esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Review of Some Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Technology in the Resource-Rich Country
## 1 Introduction
These systems include agriculture, prospecting and extracting the minerals, geo-ecological systems, technical and architectural structures, animal husbandry, transport, etc. UAVs management and application of the potential of large volumes of collected data is implemented using the artificial intelligence technologies [5, 10]. In this regard, the set of solutions combining artificial intelligence systems and UAV-based platforms will be called intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle technology (IUAVT) [11]. IUAVT has impressive market prospects: USD 127 billion for key industries [12] (see Figure 1). Nevertheless, despite the good economic prospects, there are also limitations, including preventing the widespread use of IUAVT in sectors of economy. Along with the technical limitations of UAVs, there are also unsolved problems in the field of data processing related to the fact that the data, collected with UAVs employment, demonstrate the classical features of Big Data with additional unique features [13]. This paper considers the economic prospects and technological restrictions for the use of IUAVT in the following fields:  
* Precision agriculture (PA);
* Monitoring hazardous geophysical processes (MoHGP);
* Environmental pollution monitoring (MoEP);
* Exploration of minerals (EoM);
* Monitoring of wild animal life (MoWAL);
* Monitoring of technical and engineering structures (MoTES);
* Traffic monitoring (TrM). The article details and expands the review started in [11], which describes the possibilities of using UAVs for solving the problems in the above listed areas. This article provides a brief structured information about the advantages and limitations of IUAVT for these applications. The applications related to PA, EoM, and MoWAL are described in detail. Unlike other review works, for example [6; 14; 15], this research provides:  
1. The list of UAVs tasks and applications for each area under consideration;
2. The evaluation of possible economic effect of the use of IUAVT, exemplified by one of the countries with a resource-oriented economy;
3. The main limitations associated with the data processing tasks and possible approaches to overcome these limitations based on recent research. The article includes three main sections. Section 1 is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities and limitations of using IUAVT in the areas listed above. Using the example of Kazakhstan, the possible economic effects for each field of application were assessed. Figure 1: Market prospects of using UAVs. Source: Generated by the authors. Section 2 discusses some technical, legal, software and algorithmic limitations of IUAVT, and possible ways of overcoming them. Section 3 structures the identified limitations and tasks, the solution of which could facilitate the use of UAVs in the areas of activity under consideration. In conclusion, the discussion is summarized.
## 5 Discussion  
Specifically, there are five issues that deserve further discussion.  
(1) Public emergency management is led and coordinated by the government, and widely participated in by schools, enterprises and the general public. It seems that a mechanism, featuring government leadership in its overall coordination, a procedure enabling centralized emergency decision-making and information circulation, and a system for classified management and multi-level response, has emerged for public administration in China in times of emergency ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2015). However, while the government tends to play its role to the full, social forces' (such as non-governmental organizations) participation in such a mechanism remains relatively trivial.  
(2) There have been many efforts by the government and society to predict problems that may arise in the process of policy implementation, and to search for corresponding solutions. However, in particular, the problem of the information gap persists. This problem is largely due to the urban-rural disparity caused by economic differences and varying geographical environments, which further prompts inequality in basic infrastructure needed for online education ([PERSON], 1999).  
(3) Despite the encouragement for local authorities and schools to adapt measures to local conditions (e.g. the slogan of \"one school, multiple policies\"), this is difficult to address under time constraints, due to disparity in teacher quality and education resources across schools, and a lack of mature and detailed plans for large-scale online education in emergency times (4) It is difficult to predict the duration of the emergency, creating a great challenge for educational activities. Until now, we have not been able to answer questions such as what the characteristics and modes of online education are, and how teaching can be connected during and after the epidemic. At this stage, the task of solving the existing problems is, to a large extent, on teachers' shoulders, with little external guidance.  
