## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physicochemical Quality Parameters of Camelina Oils
The hydrolytic changes occurring in cold-pressed oils may result from either the endogenous lipolytic enzymes that can be found in the raw material or the influence of water contained in the raw material. Furthermore, the hydrolytic change rate is also affected by impurities, degree of damage to the seed structure, and technological processes, particularly the process of oil extraction and treatment [1; 20; 40]. Peroxide value (PV) determines the content of primary oxidation products, and in cold-pressed oils intended for consumption, this should not exceed 15 meq O\({}_{2}\)/kg, as specified in Codex Alimentarius (Table 1). The PV of tested oils ranged from 0.89 to 3.49 meq O\({}_{2}\)/kg. Similar results were obtained by [PERSON] et al. [20] (0.79-2.04 meq O\({}_{2}\)/kg), slightly higher by [PERSON] et al. [23], (2.37-3.00 meq O\({}_{2}\)/kg). [PERSON] et al. [3] demonstrated greater variation in this parameter in oils from Slovenia in the growing seasons 2007-2009 (0.74-8.85 meq O\({}_{2}\)/kg). Dissimilarities in the oxidation state of the investigated oils can be explained by the differences in the quality of the raw material, as well as the conditions of technological processes and the storage of the finished product. It has to be stressed here again that the oils tested were simply filtered after pressing, not refined [1; 40]. The anisidine value (\(p\)-AnV), which indicates the secondary oxidation products--carbonyl compounds--in the tested oils, was low but variable, and ranged from 0.22 to 1.48 (Table 1). Lower values of \(p\)-AnV of market amelina oils (0.45-0.67) were obtained by [PERSON] et al. [23]. Low \(p\)-AnV values are characteristic for oils pressed at low temperatures, while the refining process, and in particular the deodorization step, promotes the formation of secondary oxidation products [23; 40]. The TOTOX index was calculated to determine the overall oxidation state. In the tested amelina oils, the TOTOX index varied significantly, ranging from 2.40 to 7.83 (Table 1). This variability results from both the initial quality of the raw material, and the means and conditions of oil pressing and purification, as well as the conditions and duration of storage [1; 40; 20; 21; 23; 40]. Therefore, the TOTOX index value can oscillate within wide limits, which is also indicated by the testing of commercial cold-pressed oils conducted by [PERSON] et al. [23]. The characteristics of the tested oils were also based on the results of UV extinction, i.e., the specific extinction measured at two wavelengths, 232 nm and 268 nm. K\({}_{232}\) determines the level of primary oxidation products and conjugated dienes, and is proportional to the content of hydroxyl peroxide compounds; whereas K\({}_{268}\) determines the level of conjugated trienes and secondary oxidation products, indicating the content of carbonyl compounds in the tested oils. K\({}_{232}\) of amelina seed oils tested ranged from 1.27 to 1.87, while K\({}_{268}\) ranged from 0.08 to 0.19 (Table 1). The UV extinction coefficient should reach \(\leq\)2.50 at a wavelength of 232 nm and \(\leq\)0.20 at a wavelength of 268 nm; hence, the analyzed oils were characterized by a low degree of primary and secondary oxidation, which was correlated, respectively, with low PV and \(p\)-AnV of the oils. Literature works and standards lack guidelines concerning values of this parameter for cold-pressed oils. Given the similarity of cold-pressed oils to extra virgin olive oil, however, the levels stipulated for olive oil were used for data interpretation, which demonstrated that the analyzed oils met the requirements specified in the UE Regulation for extra virgin olive oil. Similar results were achieved for virgin rapeseed oil by Wroniak [40] (K\({}_{232}\) from 1.31 to 2.04, and K\({}_{268}\) from 0.07 to 0.26).