esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Backgrounds and Related Works
### Parallel Computation in Smart Contracts
#### 3.1. UTXO-Check  
As in the case of Bitcoin, UC is also created as a result of block mining. As mentioned in Section 2.1, UC must have the address needed to receive the cryptocurrency. In HMBS, the address of UC \(x\) is defined by  
\[addr_{x}=(H(pk_{x}||r),r), \tag{9}\]  
where \(H\) is the cryptographic hash function in SHA-256, \(pk_{x}\) is the public key associated with the private key \(sk_{x}\) that is required to spend UC \(x\), and \(r\) is a nonce. Here, the public-private key pair \((pk_{x},sk_{x})\) is generated by Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) [37].  
HMBS uses the \(n\) tail bits of \(H(pk_{x}||r)\) (the first element of the address of UC \(x\)) to determine the shard in which UC \(x\) can be spent:  
\[n\text{ tail bits of }H(pk_{x}||r)=i\text{ of the shard }\mathcal{S}_{i}\text{ in which }x\text{ can be spent.} \tag{10}\]  
We shall use the UC \(x\) whose \(n\) tail bits of \(H(pk_{x}||r)\) are all zero to receive change from the smart contract and spend it only in MC. Considering this fact, we shall treat MC as a shard. In HMBS, one pair of sidechain and dual sidechain forms one shard. Therefore, HMBS has \(2^{n}-1\) shards formed by sidechain and dual sidechain pairs and one shard formed by MC. The reason for using this nonce \(r\) when generating the address of UC is that it makes it easier to adjust \(H(pk_{x}||r)\) to the desired shard in which UC \(x\) can be spent. From now on, we use the following expression  
\[x\in\mathcal{S}_{i} \tag{11}\]  
to indicate that \(x\) is a UC that can be spent only in the shard \(\mathcal{S}_{i}\).  
As mentioned earlier, users in HMBS can transfer the value of HMBS cryptocurrency to others by spending their UCs. To explain this, let us consider a scenario where [PERSON] spends her UC \(x(\in\mathit{Shard}_{i})\) of value \(u\) to transfer HMBS cryptocurrency of value \(v\) to the address \(addr_{1}\) of [PERSON]'s UC and return the change to the address \(addr_{2}\) of her UC:  
\[t:x\to\begin{cases}addr_{1}:v,\\addr_{2}:u-v-\epsilon\end{cases}||\;\;\;\mathcal{DS}_{sk_{x}}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(\epsilon>0\) represents a fee to a miner to include the transaction \(t\) in his or her block. The transaction \(t\) in (12) should be digitally signed by the private key \(sk_{x}\) of UC \(x\) to spend \(x\). The expression \(\mathcal{DS}_{sk_{x}}\) represents the described digital signature. One thing worth noting is that in HMBS, the address of the UC that will be spent, determines the shard in which the given transaction will be recorded, not the address of the UC that will receive remittance. Another one is that addresses of the \(addr_{i}(i=1,2)\) appearing in the output field of the transaction \(t\) in (12) form completely new UCs, even if some UCs with the same address have already appeared in another transaction because they are recorded in new locations in HMBS.
## 5 Formal Specification and Analysis
### Model Analysis Using Z/Eves  
In this section, model analysis is done for the specification. It is noted that although computer tools improve the quality of software systems, on the hand, there does not exist any real computer tool which can ensure complete correctness of a model. It means even if the specification is well-written using any of the specification languages, it may still contain potential errors. That is an art of writing a formal specification that never guarantees that the system is correct, complete and consistent. However, if the specification is analyzed with computer tools it increases a confidence over the system to be developed.  
