# The Influence of Glacier Mass Balance on River Runoff in the Typical Alpine Basin
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper analyzes the GSE change trend and GMB state in the Tailan River basin using multiple remote-sensing data sources including glacier inventory, remote-sensing imagery, and various types of DEM data. Furthermore, this paper investigates the primary factors that affect GMB change in the study area, such as basin climate change, surface runoff, and glacier topography. The main conclusions are as follows:  
* Considering the terrain differences between various types of DEMs, this paper presents a mountain ridge registration method that uses planar curvature and slope to generate mountain ridges from InSAR DEM, ALOS DEM, and NASA DEM data. The extracted mountain ridge samples are screened, fitted, and used for DEM registration based on their respective mountain ridge locations. This approach significantly improves the precision of GSE change monitoring. * This paper proposes a glacier-thickness-data-based approach for processing glacier elevation abnormal values. The processed data result in a decrease of the standard deviation of GSE at different periods by approximately 31%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. These findings suggest that abnormal values reduction based on glacier thickness data can improve the accuracy of GSE change studies. * This paper uses GSE change data to estimate the average annual thinning rates of glaciers for the periods 2000-2009, 2009-2022, and 2000-2022, with reduction values of \(-0.29\pm 0.14\) m\(\cdot\)a\({}^{-1}\), \(-0.17\pm 0.07\) m\(\cdot\)a\({}^{-1}\), and \(-0.25\pm 0.02\) m\(\cdot\)a\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The result shows that glaciers experience faster surface elevation changes in areas with lower slopes, and north-facing glaciers show higher surface thinning rates. Over the past 22 years, most glaciers in the Tailan River basin have exhibited a decline in GSE. As altitude increases, the GSE decline rate slows down, and GSE changing values shift from negative to positive. * This paper investigates the GMB changes in the study area and explored the factors that influence GMB changes, in conjunction with climate change and runoff in the basin. The results show that from 2000 to 2009, 2009 to 2022, and 2000 to 2022, the GMB change in the Tailan River basin was \(-0.34\pm 0.05\) m w.e.a\({}^{-1}\), \(-0.19\pm 0.10\) m w.e.a\({}^{-1}\), and \(-0.30\pm 0.02\) m w.e.a\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The result show that the GMB in the study area was in a significant negative state. From 2000 to 2009, the average annual temperature in the Tailan River basin showed a weak upward trend with a rate of \(0.08\)\({}^{\circ}\)C\(\cdot\)a\({}^{-1}\). The annual total precipitation exhibited a declining trend with a rate of \(3.2\) mm\(\cdot\)a\({}^{-1}\). From 2000 to 2009, the change in runoff of the Tailan River basin was  
Figure 13: The M–K statistic curve of annual runoff in the study area. \(2.71\times 10^{7}\) m\({}^{3}\), glacial meltwater was about 6.89 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) m\({}^{3}\), and the largest proportion of glacial meltwater recharge was about 54.92% from 2000 to 2009. From 2009 to 2022, the runoff of the Tailan River basin was 1.45 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) m\({}^{3}\), and glacier meltwater accounted for approximately 47.76% of that. From 2000 to 2022, the proportion of glacier meltwater accounted for 46.15% of the runoff in the basin. Validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing, B.Y. ; methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, W.D. ; project administration and funding acquisition, J.L. ; project administration, A.B. and W.G. ; writing--review and editing, S.W., X.L., X.G. and X.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.