# Investigating BIM Implementation Barriers and Issues in Pakistan Using ISM Approach
## 5 Conclusions  
Pakistan's construction sector has a low productivity in terms of finishing the projects at the prescribed time and cost due to communication gaps throughout the project lifecycle. The communication links should be developed to overcome these issues. BIM can effectively help in this regard. This research identified the present stage of BIM implementation in Pakistan, highlighted the benefits of utilizing BIM and the critical BIM barriers in the victorious implementation of building information modeling in Pakistan. It also gave an overview of the BIM barriers around the globe and a possible solution to overcome the issues. It further suggests the three-level strategy to help in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Level** & **Barriers** & **Solution** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{5 (B9)} & Learning curve and Training are costly and BIM has high initial cost of investment. & Government should develop policy and provide direction and support to construction sector to adopt and implement BIM. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{4 (B11)} & Traditional method of contracting is good and provides resistance to change & Top management may arrange and sponsor workshops to train the employees on new technologies. Accommodate the BIM adoption policy in the organizational policy of the company. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{3 (B10)} & The top management don’t provide support & Top management should provide support in adapting new culture and modification in the construction field. Training sessions should be conducted and the benefits of BIM should be highlighted using seminars and short courses. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{2 (B1, B4, B7)} & Lack of BIM expertise, lack of awareness of BIM and firms do not accept or train their employees on new technologies & Benefits of BIM should be highlighted to the decision makers in organization so that they encourage and arrange seminars, conferences and workshops on BIM for their employees. Firms should retain the trained and expert staff by giving them incentives and remuneration. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{1 (B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B12)} & Complexity of BIM software and learning difficulty amongst the professionals & BIM courses should be offered in universities as part of the curriculum. In addition, through continuous professional development (CPD) activities learning difficulty can be overcome. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{6} & \multirow{6}{*}{Additional Barriers} & \multirow{3}{*}{Clients do not require it.} & Advantages of BIM technology should be shared with clients so that they have better information about BIM applications. \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & Government should form a standard policy for implementing new technologies. Legal issues should be resolved and consistent policy should be followed. \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & The firms should use their resources and update their policies to give some time to practice new technologies as it can be the best investment in the future. Moreover, return of investment plans should be made, which will help in the adoption of new technologies. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Solutions to overcome various barriers in different construction markets around the globe. implementation of BIM in Pakistan. In total, 64% of the respondents had some knowledge about BIM and only 17% of them had used BIM in their projects. The respondents responded that BIM helps in minimizing the cost and time of a project up to 57%. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to find the interrelationships between the barriers, and the model was prepared which shows the dependencies of barriers at different levels. Additionally, MICMAC was applied which classified the 12 barriers into three driver variables: five among them were linkage variables, three fell in the driver variables criteria and two were the dependent variables.