esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# On the Impact of Wavelength Dependency on Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fibers
## 3 Results
### Spectral Measuring of the Results  
From all the previous results, in our opinion, Figures 4 and 6 are the most-relevant since they show the impact of the wavelength dependence over the spectral width, i.e., the comparison between the top and bottom rows in these figures shows the relevance of our approach to the problem, due to the difference between them.  
In order to measure the aforementioned effect, we propose the following scheme:  
* Identify the peak power of the spectrum.
* Calculate the desired fraction of power of this peak value (50% in both graphs in the paper).
* Count the total number of wavelengths that exceed this power.
* Determine its percentage over the total of the wavelengths simulated.  
Figure 6: Wavelength vs. distance for a 500 fs pulse propagation. The representation criteria are the same as those used in Figure 4.  
Figure 7: Time window vs. distance for a 500 fs pulse propagation. The representation criteria are the same as those used in Figure 5.  
This process is repeated over the whole simulation for the constant and dependent models, calculating the difference between both results at each step to obtain Figures 8 and 9.  
Figure 8: Representation of the behavior for the percentage of wavelengths that are above 50% of the maximum peak power value during propagation through the PCF (difference between the constant and dependent cases). This case represents the propagation of the 50 fs pulse. Three different input powers are represented.  
Figure 9: Same representation as the previous figure, using, in this case, the 500 fs pulse.  
The results showed a difference, which rises up to 30% in the case of the 50 fs pulse, between the number of wavelengths above 50% of the peak power for the constant over the dependent model, being considerably narrower along the whole propagation. This also implies a significative number of wavelengths that are associated with a lower power value than the simplified constant model predicts.
###### Abstract  
A traditional A-Star (A*) algorithm generates an optimal path by minimizing the path cost. For a vessel, factors of path length, obstacle collision risk, traffic separation rule and manoeuvrability restriction should be all taken into account for path planning. Meanwhile, the water current also plays an important role in voyaging and berthing for vessels. In consideration of these defects of the traditional A-Star algorithm when it is used for vessel path planning, an improved A-Star algorithm has been proposed. To be specific, the risk models of obstacles (bridge pier, moored or anchored ship, port, shore, etc.) considering currents, traffic separation, berthing, manoeuvrability restriction have been built firstly. Then, the normal path generation and the berthing path generation with the proposed improved A-Star algorithm have been represented, respectively. Moreover, the problem of combining the normal path and the berthing path has been also solved. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed A-Star path planning methods, four cases have been studied in simulation and real scenarios. The results of experiments show that the proposed A-Star path planning methods can deal with the problems denoted in this article well, and realize the trade-off between the path length and the navigation safety.  
ship path planning; A-Star algorithm; berthing; current effect +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Occurrence of Carbonyl Compounds in Adult Formulas  
The validated US-DLLME-GC-MS method was applied to analyze carbonyl compounds in a set of adult formula samples, with results summarized in Table 2.  
Figure 2: Chromatogram of standard adult formula spiked with 1 \(\upmu\)g/mL of carbonyl compounds. All target analytes were detected, although not always at quantifiable levels; therefore, a box-and-whisker chart showing only quantifiable samples is presented for clearer comparison (Figure 3). In high-protein adult formulas, 80% of samples were quantifiable for MDA (0.53-2.89 \(\upmu\)g/mL), FCHO (0.94-2.86 \(\upmu\)g/mL), and ACRL (0.24-2.80 \(\upmu\)g/mL). Additionally, 60% of samples were quantifiable for ACE (1.8-2.16 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and MGO (0.61-1.89 \(\upmu\)g/mL), with one sample quantifiable for DA at 2.94 \(\upmu\)g/mL. In standard adult formulas, 50% of samples were quantifiable for MDA (1.73-2.65 \(\upmu\)g/mL), FCHO (0.9-1.56 \(\upmu\)g/mL), ACE (1.63-2.91 \(\upmu\)g/mL), ACRL (1.27-1.43 \(\upmu\)g/mL), and MGO (1.65-2.69 \(\upmu\)g/mL), with only one sample quantifiable for DA at 0.97 \(\upmu\)g/mL. For specialized formulations, only one enteral powder sample, intended for oral or tube administration, was quantifiable for MDA. All analytes in this sample type were quantifiable, with levels ranging from 2.0-2.09 \(\upmu\)g/mL for MDA, 1.48-2.39 \(\upmu\)g/mL for FCHO, 0.79-1.16 \(\upmu\)g/mL for ACE, 1.89-2.49 \(\upmu\)g/mL for ACRL, 1.16-2.46 \(\upmu\)g/mL for MGO, and 1.67-2.11 \(\upmu\)g/mL for DA. