## 4 Discussion  
### Advances  
The remote geotechnical monitoring of TSFs around the world involves the use of remote monitoring technologies and systems to evaluate and control these structures' stability and structural behavior [30; 31; 103]. These technologies are used to prevent and mitigate geotechnical risks, such as spillages or dam collapses. Some of the common technologies used in the remote geotechnical monitoring of this infrastructure include the following [34; 37]:  
* Geotechnical instrumentation: Sensors and measurement devices used to monitor parameters such as pore pressure, soil deformation, water pressure, inclination, and vibration. These sensors can provide real-time data on TSFs' structural behavior.
* Telemetry systems: Data collected by sensors can be transmitted wirelessly or through wired communication networks for remote analysis and monitoring. This allows experts to assess TSFs' physical stability and make informed decisions.
* Data modeling and analysis: The collected data can be used to create geotechnical models and perform risk analyses. These models help predict future structural behavior and enable data-driven decision-making.
* Satellite monitoring: Satellite images can be used to monitor changes in the surfaces of dams and reservoir areas, such as movements or deformations. These provide an overview of the state of the infrastructure over time.  
According to the literature [32], the instrumentation must comply with the principle that \"Each instrument must respond to a variable that I want to control, then quantity neither generates quality nor increases the level of safety\".  
The use of telemetry has allowed mining sites to record, transmit, and store data in real time, which permits precise analyses and the development of operational algorithms that can be implemented by advanced control systems, as shown in Figure 24. The data collected have been transformed into vital information to improve safety, efficiency, and prediction value, as well as to control and reduce operational costs as the margin for errors and improvisation is controlled [71].  
Cloud computing, the on-demand use of computer system resources--especially their data storage and processing capacity--without the user's direct active management, has also been implemented in these systems [35]. This technology has generally been implemented to make data centers available from anywhere to many Internet users from any mobile or fixed device [36]. Positioning the real-time monitoring of TSFs in the cloud allows any authorized user to access the information from any device [35].  
Thermal and optical remote sensing (visible and infrared) can be used to monitor the humidity of natural soils and mining infrastructure that handles contained water. For example, the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has shown promise in differentiating the dry and wet areas of tailings beaches in the reservoir areas of mine TSFs. As some studies have already demonstrated, the use of remote sensors for these purposes is an accurate and cost-efficient method to estimate the water content in stored mine tailings, permitting the study of other key variables, such as water balance, evaporation rates, and the risk of liquefaction [104].  
According to the experience gained from several mining operations that manage their TSFs, simple data collection is insufficient [71; 95; 96; 98]. Mining operations must understand from the outset that the management and analysis of their data depend on a developed corporate strategy that considers how to obtain value from the data. Then, they can implement efficient processing, storage, and validation systems, as well as effective analysis strategies, such as advanced data analytics.