## 2 Backgrounds  
### Applications of AI-Powered Chatbots in Various Domains  
Recent advances in AI, machine learning (ML) and NLP have contributed to the rapid rise in the popularity of chatbots [14]. Advanced AI models have recently emerged with a broader range of capabilities, including conversational AI and multi-modal functionalities, such as understanding text, images, and other media. AI systems like OpenAI's GPT model [15], Gemini [16], and similar technologies make them suitable for tasks such as research, content generation, visual understanding, and complex decision-making, positioning them as multipurpose AI platforms.  
ChatGPT [17], an example of a technology with high language production capacity, can be used in almost any real-world scenario, such as customer service and support, personal assistants, content creation, language translation, education and tutoring, creative writing and storytelling, mental health support, code writing and programming, healthcare and medical assistance, legal and compliance assistance, and medical imaging and radiology [3]. In programming, ChatGPT can help find errors and provide recommendations for code optimization, which can be helpful for programmers in understanding the errors and problems in the code [18]. A recent literature analysis revealed many potential benefits of using ChatGPT in education, including developing personalized and complex learning, specific teaching and learning activities, assessments, asynchronous communication, etc. [19]. Students find ChatGPT interesting, motivating, and helpful for study and work while also valuing its ease of use, human-like interface, well-structured responses, and clear explanations [20]. Chatbots can also be helpful in the classroom by giving students individualized practice materials, summaries, and explanations that can boost their performance and facilitate better learning opportunities [18; 21]. Furthermore, students can enhance their critical thinking abilities, and gain more confidence by using ChatGPT in their studies [22]. ChatGPT has also become a valuable tool for research [23; 24]. Using ChatGPT can improve (1) scientific writing with enhanced research equity and versatility, (2) dataset analysis efficiency, (3) code generation, (4) literature reviews, and (5) time efficiency in experimental design [25]. With little input, it can generate realistic writing indistinguishable from human-generated text and demonstrate critical thinking abilities to complete high-level cognitive tasks [26]. With proper precautions, ChatGPT can be a valuable tool for text analysis, increasing the effectiveness of theme analysis and providing more context for understanding qualitative data [24; 27].  
In summary, AI-powered chatbots have evolved into a kind of \"technological Swiss Army knife\", providing user-friendly shortcuts to achieve satisfactory or even high-quality outcomes in certain contexts, though not universally. Like a Swiss Army knife, these tools are undeniably practical; however, this does not imply they can adequately replace specialized technologies (an example case study for mobile phones, see [28]). Thus, it is crucial not only to examine the differences in objective criteria, such as validity, reliability, and accuracy of responses between chatbots, humans, and other technologies but also to consider the UX, which is a distinctly subjective factor. The critical question highlighted here is whether people are willing to trade a higher-quality outcome, which demands effort and expertise in a specific technology, for a lesser-quality product provided by an automated system.