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the occurrence levels of these compounds, specifically in adult formula. However, [PERSON] et al. (2010) conducted short- and long-term trials to assess the effects of commercial enteral nutritional supports on the nutrition and health of stroke patients. They observed that MDA was significantly elevated in chronic stroke patients compared to healthy individuals after TBA derivatization and HPLC-UV [25]. Regarding similar foods, [PERSON] et al. (2018) reported similar FCHO levels in milk powders after DNPH derivatization and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry [26]. [PERSON] et al., (2024) observed lower levels of MDA, FCHO, and ACE in both powdered and liquid starter and follow-up infant formula after pentafluorophenyl hydrazine derivatization during HS-SPME extraction and GC-MS determination [19]. Similar ACRL, MGO, and DA levels were found in powdered starter formulas and ACRL levels in follow-up formulas after o-PDA derivatization during GDME extraction and HPLC-UV determination [20]. Similar MDA content in infant formula was reported by [PERSON] et al. using TBA derivatization and HPLC-UV-FLD [27] and [PERSON] using the TBARS test [28]. [PERSON] et al. with their microwave-assisted hydrolysis and HPLC-MS determination [15], as well as [PERSON] et al. [24], reported comparable MGO results in the analysis of infant formulas, supporting these findings.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study compared and analyzed the track impact factors (TIFs) for rail joints and CWRs in curved light-rail track systems. Field measurements were performed to calculate TIFs based on the dynamic wheel load and dynamic vertical rail displacement during actual train operation for each tested track. The measured TIFs of each tested track were then compared with the Korean standard TIFs for urban railways and the analyzed TIFs by the finite element analysis. The major conclusions of this study are as follows.  
(1) The effects of track impacts based on wheel-rail contact force and rail displacement can occur simultaneously. The difference of dynamic vertical rail displacement at the rail joint generated when the train load passes over the discontinuity gap of rail joint and the resulting track impact were experimentally evaluated and compared with the force-based TIF using the measured wheel-rail contact load. Even for a vehicle base rather than a main track, we applied the design condition (impact factor) considering rail joint impact in the design of rail joints for vehicle base installations. The track impact factor for rail joints on the sharply curved ballasted track is approximately 1.34 times greater than the Korean TIF standard. Thus, the increased wheel-rail contact force from the rail joints, even with lower-speed trains, is likely to exceed the track impact factor considered in the track design.  
(2) The results of the vertical rail displacements measured at the rail joints showed that, after the first wheel had passed, the dynamic displacement decreases sharply as the second wheel passes over the rail joint gap before increasing rapidly to the maximum value. Thus, it was experimentally proven that a sudden vertical rail displacement difference occurs at the ends of rail joints, which can damage the components of the rail joint owing to the dynamic wheel-rail contact force induced impact. The results of the FEA and field measurements showed that the vertical rail displacement of the rail joint was greater than that of CWR. The difference between the results of field measurements and FEA for vertical rail displacement was within approximately 4%. Accordingly, it was found that the FEA simulation technique could be used to effectively predict vertical rail displacements of the rail joint with reasonable accuracy.  
(3) Therefore, the track impact induced by wheel-rail contact force can be amplified by the structural characteristics of rail joints, even if the train speed is not high. Further research is required to design and maintain track components for rail joints according to the design track impact factors of these joints, which are inevitable in light-rail or urban railway track systems.  
