## 3 Results  
Analyzing the temperatures collected in each urban area and comparing them to the surrounding morphometric features along each respective route revealed observations consistent with the literature. The lowest temperatures were usually collected close to or in highly vegetated areas, while the highest temperatures were often collected in areas such as downtowns or those with a large number of built-up structures (e.g., industrial parks). The amplitude of temperature was higher during afternoon collection (Burlington, Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Marshalltown, and Waverly), followed by evening (Cedar Rapids, Fort Dodge, and Waterloo/CF), and night (Sioux City). Table 2 depicts the summary of dates, number of routes, time of collection, and number of measurements taken in each one of the study areas. The number of routes was dictated by the size of the study area and the table indicates how many individual vehicles were used on that given date/time. Waterloo-Cedar Falls is used to provide an example of one urban area with Figures 4-6 demonstrating the temperature patterns throughout all times of collection. Predictive models for all 24 areas (Table 3) showed an average R\({}^{2}\) of 0.947 for the afternoon models, R\({}^{2}\) of 0.973 for the evening models, and R\({}^{2}\) of 0.987 for the nighttime. Most study areas had models of over R\({}^{2}\) 0.95 (20 out of 24 models). These high R\({}^{2}\) values were comparable to or stronger than other studies that made use either of random forest (e.g., [17; 18]), or other statistic algorithms/techniques (e.g., [19; 24]). Taking into account all predictive surface raster models generated by the Forest-based Classification and Regression algorithm, results varied from an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.879 (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.001) to an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.997 (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.001). These results were, respectively Sioux City in the afternoon, and Council Bluffs in the night. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Urban Area** & **Date** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Number of** \\ **Routes** \\ \end{tabular} & **Times of Collection** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total** \\ **Measurements** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Waverly \\ \end{tabular} & 14-June & 1 & Afternoon, Evening & 7160 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Cedar Rapids \\ \end{tabular} & 20-June, 21-June & 3 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 23,918 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Marshalltown \\ \end{tabular} & 05-July, 06-July & 1 & Afternoon, Night & 4114 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Sioux City \\ \end{tabular} & 18-July, 19-July & 2 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 9647 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Fort Dodge \\ \end{tabular} & 19-July & 2 & Afternoon, Evening & 5151 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Des Moines \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 02-August, \\ 03-August \\ \end{tabular} & 3 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 29,817 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Burlington \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 05-August, \\ 06-August \\ \end{tabular} & 1 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 10,315 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Council Bluffs \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 13-August, \\ 14-August \\ \end{tabular} & 1 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 11,805 \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} WaterlooCF \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 20-September, \\ 21-September \\ \end{tabular} & 1 & Afternoon, Evening, Night & 11,299 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of runs for air temperature collection. Figure 4: Measured temperature in Waterloo/Cedar Falls during the afternoon.