## 2 Literature Review
### Dynamic Lane Assignment in Urban Traffic Management  
In the urban traffic environment where physical infrastructure expansion is not possible, a real-time vehicle-actuated traffic control approach that can be implemented is dynamic lane assignment (DLA). DLA can contribute to optimizing urban traffic flow, particularly in physically limited traffic environments. The authors in the research [28; 29] defined the concept of DLA as a novel optimal control of assigning the right-of-way of road space (infrastructure) as needed for the current traffic situation. For example, in peak traffic congestion periods, certain traffic lanes are assigned to directions with higher traffic demand, while non-peak periods allow for previously defined fixed traffic structures. Unlike static, predefined lane configurations, DLA is responsive to a real situation on the traffic network and can be integrated with other Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSservices such as traveler information systems, incident control, etc. ), making it suitable for high-demand urban areas that experience occasionally expected bursts of traffic [30,31]. Previous studies have demonstrated that DLA can significantly improve traffic efficiency and reduce congestion in urban areas. For example, in signalized intersections, DLA strategies were found to reduce average intersection delay by up to 14.7% compared to fixed lane assignment configurations [32], and adaptive lane configurations have proven effective in real-time management scenarios, with a reduction in average vehicle delay by up to 21.4% [33]. In the research in [34], a model combining DLA and adaptive signal control reduced total intersection delays by 1.91% and decreased the frequency of lane changing by 13.8%. This research proved that the combination of DLA systems with adaptive traffic control enables better allocation in situations with asymmetric traffic flow demands. The analysis showed that it reduced the capacity losses caused by frequent lane changes by 17.8%. Another approach is the reversible lane network design problem (RL-NDP), where DLA implementation impacted total travel time, which decreased by up to 9%; congested roads were reduced by up to 36%; and traffic delays fell by 22% [35]. A pilot implementation of reversible lanes and adaptive lane reassignment was introduced in France (in the Paris and Grenoble metropolitan areas) to enhance corridor performance [36]. In the Paris region where the research was conducted, the lane capacity increased by 7.5%, and the overall reduction in congestion volume was 15%. This research focuses on the real-world implementation of DLA in the city of Zagreb, Croatia, at Vukovar Street, which is an excellent representation of an urban corridor with high congestion levels throughout the day. The selected corridor provides a relevant case study due to its heavy traffic flow, directional volume surges during peak times, and physical constraints that limit expansion options. A DLA model tailored to the specific needs of Vukovar Street was developed by utilizing real-time traffic data and simulation tools. The model dynamically assigns lanes based on live traffic data, adjusting lane configurations to maximize capacity within existing spatial limitations [37]. In this paper, the effectiveness of DLA in reducing congestion, improving travel times, and enhancing the overall quality of the urban traffic network will be explored with a description of the real implementation of the concept on a corridor in the city of Zagreb, Croatia. The implementation of DLA is expected to offer several advantages by focusing on real-time lane assignments. This approach can help alleviate congestion without requiring extensive physical infrastructure changes, making it a cost-effective solution for urban traffic optimization [38]. Moreover, DLA's adaptability to fluctuating traffic patterns allows it to efficiently meet peak demands, thereby enhancing the mobility and sustainability of the urban traffic network.