# Design and Implementation of LoRa Based IoT Scheme for Indonesian Rural Area
## 2 Related Work  
As the adoption of IoT in the agriculture field becomes extensive, several challenges have been identified to maximize the privilege of IoT [4]. This challenge includes the necessity of devices for staying active and functioning in a long duration with limited power resources. This low power feature becomes obligatory since the device is located in remote areas where the replacement of the battery is regularly scheduled for long periods due to having large areas to cover, such as large farming areas and vegetable plantations.  
One of the solutions to address the challenge is proposed by cellular-IoT technology. The technology is able to cover large areas since the technology maximizes the power of fourth-generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE), which have proven successful commercially and widely used in various applications [10; 11]. The examples of cellular-IoT technology applied using licensed LTE are LTE-M and NB-IoT. Both LTE-M and NB-IoT employ Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communication and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink communication. However, the LTE implementation suffers from the energy efficiency problem since it requires high energy consumption to transmit the signal.  
Another solution in IoT for agricultural fields is provided by some private service providers such as Sigfox [12] and In-genu [13]. Sigfox is a closed source infrastructure, operating in ISM Sub-GHz and utilizing Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) for uplink communication and Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK) for downlink communication. Sigfox is mostly famous in Europe, applied in livestock management, smart irrigation, and precision agriculture. Ingenu works under the closed source infrastructure located in San Diego, operating in ISM 2.4 Ghz and utilizing Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA), which offers a larger bandwidth of 80 MHz. However, private service technology relies on the use of closed source infrastructure, which suffers from a high price in the future.  
To respond to these challenges of energy duration and a low-price low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), Long Range Wide Area (LoRa) communication protocol is introduced as the long-range and low power communication, particularly for integrating IoT devices, and is suitable for monitoring the remote and rural areas [14]. LoRa works in a non-licensed band below 1 GHz, which is utilized in long distance communication operations. There are several approaches using LoRa as the machine-to-machine communication system [15]. For example, by constructing LoRa infrastructure, IoT can be implemented in agricultural fields such as for smart agriculture [16; 17; 18; 19] including star-fruit plantations [20], tree farms [21], mushrooms [22], and infrastructure of a rural area specifying to establish a connection with remote horse stable [23], a water irrigation system [24], and application in smart health systems [25; 26].  
The development of rural areas using IoT approaches inevitably occurs, since IoT is regarded as an appropriate solution in terms of feasibility and reliability in the real world, particularly for digitizing and monitoring surroundings.