## 4 Discussion
### Insights from ES Bundles for ES Management  
Rational land management and utilization strategies are crucial for enhancing the supply of ESs. Based on the characteristics of the ESs, the study area was divided into four functional types to enhance the efficiency of the integrated management of multiple ESs in the SHMB. By analyzing the structural composition, interactions, and driving factors of various bundles, adaptive ecological management measures can be proposed (Figure 5):  
**B1--Hilly Agricultural Zone: Prioritizing Food Production and Water Conservation. **  
The main function characteristics of region B1 are FP and WY, highlighting the importance of farmland protection and water resource management. To ensure food security, it is essential to strictly adhere to the cultivated land \"red line,\" particularly by protecting basic farmland [57]. In addition, establishing an ecological compensation mechanism to provide reasonable compensation to the providers of ESs in benefiting areas can effectively incentivize farmers and local governments. This approach will further enhance farmland environments and FP, promoting a positive interaction between food production and the ecological environment in the region. **B2--Ecological Priority Area: Protecting Ecological Function Diversity and Integrating Agricultural and Forestry Systems. **  
Region B2 encompasses HQ, CS, FP, and WY and is located in the Nangling Mountain Range area of the watershed between the Yangtze and Pearl River Basins. The management strategy for this area should prioritize ecological environment protection while appropriately developing agriculture, thus achieving a balance between ecological priorities and agricultural development. It is recommended to promote the establishment of agroforestry systems to enhance the region's ecological resilience. Building on this, an ecological monitoring network should be established and improved to regularly assess the environmental quality of the watershed. This will facilitate the early detection and response to changes in ecosystem health, thereby ensuring the ecological stability of the watershed. **B3--Mountain Agricultural and Forestry Development Zone: Enhancing Forest Quality and Integrating Ecological Economy. **  
B3 encompasses the karst landforms in southwest China, with the key ESs including HQ, CS, and FP. Due to its topographical and soil characteristics, this area faces significant challenges related to soil erosion and land degradation. Rational ecological management strategies should integrate agricultural and forestry economic development to enhance forest quality and vegetation coverage. This will help to maintain carbon balance, conserve soil and water resources, purify the air, and protect biodiversity. Concurrently, the region needs to implement comprehensive management measures to mitigate soil erosion and desertification, thereby improving land use efficiency and achieving the sustainable development of agricultural and forestry resources. **B4--Ecological Security Comprehensive Zone: Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture**  
B4 serves as an integrated ecological security region, encompassing HQ, CS, FP, WY, and SC. Although it occupies a relatively small proportion of the study area, this region has high ecological value. SC should be prioritized in agricultural development, and agricultural land should be allocated appropriately [36]. Land use planning should be developed based on factors such as topography, soil type, and climatic conditions, avoiding cultivation in areas unsuitable for farming to reduce the risk of soil erosion. In summary, through rational functional zoning and targeted ecological management strategies, the supply efficiency of different types of ESs will be significantly improved.