Conceptualization, J.-S.C. and J.-Y.C.; investigation, S.-W.Y.; formal analysis, J.-S.C.; field test, J.-Y.C. and S.-W.Y., writing--original draft preparation, J.-Y.C. and S.-H.K.; writing--review and editing, S.-H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Dark Type Dynamical Systems: The Integrability Algorithm and Applications +
## 2 Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and the Lax Type Representation
### Integrability Analysis: Diffusion Class Dynamical Dark Type Systems  
#### 3.2.1 A First Diffusion Class Dynamical System  
As a simple example, let us analyze a nonlinear dynamical system of the diffusion class  
\[v_{t}=u(v_{xx}-v_{x}^{2}):=K[v,u] \tag{58}\]  
on the manifold \(M_{v}\subset C(\mathbb{R}/\{2\pi\mathbb{Z}\};\mathbb{R})\), parametrically dependent on a functional variable \(u\in M_{u}\subset C(\mathbb{R}/\{2\pi\mathbb{Z}\};\mathbb{R})\). To determine whether it is of dark type, we need to study the related existence of an infinite hierarchy of suitably ordered conservation laws, what can be done by means of the gradient-holonomic scheme [14; 15; 16; 27], based on constructing special asymptotic solutions \(\varphi\in T^{*}(M_{v})\otimes\mathbb{C}\) to the corresponding Lax-Noether equation  
\[\varphi_{t}+K_{\varphi}^{t*}[v,u]\varphi=0 \tag{59}\]on the complexified cotangent space \(T^{*}(M_{\flat})\otimes\mathbb{C}\), asymptotically as \(\lambda\to\infty\) depending on the complex parameter \(\lambda\in\mathbb{C}\). So, this determining Lax-Noether equation looks as  
\[\varphi_{t}+\Big{[}uv(v_{x}/v)_{x}+v^{-1}(uv)_{xx}\Big{]}\varphi=0, \tag{60}\]  
whose asymptotic as \(\lambda\to\infty\) solution  
\[\varphi=\exp[-\lambda^{2}+\partial^{-1}\sigma(x;\lambda)],\ \ \sigma(x;\lambda)\sim\sum_{j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\cup\{-1\}}\lambda^{-j}\,\sigma_{j} [u,v], \tag{61}\]  
easily reduces to solving the following infinite hierarchy of recurrent differential-algebraic relationships:  
\[\delta_{j-2}+\partial^{-1}\sigma_{j,t}+2v^{-1}(uv)_{x}\sigma_{j}+u(\sigma_{j}, x+\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\cup\{-2,-1\}}\sigma_{j-k}\sigma_{k})=0 \tag{62}\]  
for \(j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\cup\{-2,-1\}\). Whence one ensues that \(\sigma_{-1}=u^{-1/2}\), which should satisfy a first important constraint:  
\[\partial\sigma_{-1}/\partial t=-\partial\eta_{-1}[u,v]/\partial x \tag{63}\]  
for some mapping smooth \(\eta_{-1}:J^{1}(\mathbb{R}/\{2\pi\mathbb{Z}\};\mathbb{R}^{2})\to\mathbb{R}\) on the jet-space \(J^{1}(\mathbb{R}/\{2\pi\mathbb{Z}\};\mathbb{R}^{2})\). The latter can be easily satisfied if to put, by definition,  
\[\eta_{-1}[u,v]:=2v^{-1}(uv)_{x}u^{-1/2}-1/2u_{x}u^{-1/2}, \tag{64}\]  
entailing, in addition, the quantities  
\[\sigma_{j}=0 \tag{65}\]  
for all \(j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\). As a result of expressions (63) and (64) one easily obtains that  
\[u_{t}=-3 uu_{x}-4 uv^{-1}v_{x}:=F[v,u]. \tag{66}\]  
Moreover, owing to the conditions (65) one easily derives the exact linearization of the diffusion class dynamical system (58). The obtained result one can formulate as the following theorem.  
