## 3 Results and Discussion
### TPC and Radical scavenging Capacities of Yanggaeng  
The antioxidative capacities (TPC, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP) of Yanggaeng are portrayed in Table 5. The TPC was gradually increased by the addition of CF in Yanggaeng. The TPC in the CON was 18.58 mg GAE/g; however, the TPC values were 26.87, 29.75, and 36.71 in 2%, 4%, and 6% CF addition in Yanggaeng, respectively, with continuous elevation by increasing CF addition. _Corni fruct_ has abundant phenolic components, such as kaempfer [27] and gallic acid [37]; therefore, increasing the amount of CF may elevate the TPC in Yanggaeng. However, regardless of treatments, the TFC from all Yanggaeng was lower than the detection limit (100 mg QE/g; data not shown). Therefore, undetectable TFC may rely on the absence of flavonoids in either CF or the ingredients of Yanggaeng. Among the ingredients used to make Yanggaeng, white bean paste originates from kidney beans (_Phasedus vulgaris_) after removing the skin [38], and functional components, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and flavonoids, are largely placed in the shell of the kidney beans. In the skin of soybeans, phenolic contents, such as \(p\)-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid, are detectable [39]. However, removing skin for white bean paste may trigger loss of flavonoids. The overall radical scavenging capacities were increased by CF treatment in Yanggaeng in a dose-dependent manner. The DPPH radical scavenging activities were the lowest in the CON (17.47%); however, increasing CF addition gradually elevated the DPPH radical scavenging activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activities were 28.51, 37.20, and 53.93 in 2%, 4%, and 6% CF-added Yanggaeng, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activities were the lowest in the CON (15.17%), as observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activities; however, the ABTS radical scavenging activities were gradually and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Items**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Corni fruct_**s** Powder (\%)} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **CON** & **2\%** & **4\%** & **6\%** \\ \hline pH & 6.82 \(\pm\) 0.07 [23] & 5.45 \(\pm\) 0.09  \\ \({}^{\text{c}}\)Brix & 2.47 \(\pm\) 0.06  & 2.73 \(\pm\) 0.06  & 26.52 \(\pm\) 3.37  & 26.05 \(\pm\) 2.87 [FOOTNOTE:]Footnote : The treatments are described in Table 1. \({}^{1}\) WHC, Water holding capacity. \({}^{2}\) Values are presented as means \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3). \({}^{3}\) Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by [PERSON]’s post hoc test. \({}^{\text{a-d}}\) Means with different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different with \(p\)\(<\)0.05 in Yanggaeng treated with _Corni fruct_s powder. ns, not significant.[ENDFOOTNOTE] & \multicolumn{1}{c}{}{} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Changes in pH, \({}^{\circ}\)Brix, and water holding capacity of Yanggaeng treated with _Corni fruct_s powder. remarkably raised by increasing CF addition. The ABTS radical scavenging activities were 23.02, 24.07, and 30.23 in 2%, 4%, and 6% CF-treated Yanggaeng, respectively. The FRAP was induced dose-dependent by increasing CF addition in Yanggaeng, as summarized in the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The FRAP was lowest in the CON (0.20); however, FRAP was steadily and significantly elevated by increasing CF addition. The FRAP values were 25.50, 110.50, and 210.13 mM FeSO\({}_{4}\)/g in 2%, 4%, and 6% CF-treated Yanggaeng, respectively. The overall radical scavenging capacities were progressively and notably elevated by increasing the added CF amount in Yanggaeng; therefore, the overall increase of radical scavenging capacities may be closely intertwined with the TPC in the CF, similar to other peer-reviewed publications [40; 41].