esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Characterization of Root Canal Sealers through FTIR  
FTIR spectroscopy is able to provide information that is reliable for assessing the chemical structures of the endodontic sealers [35]. The FTIR spectrum analysis of root canal sealers has the potential to assist in the identification of some of the causal agents that are responsible for the cytotoxicity of the sealers. According to the results of the FTIR analysis, the BioRoot sealer exhibited prominent absorption bands at 666 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 709 cm\({}^{-1}\). The presence of these bands indicated the existence of C-Cl stretching, which can be attributed to the presence of calcium chloride in the sealer material itself. Similar findings were observed in a study by [PERSON], [PERSON] [24]. Furthermore, C-H stretching vibration can be attributed to the emergence of new absorption bands at 1431 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1483 cm\({}^{-1}\) in BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers, indicating the synthesis of carbonated apatite similar to apatite found in bone and dental hard tissues. The existence of polycarbonate in BioRoot was demonstrated by a band at 1740 cm\({}^{-1}\), indicating the stretching of C=O carboxylic groups due to the presence of povidence, as stated by the manufacturer. There is a possibility that the C=O shows strong bonding between the water in the liquid of BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers, which could perhaps explain why there was a drop in the strength of the hydroxyl peak in both the sealers.  
Furthermore, the C-F bending was depicted by bands at 1260 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1352 cm\({}^{-1}\), which is consistent with the results of the EDX microanalysis, showing that DiaRoot is composed of fluoride. Meanwhile, the peaks at 1098 cm\({}^{-1}\) in DiaRoot, 1301 cm\({}^{-1}\) in OneFill, and 1091 cm\({}^{-1}\) in CeraSeal revealed C-O stretching, which may be caused by the particles mineralizing in the environment with water and carbon dioxide [41]. Moreover, the potential formation of calcium hydroxide can account for the existence of strong O-Hbands in all sealer groups in the range of 3000 cm\({}^{-1}\) to 4000 cm\({}^{-1}\). It is plausible to predict that the sealer will interact with water molecules to create calcium silicate hydrate, which will solidify and produce Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)[42]. The O-H bending seen in all bioceramic-based sealer groups is likewise projected to gradually diminish over time once the sealers are fully set [43]. Nonetheless, the O-H bending intensity varied between all sealer groups, which could be because the specimens' surfaces were examined during testing and not the materials' bulk [44].
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a compact wideband phased array active helical antenna for monitoring HF interference. Traditional multi-element HF antenna designs are often subjected to size restrictions. The front-to-back ratio of the proposed circularly polarized phased array exceeds 20 dB across the operating range. This array enables the simultaneous monitoring of vertically and horizontally polarized signals, offering a practical alternative to larger antennas, particularly in space-constrained scenarios. Through advanced low-noise amplifier design, efficiency and bandwidth are optimized while mitigating mutual coupling effects. Optimal beamformer design enhances array performance with respect to more traditional array design approaches. The test results verify exceptional performance with an average axial ratio of 2 dB and a high front-to-back ratio beyond the desired frequency range. This study offers valuable insights into the design and deployment of compact wideband phased array antennas, providing an effective solution for monitoring HF interference.  
Keywords:phased array; helical antenna; front-back-ratio; bandwidth; radiation pattern +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Conclusions  
The effectiveness of the hybrid control strategy, by combining base isolation and non-traditional TMDs, in suppressing structural vibrations of high-rise buildings under earthquakes was investigated in this paper. The study was conducted for structures with a different number of stories exposed to various far-field and near-field earthquake records. Multi degree-of-freedom models of buildings as well as the non-linear model of the base isolation system were employed in the analysis.  
