## 4 Nanodelivery Platform for Vaccine
### Inorganic Nanocarriers
In targeting LN, RGO-PEG has the advantages of high efficiency and long-lasting accumulation. More notably, RGO-PEG generates reactive oxygen species in DC, and a single injection of RGO-PEG vaccine can induce a potent neoantigen-specific T cell immune response for up to 30 days [61]. Meanwhile, graphene oxide has self-adjuvant properties that can be modified to ameliorate the problem of nondegradability of carbonaceous materials. However, the biosafety experiments that need to be performed for each GO are also a burdensome task. Magnetic particles, exemplified by iron oxides, have attracted widespread attention. The most important feature of magnetic particles is that they are inherently magnetic and visible with imaging, so they can not only be used for targeting purposes by magnetic actuation but also can be combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for guidance and evaluation of the effect. Based on magnetic iron oxide, [PERSON] et al. made a dual-ligand nanoprobe (Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@RGD@GLU), which greatly increased the targeting of tumors by the addition of an external magnetic field while inducing local thermotherapy of tumors [156]. MRI guided the membrane-encapsulated magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) of Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) in cancer cells to accurately target LNs, demonstrating a greatly prolonged retention time in the LNs and promoting MHC I cross-presentation [150]. Metal/metal compound nanoparticles are suitable for development as carriers of antigens. More widely used are gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which can be made into a variety of shapes, including spheres, rods, and cubes, because of their stable nature and good ductility with a large specific surface area [157]. New delivery platforms (HSA@AuNPs) are made of human serum proteins (HSAs) that can be penetrated by the in vivo barriers combined with gold nanorods, which promises to efficiently combine localized photothermal therapy and immune response for antitumor therapy [149]. CuS nanoparticles, which also have high photothermal effects, were combined with DLMSNs to make AM@DLMSN@CuS/R848, which targeted TNBC, while laser-generated photothermal ablation promoted vaccine effects [158]. It has been proposed that the particle size and shape of metal nanoparticles tend to affect their ability to act as immune adjuvants. For carriers that cannot function as adjuvants or photosensitizers, it is reasonable to carry either adjuvants or photosensitizers. ZnP nanoparticles loaded with photosensitizer pyrolipid combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) increased tumor immunogenicity [159]. Metal-based nanoparticles such as metallic aluminum [160], manganese ions (Mn\({}^{4+}\)) [84], MnO\({}_{2}\) [161; 162], CoO [163], and others can also be considered as potential neoantigen delivery platforms. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs, ZIFs) have been investigated as a new strategy for drug and vaccine delivery owing to their high surface area, high loading capacity, and adjustable pore size. These materials are usually pH-responsive [164] and reduction-responsive [165]. [PERSON] et al. designed aluminum-containing nano ZIF-8 particles (ZANPs) to deliver antigens and found that they could achieve a high antigen loading of 30.6% and dissociate in an acidic environment to release antigens [164]. Another novel mechanism is the oxidation nanoprocessing (AONP) strategy, based on the activation of peroxomonosulfate by ZIF-67 nanocatalysts to continuously generate SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\) radicals, causing continuous oxidative damage to tumor cells, maintaining the cancer cell integrity and tumor antigen diversity [166]. The MOF structure has been found to contribute to the occurrence of lysosomal escape [167] and act as a photosensitizer [168].