## 1 Introduction  
Suicidal or accidental poisoning is considered as a major problem in many countries. In the last years, in Romania was developed a research regarding the drug related deaths. The toxicological analysis indicated the presence of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids and opiates in about 55% of cases [1]. For example, in the United States in 2018, about 67,500 drug overdose deaths occurred. The age-adjusted rate of overdose deaths decreased by 4.6% from 2017 (21.7 per 100,000) to 2018 (20.7 per 100,000) [2]. The chemical compounds used for self-poisoning include drugs (benzodiazepepines, paracetamol, phenytoin, fluoxetine and amitriptyline) nicotine, pesticides (organophosphates), rodenticides (zinc phosphide), opioids, cannabinoids, stimulants, volatile solvents, hallucinogens and alcohol [3]. The type of drug, the amount taken and the health form of the person who overdosed determine the severity of a drug poisoning. A recent study indicates that the number of intentional poisoning cases is higher than accidental poisoning. Additionally, sedative and hypnotics were found to be the most common types of drugs (about 43%) used for intentional suicidal attempt [4]. Many studies have shown benzodiazepines as one of the major drugs responsible for self-poisoning throughout the world [3; 4; 5]. Among the benzodiazepines, diazepum is one of the most widely used drugs for different clinical purposes such as anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawal, status epilepticus and other convulsive states. Because of wider therapeutic uses, diazepum is also the most common benzodiazepine in poisoning [5]. Oral benzodiazepine (BZD) overdoses, without co-ingestions, rarely result in significant morbidity (e.g., aspiration pneumonia, rhabdomyosis) or mortality. In mixed overdoses, they can potentiate the effect of alcohol or other sedative-hypnotics. The clinical manifestations of benzodiazepine overdose include slurred speech, ataxia, altered mental status and respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) depression [5]. The intentional ingestions of benzodiazepines frequently involve coingestants such as ethanol or other drugs, ethanol being the most common. Because ingestion depends on multiple factors including weight, age tolerance and coingestants, it is difficult to quantify the amount of diazepam dose necessary to produce respiratory depression. It must be noted that patients with severe toxicity will present stuporous or comatose [6]. Activated charcoal and bentonite are frequently used for the treatment of the poisoned persons especially as a household remedy [7]. Activated charcoal (AC) is obtained by wood or other carbonaceous material pyrolysis, followed by the oxidation of the pyrolyzed product with carbon dioxide or steam. The surface area of the resulted material is in range of few hundred up to two thousand m\({}^{2}\) per gram [8; 9]. Usually, the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal is determined by its internal pore volume. The adsorption process depends on the pore size and the type of activation of carbon. Moreover, the surface of activated charcoal contains several moieties that adsorb drugs and poisons to varying degrees [10]. Activated charcoal can adsorb onto its surface chemicals, medical drugs and phytotoxins, preventing their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract [11]. Smectites are clay minerals that possess physiochemical properties that have made it possible to be used in pharmaceutical industry. Adsorption capacity, swelling capacity, chemical inertness, high specific area, favorable rheological properties and colloidal properties are few of the most important characteristics of clay minerals which give them importance for pharmacokinetics [9; 10; 11; 12]. The most common smectite is montmorillonite, a mineral clay with a structure made by layers resulted from condensation of two tetrahedral sheets and one central octahedral sheet. In the presence of water, the volume of montmorillonite can expand several times [13].