# A Preliminary Analysis on the Insecticidal Effect of Cyantraniliprole against Stored-Product Pests
## 4 Discussion  
Cyantrainiliprole, the second-generation anthranilic diamide insecticide, has both foliar and systemic activity (for direct application to the soil) and targets a broad number of chewing and sucking pests by acting exclusively on their ryanodine receptors [17]. Insecticides such as this have a characteristic mode of action, targeting the ryanodine receptor at a site separate from ryanodine and causing the release of intracellular Ca2+ [18]. So far, cyanraniliprole has not been tested on stored-product pests, given that it has very low MRLs and has not yet been registered for application in storage facilities. However, the urgent and great need for active compounds and formulations in storage facilities has been well documented [19; 20; 21]. We hope that this study will make a valuable contribution to global research that is now in progress. We demonstrated that when cyanraniliprole was applied to wheat, it was able to cause noteworthy mortality on all tested insect pests, especially in high doses (>2500 ppm) and long exposure-time intervals (>14 days). _T. confusum_ adults exhibited the highest sensitivity in all doses compared with the other tested beetles. Experimental data from previously published bioassays of chemical insecticides against adults of the species tested in this study are provided in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Insect** & **Slope** & **Intercept** & **Chi-Test (x\({}^{2}\))** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **Lethal Dose (LD50) (ppm)** \\ \hline _T. molitor_ & 2.281 & \(-\)2220 & 0.014 & 0.687 & 1466.54 \\ _T. confusum_ & 1.818 & \(-\)0.425 & 0.186 & 0.618 & 981.66 \\ _A. diaperinus_ & 1.563 & 0.133 & 0.466 & 0.661 & 1342.45 \\ _R. domenia_ & 1.933 & \(-\)1.166 & 0.500 & 0.819 & 1557.80 \\ _T. granarium_ & 1.354 & 0.751 & 0.945 & 0.886 & 1368.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: LC50 values (slope, intercept, chi-test, R\({}^{2}\)) of the tested coleopteran adults. Figure 5: Mean mortality (% \(\pm\) SD) of _T. granarium_ adults sprayed with six concentrations of cyanraniliprole after 28 days. Our results are similar to those reported in a recent study, where application of cyanraniliprole against adult _Hypotheenus humpei_ Ferrari was found to be very toxic and had a strong effect upon topical application [14]. Cyantraniliprole has already been used as a seed treatment for the management of some chewing insects but not on stored pests. The toxicological effects of cyanraniliprole include rapid cessation in feeding, leading to lethargy, paralysis, and death [28]. Activity against the adult stage of stored pests has not previously been reported. Relevant effects of cyanraniliprole have been demonstrated, including reduced fecundity, fertility, feeding, oviposition, and mating of _Franklinella occidentalis_ Pergande [29]. Studies have shown that cyanraniliprole seed treatment significantly reduces infestation by the rice water weevil (_Lissnoptrus oryzaeillus_ [PERSON]), and rice cultivation treated with cyanraniliprole resulted in fewer larvae and pupae compared to rice treated with other insecticides [30; 31]. High mortality of _Agrotispsilon_ larvae also occurred when maize plants were treated with cyanraniliprole [12]. Cyantriniprole is highly toxic to _Helicoverpas assitita_ [PERSON], and the LC05, LC15, and LC30 concentration of cyanraniliprole reduced the percentage of pupeting larvae and increased the percentage of adults with deformities [32]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] indicate that cyanraniliprole reduces feeding by _Diphorina citri_ adults. Cyantraniliprole has been shown to reduce feeding of other insect pests [33]. Moreover, cyanraniliprole provided moderate to very good reduction in leaf damage depending on larvae of tested _Plutella xylostella L._, _Trichophysia ni_ [PERSON], _Spodoptera exigua_ [PERSON], and _Helicoverpas zea_ [PERSON] [34]. On the other hand, the most tolerant species was _R. domencia_, demonstrating the highest LC50 value. [PERSON] et al. [35] observed that the proportion of _P.