The Z/Eves is one of the powerful tools used for the analysis of Z specifications which is applied to analyze the system's schema expansion, pre-condition calculation, domain checking, syntax and type checking, and theorem proving. This is why we have used Z/Eves for analyzing the Z specification of hybrid connectivity restoration algorithm for WSAN. A snapshot of the specification analysis is presented in Figure 7. The first column on the left of the figure shows syntax checking and the second column represents the proof correctness of the specification. The symbol 'Y' shows that the formal specification is syntactically correct and proof is also correct, while the symbol 'N' represents that errors exist. All the schemas are checked to prove that specification is correct in syntax and has a correct proof. Some schemas of the specification were proved using reduction techniques available in the toolset.  
Summary of the analysis is presented in Table 1. In first column of the table, name of schema is given. The symbol \"Y\", in column 2, indicates that all schemas are well-written and proved. Similarly, domain checking, reduction and proof by reduction are represented in columns 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The character \"Y*\" annotated with '*' shows that the schema is proved by performing reduction on the predicates part to make specification more meaningful.  
Figure 7: Snapshot of the model analysis.
# Influence of Open Differential Design on the Mass Reduction Function
## 1 Introduction  
### Differential Transmissions Overview  
Differential transmission of power and motion is a technical system that uses gears to transmit torque and rotation. With its application in cars, torque and rotation are supplied to the input shaft, which is then taken to the left and right drive wheels [1, 2]. The need for different amounts of angular velocities (so that the vehicle does not overturn during non-rectilinear movement) and torques of the drive wheels arises during the movement of the vehicle in a turn, on uneven ground and with different wheel diameters. The latter is a consequence of the appearance of a pressure difference in the tires. With regard to the previously mentioned functional requirements, different design versions of differential transmissions are installed in road vehicles.  
ODT is the basic design of the differential transmissions. Due to its relatively simpler design, it is mostly installed in rear-wheel drive passenger cars. When the vehicle moves in a straight line, the rotation speeds of the output shafts are equal (\(n_{\text{LEFT}}=n_{\text{RIGHT}}\)). Satellitegears rotate around the axis of the output shafts. During the movement of the vehicle in a turn, the satellite gears rotate around the axis of the output shafts, but also around their own axis. Therefore, the rotation speeds of the satellite gears are equal, but in the opposite direction. Depending on the direction of deflection, the rotation speeds of the sun gears are different (\(n_{\text{LEFT}}<n_{\text{RIGHT}}\) or \(n_{\text{LEFT}}>n_{\text{RIGHT}}\)). By slipping one of the drive wheels, the open differential distributes most of the torque to the wheel that has less resistance to movement (the slipping wheel). Therefore, a wheel that does not slip has an angular velocity of zero, and the torque is also zero. This is one of the main disadvantages of the ODT.  
In relation to the ODT, the differential transmission with blocking has a built-in mechanism that allows the differential to be locked, and in this case, the output shafts have the same angular speed [3; 4]. The limited slip differential uses springs and plates that are placed on the outside of the sun cones and allow even and uneven power distribution on the output shafts. Hydraulic transmissions with limited slips that work on the principle of a gear pump are also being developed [5]. Because of the ability to control the amount and direction of torque transfer, these differentials are called actively controlled differentials [6]. In this way, the wheel that does not slip obtains more power. Active systems are expensive and require deep system knowledge, so their implementation is very significant in sports cars [7]. Torsen Differential [8] uses worm screws instead of planetary cones. At the ends of the worm screws, there are gears through which the motion is transmitted on both output shafts. Self-braking property of the worm pair is the main feature of the torsion transmission.
## 5 Conclusions  
An efficient routing model named the Priority-based Energy Efficient, Delay and Temperature Aware Routing Algorithm has been developed in this paper for SDN-based WBAN. The proposed PEDTARA model employed the use of an advanced optimized algorithm of MGCSMO for route optimization based on energy, queue length, link reliability and path loss with thermal dissipation of nodes considered for the forwarding node selection. The proposed PEDTARA model initially selects the forwarding nodes based on energy and temperature. It makes the heated nodes rest for a few cycles to reduce the possibility of over-heating. Then, the fitness function was derived and used in MGCSMO to select the optimal routing paths. Experimental results attained from simulations prove that the proposed PEDTARA model performs better than the traditional routing models for the SDN-based WBAN. In the future, the adverse environmental factors and the mobility issues in the practical environment will be assessed. The possibility of reducing the delay by splitting the network routes for different traffic classes will also be investigated.  
