# 5G Beyond 3 GPP Release 15 for Connected Automated Mobility in Cross-Border Contexts
## 4 Cross-Border Use Case Implementations  
The different communication components coming from Section 2 are essential enablers for the use cases described in Section 3, as they play specific roles in the communications pipeline, as described hereafter. Therefore, the Table 4 summarises the relevance of the different communication technologies to meet the requirements of the categorised use cases. The implementation and deployment aspects of the different 5G features are summarised in Table 5. It includes some overheads to take into account in the development of the CAM service and investment efforts on infrastructures and systems of operators aiming to ease and catalyse the operation of innovative CAM applications in cross-border contexts with multi-domain networks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Max e2e**} & \\  & **Payload** & **Tx Rate** & **Latency** & **Reliability** & **Data Rate** & **Comm. Range** \\
**Use Case** & **(Bytes)** & **(message/sec)** & **(ms)** & **(\%)** & **(Mbps)** & **(m)** \\ \hline Advanced Driving & 2000–12,000 & 100 & 3–10 & 99.999 & 30–53 & 500 \\ Vehicle Platooning & 50–1200 & 30 & 10 & 99.99 & 50–65 & 80–350 \\ Extended Sensors & - & - & 3–50 & 99–99.999 & 10–1000 & 1000 \\ Remote Driving & - & - & 5 & 99.999 & 25(UL)/1(DL) & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Performance requirements for highly automated use cases according to 3 GPP TS 22.186 [32]. In the Figure 3, all the 5G communication technologies come into place for the previously identified use cases, where cross-border context brings further complexity when systems operated by different operators participate. Specifically, multiple radio technologies expand cellular connectivity and allow the utilisation of the most appropriate option depending on coverage context. Here, mmWave communications are gaining prominence because of their possibilities for infrastructure checkpoints, suitable for public infrastructures, accumulating traffic and serving/consuming spontaneous traffic floods using mmWave bandwidths. Furthermore, satellite communications are intended to augment coverage extension and resilience when managing redundancy on terrestrial and satellite paths. For critical communications, where redundancy could be a must, the duplication of the traffic to be delivered through two available networks enforces the reliability of communication and the exploration of different paths which could get lower latency. Particularly, in the automotive field, the positioning is a key feature where NR advances can improve the accuracy and compensate for the limitations of widely employed geo-position sensors shipped by the connected cars. Then, NR sidelink facilitates opportunistic communication with entities in the surrounding area. It is essential from a business \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Advanced** & **Vehicles** & **Extended** & **Remote** & **QoS** \\
**5G Technology** & **Driving** & **Platooning** & **Sensors** & **Driving** & **Support** \\ \hline Roaming & & & & & & \\ Multi-radio comms. & & & & & & \\ Multi-SIM & – & – & – & & \\ NR Positioning & & & & & & \\ NR sidelink & & & & & & \\ Broadcast \& multicast & & & & & \\ mmWave comms. & – & – & – & – & & \\ Network slicing & & & & & & \\ Edge computing & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The technology is key for the use case’s requirements. – The technology is not required to support the use case.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: A qualitative assessment of the relevance of communication technology to support use cases in cross-border contexts.