# InoT Sensor Network for Wild-Animal Detection near Roads
## 1 Introduction  
Animal-monitoring and detection methods have been used in wildlife migration observation. Animal behavior research is mainly aimed at the finding and tracing of the migration routes and determining their influence on the environment. The presence of wildlife in residential or farming areas and roads can be dangerous and is related to the risk of damage. The improvement of safety on the roads can be achieved by taking measures to prevent vehicle accidents that include wild animals [1, 2]. For those aforementioned reasons, animal-monitoring and detection systems have been created. The detection systems work as a sensor network. They consist of sensors, wireless modules, microprocessors for data acquisition and processing-algorithm implementation, and warning devices for the dynamic transmission of warning signals [1, 3, 4]. The existence of such systems improves the lifestyles of people who live or travel near wildlife territories and helps researchers in zoology science as well [4, 5, 6]. Previously mentioned systems that consist of a few parts usually are composed of data collecting, data processing, and the indication of results or alarm parts, depending on the purpose of the system. Data are acquired by scanning the readings of various sensors as well as camera images; then, the records are transferred to processors where synthesis, processing, or artificial intelligence models' algorithms are used for computation to extract useful results. If the system is intended to warn or provide information when the conditions for a particular signal rising are met, the information is conveyed via radiant signs and other means of communication. For a research-purpose, system information generally is transmitted wirelessly using BLE, WLAN, and other technologies depending on the distance between the interfacing devices and the requirements for the system itself. In scientific publications that describe an examination or the creation of animal-monitoring and detection systems, beam-termination or coverage methods are commonfor the collection of information and data [1; 2]. Beam-termination techniques include microwave, infrared, or laser signals [3; 7]. Area-coverage methods process microwave, infrared signals, or camera images [2; 4; 5]. The principle of the operation of systems using the beam-termination method is that the transmitter broadcasts a signal to the receiver [3]. The model of a beam-termination system was described in a methodology proposed by [PERSON] et al. [7]. The research describes the design of a wild-animal detection and rescue system with passive infrared and ultrasonic sensors. The system detects animals when their bodies block the path of the signal or when the signal obtained by the receiver is greatly reduced, depending on the type of the signal. In these systems, the detection line is usually almost or completely linear; however, there may also be cases where the transmitter radiates the microwave signal at an angle or the signal transmission itself makes the detection line wider--the beam width of the transmitted signal is extended. The space between the transmitter and the receiver must be free, i.e., the field of view of both the transmitter and the receiver must not be obstructed by any objects, because this is the only way to ensure appropriate signal transmission. The principle of operation of area-coverage methodology is that the sensors which have a cone-shaped detection signal form are used. Animals are detected using the images received in real time from the cameras or sensors that detect movement and/or body heat [1]. [PERSON] et al., in the research described in [5], propose an area-coverage system that can detect large animals approaching the highway and accordingly alert the drivers of the upcoming danger. In the mentioned system, animals are detected in real time using microwave radars. Those types of systems are active area-covering systems that transmit a signal over the area under observation and process its reflection to detect animals.