# Oxygenated Diesel Fuels and Their Effect on PM Emissions
## 3 Materials and Methods  
The research on the influence of oxygenated fuels on PM emissions was performed with the use of 12 different oxygenated compounds belonging to four chemical groups: glycols, ethers, maleates, carbonates and alcohols (Table 1). The key parameters for the selection of the oxygenated compounds analyzed in this study were: high oxygen content, good miscibility with diesel fuel, high cetane number, similar physical properties as diesel fuel and, of course, availability. Butanol was also included in the research, although it meets the above-mentioned criteria to a lesser extent, but is considered as a prospective renewable fuel component since it can be produced in the process of biomass fermentation. All oxygenates were tested at a concentration of 5% \(v/v\), and some also at 10%. Oxygenated compounds from the group of glycol ethers were supplied by Clariant (with a purity of at least 95%). Maleates and carbonates were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were characterized by a purity of no less than 96%. N-butanol (assay--minimum 99%) came from Avantor Performance Materials Poland. Diesel fuel with no oxygen content (Table 2) was used to blend test fuels. The same diesel fuel was used as the reference fuel to determine the changes in emissions caused by the use of oxygenated fuels containing individual oxygenates. The test vehicle on which the influence of oxygenated fuels on exhaust emissions was measured was a passenger car of the A-segment with a turbocharged diesel engine, manual gearbox and front-wheel drive. The specifications of this vehicle and its engine are shown in Table 3. The emissions tests were performed on the Schenck 500/GS60 chassis dynamometer (Figure 3). The CVS AVL CEC system with full-flow dilution tunnel AVL CET-LD/20 type and particulate sampling system AVL CEP-LD/100 PTS 60 1/min, controlling system CESAR and Sartorius microbalance were used to measure exhaust emissions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **12** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Chemical Group**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Crystal Fitness**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Milations**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Calownettes**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Alcoholic**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Chemical Name**} & **Engine** & **Disployes** & **Traployes** & **Elasticity/linear** & **Disployes** & **Disployes** & **Disployes** & **Disployes** & **Disployes** \\  & **Cyclical** & **Disployes** & **Disployes** & **Cyclical** & **Disployes** & **Cyclical** & **Cyclical Methyl** & **Disployes** & **Multiers** & **Chassis** & **Climbel** & **Climbel** & **Carbante** & **Disployes** \\  & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** & **Drivel** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Molecular weight, area**} & 90.12 & 134.7 & 178.23 & 222.28 & 218.33 & 162.23 & 206.28 & 172.18 & 228.28 & 90.08 & 118.13 & 74.12 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Oxygen content, \%(\text{m/s})} & 35.6 & 35.8 & 36.0 & 23.0 & 22.0 & 29.6 & 31.1 & 37.3 & 28.1 & 53.3 & 40.7 & 21.6 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Boiling point, \%C**} & 85 & 162 & 220 & 275 & 256 & 175 & 240 & 225 & 281 & 90 & 127 & 117 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Danny 0.2 \%C, \%(\text{m/s})} & 867 & 944 & 987 & 1010 & 884 & 903 & 903 & 1064 & 988 & 1009 & 975 & 800 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Viscoity 0.2 \%C, \%(\text{m/s})} & 0.5 & 1.2 & 2.5 & 4.1 & 2.3 & 1.12 & 5.5 & n.a. & n.a. & 0.56 & 0.78 & 3.64 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Flash point, \%C**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(-\)6} & 51 & 113 & 141 & 120 & 65 & \textgreater{}110 & 93 & \textgreater{}110 & 18 & 25 & 34 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cetune number**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(\text{(calculated)}\)} & 86 & 112 & 144 & 144 & 144 & 86 & 58 & 57 & 44 & 10 & 14 & 10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Several properties of the oxygenates used in the tests.