esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Thus, there is a need to carry out research in the development of cold-set plant protein gels with firmer structures facilitating slicing or shredding. (alginate), red seaweed (carrageenanan), and citrus fruits and apples (pectin) are crosslinkable by multivalent ions and can form elastic-to-rigid gel structures depending on their origin, molecular structure and environmental conditions [43]. Pectin has a high acceptance amongst consumers and is composed of glycosidic \(\alpha\)-1.4-linked D-galacturonic acid chains [44]. Depending on the degree of esterification (DE) of the carboxyl group of the galacturonic acid, pectins are classified as either high-ester pectin (DE > 50%; high-methoxy pectin) or low-ester pectin (DE > 50%; low-methoxy (LM) pectin) [43]. Amidated pectins (or amidated low-methoxy pectins) are readily available and are obtained by de-esterification using ammonia, resulting in the substitution of the methyl ester groups with amid groups. High-ester pectin gels may be formed with various sugars, typically at concentrations above 55% at low pH values (pH < 3.5), while low-ester and amidated low-ester pectins gel with divalent cations [44], of which the most prevalent in the food industry is calcium due to its low toxicity and price [45]. Gelation in these systems is rapid and occurs quickly after mixing with the hydrocolloid, making subsequent mixing and filling operations difficult. To make fermentation in PBMA products like raw fermented sausages possible, we propose the usage of a low-water-soluble calcium source such as calcium carbonate (calcite: 0.00066 g/100 mL) [46] to introduce calcium ions into the hydrocolloid matrix without instant gelation reaction, as it was proposed for homogeneous alginate gels as a cultivation medium for microbiology usage [47]. Upon contact with lactic acid, calcium carbonate is known to react to water-soluble calcium lactate (4.8 g/100 mL) [48; 49] and hence should initiate time-delayed calcium gelation upon contact with lactic acid, formed during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This yields a cold-gelling hydrocolloid matrix stabilizing around a wheat gluten basic structure. Hence, applied in combination, it should resemble the gelation process of a model product 'raw-fermented sausage' and allow for raw-fermented vegan sausage analogs to be manufactured. The process has the potential to offer all the advantages of classic raw-fermented products, namely, influencing flavor, texture, bioavailability and shelf life. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and practical applicability of generating such a matrix, identify the influence of matrix compositions, as well as assess the proposed model matrix in terms of its suitability as a meat substitute.
# A Study of Emergency Aircraft Control During Landing
## 5 Aircraft's Model Identification
### Mathematical Model Structure
\mathrm{v}_{\mathrm{g}} \tag{6}\]  
Using relation (7) and accounting for the effects of thrust asymmetry on the aircraft's lateral channel, which are described in greater detail in [16], the state Equation (8) used in the process of model identification and LQRI control system design is obtained. \[\beta(\mathrm{t})=\frac{\mathrm{v}(\mathrm{t})}{\mathrm{U}_{0}} \tag{7}\]  
\[ \begin{bmatrix}\dot{\beta}\\ \dot{\mathrm{p}}\\ \dot{\mathrm{r}}\\ \dot{\mathrm{r}}\\ \dot{\mathrm{o}}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{Y}_{\beta}&\frac{ \mathrm{Y}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\mathrm{U}_{0}}&\frac{\mathrm{Y}_{\mathrm{r}}-\mathrm{U} _{0}}{\mathrm{U}_{0}}&\frac{\mathrm{gcos}\,\Theta_{0}}{\mathrm{U}_{0}}\\ \mathrm{L}_{\beta}&\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{p}}&\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{r}}&0\\ \mathrm{N}_{\beta}&\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{p}}&\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{r}}&0\\ 0&1&\mathrm{tg}\Theta_{0}&0\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\beta\\ \mathrm{P}\\ \mathrm{r}\\ \dot{\mathrm{o}}\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{Y}_{\mathrm{g}}&\mathrm{ X}_{\mathrm{g}}&\mathrm{0}\\ \mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{g}}&\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{g}}\\ \mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{g}}&\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{g}}&\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{g}}\\ 0&0\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\delta\mathrm{A}\\ \delta\mathrm{R}\\ \mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{g}}\\ 0\end{bmatrix}  \tag{8}\]It is worth noting that the model state variables are increments of the flight parameters and not their absolute values. The term of an increment has been omitted in descriptions of only these parameters, whose values in a steady state are equal to zero. