esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Substring Position Search over Encrypted Cloud Data Supporting Efficient Multi-User Setup +
## 4 Substring Search Algorithms
### Position Heap Tree  
We now give an overview of the position heap tree data structure [21].  
Definition 10: (Position heap).: The position heap \(\Lambda\) of text \(t\) is a tree constructed by iteratively inserting the suffixes \((t_{1},t_{2},\ldots,t_{n})\) of \(t\) in ascending order into \(\Lambda\). That is, \(t_{i}\) is inserted by creating a new node in \(\Lambda\) that is the shortest prefix of \(t_{i}\) that is not already a node of the tree and labeling it with position \(i\).  
Figure 1(c) shows an example of position heap tree \(\Lambda\) constructed from the text \"coconut\". The first suffix \"\(t\)\" of text creates the root node in \(\Lambda\) with the position label of \"\(1\)\". Next, the second suffix \"ut\" of text creates a new node with Position 2 and connecting edge with label \"u\"; the third suffix \"nut\" creates a new node with Position 3 and connecting edge with label \"n\". Similarly, the seventh suffix \"coconut\" creates a new node with Position 7 and connecting edge with label \"o\" since there is already a node in \(\Lambda\) with edge label \"c\" created by the fifth suffix \"cont\". Following Definition 10, the position heap \(\Lambda\) is constructed. The construction can be executed for any text \(t\), and since it is deterministic, the position heap \(\Lambda\) for a text is unique.  
We now present the definition of the search in the position heap tree.  
Definition 11: (Position heap search).: The position heap search of all occurrences of a substring \(\chi\) of text \(t\) in \(\Lambda\) consists of the following steps:  
* Index into the position heap \(\Lambda\) to find the longest prefix \(p\) of \(\chi\) that is a node of \(\Lambda\). For each ancestor \(p^{\prime}\) of \(p\), lookup the position \(i\) stored in \(p^{\prime}\). Here, position \(i\) is an occurrence of \(p^{\prime}\). Determine if this occurrence is followed by \(\chi-p^{\prime}\). If yes, report \(i\) as an occurrence of \(\chi\).
* If \(p=\chi\), also report all positions of the descendants of \(p\).  
Using the example tree in Figure 1(c), the search for a substring \"co\" leads to the node \((7)\). The set of traversed ancestor nodes \((5,1)\) needs an inspection with text \(t\). Indeed, only Position 5 matches the substring \"co\". Therefore, the positions of substring query \"co\" are \((5,7)\). In the case of substring query \"coconut\", the search algorithm falls off the tree; thus, the search algorithm returns a set of traversed nodes \((7,5,1)\) for an inspection, where 7 is the only matching occurrence of \"coconut\" in the text.  
The position heap tree for a text of length \(n\) can be constructed in \(O(n)\) time [21]. All positions of substring \(\chi\) of length \(m\) can be found in \(O(m^{2}+occ)\), where \(occ\) is the number of occurrences reported. We refer the reader to [21] for a detailed discussion on position heap properties.
## 3 RF-EH Techniques
### RF-EH from Dedicated RF Sources  
The two options are dedicated transfer, which necessitates high power values, and ambient energy harvesting, which necessitates low power values. A circuit that harvests RF energy from a dedicated source over a short distance is expected to generate power levels in the range of 50 nW/cm\({}^{2}\). One example is an RFID chip that is powered by an RFID reader. Because of the dedicated power supply, embedded devices can recharge their batteries [31]. Path loss, energy dissipation, shadowing, and fading are some of the drawbacks of RFH, whereas RFET has a number of promising directions and an advantage over nonradiative wireless energy transfer in terms of relaxed coupling/alignment specifications. Reception sensitivity and maximum radiation limits are all factors in the problem, as is a dramatic reduction in RF conversion efficiency at low receive powers. Additionally, the information reception sensitivity in RFH (typically \(-60\) dBm in data reception vs. \(-10\) dBm in RFH) is several orders of magnitude higher than in wireless data transfer. Due to the current state of the device and RF circuit technology, some applications may not be feasible. This two-hop decode-and-forward relay mode may not be able to work with conventional internode distances (a few tens of meters) because the current achievable energy transfer range is only a few millimeters [32].
