## 3 Review of Studies Related to MaaS in the Context of Multi-
### Review of Studies
The experiments were performed based on scenarios of several transport modes, including walking, micromobility, private vehicles, ridesourcing and transit, with varied modal shares under a variety of congestion conditions. The analysis of results shows the strengths and weaknesses of transport modes. Transit enjoys the lowest impact per person. Ridesourcing has adverse effects across different performance measures. The study outlines strategies to reduce travel time, waiting time, and overall transport network delay based on optimization of ridesourcing-transit integration. 8. Questions: To what extent can the MaaS promises to people and government be delivered? Could any unanticipated societal issues arise from adoption of MaaS? What are the challenges for urban governance from potential MaaS adoption, and the recommended responses to these challenges? Results: Despite the fact that many studies show that MaaS has the potential benefits for users by providing efficient access to plan and book services of multiple transport modes to meet their transport requirements through one application, some researchers are skeptical about what MaaS promised to people and government. The paper [49] attempted to answer the question about the extent to which the MaaS promised to people could be delivered and studied the challenges for urban governance. The authors assessed the grand promises that MaaS has made in terms of efficiency, choice and freedom. The authors concluded that MaaS has considerable potential for deception due to the unanticipated societal issues that could arise from adoption of MaaS. In addition, without proper government intervention, the MaaS efficiency and equity promises are not possible. 9. Questions: Are there principles for sustainable MaaS? Can we identify principles for sustainable MaaS in areas with high car dependency? Results: Although MaaS has been proposed as a potential solution to deal with the economic, environmental and social issues arising from car dependency, there still lacks a study on the principles for sustainable MaaS. The paper [50] aims to identify principles for sustainable MaaS in the context of unsustainable car dependency. Several principles for sustainable MaaS were set out in [50] by reviewing recent literature to help determine the principles. The principles take into consideration several factors, including (1) the need to reduce the reliance on using a personal vehicle for transportation, (2) the need for access to workplaces and amenities, (3) the need to minimize the environmental impact and (4) the need to be long-term viable for all stakeholders. MaaS operators are recommended to design services by following these principles. 10. Question: How MaaS influences commuting mode choice of commuters? Results: MaaS provides end-to-end transport services to users by combining multi-transport modes through applications on mobile phones. Commuters must determine commuting mode choice when MaaS is used. How MaaS influences commuting mode choice of commuters is an important issue. To investigate this issue, several tasks have been performed in the study [51], including (1) examine the potential role of MaaS as a transport demand management tool, (2) conduct a stated choice experiment among employees in the Netherlands, (3) show that MaaS could be a promising transport demand management tool when combining carrots (low MaaS package prices) and sticks (parking price increases), and (4) examine the behavioral change potential per user category. 11. Question: How to implement multi-modal shared mobility through policy implementation? Results: The widespread adoption of smart devices with geographic positioning system, geographic information systems, software apps, capability of electronic transactions and increasing availability of urban mobility options through multi-modal transport systems and shared mobility enable the emerging MaaS paradigm. Although the number of related papers has increased significantly, there is still a lack of reviews of the policy for the implementation of MaaS.