esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Material and Methods
### PCR and DNA Affinity Chromatography of the IGF-IR Promoter  
For DNA affinity chromatography, a 511-bp human proximal IGF-IR promoter fragment extending from nucleotides -458 to +53 was labeled using a 5'-biotinylated antisense primer. This fragment includes most of the proximal 5'-flanking region and comprises the _'initiator'_ motif from which transcription starts _in vivo_ (Nucleotide 1) (Figure 1).  
Primer sequences were derived from genomic IGF-IR clone #R73P2 [38] as follows: sense, 5'-CTTTCCAGCCGGCCTGTTGTTG-3'; antisense, 5'-(Biotin)-GGTAAACAAGAGCCCCAGCCTC-3'. PCR was performed using the TermalAce\({}^{\mathrm{TM}}\) DNA Polymerase reagent (InVitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The biotinylated PCR product was bound to streptavidin magnetic beads (Dynabeads\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) M-270 Streptavidin; Dynak Biotech ASA, Oslo, Norway), and incubated with nuclear extracts of MCF7 or C4.12.5 cells in the presence of double stranded poly dI-dC (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Following high-salt elution, specifically-bound proteins were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gels and visualized by silver staining (Figure 2). Gel slices were then submitted for MS analysis at the Smoler Proteomics Center (Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel) or analyzed by Western blotting as described below.  
Figure 1: IGF-IR promoter. (A) Schematic representation of the IGF-IR promoter region [5]. The initiator (INR) element is denoted by an arrow. The coding region, starting with the AUG codon, is shown in gray. The translation start site is denoted by a dashed arrow. The 5’-flanking region is denoted by a black bar, and the 5’-untranslated region (UTR) is represented by a dotted bar. The location of primers (P#1 and P#2), employed to amplify the proximal promoter is indicated. (B) PCR amplification of the human IGF-IR promoter. The PCR reaction was performed using a biotinylated antisense primer, as described under _Materials and Methods_ section, and 4 \(\mu\)L of the biotinylated PCR product was loaded on a 1% agarose gel. A PCR reaction without DNA served as negative control. A 100-bp DNA ladder was used as a M.W. marker.
# Temperature Changes in Composite Materials during Photopolymerization
###### Abstract  
During polymerization, composite materials cause a temperature rise which may lead to irreversible changes in the dental pulp. The mechanical properties of composite materials depend on a number of factors, such as the composition of the material, the type of polymerization unit, the polymerization mode, and the duration of polymerization. The objective of this study was to assess the temperature rise values and flexural strength of composite materials, as obtained using different modes and times of polymerization. A total of six composite materials were used in the study. Samples of each of the materials were cured using seven polymerization protocols. A CMP-401 digital meter (Sonel, Swidnica, Poland), complete with a type K thermocouple (NiCr-Ni), was used to record the temperature increases during the light curing of the resin composites. Temperature rises were recorded beneath the composite disc in an acrylic matrix. The specimens were tested for flexural strength using a Comtech QC-508M2 testing machine. The lowest results for the increased mean temperature were obtained for Fast-Cure 3 s (9.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C), while the highest results were obtained for Fast-Cure 20 s (45.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The highest average temperature values for all tested protocols were recorded for the Z550 Filtke material. Mean flexural strengths as measured in each test group were higher than the minimum value for composite materials as per the ISO:4049 standard. In the case of deep caries with a thin layer of dentin separating the filling from pulp, a base layer or a short polymerization duration mode is recommended to protect pulp from thermal injury.  
temperature rise; composites; polymerization; flexural strength Article
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Trunk Rotation  
Figure 6 shows the degree of trunk rotation via a comparative analysis of VICON (black) and 4 DEYE (red). In the trunk-rotation analysis, as the frame size increased in many subjects, the difference in the rate of increase between the VICON and 4 DEYE sensors was significant. In the analysis on the left, the degree tended to increase to negative values as the number of frames increased.  
Figure 5: Degree of knee flexion using comparative analysis between VICON (black) and 4 DEYE (red) with left and right measurements. (**a**) Subject 1, left; (**b**) Subject 1, right; (**c**) Subject 2, left; (**d**) Subject 2, right; (**e**) Subject 3, left; (**f**) Subject 3, right; (**g**) Subject 4, left; (**h**) Subject 4, right.  
In the VICON system, rotation can be seen as a trunk z indicator; in the 4 DEYE system, the negative (\(-\)) value is set to increase toward the left, and the resulting value of 4 DEYE is converted according to the setting of VICON. Therefore, when the trunk rotates to the left, the angle becomes more negative. Looking at the trend, the 4 DEYE sensor had a higher negative increase rate of degree than the VICON sensor for all subjects, except Subject 1. In the left-side analysis of trunk rotation, similar to the previous graph, the degree tended to decrease towards the left.  