The results of the study clearly confirmed that the response of high-rise buildings during earthquakes could be significantly reduced using base isolation devices and non-traditional TMDs. They showed also that the effectiveness in suppressing structural vibrations substantially depends on the type of the control system used. It should be underlined that the influence of the base isolation in the reduction of the structural response under different far-field and near-field earthquake records is much larger than the influence of non-traditional TMDs. In the case of the 5, 10, 15, and 20-story buildings analyzed in the study, the application of TMDs alone resulted in a reduction not larger than 20%, as compared to the response without any system. On the other hand, the response of buildings equipped with only base isolation devices was reduced by more than 70% under different ground motions. However, the largest reductions (larger than 80%) was obtained for the cases when both control systems (base isolation and non-traditional TMDs) were used simultaneously. The influence of non-traditional TMDs in reducing the response of buildings under earthquake excitation is much  
Figure 16: Drift ratios for 10-story base-isolated building with 8 TMDs.  
Figure 15: Drift ratios for 10-story base-isolated building with 4 TMDs.  
lower compared to the influence of seismic isolation itself. However, it should be underlined that the application of TMDs does not require any special arrangements [33], whereas the installation of base isolation systems needs major interventions. From this point of view, about 20% of the improvement in structural behavior obtained in the case of TMDs alone can be considered as having a relatively good effect.  
The application of multi degree-of-freedom numerical models of high-rise buildings allowed us to investigate not only the general response of the whole structure during earthquakes but also the specific response of each story separately. Moreover, the non-linear model of the base isolation system allowed us to simulate the dynamic behavior of the base-isolated structures more precisely. Both approaches are therefore recommended for the purposes of studies focused on the seismic response of high-rise buildings equipped with base isolation devices and non-traditional TMDs.  
Conceptualization, H.N.; Data curation, N.N.; Formal analysis, H.N., N.N., D.B., and R.J.; Methodology, H.N. and R.J.; Writing - original draft, H.N. and N.N.; Writing - review and editing, D.B. and R.J.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Fast and Accurate Method for Computing the Microwave Heating of Moving Objects
## 2 Mathematical Model
### Simulation Strategy  
Simulating microwave heating coupled electromagnetic and thermal fields of moving objects is usually very complicated and extremely time-consuming. To address this problem, we show an efficient and flexible method where each continuous rotation circle is divided into many discrete points, i.e., the moving objects change their positions many times. At each position, the moving objects keep stationary for a period, which is further divided into smaller electromagnetic time steps. During each electromagnetic time step, the dissipated power density inside the heated sample is calculated by solving Equations (1)-(3) in the frequency domain with an iterative linear system solver, Flexible Generalized Minimum RESidual (FGMRES). Then, the temperature distribution field in the time domain is obtained by taking the power as the heat source to solve Equations (4)-(6) with a parallel sparse direct solver (PARDISO). With the calculated temperature, the dielectric properties of the sample are updated at the end of each electromagnetic time steps. The calculated temperature and updated dielectric properties are taken as the initial values in the calculation of the following time step. Since the calculated electromagnetic time steps are usually less than 0.01 s, the dielectric properties can be considered as real-time changed just like the actual microwave heating. After the calculation at one position is done, we instantaneously rotate the remains, instead of the heated sample, to the next position and reconduct the above calculations until the desired heating time is reached. The flowchart of the proposed method is outlined in Figure 1.
## 2 Related Work
### Protected Data Aggregation  
Protected data aggregation [24; 25] occurs after ensuring that the selected CH is well-authenticated as a feasible solution for the UVWSN.  
This ensures that each USN can transfer data and securely aggregate it to its CH operation. Each USN in the UVWSN deployment is controlled by protected data aggregation. Thus, each USN protects the data transmission using symmetric encryption before sending  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Notations** & **Description** \\ \hline \(SK_{CH}\) & A secret key generated by CH \\ \hline \(PK_{CH}\) & Public key of CH \\ \hline \(CH_{id}\) & The ID of the CH \\ \hline \(GW_{id}\) & The ID of the gateway \\ \hline \(CH_{RR}\) & CH registration request \\ \hline \(CH_{RC}\) & CH registration confirmation \\ \hline \(M_{RREQ}\) & Registration request message \\ \hline \(M_{RRES}\) & Registration response message \\ \hline \(H\) & Hash function \\ \hline \(T_{s1}\) & Timestamp at which the request was generated at CH \\ \hline \(T_{s2}\) & Timestamp at which the reply was generated at GW \\ \hline \(SK_{GW}\) & Secret key of gateway \\ \hline \(PK_{GW}\) & Public key of gateway \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Notation and Description of Algorithm 1.  
it to the CH. The data transmission at CH is aggregated securely and further transmitted to base station (BS), where compromised MNAs (malicious node attackers) can be detected, removed, and managed accordingly. This process is described in Algorithm 2.  
