esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Mathematical Models Description  
### Governing Equation  
The internal steam flow of a nozzle is governed by the compressible steady-state axisymmetric form of the fluid flow conservation equation. The Navier-Stokes equations are more suitable for variable density flows [32]. The total energy equation, including viscous dissipation, was considered and coupled with the gas law. The governing equations of continuity, momentum, and energy can be written as follows:  
The continuity equation:  
\[\frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}(\rho u_{i})=0 \tag{1}\]  
The momentum equation:  
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho u_{i})+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}(\rho u _{i}u_{j})=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x_{i}}+\frac{\partial\tau_{ij}}{ \partial x_{j}} \tag{2}\]The energy equation:  
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho E)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}(u_{j}(\rho E+ P))=-\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}(\alpha_{eff}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x_{j}})+ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}(u_{i}\tau_{ij}) \tag{3}\]  
\[\rho=\frac{p}{RT} \tag{4}\]  
\[\tau_{ij}=\mu_{eff}(\frac{\partial u_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}+\frac{\partial u_{j} }{\partial x_{i}})-\frac{2}{3}\mu_{eff}\frac{\partial u_{k}}{\partial x_{k}} \delta_{ij} \tag{5}\]  
where \(u_{i}\), \(u_{j}\), \(u_{k}\) are components of the velocity, \(\tau_{ij}\) is the stress tensor of the fluid, \(E\) is the fluid energy, \(\alpha_{eff}\) is the effective thermal conductivity, \(\mu_{eff}\) is the effective viscosity of the fluid, and \(\delta_{ij}\) is the unit tensor.
# Impact of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on the Growth of _Chlorella vulgaris_
## 2 Materials and Methods
* Evolution over time of algal mass concentration by filtering 100 mL of algal suspension on pre-weighted glass fiber filter paper (ROTILABO(r), CR261, \(\O\) 47 mm, pore \(\O\) 1.2 \(\upmu\)m) washed with double distilled water, dried at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h, and cooled in a desiccator. The weight difference (measured with a Precisa balance, XR 125 SM) after drying and cooling represented the dry weight (dw) of the microalgae. * The time evolution of dissolved oxygen in the culture medium by measurements performed with a type S423/C/OPT oxygen transducer manufactured by Chemitec, Florence, Italy. * The consumption of nutrients from the culture medium through analyses of samples collected before inoculation and after 96 h (4 days) of growth for the following: a. nitrogen concentrations in nitrate (N-NO\({}_{3}\)--Cuvette test LCK 340, measurement range 5-35 mg/L N-NO\({}_{3}\), HACH, Berlin, Germany); b. total nitrogen (TN\({}_{\rm b}\)--Cuvette test LCK 238--measurement range 5-40 mg/L TN\({}_{\rm b}\), HACH, Berlin, Germany); c. total phosphorus (P-PO4--Cuvette test LCK 350--range 2-20 mg/L P-PO\({}_{4}\) and LCK 348--range 0.5-5 mg/L P-PO\({}_{4}\), HACH, Berlin, Germany). In order to quantify the effect of the EMF influence on _Chlorella vulgaris_, a growth stimulation coefficient \(k_{s}\) was calculated as (1):  
\[k_{s}=100\cdot(c-c_{\it ref})/c_{\it ref} \tag{1}\]
# Performances of the Synergy of Silica Fume and Waste Glass Powder in Ternary Blended Concrete
## 3 Discussion of Results
### Effect of Silica Fume/Glass Powder Interaction on the Absorption of the Concrete  
Figure 5 shows that the presence of waste glass powder (WGP) in blended silica-fume (SF) concrete enhances the absorption of the concrete due to the presence of interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between the irregularly shaped glass and the cement matrix. Even though it is well known that SF reduces the absorption of blended concrete by the micro-filling effect, the effect of microcracks within the region of the ITZ (SEM morphology, Figure 6), due to higher porosity, preponderates that in C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{5}\)S\({}_{10-x}\) (ternary blended concrete). This is well noticed in the sample where WGP outweighed SF or where SF was completely absent, such as in C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{7.5}\)S\({}_{2.5}\) and C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{10}\)S\({}_{0}\). The lowest absorption (1.68%) was recorded in the blended SF concrete C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{90}\)S\({}_{10}\) and the worst performance was recorded in C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{10}\)S\({}_{0}\) (6.15%), while those of C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{7.5}\)S\({}_{2.5}\) and C\({}_{90}\)G\({}_{5}\)S\({}_{5}\) were comparable within 3.44-3.55%, as shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Effect of silica fume/waste glass powder synergy on concrete workability.  
