## 2 Methodology, Fundamentals, and Materials
### Functions Development during Industrial Revolutions
Later, in the 1980s and 1990s, companies were challenged by a high product variety and shortened time to market (TTM). Thus, the speed of reaction to the market arose as a critical factor with the purpose of cutting TTM [25]. However, it was in the 1990s when firms recognized the necessity of looking beyond the borders of their own firms to their suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, and customers to improve overall customer and consumer value. This movement, titled'supply chain management' or 'demand chain management', shifted companies' focus from the internal management of business processes to managing across enterprises [29]. The development of SCM (supply chain management) was driven in the 1990s by three main trends: customer orientation, markets globalization, and the establishment of an information society [25]. This led to a worldwide integration of value chains and to the optimization of global logistics networks in the 2000s [27]. In the 1960s, no company could afford to own a computer. Therefore, production and inventories were managed in such a way that there was adequate stock to satisfy the demand [30]. In this context, the origin of information techniques to support planning and production management control tasks began in the 1960s with the development of the concept of material requirements planning (MRP). As a complement to this closed consideration of materials and quantities, manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) was created in order to consider the capacities available within the company. With this development, specific manufacturing orders can be planned with their dates, production, and assembly batches as well as manufacturing processes associated with production capacities [31]. On this basis, the term 'production planning and control' (PPC) was coined in the early 1980s [32]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] extended the PPC concept to include the entire technical order process from bid processing to product shipment [30]. The planning and control tasks affected the areas of sales, design, purchase, manufacture, assembly, and shipment of the product [33]. In the 1990s, the concept of MRP-II was extended to the concept of enterprise resource planning (ERP) incorporating all the functionalities of MRP-II and adding functionalities of finance, supply chain, human resources, and project management [30]. Today's information systems that support technical and commercial order processing tasks are known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The concept of ERP has been established for these entire enterprise information systems. Therefore, ERP systems are defined as integrated software solutions that consist of several modules, such as PPC, materials management, financial accounting, human resources, or logistics, and that interact through a central database [34]. Nowadays, among the main information systems, we find transactional management systems, logistics execution systems, planning and decision-making systems, and business intelligence systems [35]. On the other hand, ERP systems may have additional functionalities. The most common applications are [36]:  
* PLM (product lifecycle management): product life management
* CRM (customer relationship management): customer management
* SCM: supply chain management  
The manufacturing industry faces a growing quantity of data and this trend will continue to grow. Diversity and heterogeneity of data regarding, e.g., human, machine, and communication technologies are the greatest challenges for companies coming along with this development [11]. At top-level command and control, company management decisions are supported by ERP systems. Therefore, these systems allow the decision-makers in the management to monitor any enterprise-wide resources such as employees, machinery, or materials. At the lower levels, the manufacturing execution systems (MES), data acquisition (supervisory control and data acquisition, SCADA), and programmable logic controllers (PLC) are arranged according to the increasing complexity [37].