Algorithm 2 ensures that secure data transmission is well performed in the network. The secure methods used in the algorithm include secure authentication and secure data aggregation by each CH in the UVWSN. Therefore, BS checks the aggregated data for authenticity, and BS checks its time stamp as well. Any detected compromised USN data are discarded, and this ensures the safety of the remaining aggregated data. The detected compromised/malicious node is isolated from the cluster. This maintains network security in the network.  
A process flow diagram of the proposed SDAA protocol is used and displayed in Figure 3 to show the overall processing of information. In Figure 3, process flows 1 and 2 indicate the CH authentication with its GW. Process flows 3 indicates the symmetric data encryption by the USN, and process flow 4 demonstrates the decryption of received data by the BS. Used notations are shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Notations** & **Meaning** \\ \hline \(S_{i}\) & Sensors \\ \(S_{id}\) & ID of \(S_{i}\) \\ \(T_{33}\) & _Timestamp at which the data are sensed at \(S\)_ \\ \(K_{m}\) & _Master key_ \\ \(K_{i}\) & _Encryption key of \(S_{i}\)_ \\ \(K_{d}\) & _Decryption key of BS_ \\ \(E_{nK}\) & _Encryption using \(K_{i}\)_ \\ \(D\) & _Sensed data_ \\ \(D_{Enc(i)}\) & _Encrypted data at \(S_{i}\)_ \\ \(D_{Enc(cal)}\) & _Collection of encrypted data from all \(S_{i}\) at CH_ \\ \(D_{Enc(CH)}\) & _CH’s encrypted data_ \\ \(D_{Enc}(dgg)\) & _Aggregation of encrypted data_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Used notations and description for Algorithm 2.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Whole Cell Patch Recordings in Hippocampal Cultures  
The recording of neuronal light-induced activity was performed with whole-cell voltage- and current-clamp techniques after 14 days of cultivation; at this time, neurons mature and form a stable network [20; 21]. Whole-cell recordings were conducted in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) external solution, which contains 124 mM NaCl, 26 mM NaHCO\({}_{3}\), 10 mM glucose, 5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl\({}_{2}\), 1.3 mM MgCl\({}_{2}\) and 1 mM NaH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (pH 7.4, 290-310 milliosmole (mOsm)) [22]. An Olympus IX73 inverted microscope was used with the 40\(\times\) objective and appropriate filters for fluorescence imaging. This microscope was equipped with a 4-channel light-emitting diode (LED) driver Thorlabs DC4104 to localize and target fluorescent ChR2-expressing neurons by expression of the tdTomato fluorescent protein.  
Patch pipettes, pulled from borosilicate glass (1.5 mm outside diameter (OD), 0.86 mm inside diameter (ID), 3-5 MOm) were filled with a solution containing 140 mM K-Gluconate, 2 mM MgCl\({}_{2}\), 2 mM NaCl, 2 mM ATP-Na\({}_{2}\), 0.3 mM GTP-Mg, 10 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (pH 7.35, 290-300 mOsm). Conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained via a MultiClamp 700 B double patch amplifier and a Digidata 1440A (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) coupled to the acquisition software pClamp 10.7. The holding potential in voltage-clamp mode was \(-\)70 mV, uncorrected for any liquid junction potential (in the range of \(-\)10 mV to \(-\)8 mV) between the internal and external solutions. After DIV14, light-evoked neuronal activity has been detected using the whole-cell patch clamp technique as shown in Figure 1. We have used 10 primary cultures for the measurement of membrane currents and potentials.  
Figure 1: Primary hippocampal neuron transfected with FCK-ChR2-GFP and pCSCMV:tdTomato during the recording of photocurrents.