(5) \"Suspending Classes Without Stopping Learning\" is arguably an experiment in large-scale online education. The experiment demonstrates big differences between, and the irreplaceability of, online and offline education. For example, the environment as a teaching and learning differs between home and school. Though the Internet can be used as a useful tool for teaching, it is less effective as the only platform for teacher-student interaction. There is also a lack of discipline and ritual in online education. Further, long-time online teaching can have a negative impact on students' mental and physical health.
# Validation Analysis of Drought Monitoring Based on FY-4 Satellite
## 3 Results
### Comparison with Other Satellites
#### 3.3.2 Comparison with FY-4B  
FY-4A and FY-4B belong to the same second generation of geostationary meteorological satellites in China. The differences of LST and NDVI between the two satellites was shown in Figure 13. Both LST and NDVI showed noticeable differences. The LST's differences were mainly concentrated in \([-10,15]\), with the median around 3. The NDVI's differences were concentrated in \([-0.05,0.27]\), with the median around 0.15.  
The drought area is notably varied due to the different TVDI values between FY-4A and FY-4B. The different grade drought area of FY-4A and FY-4B TVDI was calculated from 1 to 15 June 2022 (Figure 14). The area of the light drought of FY-4A exceeds that of FY-4B by a maximum of 4.88%. The area of medium drought was in a small difference, from \(-3.69\%\) to 4.27%. The area of a heavy drought in FY-4B was significantly greater than that of FY-4A. The value of FY-4A TVDI was less than that of FY-4B, and the areas of drought were close.  
Figure 14: The proportion of area on FY-4 and FY-4B TVDI.  
Figure 13: Difference between LST (**a**) and NDVI (**b**) for FY-4A and FY-4B.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Determination of Benzenemethanethiol Biosynthesis in Yeast Isolates  
Daqu not only provides materials for baijiu fermentation, but also enriches the fermentation environment with a diverse range of functional microbial communities that act as driving forces during manufacturing [31; 32; 33]. These microbes in the fermentation environment significantly facilitate the generation of flavor profiles of baijiu. In this study, we identified a total of 39 yeast strains segregated from Daqu, with most of the strains being preliminarily determined as _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ based on morphological characteristics. Previous studies have demonstrated that _S. cerevisiae_ is the most common yeast species in baijiu fermentation and is the primary contributor to the production of ethanol, higher alcohols, and esters [3; 34; 35]. Benzenemethanethiol is a unique aroma compound that enhances the aroma of several types of baijiu, such as soy-sauce-aroma-type baijiu, strong-aroma-type baijiu, roasted-sesame-like-aroma-type baijiu, and fuyu-aroma-type baijiu [11; 15; 25]. Therefore, it becomes imperative to identify the specific yeast species or strains capable of biosynthesizing benzenemethanethiol to enable informed strategies for enhancing baijiu fermentation in a targeted manner.  
The biosynthesis of benzenemethanethiol was assessed across all yeast strains. GC-SCD analysis (Figure S1) confirmed that 12 yeasts could produce benzenemethanethiol using L-cysteine and benzaldehyde as precursors. Notably, the ability to synthesize benzenemethanethiol varied among the strains, consistent with the findings reported by [21]. Yeast J14 exhibited a notably higher production capacity for benzenemethanethiol compared to the other strains (Table 4), leading to its selection for further investigation in the subsequent study.