Conceptualization, O.A.; methodology, O.A.; software, O.A.; data preprocessing, O.A.; supervision, M.H. and F.R.; writing--original draft preparation, O.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62176084, and Grant 62176083, and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under Grant PA2021 GDSK0093.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to data privacy.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Modeling the Relationship between Cellular Microwave-Links' (CMLs) Length and Density
### Approach to Modeling  
A non-linear empirical relationship is hinted at in the scatter plot, thus calling for non-linear modeling. With the wide range of non-linear models available, we were only interested in an analytical mathematical formula and not a black-box model. Thus, parametric non-linear regression was chosen.
## 4 Data Analysis and Findings
### Convergent Validity  
#### 4.1.1 Outer Loadings  
The convergent validity assessment requires each indicator to receive an outer loading value of \(\geq\)0.7 to maintain its reliability, otherwise that indicator and its associated questionnaire statement would need to be dropped from the study. Table 2 provides the outer loading results for each of the questionnaire statements, highlighting those results below 0.7. Accordingly, in this test, none of the proposed WBET variables were dropped. However, 'User Competency', 'Knowledge Acquisition', 'Organisational Support', 'Social Factors' and 'Lean' variables each had one of their indicators removed (coded as UC3, KA1, OS6, SF1, and LN1), leaving the study with a total of 47 indicators. Although the mean averages and standard deviation fall within acceptable limits, the outer loading test detected a similarity between these indicators from within their corresponding variables. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experience** & **Grade** & **Title** & **Count** & **Totals** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Junior 0 to 7 years} & A & Apprentice & 2 & \\  & B & Graduate & 17 & \\  & C & Professional (non-chartered) & 11 & 40 \\  & D & Professional (chartered) & 10 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Senior 0 Over 7 years} & E & Professional (chartered-senior) & 15 & \\  & F & Associate & 12 & \\  & G & Director & 3 & \\  & H & Director (senior) & 3 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Total no. of participants_} & **73** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographics of respondents. Furthermore, although three of the four indicators pertaining to 'Social Factors' failed the 0.7 threshold, dropping only one indicator SF1 was enough to leverage the Average Variance Extracted for that variable to over 0.5. Meanwhile, the other failing indicators were retained in order to avoid eliminating the 'Social Factors' variable. Such an exceptional statistical decision was verified and recommended by [PERSON] et al. [47]. Moreover, SF1 (\"I use BIM because of the proportion of colleagues who use it.\") received a mean average of 2.534, indicating a neutral result amongst the 73 respondents. However, this result does not necessarily mean that the statement is invalid but rather that the result should be reported within a median of 0 to 2.4. This result indicates the lack of common agreement among the culture with respect to the statement, yet it is still slightly over 50% true.
## 4 Discussion
### Discussion on the Cost of the Dual Receivers Tracking System  
Compared with the traditional ELF-AGMs, the complexity and cost of the dual receivers tracking system proposed in this paper do not increase significantly. There are usually two orthogonal receiving coils in traditional ELF-AGMs [28; 29; 30]. The proposed tracking system has the same number of receiving coils as the traditional ELF-AGMs with the orthogonal coils. Therefore, the hardware cost of the designed tracking system has not increased.  
Through vertical layout of the dual receiving coils, the proposed tracking system has acquired magnetic field signals of different heights, that is, the magnetic field distribution. Therefore, the position of the magnetic field source can be calculated inversely according to the electromagnetic field radiation model. In addition, the corresponding MFSI algorithm uses the magnetic field information of the entire process through which the PIG passes, instead of using the magnetic field value at a single point. This is equivalent to multiple sensors distributed along the horizontal line of the pipeline measuring the magnetic field. Therefore, the complexity and computational time cost of the tracking algorithm are increased.  
