# Novel Chitosan Derivatives and Their Multifaceted Biological Applications
## 3 Biological Applications of ChDs

Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Novel Chitosan Derivative Type** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Biological** \\ **Application** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Bio-Functionality** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Reference** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Pyrimethanil grafted chitosan derivatives (1–3) & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Rhizcduna solani_ and _Gilbertella zone_ & [94] \\ \hline
1,2,3-triazole (TCTS, CTCTS and BTCTS) & Antifungal (AF) & The AF activity against _Colletotrichum beginning_, _Fusarium oxysporum TSP. nitreamt and _Fusarium oxysporum TSP. nitreamt_ and _Fusarium oxysporum TSP. nitreamt_ & [95] \\ \hline Tricydohexylphosphonium acetyl chitosan chloride/Triphenylphosphonium acetylyl chitosan chloride/Triphenylphosphonium acetylyl chitosan chloride & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Colletotrichum beginning_, _Fusarium oxysporum_, and _Watermond trisarium_. & [96] \\ \hline Cationic chitosan derivatives/quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts & Antifungal (AF) & enhanced AF activity than chitosan. & [97] \\ \hline Polyaminoethyl chitosan Schiff base derivatives & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Botrytis cinerea_, _Fusarium solani_ and _Phutophthora capsici_. & [98] \\ Diehoxphosphonyl polyaminoethyl chitosan Schiff base derivatives & Cytotoxicity & weak cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. & [98] \\ \hline Chitosan derivative bearing 1,2,3-triazole and & & & \\ pyridine/cationic chitosan derivative possessing & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Colletotrichum beginning_. & [99] \\ 1,2,3-triazolium and pyridinium & & & \\ \hline Coumarin-functionalized chitosan derivatives (1–4) & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Alternaria solani_, _Fusarium moniliformme_, and _Fusarium oxysporum TSP. unsinfectum_. & [100] \\ \hline Chitosan derivatives with triple quaternary ammonium groups using 3-aminopyridine and & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Plutophthora capsica_ and _Rizzocation solani_. & [101] \\ 3-amino-4-methylpyridine. & & & \\ \hline Quaternary ammonium salt chitosan derivatives & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Botrytis cinerea_ and _Gilbertella zone_. & [102] \\ \hline  & Antioxidant & Higher antioxidant activity than chitosan. & \\ \hline  & Cytotoxicity & good biocompatibility on HaCaT cells. & \\ \hline  & Antifungal (AF) & Superior AF activity compared with chitosan. & \\ Novel urea-functionalized chitosan derivatives & Antifoxidant & Five chitosan derivatives displayed higher antioxidant activities than chitosan. & [103] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cytotoxicity & Weak cytotoxicity against IS29 cells. & \\ \hline Chitosan derivatives bearing Schiff bases and quaternary ammonium salts. & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Botrytis cinerea_, _Fusarium oxysporum_ & [104] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antioxidant & Greater antioxidant activity as compared with chitosan. & \\ \hline Cationic chitosan derivative bearing & & & \\ triphenylphosphonium salt & Antifungal (AF) & Stronger antifungal activity against phytopathogens. & [105] \\ \hline  & Antifungal (AF) & The derivatives displayed higher AF activity than & \\ Chitosan derivatives bearing urea groups & Antifungal (AF) & The derivatives possess enhanced radical (DPPH, & \\  & Hydroxyl, and superoxide) scavenging activity than & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antioxidant & pristine chitosan. & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cytotoxicity & 2,6-(3-benzylturojpyridyl)acetyl chitosan chloride & \\ \hline  & Antifungal (AF) & Excellent AF activity against _Colletotrichum beginning_ and _Phonopsis asparagus_. & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antioxidant & Enhanced DPPH and superoxide-radical scavenging activity. & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cytotoxicity & Low toxicity to 192 cells. & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & \\ N,N,N-trimethyl-O-(urelodopyridinium)acetyl & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Botrytis cinerea_ and & \\ \cline{2-3}  & chitosan derivatives & Higher radical (DPPH, hydroxyl), and superoxide) scavenging activity than chitosan. & [108] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont.