# Efficient Next-Hop Selection in Multi-Hop Routing for IoT Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
###### Abstract  
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm allows the integration of cyber and physical worlds and other emerging technologies. IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are rapidly gaining interest due to their ability to aggregate sensing data and transmit it towards the central or intermediate repositories, such as computational clouds and fogs. This paper presents an efficient multi-hop routing protocol (EMRP) for efficient data dissemination in IoT-enabled WSNs where hierarchy-based energy-efficient routing is involved. It considers a rank-based next-hop selection mechanism. For each device, it considers the residual energy to choose the route for data exchange. We extracted the residual energy at each node and evaluated it based on the connection degree to validate the maximum rank. It allowed us to identify the time slots for measuring the lifetime of the network. We also considered the battery expiry time of the first node to identify the network expiry time. We validated our work through extensive simulations using Network Simulator. We also implemented TCL scripts and C language code to configure low-power sensing devices, cluster heads and sink nodes. We extracted results from the trace files by utilizing AWK scripts. Results demonstrate that the proposed EMRP outperforms the existing related schemes in terms of the average lifetime, packet delivery ratio, time-slots, communication lost, communication area, first node expiry, number of alive nodes and residual energy. IoT; wireless sensor networks (WSNs); multi-hop routing; energy; connection degree; cloud computing; fog computing +
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information may need to be exchanged by nodes for immediate decision, such as in the edge layer, or the data may have to be moved to the fog or cloud layers for further processing, sharing, and analysis [9]. CPS are applicable in natural ecosystems by enhancing WSN capabilities for taking benefits from bioinspired algorithms in CPS. The design of software architecture in WSNs for cyber-physical systems is a critical task, and it must consider extreme efficiency in terms of maximizing battery life, synchronization of time, data, and event management [10]. In cluster-based routing schemes, a few architectures restrict the addition of new nodes or remove the existing member nodes until the battery of all the nodes is not expired. This applies to static networks only, where the nodes near the BS carry more data from neighbors. In the case of data aggregation from specific regions within a network, mobile WSN is efficiently utilized using a clustered approach [11]. [PERSON] et al. presented the spatial range of privacy preserved and energy-efficient query-based aggregation schemes. Pre-established topologies are not considered, only considering the query area and relinquishing all nodes to cooperate in query distribution while aggregating data in a query range. Sensitive data are secured by implementing [PERSON]'s sharing technology. The dynamic route base aggregation techniques enhance the difficulty of aggregating data [12]. In data transmission, the significant aim of routing optimization is to enhance the lifespan of the network and also minimize energy consumption. The main problem in hierarchy-based routing is that the sensor nodes near the base station (BS) or the cluster head (_CH_) consume energy rapidly compared to the other nodes that are far from the base station. These nearby nodes receive more data from the neighboring nodes. This results in faster battery utilization and the expiry of a node. The expired node may have collected or received critical data at the time it stopped working due to the battery lifetime. It also results in a sensing bottleneck in the physical world. In a similar vein, cyberspace also faces the bottleneck during huge data exchanges by the physical world. There should be a mechanism to predict and timely identify the expiry of nodes and utilize other nodes in the path that have more residual energy.