# Exploring the Potential of Microextraction in the Survey of Food Fruits and Vegetable Safety
## 2 Extraction Approaches Used to Assess Food Safety
### Conventional Extraction Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline
**Extraction Method** & **Description/Analytical Technique** & **Contaminants/LODs** & **Matrix** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{QuECHERS/dSPE} & A 10 g sample; 10 mL of ACN with 0.1\% & & & & \\  & AcAc; shaken for 1 min manually; 4.0 g of & & & & \\  & MgSO\({}_{4}\) and 1.7 g of NaOAC; shaken for & & & & \\  & 1 min with vortexing; centrifugation & & & & \\  & (4000 rpm, 8 min); 2 mL of supernatant; & 82 pesticides/ & Organic carrots & \\  & (4000 rpm, 8 min); 2 mL of supernatant; & 0.3–5 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) & (pesticide-free) & [87] \\  & 150 mg of MgSO\({}_{4}\) and 50 mg of PSA; & & & \\  & centrifugation (4000 rpm, & & & \\  & 5 min)/HPLC-HRMS (1 mL) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{QuECHERS/dSPE-IL-DLLME} & IL-DLME: 1 mL sample from dSPE & & & \\  & clean-up, 10\% NaCl (\(w/v\)) in 9 mL & & Multi-pesticide & Bananas, oranges, \\  & distilled H\({}_{2}\)O, 130 \(\mu\)L of IL (5 min; & residues/0.02–0.32 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) & cabbage, tomato, \\  & 7000 rpm stirring)/LC-MS/MS (100 \(\mu\)L) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{QuECHERS/dSPE} & A (a) 2 g sample; 5 mL H\({}_{2}\)O (0.1\% FAC); & & & \\  & 10 mL ACN; agitation (5 min); 2.5 g & & & \\  & NH\({}^{4}\)HCO\({}^{2}\); agitation (2 min); & & & \\  & centrifugation (5 min); dSPE: 1 mL & & & \\  & supernatant + 150 mg MgSO\({}_{4}\) + 50 mg & & & \\  & PSA + 50 mg C\({}_{18}\) + 7.5 mg MWCNTs; & & & \\  & vortex (1 min); centrifuge & 3 min); & & \\  & LC-MS/MS; (b) 4 mL ACN (remaining & & & \\  & steps are the same); d-SLE: 0.1 mL & & & \\  & supernatant + 100 mg C\({}_{18}\) + 0.9 mL H\({}_{2}\)O; & & & \\  & agitation (1 min); centrifugation (2 min); & & & \\  & supernatant + 50 mg MgSO\({}_{4}\) + 1 mL ACN & & & \\  & agitation (1 min); centrifuge & & & \\  & (2 min)/LC-MS/MS & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{QuECHERS/DLLME-SFO} & & & & \\  & n-hexadecane added to the PSA mixture; & Malathion, chlorpyrifos, & pumpkin, siev pak \\  & US extraction and centrifugation (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C); & parathion, bifenthrin, & & choy, sweet choy \\  & solidification of the organic phase in ice & cyhalothrin, permethrin, & sum, sweet pak [106] \\  & bath; high-speed centrifugation of & fenvalerate, deltamethrin/ & choy, celery, \\  & supernatant/GC-MS (1 \(\mu\)L) & 0.3–1.5 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) & & amaranth, spinach, \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & PDMS (DDT) and PDMS/DVB (HCH) & DDT congeners/ & & \\  & fibre extraction (headspace 5 min (DDT) & 0.1 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) & & \\  & and 30 min (HCH), 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1000 rpm & Four HCH & \\  & stirring)/GC-MS & & isomers/0.15–0.45 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{QuECHERS/SPE} & A 2 g sample; 10 mL ACN, 4 g MgSO\({}_{4}\), 1 g & & \\  & NaCl; 2 min vortex; 5 min centrifugation; & & \\  & re-extraction; dry; 2 mL PBS (pH 8.0); & & \\  & MIP-SPE cartridge; elution with 3 mL & & \\  & MeOH followed by 2 mL MeOH/AcAc & & \\  & (90:10, \(v/v\)); dry and reconstituted & & \\  & (ACN)/LC-MS/MS & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._