# Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities
## 2 Literature Review
### Security Risks in Smart Cities  
ICT plays a key role in the development of smart cities, which combine infrastructure, architecture, objects, and people to improve processes and address social, economic, and environmental problems. Several technologies such as cloud, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and IoT are found in smart cities. [PERSON] et al. [45] advocate that the use of emerging technologies is an enabler of innovation in the context of smart cities, and that it is not limited to the technological perspective of cities, but enables the creation of a smart environment, smart governance, and smart economy. Given the above, it can be inferred that there is no smart city without technology and innovation, as these are the factors that differentiate it from an ordinary city [46]. Necessarily, the adoption of new technologies and the high interconnectivity between them and humans makes smart cities vulnerable to various cyber threats [47; 48]. Therefore, protecting the infrastructure, systems, and data from malicious activities is essential to ensure the security, privacy, and reliability of smart city services. Accordingly, there is a need to explore and know mitigation strategies that can address these challenges. It is important to highlight that the security and privacy challenges of smart cities are not new and that many of them already exist in the isolated use of each of their technologies, but that they now assume a greater impact in the interconnected context of smart cities. The infrastructure of a smart city is composed of thousands of devices and applications that aim to improve processes and bring benefits to citizens. However, the use of these applications and systems can bring several problems related to security and privacy. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] and [PERSON] et al. [50] refer to the vulnerabilities that occur by adopting smart systems based on artificial intelligence, as they not only collect a wide variety of sensitive information from people and their social circles, but also control city facilities and influence citizens' lives. The empirical work carried out also shows that the European projects included in this study consider the challenges inherent in big data, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Security is seen as a dynamic concept, not a stagnant one, in which we seek to prevent harm by digital and physical means, both direct and indirect [51]. In a smart city, security is looked at in the general component by covering all the features of the city, but it is also included in all the aspects that make it up. Studies by [PERSON] et al. [52] use an extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to demonstrate that security is a key factor in technology acceptance. Thus, safety encompasses more than just technical factors, having a strong human-dependent aspect, also including subjective factors related to the perception of individuals [53]. Consequently, the existence of objective and subjective dimensions of security is assumed. The role of human behavior is also widely highlighted in this study as a dimension is identified. Cybersecurity plays a key role in protecting critical infrastructure, which includes systems and assets that are essential to the functioning of society and the economy. This infrastructure can include power grids, transportation networks, water treatment facilities, communication systems, and more. Protecting these vital components from cyber threats is critical to prevent the disruptions, unauthorized access, or sabotage that can affect citywide operations [54]. The privacy by design approach advocated in studies such as [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s [55] and [PERSON]'s [56] is essential in smart cities that must be supported by a secure architecture and design. Therefore, cybersecurity considerations should be integrated into the architecture and design of critical infrastructure systems from the outset.