# Ruthenium-Thymine Acetate Binding Modes: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
###### Abstract  
Ruthenium complexes have proved to exhibit antineoplastic activity, related to the interaction of the metal ion with DNA. In this context, synthetic and theoretical studies on ruthenium binding modes of thymine acetate (THAc) have been focused to shed light on the structure-activity relationship. This report deals with the reaction between dihydride ruthenium mer-[Ru(H)\({}_{2}\)(CO)(PPh\({}_{3}\))], **1** and the thymine acetic acid (THAcOH) selected as model for nucleobase derivatives. The reaction in refluxing toluene between **1** and THAcOH excess, by H\({}_{2}\) release affords the double coordinating species \(\kappa^{1}\)-(O)THAc-, \(\kappa^{2}\)-(O,O)THAc-[Ru(CO)(PPh\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)], **2**. The X-ray crystal structure confirms a simultaneous monohapto, dihapto- THAc coordination in a reciprocal facial disposition. Stepwise additions of THAcOH allowed to intercept the monohapto mer-\(\kappa^{1}\)(O)THAc-Ru(CO)H(PPh\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\)] **3** and dihapto \(\it{trans}_{(PP)}\)+\({}^{2}\)(O,O)THAc-[Ru(CO)H(PPh\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)] **4** species. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, associated with DFT (Density Function Theory)-calculations energies and analogous reactions with acetic acid, supported the proposed reaction path. As evidenced by the crystal supramolecular hydrogen-binding packing and 'H NMR spectra, metal coordination seems to play a pivotal role in stabilizing the minor [(N=C(OH)] actin tautomers, which may promote mismatching to DNA nucleobase pairs as a clue for its anticancer activity.  
ruthenium; thymine acetate; X-ray crystal structure; DFT-energy calculations; _cis-trans_ interconversion; H-bonding intermolecular network  
Received: 8 February 2021  
Accepted: 27 March 2021  
Submitted: 31 March 2021  
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the side arm carboxylate group may induce further stability, analogously to transferrin behavior in the inter-strand crosslinks. The reaction course will be explored by spectroscopic and structural investigations, DFT-calculated energy profiles and by comparing analogous reactivity with acetic acid. The intermolecular H-binding network in THAc-Ru systems, which is remarkably evident in the X-ray structure, prompt us to investigate the occurrence in solution. Evaluation of the \({}^{1}\)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) intermolecular H-bonding [25] signals has been suggested by the help of DFT-calculated energies, through simulation of the interactions of two THAc- anions, selected as model. By dealing with the mutagenic properties of metallodrugs in anticancer activity, [PERSON]'s pioneering work [21; 22; 23; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30] suggested that proton relocation, obtained by acid treatment, deprotonation, or H-bond interactions is responsible for the stabilization of rare tautomeric forms. The proton relocation can be a crucial key in mismatching DNA nucleobase pairs, by impeding cell replication.
## 3 Life Cycle Inventory
### Transport  
The environmental performance of roads is very sensitive to transportation distances, hence the comparisons that can be made are very site specific [48]. Since the road analysed herein is a fictitious e-road representative of the average European situation, practicable distances were considered in order to establish the role played by this phase.  
The consumption associated with haulage in each process is a function of the transported volume, the lorry capacities and the distance from the construction site. The methodology used to calculate the consumption involves the following steps:  
* Calculation of the weight of the materials (aggregates, machinery, etc.) that have to be transported to the plant or to the yard;
* Definition of suitable distances from the plants to the construction sites considered representative of an average European situation;
* Definition of the type of truck used to transport each material/component.  
Transportation should consider: the construction materials transported from the plant to the construction site; the WPT components from the manufacturers to the plant; on site equipment and asphalt removed from the wear and binder layers and transported from the construction site to the plant, where it is recycled. The considered transport vehicles and covered distances are shown in Table 5.  
An average distance of 50 km was assumed between the construction site and the production plant for common construction materials. As transportation also has a significant effect on the costs, construction companies already optimise this aspect. Transportation must be kept below 100 km, especially in the case of asphalt, due to the importance of keeping it warm enough to be workable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Freight** & **Weight** & **Mileage** & **Vehicle Type** \\ \hline Asphalt & 992 t & 50 km & Truck 16–32 metric ton \\ Bituminous emulsion & 2 t & 50 km & Truck 16–32 metric ton \\ WPT components & 10 t & 100 km & Lorry 3.5–7.5 metric ton \\ Equipment & 62 t & 50 km & Truck 16–32 metric ton \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Transport of the materials and equipment to and from the construction site.  
The asphalt and machinery were hypothesised to leave from the construction plants; the EcoInvent \"Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 [GLO] | market for | Alloc Rec, U\" dataset was used for the transportation.  