## 3 Results  
### Characterization of SDHI Change  
#### 3.1.1 Temporal Variation in SDHI  
The SDHI values for Inner Mongolia as a whole and each grassland type showed a decreasing trend from 1982 to 2020 (Figure 2). The overall SDHI value decreased at a rate of 0.03/year (\(p<0.05\)), and the SDHI fluctuated in the range of 1.88-1.13. The highest SDHI in 1984 was 1.88, indicating that the compound dry and hot event in 1984 had the lowest severity in the past 39 years, whereas the lowest SDHI value occurred in 2017, indicating that the compound event that occurred in 2017 was the most serious. Among the grassland types, the SDHI value in the forest area decreased by 0.029/year (\(p<0.05\)), the maximum value of 1.99 appeared in 1984, and the minimum of \(-1.66\) appeared in 2007. The meadow steppe and desert steppe both decreased at a rate of 0.28/year (\(p<0.05\)). Among the five grassland types, typical grassland decreased at the highest rate at 0.03/year (\(p<0.05\)). The SDHI value of typical grassland was the highest in 1985 and lowest in 2017. As the desert region with the lowest decrease rate, the highest value still appeared in 1984, whereas the year with the highest severity of the compound dry and hot events in the desert region was 2017.  
As the SDHI value in Inner Mongolia fluctuated greatly in different years, the Mann-Kendall mutation test method was used to diagnose whether a mutation occurred. Figure 3 shows an analysis of the years when the SDHI value in Inner Mongolia may have mutated from 1982 to 2020, where UF and UB are statistical curves, and plus or minus 1.96 was used as the critical curve to determine whether the Mann-Kendall test value passed the 0.05 significance level. The results showed that the UF curves for the SDHI values were within the confidence line throughout; therefore, SDHI has not mutated over the past 39 years, and the trends of increase or decrease were not significant.  
Figure 3: Mutation analysis of SDHI in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2020.  
Figure 2: Variation trends of SDHI mean value for overall and each grassland type in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2020.
# Using Machine Learning to Shorten and Adapt Fall Risk Assessments for Older Adults
## 3 Methods
### Data Collection  
Two datasets were used in this study:  
* Dataset 1 consisted of 256 tested subjects. Each subject performed the 14 BBS tasks. Performance was assessed by two physiotherapists using the BBS scoring system, and a final BBS score was assigned. The physiotherapists' scores served to train and test the ML models.
* Dataset 2 consisted of 155 tested subjects. Each completed a large battery of 32 tasks, comprising the 14 tasks of the MBT, the 14 tasks of the BBS, the TUG, the 4 SBT, the 4 MW, and the STS. Scoring was performed by a physiotherapist [27]. These scores were used to train and test the ML models.  
The participants in both Datasets 1 and 2 were community-dwelling adults who were aged 65 years or older, capable of walking independently, and at risk of falling. The exclusion criteria included experiencing more than three falls in the past year, having an unstable or severe disease that would hinder participation in group exercise, or requiring walking aids (except for a cane). Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics for both datasets. Dataset 1 was collected in a regional hospital (Galilee Medical Center in Israel under the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (ID: 0115-18-NHR 6/9/2018). The majority of the subjects were hospital patients in rehabilitation units and thus were at a high risk of fall, making them, most likely, unsuitable for remote testing. Thus, these data were only used to enhance the performance of the system in [22].  