Figure 5: Water absorption in blended silica-fume/glass concrete.
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Performance Comparision of Different \(T\)  
In this section, we investigate the performance of the _ASMSS_ when the parameter \(T\) varies. Then, we conduct experiments to achieve the answer by setting the value of \(T\) to be 5 min, 10 min and 20 min.  
Figure 8 shows that the performance of the proposed _ASMSS_ with the different settings of the parameter \(T\). With the varying value of \(T\), we can find that the delivery ratio increases as the parameter \(T\) decreases when the duty cycle increases from 10% to 100%. At the same time, the delivery delay and the delivery cost decrease. That is, the _ASMSS_ will achieve better performance when the value of \(T\) is relatively small. In summary, the parameter \(T\) has a significant effect on the performance of the proposed _ASMSS_.
# Impact Analysis of Satellite Geometry Variation on ARAIM Integrity Risk over Exposure Interval
## 3 Integrity Risk Evaluation over the Exposure Interval  
This section describes a general methodology for evaluating the integrity risk within the exposure interval. It begins by reviewing the definition of HMI events in the baseline ARAIM algorithm. Subsequently, the rigorous \(P_{\text{HMI}}\) evaluation approach based on the geometry-sensitive model (2) is introduced.
# Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks Using an Optimized LEACH Protocol
## 3 Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **Description** & **Research Focus** & **Modelling Criteria** \\ \hline LEACH & Basic approach & Load balancing & Energy saving \\ \hline LEACH-B & \begin{tabular}{l} LEACH-B measures a near-optimal number of CHs in each \\ turn. After that, it considers the leftover energy when \\ selecting CHs after the first round. \\ \end{tabular} & Equilibrating the count of CH & Left over energy \\ \hline LEACH-C & \begin{tabular}{l} The BS uses a centralized algorithm to generate clusters \\ and detect CHs based on node location and leftover energy. \\ \end{tabular} & Varying in CH & Position of BS and persisting energy of nodes \\ \hline LEACH-M & \begin{tabular}{l} For data transmission to the BS, LEACH-M makes use of \\ both conventional nodes and CH mobility. As a result, it’s \\ well-suited to mobile surroundings. \\ \end{tabular} & Mobility and status of nodes & Mobility factor \\ \hline LEACH-I & \begin{tabular}{l} CHs are chosen based on the amount of energy left, the \\ position of the nodes, and the number of neighbors they \\ had. The leftover energy is then used to update the \\ threshold fraction. As a result, LEACH calculates the ideal cluster size. \\ \end{tabular} & Efficiency of energy & Resting energy, Neighbors number and node’s location \\ \hline LEACH-VH & \begin{tabular}{l} CHs are chosen based on left over energy, and when the \\ remainder of a cluster head reaches a certain level, a \\ VH node takes over as the CH. \\ \end{tabular} & Multiple CHs in the cluster & Resting energy \\ \hline LEACH-T & \begin{tabular}{l} LEACH-T analyses before energy while forming clusters \\ and revisions a network with the optimal number of CHs. \\ \end{tabular} & Optimum Count of CHs & Resting energy \\ \hline LEACH-TB & \begin{tabular}{l} Always a predetermined number of CHs is there. Thus, \\ TB-LEACH CHs depend on a random timer for selection. \\ \end{tabular} & Cluster head varying & Random timer \\ \hline Improved-LEACH & \begin{tabular}{l} Distance and left-over energy are two criteria in the \\ selection of CHs. \\ \end{tabular} & Efficiency of energy & Distance from node to BS \\ \hline LEACH & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Improve network like by employing the FCM method to set \\ up clusters and choose CHs using a fitness function that \\ relies on the Euclidean distance and nodes ’s remaining \\ energy. \\ \end{tabular} & Efficiency of energy & Euclidean distance and left-over energy \\ \hline BN LEACH &
\begin{tabular}{l} This model for choosing CHs use the Bayesian Network. \\ \end{tabular} & Balancing the load & Density, distance and residual energy \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of LEACH descendants.
