## 3 Results  
### Findings from the Literature Review  
This section identifies the drivers for adopting distributed energy sources (DES) technology in response to climate change and distinguishes DES applications for developing and developed countries. The United Nations (UNFCCC) has undertaken Technology Needs Assessments to address the impacts of climate change. The initiative has identified the energy supply and consumption sector as a high priority sector for climate mitigation in non-Annex I countries [24]. DES uptake in developing nations is primarily driven by transitions from fossil fuel-based electricity generation towards clean energy sources. Examples include the uptake of solar-powered DES systems replacing coal-fired electricity generation in rural China [25,26] and in rural Colombia the adoption of renewable energy DES replaced diesel generators securing energy supply, providing variable energy demand and overall improving the livelihood of rural communities [27]. While energy supply and the mitigation of climate impacts is a major driver for DES uptake in developing nations, DES uptake in developed countries often occurs as a climate adaption measure. Preparing for extreme weather events is crucial to manage inevitable climate risks and reduce community vulnerability [28]. Climate adaptation can be achieved through decentralisation of essential services for both risk management and transformative governance [29]. Although climate change is a dominant driver, DES adoption is highly complex and requires analytical assessments that consider a wide range of drivers [27,30]. The concept of electricity grid modernisation or decentralisation, and securing reliable electricity supply brings together social, environmental, political, and economic aspects. The literature reveals that developed and developing countries share concerns related to DES uptake. Decentralised grid infrastructure must be accepted and trusted by the community to contribute to increased community resilience [8,9]. For example, in rural Bangladesh, trust is developed through peer influence and personal networks, the adoption of new technologies is supported through word of mouth [31]. In the German renewable energy sector, trust-based relationships have been important in the early uptake of solar PV through the sharing of experiences among PV users [32] and continue to be crucial in ensuring the acceptance of the energy transition by emphasising the transitions socio-economic fairness [33]. In the developed world, the adoption of distributed energy systems also has demonstrable grid reliability and grid management benefits that can reduce the risk of energy cut-offs and infrastructure damage [34,35]. In developing countries, energy decentralisation has been shown to promote higher levels of electrification to, in turn, more rapidly decarbonise energy systems to support the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals [34]. DES implementation must be supported by other transformations (e.g., decarbonisation policy objectives) that support strong climate objectives at the local, regional and national level [36]. Grassroots movements provide a mechanism to drive these multiple objectives to achieve the best environment, social and economic outcomes specific to the community it will impact. The emergence of grassroots movements, including their social and political significance during times of crisis, has been studied extensively. One such example is the grassroots response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans (2005), which initially came from a poor community with largely black leadership, but and have since become diverse and cross-generational movements [37]. Many forms of contemporary environmental activism have evolved around the internet, which offers marginalised communities a voice and also supports social solidarity developments [38]. Online platforms have become important means of communication for a grassroots movement, especially during times of crisis or political suppression [39].