Since the subjects in Dataset 1 were not typical candidates for screening via remote testing, Dataset 2 was collected (the data were collected with the approval of the Helsinki Committee at the Galilee Medical Center (0265-20-NHR 5/5/2021) and the ethics committee at the University of Haifa (#264/21 30/8/2021); the original clinical trial was registered on 16 August 2021 at ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT05018455 entitled: The effectiveness of remote fall prevention program vs. face-to-face). Dataset 2 consisted of home-dwelling adults who were, in general, a healthier population than those in Dataset 1. Dataset 2 was used to develop an adaptive and shortened testing sequence based on ML algorithms. Additionally, the large battery of tests allowed for the development of shortened assessments that rely only on tasks that can be performed remotely.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Formation Energy
#### 3.1.1 Formation Energies of the Single P Atom and Single V
In terms of formation energy, the calculated results do not agree with the experimental results. However, experiments prove that the thermal stability of adsorbed phosphorus atoms on (001) surfaces is weaker than on (111) surfaces [30]. Since the formation energy is just one of the factors influencing the doping concentration and efficiency, the experimental and computed results provide other explanations under their joint influence, leading to the differences between the experimental and calculation results. Besides, the phosphorus concentration in the films increases with the increase in PH\({}_{3}\) in the gas phase [30]. When the (PH\({}_{3}\))/(CH\({}_{4}\)) ratio is less than 10\({}^{-2}\), the growth rate of the P concentration on the (111) surface is close to 1.2 and the growth rate on the (001) surface is negligibly small. As the (PH\({}_{3}\))/(CH\({}_{4}\)) ratio continues to increase to more than 10\({}^{-2}\), the growth rate of the P concentration on the (001) surface increases to \(\sim\)1.1, higher than the rate on the (111) surface (\(\sim\)0.35). Hence, by increasing the (PH\({}_{3}\))/(CH\({}_{4}\)) ratio on (001) surfaces, the upper limits of the phosphorus concentration on (001) surfaces continuously increase. However, due to safety restrictions on the use of phosphine gas, the upper limits of the phosphorus concentration on the (001) surface is \(\sim\)8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{18}\) cm\({}^{-3}\).
###### Abstract  
Major disasters typically impact large areas, cause considerable damages, and result in significant human and economic losses. The timely and accurate estimation of impacts and damages is essential to better understand disaster conditions and to support emergency response operations. Geo-information drawn from various sources at multi spatial-temporal scales can be used for disaster assessments through a synthesis of hazard, exposure, and post disaster information based on pertinent approaches. Along with the increased availability of open sourced data and cooperation initiatives, more global scale geo-information, including global land cover datasets, has been produced and can be integrated with other information for disaster dynamic damage assessment (e.g., impact estimation immediately after a disaster occurs, physical damage assessment during the emergency response stage, and comprehensive assessment following an emergency response). Residential areas and arable lands affected by the flood disaster occurring from July to August 2015 in Myanmar were assessed based on satellite images, GlobeLand30 data, and other global open sourced information as a study case. The results show that integrating global open geo-information could serve as a practical and efficient means of assessing damage resulting from major disasters worldwide, especially at the early emergency response stage.  
major disasters; damage assessment; global open; geo-information; GlobeLand30 2017
###### Abstract  
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-pressure mercury injection (HPMI) have been widely used as common characterization methods of pore-throat. It is generally believed that there is a power function relationship between transverse relaxation time (T\({}_{2}\)) and pore-throat radius (r), but the segmentation process of the pore-throat interval is subjective, which affects the conversion accuracy. In this paper, ordered clustering is used to improve the existing segmentation method of the pore-throat interval, eliminate the subjectivity in the segmentation process, and obtain a more accurate distribution curve of the pore-throat. For the three kinds of cores with ordinary-low permeability (K > 1 mD), ultra-low permeability (0.1 mD < K < 1 mD), and super-low permeability (K < 0.1 mD), the pore-throat distribution curves of the cores were obtained by using the improved T\({}_{2}\) conversion method. Then, the oil and gas two-phase displacement experiment was carried out to investigate the degree of recovery and cumulative gas-oil ratio changes during the displacement process. Finally, the converted T\({}_{2}\) spectrum was used to quantify the utilization of different pore sizes. The improved T\({}_{2}\) conversion method not only has better accuracy but also is not limited by the pore-throat distribution types (such as unimodal, bimodal, and multi-modal, etc.) and is suitable for any core with measured HPMI pore-throat distribution and an NMR T\({}_{2}\) spectrum. Combined with the results of core displacement and the degree of pore-throat utilization, it is found that the potential of miscible flooding to improve the recovery degree is in the order of ordinary-low permeability core (18-22%), ultra-low permeability core (25-29%), and super-low permeability core (8-12%). The utilization degree of immiscible flooding to the <10 nm pore-throat is low (up to 35%), while miscible flooding can effectively use the <3.7 nm pore-throat (up to 73%). The development effect of supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) flooding on K < 0.1 mD reservoirs is not good, the seepage resistance of CO\({}_{2}\) is large, the miscible flooding makes it difficult to improve the recovery degree, and the utilization effect of pore-throat is poor.  