Theorem 3.2: _The joint nonlinear dynamical system_  
\[\begin{array}{c}v_{t}=\ u(v_{xx}-v_{x}^{2})\\ u_{t}=-3 uu_{x}-4 uv^{-1}v_{x}\end{array}\bigg{\}}:=Q[u,v] \tag{67}\]  
_presents a completely integrable dark type flow on the functional manifold \(M_{u}\times M_{\varphi}\), being Lax type linearized and possessing only a finite number of conservation laws._
# Face Keypoint Detection Method Based on Blaze_ghost Network
## 4 Experiment and Result Analysis
### Result and Discussion
#### 4.3.2 Ablation Experiment  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the Blaze_ghost backbone network, the Huber-Wingloss loss function designed in this paper, and the use of Adadelta optimizer, a series of ablation experiments were conducted, and the experimental results are shown in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Backbone** & **Loss** & **Optimizer** & **NME** & **FR** & **Model Size** \\
**Network** & **Function** & & & & \\ \hline BlazeLandmark & Wingloss & SGD & 0.081 & 0.197 & 7.52 M \\ Blaze\_ghost & Wingloss & SGD & 0.077 & 0.178 & 5.66 M \\ Blaze\_ghost & Wingloss & Adadelta & 0.057 & 0.082 & 5.66 M \\ Blaze\_ghost & HuberWingloss & Adadelta & 0.056 & 0.073 & 5.66 M \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Ablation experiment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Backbone** & **NME** & **FR** & **Model Size** & **Inference Time** \\
**Network** & & & & \\ \hline Mobilev2 & 0.062 & 0.125 & 1.1 M & 0.121 (s) \\ Resnet50 & 0.053 & 0.073 & 122.27 M & 0.304 (s) \\ Blaze\_ghost & 0.056 & 0.073 & 5.66 M & 0.141 (s) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparative experiment.  
From the experimental comparison in Table 6, it can be seen that Blaze_ghost is an effective optimization of the BlazeLandMark network based on the Ghost Module, making the model more lightweight and improving the model's inference speed. At the same time, it can also be seen from the table that the introduction of the Adadelta optimizer and the HuberWingloss loss function proposed in this paper have significantly reduced the two indicators of the NME and FR. This indicates that the Adadelta optimizer and the HuberWingloss loss function can effectively apply to the improved keypoint detection algorithm proposed in this paper, thereby improving the performance of keypoint detection.
# An Anti-Interference Method Based on Energy Residual Searching in GNSS Positioning Applications
## 5 Simulation and Results
In a converter station, electromagnetic interference is primarily manifested as high-frequency electromagnetic disturbances generated during the commutation of the converter valve on the direct-current side. These disturbances can affect surrounding equipment and measurement systems; even with shielding measures in place within the valve hall, interference signals may still propagate through wires, leading to  
Figure 8: SNR curves of the GPS L1-C/A signal in different signal scenarios. Figure 7: ROC curves of the GPS L1-C/A signal in different signal scenarios. measurement errors. Therefore, the tests were conducted in three different interference scenarios: (1) a position 20 m from the entrance outside the DC switchyard during the converter station operation; (2) a position 500 m outside the converter station during operation; and (3) a position 2 km outside the converter station during operation. These three test scenarios exhibited varying levels of electromagnetic interference, ensuring that the method was thoroughly validated under diverse interference conditions. The capture performance of the receiver in these three scenarios is illustrated in Figure 9, which also demonstrates the interference suppression effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed method exhibited significant suppression of interference signals across all scenarios, further confirming its applicability in real and complex electromagnetic environments.
## 4 Conclusions
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for its support under the framework of research project PTDC/ECI-EGC/31850/2017 (NANOFIRE-Thermal and Mechanical behaviour of Nano Cements and their application in steel construction as fire protection) and also to the University of Coimbra (UC) for their support under the Scientific Employment Stimulus Programme given to the first author, as well as to the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, and European Structural and Investment Funds. This work was also financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme-COMPETE and by national funds through FCT within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633 and the Regional Operational Programme CENTRO2020 within the scope of the project CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000006. This work was still partly financed by the FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020 ([[https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04029/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04029/2020)]([https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04029/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04029/2020))), and under the Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE under reference LA/P/0112/2020. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest. **Abbreviations**  
Binder  
C Commercial passive protection composition used as reference mortar  
CPPS Commercial passive protection solution  
CP Compression  
Ca2+  
Calcium ion  
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate (calcite)  
CaSO4 Calcium sulphate (anhydrite)  