# Compact Quad-Port MIMO Antenna with Ultra-Wideband and High Isolation
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Diversity Properties of MIMO Antennas
#### 4.3.4 Total Active Reflection Coefficient  
In order to describe more rigorously the effect of influence between adjacent cells in MIMO systems, the Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) is used to describe the coupling degree and channel independence between ports, in addition to the S-parameters of individual ports [27; 28].  
\[TARC=-\sqrt{\frac{\left(S_{11}+S_{1i}\right)^{2}+\left(S_{i1}+S_{ii}\right)^{2}} {2}},\ \left(i=2,3,4\right) \tag{8}\]  
In the ultra-wideband range, the TARC is guaranteed to be \(<\)-10 dB at a minimum [29]. It can be seen from Figure 18 that the TARC from port 1 to port 2 is between \(-52.28\) dB and \(-36.34\) dB. The TARC from port 1 to port 3 is between \(-59.13\) dB and \(-35.08\) dB, and the TARC from port 1 to port 4 is between \(-51.46\) dB and \(-36.41\) dB. All TARCs are below \(-35\) dB, which ensures low coupling effects and channel independence between receiver and transmitter in MIMO systems.  
To further illustrate the advantages of the proposed MIMO antennas, recent designs of MIMO antennas are compared with UWB MIMO antennas. All antennas are listed in Table 3 in terms of operational bandwidth, isolation, correlation coefficient, and size. The port isolation of antennas in [3; 4; 5; 7; 15; 16] is more than 24 dB, but bandwidth is limited and only two cells, while the proposed antenna has a wider bandwidth with four cells and port isolation \(>27.8\) dB. The antennas in [10; 11; 19] all have four cells and can completely include the UWB band (3.1-10.8 GHz), but the size of the antennas is generally large, which  
Figure 17: Mean Effective Gain of proposed MIMO antenna between: (**a**) port 1 and 2; (**b**) port 1 and 3; (**c**) port 1 and 4; (**d**) details.  
is not conducive to the miniaturization of MIMO antennas. The isolation of [11; 12; 15] is low, in particular, [11] also has the problem of being oversized. The comparison in Table 3 shows that the proposed four-cell MIMO antenna has the advantages of wide bandwidth, high isolation, low correlation, miniaturization and compact structure.
# Fuzzy Echo State Network-Based Fault Diagnosis of Remote-Controlled Robotic Arms
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, we proposed a novel fault diagnosis technique for remote-controlled robotic arm systems, utilizing a neural network inspired by the DFESN. The DFESN model addresses the significant challenges posed by the high uncertainty and noise typical in teleoperated environments. By effectively handling smaller, three-dimensional datasets, the DFESN model proves to be both efficient and accurate in real-time fault diagnosis. Furthermore, we applied the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) to optimize the hyperparameters of the DFESN model, significantly enhancing its performance. This optimization was crucial in adapting the DFESN model for the complex dynamics involved in robotic fault diagnosis in real-time environments.  
Our extensive experiments on a leader-follower robotic arm system demonstrate that the DFESN model achieves superior performance compared to traditional methods. Specifically, it achieves the highest mean accuracy of 99.5% while maintaining the shortest training time (4.75 s) and online diagnosis time (0.0105 s). These results highlight the DFESN model's robustness and its ability to perform real-time fault diagnosis, which is critical for maintaining the reliability and safety of robotic arm systems in various applications.  