Key words:low permeability core; T\({}_{2}\) conversion method; pore-throat radius range; ordered clustering; CO\({}_{2}\) flooding experiment; the degree of pore-throat utilization
# Performance Analysis of On-Demand Scheduling with and without Network Coding in Wireless Broadcast
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results in Non-Real-Time Models
#### 6.2.2 Impact of Workload  
Figure 5 shows the impact of workload on the non-real-time scheduling algorithms. As expected, when the system workload is getting higher, the ARTs of both the non-coding and the coding versions increase (Figure 5a,b). MRF and MRF_N have the best performance in the non-coding and the coding versions, respectively. Please note that \(\theta=0.4\) in the default setting, where MRF has been shown with satisfactory performance because the data access pattern is not quite skewed. FCFS and FCFS_N perform the worst in the respective groups. R \(\times\) W and R \(\times\) W_N have the moderate performance in the non-coding and the coding versions, respectively. LWF and LWF_N rank next to R \(\times\) W and R \(\times\) W_N, respectively. Please note that the coding version of an algorithm significantly reduces the access time than its non-coding version under different workloads. It demonstrates the advantages of network coding in terms of adapting to the change of system workloads. With an increase of clients, data items will be requested more frequently. This helps to improve the broadcast productivity. Therefore, the ABPs of the non-coding versions increase (Figure 5c). Moreover, this helps to improve the coding flexibility, and hence the AELs of the coding versions increase (Figure 5e). As both the reasons positively impact on the broadcast productivity of the coding versions, when the number of clients is getting higher, the ABPs of the coding versions increase much more significantly than that of the non-coding versions (Figure 5d).
## 4 Conclusions  
We have combined the classical sulfonation method of polystyrene-based cation exchange resins with the thermoforming manufacturing process of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes, to successfully develop a novel polystyrene/PVDF cation exchange alloy membrane with a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) structure. For this purpose, a detailed study on sulfonating the polystyrene/PVDF alloy particles has confirmed that the classical sulfonation method is still effective, with a satisfactory sulfonation degree up to 85%. The prepared cation exchange alloy membrane exhibits excellent physical and electrochemical properties obviously exceeding a commercially available heterogeneous cation exchange membrane and a favorable dimensional stability (3D changes), regardless of whether in salt, acid or alkaline solutions. Moreover, the electrodialysis desalination tests confirm the low running electric resistance, high desalination degree and short operation time, with the CAM alloy membrane. Its desalination effect compares favorably  
Figure 10: Desalination curves of cation exchange membranes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Membrane** & **QHC** & **CAM** & **CMX** \\ \hline Limiting conductivity (ms/cm) & 3.01 & 1.10 & 0.17 \\ Desalination degree (\%) & 91.3 & 96.8 & 99.5 \\ Equilibrium time (min) & 28 & 16 & 21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The initial conductivity is 34.6 ms/cm.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Desalination effects of the cation exchange membranes *.  
with a commercial high-performance homogeneous membrane. Above all, the results encouraged the authors to keep on developing this kind of low-cost, but relatively high-performance, alloy membrane product and applying it to some specific electro-driven membrane separation processes.  
We want to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for taking part in this work. Discussions with [PERSON] and [PERSON], both from Hangzhou Water Treatment Technology Development Center (Hangzhou, China), have been helpful and are appreciated. The study was financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) (No. 2012 AA03A605) and the Ningbo Municipal Science Foundation (No. 2009D10015).
## 4 Quality-Aware Routing and Channel Assignment in Multi-Channel Multi-Gateway WOBAN
### Conflict Graph and Planar Graph  
We assume that the mesh routers in the WOBAN have identical transmission ranges, which is denoted as \(R\). The interference range is assumed to be \(R^{\prime}\geq R\). Because of the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, the success of a transmission is greatly influenced by interferences from multiple sources. We represent such interference using _conflict graph_[40], which we describe using Figure 4.  
Figure 3: WOBAN with multiple gateways.  