## 2 Pathophysiology of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemic Brain Injury
### Mitochondrial Dysfunction  
Mitochondia have diverse functions, including ATP generation, intracellular calcium regulation, ROS production, biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides and pro-cell death signaling. The role of mitochondria in HIE has been extensively reviewed [41; 42; 43]. Here we focus on the role of mitochondria in potentiating secondary pathophysiological cascades contributing to HI. Mitochondria contribute to secondary brain injury following HI via the regulation of cell death pathways, namely apoptosis. Cellular apoptosis following HI is activated via both intrinsic (e.g., in response to mitochondrial dysfunction and damaged DNA) and extrinsic [e.g., in response to cell death receptors such as Fas and tissue necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\))] pathways and involve the release of pro-cell death proteins from mitochondria.  
In cells affected by HI, several processes such as excitotoxicity, ROS production, activation of p53, DNA damage and altered mitochondrial function can influence the activity of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (e.g., Bid and Bax), resulting in Bax-dependent mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) [44; 45]. In addition, excessive mitochondrial ROS generation, due to leakage from the ETC, can oxidize the inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid, cardiolipin, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening and subsequent release of cytochrome-c. Cytosolic cytochrome-c, along with deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), interact with apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) to form the apoptosome, which cleaves and activates pro-caspase-9 [46]. Activated caspase-9 in turn activates caspase-3, which is a major proteolytic enzyme responsible for the ultimate dismantling of cells during apoptotic cell death.  
Further alterations to mitochondria, such as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), results in the release other pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol, including apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (Endo-G), and Smac/DIABLO [47; 48]. Translocation of AIF and Endo-G to the nucleus mediates chromatin fragmentation and Smac/DIABLO interacts with inhibitors of apoptosis to reduce their actions on activated caspases.  
TNF cell death receptor signaling mainly stimulates the extrinsic pathway by activating caspase-8, which activates other caspases, including caspase-3. While beyond the scope of this review, it is also important to note that other cell death pathways associated with necrosis, necrotosis, ferrotposis and autophagy may also be activated in response to HI. These pathways can be activated in response to one or more cellular disturbances such as calcium influx, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular energy depletion, ROS production, TNF receptors cell signaling and other cellular cell signaling pathways (e.g., adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase).
# Automated Schedule and Cost Control Using
## 3 Methodology  
This paper illustrates an automated progress tracking system in construction progress monitoring to assess the updated information in schedule and cost. A BIM-planned model was established from 2D shop drawings. Then, the as-built model was established by collecting scans using laser scanning technology, processing them, and registering them to a common coordinate system. The as-built model would also be evaluated and assessed to determine the quality of point cloud sets based on three KNN searching algorithms: a fixed number of nearest neighbors, a fixed neighborhood radius, and an adaptive neighborhood radius. Once the integration between those models was automatically established, two algorithms were designed and developed to recognize the as-built objects. Another two algorithms were developed to review the progress in terms of schedule and cost (4D, 5D) using EV principles. The flowchart of the proposed approach is shown in Figure 1. Further explanation of the methodological steps is provided in the following sections.
