# Impact of Intersection Left Turn Guide Lines Configuration on Novice Drivers' Behavior
## 4 Discussion
### Discussion of Driver Gaze Characteristic Results  
Analyzing eye-tracking data across the six scenarios reveals that as the number of guide lines increases, the proportion of driver fixations in AOI 1, AOI 2, and AOI 5 significantly decreases, while the proportion in AOI 3 significantly increases. AOI 3, representing the effective area guided by the guide lines, indicates that the presence of guide lines significantly influences the areas where drivers focus during left turns. This suggests a clear inductive effect of guide lines on left-turn driving behavior. Without guide lines, novice drivers tend to have dispersed attention, focusing more on distant areas. However, with guide lines, especially full guide lines, drivers concentrate their gaze on the road surface between the two guide lines, resulting in most fixations falling within AOI 3.  
Comparing the six scenarios, in the absence of guide lines, the proportion of driver fixations in AOI 3 remains consistently small. Introducing one guide line shows noticeable variation in fixation proportions in AOI 3, and with full guide lines, there is a significant fluctuation as well. This emphasizes that as the intersection area increases, the inductive effect of guide lines on driver fixations in AOI 3 becomes more prominent. Particularly in Scenario 6, the majority of driver fixations concentrate within AOI 3, underscoring the substantial impact of guide lines. This result suggests that with a larger intersection, especially in the case of three left-turn lanes, the visual guidance and decision-making benchmarks provided by guide lines become more crucial. This heightened inductive effect likely directs drivers' attention more within the effective area of the guide lines, reducing uncertainty, enhancing confidence, and improving judgment regarding the correct turning path.  
Analyzing the eye-tracking data, it is evident that in large intersections with one or two left-turn lanes, guide lines exhibit a certain inductive effect, though it is not very significant. However, in scenarios with three left-turn lanes, the inductive effect of guide lines becomes pronounced. In large intersection scenarios, the complexity increases with the number of left-turn lanes. With one or two lanes, the inductive effect is less apparent due to fewer turning choices. However, with three left-turn lanes, the complexity rises, making guide lines crucial for providing direction. This intensified inductive effect likely prompts drivers to focus more on the guide line area, reducing uncertainty, enhancing judgment, and increasing confidence in the correct turning path.  
In summary, the eye-tracking data analysis indicates that guide lines play a significant role in directing drivers' attention during left turns. The inductive effect of guide linesbecomes more pronounced as the intersection size increases, especially in scenarios with a larger number of left-turn lanes, where the complexity of traffic choices necessitates clearer guides for drivers. The results show the similar findings with the research work [22; 27].