## 2 Classification of Effects Depending on FCW Installation Based on TPB  
Before analyzing the short-term and long-term effects of FCW installation, a theoretical look at the human factors is necessary. Although human behavior can be attributed to various causes, it can be classified into three types according to the theory of planned behavior  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Classification** & **Road Environment Improvement** & **ADAS Effect** \\ \hline Target & Stationary & Dynamic \\ Effect & Behavioral control & Behavioral control and perception change \\ Method & Affect all vehicles passing the point of improvement & Installed in a vehicle to affect a single driver \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Differences between conventional road environment improvements and ADAS on road safety.  
(TPB) [13]. As shown in Figure 1, a person's behavior is determined by the combined actions of attitude, norm, and behavioral control factors. In the field of transportation, a driver's attitude is influenced by perceptions such as habits and education [14; 15], and behavioral control is changed by facilities such as speed bumps, equipment, and devices [16]. The norm is affected by laws, regulations, and deterrence [17].  
Warning of collision risk by FCW is included in behavioral control and can be classified as a short-term effect on a dangerous situation on the road. As shown in Table 2, changes in drivers' habits due to FCW installation can be classified as long-term effects on attitude changes, and because FCW installation is not related to laws, regulations, and deterrence, the norm is excluded from the classification.  
As shown in Equation (1), behavior occurs with combined effects from the respective factors of \(ATB\), \(SN\), and \(PBC\).  
\[B_{i}=ATB_{i}+SN_{i}+PBC_{i} \tag{1}\]  
where,  
\(B_{i}\): performing a specific behavior \(i\)  
\(ATB_{i}\): attitude or perception toward a specific behavior \(i\)  
\(SN_{i}\): subjective norm for a specific behavior \(i\)  
\(PBC\): behavioral control for a specific behavior \(i\)  
In this study, there was no effect of FCW on the subjective norm, and FCW only affected the attitude toward behavior and perceived behavioral control. Because \(ATB\) and \(PBC\) have different and independent influence ranges, only the participants (analyzed subjects) were matched, and the analysis methods and analysis items were independently applied.  
As shown in Table 3, \(PBC\) analysis involved a front-end collision scenario through driving simulation and analyzed the instantaneous effect at a critical moment. \(PBC\) analysis allowed us to analyze the effect of reducing cognitive response time, which is the positive function of FCW.  
The \(ATB\) analysis aggregated the number of FCW alerts per day using IoT devices mounted on vehicles. Through this, you could check the change in driving behavior after installing FCW. Through \(ATB\) analysis, it was possible to quantitatively analyze the adverse effects of FCW in terms of human factors, such as attention decline and changes in driving habits.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**TPB Factors** & **ADAS Effect** & **Range of Effect** \\ \hline Attitude Toward Behavior (\(ATB\)) & Driving habits, perception & Persistent, long-term \\ Subjective Norm (\(SN\)) & - & \\ Perceived Behavioral Control (\(PBC\)) & Vehicle control under & \\ dangerous situations & Instant, short-term \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Classification of ADAS effect by theory of planned behavior (TPB) factor.  
Figure 1: The theory of planned behavior (TPB).