# Enhancing Online Learning Through Multi-Agent Debates for CS University Students
## 2 Literature Review
### LLM-Based Learning Systems  
LLMs have recently demonstrated remarkable potential, achieving reasoning and planning capabilities comparable to those of humans. This aligns precisely with human expectations for autonomous agents capable of perceiving their surroundings, making decisions, and taking appropriate actions in response [56; 57]. Building on the impressive capabilities of single LLM-based agents, LLM-based multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness collective intelligence and specialized skills across multiple agents. Compared to systems employing a single LLM-powered agent, multi-agent systems offer enhanced functionalities by (1) specializing LLMs into distinct agents, each with unique capabilities, and (2) facilitating interactions among these agents to effectively simulate complex real-world environments. Recent studies [58] have shown promising results in leveraging LLM-based multi-agents for diverse tasks, such as software development, multi-robot systems, societal simulations, policy modeling, and game simulations, with particular success in simulating human behavior. Notable examples include Generative Agents [59], Ghost in the Minecraft [60], and GPT-Bargaining [61].  
As LLMs continue to advance, intense discussions have arisen regarding methodologies in this field [62; 63]. A key focus lies in fully harnessing the capabilities of large models to simulate real classrooms with multiple agents for automated teaching. LLMs have already been applied to various intelligent educational tasks to support teaching. Ref. [64] introduced a multi-agent classroom simulation framework involving user participation, demonstrating that LLMs can effectively replicate traditional classroom interaction patterns while enhancing the user experience. This work pioneered the use of LLM-powered multi-agent systems in virtual classroom teaching.  
In summary, how to effectively utilize AI technology to advance education has long been a key research focus, with scholars exploring this topic from various perspectives [9]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [65] explored the use of LLMs through playful and game-based learning methods, while [66; 67] implemented LLM prompt-based personalized tutoring. This study approaches the topic from the perspective of video-assisted online learning. AI may negatively impact independent thinking by fostering student dependency, leading to a lack of initiative in problem-solving. This can hinder deeper memory retention of knowledge and the development of critical thinking skills. [PERSON] et al. [68] examined the benefits and drawbacks of integrating AI tools into language instruction, while [69] explored various issues caused by ChatGPT (gpt-3) in a broader range of educational scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [70] discussed students' dependency on AI and identified the top five negative effects of AI technology: increased laziness, the spread of misinformation, decreased creativity, and reduced critical and independent thinking. Efficient, reliable, and valid assessment for online learning is also a topic worthy of in-depth investigation [71]. Further detailed investigation and assessment are needed in the area of online learning. Finally--and most importantly--the use of artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT in education raises ethical dilemmas and challenges, including concerns about data privacy, over-reliance on technology, intrinsic biases, and the integrity of student outputs [72]. Achieving a rational and ethically balanced integration of LLMs and conversable agents in educational settings remains a significant challenge for researchers leveraging AI to enhance education. Although there have been quite a few attempts to integrate LLMs into learning systems, the design of such models for personalized learning still has room for further enhancement. Future research could explore the use of LLMs to achieve personalized learning through a conversation-based tutoring system enhanced with more interactive elements such as quizzes or debates that inspire higher-order thinking.