## 1 Introduction  
Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is one of the by-products of electric furnace steelmaking, and its production accounts for 1-2% of the charging amount of steel scrap and other metal materials [1; 2]. Because heavy metal elements like lead, chromium, and cadmium are contained in EAFD, these kinds of by-products are classified as toxic waste by many countries [3]. However, dust that contains iron, lead, zinc, and chromium can be used as a secondary resource. Therefore, the recovery of these resources plays an important role in environmental protection [4; 5; 6; 7]. However, the zinc content of EAFD is generally \(<\)25 wt%, which does not meet the raw material requirements for the non-ferrous industry. Thus, a part of the EAFD can only be stacked or landfilled as disposal [8]. In order to reduce pollutant emissions and promote ecological progress, the environmental protection laws of the People's Republic of China stipulate that the taxes for steelmaking slag, steelmaking dust, coal ash, and other solid waste are 25 yuan per ton. However, if the solid waste is comprehensively utilized and meets the standards of the national and local environmental protection laws, the corresponding tax can be temporarily exempted. The output of the EAFD increased rapidly with increases in the output of EAF steelmaking [9; 10]. Therefore, the treatment and comprehensive utilization of EAFD is gradually focused, and a variety of studies have been carried out.  
At present, the Waelz kiln process, the rotary hearth furnace process (RHF), and the OxyCup process are the main processes used to treat steelmaking dust [11]. Although these processes can recycle the dust and sludge of iron and steel enterprises to some extent, they all have shortcomings. For example, the Waelz kiln process has higher requirements for raw materials, higher energy consumption, unstable production and operation, and a limited processing scale [12]. The main product of the RHF is metallized pellets, but its product has a high sulfur content, and the process has a low production efficiency and a large investment [13]. The OxyCup process's product is molten iron, and its requirements for raw materials are relatively broad. However, its equipment operation cycle is short, and its maintenance work is difficult [11]. Furthermore, a homogenous mixture of EAF dust, reductant, and flux needs to be initially prepared in pellet form during the above processes [14]. In view of their shortcomings, it is an urgent issue to propose an eco-friendly practical process to recycle and utilize the valuable elements in the dust of iron and steel enterprises on the basis of environmental protection. [PERSON] [15] and [PERSON] [16] mixed electric furnace dust with a reducing agent, without lumping or pelletizing, and then charged the mixture from the EAF directly into bags, which not only reduced the dust production by 40% and increased the zinc content in the dust to 29.7%, but also directly recycled valuable elements, such as iron, in the dust. Normal smelting is not affected by this process, but foaming slag occurs, while the zinc content of secondary dust without charging pellets is only 21% zinc.  
In order to further understand the behavior of zinc and iron in EAFD at different temperatures and provide theoretical reference for the recycling of EAFD containing zinc, the evaporation behavior of zinc and the metallization ratio of iron during EAFD reduction via carbon and ferrosilicon are investigated in this work.