# Developing an Adaptive 3D Vertebrae Model of Scoliosis Patients for Customize Garment Design
###### Abstract  
Scoliosis is one of the most frequently occurring morphological problems in people. People with such an abnormal curve of the spine face a huge problem, not only from the medical point of view but also from that of garment design and production processes. The current paper brings a novel designing technique to develop an adaptive 3D model of the complicated anatomical shape of the human vertebrae using 3D digitization technologies. Even though it is not as accurate as scanning approaches, it is accurate enough for several applications, including visualization and constructing statistical shape models. Thus, the adaptive model will further integrate with the full skeleton and then to the body shapes of scoliosis patients, not only for an easy garment design process but also to produce comfortable and high-performance garments. The model has also the benefit of adjusting for each tissue to all kinds of spine parameters, such as the height and the angles of the bones and disks (especially the three characteristic planes: sagittal, coronal, and transverse). Thus, the full adaptive skeleton model and later its garment design system, considering the current adaptive vertebrae model for fitted, comfortable and well-performing scoliosis patients garment products, could be developed. computer-aided design; virtual 3D modeling process; vertebrae; spinal deformity; garment design; scoliosis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
balance, absorb shock and allow a range of motion by working like a coiled spring. The strong fibrous ligaments in the central nervous system are used to protect the discs, stabilize the spine, and hold together the vertebrae. The ligaments in the spine are of three types: the ligamentum flavum (attaches the lamina of every vertebra), the posterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior longitudinal ligament, which mainly prevent excessive vertebral bone movement. There are also two types of muscles in the spine, namely the extensors (which allow people to lift objects and stand up) and the flexors (allow people to not only bend forward and flex but also control the arch in the lower back and stabilize the spine). On the contrary, when viewing the spinal column from the rear (posterior), the spine appears vertically straight from the neck to the tailbone. The standard curves are termed lordosis and kyphosis; however, the natural curves should not be mistaken for spinal disorders, also called lordosis and kyphosis. Lordosis and kyphosis are terms that are used to refer to specific spinal disorders [1; 2]. The most common quantification of scoliosis is the Cobb angle, proposed initially by the American orthopedic surgeon [PERSON] [3]. The Cobb angle, which is adopted as the standard quantification of scoliosis by the Sociiosis Research Society (SRS), founded in 1966, involves estimating the angle between the two tangents of the upper and lower endplates of the upper and lower end vertebra, respectively [4]. Most scoliosis curves greater than 25 degrees, can be treated not operatively if they are severe. Boys and girls should be examined every 6-9 months; curvatures less than 30 degrees will not progress after the child is skeletally mature. Once this has been established, scoliosis screening and monitoring can usually be stopped. However, with greater curvatures, the curvature may progress at about one degree per year in adults [5]. In general, the progression of an idiopathic scoliotic deformity with a Cobb angle of between 25 and 40 degrees can be stopped by brace treatment, provided that the generally acknowledged criteria for the treatment concerning skeletal growth of the individual are respected [6]. Spine pathology may include various diseases of the back or spine. The Pisa syndrome is a reversible lateral flexion of the trunk and a tendency to bend to one side. It is a recurrent and often debilitating complication of Parkinson's disease and has also been described in several abnormal forms of Parkinson's and neurodegenerative disorders after exposure to medication and surgery.