Figure 6: Degree of trunk rotation using comparative analysis between VICON (black) and 4 DEYE (red) with left and right measurements. (**a**) Subject 1, left; (**b**) Subject 1, right; (**c**) Subject 2, left; (**d**) Subject 2, right; (**e**) Subject 3, left; (**f**) Subject 3, right; (**g**) Subject 4, left; (**h**) Subject 4, right.  
increase according to the frames. In addition, Subjects 1 and 2 showed different patterns of degree-increase according to the frames. For Subject 1, the 4 DEYE sensor showed the opposite degree according to the frame compared with the VICON sensor. For Subjects 3 and 4, 4 DEYE had a high degree in the first half of the frame, but the result was reversed in the second half.
# Small Satellite Tools for High-Resolution Infrared Fire Monitoring
## 1 Introduction  
The DLR initiative in building small satellites was initiated in 1994 by the Phase A study \"Fire Recognition System for Small Satellites\" (FIRES). Based on this study, the DLR started the initiative of \"cost-effective Earth Observation Missions\". The rapid progress of the ongoing technology developments that led to further miniaturization of engineering components and to new micro-optoelectronic technologies for sensors and instruments allowed for the design of a small satellite. The Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD) satellite, launched in 2001, was the first small satellite to be designed, developed, tested, and successfully operated in orbit by the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLR) [1]. BIRD demonstrated not only the validity of a design to cost approach, widely using components-off-the-shelf (COTS) parts, but also the in-orbit application of cooled infrared sensors for the detection of high-temperature events (HTE). The mission has also shown the feasibility and usefulness of prospective operational small satellite systems. This included on-board orbit determination as well as on-board data processing with thematic data reduction and generation of thematic maps. Thus, the BIRD mission demonstrated the substantial potential for detection and quantitative assessment of high-temperature events by bi-spectral infrared push-broom sensors [2]. Based on requirements defined within the concept of \"affordable space missions\"--a study initiated by the DLR program directorate \"Earth Observation\" in 2005--the BIRD mission focused on specific Earth Observation phenomena.  
In the following years, TET-1 and BIROS were developed by evolving the modular satellite bus approach of BIRD. The satellite launch of TET-1 took place from Baikonurin 2012. After the first phase of technology testing in 2012, TET-1 was successfully operated for FireBIRD from October 2013 until mid-2019. BIROS was successfully launched in June 2016 from the Indian space center Sriharikota Range and was in continuous operation until the termination of the FireBIRD mission at the end of 2020. For over five and seven years, respectively, both sensor systems delivered high-resolution infrared image data for quantitative assessment of high-temperature events, including wildfire detection and monitoring.  
The intent of this paper is to show how the main payloads and essential components of the TET-1 and BIROS small satellite buses were developed based on the requirements of the FireBIRD mission.
## 1 Introduction
### Study Area
Phytoplankton communities, in general, are dynamic on the scale of days and sometimes hours [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. Moderate resolution satellites such as Landsat-8 can provide affordable sources of imagery for water quality monitoring in inland reservoirs [40]; however, their fixed revisit times, fixed observation angles and small constellations (usually a single satellite) limit their temporal resolution (e.g., 16 days for Landsat-8). It is therefore desirable to use a variety of low-cost sources of moderate spatial resolution satellite imagery from different satellites to increase temporal resolution and maximize the chances of successful image acquisition. Moderate resolution satellites such as Landsat-8, Sentinel-3/MERIS/OLCI, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), and the new Sentinel-2 A&B constellation have a variety of both spatial resolutions and band configurations [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. Not all satellite BGA/PC algorithms can be applied to all existing moderate resolution satellite imagers accordingly.
## 2 Superiorities of Near-Space Radar Platform
### Low Cost  
The inherent simplicity, recoverability, and relative less requirements of complex infrastructure all contribute to this advantage. Near-space platforms require extremely minimal launch infrastructure. Only a simple tie-down and an empty field are required, but complex launch infrastructure or even runway must be built for satellites and airplanes. Moreover, if the carried payloads have malfunctions, they can be brought back and repaired. When they become obsolete, they can be easily replaced. Additionally, not being exposed to electronic radiation common to space environment, payloads flown in near-space platforms require no costly space-hardening manufacture.
# Physical, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of PMMA Foils Fabricated by Solution Casting
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods of Fabrication of Cast Foils and Characterization  
#### 2.2.1 Sample Preparation Using the Casting Method  
The PMMA powder was first dissolved in the three different S/L ratios of toluene. The solubility of the solvent with the solution was calculated from the solution parameters by considering their mutual molecular interactions. The molecular interaction was based on the dispersion bonds, the polar bonds, and the hydrogen bonds. The closer the value was selected for the solution, the smoother the resulting solution. Then the solution was placed on the stirrer using a magnetic stirrer for miscibility for the formation of a clear solution. The solution was stirred for 24 h at 2 rpm for the concentrated solution. After the PMMA powder was completely dissolved, a clear solution was obtained. The solution was poured into the glass plate and allowed to dry for 24 h at ambient temperature. The cast film was dried at room temperature for 4 days to remove residual solvent. After the solution was dry enough, the sample peeled out of the substrate. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the sample preparation by solution cast method.  
