## 2 Methodology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**ID.No.** & **Institutions** & **Participants** \\ \hline \hline
**York** & \\ \hline
**1** & Department of flood control and resilience, Yorkshire & Senior officer, front-line officers, and team members \\
**2** & Metrological office and civil contingencies, West & Metrological officers, advisors, and team members from \\  & Yorkshire & civil contingencies \\
**3** & Department of flood risk and planning, York & Flood risk planning managers, advisors, and \\  & Office of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), York, UK & team members \\
**4** & Office of (macro-scale) & Head of professional services and team members \\
**5** & University of York & Flood experts and visiting researchers \\
**6** & Environment Department & Senior environmental engineer and staff members \\
**7** & ITS unit, Transport for London (macro-scale) & ITS managers and team members \\
**8** & ITS unit, Transport for London (micro-scale) & ITS managers and team members \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Head-Marala**} \\ \hline
**1** & Development authorities, Pakistan & Town planners and geological information \\  & & system experts \\
**2** & Transport Planning Unit, Government Departments. & Project directors, ICT and ITS experts \\
**3** & Meteorological Department, Research and Development & Chief and other meteorologists \\  & Division, Islamabad. & Director and member operations wing \\
**4** & Rescue and Logistics operations division, National & Director General and agency experts \\
**4** & disaster management authority (NDMA) & District and emergency offices, Sialkot. \\
**5** & Environmental Protection Agency, Sialkot. & Director General and agency experts \\
**6** & District and emergency offices, Sialkot. & District and Emergency Officers \\  & Disaster Monitoring Division, Pakistan Space \& Upper \\
**7** & Atmosphere Research Commission & Disaster-monitoring managers and experts \\
**8** & Rescue and rehabilitation divisions, NDMA & Director, officials, first-line rescue officers, and staff \\
**9** & Geotechnical and environment divisions, National & Head and team members \\
**9** & Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK) & SSP and other staff members \\
**10** & City Traffic Police, Department Punjab Police & \\  & officers, Islamabad & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Recruited experts from different institutions. The methodology used involved that, first, through the participation of communities and experts, ICTs that were used by the community and experts that were similar or different so as to bridge the gap in information were identified. Also, ICTs of an advanced nature that could only be used by experts to provide untold information, such as satellite images to identify damaged lands where rescue teams could be sent to save lives, were identified. Further, the factors that cause broken information exchange linkages are identified, which were mainly focused on in this paper. This would help in aligning the information technological resource deployment plans. It is assumed that information exchange through these ICTs is related to transport and floods and the language is local language and easy to understand.