# A Comprehensive Review of Open Caisson Modeling Technology: Current Practices and Future Prospects
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, novel methods for the construction of caissons with a large diameter in boulder clay have been explored [7]. Later, the study focused on predictive modeling of soil deformation behind the open caisson caused by pipe jacking execution, as carried out by [8], emphasizing factors like stratum loss rate and overburden load. Scholars have extensively investigated the sinking process of open caissons through various methods, including theoretical analysis, laboratory tests, numerical analysis, and field monitoring data. Their aim is to understand the mechanical responses and deformation properties of the surrounding soil caused by the installation of these caissons [9; 10; 11; 2]. Many case studies of caissons are presented by [13; 14], used for bridge piers in Bangladesh, of which the largest were over 100 m deep. Significant ground subsidence became evident during the construction process, primarily attributed to the upward heave of soil inside the caisson, leading to potential damage to nearby infrastructure. Through four construction case studies, [PERSON] et al. [5] documented the process of sinking both dry and wet open caissons. They highlighted the critical role of control measures in ensuring caisson verticality and structural integrity during the construction process. Large-diameter open caisson shafts serve as essential portals for underground construction sites. They are commonly used for launching and receiving zones for tunnel boring machines, as well as providing subsurface storage and attenuation. Caissons are a type of support before excavation (SBE) construction, which involves the controlled sinking of the caisson walls into the ground, coordinated with alternating excavation stages to extract the soil from inside the caisson. During this sinking stage, a delicate balance exists between the descending weight of the caisson walls and the upward resistance generated by soil-structure interaction [15]. The unique construction method of sinking caisson structure, relying on their own weight, introduces complexity to the structural stress and displacement in the construction process. Large caissons, in particular, are susceptible to issues such as cracking, partial settling and sudden settling during the initial stage of sinking. Additionally, achieving successful sinking in the final stage can be challenging. Thus, real-time monitoring and stress analysis of the caisson structure during construction are essential for ensuring safety and optimizing performance [5; 10; 16]. In the abovementioned cases, it can be seen that successful operation of the open caisson depends on the modeling method used before installation. The current accumulation of literature provided fruitful material and support for the new requirements for press-in open caisson modeling in urban-intensive areas. However, the lack of system summarization of the current open coisson modeling method cannot provide enough support for a direct solution to the new requirement problem. To solve this gap, this study collected and evaluated multiple case studies that employed different modeling approaches to investigate the surface and subsurface soil displacements due to excavation and the corresponding ground deformations. The current problem and discussions about future direction were presented to fulfill this task. This review discusses the gap which needs to be covered, and provides an effective framework for understanding the new requirements, which will drive future study.