## 2 Materials and Methods
### Datasets Used
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2018**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2019**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2020**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2021**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-10}  & & **Mean** & **Std** & **Mean** & **Std** & **Mean** & **Std** & **Mean** & **Std** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Temp (\({}^{\circ}\)C)} & Avg & 14.97 & 7.59 & 14.86 & 7.05 & 15.58 & 7.16 & 14.87 & 6.79 \\  & Max & 21.79 & 9.38 & 22.09 & 8.84 & 22.56 & 9.24 & 21.96 & 8.65 \\  & Min & 9.43 & 5.9 & 8.95 & 5.64 & 9.8 & 5.35 & 8.96 & 5.54 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{RH(\%)} & Avg & 64.72 & 17.88 & 63.14 & 17.43 & 65.08 & 19.03 & 63.97 & 16.15 \\  & Max & 85.05 & 12.06 & 84.6 & 11.86 & 85.83 & 13.75 & 85.57 & 10.18 \\  & Min & 41.2 & 20.34 & 38.73 & 20.77 & 41.32 & 21.59 & 39.82 & 19.32 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{WS (m/s)} & Avg & 1.63 & 1.16 & 1.64 & 1.23 & 1.52 & 1.1 & 1.43 & 1.06 \\  & Max & 4.3 & 2.21 & 4.14 & 2.17 & 3.98 & 2.11 & 3.8 & 2.04 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{VPD (kPa)} & Avg & 0.9 & 0.85 & 0.89 & 0.73 & 0.93 & 0.9 & 0.86 & 0.72 \\  & Min & 0.23 & 0.27 & 0.21 & 0.22 & 0.23 & 0.29 & 0.2 & 0.2 \\ \hline Rainfall (mm) & Sum & 2.1 & 5.2 & 1.14 & 5.22 & 1.65 & 5.11 & 1.41 & 4.23 \\ \hline ETo (mm) & Daily & 3.1 & 2.03 & 3.26 & 2.09 & 3.13 & 2.09 & 3.11 & 2.03 \\ \hline \end{tabular} The abbreviations stand for the following: Max: Maximum, Min: Minimum, Avg: Average, Std: Standard deviation, Temp: Temperature, RH: Relative Humidity, VPD: Vapor Pressure Deficit, WS: Wind Speed, ETo: reference Evaporation.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Climate data details of the weather station of Colinas do Douro from 2018 to 2021. The temporal resolutions of all the variables is daily. Figure 3: Monthly rainfall and ETo (**a**) and monthly average temperatures (**b**) recorded at the weather station of Colinas do Douro from 2018 to 2021. Test Dataset  
Model validation was performed using an independent dataset collected during three growing seasons (2002 to 2004) in a 15-year-old 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (_Vitis vinifera_ L.) rain-fed vineyard, grafted on 110 R rootstock, located at Quinta de Pancas, Alenquer, western Portugal ((39.06 N; 9.03 W). The vines were spaced 1.0 m within and 2.5 m between east-west-oriented rows and trained on a vertical shoot positioning with a pair of movable wires. Shoots were trimmed twice, between bloom and veraison, at a height of 1.0 m. The soil presented 24.3% of clay, 20.2% of silt, 55.5% of sand (sandy clay-loam soil), and 0.7% of organic matter. The climate is of the Mediterranean type with Atlantic influence. The weather data were recorded by an automatic weather station located within the experimental vineyard. During the experimental period (2002-2004), the mean air temperature ranged between 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 23.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the mean total annual rainfall was 885.3, 941.8, and 564.4 mm, in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three soil management treatments. However, for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Temporal**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Year**} & \\  & **Resolution** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2018**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2019**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2020**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2021**} \\  & & **Max** & **Min** & **Max** & **Min** & **Max** & **Min** & **Max** & **Min** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{VSM (\%)} & 20 cm & Daily & 31.56 & 10.85 & 31.82 & 11.16 & 32.52 & 10.86 & 32.40 & 11.18 \\  & 40 cm & Daily & 28.96 & 10.89 & 28.06 & 10.64 & 29.75 & 10.62 & 29.83 & 12.01 \\  & 60 cm & Daily & 31.68 & 11.05 & 27.39 & 10.96 & 31.93 & 11.24 & 29.99 & 12.27 \\  & 80 cm & Daily & 33.43 & 12.56 & 27.53 & 12.56 & 33.29 & 12.79 & 28.29 & 13.43 \\ \hline VSM (mm) & summed & Daily & 209.11 & 81.15 & 190.04 & 84.52 & 217 & 79.33 & 202.19 & 85.66 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Soil moisture data details for each season (from April to October) from Colinas do Douro.