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish two groups of the state variables, described by the relations (9) and (10). To emphasise the flight parameters of non-zero steady-state values, they are marked with uppercase letters. \[\{\mathrm{U}_{0},\mathrm{A}_{0},\Theta_{0},\delta\mathrm{T}_{0}\}>0,\text{ where }\Theta_{0}-\mathrm{A}_{0}=0 \tag{9}\]  
\[\left\{\mathrm{q}_{0},\beta_{0},\mathrm{P}_{0},\mathrm{r}_{0},\mathrm{\phi}_{ 0}\right\}=0 \tag{10}\]  
During a real flight in a steady state, the slip angle \(\beta\) usually assumes non-zero values. It is associated with the influence of parameters such as the arrangement and type of propulsion system, the structure of an airframe, and the position of an aircraft's centre of gravity. On the grounds of the general characteristics and the propulsion of the chosen aircraft model, the value of \(\beta\) in the steady state is marginally small; thus, this parameter has been assigned to the group (10).
# Performance Evaluation of Multi-UAV Network Applied to Scanning Rocket Impact Area +
## 6 Results
### Simulation of the Maximum Range between UAVs  
The effects caused by the flight environment, for example, buildings in urban areas or vegetation suburban areas lead to flight distance restrictions due to the Doppler effect caused by aircraft movement. Therefore multipath caused by local spreaders and the natural weakening of the signal due to the distance are of major concern. The manufacturer in Reference [46] states that Xbee devices can communicate at a distance of up to 6.5 km. Figure 17 presents the simulation of the received power considering the log-normal shading effect. Through the simulation results, due to QoS issues, it was determined that the maximum distance may not exceed 5 km, since the receivers have a maximum sensitivity of \(-100\) dBm. This distance was determined based on Equation (4). Figure 17 shows the simulation of the received power versus distance profile with a standard deviation of 6 dB based on Reference [55], as well as the average received power. This equation corresponds to a simplified model for large-scale fading (path loss and shading) and does not consider the Doppler effect. Table 7 shows the simulation parameters.  
Figure 16: Simulation results of the operating frequency range of Xbee antenna.  
Figure 15: Analysis of the best position of Xbee antenna by simulation using 4 nec2 software.  
Then, an analysis of the aircraft-embedded XBee network performance is made when measuring latency, transfer rate, number of received packets and signal strength. The input parameters for the calculation of the received power are shown in Table 7.
# Improved Low-Complexity, Pilot-Based Channel Estimation for Large Intelligent Surface Systems
## 1 Introduction
### Novelty and Contribution
#### 1.3.4 Iterative Channel Estimation for Progressive Accuracy Refinement  
* Conventional LS estimation [13] relies on single-pass estimation, which can introduce high residual errors. We implement iterative refinement, where channel estimates improve progressively across iterations.
* Our approach gradually improves channel estimation over multiple iterations, making it more effective in noisy LIS environments.
## 3 Remote Sensing with CM-CLaDS
modulation (at frequency f\({}_{2}\) = 1 kHz) was applied to the laser current, which allowed suppression of the fringe pattern through averaging. The system could be operated in two modes: (1) a spectral measurement mode with a slow scan of the laser bias current to acquire a full 2f CM-CLaDS spectrum, or (2) a line-locked mode which enables continuous monitoring of N\({}_{2}\)O by CM-CLaDS. The latter was implemented using a proportional-integral (PI) controller to actively adjust the laser bias current using the 3f WMS as an error signal to keep the laser frequency at the center of the target transition. The heterodyne signal recorded by the photodetector was analyzed using an RF spectrum analyzer (RSA6106A from Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA). The time series of the beat-note frequency was digitally filtered in order to retrieve a 2f\({}_{1}\) component that is proportional to the N\({}_{2}\)O concentration.
