# Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding Using Carbon Nanotube and Nanoparticle Composites
## 4 CNT-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
The synergistic effects of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx and carbon-based materials highlight the potential of T@CP for various applications. Further research will likely lead to even more efficient materials for EM shielding and simultaneous energy storage. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [67] examined the EMI-shielding characteristics of textiles made from CNTs and discovered that these textiles showed exceptional EMI-shielding efficiency. This was attributed to the fabrics' high electrical conductivity and the interconnected network structure of CNTs. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [68] developed flexible, elastic, and lightweight nanocomposites using FCNF/GNP/PU materials. These nanocomposites were highly effective in providing EMI shielding due to the formation of a three-dimensional interconnected network, which significantly improved the electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and EMI-shielding efficacy. The nanocomposites maintained their effectiveness even under mechanical bending and water sonication, showing their potential for use in flexible electronic applications. [PERSON] et al. [69] created double-layered Cu-Ni composite foams enhanced with CNTs using chemical plating and electrodeposition techniques to improve mechanical strength and electromagnetic-shielding capabilities. The incorporation of CNTs resulted in a homogeneous distribution between the metallic layers, enhancing the compressive strength, energy-absorption capability, and electromagnetic-shielding efficiency compared to Cu-Ni foams alone. Although heat treatments improved the compressive strength by diffusing the copper and nickel layers, there was a slight reduction in the average shielding efficiency due to absorption loss, the principal mechanism for shielding. [PERSON] et al. [70] investigated the X-ray-shielding characteristics of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites filled with graphene oxide (GO), pyrolytic graphite (PG), MWCNT, and amorphous carbon (soot). These conductive fillers are typically used for EMI shielding. However, PVDF/GO nanocomposites containing 1.88 wt% GO demonstrated mass attenuation coefficients four times greater than those of other graphite-based nanocomposites for 6.9 keV photons. These nanocomposites exhibited increased ability to absorb X-rays at photon energies between 6.9 and 17.5 keV, indicating that thin, lightweight PVDF/GO films have the potential to provide effective protection against X-ray radiation in radiology operations, eliminating the need for lead. [PERSON] et al. [71] empirically measured the reduction in intensity and charge storage capacity of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) across a frequency range of 1-65 GHz. The DWCNT mixture was integrated into a micromachined coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line supported by a thin silicon (Si) membrane. By analyzing the S-parameter data, the research revealed that DWCNTs exhibit dielectric properties throughout this frequency range, with modest losses and a sudden shift in effective permittivity, indicating potential for use in integrated gas sensors. [PERSON] et al. [72] developed composites of Cu(0.48)Ni(0.16)Co(2.36)O\({}_{4}\)/CuO (C-CuNiCoO) modified with urchin-like CNTs using a one-pot hydrothermal technique. These composites demonstrated the significant attenuation of optical, infrared, and microwave signals. The distinguishing urchin-like morphology and carbon modification resulted in exceptional light absorption, exceeding 90% in the optical range, and a high average mass extinction coefficient of 2.52 m\({}^{2}\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\) in the infrared region. The C-CuNiCoO composites also exhibited notable microwave-absorption capabilities, with a peak reflection loss of \(-\)40.5 dB at 17.1 GHz, due to conduction loss, eddy current loss, polarization loss, and effective impedance matching. [PERSON] et al.