## 3 Novel Taxonomy for SSNs
### High Level Virtualization
#### 3.2.2 HLV Using System Level Virtualization Solutions
AM is a resource provider that allocates the virtual resources, called sliver to the user, each sliver has a lifecycle, operational states, and it works as a member of one slice, where a slice is an end-to-end user environment, SM refers to the user interface with AM, and broker handles user authority and applies the system policy that is associated to that user. Thus, SM starts the resource request and then broker issues the ticket, which authenticates the user and gives him the associated privileges over the system, and then AM sets up the slivers that are associated to that request. Figure 27: GENIs’ MAP. * **WISEBED**[67; 68; 69]: is an academic and research project for building a multi-level infrastructure of interconnected testbeds of large scale wireless sensor networks through nine institutes across Europe. The federation of testbeds is based on the concept of testbed virtualization and virtual links between them, pursuing an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the aspects of hardware, software, algorithms, and data. As can be seen in Figure 29, its architecture consists of the partner's testbeds; each testbed comprises a number of sensor nodes, which are managed and controlled by a portal server, this server exposes the functionalities of the associated testbed to users through the Internet by running overlay software that provides WISEBED API-compatible Web services. Portal servers handle authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) service, Network Control, Debugging and Configuration management, Data Acquisition and Query Processing. While the interconnectivity between partner's testbeds is also done by a WISEBED API which handles the federation process among them and makes them work as a single virtual large scale unified testbed. These WISEBED API timeline, as shown in Figure 30.  
Consist of Sensor Network Authentication and Authorization (SNAA) API, Reservation System (RS) API, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) API, and Controle3r API. T/he first API provides the user authentication and authorization, the second API handles shared resource reservation, the third API handles the user interactivity with sensor nodes, and the fourth API uses the serial interface to listen for the output generated by nodes. Figure 28: GENI’s Network Architecture. Figure 29: WISEBED Architecture. * **FIT IoT-LAB**[70, 71, 72]: is the first open access scientific testbed for testing and managing a real large scale open WSN; it has been developed to evaluate the scalable WSN protocols and applications. This testbed consists of 2728 sensor nodes and 117 mobile robots over six sites across France, as shown in Figure 31. Each site offers a different node and hardware structure, but all they directly communicate by a radio interface, or remotely through the internet and they are available for user through the same API. Each node can be configured as a sink that is able to exchange data among other sink nodes in whole lab. The nodes are either static or mobile; therefore, the user can reserve, monitor, and reprogram them, and also can control the motion of mobile nodes. IoT-LAB infrastructure offers reliable access to all nodes, real-time monitoring, and controlling the experiments, security, and data integrity. IoT-LAB hardware infrastructure consists of a set of IoT-LAB nodes, where each node consists of three elements, as shown in Figure 32.  
Figure 31: FIT-IoT Map. Figure 25:0 WISEBED API Timeline. The first one is the Open Node (ON), which is dedicated to the user during experimentation and totally opened to him/her. The second is the Gateway (GW) that handles the connectivity to the global infrastructure to control and monitor the open node. The third one is the Control Node (CN) that works as a passive or active element related to the open node, it handles monitoring of consumption and values of sensor nodes during the experiment.