# A New Individual-Based Model to Simulate Malware Propagation in Wireless Sensor Networks
## SEIRS-D Agent-Based Model
### Agents
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Type of Agents**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Values**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Probability**} \\ \hline \(j\) & **Name** & \(k\) & **Name** & \(q\) & **Name** & \(P\) \\ \hline
1 & Sensors & 1 & Type & 1 & Sensor nodes & \(P_{1,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Router/cluster-head nodes & \(P_{1,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & Sink nodes & \(P_{1,3}\) \\  & & & 2 & Computational capacity & 1 & Low & \(P_{2,1}\) \\  & & & 2 & High & \(P_{2,2}\) \\  & & & 3 & Energy consumption & 1 & Very-low & \(P_{3,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Low & \(P_{3,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & Medium & \(P_{3,3}\) \\  & & & & 4 & High & \(P_{3,4}\) \\  & & & 5 & Very-high & \(P_{3,5}\) \\  & & 4 & The capacity of transmission & 1 & Low & \(P_{4,1}\) \\  & & & and reception of information & & & \\  & & & & 2 & High & \(P_{4,2}\) \\  & & 5 & Security level for nodes & 1 & Low & \(P_{3,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Medium & \(P_{5,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & High & \(P_{5,3}\) \\  & & 6 & The data collection method & 1 & Periodicals & \(P_{6,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & External stimulus & \(P_{6,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & Request & \(P_{6,3}\) \\  & & 7 & Duty cycle & 1 & Active & \(P_{7,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Inactive & \(P_{7,2}\) \\
2 & Malware & 8 & Type & 1 & Malware designed for WSN & \(P_{8,1}\) \\  & & 9 & Spreading mechanisms & 1 & Self-replication & \(P_{9,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Exploit & \(P_{9,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & User interaction & \(P_{9,3}\) \\  & & 10 & Target & 1 & Malicious code distribution & \(P_{10,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Information exfiltration & \(P_{10,2}\) \\
3 & Network topology & 11 & Type & 1 & Star & \(P_{11,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Mesh & \(P_{11,2}\) \\  & & & 12 & Routing protocols & 1 & Self-Organizing Protocol & \(P_{12,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Energy Efficient Clustering & \(P_{12,2}\) \\
4 & Phenomenon of interest & 13 & The risk of malware attack & 1 & Low & \(P_{13,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Medium & \(P_{13,2}\) \\
5 & Human action & 14 & Level & 3 & High & \(P_{13,3}\) \\  & & & & 1 & Low & \(P_{14,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Medium & \(P_{14,2}\) \\
6 & Devices & 15 & Risk of devices infected with malware & 3 & High & \(P_{14,3}\) \\  & & & & 1 & Low & \(P_{15,1}\) \\  & & & & 2 & Medium & \(P_{15,2}\) \\  & & & & 3 & High & \(P_{15,3}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Agents with their characteristics. special functions, dynamic memory, solar cells as a power source, multiple sensors and an external wireless antenna. * Energy consumption: may vary between very high and very low. * Capacity of transmission and reception of information: is established in high range when the node has external antennas and low range when the node has internal antennas. * Security level: has been classified as high level when it has advanced security methods; medium-level if it uses cryptographic keys, and low level if it does not have security measures. * Data collection method: has been classified in periodicals, external stimulus or requests. * Duty cycle: maybe in the active state when the node takes environmental measurements or transmits data, and in the inactive state while the node wakes up or sleeps. * Malware: is the malicious code designed with functions to penetrate systems, break security policies or transport harmful files. The next three characteristics of malware are considered in our model:
* Type of malware: such as viruses, worms, trojans, and others. * Spreading mechanism: can use self-replication, exploit or through user interaction. * Target: can be malicious code distribution, information exfiltration or Denial of Service (DoS). * Network topology: it refers to node interconnections within the network. We will consider two characteristics of this agent:
* Type of topologies: star topology, mesh topology, and hybrid topology (combination of star topology and mesh topology). * Routing protocols: most commonly used in WSN are Self-Organizing Protocol (SOP) and Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing (EECR).