## 3 Results  
The most commonly used type of figure in proteomic studies is a table that displays high outputs of data in a tabular format. Although this may be the most comprehensive method that lists the most parametric outputs, it is technically not a visualization, nor is it conducive to quick but meaningful interpretation. Interpreting the results of such tables requires time, explanations, and a substantial amount of previous experience in proteomic analyses. Table 1 presents a traditional tabular format of the proteomic data set collected in this study. Information from the table ranges from the number of peptides to the molecular function of for each corona protein found. Any information can be added to the table, which increases the versatility of the data, but it is not a representation of the findings that is easily visualized. Trends and correlations are difficult to quickly obtain from a table, so may not be the best format to report data where multiple parameters are required to identify patterns. Tabular format is also limited by the number of rows and columns in a readable print-out. Overall, this method displays rapid information like sample name, type, and other simple parameters in the experiment. Figure 2: (**A**) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of carboxylated gold nanoparticles (Au-COOH) with no protein corona. (**B**) TEM image of Au-COOH incubated with serum-type 1 for 48 h. Black arrow points to the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), while the white arrow points to the protein corona. Scale bar is 25 nm. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Instrument/Software**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Online Database**} \\ \hline
**Accession** & **Description** & **Average** & **Number of** & **Cross** & **Cross** & **Protain** & **Molecular Function** & **Biological Function** \\
**Number** & **Description** & **Charge (t)** & **Perpides** & **Mass (Da)** & **Protain** & **Abbreviation** & **Molecular Function** & **Biological Function** \\ \hline P30009 & Myristovylated alanine-rich & 5.71 & 2 & 29.795 & MARCS\_RAY & **Hards calmodulin, actin** & **Actim filament organization; activation** & **Acin cross-linking protein** & **of phospholipase D activity** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Q08368} & Acetyl-CoA & \multirow{2}{*}{3.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{88.538} & \multirow{2}{*}{ACDA\_METE} & **Catalysts**\  
Bar graphs are an essential figure used for comparisons between different samples or parameters within a sample set. There are a limitless number of parameters that can be compared using a bar graph, but this method is limited to plots using a single \(x\)- (independent variable) and a single \(y\)-axis (dependent variable). Often, double \(y\)-axes add additional variable to the system, as long as the \(x\)-axis is constant between differing y-value parameters. Figure 3 shows two different bar charts that compare each protein from the corona against the normalized relative abundance. The chart presents the amount of each identified protein in each of the NPPC samples. With this visualization technique, each protein, serum-type, or nanoparticle surface coating is compared. For instance, the gold nanoparticle with the NH\({}_{3}\) coating incubated in serum-type 2 had the most MARCS_RAT (Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate) protein. In contrast, ACDA1_METTE (Acetyl-CoA decarboxylase/synthesize complex subunit alpha 1) protein was the most abundant component in the corona in the COOH coated gold nanoparticle incubated in the same serum-type 2. This method quantitatively compares protein abundance among multiple parameters. Figure 4 includes six pie graphs and comprehensively illustrates the total protein composition within each sample. Samples are categorized by nanoparticle coating and serum type. This method distinguishes the most abundant proteins among each of the coating-serum combinations using the average normalized abundance. Simultaneously, the figures depict the variations among each of the coating-serum combinations.