## 5 Experimental Results and Discussions
### Performance Evaluation  
Figure 4 shows the network lifetime analysis of the proposed FCSEO method. The FCSEO method is compared with various protocol techniques, namely, the efficient region source routing (ER-SR) protocol, firefly load balancing based energy optimized routing(FLB-EOR), evolutionary-game-based routing (EGR), hybrid red deer salp swarm (HRDSS). The proposed method has attained maximum alive sensor nodes compared to ER-SR, FLB-EOR, EGR, and HRDSS. The number of alive nodes in each round is greater for the proposed FCSEO method, with 275 alive nodes in 10,000 rounds, 225 alive nodes in 2000 rounds and 100 alive nodes in 3000 rounds, while for other compared methods the values are lower than the proposed FCSEO method. Figure 5 and Table 5 depicts the analysis of throughput with respect to the number of nodes. The throughput of the proposed method was compared with the throughput of some existing methods such as ER-SR, FLB-EOR, EGR, and HRDSS. From the analysis, the  
Figure 4: Comparative analysis of network lifetime. proposed method obtains higher throughput than other methods. The royal blue line graph denotes the proposed method. The throughput value obtained by the proposed FCSEO method is high as compared to other methods with the value 0.75 for 40 nodes, 1.1 for 120 nodes and 1.9 for 200 nodes. Figure 6 describes the comparative evaluation of the energy consumption of various methods. The graph is plotted with the number of rounds and energy consumption. The proposed method is compared with various existing methods such as ER-SR, FLB-EOR, EGR, and HRDSS. Lower consumption of energy in the proposed approach maximizes the network lifetime. The energy consumed by the nodes in each round is less for the proposed FCSEO method than other compared methods. For the proposed FCSEO method, the energy consumed in 1000 rounds is 0.2 J, 2000 rounds is 3.5 J, and 8 J for 3000 rounds. Figure 5: Comparative analysis of throughput. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Total Number of Nodes**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Methods**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Proposed** & **FLB-EOR ( )** & **EGR ( )** & **HRDSS ( )** & **ER-SR ( )** \\ \hline
0 & 0.17 & 0.16 & 0.16 & 0.16 & 0.16 \\ \hline
40 & 0.75 & 0.6 & 0.4 & 0.15 & 0.23 \\ \hline
80 & 1 & 0.8 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.34 \\ \hline
120 & 1.1 & 0.9 & 0.57 & 0.51 & 0.4 \\ \hline
160 & 1.3 & 1.1 & 0.63 & 0.68 & 0.45 \\ \hline
200 & 1.9 & 1.7 & 0.9 & 0.7 & 0.47 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparative results based on throughput. Figure 7 and Table 6 portray the comparative analysis of residual energy, and the proposed approach is compared with various existing methods, such as ER-SR, FLB-EOR, EGR, and HRDSS. More energy is stored in the proposed method than other methods, however, at a particular number of rounds, there is a drop in energy. The proposed FCSEO method achieves greater residual energy as compared to other with 12 J in 1000 rounds, 9 J in 2000 rounds and 5.9 J in 3000 rounds, while for other techniques the value is lower. Figure 8 and Table 7 indicate a comparison of the routing overhead of the proposed method, where the \(x\)-axis specifies the nodes, and the \(y\)-axis specifies the routing overhead. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Total Number of Rounds**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Methods**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Proposed** & **FLB-EOR** & **EGR** & **HRDSS** & **ER-SR** \\ \hline
500 & 13 & 12.3 & 11.6 & 11.3 & 10.5 \\ \hline
1000 & 12.7 & 12.1 & 9.4 & 9 & 8.9 \\ \hline
1500 & 11.8 & 11 & 8.9 & 7 & 6.1 \\ \hline
2000 & 9 & 8.5 & 5.7 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline
2500 & 7 & 5.5. & 4 & 2.8 & 1 \\ \hline
3000 & 5.9 & 4 & 1 & 0.9 & 0.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparative results based on residual energy. Figure 6: Comparative results of energy consumption. Figure 7: Comparative analysis of residual energy. From the figure, the proposed method has a lower routing overhead than ER-SR, FLB-EOR, EGR, and HRDSS.