The PMMA foils from different S/L ratios using the solution casting method.
## 2 Literature Review
### Definition of Cryptography  
Cryptography is the mathematical procedure that changes plaintext (a readable message) into ciphertext (an unreadable scrambled message) and vice versa. The mathematical procedure of changing plaintext to ciphertext is called encryption, and changing ciphertext back to plaintext is called decryption [44; 46]. In simple terms, cryptography is a desirable procedure to secure communications and data meant to block intruders or attackers from obtaining access to confidential information [44; 45; 46]. This mathematical procedure of encryption and decryption is called the cryptographic algorithm. For example, AES, BLOWFISH, CAMELLIA, CAST, CLEFIA, DES, MMB, RC5, SERPENT, and SKIPJACK.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, to keep pace with the development of precise GNSS solutions and the advancement of precision agriculture, it is necessary to establish a widely available and low-cost accuracy assessment method for the positioning of agricultural machinery. To ensure repeatability of these methods, flexibility regarding the field capabilities for its implementation is also mandatory [19], as agricultural areas differ based on the agricultural land management systems worldwide. The low-cost property of such methods is important to provide a possibility of regular GNSS evaluation, even for small farmers [20], so they should not have additional costs besides GNSS receivers on agricultural machinery and RTK corrections. The aim of this study was to propose such a low-cost, flexible, and straightforward method for the accuracy assessment of positioning using GNSS receivers mounted on agricultural machinery. Additionally, the objective was to develop a method that simulates the actual trajectory during agrotechnical operations, as well as it being easily performed regardless of the field conditions or location in the world.
## 2 Results
### Transformation of CrBKT and PrBKT  
Via inverted fluorescence microscopy, we photographed the EGFP fluorescence signal of some colonies (Supplementary Material S2). As described in Section 4.4, finally we obtained six antibiotic-resistant colonies (group C: C1, C8, C15, C16, C17 and C18) for PBI221-_CrBKT_ and 7 antibiotic-resistant colonies (group P: P1, P6, P8, P9, P15, P17 and P18) for PBI221-_PrBKT_. We performed PCR on these 13 colonies, and agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR products showed a single band of 660 bp and 684 bp (Figure 2).  
Figure 1: Constructed vector maps of PBI221-_CrBKT_ (**a**) and PBI221-_PrBKT_ (**b**). CaMV: CaMV 35S promoter, strong constitutive promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus; PsaD: _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_ photosystem I reaction center subunit II; _CrBKT_: _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_\(\beta\)-carotenoid ketogenese coding sequence after codon optimization; _PrBKT_: _Pluffia rhodozyma_\(\beta\)-carotenoid ketogenese coding sequence after codon optimization; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; NOS: NOS terminator, nopaline synthase terminator and poly(A) signal; PARA: paromomycin resistance gene (including promoter); Ampr: ampicillin resistance gene (including promoter).  
These 13 colonies were subcultured by plating them onto TAP (tris-acetate-phosphate medium) plates containing paromomycin (hereinafter referred to as TAP-PARA) for five passages. Three colonies, C16, P9 and P17, gradually lost their resistance to paromomycin when passaged on TAP-PARA. Then, total RNA was extracted separately for the remaining 10 colonies, and qRT-PCR of overexpressed genes (CrBKT, PrBKT) was performed after reverse transcription. The results showed that in group C, C18 had the highest CrBKT gene transcription level, while in group P, P1 had the highest PrBKT gene transcription level (Figure 3). Therefore, we selected two colonies, C18 and P1, for subsequent experiments.
# Intention Recognition for Multiple AUVs in a Collaborative Search Mission
## 3 Description of the Intent Recognition Problem in AUV Collaborative Search Mission
### AUV Intention Space
Upon reaching the threshold, the intent transitions back to detection priority. The positioning priority in both phases is directed toward the target, thus the entire search phase can be divided into three types of intent: communication priority, positioning priority, and detection priority.
