## 6 Marine Permanent Infrastructures
Specialized sensors, cameras, and remotely controlled sampling devices make NEPTUNE's site easily adaptable for monitoring [98] commercially relevant fishery resources (such as the sablefish _Anopoloma fimbria_) with life cycles that involve small-scale and large-scale geographic movements with both vertical and horizontal changes [100, 101]. The American Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) funded by the National Science Foundation was designed as a long-term project to collect ocean data. The Ocean Observatories Initiative is made up of five major research components with several associated arrays located in the northern and southern Atlantic and Pacific according to the demand of the scientific community. Each array is composed of fixed and mobile platforms [102]. A platform can be stable, fixed, or mobile. Mobile components can move up and down in the water column or be a glider, which is able to move in three dimensions. Each platform hosts several integrated scientific instruments and can contain multiple \"nodes\" to which the integrated instruments are attached, as well as a means for transmitting the data to the shore. The OOI instrumentation is involved in the support of several research projects, including climate variability, ocean food webs, biogeochemical cycles, and coastal ocean dynamics and ecosystems. The European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory (EMSO) [103] consists of a system of regional observatories located at key sites around Europe. Each platform is equipped with multiple sensors sited along the water column and on the seafloor. They constantly measure different parameters. Data are collected and available to different users, from scientists and industries to institutions and policy makers [104]. The EMSO infrastructure range runs at the European scale from the coastal area to the deep sea and open ocean, operating with both stand-alone observing systems and nodes connected to shore stations through fiber optic cable [105]. The data in both cases are transmitted in real time either through the cables or through acoustic networks featured by satellite-linkedbuoys [106]. Data are collected from the surface of the ocean to the seafloor. In addition to generic sensors, specific modules with different instrument combinations are deployed to be able to respond to specific objectives [107]. Many physical and biological applications require observation of the physical and ecological parameters (such as concentrations of oxygen and chlorophyll) at high-resolution time series data over long periods. Other systems for marine ecological research require photo and video imaging, acoustic recording, and in situ collections [65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85]. KM3 NeT is a research infrastructure located in the Mediterranean Sea which houses the next-generation neutrino telescopes. Still nearing completion, this structure aims to have a detector volume of several cubic kilometers of clear seawater [108]. The main purpose of this project is to allow an innovative framework for studying neutrinos from distant astrophysical sources. Nonetheless, given the arrays of thousands of sensor modules, this research infrastructure will also house instrumentation for other scientific investigations for long-term and online monitoring that may find application in such fields as marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics [108]. The Joint European Research Infrastructure of Coastal Observatories (JERICO) is a network of coastal observatories providing a European Research Infrastructure (RI) dedicated to the observation and monitoring of marine coastal seas to provide high-quality environmental data as tools for scientific researchers and societal and policy needs [109, 110]. It comprises JERICO-S3. In parallel, JERICO-RI is an integrated pan-European multidisciplinary and multi-platform research infrastructure dedicated to the assessment of changes in the coastal marine system.