# Integration of Geoscience Information for Disaster Resilience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
## 3 Results
### Geolazard Susceptibility  
Derivation of the weightage value calculated from the influence of the parameter classes and the landslide distribution produced the susceptibility map of five classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low (Figure 5a). The landslide susceptibility model delineates landslide-prone areas based on historical events. The information contributes to decision making on hazards and risk mitigation for development planning. Validation of the susceptibility model using the spatial cross-validation and retrospective methods  
Figure 4: Engineering ground classification map of Kuala Lumpur, indicating potential engineering work performance for future development. The criteria and score used are shown in the matrix.  
shows high predictive accuracy with area under curve (AUC) values of 0.90 and 0.93, respectively [18]. The very high and high landslide susceptibility classes occupy 7% and 9% of the study area, respectively. These two susceptibility classes are concentrated in the northeastern, west-central and southern parts of the Kuala Lumpur. The moderate susceptibility areas cover 7% of the city, which are distributed mainly in the vicinity of the two earlier classes. The low susceptibility class occupies 20% of the area found mostly scattered around the earlier classes and within the very low susceptibility class. The largest area distribution (57%) is represented by the very low susceptibility class, which is distributed mainly in the northern and eastern Kuala Lumpur in relatively flat areas underlain by alluvium and mine tailings.  
The flood susceptibility model showcased a defended scenario where it considered the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) tunnel system and other flood mitigation projects emplaced within the city with consideration of 20, 50, 100 and 200-year return periods (Figure 5b). The extent of areas susceptible to flood for 20, 50, 100 and 200-year return periods cover 10.6%, 12.5%, 14.1% and 15.2% of Kuala Lumpur, respectively. There was positive impact from the incorporation of flood mitigation works in the city such as the SMART tunnel, Sg. Keroh and Sg. Gombak Diversion Project and Sg. Bunus System, as shown by the smaller flood extent. In one case, the Tun Perak Bridge located in downtown Kuala Lumpur shows an increase in channel capacity from the 5-year flow assumption to a 20-year assumption when considering the engineering improvements to the Sg. Kelang channel as exhibited in the defended fluvial flood map [59]. The model has a resolution of 5 m, delineating flood-prone areas in the city. After validation using the  
Figure 5: Geohazard susceptibility maps of Kuala Lumpur. (**a**) Landslide susceptibility map. (**b**) Fluvial flood susceptibility map in Kuala Lumpur with consideration of the SMART tunnel infrastructure. The areal extent of flood susceptibility is the cumulative of the lower return periods.  
compilation of flood incidents spanning 1977-2020, nearly 92% of the 569 flood locations are within the extent of the susceptibility zones. A comparison of modelled data with known discharge rates through the tunnels and expected rates of flow downstream of inlet and outlet ponds confirm that the model set-up successfully reconstructs the water retention and diversion in Kuala Lumpur in the defended scenario [50].