# A Reconfigurable Framework for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Computing
## 3 Proposed Framework  
An overview of the proposed framework is shown in Figure 1. The novel characteristics of the framework are (1) a library of reconfigurable hardware kernels on an FPGA to accelerate quantum-classical algorithms and (2) a unified software stack on the host enabling communication between quantum and reconfigurable resources. The proposed framework can be implemented on any heterogeneous platform containing a host processor connected to a reconfigurable processor or FPGA device. The host contains the main memory where input and output data will be stored. The host code of the hybrid algorithm containing classical and quantum subroutines is executed on the host processor using the unified software stack. The software stack defines the API and functions to control data transfer to/from the QPU and FPGA device during the respective subroutine call. When the quantum subroutine is deployed, the host processor establishes communication with the quantum processing unit (QPU) on the cloud, sends the quantum circuit job to the QPU, and waits for the results. The classical subroutines are deployed on the FPGA's partial reconfigurable regions (PRRs) as hardware kernels. A hardware kernel manager and memory controller exist as part of the static region (SR) on the FPGA device. The memory controller is responsible for DMA transactions for high-bandwidth data transfer between host and device. We describe in detail the application of this framework for a quantum machine learning and classification problem in the next sections.
## 3 Swarm and Ancillary Data
The selection of Swarm B passes in a more seismically quiet area is shown in Figure 3b. The selection of Swarm B passes at different latitudes is shown in Figure 3c. It should be pointed out that the reference track selection is unified with the rules of the Swarm A/C reference track selection, which is always selected on the 17 th of the middle month. The selection of Swarm B tracks in the summer of 2016, spring of 2016, and during the daytime has followed the same rule of very similar latitudes, similar longitudes (\(\pm 20^{\circ}\)), and similar times, separated by 4.4 h from the reference track. Such an apparently long separation in time is necessary to find Swarm tracks with success on every day and to have the smallest number of gaps. Figures 2 and 3 present the rule of selection of Swarm A/C and B trajectories--one each day at a similar time of the day. The three-month sets of around 91 trajectories for different satellites, regions, and times of the day are then prepared for the comparison of ionospheric Ne perturbations to seismicity, solar activity, EPBs, and geomagnetic activity. Three seasons are analyzed in Papua New Guinea in the nighttime and daytime, which provides six three-month series. Two other series come from the winter solstice in Africa and Aleutian Islands. The other dataset includes daytime data in Papua New Guinea, with Ne irregularities analyzed at the same frequency as the nighttime data. Three other daytime analyses apply sampling at the higher frequency.
## 6 Conclusions  
The multi-constellation, multi-frequency affordable smartphone, Xiaomi 11T, was investigated for GNSS-based positioning in static mode using the ionosphere-free PPP approach, with the phone centered over a known reference point. The experiment was repeated over three consecutive days to assess the repeatability of the results. Furthermore, significant losses in both carrier measurements and code measurements, particularly for the second frequencies, are observed.  
The data quality assessment revealed that the mean C/N0 ratio for the GPS L\({}_{1}\) and Galileo E\({}_{1}\) signals is more stable compared with the GPS L\({}_{5}\) and Galileo E\({}_{5a}\) signals; furthermore, the average C/N0 values for signals transmitted by GPS satellites are superior to those transmitted by Galileo satellites.  
The findings indicate that the real-time GPS/Galileo PPP solution outperforms the single-constellation solution, achieving a positional accuracy of 13 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm in two-dimensional, vertical and three-dimensional components while the real-time single constellation PPP solution shows the superiority of Galileo-only solution with 24 cm, 16 cm, and 29 cm in horizontal, vertical and 3D, respectively. However, the Galileo-only PPP processing scenario shows less stability compared with other solutions. Therefore, it can be said that Xiaomi 11T is capable of supporting real-time applications that require decimeter-level 3D position accuracy, such as land use and urban sustainability applications.  
Conceptualization, M.A. and H.A.K.; methodology, H.A.K.; software, H.A.K.; validation, M.A., H.A.K. and A.A.; formal analysis, H.A.K.; investigation, M.A.; resources, H.A.K. and A.A.; data curation, H.A.K. and A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, H.A.K.; writing--review and editing, M.A. and A.M.W.; visualization, H.A.K.; supervision, M.A. and A.M.W.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made. available by the authors on request.  
The first author extends his appreciation to Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through the project number (PSAU/2025/R/1446). The authors would like to express their gratitude to the employees of the Surveying Laboratory at the College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Aswan, Egypt, for providing geodetic receivers and reference point data. We also extend our sincere thanks to [PERSON] for offering the excellent open-source GNSS software and for his valuable advice during the data analysis process.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Case Study  
In this section, an empirical analysis is conducted using track maintenance operations on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway as the research object to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed risk assessment model. The model integrates spatiotemporal dimensional information to enable precise risk assessment at the level of individual operations. Specifically, it can not only determine the exact timing of risk occurrence but also accurately identify the specific line mileage where the risk is located. This capability significantly enhances the granularity and precision of risk assessment and provides practical technical support for field applications, particularly in the formulation of targeted risk prevention and control strategies.