# Energy-Efficient Distributed Edge Computing to Assist Dense Internet of Things
## 2 Background and Related Work  
Several essential requirements must be met for IoT networks to function properly and seamlessly with modern communication technologies. These include ensuring energy efficiency, implementing efficient communication protocols, effectively managing resources, and offering scalability, flexibility, extensibility, and compatibility across several devices and contexts [5; 14]. Meeting these standards is critical to the success of IoT applications in various industries, including smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare [15]. One of the most significant problems in IoT communications is achieving cost-effectiveness for network infrastructure and end devices, while limiting energy consumption. IoT networks must handle many connections, prolonging battery life and allowing long-distance communication at low bit rates. These networks should also have simple structures to allow small, adaptable devices to operate in any environment. Important concerns in this context include modulation schemes, transmission speeds, and data rates, which are critical for successfully managing the massive volume of data generated by billions of linked devices. Furthermore, network virtualization techniques must be used to ensure that IoT applications may be deployed with consistent Quality of Service (QoS) across potentially incompatible network resources [16]. As IoT becomes more integrated into daily life, the security and user privacy of IoT networks have become crucial issues. The limited computational capabilities of many IoT devices make it difficult to implement traditional security methods, necessitating the development of unique, lightweight security techniques that are both robust and efficient. Furthermore, IoT networks must be designed to handle a diverse range of devices, including ones with restricted functionality [17]. For example, environmental sensors,frequently designed to be extremely low-cost, have limited memory, power, and computing capabilities. Despite these constraints, the network must ensure that such devices have dependable connectivity and operation. Scalability is another critical feature for IoT networks, especially as device costs continue to fall and the number of IoT applications grows. As device prices fall, new use cases that were previously impractical with more expensive technology become commercially viable, resulting in an exponential growth in device deployments. To maintain continuous performance, IoT networks must be scalable enough to meet the expanding number of endpoints [17; 18]. Reliability is also critical, particularly in satisfying the severe criteria of 5G and next-generation networks (NGNs). IoT networks are intended to be extremely reliable and vital for mission-critical applications requiring data integrity and availability. Energy efficiency is crucial to IoT development, since many end devices run on batteries. With 5G aiming for a ten-year battery life for IoT devices, there is an urgent need to develop and test technologies that can greatly enhance energy efficiency throughout the network [5]. In addition to these problems, IoT networks are expected to include sophisticated features such as self-awareness, M2M communication, and context awareness. Priorities include integrating processing and memory power, withstanding hostile conditions, and implementing strong security measures [19]. Cognitive techniques can provide seamless access to data networks, manage intermittent connectivity in demanding and mobile situations, and take advantage of heterogeneous network resources. Furthermore, incorporating wireless identification technology, such as radio frequency identification (RFID), into products and packaging might result in significant cost savings, increased environmental friendliness, and improved product self-awareness for customer assistance. This integration entails incorporating actuators, nano-electronic circuits, sensors, and algorithms into objects, allowing them to detect, act, process, and communicate, effectively [20].