###### Abstract  
In ancient riverbed areas, the hydro-geological conditions are extremely complex because of the cutting of ancient river channels during the sedimentary process. How to lower groundwater level in water-riched gravel-confined aquifer during deep excavation is vital for underground engineering. Groundwater flow patterns had to be understood during foundation pit dewatering. This paper presents a field case study conducted at the deep foundation pit of the Qianjiang Century City station on Hangzhou Metro Line 6, which is notable for its 52 m deep unclosed waterproof curtain. A total of 34 pumping wells were installed within the pit. During the tests, one well was subjected to a pumping well, while the others served as observation wells. The research included two sets of multi-depth pumping tests, which differed in terms of their filter lengths, aimed at investigating the flow pattern around pump wells and the roots of diaphragm walls. The study found that the use of longer filters, higher pump rates, and filters placed nearer to aquifer roofs enhances dewatering efficiency and minimizes impact on the surrounding geological environment. This paper introduces a novel concept known as the diaphragm wall-pumping well effect, which regulates the water head outside the pit and the subsidence, thereby optimizing the drawdown of the deep foundation pit with an unclosed waterproof curtain. The findings were applied in the foundation pit dewatering of Qianjiang Century City station, and the drawdown in and outside the pit was effectively controlled.  
deep foundation pit; dewatering; pumping test; 3D groundwater flow; flow pattern; drawdown +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Effect of Shot Peening on the Evolution of Scale on T91 Steel Exposed to Steam
###### Abstract  
Shot peening can be an effective solution for the prevention or retardation of scale formation, and subsequent exfoliation, upon exposure of the inner tube to steam in coal-fired power plants. In this study, specimens of T91 tubes were shot peened and then exposed to 1-bar steam for 100-1000 h at 650 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and were then analyzed using Vickers hardness test and microscopic techniques OM, SEM, TEM, etc. The analysis indicates that the oxide scales are typically Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) on the topmost layer, Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) below, and a FeCr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) spinel on the bottom in both shot peening treated and untreated specimens. However, the oxide scale thicknesses of shot peened specimens are thinner, indicating that shot peened specimens have better oxidation resistance. In addition, numerous defects, such as voids and micro-cracks, were found in the untreated specimens, which are believed to cause exfoliation of the uppermost Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) layers of the specimens exposed to steam for 800 and 1000 h. By contrast, the shot peened specimens maintained a dense contact oxide scale with fewer defects.  
T91; shot peening; steam oxidation; scale separation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Feasibility of Utilizing Biodegradable Plastic Film to Cover Corn Silage under Farm Conditions
## 1 Introduction
Mater-Bi(r) is the first completely biodegradable and compostable bio-based polymer ever invented [20] and it has been shown to be suitable for the production of films of different thickness that could be utilized to cover silage [21,22]. Its main drawbacks are its instability over time and its proneness to begin biodegradation during silage conservation, features which could cancel out the capacity of maintaining the anaerobic environment that is indispensable for an ensiling process. This biodegradable plastic film has been shown to be able to work well for conservation periods longer than 5 months under indoor conditions [9], but is less effective when utilized to cover silage under outdoor conditions [23]. The aim of this work has been to evaluate, under outdoor conditions at a farm level, the shelf life of a bio-based biodegradable film considering a new stabilized Mater-Bi(r) formulation utilized to cover silage and to compare it with commercially available PE and OB films, in particular pertaining to the fermentative characteristics, microbial counts and aerobic stability of corn silage ensiled in drive over piles.
# CrossDeFi: A Novel Cross-Chain Communication Protocol
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
The primary contributions of the proposed model are as follows:  
* Enhanced interoperability and transaction finality: CrossDeFi introduces significant advancements in DeFi systems' interoperability and transaction finality by integrating innovative mechanisms such as miner and bridge selection (MBS) and improved transfer confirmation (ITC).
* Miner and bridge selection (MBS): MBS enhances the selection process for miners and bridges, focusing on optimization for each specific DeFi system. This mechanism significantly reduces transaction costs and increases the speed of asset transfers.
* Improved transfer confirmation (ITC): ITC addresses the issue of asset lock-up in DeFi systems by implementing a secure and efficient asset transfer confirmation model, which guarantees the finality of transactions.
* Empirical validation: The effectiveness of CrossDeFi is demonstrated through comprehensive validation, showing improvements in heterogeneous asset transfer accuracy and transfer speeds. These results underscore the practical benefits of CrossDeFi, positioning it as a valuable addition to the field.
## 2 Smart Homes  
### Introductory Definition  
Smart home definition and its functionality goals have evolved continuously due to the fast evolution of diverse technologies, emerging from the research activity in home automation related technologies and from home networking developments.  
