## 4 Array Simulated Results  
To evaluate the performance of the proposed SA array design, full-wave electromagnetic simulations have been performed, confirming that the required specifications have been met. The radiation patterns of the SA array in the E and H planes, for both the RHCP and LHCP ports, are presented in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. The maximum realized gain for both ports is approximately 17 dBi, while the HPBW is 16\({}^{\circ}\). The SLLs are around \(-\)16 dB for RHCP and better than \(-\)18 dB for LHCP. The SA array system exhibits favorable AR performance, primarily due to the incorporation of slots and the dual feeding configuration for each radiating element. Figure 14 presents the simulated AR of the proposed antenna array at the frequency of 412 MHz in both the \(\varphi=0^{\circ}\) (E plane) and \(\varphi=90^{\circ}\) (H plane) cuts, showing values consistently below 3 dB across the entire main beamwidth. Figure 11: Phase of scattering \(S_{1x}\) parameter. Figure 12: Realized gain patterns for the RHCP port in the E plane and H plane. Figure 13: Realized gain patterns for the LHCP port in the E plane and H plane. Also, a full-wave electromagnetic analysis is performed on the complete system, which includes the SA array and the two feeding networks dedicated singularly to RHCP and LHCP, to assess its overall performance. The S parameters of the feeding networks were integrated into the antenna schematic to analyze the system's electromagnetic behavior, particularly in terms of radiation pattern and gain. The same set of S parameters is used for both the RHCP and LHCP networks, with each port connected to the corresponding port of the individual radiating elements. This approach enables the identification of any losses introduced by the feeding structure. Figures 15 and 16 compare the realized gain across both the RHCP and LHCP ports and E and H planes, revealing a slight reduction in realized gain of approximately 0.5 dBi due to the presence of the feeding networks. Figure 16: Realized gain patterns for the LHCP port in the E plane and H plane, with and without the inclusion of the feeding network. Figure 14: Axial Ratio patterns for the E plane and H plane, considering both the RHCP and LHCP ports. Figure 15: Realized gain patterns for the RHCP port in the E plane and H plane, with and without the inclusion of the feeding network. Although internal analog phase shifters have not yet been implemented, electronic beam steering in elevation up to \(\pm 22.5^{\circ}\) relative to the array normal has been thoroughly investigated through simulation. These analyses have provided a detailed understanding of the trade-offs involved and have supported key architectural decisions in the design process. Figure 17 shows the realized gain in both the E plane and steered plane for a beam tilt rounded to \(23^{\circ}\). This result was obtained by applying custom tapering and steering during the post-processing of the antenna simulation files. The applied tilt leads to an increase in the HPBW to approximately \(20^{\circ}\), along with a noticeable degradation in the SLLs. In the E plane (\(\varphi=0^{\circ}\)), the maximum realized gain is preserved. However, in the H plane (\(\varphi=90^{\circ}\)), the main lobe is no longer visible at its peak due to a shift exceeding one full HPBW. For this reason, the H plane pattern is omitted and replaced with the radiation pattern in the steered plane (\(\varphi=23^{\circ}\)), which accurately reflects the main beam direction. We also conducted an evaluation of the active S parameters for the 19-element antenna array. The analysis was performed separately for the two circular polarizations (RHCP and LHCP) by simultaneously exciting the corresponding ports with amplitude and phase distributions configured to achieve the \(23^{\circ}\) beam tilt. The active S parameters were computed at the design frequency and provide an accurate assessment of the input impedance matching under beamforming conditions.