## 1 Introduction  
A substantial amount of greenhouse gasses is emitted by human activities contributing to global warming and the increasing frequency of extreme weather [1; 2]. High levels of CO2 emission have disrupted the equilibrium between carbon sink and carbon source [3]. Many researchers have examined historical records or applied mathematical models to reconstruct early anthropogenic carbon emissions [4; 5], but few studies have evaluated the quantity or spatial distribution of carbon sinks over a long temporal period. Currently, satellite imagery is the main source to monitor or quantitatively estimate the amount and the spatial distribution of the gross primary product (GPP) or net primary product (NPP), two key metrics to evaluate the storage of carbon sinks [6; 7]. However, most optical satellite launches were later than the 1980s. It was inaccessible to obtain GPP landscape patterns via satellites earlier than 50 years ago [8]. Tree rings, an ideal proxy for dating, have three advantages in GPP reconstruction. Firstly, tree-ring width reflects tree growth and energy conversion via photosynthesis (GPP) [9]. Secondly, tree rings record tree growth annually, so the temporal resolution of GPP data is 1 year. Lastly, trees are globally widespread, so we can use tree rings to reconstruct GPP around the world.  
Some dendrochronology studies have investigated the relationship between vegetation indices and tree-ring width [10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. [12], by employing a linear regression model to reconstruct NPP with tree-ring indices (TRI), demonstrated a positive relationship.  
[PERSON] et al. [13] determined that the tree-ring index (TRI) had a strong relationship with NDVI in grassland close to the collection plot. Most studies treated an entire study area as a singular dot, and the reconstruction was at a very coarse scale. But in reality, there is still a heterogeneous landscape with many forests, grasslands, or water patches in one study site, which were completely ignored by those studies. [PERSON] et al. [14] achieved an NDVI reconstruction with tree-ring indices at a fine scale with a spatial resolution of 30 m. But their study had obvious limitations in balancing the number of plots involved in the study and the temporal extent of their study when the reconstruction time was constrained to the temporal overlap of the trees on the plots. The more plots that are involved, the shorter the reconstruction time that was available in the common period. Our research generated annual GPP fine-scale maps since 1895, and the nested reconstruction approach enabled us to use the full time period of the individual chronologies.
###### Abstract  
Various species of marine mussels have been used, in the last 50 years, as sentinel organisms for monitoring metal contamination along marine coasts. There are two main reasons for this: these mollusks concentrate metals in their soft tissue and they are geographically widespread. In practice, trace metal concentrations in mussel soft tissue reveal (after some correction for biotic effects) the contamination level of their surrounding environment. We present the results of a mercury (Hg) survey in _Mytilus_ spp. collected in the summers of 2016, 2018, and 2019 at 51 stations distributed along the coasts of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.063 to 0.507 \(\upmu\)g \(\mathrm{g}^{-1}\) (dry weight, dw), with a grand mean of 0.173 \(\pm\) 0.076 \(\upmu\)g \(\mathrm{g}^{-1}\) dw (\(\pm\)1 standard deviation), and a median of 0.156 \(\upmu\)g \(\mathrm{g}^{-1}\) dw for the 504 individuals analyzed. Mercury contents per individual mussel were significantly (\(p\) < 0.01) related to shell length and dry tissue weight, with the smaller individuals having the highest Hg concentrations. To take into account these biotic effects, we normalized Hg concentrations of the mussel soft tissue for constant shell length (L) and soft tissue weight (TW) based on the log-log relationships between Hg content and L or TW. The normalized Hg contents of mussels varied from 10.9 to 66.6 ng per virtual individual of 35 mm length and 0.17 g dry weight. A similar normalization procedure applied to 1977-1979 data, yielded a very similar range: 12 to 64 ng. This observation suggests that the Hg bioavailable to marine mussels in the study area did not change over a span of 40 years. Regional Hg distribution patterns indicate a gradual decrease of Hg content in mussels downstream from freshwater discharges to the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Baie des Chaleurs, suggesting that rivers constitute a significant Hg source in these estuarine systems. Atmospheric Hg deposition and concentration in marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean are known to have decreased in the last decades. However, in coastal environments, the response to these changes does not seem to be rapid, probably because of the long residence time of Hg in soils before being exported to coastal areas.**  
mercury; mussel; mussel watch; _Mytilus; St. Lawrence_
###### Abstract  
Studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem carbon and water exchanges are essential in predicting the effects of climate change on regional carbon and energy budgets. Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m\({}^{-2}\) a\({}^{-1}\), respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a\({}^{-1}\). However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were \(-446.28\) and \(-549.08\) g C m\({}^{-2}\) a\({}^{-1}\), respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg\({}^{-1}\) H\({}_{2}\)O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg\({}^{-1}\) H\({}_{2}\)O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (R\({}_{\text{n}}\)) and T\({}_{\text{s}}\) were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations.  
