = spacing between the helices for a pile having 2, 3, and 4 numbers of helical plates), respectively. The different embedment depth ratios (H/D), i.e., 4, 6, and 8.75 were used. The overview of the testing program considering various parameters is given in Table 1.  
Figure 1: Casted helical piles with dimensions.