esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Dynamic, Cost-Aware, Optimized Maintenance Policy for Interactive Exploration of Linked Data
## 4 Experimental Study
### Performance Evaluation
#### 4.2.2 Maintenance Quality  
In this evaluation, we utilized the quality of the updates performed by the maintenance policies under consideration. We started with the perfect cache and assumed that a change occurs in the cloud. Due to this change the local views become outdated. Therefore, our main goal was to check the quality of the updates performed by the state-of-the-art strategies as shown in Figure 4. And we evaluated how the existing strategies perform to update the local views. We used the precision and recall as an evaluation metric to measure the quality of the updates results are shown in Figure 4. In this setup, all the existing strategies showed a uniform loss in the quality of update. CAMP outperformed all other strategies, achieving 91% (precision) and 89% (recall) accuracy in the datasets. We observed that our proposed strategy only updates the relevant data sources with less overhead and delay. Strategies like _Pagerank_, _Size_ and _TTL_ performed worst because these strategies were executing irrelevant queries. ChangeRatio and ChangeRate only captured changed items and their efficiency degraded with each iteration over time.  
Figure 4: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Maintenance cost: Showing the comparison with other state-of-the-art approaches on (**a**) LinkedCT and (**b**) DYLDO datasets.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dimensionality Reduction with Feature-Fused Autoencoder  
To reduce dimensionality and preserve essential features, a feature-fused autoencoder was employed. This advanced autoencoder differs from traditional ones in that it optimizes the products for better performance:  
* Compression: The input vector is reduced to a minimum.
* Reconstruction: An attempt is made to reconstruct the input from the compressed representation, reducing reconstruction errors.
* Feature Fusion: Low-level features are combined to discard redundant data and hide important information. Mathematically, the feature-fused autoencoder can be described as follows [16]: Let the extracted features be \[\mathbf{H}=\left\{\mathbf{h}^{(1)},\mathbf{h}^{(2)},\ldots,\mathbf{h}^{(N)}\right\}\] (3)  
The autoencoder encodes each feature vector into a lower-dimensional fused latent vector:  
Encoder:  
\[\mathbf{z}^{(i)}=f_{\text{enc}}\Big{(}\mathbf{h}^{(i)}\Big{)}\in\mathbb{R}^{d _{z}},d_{z}<d^{\prime} \tag{4}\]  
Fusion Layer (e.g., attention or weighted average of multi-layer features):  
\(\mathbf{z}^{(i)}_{f}=f\Big{(}\mathbf{z}^{(i)}\Big{)}\), (e.g., self-attention, max pooling, etc.)  
Decoder (optional, for unsupervised training):  
\[\mathbf{\hat{h}}^{(i)}=f_{\text{dec}}\Big{(}\mathbf{z}^{(i)}_{f}\Big{)} \tag{5}\]  
Loss (if unsupervised reconstruction is used):  
\[\mathcal{L}_{\text{AE}}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left\|\mathbf{h}^{(i)}- \mathbf{\hat{h}}^{(i)}\right\|^{2} \tag{6}\]  
Now, \(\mathbf{z}^{(i)}_{f}\) denotes the dimensionality-reduced features.
# Nonlinear Metasurface for Structured Light with Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum
## 2 Results
### Reconfigurable Beam with OAM
The light transmitted in the nonlinear regime, shown in Figure 7d,e, also has a singularity in the center, but the direction of the spiral phase distribution is opposite to Figure 7c, which means it carries an OAM with the opposite sign.
# Sensitivity Analysis of Numerical Coherency Model for Rock Sites
## 2 Numerical Coherency Evaluation Methodology
### Selection of Input Motions  
Selecting appropriate input motions is essential for conducting coherency analysis. [PERSON] et al. [5] performed plane-wave coherency analysis using dense seismic array data from Argostoli, Greece. Their study compared plane-wave coherences based on the number of earthquake records used and recommended a minimum of 30 input motions for a stable estimation.  
It has been reported that earthquake magnitude has minimal impact on ground motion coherency [3]. Additionally, for evaluating the seismic performance of nuclear power plant structures and equipment in South Korea, the target frequency range typically extends up to 50 Hz. Therefore, when developing coherency functions, earthquake records with a sampling interval of less than 0.01 s are required [12].  