eddy covariance system; carbon-water fluxes; structural equation model; water use efficiency; loess tableland +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters
## 3 Challenges
### Security
#### 3.11.3 Routing Layer Attack  
In a routing layer, the attackers alter the information on routing packets and misguide the packet forwarding sensors on the networks. The same things can happen to data packets as well. The following routing layer attacks are possible in CR-WSNs  
1. Wormhole attack: In a wormhole attack, an attacker builds bogus route information and tunnels the packet to another location. This creates routing loops and wastes energy.
2. Sinkhole attack: In a sinkhole attack, the adversary provides false information to the wireless sensor nodes in the networks, such as it has the shortest route or efficient route _etc._
3. Sybil attack: In a Sybil attack, a single node may present multiple identities to the other nodes in a network. This may mislead the geographic routing protocols as the adversary appears to be in multiple locations at the same time.  
These issues are entirely open research issues, and need to be explored further to meet its research challenges.
## 2 Modeling of The Compliant Buoy-Ballast Sensing System
### Conclusions on the Use of Modeling  
The steady-state model is useful for determining the theoretical variation in the distance between the buoys as a function of the speed via numerical resolution. This theoretical variation is compared with the variation obtained in the simulator (see Section 3, dedicated to simulations, where the influence of \(T_{1c}\) is discussed). The steady-state model is also used in the control scheme to determine the target distance between buoys as a function of the ROV speed such that the whole system converges to the steady-state mode (see Section 4.2).  
The dynamics analysis allows the behavior of the V-shape system to be determined as a second-order low-pass filter after linearization. However, as the system is underactuated, it is not possible to separately control the velocities of each of the buoys.  
In addition, Equations (17) and (27) are used to define a zone of validity for parameters \(\ell\) and \(V_{buoy}\). The limits of the validity zone can be defined by the following equations:  
\[\frac{d_{min}}{C_{D}.A.\rho_{w}}.\sqrt{\frac{E.m_{buoy}}{\ell}}.\xi_{threshold }<v_{s} \tag{29}\]  
using \(d_{min}=0.1\) m, \(d_{max}=0.3\) m, \(\xi_{threshold}=1\), and \(v_{s}=0.1\) m/s, where these values are the result of design choices.
# Biosynthesis Progress of High-Energy-Density Liquid Fuels Derived from Terpenes
## 4 Strategies for Constructing Efficient Microbial Cell Factories for Terepenes
### Cell-Level Optimization  
#### 4.3.1 Subcellular Localization of Terpene Synthesis  
In recent years, it has been found that in addition to traditional pathway engineering strategies, the utilization of microbial organelles or cell membranes for the compartmentalized expression of pathway enzymes can significantly increase the production of terpen (Figure 2C). The confinement of organelle membranes can prevent the entry of competing pathways and avoid the harmful effects of toxic substances such as terpenes and intermediates accumulating in the cell [148]. Peroxisome is an important double-membrane organelle, where fatty acids are oxidatively broken down into acetyl-CoA. [PERSON] et al. localized the MVA pathway and limonene synthase in the peroxisome of _S. cerevisiae_, resulting in a 125-fold increase in the titer of limonene compared to strains expressing the same enzymes in the cytoplasm [149]. [PERSON] et al. simultaneously synthesized \(\alpha\)-farnesene in the cytoplasm and peroxisome of _P. pastoris_, achieving a yield of 2.18 g/L \(\alpha\)-farnesene, which was 1.3 and 2.1 times higher than the \(\alpha\)-farnesene production synthesized only in the peroxisome or cytoplasm, respectively [150]. Researchers localized the \(\alpha\)-humulene synthesis pathway in the peroxisome of _Y. lipolytica_, simultaneously increased the supply of ATP and acetyl-CoA, and optimized the copy number of key genes, resulting in an \(\alpha\)-humulene titer of 3.2 g/L [151]. Recently, our research group achieved the efficient synthesis of \(\gamma\)-bisabolene in _S. cerevisiae_ in both the cytoplasm and peroxisomes by controlling the size, number and degradation of peroxisomes, resulting in a titer of 2.69 g/L \(\gamma\)-bisabolene [56].  
