## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, the maintenance of a good health status via appropriate dietary habits has become of great social concern, but we also have to bear in mind what has been called the \"health trilemma\", which tells us that food, health and the environment are closely linked, should also be borne in mind, in order to establish a balance between them for a healthier life on a more sustainable planet.  
Currently, the consumption of plant-based foods with nutraceutical properties is one of the crucial factors for the welfare and promotion of health, preventing various pathologies like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases [1, 2]. Vegetable species belonging to the _Brassicaceae_ (formerly _Cruciferase_) family are considered as being one of the first cultivated and domesticated plant groups and is appreciated for constituting a good source of minerals and trace elements [3] and for their health-promoting phytochemicals such as glucosinolates [4]. Plant species from this family include nutritionally important human and animal foodstuffs such as broccoli, turnip, cabbage, cauliflower, rapeseed, mustard, rocket, and is one of the ten most economically important plant families in the world [5, 6].  
In addition, in recent years, developed countries have been showing a greater interest in organic agriculture, with an increase of around 250% in the last 10 years [7]. This type of agriculture is based on the non-use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, and, instead, fertilization of the land with composted material, rich in organic matter, derived from the biodegradation of plant and animal sources [8].  
Some authors have pointed out that organic foods contain higher concentrations of nutritionally beneficial trace elements and lower concentrations of harmful heavy metals [9]. In fact, vegetables can uptake and retain these inorganic elements from the surrounding environment through their roots and leaves [10]. However, the data existing in the bibliography on this topic are inconclusive, and it is difficult to make a valid comparison between both vegetable groups due to the limited availability of well-controlled or paired studies [11].  
Therefore, for all the above reasons, the objectives of this research were (a) to compare the concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn), well known both for their nutritional and toxicologic role in 3 species of _Brassicaceae_ (_Brassica rapa_, _Eruca vesciaria_ and _Sinapis alba_) grown under both conventional and organic conditions during two agricultural seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) on two different experimental farms; (b) to make a probabilistic estimation with computer software (@Risk) of the contributions of the inorganic elements present in these vegetables to the recommended intakes or to the toxicologic limits established for them. This was to find out whether organically-grown _Brassica_ have a greater nutritional value than the conventionally-grown ones.  
The novelty of this work lies in the fact that few long-term studies have been made comparing vegetables grown under organic and conventional conditions during two agriculture seasons.