# Seismic Performance Assessment of Wide Pile-Supported
###### Abstract
[PERSON] et al. [5] used 2D FEA to investigate the behavior of a PSW during the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989. The results indicated that significant lateral ground displacement occurred in the upper portion of the embankment due to the liquefaction of loose sand and impacted the piles' displacement. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] conducted a series of 2D FEA targeting a PSW and showed that the residual displacement of a PSW is mainly caused by the deformation of subsoil. The effect of soil displacement on PSWs could be more severe in PSWs that have been affected by corrosion [7; 8]. Ground motion characteristics such as amplitude, frequency characteristic, and waveform duration have long been recognized as essential factors influencing structural response [9; 10; 11]. Of the three, amplitude and frequency characteristics are generally taken into consideration by spectral acceleration (SA), which the engineering society has commonly accepted as the primary basis for structural design and assessment. Conversely, waveform duration has received less attention, particularly in PSW's seismic assessment. Several studies, including [PERSON] et al. [12], [PERSON] et al. [13], [PERSON] et al. [14], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15], and [PERSON] [16], have employed nonlinear dynamic analyses to assess the influence of the waveform duration, specifically on buildings and bridges. The broad agreement emerging from these studies is that while waveform duration has little effect on peak demands such as peak story drifts and peak member forces, it significantly affects cumulative damage metrics such as residual displacement and accumulated plastic strain. Pushover analysis [17; 18; 19] is a widely used method to perform seismic performance assessment of a PSW. The performance point and fragility curves of a PSW can be evaluated by using pushover analysis. This analysis calculates a PSW's seismic performance with considerable accuracy when the PSW is located on a horizontally stratified ground; however, it cannot take into account the effect of ground deformation caused by an earthquake and waveform duration. Considering the lack of research on ground displacement and waveform duration impact on the seismic performance of a PSW with a mild soil slope, we assessed the seismic performance of a wide PSW commonly used in Indonesia. The targeted PSW comprises a trestle bridge and a wharf, with a total width of 165 m. Since its width is large, the slope under the trestle bridge is mild, with a slope ratio of 1:5, and the effect of ground displacement is considered to be negligible in seismic design practice. Accordingly, analysis modeling of only the framed structural part has often been carried out [20; 21; 22], though the validity of this practice has not been confirmed. This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive approach to the seismic performance assessment of wide PSWs. Our study employed a 2D soil-structure system FEA with/without considering a soil slope to investigate the effect of ground deformation on the wide PSW's seismic performance. In addition, two waveforms, of short and long duration, were used as motion inputs to study the effects of the waveform's duration on the seismic response of the PSW.