## 1 Introduction  
Natural disasters have negative socioeconomic effects on societies, causing severe threats to people, other living things, and the natural and built environment [1]. Although the effects of volcanic eruptions have been relatively minor compared to other natural disasters in the last two centuries, the eruption of the Pelee volcano (France) in 1902 caused 30,000 deaths, the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia) in 1985 caused 25,000 deaths, and the eruption of the Eyajafallajokull volcano (Iceland) in 2010 caused the closure of European airspace and losses of more than $1.7 billion in revenue [2; 3; 4; 5]. Furthermore, it is estimated that more than 29 million people worldwide live within 10 km of approximately 1500 Holocene volcanoes, which have been active within the last 10,000 years, and the rapidly increasing world population and expansion of urban centers also increase the exposure of societies to volcanic eruptions [6; 7; 8]. Although improvements in volcanic activity forecasting and monitoring have shown that the knock-on effects of volcanic eruptions can be minimized and/or avoided, a significant proportion of Holocene volcanoes are not regularly monitored by ground-based methods [8; 9; 10]. Monitoring surface deformation, which is one of the earliest signs of volcanic activity and can be detected by ground-based methods (e.g., tiltmeter and GPS), requires installation in remote and inaccessible areas, and the temporal and spatial resolution of the measurements is limited [11]. Moreover, recent advances in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) have enabled the creation of deformation maps with high temporal and spatial resolution, supporting the detection of unrest in many volcanoes [12; 13]. In addition to its frequent use for investigating volcanoes [14; 15; 16], InSAR has also proven to be a powerful geodetic tool for monitoring ground deformations caused by earthquakes [17; 18; 19], landslides [20; 21; 22], and land subsidence [23; 24; 25; 26], owing to its ability to cover large areas, work in all weather conditions, and operate all day. However, the use of InSAR is greatly limited by temporal decorrelation, atmospheric effects, and orbital errors [27]. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed time series analysis, namely multi-temporal InSAR techniques, e.g., [28; 29; 30]. Permanent scatterer interferometry (PSI), which is one of these techniques and was first proposed by [28], defines scatterers as exhibiting stable scattering behavior over time; however, this technique is limited in non-urban areas because of the low PS density [31; 32]. Unlike other PSI techniques, the Stanford method for persistent scatterers (StaMPS) can be used for all terrains because it uses the spatial correlation of the interferometric phase to detect surface deformations occurring in non-urban areas and does not require a temporal deformation model describing how the deformation changes over time [31; 33]. Considering these advantages, StaMPS is frequently used for the long-term monitoring of ground deformations in volcanic areas where other PSI approaches are less successful. In previous studies, StaMPS has been applied worldwide for monitoring surface deformations caused by volcanoes, including the Alcedo volcano in Ecuador [33], Piton de la Fournaise in France [34], the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano in China [35], the Santorini volcano in Greece [36], the Shimmoe-dake volcano in Japan [37], the Medicine Lake volcano in the United States [38], and Mount Etna in Italy [39]. In Turkey, which ranks 14 th among 95 countries in terms of volcanic threat and has 10 volcanic systems that have been active within the last 10,000 years according to the Global Volcanism Program, there are limited studies in which the surface deformations caused by volcanoes are monitored using InSAR. In one of these studies, ref. [40] used ERS satellite images and single and double-pass interferometric techniques to detect surface deformations in the Tendurek volcano.