CaSO4-2H2O Calcium sulphate dihydrate (Gypsum)  
CaSO4-1/2H2O Calcium sulphate hemihydrate  
C-S-H Calcium silicate hydrate  
CO2 Carbon dioxide  
E Young's modulus  
EP Expanded perlite  
EV Expanded vermiculite  
FL Flexural  
G Shear modulus  
GP Gypsum powder  
IEV Impulse excitation of vibration  
MS Micro particles of silica  
nano-Al2O3 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles  
nano-Fe2O3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles  
nano-SiO2 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles  
NMS Nano and micro particles of silica  
NS Nano particles of silica  
P Developed gypsum mortar with perlite  
P.NMS Developed gypsum mortar with perlite, nano and micro silica particles  
SD Standard deviation  
SEM Scanning electron microscopy  
SiO2 Silicon dioxide  
TGA Thermo gravimetric analysis  
UPV Ultrasonic pulse velocity  
V Developed gypsum mortar with vermiculite  
V/B Vermiculite to binder ratio  
V.NMS Developed gypsum mortar with vermiculite, nano and micro silica particles  
W Water  
W/GP Water gypsum ratio in weight %  
XRD X-ray diffraction
# Damage Detection Method Based on Continuous Wavelet Transformation of Lamb Wave Signals
## 3 Implementation Using the Difference Signals
### Excitation Configurations  
Two different excitation sequences were chosen to test the proposed method in pitch-catch and pulse-echo configurations. In the pitch-catch configuration, all the A points in Figure 4 excited the Lamb wave signals one by one, and other A points acted as receivers with total of 28 actuator-sensor pairs, i.e., AiAj, \(i=1,\ldots,8\), \(j=1,\ldots,8\), \(i\
eq j\). This configuration ensured that damage existed in the region between the actuator and sensor for each pair. In the pulse-echo configuration, all the A points excited the Lamb wave signals, and the corresponding B points acted as receivers, i.e., AiBi, \(i=1,\ldots,8\), with total of 8 actuator-sensor pairs. The actuator and sensor existed close to each other on one side and damage on the other side in this configuration. The monitoring region containing the actuator-sensor pairs was divided into a uniform mesh of \(400\times 400\) grid points with spacing of 1 mm between the neighboring points. The solution of Equation (1) on the mesh grid for any actuator-sensor pair without the damage provided an infinite number of path loci. When actuator and sensor were far from each other in the pitch-catch configuration, the path loci were ellipse-like, as shown in Figure 6(a) for pair A2A8. When actuator and sensor were close to each other in the pulse-echo configuration, the path loci were circle-like, as shown in Figure 6(b) for pair A8B8.
## 5 Discussion  
The proposed PcBD framework integrates three blocks: Outlier removal, boundary detection, and smoothing, into a processing flow. This structure solves a long-standing challenge in point cloud processing: Transforming the raw point clouds into target 3D data that can be used for measurement tasks. Experimental results on the Bound57 dataset demonstrate the advantages of PcBD on related tasks, and ablation studies show that PcBD benefits from advanced structures such as feature extraction guided by local reference frames, long-context feature reuse, and cross-attention perception between 2D and 3D information, which enables more consistent performance across shapes and densities.  
In addition, experimental results on real-world scans and datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed Bound57 as a benchmark dataset for practical ToF scenarios. Bound57 introduces sparse defects, outliers, and ranging errors to better reflect real-world scans. The continued failure of many traditional and state-of-the-art methods on Bound57 proves that the datasets on which they were trained were flawed.  
However, limitations still exist. PcBD is currently optimized for projection boundary smoothing and does not explicitly handle the ranging errors of internal points. However, the idea of combining 2D and 3D features has been proven to be effective in smoothing boundary points, and we look forward to expanding the model to the overall point cloud de-noising task based on this idea in future research. On the other hand, PcBD's prediction results for three-dimensional edges are positive, and we believe that after a reasonable reconstruction of the network structure, PcBD will also be able to handle this task. For some tasks such as boundary extraction of tree point clouds, we believe that specific semantic  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Version** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Outlier** \\ **Removing** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Boundary** \\ **Detecting** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Smoothing** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**PcBD** & **0.100** & **7.239** & **9.918** \\ PCA Normal Calculation & 0.109 & 7.533 & 10.201 \\ Regular Conv in Set-Abstraction & 0.116 & 8.078 & 10.638 \\ Regular PT in FE & 0.111 & 8.031 & 10.545 \\ Only 2D Projection in BD & 0.107 & 8.338 & 10.782 \\ No Cross Attention (2D and 3D) & 0.105 & 7.705 & 9.999 \\ Smoothing Only Using 3D Boundary & 0.100 & 7.241 & 10.504 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Ablation studies of the proposed PcBD. Results are under Chamfer-L1 distance (\(\times 10^{3}\), in millimeters).  
features are needed to guide them. If combined with target recognition algorithms to introduce long-range semantic features to optimize the tasks along the processing flow, better results are to be expected.