# Estimation of the Achievable Performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Optimal Link State Routing
## 3 Results
### Evaluation Metrics and Performance Analysis in MANETs
#### 3.2.4 Losses on the Radio Signal Propagation Path between Nodes  
When designing the network, transmitter radio visibility calculations were performed in accordance with ITU-R Recommendation P.1411-11 [36] and ITU-R Recommendation P.1238-10 [37]. We will consider scenarios where the network is located outdoors in an urban area and inside residential buildings.  
First, let us analyze the main transmission loss in radio wave propagation within street canyons, where the receiving and transmitting stations are located below roof level, regardless of the height of their antennas. In this case, the median main transmission loss is determined using the following formula [36]:  
\[L(d,f)=10*\alpha*\log_{10}d+\beta+10*\gamma*\log_{10}f,\;\text{dB} \tag{15}\]  
with a standard deviation (\(\sigma\)) (in dB).  
\(d\)--distance between the receiving and transmitting stations (m);  
\(f\)--operating frequency (GHz);  
\(\infty,\;\beta,\;\gamma\)--coefficients depending on the type of route.  
There are three possible cases when designing the network. The first case involves stations located within the line of sight (LOS). For such paths and types of environments--urban high-rise buildings, urban areas with low-rise buildings, and suburban areas--the following coefficient values are recommended:  
\[\infty=2.12\;\beta=29.2\;\gamma=2.11\;\text{n}\;\sigma=5.06\;\text{dB}\]  
The second case involves non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation in urban conditions. In the case of network deployment in residential areas with single-story and two-story residential buildings, the loss formula incorporates the following coefficients:  
\[\infty=3.01\;\beta=18.8\;\gamma=2.07\;\text{n}\;\sigma=3.07\;\text{dB}\]  
When deploying the network in urban areas with high-rise buildings, the following are incorporated:  
\[\infty=4.00\;\beta=10.2\;\gamma=2.36\;\text{n}\;\sigma=7.06\;\text{dB}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Number of Nodes** & **Number of Nodes** & **Number of Nodes** \\
**Packet Delay, s** & **with 80 MHz** & **with 80 MHz** & **with 80 MHz** \\  & **Channel Bandwidth,** & **Channel Bandwidth,** & **Channel Bandwidth,** \\  & **One Branch** & **Two Branches** & **Three Branches** \\ \hline
0.1 & 76 & 110 & 140 \\ \hline
0.4 & 150 & 224 & 294 \\ \hline
1 & 240 & 360 & 484 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: The dependence of the influence of branching of the data transmission path on the delay in the delivery of packets for 80 MHz channels.  
When nodes in the network are located inside a building, it is advisable to use a generalized model of the main transmission losses inside the premises in accordance with ITU-R Recommendation P.1238-10 [37]:  
\[L(d,f)=20*\log_{10}f+N*\log_{10}d+L_{f}(n)-28\;\mathrm{dB} \tag{16}\]  
\(f\)--channel central frequency (MHz);  
\(d\)--distance between neighboring nodes (m), where d > 1 m;  
\(N\)--distance loss factor;  
\(L_{f}(n)\)--loss due to signal penetration through walls;  
\(n\)--number of floors between nodes, where \(n\) = 0 corresponds to adjacent floors and \(L_{f}(n)\) = 0 dB. For a frequency of 2.4 GHz, \(L_{f}(n)\) = 10 dB (for a single concrete wall) and  
\(N\) = 28; for a frequency of 5 GHz, \(L_{f}(n  
Taking into account the specified transmitter power of 14 dBm and receiver sensitivity of \(-80\) dBm for the nodes, we can determine the possible range of distances between nodes where the signal will have an acceptable attenuation to ensure the required data transmission rate. Within indoor environments (residential buildings), this distance would be either 25 or 15 m (depending on the central frequency). When nodes are located outside residential buildings, the possible distances between nodes are as follows: (1) for line of sight paths in urban areas, up to 300 or 150 m; (2) for NLoS paths in residential areas, 70 or 50 m; and (3) for NLoS paths in urban areas with high-rise buildings, 50 or 30 m.