# Blockchain Enabled Transparent and Anti-Counterfeiting Supply of COVID-19 Vaccine Vials
## 5 Conclusions and Future Scope  
In this paper, a blockchain-enabled platform to increase the transparency during the supply and distribution of COVID-19 vaccination vials has been proposed. Smart contracts are developed to monitor the supply and distribution of vaccines. The proposed solutions offer features such as self-reporting, self-monitoring, immutable, and temper-proof, correctness, and transparency. During the distribution of COVID-19 vials, the producer will set some rules using smart contracts. Only registered recipients can get the vaccine after a verification process done by the healthcare worker. The simulation results of the proposed solution show the feasibility in terms of GAS computation and throughput of the transactions. After the analysis of obtained simulation results the consumption of gas, mining process, difficulty, transaction cost depends upon the input type or the block size for the deployment on blockchain. The solution provides: (i) a framework for data transparency, immutability, and efficiency of registration for COVID-19 vaccine campaign to avoid counterfeit and identification theft, (ii) a smart contract enabled framework for self-administering the vaccine distribution constraints in the cold chain about the fulfilment of COVID-19 vaccine, (iii) a framework for vaccine supply chain management that will enable the feature of tamper-proof, person identification and avoid counterfeiting. In the future, an analysis of the collected data on feedback and data storage that can be done to identify the efficiency of vaccination vials also to check the suitable environment under which the vaccination vials can be stored. The proposed model stores all the transaction data in the blockchain, thus raising the concept of scalability and this issue still needs to be addressed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Ref.** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Technology Used**} & **Outcomes** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Scope of Improvement**} \\ \hline
[24] & \(\bullet\) & Agent-based modelling technique & A drive- through simulation tool for vaccination is proposed to enhance the process of vaccination. & \(\bullet\) & Lack of security \\
[24] & \(\bullet\) & Simulation Tool & A drive- through simulation tool for vaccination is proposed to enhance the process of vaccination. & \(\bullet\) & No record of vaccine vial lot \\
[29] & \(\bullet\) & Remote Monitoring & A solution for ensuring the transparency and increasing the coverage of vaccines in the remote regions using IoT sensor devices to track the carrier’s location, humidity and temperature. & \(\bullet\) & No solution for counterfeiting can privacy \\
[33] & \(\bullet\) & Blockchain & The use cases related to technology like blockchain can help to manage the pandemic of COVID-19 by tracing of contacts, data sharing of patients, supply and distribution management are presented & \(\bullet\) & Counterfeiting is an issue \\
[35] & \(\bullet\) & Blockchain & A solution based on blockchain and IoT for privacy preserving of home quarantine patients. & \(\bullet\) & Counterfeiting is an issue \\
[36] & \(\bullet\) & Blockchain & An incentive policy has been introduced for the betterment of government strategies for fighting the battle of coronavirus. & \(\bullet\) & Vaccine data is prone to tampering \\
[38] & \(\bullet\) & IoT & An integrated framework of blockchain and IoT for supply chain of pharmaceuticals where the counterfeiting prevention and temperature monitoring of drugs are of utmost importance. & \(\bullet\) & Vaccine data is prone to tampering \\
[39] & \(\bullet\) & Machine Learning & A recommendation system using blockchain and machine learning for the management of the drugs supply chain. & \(\bullet\) & No tracking data of COVID-19 vaccine \\
[40] & \(\bullet\) & Blockchain & A transparent drug data flow using the Gcoin blockchain in order to eliminate the counterfeiting of drugs. & \(\bullet\) & Patient’s data privacy \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Related work. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.C., D.G.