To evaluate plane-wave coherency functions using numerical simulations, it is important to select the earthquake records that meet these criteria. In this study, we used 30 input records with a time interval of 0.005 s. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the selected seismic records in terms of epicentral distance, magnitude (M), and peak ground velocity (PGV), which include data from Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) database [13] and earthquake records from domestic events in South Korea [14].
## 3 Theoretical Background
### Magnetically Induced Birefringence in Absence of Permanent Magnetic Dipoles  
Many molecular liquids are diamagnetic and do not possess a permanent dipole moment. In such a case, the dipole moment can always be induced by the field itself through interaction of the field with the tensor magnetic susceptibility (magnetic polarizability) of the particle.  
In this case, the magnetic susceptibility must be anisotropic. Otherwise, the direction of the induced dipole will always coincide with the direction of the field and no torque will be acting on such molecule. As a result, no induced orientation will be observed. On the contrary, if the magnetic susceptibility is anisotropic, the direction of induced dipole will depend on the orientation of the molecule and the molecules will be forced to orient its direction of highest magnetic susceptibility along the magnetic field. Although the mathematical description of the interaction between induced dipole with its parent magnetic field is more complex, the phenomenological description of the orientational mechanism is the same as this given in a section above.
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Performance Analysis of All Beamformer Applying Optimal Technique  
A comparison of the LCAA, LCPAA, LRAA, and LCCAA beamformers is shown in Figure 2a, based on the optimal technique. We assume that the steering angle is \(50^{\circ}\), the actual signal direction is \(52^{\circ}\), and the interference angle is set to \(30^{\circ}\). As there is a sharp attenuation towards the direction of \(30^{\circ}\) and signal direction at \(52^{\circ}\), the optimal beamformer can detect and attenuate interferences. In Figure 2b, the output power at the actual signal direction of the LCCAA, LRAA, LCPAA, and LCAA beamformers is \(-85.59\) dB, \(-83.76\) dB, \(-85.23\) dB, and \(-81.48\) dB, respectively. Among all of these beamformers, the LCCAA beamformer has the lowest output power at the actual signal direction and LCPAA is very close to LCCAA in terms of the output power.  
Finally, it is concluded that the LCCAA has better output performance than other beamformers with optimal technique. In Table 1, the value of output power at the actual signal direction using the optimal technique is presented concerning corresponding beamformer.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Types**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LCCAA**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LCPAA**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LRAA**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LCCAA**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Robust Techniques**} & \(\mathbf{0^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{1^{\circ}}\) &
# Numerical Analysis of Fluid Stream Division to Supply Multiple Hydraulic Receivers
## 5 Modeling and Simulations in Matlab/Simulink
### Discussion of the Results  
The results of numerical analyses show that the proposed system allows the required parameters of hydraulic motors to be obtained in the entire load range. Rotational speeds are maintained above minimum values regardless of the loading torque. However, the system's energy efficiency is also an important issue to consider. For the assumed pressure value on the relief valve \(p_{ret}=16\) \(\,\mathrm{MPa}\), the system requires approximately \(P_{0}=21.6\)\(\,\mathrm{kW}\) of supply power. The useful power on a single hydraulic motor with a torque load of \(T_{Lm,i}=5.0\)\(\,\mathrm{N}\,\mathrm{m}\), which generates a pressure of \(p_{2i}=4.2\)\(\,\mathrm{MPa}\) (Figure 11), is \(P_{i}=1.75\)\(\,\mathrm{kW}\). This means that the effective power share is \(\Delta P_{eff}=4\cdot 1.75/21.6\cdot 100=32.4\%\). However, energy efficiency increases if the load is close to the maximum load. In the case of the load of the motors with a moment of \(T_{Lm,i}=75\)\(\,\mathrm{N}\,\mathrm{m}\), the pressure is \(p_{2i}=10.4\)\(\,\mathrm{MPa}\) (Figure 12), and the useful power \(P_{i}=4.33\)\(\,\mathrm{kW}\). The effective power share in this case is \(\Delta P_{eff}=4\cdot 4.33/21.6\cdot 100=80.2\)\(\,\%\).  
Figure 13: Results with various loads of individual motors from the range of \(5-75\)\(\,\mathrm{N}\,\mathrm{m}\): (**a**) flow rates and pressures; (**b**) rotational speed of hydraulic motors and load moments.  
