# An Overview of Indoor Positioning and Mapping Technology Standards
###### Abstract
When developing indoor positioning products, standardization helps to shorten the development cycle and to improve the quality of software products. Through standardization, we can set the specifications and narrow the technologies and techniques; however, currently, there are a few standards that can serve as a guide for designing localization and proximity techniques [5]. For this reason, several standard developing organizations (SDOs) have published a series of standards for indoor positioning, navigation, and mapping, including the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Information technology--Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS), ISO Technical Committee (TC) 204 Intelligent Transport System (ITS), IEEE standard for robot Map Data Representation (MDR), ISO TC211 Geographic Information standards, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards for spatial data encoding and exchanging, Industrial Foundation Classes (IFC) of buildingSmart, and so forth. However, since these standards are published by different SDOs for different purposes, their conformity and coordination need to be tested for specific application scenarios. For example, CityGML and IndoorGML--developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)--provide similar frameworks for standard data models of indoor spaces, but their goals and approaches are different so how they can be used in a complementary way for applications must be clarified [11]. A review of the literature suggests that most survey articles on algorithms, modeling, techniques, technologies, systems, standards, applications, and services in the field of indoor positioning, mapping, and navigation focus on the individual arts of different technologies. Subsequently, there is a lack of an overview on indoor positioning, mapping, and navigation standards for IPS developers and applications. According to ISO 17438-1:2016, a typical intelligent transport system's (ITS) indoor navigation application usually covers indoor positioning, and an indoor map and navigation service; thus, we aim to present an overview on existing indoor positioning, mapping, and navigation technologiesand standards from the viewpoint of IPS developers and service providers. The purpose is to provide a guideline for IPS developers to find suitable resource links for their applications, that is, what kind of IPS technologies and standards should be selected or integrated into applications. Furthermore, we present the requirements of the IPMN standards series, that is, from the viewpoint of a standards system, as we need to develop more IPMN standards beyond the published international standards. Consequently, we comment on some developed standards or standards in development in our project, including content model and data acquisition for indoor mapping, multi-source fusion positioning data interfaces, seamless cooperative positioning services, and so on. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: in Section 2, we survey the existing indoor positioning, mapping technologies and standards based on reviews in the literature. This overview provides a clue for IPS developers to search for suitable technologies and standards for specific applications. In Section 3, we discuss the requirements of an IPMN standards system, which extends the published IPMN standards. For general purposes, the standards series must cover concepts, terms, models, requirements, use cases, tools, products, and other specifications. Later, in Section 4, we focus on some standards developed for our project, which are expected to be a part of the standards system. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusions of this paper. Moving forward, we will now discuss related work in detail.