The high classification accuracy across different fault types, with perfect classification for several fault categories, underscores the model's effectiveness in distinguishing between various faults. The minimal misclassification rates further validate the DFESN model's potential in practical applications where prompt and accurate fault detection is crucial.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.G. and S.P.; methodology, Z.G.; software, Z.G.; validation, S.P., Z.G. and Y.Y.; formal analysis, S.P. and Z.G.; investigation, S.P. and Z.G.; resources, X.L. and S.P.; data curation, Z.G.; writing--original draft preparation, S.P. and Z.G.; writing--review and editing, X.L. and T.Z.; visualization, X.L. and S.P.; supervision, X.L. and S.P.; project administration, X.L. and S.P.; funding acquisition, X.L. and S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62003218, Stable Support Projects for Shenzhen Higher Education Institutions under Grant 20220717223051001, and the Shenzhen International Science and Technology Cooperation Project under Grant GJHZ20220913143204009.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Determination of Geometrical REVs Based on Volumetric Fracture Intensity and Statistical Tests
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a method to estimate a representative element volume (REV) of a fractured rock mass based on the volumetric fracture intensity P\({}_{32}\) and statistical tests. A 150 m \(\times\) 80 m \(\times\) 50 m 3D fracture network model was generated based on field data collected at the Maji dam site by using the rectangular window sampling method. The volumetric fracture intensity P\({}_{32}\) of each cube was calculated by varying the cube location in the generated 3D fracture network model and varying the cube side length from 1 to 20 m, and the distribution of the P\({}_{32}\) values was described. The size effect and spatial effect of the fractured rock mass were studied; the P\({}_{32}\) values from the same cube sizes and different locations were significantly different, and the fluctuation in P\({}_{32}\) values clearly decreases as the cube side length increases. In this paper, a new method that comprehensively considers the anisotropy of rock masses, simplicity of calculation and differences between different methods was proposed to estimate the geometrical REV size. The geometrical REV size of the fractured rock mass was determined based on the volumetric fracture intensity P\({}_{32}\) and two statistical test methods, namely, the likelihood ratio test and the Wald-Wolfowitz runs test. The results of the two statistical tests were substantially different; critical cube sizes of 13 m and 12 m were estimated by the Wald-Wolfowitz runs test and the likelihood ratio test, respectively. Because the different test methods emphasize different considerations and impact factors, considering a result that these two tests accept, the larger cube size, 13 m, was selected as the geometrical REV size of the fractured rock mass at the Maji dam site in China.  
REV; fractured rock mass; likelihood ratio test; Wald-Wolfowitz runs test; Maji hydropower station +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
This makes it a more practical and scalable solution in engineering scenarios where annotated datasets may be scarce or where domain knowledge is difficult to formalize into strict rules. In summary, despite the extensive research conducted by numerous scholars on dimensioning, significant limitations still exist. Current dimensioning methods often lack adaptability when applied to engineering drawings of varying sizes and resolutions, leading to reduced accuracy. This issue becomes particularly pronounced when dealing with complex engineering drawings or freeform surfaces, where traditional dimensioning techniques may fall short of meeting high-precision requirements, resulting in errors or omissions in the annotations. The specific research problem addressed in this work is how to effectively match and assign dimensions across multi-scale engineering drawings to achieve high precision and standardization in automatic dimensioning processes. Based on the existing challenges in automatic dimensioning, this study proposes the following research hypothesis: by integrating case-based reasoning (CBR) with the MKD-ICP algorithm, the accuracy and adaptability of dimensioning for engineering drawings of various scales and resolutions can be significantly improved. This hypothesis guides the development of the proposed method and the subsequent validation experiments conducted in this study. The contributions of this study are as follows:  
* We propose an innovative intelligent method for engineering drawing dimensioning, based on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), K-Dimensional Tree (KD-Tree), and the improved Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. * We propose a new method, the MKD-ICP algorithm, by combining the spatial search capability of KD-Tree with the point cloud matching technology of ICP, enabling the mapping and alignment of dimension information. * We conducted an empirical study using a refrigerated van as a case, and the experimental results show that the proposed method significantly reduces human intervention and errors, accurately achieving automatic dimensioning of engineering drawings. The structure of this paper is arranged as follows: Section 2 introduces research related to the automatic generation of dimensions in engineering drawings and the application of the ICP algorithm in engineering; Section 3 provides a detailed explanation of the dimension semantic analysis of engineering drawings and the use of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and the MKD-ICP algorithm for dimension information acquisition and mapping; Section 4 discusses the automatic dimensioning efficiency, accuracy, and results of the method; finally, Section 5 concludes this study and outlines plans for future research.