# Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Handan City
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Assessment for Heavy Metals
#### 3.3.4 Health Risk Assessment  
The results of the health risk assessment are listed in Table 2. For non-carcinogenic risks, the ingestion risk was far greater than that of the dermal and inhalation pathways. The non-carcinogenic risk for children through ingestion, dermal and inhalation was much higher than that for adults, which was consistent with other study conclusions [8; 39]. The non-carcinogenic risk of Cr was the highest, followed by Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn. The non-carcinogenic risk of seven kinds of soil heavy metals was below 1, which showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of these heavy metals to citizens can be ignored. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Non-Carcinogenic Risks**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Carcinogenic Risks**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & & \(\mathbf{HQ_{\text{ing}}}\) & \(\mathbf{HQ_{\text{dermal}}}\) & \(\mathbf{HQ_{\text{inh}}}\) & \(\mathbf{HI}\) & \(\mathbf{CR_{\text{ing}}}\) & \(\mathbf{CR_{\text{dermal}}}\) & \(\mathbf{CR_{\text{inh}}}\) & \(\mathbf{CR}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cd} & Adult & \(1.56\times 10^{3}\) & \(5.53\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.66\times 10^{5}\) & \(2.13\times 10^{3}\) & \(3.26\times 10^{6}\) & - & \(3.59\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.26\times 10^{6}\) \\  & Children & \(1.11\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.72\times 10^{3}\) & \(3.07\times 10^{5}\) & \(1.39\times 10^{2}\) & \(5.82\times 10^{6}\) & - & \(1.76\times 10^{1}\) & \(5.82\times 10^{6}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cr} & Adult & \(5.31\times 10^{2}\) & \(9.44\times 10^{3}\) & \(5.94\times 10^{4}\) & \(6.32\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.73\times 10^{5}\) & \(3.88\times 10^{6}\) & \(2.45\times 10^{7}\) & \(3.14\times 10^{5}\) \\  & Children & \(3.80\times 10^{1}\) & \(4.65\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.10\times 10^{3}\) & \(4.27\times 10^{1}\) & \(4.88\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.78\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.20\times 10^{7}\) & \(5.37\times 10^{5}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cu} & Adult & \(1.82\times 10^{3}\) & \(2.16\times 10^{5}\) & \(1.93\times 10^{7}\) & \(1.84\times 10^{3}\) & - & - & - & - \\  & Children & \(1.30\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.06\times 10^{4}\) & \(3.57\times 10^{7}\) & \(1.31\times 10^{2}\) & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mn} & Adult & \(2.16\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.92\times 10^{3}\) & \(7.40\times 10^{3}\) & \(3.09\times 10^{2}\) & - & - & - & - & \\  & Children & \(1.54\times 10^{1}\) & \(9.44\times 10^{3}\) & \(1.37\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.77\times 10^{1}\) & - & - & - & - & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ni} & Adult & \(4.01\times 10^{3}\) & \(5.27\times 10^{5}\) & \(9.49\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.15\times 10^{3}\) & \(4.67\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.15\times 10^{6}\) & \(2.46\times 10^{9}\) & \(5.09\times 10^{5}\) \\  & Children & \(2.86\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.60\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.75\times 10^{4}\) & \(2.91\times 10^{2}\) & \(8.34\times 10^{5}\) & \(5.11\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.20\times 10^{9}\) & \(8.85\times 10^{5}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Pb} & Adult & \(1.60\times 10^{2}\) & \(3.80\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.70\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.64\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.64\times 10^{7}\) & - & - & \(1.64\times 10^{7}\) \\  & Children & \(1.15\times 10^{1}\) & \(1.87\times 10^{3}\) & \(3.14\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.17\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.92\times 10^{7}\) & - & - & \(2.92\times 10^{7}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Zn} & Adult & \(8.91\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.58\times 10^{5}\) & \(9.50\times 10^{8}\) & \(9.07\times 10^{4}\) & - & - & - & - \\  & Children & \(6.37\times 10^{3}\) & \(7.79\times 10^{5}\) & \(1.76\times 10^{7}\) & \(6.44\times 10^{3}\) & - & - & - & - & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: - not analyzed due to the lack of corresponding parameters.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Health risk assessments results. Figure 5: The class distribution of _NIPI_ and _PLI_. In terms of carcinogenic risk, the ingestion pathway was dominant. Through ingestion and skin contact, the carcinogenic risk in children was slightly greater than that in adults. In contrast, children have a lower carcinogenic risk through the inhalation pathway than adults.