## 3 Results  
### Genotype Variations for Biomass and Biological Yield  
Figure S1 displays summary statistical information (the mean, minimum, maximum, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and frequency distribution) of BDW measured at BT (BDW-BT) and AN (BDW-AN) growth stage and BY of 64 wheat genotypes irrigated with a saline water contain 150 mM NaCl. As shown in Supplementary Figure S1, the values of BDW-BT, BDW-AN, and BY across all genotypes ranged between 2.49 and 5.48 g plant\({}^{-1}\), 3.49 and 6.83 g plant\({}^{-1}\), and 8.90 and 15.41 ton ha\({}^{-1}\) in the first year, with average values of 4.19 g plant\({}^{-1}\), 5.27 g plant\({}^{-1}\), and 12.58 ton ha\({}^{-1}\), respectively. In the second year, the BDW-BT, BDW-AN, and BY values ranged between 2.40 and 5.30 g plant\({}^{-1}\), 3.93 and 7.76 g plant\({}^{-1}\), and 9.13 and 17.88 ton ha\({}^{-1}\), with average values of 4.15 g plant\({}^{-1}\)  
Figure 2: Flowchart showing a general overview of the methodology proposed for indirectly estimating the plant biomass at different phenological stages. 5.41 g plant\({}^{-1}\), and 13.81 ton ha\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Additionally, the histogram of frequency distribution showed that the three traits were normally distributed in both years. Furthermore, mean squares from the combined ANOVA revealed highly significant differences (\(p<0.0001\)) among genotypes for the three traits, whereas the difference between the years was significant (\(p<0.05\)) for BY only. The interaction effect between genotype and year was significant (\(p<0.05\)) and highly significant (\(p<0.0001\)) for BDW-BT and BDW-AN, respectively (Figure S1). Analysis of Canopy Spectral Reflectance across Genotypes and Relationship with Biomass and Biological Yield at Different Growth Stages  
Figure 3 displays the minimum, maximum, and standard deviations of canopy spectral reflectance in the full range of the spectrum (350-2500 nm) across all genotypes at BT, AN, and EMG stages. Overall, the shape of the spectral reflectance curves in Figure 3 shows that there are obvious differences between the minimum and maximum values of spectral reflectance across all genotypes at the three main regions of the spectrum (VIS, NIR, and SWIR) at each growth stage. In the VIS region, the differences between the minimum and maximum values of the spectral reflectance curve were large at the EMG stage. Compared to the other two stages, the green peak (approximately 550 nm) at the EMG stage was expanded and distorted for the curve of the maximum values (Figure 3). The differences between the minimum and maximum values of the spectral reflectance curve in the NIR region were large at the three stages, except at the BT stage in the first year. The differences between the minimum and maximum values of the spectral reflectance curve in the SWIR region showed very similar patterns at the three stages, except the BT stage in the first year, which indicated obvious differences between the minimum and maximum values in this region (Figure 3). The results in Figure 3 also revealed that the spectral reflectance at the EMG stage presented higher standard deviations in the VIS and SWIR regions, compared to the other two stages, except the BT stage in the first year, which also presented a high value of standard deviations in the SWIR region. However, the high value for standard deviations of spectral reflectance in the NIR region was observed at the AN stage, as compared with the other two stages (Figure 3). The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) between spectral reflectance at a single wavelength in the three regions of the spectrum and the three traits at the three growth stages are shown in Figure 4. In general, the results showed that the wavelengths in the VIS region were negatively correlated with the three traits at the three growth stages in both years, whereas the whole wavelength in the NIR region was positively correlated with the same traits at the AN and EMG stages.