# Comparative Analysis of LiDAR and Photogrammetry for 3D Crime Scene Reconstruction
## 2 Related Work
### Applications of Photogrammetry and Other 3D Tools in Crime Scene Reconstruction  
[PERSON] et al. [25] explored the use of virtual reality (VR) utilizing 3D imaging and photogrammetry methods to improve crime scene investigations, mainly focusing on the difficulties in capturing and reconstructing indoor scenes. They introduced a Dundee Ground Truth imaging protocol that involved digital cameras with Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to create VR environments. The study showed that although quicker approaches, such as the K-model, can speed up crime scene processing, better accuracy is achieved using controlled methods like the Dundee GT protocol. Other research on stereo photogrammetry with the Leica BLK3D device for reconstructing 3D crime scenes was performed by [PERSON] et al. [14]. They compared single stereo pair (SSP) and two stereo pair (TSP) modes, comparing them with a TLS survey for validation, highlighting their effectiveness in collecting on-site data and reducing processing requirements. They  
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**Authors** & **Year** & **Aim and Objective** & **Methodology** & **Findings** & **Limitations/Identified Gaps** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [23]. & 2015 & To improve crime scene investigation using drones with LiDAR & Drones and LiDAR are used to map and photograph crime scenes. & Drones and LiDAR are effectively help in mapping crime scenes. & Drones and LiDAR have not been widely explored in forensic science. & Bad weather conditions and limited battery can affect drones’ performance. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [24] & 2023 & Using 3D mapping for crime scene reconstruction enhancement. & LIDAR scanners and the software (Unity) to create 3D models. & VR can accurately recreate crime scene and enhance its demonstration in court. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & According to the author, LiDAR scans can be time-consuming. The resolution of VR can impact the reconstructed 3D model. & Not being able to use the proposed tool for scanning in different situations. & Not being able to use the proposed tool for scanning in different situations. & Not being able to use the proposed tool for scanning in different situations. & In different situations. \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. [10] & 2022 & To assess how well the laser Leica BLK3D performs in mapping crime scenes. & The research consisted of stages: crime scene generation, data gathering, and analysis. & The laser scanner scanner’s reliability is insufficient for evidence of that the RTGC60 laser bullets and trajectory rods. & The handheld laser scanner scanner applies filters; it is not suitable for routine accuracy. & The scanner applies filters; it is not suitable for scanning items such as bullet cartridges. \\ \[PERSON] et al. [11] & 2023 & To evaluate the accuracy of 3D crime and crash scene documentation using the Recon-3D OS mobile application integrated with Apple LiDAR sensor. & The Recon-3D app was used with Apple LiDAR sensor for 3D reconstruction in training settings; participants performed measurements in simulated experiments relies within a 3 cm range. & Rocon-3D provides centimetre-level accuracy in the 3D reconstruction of crime scenes. Most errors in measurements fell within a 3 cm range.