## 3 Results  
Homogeneity Testing of Basic Data, Physical Function, Cognitive Function, and Sleep Quality in the Experimental and Control Groups  
The results of the chi-squared test revealed no significant pretest differences in sex, age, educational level, religious beliefs, or disease categories between the experimental and control groups (\(p\) > 0.05). This finding indicated that the two groups were homogeneous in terms of physical and cognitive function and sleep quality before the intervention commenced (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Experimental (n = 29)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control (n = 29)**} & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **n** & **\%** & **n** & **\%** & **t-Value** & _p-Value_ \\ \hline Gender & & & & & 0.065 & 0.800 \\  & male & 12 & 41.14 & 14 & 48.28 & & \\  & female & 17 & 58.86 & 15 & 51.72 & & \\ Age & & & & & 0.161 & 0.096 \\  & 65–74 years old & 21 & 72.41 & 18 & 62.07 & & \\  & 75–84 years old & 6 & 20.69 & 9 & 31.03 & & \\  & 85 years old and above & 2 & 6.90 & 2 & 6.90 & & \\ Education level & & & & & 2.500 & 0.475 \\  & uneducated & 9 & 31.04 & 7 & 24.14 & & \\ Religious beliefs & & educated & 20 & 68.96 & 22 & 75.86 & & \\  & None & 8 & 29.03 & 6 & 22.58 & & \\  & Yes & 21 & 70.97 & 23 & 77.42 & & \\ Disease categories & & & & & 2.500 & 0.475 & \\  & Respiratory System & 8 & 27.59 & 4 & 13.56 & & \\  & Musculoskeletal System & 3 & 10.59 & 5 & 17.13 & & \\  & Circulatory System & 8 & 27.59 & 8 & 27.48 & & \\  & Endocrine Metabolism & 10 & 34.23 & 12 & 41.83 & & \\  & & & Mean \(\pm\) SD & & Mean \(\pm\) SD & _t_-value & _p_-value \\ Physical function & & & & & & \\  & Grip Strength (Right Hand) & 24.84 \(\pm\) 4.48 & 24.69 \(\pm\) 4.49 & 0.439 & 0.115 \\  & Grip Strength (Left Hand) & 22.42 \(\pm\) 3.82 & 22.94 \(\pm\) 3.91 & 0.461 & 0.417 \\ IADL & & & & & & \\  & Shopping Outdoors & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.58 & 0.229 & 0.080 \\  & Going Out for Activities & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.83 & 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 0.176 & 0.060 \\  & food preparation & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 1.58 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 0.194 & 0.200 \\  & household maintenance & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 0.190 & 0.070 \\  & laundry & 1.71 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 0.221 & 0.070 \\  & telephone use & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 0.229 & 0.300 \\  & medication administration & 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 0.263 & 0.081 \\  & financial management & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.51 & 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 0.228 & 0.600 \\ Cognitive function & & & & & \\  & Sense of orientation & 7.71 \(\pm\) 0.53 & 8.23 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 1.046 & 0.406 \\  & attention and calculation & 3.36 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 3.03 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 0.304 & 0.140 \\  & mobility & 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 1.97 \(\pm\) 0.61 & 0.239 & 0.070 \\  & language & 2.10 \(\pm\) 0.65 & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 0.264 & 0.500 \\  & verbal comprehension & 2.32 \(\pm\) 0.60 & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 0.237 & 0.080 \\  & constructional ability & 0.97 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.45 & 0.190 & 0.090 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Homogeneity testing of baseline characteristics, physical function, cognitive function, and sleep quality between experimental and control groups in elderly individuals with dynapena. Analysis of Physical Function, Cognitive Function, and Sleep Quality before and after the Intervention in the Experimental and Control Groups  
No adverse events were reported during the intervention period. Our results revealed that HGS significantly increased in both the right hand (paired t = \(-\)1.252, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001) and left hand (paired t = \(-\)1.225, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001) in the experimental group after the intervention compared with before the intervention.