Therefore, although the complexity and cost of the tracking system do not increase significantly, through the new layout of the receiving coils and the MFSI algorithm, the proposed tracking system achieves 4-D tracking of the PIG. At the same time, comparing results with previous studies in references [27; 30], it can be found that the positioning  
Figure 13: The dual receivers are in unexpected cases: (**a**) the receivers are tilted in the \(x\)-\(y\) plane, (**b**) the receivers are tilted in the \(y\)-\(z\) plane.  
accuracy has been improved by more than 50% under the FEM simulations, laboratory experiments, and field tests with unburied pipes.  
Furthermore, although the complexity and cost of the tracking system do not increase significantly, the robustness of the tracking system is also improved, and accurate 4-D tracking can be performed even when the receiver is tilted or in the lateral offset case.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of MAE Extraction Conditions
#### 3.2.1 Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the Content of Total Compounds
A high value for this response variable can be obtained under the following optimized conditions: 111 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 42% EtOH and a total extraction time of 23 min to obtain a predicted value of 9.00 mg g\({}^{-1}\) d.w. of total AMPK bioactive compounds. This theoretical optimum was experimentally verified. Analysis of the results revealed an acceptable variance (CV = 3.81%) between the theoretical (9.00 mg g\({}^{-1}\) d.w.) and experimental data (9.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 mg g\({}^{-1}\) d.w.). This means that the experimental validation was consistent with the mathematical description of the model, which indicates the suitability of RSM in optimizing the total compounds that have the capacity to activate AMPK from olive leaf extracts by MAE. However, these MAE optimal conditions were different to those for total compounds. For example, ethanol composition was not a significant variable in total AMPK bioactive compounds. Therefore, a simultaneous optimization of MAE conditions by multi-response surface for total compounds and total AMPK bioactive compounds was carried out using [PERSON]'s desirability function method. Surface response plots are shown in Figure 4 for the effect of temperature with % of EtOH (a), with time (b) and % EtOH with time (c) by desirability. The optimal conditions were 111 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 100% EtOH and 23 min to obtain 74.39 mg g\({}^{-1}\) d.w. of total compounds and 9.00 mg g\({}^{-1}\) d.w. of total AMPK bioactive compounds, respectively. The optimized desirability was 0.97, that is close to 1, which means that the responses are close to their individual optimum values [44]. Therefore, the total content of compounds that possess the capacity to activate AMPK is related to the total compounds. In addition, the optimum 100% EtOH was the same as the optimum obtained for total compounds and this is because the % of ethanol did not have a significant effect in the total AMPK bioactive compounds. Figure 3: Response surface plots showing combined effects of process variables for total AMPK bioactive compounds: Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)–% EtOH (**a**), temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)–time (min) (**b**) and % EtOH–time (min) (**c**). Moreover, the temperature of 111 \({}^{\circ}\)C was slightly lower than the optimum for total compounds (123 \({}^{\circ}\)C), whereas this was the same as the AMPK bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, the optimum content of total compounds predicted at 111 \({}^{\circ}\)C was similar to its individual optimum value at 123 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In addition, the bioactivity of the extracts is decreased due to the degradation of the compounds at high temperatures [32]. For this reason, establishing an optimum temperature in which the AMPK bioactive compounds content was the maximum was considered. Besides, according to our results, the highest content of compounds with a demonstrated effect on the bioactivity of AMPK was obtained at 111 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Therefore, these conditions are suitable for obtaining the maximum content for both responses.
