## 1 Introduction  
Recently, the climate problem has emerged as a significant issue, primarily caused by the greenhouse effect stemming from the mass consumption of fossil fuels. In response, renewable energy sectors such as wind and solar energy have been developed to replace fossil fuels. Additionally, electric vehicles are being promoted as alternatives to fossil fuel-based internal combustion engines along with advancements in energy storage devices designed to store renewable energy. Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are widely utilized in energy storage systems and electric vehicles due to their compact size, high energy density, long lifespan, low self-discharge rate, high discharge current tolerance, and absence of memory effect. However, LiBs are sensitive to overcharging, over-discharging, and ambient temperatures and variations, leading to issues such as rapid increases in charging temperature, low charging efficiency (CE), and reduced lifespan. Consequently, ongoing research aims to address these challenges. Generally, battery performance is determined primarily by the selection of battery materials and the manufacturing process technology. Once the battery is manufactured, its performance is influenced by the effectiveness of the battery management system (BMS) and the operating conditions determined by the user. Among these factors, the most critical aspect of the BMS is that the battery charging technology significantly impacts overall battery performance. Efficient charging technology is essential for several performance factors, including fast charging speed, lower charging temperature, extended battery life, and improved CE. By utilizing an effective battery charging algorithm, charging times can be reduced. An elevated charging temperature can induce thermal stress within the battery, which is linked to safety concerns such as rapid performance degradation, battery expansion, and fire hazards. Implementing appropriate charging technology can alleviate the increases in charging temperature. Improved battery charging technology can mitigate temperature increases during charging. Enhanced battery charging technology can also prolong battery lifespan by alleviating the decline in the state of health (SOH) associated with the number of charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, increased energy loss during the charging process can diminish CE, thereby reducing overall energy transfer efficiency. Therefore, optimal charging technology can significantly enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries when integrated with BMS. The constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method [1; 2] is a commonly used technique that initially charges the battery using constant current (CC), gradually increasing the battery voltage until it reaches the upper limit of 4.2 V. At this point, the charging method switches to constant voltage (CV), and the charging current begins to decrease until it reaches the minimum set value. The CC-CV method combines the advantages of both CC and CV methods and is relatively simple and easy to implement, making it the most widely used charging technology to date. However, the CV charging stage requires a lengthy charging time, which extends the overall charging duration. Additionally, it does not allow for direct control of the increase in charging temperature, leading to reductions in battery life and charging efficiency (CE). To address these issues, there has been significant research in improving charging time and CE while managing charging temperature. One such advancement is the modified CC-CV method known as the boost charging (BC) CC-CV method, which enhances charging speed compared to the traditional CC-CV approach [3; 4]. The BC method differentiates itself from the standard CC-CV by incorporating a high CC or a constant power cycle during the charging process. In this approach, a current pump is utilized in the CC mode, while a pulse current is applied in the CV mode.