A longer distance was considered for the WPT components: 100 km. The WPT components were hypothesised to be delivered with smaller commercial vehicles, thus their transportation was accounted for using the EcoInvent \"Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6 [GLO] | market for | Alloc Rec, U\" dataset.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} BVLOS & Beyond Visual Line of Sight \\ DEM & Digital Elevation Model \\ GCS & Ground Control Station \\ GDAL & Geospatial Data Abstraction Library \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ HALE & High-Altitude Long-Endurance \\ IMU & Inertial Measurement Unit \\ INS & Inertial Navigation System \\ LIDAR & Light Detection And Ranging \\ LSTM & Long Short-Term Memory \\ MALE & Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance \\ ORB & Oriented Fast and Rotated Brief \\ RNN & Recurrent Neural Network \\ SVD & Singular Value Decomposition \\ UAV & Unmanned Aerial Vehicle \\ UGS & Unattended Ground Sensor \\ UTM & Universal Transverse Mercator \\ SLAM & Simultaneous Localization And Mapping \\ VLOS & Visual Line Of Sight \\ VTOL & Vertical Take Off and Landing \\ \end{tabular}
## 1 Introduction
This paper aims to deepen our understanding of wake-up tasks, most distinguished from the conventional alarm-dismiss method (i.e., touching), by analyzing four wake-up tasks in the Alarmy app: (1) touching a button (_normal_task_), (2) taking a picture (_picture_task_), (3) shaking the device (_shake_task_), and (4) solving math problems (_math_task_). Specifically, we addressed two research questions:  
_RQ 1. How does users' alarm usage differ depending on the wake-up task?_  
_RQ 2. How do hard-taskers, who use a higher proportion of the hard tasks with task load over a certain level, use task alarms, and in what contexts?_  
Regarding the first research question, we anticipated that the level of task loads will cause differences in alarm-set usage and alarm-dismiss usage. For example, it was expected that more difficult tasks are mostly used in earlier hours. **Hypothesis 1 (H1a). **: _The frequency of the alarm-set will be different among the four wake-up tasks._  
**Hypothesis 1 (H1b). **: _The time of the alarm-set will be different among the four wake-up tasks._  
**Hypothesis 1 (H1c). **: _The consistency of the alarm-set will be different among the four wake-up tasks._  
**Hypothesis 2 (H2a). **: _The time duration of the alarm-dismiss will be different among the four wake-up tasks._  
**Hypothesis 2 (H2b). **: _The use of snoozing will be different among the four wake-up tasks._  
Next, for the second research question, it was expected that there will be alarm app usage factors for predicting the proportion of the individual's hard-task uses. The following hypothesis aims to test that. **Hypothesis 3 (H3). **_The particular alarm app usage will affect the proportion of hard-task uses._  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. We first review the literature on human awakening and inconvenient interaction. We then explain the methodology to answer the two research questions and present the analysis results. Finally, we discuss the implications, including limitations of this study, and present the conclusions.
# Space-Efficient Fully Dynamic DFS
## 8 Applications
### Dynamic Connectivity  
For the dynamic connectivity problem, we deal with an on-line sequence of graph updates and connectivity queries. The query takes two vertices as an input and asks whether these two vertices are in the same connected component or not. This can be easily done by the following way. For each graph update, perform dynamic DFS and obtain a new DFS tree \(T^{*}\) rooted at the virtual vertex \(r\). By removing \(r\) from \(T^{*}\), \(T^{*}\) becomes a forest each tree of which is a spanning tree for one connected component. Then simply traversing \(T^{*}\) from \(r\), we can number the connected components of \(G\), and attach to each vertex \(v\) in \(G\) the id of the connected component \(v\) belongs to. The query can be solved by simply checking the connected component id of two vertices; connected if they are same, or disconnected otherwise. Since traversing \(T^{*}\) takes \(O(n)\) time and the additional required space is only \(O(n\log n)=o(m)\log n\) bits, these operations do not violate the update time and space complexity of dynamic DFS algorithms. Since the initial DFS tree can be obtained in \(O(m+n)\) time which is absorbed in the preprocessing time, we obtain the following theorem.  
