## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxicity Assay  
Over the years, researchers have examined the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs using various plant extracts and discovered that \"Green\" synthesized particles exhibited inhibitory effects at low concentrations, thus deeming them safe in a variety of applications [15; 49; 60]. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the AgNPs using latex extracts of _T. ventricosa_ was evaluated in three human cell lines, HEK293 (embryonic kidney), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), and HeLa (vertical carcinoma). For the MTT cell viability assay ([PERSON], 1983), various concentrations of the AgNPs ranging from 15, 30, 60, 120 to 240 \(\upmu\)g/mL were tested. As observed in Figure 7, in positive control 1 (cells only) and control 2 (cells + 0.1% DMSO), a reduction in viability (72.56-93.12%) was noted, whereas the percentage cell survival of all cell lines was significantly reduced by biosynthesized AgNPs. As the concentration of the AgNPs increased (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 \(\upmu\)g/mL), the percentage of cell survival in all cell lines gradually decreased, suggesting a dose-dependent relationship. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [7] investigated the AgNPs using latex extracts of _Euphoria antiquorum_ L. and further assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity of the AgNPs, which similarly showed increasing anticancer activity against HeLa cells at increased concentrations. Furthermore, the results of the present study noted that at the lowest concentrations (15 \(\upmu\)g/mL), HeLa, MCF-7, and HEK93 cells displayed moderate cytotoxicity, with HeLa cells (46.19%) displaying the most sensitivity (lowest cell survival), followed by MCF-7 (51.61%) and HEK293 (59.69%). Whereas, at the highest concentration (240 \(\upmu\)g/mL), it was apparent that HeLa cells were  
Figure 6: Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) of nano extracts (NE) and nano latex (NL) of _T. ventricosa_ at various concentrations (3.125–100 mg/mL) against Gram-positive-negative bacterial strains (\(n=3\)). once again most sensitive, displaying significant cytotoxicity, with cell viabilities of 2.40%, followed by HEK293 (5.13%) and MCF (12.48%). Moreover, significant differences were observed for the cytotoxic analyses of latex AgNPs for all concentrations within each cell line (_p_ < 0.01). The IC\({}_{50}\) values of latex AgNPs tested in HEK293, HeLa, and MCF-7 were 13.70 ug/mL, 10.52 ug/mL, and 20.60 ug/mL, respectively (Table 5). All IC\({}_{50}\) values were suggestive of noteworthy cytotoxic activity (IC\({}_{50}\) < 50). Across all cell lines, the most significant IC\({}_{50}\) was observed for the HeLa cells. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [7], observed a substantial IC\({}_{50}\) value (28 ug/mL) of AgNPs synthesized using _Euphorbia antiquorum_ latex in the HeLa cell lines. Another report by [PERSON] et al. [15] evaluated biosynthesized AgNPs using _Calotropis gigantea_ latex against HeLa cell lines, which displayed a moderate IC\({}_{50}\) of 91.30 ug/mL. These variations in the observed IC\({}_{50}\) values of AgNPs synthesized using latex are possibly due to the presence of different capping compounds such as proteins and enzymes within the latex extracts [5; 7; 42]. It has been suggested that the mechanisms of AgNPs often induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage several cellular materials such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, causing a rapid increase in oxidative stress, which ultimately activates cell death in the form of apoptosis of necrosis [7]. However, further studies are required to assess the full effects of AgNPs against the molecular mechanism on cells. This will allow us to determine possible sources of anticancer drugs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Extract**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Lines**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **HEK293** & **HeLa** & **MCF-7** \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Concentration ug/mL**} \\ \hline Latex & 13.70 & 10.52 & 20.60 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}