## 2 Triterpenoids
### 8,9-ene-triterpenoids
The evaluation of their biological activities showed that all of them had weak anti-tumor activities [251, 252] and applanoxidic acids A (**298**), C (**302**), and F (**301**) exhibited antifungal activities against the fungi _Microsporum cannis_ and _Trichophyton metngrohyptes_[48]. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and a fatal neurological and systemic complicating agent in children [253]. However, this is currently not a clinically approved antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of viral infection [253]. Ganoderic acid Y (**254**) and 5\(\alpha\)-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15\(\alpha\)-26-dihydroxy-3-one (**286**) were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against EV71, and both showed significant anti-EV71 activities without cytotoxicity in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells [253]. The mechanisms by which the two compounds affect EV71 infection were further elucidated by three action modes using Ribavirin, a common antiviral drug (positive control). The results suggested that compounds **254** and **286** can interact with the viral particle to block the adsorption of the virus to cells and this interaction was predicated using computer molecular docking [253]. The authors also demonstrated that compounds **254** and **286** significantly inhibit the replication of the viral RNA of Enterovirus 71 and inhibit EV71 replication via the blocking of EV71 uncoating [253]. Ganodermic acid S (GAS, **257**) is an interesting lanostane-type triterpenoid. GAS in incubated gel-filtered human platelets showed that it was more powerful in inhibiting U46619-activated platelet aggregation than aggregations activated using collagen or ADP-fibrinogen [254]. Further, GAS intensely hindered U46619-induced diacylglycerolorol formation, granule secretion, Ca\({}^{2+}\) mobilization and arachidonic acid release [254]. GAS inhibited the collagen response predominantly for the TXA\({}_{2}\)-dependent signaling, and the tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway in collagen response plays a major role in aggregation [254, 255]. However, their further research indicated that GA inhibits platelet response to TXA\({}_{2}\) on the receptor-Gq-phospholipase C\(\beta\)1 pathway, but not on the receptor-G\({}_{1}\) pathway [254]. Because of inhibitory effects on platelet responses to various aggregating agonists of GAS, it is also found that GAS participated in potentiating the response of human gel-filtered platelets to prostaglandin E\({}_{1}\)[256]. Liu et al. [257] evaluated the effects of ganoderol B (**311**), ganoderiol F (**284**) and ganodermanontriol (**291**) on the androgen receptor binding and the growth of LNCaP cells. The results showed that less than two hydroxyl groups in the 17\(\beta\)-side chain are needed for binding to an androgen receptor. In the case of the ganoderma alcohols with the same number of hydroxyl groups in the 17\(\beta\)-side chain, the one which has the C-3 carbonyl group showed better binding activity to androgen receptor than that which has the C-3 hydroxyl group. Among these compounds, ganodermanontriol (**289**) also inhibited invasive behaviour (cell adhesion, cell migration and cell invasion) through the suppression of secretion of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) and inhibited expression of the uPA receptor, suggesting that this compound can be a natural agent for treating invasive breast cancers [258]. Ha et al. [259] confirmed that compound **291** exhibited in vitro and in vivo hepatotoxicity activity as determined by the lowered levels of hepatic enzymes and malondialdehydedehydes and the elevated glutathione levels. Chemical structures of different 7(8),9(11)-diene-triterpenoids are shown in Figure 4:0  
Figure 4:1 _Cont._  
Figure 4:2 Chemical structures of several \(\Delta\)7(8),9(11)-triterpenoids (254–353). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No. ** & **Trivial Names** & **Bioactivities (IC\({}_{\text{sp}}\)/MIC or ED\({}_{\text{sp}}\))** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sources** \\ _Ganoderma_ **Species** \\ \end{tabular}