## 3 Algorithmic Errors
### AI-Enhanced Navigation Systems
#### 3.5.4 Critical Assessment of AI in Navigation  
While the introduction of AI is associated with many benefits for the maritime sector, it also comes with several challenges that need to be taken into account to ensure the success of the process. Technologies using artificial intelligence collect and analyze large amounts of sensitive data, which raises privacy and security concerns. The controversial issues surrounding the implementation of AI in maritime transport include, but are not limited to:  
1. Cybersecurity: with the digitalization of shipping and increased connectivity between ships, artificial intelligence systems, and autonomous machines, there is a greater risk associated with cybersecurity. Hackers can steal confidential information, cut off a vessel's external communications, or tamper with navigation systems, potentially causing damage to the crew, ship, and entire company by:  
* Changing vessel parameters--e.g., position, speed, name, cargo, and route information. This is an extremely dangerous phenomenon that can lead to chaos on shipping routes, causing loss of life and environmental disasters. The manipulation of the ship's parameters and the possible negative consequences of this act can be used to commit a terrorist attack. * Removal of existing vessels from radar--a very dangerous situation that may cause a collision between two or even more vessels, endangering human life and the environment. Particularly dangerous in conditions of restricted visibility, where ships rely mainly on radar data. * Creating 'ghost ships'--recognized by other ships as real but not existing in reality. This can force navigators to make unintended course and speed alterations, creating chaos on the fairway. * Manipulating data and images in the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)--this is used for voyage planning and monitoring. This system displays digital nautical charts, which are the main source of information for modern navigators. As per IMO guidelines, the ECDIS replaces paper nautical charts, which are no longer required on board. This means that altering the data in this system robs navigators of crucial information about the ship's position and its orientation relative to navigational and land hazards. * Sending false weather information--causing vessels to alter course to avoid non-existent adverse weather conditions or deleting information about actual bad weather and deliberately steering the ship into a storm or cyclone, which could potentially lead to its sinking. * Installing malware in a ship's loading and stability software--this can have catastrophic consequences. A ship that is incorrectly loaded and does not meet stability requirements can capsize, break due to hull overload, or even sink. Improperly segregated and unseparated hazardous cargo can lead to explosions and fires, causing total loss of ship and crew and severe environmental contamination. * Falsifying distress signals by imitating emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) and Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs)--this can have serious consequences. False signals from emergency beacons would particularly impact Mission Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCCs) and Search and Rescue (SAR) centers, leading to costly rescue operations and dispatching units to a non-existent threat. False signals from radar transponders would result in other vessels searching for non-existent lifeboats with potential survivors. * There are obviously privacy regulations that hold companies responsible for how they collect, store, and use sensitive data. On the other hand, companies often lack knowledge and certainty about how their use of AI-based solutions will affect compliance with these regulations. The potential harm of a cyberattack in maritime transport was illustrated by the Danish company Maersk in 2017. After being struck by the Petya virus, the company estimated its losses at around $300 million [66]. 2. Data integration.