# The Impact of Distributed Energy Storage on Distribution and Transmission Networks' Power Quality
## 5 Conclusions  
The integration of energy storage systems (ESS) inside interconnected transmission and distribution networks is linked to improvements in regulating power quality characteristics such as node voltage magnitude and phase angle, according to this study. A BESS that is properly scaled and situated can help meet peak energy demand, improve the benefits of integrating renewables and distributed energy sources, improve power quality management, and lower the distribution network expansion costs.  
While the integration of ESS into the electric power system has historically provided desired effects in situations such as load balancing, relief of congested networks, diversification of energy mix, and so on, this research work shows that the specific approach for ESS  
Figure 9: Graphical representation of Relative Improvement in Voltage Magnitude between Top Centralized and Top Distributed ESS Integration Architecture Variants.  
integration, which includes architecture and or topology consideration, has a significant impact on the power quality compensation capacity of BESS. While all of the evaluated network topologies and (or) architectures for ESS integration provided some measure of compensation for restoring node voltages within the 5% Grid Code Compliance tolerance band, this project shows that distributed ESS within distribution network topologies across the power system provided the most effective solution for restoring out-of-range nodes to compliance. However, due to the previously mentioned technical and financial constraints of battery technology, the feasibility of this integration strategy using BESS is currently limited. As a result, centralized ESS architecture in distribution or transmission topologies still has a cost advantage over modern distributed ESS architecture in electrical networks, as seen by the amount of PHSS systems installed, notably at the transmission network level.  
This study will benefit from further work, especially because the modeling of the benchmark network's energy storage versions was done under steady-state settings. Furthermore, despite the fact that distributed and centralized energy storage systems use different technologies, they both have the same capacity for energy storage. As a result, it would be interesting to compare the results of the benchmark versions to the technical parameters (energy density, charge/discharge limits, ramp-up/ramp-down) of battery energy storage systems obtained in this project.  
Another factor to explore in future research is the impact of diversification in the types of distributed energy storage technologies, notably flywheel technology, due to the potential for lower capital costs than battery energy storage systems. This is especially important because battery production is not only expensive and energy-intensive, but there are also considerable end-of-life costs for battery disposal because the components used to make batteries are not easily recycled.  
Conceptualization, O.B.A., G.F., V.V. and D.N.; methodology, O.B.A., G.F. and V.V.; validation, O.B.A., V.V. and L.E.; writing--original draft preparation, O.B.A. and G.F.; writing--review and editing, D.N. and L.E.; supervision, D.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors acknowledge the financial support for this work from the Special Account for Research of ASPETE, through the funding program \"Strengthening Research of ASPETE Faculty Members\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.