Figure 14: Operating cycle in a low load range, \(T_{Lm,max}=12\) N m, with load variation of particular motors by 10%; (**a**) flow rates and pressures; (**b**) rotational speed of hydraulic motors and load torques.  
Figure 15: Operating cycle in a low load range, \(T_{Lm,max}=12\) N m, with load variation of particular motors by 30%; (**a**) flow rates and pressures; (**b**) rotational speed of hydraulic motors and load torques.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Phase-3: Developing and Validating a Finite Element Model for Biopltted PCL  
A CAD model was created to reflect the tensile specimen gage section (33 \(\times\) 6 \(\times\) 3.2 mm). The model contained 13 layers with alternating 0/90\({}^{\circ}\) strand lay orientation. The strand width and inter-strand spacing were both set at 330 \(\upmu\)m, and the inter-layer strand overlap was set to 70 \(\upmu\)m to reflect the average dimensions of the experimental specimens. FE analyses were performed in ANSYS (Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) using the model input parameters presented in Table 2. The density of biopltted PCL was computed based on the measured volume and mass of PCL strands (n = 12) of 30 mm length biopltted using a \(\mathcal{O}\) 0.3 mm nozzle at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C with an extrusion pressure of 0.5 N/mm\({}^{2}\) and nozzle speed of 1.4 mm/s. The Poisson's ratio was assumed to be 0.3 based on the literature [22; 29]. Given the alternating 0/90\({}^{\circ}\) strand lay orientation in the specimen, the elastic modulus and yield strength were assigned to be the average of those respective measures determined from the tensile testing of 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\) configurations in Phase-2.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Tensile specimen design as per ASTM D638 Type IV (all dimensions in mm). Representative images of 3D Biopltted bulk specimen of (**b**) 0\({}^{\circ}\) configuration and (**c**) 90\({}^{\circ}\) configuration.  
The model was set up as a static structure and meshed using curvature controlled triangular elements with a minimum edge length of 3 \(\upmu\)m. A displacement step function corresponding to an experimental strain rate of 50 mm/min was applied on one end of the specimen while the other end was constrained using fixed support with the interface set as bonded material. The model was then solved to estimate equivalent stress (von Mises). Using the probe tool, the reaction force and effective strain were determined at the fixed end. The effective elastic modulus of the model was determined based on the reaction force, effective strain, and effective area using Equation (1). The effective area was assumed to be the sum of the cross-sectional area of the 0\({}^{\circ}\) oriented strands, since only these strands were aligned along the direction of loading.  
\[Effective\;elastic\;modulus=\frac{Reaction\;force}{Effective\;area\times Effective\; strain} \tag{1}\]  
For experimental validation, PCL tensile testing specimens (n = 3) with geometry matching the FE model (strand width = inter-strand spacing = 330 \(\upmu\)m, 13 layers, 0\({}^{\circ}\)/90\({}^{\circ}\) strand lay orientation) were biopltted using a \(\mathcal{O}\) 0.3 mm nozzle at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a pressure of 0.5 N/mm\({}^{2}\) and nozzle speed of 1.4 mm/s. Tensile testing was performed using the previously described procedure. The effective area for stress calculation was computed based on the image analysis of the cross-section of the biopltted porous specimen gage. The average experimental elastic modulus was compared to the effective elastic modulus estimate from the FE model.
# Reversible Data Hiding Scheme in Homomorphic Encrypted Image Based on EC-EG
## 4 Simulation Experiment and Theoretical Analysis
### Analysis of Security  
On the one hand, the additional data after encryption are embedded in the bit plane of the target pixel and are protected by the EC-EG homomorphic property. On the other hand, in the existing public key cryptosystem, the one with the highest encryption strength per bit is the difficulty of the ECC math problem, thus it is safe to encrypt images with EC-EG compared to using Paillier to encrypt images. At present, the method to attack the discrete logarithm problem on ECC is only the baby step giant step (BSGS), and its computational complexity is \(\mathrm{O}(\exp(\log\sqrt{P_{\mathrm{max}}}))\). \(P_{max}\) is the maximum prime factor of the order of the exchange group composed of ECC. At the same time, different elliptic curves can be obtained by changing the parameters. Therefore, ECC has a rich group structure and multiple selectivity, and can be flexibly applied.  