## 4 Discussion  
Based on the 3D numerical simulation results, new underground mining activities were shown to induce changes on the surface, including intensified subsidence in the mining area and the formation of fractures within the rock and soil. Observing the displacement cloud maps at different simulation stages, it is noteworthy that displacement occurred earliest and most prominently in the areas near the existing subsidence zone. This can be attributed to underground voids from prior mining phases at the base of the subsidence zone, coupled with the dynamic nature of the subsidence itself, resulting in early and significant displacements in this region. Subsequently, the displacement spread to the surrounding areas. However, the simulation results weakened the impact of new mining activities on the existing subsidence due to constraints on the velocities of the overlying rock mass above the subsidence zone. This is inconsistent with actual observations. When the displacement extended to the no-thickness boundary interface set at the south side  
Figure 14: Displacement data for 1500 h at monitoring point.  
of the model, the relatively weak structural strength of the interface led to increasing multi-directional displacement differences in the rock and soil on either side of the interface, resulting in the expansion and widening of fractures.  
As shown in Figures 9a and 11b, it is worth noting that the numerical simulation results indicate a certain displacement in the X direction of the rock and soil mass. In the early stages of engineering activities, support measures were implemented for the rocky slopes on both sides after excavating drainage ditches. These measures were believed to be effective in stabilizing the structure. However, new mining activities redistributed stress within the rock and soil mass, potentially affecting the existing support structures. In the actual engineering environment, as shown in Figure 15, it has been observed that some anchor structures have already failed, which is a matter of significant concern.  
By comparing the numerical simulation results with actual monitoring data, we found that the simulation achieved some success. Despite some differences from the existing monitoring data, predicting the displacement of monitoring points based on the simulation results still holds valuable reference value. As part of an academic article, this passage appropriately addresses the relationship between numerical simulation results, real-world scenarios, and potential engineering implications. It effectively communicates your research findings and their practical applications. In its initial state, the model simulated the rock mass excavation in the southern mining area and analyzed the process of mining-induced collapse. It investigated the slope's crack formation and development patterns under new mining conditions. It conducted a comparative analysis of the impact of mining on the existing subsidence crater.
## 8 Model Analysis and Discussion  
Intending to clarify the influence of other related tasks such as POS tagging and MSA-ENG tasks on AD-MSA translation task efficiency, the translation examples will be portrayed in Table 5. For the examples, the study has utilized the proposed Multitask NMT model, which has been trained on all the three tasks with a shared encoder between the Arabic Dialect POS tagging task and AD-MSA translation task. A common problem of many Arabic Dialect Neural machine translation systems is that they do not translate parts of the source sentence, or that parts of the source sentence are translated twice. Furthermore, the absence of the standardization in Arabic dialects which are evident in the use of clitics and affixes cannot be captured correctly without employing the POS tagging task on the segment level in the current proposed model. The baseline model (Multitask NMT Model without POS) is induced to the issue of lacking, as shown in the first two examples. The translation quality of the proposed Multitask NMT model with POS tags linguistic features has improved significantly on being compared to the baseline model (Multitask NMT Model without POS tags) in several aspects. In Table 6, the baseline model is not translating the Levantine Arabic Dialect word \(\  
for both Levantine and Maghrebi Arabic Dialect, when compared with other models NMT models as illustrated in Figures 5 and 6. It can be noticed that the representation of the source language that was learned from the multitask NMT model with POS tags is beneficial and improved the translation performance of all language pairs. The proposed model proved to achieve perfect translation quality on different language pairs as shown in Tables 1 and 2 for the MSA-ENG and ENG-GER tasks. Statistical Machine Translation (STM) systems were tested on the same dataset that were used in earlier experiments [PERSON] et al. [5] consisting 2000 sentence pairs for Maghrebi Arabic and 2000 sentence pairs for Levantine Arabic (Syrian Dialect). In comparison to a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system trained on the same data, the proposed Multitask NMT model with POS tags reported a performance of 0.43 BLEU points in translating from Levantine Arabic to MSA and 0.34 BLEU points when translating from Maghrebi Arabic to MSA. The results indicate that the NMT system produces better translation than the SMT systems not only in term of BLEU scores but also according to the human evaluation experiments. In general, the proposed model can generate a correct sentence of the target language and convey information about the verb, subject and object for a free word order language like Arabic dialects.