## 3 Results
### Fermentation Characteristics of Sorghum Silages
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Item**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Temperature**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Inoculant**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SEM**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Significance**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-8}  & & **Control** & & & **LF18** & **LP23** & **I** & **T** & **I**\(\times\)T** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{pH} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.92 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 3.81 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 3.72 \({}^{\text{DC}}\) & 0.01 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.705 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.93 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 3.82 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 3.77 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 4.04 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 3.90 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 3.86 \({}^{\text{BA}}\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lactic acid (g kg\({}^{-1}\)DM)} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 47.9 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & 54.1 \({}^{\text{ABAB}}\) & 63.5 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 0.82 & 0.005 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.111 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 60.7 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 58.6 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 62.4 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 43.3 \({}^{\text{DC}}\) & 44.0 \({}^{\text{ABB}}\) & 48.1 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Acetic acid (g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM)} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 14.7 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 13.6 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 10.0 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & 0.33 & 0.326 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 14.9 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 13.8 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 10.8 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 7.1 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & 8.7 \({}^{\text{ABB}}\) & 12.4 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Propionic acid (g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM)} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & ND \({}^{\text{C}}\) & ND & ND \({}^{\text{C}}\) & 0.18 & 0.602 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.537 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 1.3 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 1.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.4 \({}^{\text{GB}}\) & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 1.9 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 3.2 & 2.4 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Butyric acid (g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM)} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & ND & ND & ND & - & - & - & - \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & ND & ND & ND & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & ND & ND & ND & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lactic acid: Acetic acid ratio} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.26 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & 4.12 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 6.39 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 0.20 & 0.209 & 0.399 & 0.002 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 4.13 \({}^{\text{BAB}}\) & 4.25 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 5.89 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & & & & \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 6.69 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 5.19 & 3.89 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{NH\({}_{3}\)-N (g kg\({}^{-1}\) TN)} & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 22.9 \({}^{\text{AC}}\) & 17.7 \({}^{\text{BC}}\) & 16.5 \({}^{\text{BC}}\) & 0.27 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 28.8\({}^{\text{B}}\) & 21.1 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & 21.9 \({}^{\text{BB}}\) & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 40.7 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) & 27.3 \({}^{\text{BA}}\) & 27.0 \({}^{\text{BA}}\) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} DM, dry matter; NH\({}_{3}\)-N, ammonia nitrogen; TN, total nitrogen; LF18, _Lactobacillus fracminis_ inoculant; LP23, _Lactobacillus plantarum_ inoculant; ND not detected; I, inoculant; T, temperature; I \(\times\) T, interaction between inoculant and temperature. Means within the same row (a,b) or within the same column (A–C) with difference superscripts differ significantly from each other (\(p<0.05\)). SEM, standard error of means.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Fermentation characteristics of sorghum silages. Figure 1: The fertile acid esterase enzymatic activity. LF18, _Lactobacillus fracminis_ inoculant **ES**, LP23, _Lactobacillus plantarum_ inoculant **ES**, FAE, ferulic acid esterase. Means with difference superscripts (A–C) differ significantly from each other (\(p<0.05\)). Error bars indicate standard error of means. The pH values, the propionic acid and NH\({}_{3}\)-N contents of each treatment group tended to be higher with increases in the temperature.