To verify the theoretical security of EC-EG encryption, the method of statistical analysis can test the anti-attack performance of encryption algorithm in chaos and diffusion from different angles. For this reason, we specify it from three aspects: histogram analysis of encrypted image, correlation analysis of adjacent pixels and information entropy analysis [28].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Fermentation Processes
#### 3.2.2 RSM Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis
The prediction of glucose liberation RSM optimized parameters was 13.125 g/L. After carrying out the optimized conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated vetiver biomass 19.197 \(\pm\) 0.090 g/L glucose was achieved, a 146.3% yield.
# Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Rhabdomyosarcoma Therapy In Vitro: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Plant Extracts and Isolated Bioactive Compounds That Induce Cell Death by Cell Cycle Arrest  
Cell cycle arrest in some of its phases is another mechanism of induced death of tumor cells. In this systematic review, 9% of the isolated bioactive compounds have this mechanism of cell death [23; 32; 35; 46] (Table 3).  
Berberine and Palmatine are two alkaloids isolated from _Phellodend anunrene_ using distilled water and tested in embryonic RMS cells. Although the IC\({}_{50}\) value was not calculated, it was found that these compounds inhibited tumor growth depending on the dose and exposure time, reaching their greatest inhibition after 72 h of treatment. Berberine treatment reduced cell growth by cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, decreasing the levels of the Ki67 marker, especially in the ERMS1 cell line. However, Palmatine did not induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, although it showed cell growth inhibition, especially in the RD cell line [46]. In this case, this cell line is a malignant strain of embryonal RMS with amplification of the MYC gene. The possible mechanism of Palmatina interaction could be tumor cell formation.  
Another example of plant extracts with cell cycle-induced apoptosis was the methanolic extract of _Berberis orthonotrys_ root [23]. This extract was tested in the RH-30 cell line, which belongs to the alveolar RMS. The IC\({}_{50}\) value after 24 h of treatment was 55.2 \(\mu\)g/mL, which stopped the cell cycle in the G2 phase. Flowers, leaves, and stems of _Agrimonia euporaria_ were studied in vitro against the growth of RMS (RD cell line), cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), and mouse fibroblasts (MEF cell line). Both methanol and aqueous extracts showed growth inhibition in both tumor cell lines, while there was no effect in healthy cells (MEF). Although the IC\({}_{50}\) value has not been studied, the antitumor effects were dose- and time-dependent. The polyphenols of both extracts induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, while the flavonoids produced cycle arrest in the S phase [32].  
_Cotula cinerea_ is a plant that is found mostly in north Africa. Its aerial parts were used to study its antitumor action in RD cell lines versus healthy cells (VERO). Their extracts were obtained using 70% ethanol and 30% water. The extract that showed the lowest IC\({}_{50}\) value was hexane, with a value of 57.21 \(\pm\) 3.43 \(\mu\)g/mL in RD. However, in healthy cells, the extract that showed the lowest IC\({}_{50}\) value was that of essential oil (obtained with distilled water), with a value of 72.72 \(\pm\) 2.18 \(\mu\)g/mL. The possible mechanisms of action are multiple, highlighting apoptosis through the activation of caspases or cell cycle arrest. Further studies are needed to specify the exact mechanism of action [35].
# Cybersecurity Requirements for Industrial Machine Control Systems
## 5 Case Study--Examples of Determining SLs of Safety Functions Implemented in Machine Safety Systems
### Example 6--Machine Control System: Category 3, PLd; Cybersecurity SL-T 3  
Figure 15 shows a robotic cell. The robot moves quickly along different trajectories (which implies that the danger (parameter P2) cannot be avoided). Dynamic movements can cause strong impacts to humans, such as to the head, which can lead to death. Thus, it is assumed that potential injuries could be severe (parameter S2). The user enters the cell by violating the protective zone monitored by the laser scanner to pick up the pallet (they do not stay there long). This implies the F1 parameter is used. Based on the graph, the required level is PLr = d. Robotic cells should be designed according to the requirements of ISO 10218-2 [28], which requires the use of the PLr = d level and category 3.  
The laser scanner (typically rated at PLd/Kat.3 level) is connected to a robot controller (typically rated at PLd/Kat.3) equipped with safety functions for stopping the robot drives (Figure 16).  
For the circuit implementing the depicted function of detecting the violation of the danger zone of Figure 16 with the assumptions described above, protection against cyberattack is required. The required protection level is assumed to be SL-T 3 (high level).