There is a low level of scientific consensus on the subject of \"Smart Home\" definition. Thus, several authors disagree on what is characterized by this term and what is or not part of it. A smart home is described by [PERSON] _et al._[3] as a \"home-like environment that possesses ambient intelligence and automatic control\" capable of reaction to the behaviour of residents and to offer various accommodations and is further divided into four types of smart homes: healthcare based, multimedia and entertainment based, security based and energy efficiency based smart homes--a definition which is supported by [PERSON] _et al._[4], and [PERSON] [5] among others.  
Following the line developed by the authors above, Smart Home is the backbone which will enable the management and the control of different areas of a residence binding four pillars of human livelihood inside a house: comfort and welfare, physical integrity and facilities' safety, rational management of domestic equipment's energy and the possibility to provide healthcare services to its inhabitants. The critical aspect for this backbone to work is to possess a cheap, reliable and easy designed structure of communication. Therefore, Smart Home can be defined as a concentrator and disseminator of information and services that intends to cover the totality of a home's functional areas, this function being operational not only for the particular elements that are in the house in order to improve the levels of comfort and quality but also to provide a gateway or interface to the exterior by the means of an interaction with other paradigms such as a smart grid [6; 7; 8] and smart city [9] which will originate the ability to share all the managed information with external elements.  
Smart homes will radically alter the way people interact with each other and how they manage their private lives. As a result, people will start to play an important part in this effort by adding technology to domestic management, which in turn will support them to limit energy waste and also to receive health services that are, at present, centralized and provided by hospitals.
# Design and Analysis of the Composite Stability Control of the Reflective Optoelectronic Platform
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### The Anti-Disturbance Comparison Experiment
#### 4.2.3 Comparative Analysis of Translational Disturbance against Existing Methods  
To validate the proposed compensation method for the composite stability mechanism, its effectiveness was compared with existing research methods. Stability precision was evaluated using error range under constant frequency disturbance of 1 degree and 1 Hz, with methods such as ZPETC [21], XPC real-time simulation [22], optimized adaptive Kalman filtering (OAK) [23], high-speed target tracking (HT) [24], LuGre and ADRC (LA) [18], back-stepping control (BS) [19], and RBFNN and SMC (RS) [20] used as comparison indices.  
The corresponding validation experiments for each method were all repeated five times, and the stability precisions based on the error ranges were calculated five times. The average values were calculated as the comparison standards for the final stability performances. All experimental results are listed in Table 1.  
Based on the comparison results, the proposed composite stabilization method shows superior performance in enhancing stability precision under constant frequency disturbance, surpassing existing classic methods.  
Figure 16: The anti-disturbance results of the tradition reflective stabilized LOS under translational disturbance. (**a**) The azimuth motion of the LOS. (**b**) The pitch motion of the LOS.  
Figure 17: The anti-disturbance results of the reflective composite stabilized LOS under translational disturbance. (**a**) The azimuth motion of the LOS. (**b**) The pitch motion of the LOS.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
AGWs & Atmospheric Gravity Waves  
AEA & Atmospheric Electrical Activity  
RELAMPAGO & Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/microscale  
Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations  
CACTI & Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions  
TEC & Total Electron Content  
TECU & Total Electron Content Unit  
GNSS & Global Navigation Satellite System  
RAMSAC & Red Argentina de Monitoraeo Satellital Continuo  
ENTLN & Earth Networks Total Lightning Network  
TLEs & Transient Luminous Events  
CG & Cloud-to-Ground discharge  
IC & Intracloud discharge  
TOA & Time-Of-Arrival  
ABI & Advanced Baseline Imaging  
GOES & Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites  
CDDIS & Crustal Dynamics Data Information System  
BT & Brightness Temperature  
IERSS & International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service  
IGS & International GNSS Service  
MAGGIA & Meteorologia spacial, Atmosfera terrestre, Geodesia, Geodinamica,  
desarrollo de instrumentos y Astrometria  
VTEC & Vertical Total Electron Content  
STEC & Slant Total Electron Content  
IPP & Ionospheric Piercing Point  
DVTEC & Difference Vertical Total Electron Content  
UTC & Universal Time Coordinated  
LT & Local Time