**Theorem 6**.: _Given an undirected graph \(G\), there exists an algorithm such that with \(O(m\sqrt{\log n})\) preprocessing time, for any on-line sequence of graph updates (edge/vertex insertion/deletion) and connectivity queries, each update can be processed in worst-case \(O(\sqrt{mn}\log^{0.75+\epsilon}n)\) time (\(O(\sqrt{mn}\log^{1.25}n)\) time) and each query can be answered in worst-case \(O(1)\) time. This algorithm requires \(O(m\log n)\) bits (\((3m+o(m))\log n\) bits) once the preprocessing is finished._
# A TAM-Based Study of the Attitude towards Use
## 1 Introduction  
Multimedia teaching has gradually substituted traditional teaching, as teachers have been selecting the right multimedia teaching material instead of hardcopy or static teaching material. However, before multimedia teaching material was used in teaching, teachers have to not only be familiar with the contents of multimedia teaching material, but also gather related teaching material. This brings burdens for teachers on preparing the multimedia material for class. This study applied TAM (technology acceptance model), in elementary school teachers to discuss if they are intent to use the multimedia material.  
In the environment of high development of network information, the teaching mode has also been changed. Many teaching theories and research results indicated that the environment of digital learning facilitated the increase of teaching quality, and obviously affected the learning outcomes [1]. In a research study analyzing the factors that affect students' behavior to the use of digital learning [2], the results show that students have a strong attitude towards using digital learning. Another study shows that digital learning is associated with positive student perceptions of collaborative learning [3].  
The authorities encouraged four cloud services in Taiwan in 2012. Education cloud was one of the four. It showed the importance of the education sector on the authorities. The education cloud service was the one that was expected to increase the learning outcomes of students and teaching effects of teachers through the advancement of so-called \"future classes\". To cope with the requirement of present-day educational policies and innovative teaching concepts, integrated multimedia teaching material instruction has been heavily advertised and furthered and, thus, a common phenomenon employed by teachers.  
However, the approach of selecting practical multimedia materials for a class is a new challenge for teachers. Teachers' intention toward using multimedia teaching material has then become a critical issue for teaching quality. The teaching environment of elementary schools in Taiwan differed depending on the location of schools such as between big cities and small towns, in terms of multimedia hardware facilities. Therefore, some researchers investigated the intention and status of multimedia employed by teachers only in some cities, due to the limits of time and workforce, but not in large regions having large samples of teachers. In this study, we investigated the use intention of multimedia teaching material employed by the teachers of elementary schools in Chiyi County consisting of 122 elementary schools. The research results were provided as a reference for the planning and design of multimedia instruction furthered by educational department.
# Exploring the Impact of Multitemporal DEM Data on the Susceptibility Mapping of Landslides
## 1 Introduction
DEM data have significant influence on susceptibility assessments of landslides, mainly through influencing factors such as elevation, topography, and slope. Elevation is one of the most influential factors controlling landslide occurrences in a study area, while topography and slope are also important in susceptibility assessments [18; 29; 32]. However, studies have not considered the obvious temporal variation in DEMs. In the present paper, multitemporal DEMs area are obtained for the study and the elevation changes demonstrated in the DEMs are analyzed. The DEM data for three years (1992, 2000, and 2009) are used to analyze factors affected by a DEM. The susceptibility results for the three years are evaluated using the different DEM-dependent factors and the same DEM-independent factors. Quantifying the index, the susceptibility assessments are then obtained using a generally accepted LRM model. Additionally, the maps of susceptibility levels in the study area are obtained within the geographic information system (GIS). The influence of DEM data at different times on a susceptibility assessment and the influence of the specific values of the elevation differences on the assessment level are obtained. Meanwhile, the impact of historical landslide events on the susceptibility assessment is analyzed. The study aims to achieve a better evaluation of the impact of multitemporal factors on the susceptibility assessment of landslides.