# Re-Keying Scheme Revisited: Security Model and Instantiations
## 5 New Concrete Re-Keying Schemes
### Our Concrete Schemes  
#### 5.2.1 First-Order SCA-Resistant Re-Keying Scheme  
Our first scheme is based on the combination of LRW2 and [PERSON] et al.'s second scheme. From Theorem 3 of [6], the combination of these schemes is a concrete re-keying scheme; however, the keyed hash function in LRW2 may leak the side channel information. Hence, we modified it as depicted in Figure 10 to achieve the security against the first-order SCAs.  
This scheme uses three functions. The first function is a re-keying function \(g_{1}\), which, given the master secret key \(mk_{1}\) and the randomness \(r\), returns the session key \(tk\). We assume that \(g_{1}\) is a pseudo-random permutation when one of \(mk_{1}\) and \(r\) is fixed and that \(g_{1}\) leaks no side channel information on inputs. The second function is a pseudo-random function \(g_{2}\), which, given another master secret key \(mk_{2}\) and  
Figure 8: [PERSON] et al.’s tweakable block cipher: LRW2.  
Figure 9: [PERSON] et al.’s second re-keying scheme (generic construction).  
the randomness \(r\), returns the \(\ell_{n}\)-bit string \(n\). We assume that \(g_{2}\) also leaks no side channel information on the inputs. The third function is a block cipher BC. As discussed later, the re-keying scheme is secure against the first-order SCA because the input and output of BC are XORed (masked, as in the masking countermeasure) by \(n\), which is unknown to the adversary. The procedures of this scheme \((\mathsf{enc}_{1},\mathsf{dec}_{1})\) are described in Figure 10 and Algorithms 1 and 2.  
```
Input: master secret key \((mk_{1},mk_{2})\) and plaintext \(m\) Output: ciphertext \((r,c)\)
```  
**Algorithm 1** First-order SCA-resistant re-keying scheme: \(\mathsf{enc}_{1}\)
# Radar Target Localization with Multipath Exploitation in Dense Clutter Environments
## 3 Method  
In this section, the proposed two-stage localization algorithm is introduced. Figure 2 illustrates the framework of target detection and the localization algorithm. The overall structure of the proposed algorithm contains an offline stage and an online stage. In the offline stage, multipath propagation parameters of uniformly distributed targets are simulated by the ray-tracing technique introduced in Section 2.1. In the online stage, a two-step localization algorithm with multipath exploitation is proposed to locate targets with dense clutter. The first step is to obtain the multipath propagation model and a rough location by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of measurement set \(\mathbf{Z}\) and the sampled target multipath parameters \(\mathbf{H}_{ij}\). In the second step, the accurate target location is estimated by an NLS method to eliminate off-grid errors originating from samples. A detailed discussion of the proposed likelihood function and localization algorithm is presented in the following subsections.
# Intelligent Transaction Scheduling to Enhance Concurrency in High-Contention Workloads
## 2 Related Work  
### Transaction Partitioning  
Transaction partitioning has been introduced to address scalability and performance bottlenecks in multicore database systems, particularly under high-concurrency workloads. By dividing transactions based on data access patterns, partitioning minimizes inter-core synchronization and coordination overhead, thereby improving throughput and simplifying CC within the system. Static transaction-partitioning methods include range-based partitioning, which divides data based on value ranges (e.g., timestamps or IDs), and hash-based partitioning, which distributes data evenly across cores using hash functions.  
As data distributions and access frequencies evolve, dynamic partitioning adjusts real-time data allocation to balance load and optimize performance. Horticulture [2] develops an analytical cost model that allows for the rapid estimation of relative coordination costs and skews associated with a specific workload and candidate database design. Horticulture facilitates an informed exploration of the vast solution space through large neighborhood search techniques. [PERSON] [3] partitions the co-access graph among data items and uses these partitions to infer the static partition predicates. Clay [14] is an elasticity algorithm that balances load and minimizes distributed transactions simultaneously, by creating dynamic blocks on-the-fly while monitoring the workload. [PERSON] et al. [15] propose a transaction-processing protocol for high-contention workloads, which identifies hot records in the database during runtime, clusters transactions that access them together, and executes them without CC protocol. The effectiveness of transaction partitioning is highly dependent on workload distribution. Imbalanced partitioning schemes can lead to over-provisioned partitions with unnecessary resource allocation, or suffer from load imbalances, resulting in underutilized compute resources.