**Definition 1** (Conflict graph).: _Each link \(i-j\) in the connectivity graph is represented by a vertex in the conflict graph. The edges in between the vertices (say, \(A-B\) and \(C-D\)) in the conflict graph represents that those links are within the interference range of each other in the connectivity graph._  
We assume that a transmission from A to B is successful (in presence of RTS/CTS) if all the nodes located within \(R^{\prime}\) from either A or B refrain from transmission. For example, in Figure 4, \(C\) is in the interference range of B, thus there is an edge between \(A-B\) and \(C-D\) in the conflict graph.  
Our objective is to assign different channels to the vertices of the conflict graph (which are links in the connectivity graph) that interfere each others. The problem is identical to the vertex coloring problem [41], which is defined as follows:  
**Definition 2** (Vertex coloring problem).: _Assume that \(G=(V,E)\) is an undirected graph and \(\mathcal{C}\) is the set of available colors. Then, the vertex coloring of \(G\) is a mapping \(\pi:V\!\!\!\to\!\!\!\mathcal{C}\) such that, for any two vertices \(x\) and \(y\), if \((x,y)\!\in\!E\), then \(\pi(x)\!\
eq\!\pi(y)\). Thus, the vertex coloring is the assignment of colors to the vertices such that no two adjacent vertices share the same color._  
The following definitions (or theorems) are also relevant while coloring or assigning channels to the conflict graph.  
**Definition 3** (Planar graph).: _A planar graph [42] is a graph that can be embedded in a plane, i.e., a planar graph can be drawn in a plane such that their edges only intersect at their endpoints. The graphs that are not planar are called non-planar graphs._  
**Definition 4** (Four color theorem).: _All planar graphs are four colorable [43]._  
We therefore extract the planar subgraph of the conflict graph and then color it with four colors.
# DMSO Improves the Ski-Slope Effect in Direct PCR
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Enhancement of PCR Amplification by DMSO in Multiplex PCR Amplification Kit  
The effect of DMSO on multiplex PCR amplification was analyzed using the STR genotyping kit, GlobalFiler kit. In order to determine the appropriate concentration of DMSO for the multiplex PCR system, we first examined the amplification yield of 2800M DNA with dose-dependent concentrations of DMSO (0, 1, 2.5, 3.75, and 5%, \(v/v\)) with the GlobalFiler kit. The amplification yield of 2800M DNA was observed to increase in a dose-dependent manner at high DMSO concentrations, and it was most effective at a concentration of 3.75% (Figure 1A). Particularly, DMSO markedly improved the PCR amplification of large-sized DNA sequences (>200 bp) among the total sequences of 75 bp to 444 bp in the GlobalFiler kit, whereas amplification of DNA sequences (smaller than 200 bp) was slightly decreased (Figure 1B). This effect can play an important role in improving the ski-slope effect. Although [PERSON] et al. [16] demonstrated high performance of their rapid technique for direct PCR using GlobalFiler kit, the issue of ski-slope effect affecting the intra-color peak balance could not be resolved. Therefore, we next examined if DMSO could alleviate the ski-slope effect in direct PCR system.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Trends
### Challenges and Mitigation Strategies in VLC and Multi-Agent Communication  
To provide a comprehensive analysis of the practical challenges and potential solutions associated with VLC and multi-agent communication systems, we have identified key issues and proposed strategies for mitigation:VLC Disruptions and Bottlenecks: VLC communication is highly dependent on direct line-of-sight (LOS), which can be obstructed by vehicles or pedestrians. Enhancing signal coverage can be achieved by deploying multiple transmitters, receivers, and reflective surfaces. Additionally, ambient light interference, such as sunlight, can be mitigated using optical filters.  
Multi-Agent Communication Challenges: Ensuring synchronized communication in distributed environments is essential to prevent delays in decision making. This can be addressed using time-stamping protocols and clock synchronization to enhance coordination. Implementing edge computing at intersections also reduces reliance on centralized servers, minimizing communication latency.  
Scalability Concerns: In high-density traffic networks, increased data exchange among agents can lead to network congestion. Adopting priority-based communication protocols ensures that critical messages are transmitted promptly, even in congested conditions.  
Future Work: Future research will focus on testing these mitigation strategies in simulated environments with realistic traffic scenarios and varying network loads. Experimental validations in small-scale deployments will also be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.