In addition, since the content of acetyl-CoA in mitochondria is 20-30 times higher than that in the cytoplasm, mitochondria are also a favorable organelle for the synthesis of terpenes [152]. [PERSON] et al. fused the valencene synthase CsTPS1 with the mitochondrial targeting signal peptide COX4, resulting in a 3-fold increase in valencene production compared to production in the cytoplasm [153]. [PERSON] et al. localized all the proteins of thelinalolysis pathway to the mitochondria to utilize the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA for GPP synthesis, avoiding GPP consumption by the cytoplasmic metabolic pathways. Compared to strains producing linalool in the cytoplasm, the yield of linalool synthesized in the mitochondria increased 6-fold [154]. Additionally, researchers also achieved the synthesis of farnesol in _S. cerevisiae_ through dual metabolic engineering of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic MVA pathways, expressing the ERG20 mutants ERG20F96W/N127W and the farnesol synthase from _Cinnamomum osmophloem_ in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria and downregulating endogenous ERG20, resulting in a farnesol titer of 23.45 mg/L with sucrose as the carbon source [155].
## 4 Results
### Reconstruction Performance
For instance, in the large meeting room, CPC-ST achieves an NMSE of 0.6866 and a PCC of 0.5879, surpassing other models by a notable margin. By comparing Figures 1 and 2, it can be observed that CPC-ST demonstrates a more pronounced advantage when using the UTS dataset compared to other structures. The extrapolation nature of the UTS dataset, where the testing and training sets are separated, makes the reconstruction task more challenging compared to the interpolation-dominated DTU dataset. Under these conditions, CPC-ST exhibits an even greater advantage, emphasizing its effectiveness in handling extrapolation problems. Overall, CPC-ST is the most effective structure for accurate and robust sound field reconstruction across all datasets and configurations. In scenarios prioritizing computational efficiency, CPC-S provides a balanced alternative with an acceptable trade-off between performance and complexity.
# From Phase Space to Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Exploring [PERSON]'s Theorem and Its Implications
## 4 Adaptability of the Formulation
### Brightness of an Atomic Beam Source  
Subjecting the axial or transverse velocity components of the beam to dissipative cooling dramatically compresses the phase space of the atom flux, resulting in dense, well-collimated atomic beams that are suitable for the study of atom optics, atom holography, or ultracold collision dynamics. [PERSON] et al. [46] first demonstrated the importance of this phase-space compression. In fact, atomic beams can now achieve a level of \"brightness\" (atom beam flux density per unit solid angle) that is many times greater than the phase-space conservation limit imposed by the Liouville theorem (cf. [PERSON] [47], [PERSON] et al. [48], [PERSON] [49]). The importance of dissipative cooling in compressing the phase space of atomic beams leads to dense, well-collimated atomic beams that are useful for studying various fields of physics, such as atom optics, atom holography, and ultracold collision dynamics. The phase-space compression was first demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [46] in 1994, highlighting its importance in the field of atomic physics [47; 48; 50; 49].  
Moreover, recent advancements in atomic beam technology have resulted in achieving \"brightness\" levels (atom beam flux density per unit solid angle) that surpass the phase-space conservation limit imposed by the Liouville theorem, which describes the conservation of phase-space volume in a classical dynamical system. This breakthrough issignificant because it opens up new opportunities to study the behavior of atomic beams in various applications, including materials science, quantum optics, and precision measurements. The references cited in the text provide further information on the research related to this topic.