# Conscious Mobility for Urban Spaces: Case Studies Review and Indicator Framework Design
## 4 Case Studies
### Shenzhen: Large-Scale Transport Electrification and Clean Economy Industrial Development  
Shenzhen emerged as a special economic zone, experiencing explosive growth by concentrating most of the foreign investment from the region, but this also brought drawbacks such as limited availability of land, rising labor costs, shortage of energy and water, and worsening environmental contamination [54]. In 2005 the government began to address the city's economic and environmental challenges, having identified the transportation sector as one of the main urban issues to tackle, and, in 2008, it was named a \"City of Design\" by UNESCO [54]. In this way, the government of China deployed a series of initiatives and incentives to deconbize the transportation sector, beginning its path toward the electrification of public transport. The complete electrification of the bus fleet in Shenzhen was consolidated in 2017, with a total of 16,539 EB, becoming the first city in the world to achieve it [55]. This success is recognized as an example of a joint effort between the private and public sectors, where the national government of China, together with the Shenzhen New Energy Vehicle Leading group (SNEVLG), were responsible for giving and managing economic incentives for the EB manufacturers, bus operating companies, and charging service providers, creating a stable ecosystem of electric mobility. As part of this ecosystem, Shenzhen planned to upgrade the intelligent transportation system (ITS) in the following three stages: vehicle electrification and automation to vehicle connectivity and intelligitization, and ultimately shared-ride and integrated, intermodal transportation systems [56]. Stage 2 explores new mobility solutions to provide customized public transport services to the public and demonstrates the collaboration of electric mobility and smart mobility. It is planned to expand its mobile application further to integrate more urban mobility services to create a mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) platform [55]. Along with user experience improvements, a collaboration with the ride-hailing company Didi Chuxing has enabled access to a large amount of real-time traffic data, obtaining data such as passenger heat map to understand user usage of digital tools, route ridership, fare income, real-time vehicle movement, as well as real-time streaming of onboard cameras to make minor adjustments to the dispatch headway or resolve potential safety issues. Thus, as technology was deployed systematically, several positive environmental, economic and social impacts have come from this transition. For instance data show, the preference of society for cleaner transport modes regarding environmental and national energy security verified the effectiveness of the policy direction and environmental education from the central and local governments of China [57]. One indicator of the project's success is that the annual average pollutant concentrations in Shenzhen dropped from 2014 to 2019, in comparison with most Chinese cities, decreasing emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NO\({}_{2}\), and SO\({}_{2}\)[57]. Other positive impacts that are not deeply highlighted are related to the enhancement of accessibility, security, and odor conditions (related with the decrease of GHG emissions), perceived mostly in the urban core. A documented co-benefit of this major transport modes electrification endeavor has been making of Shenzhen the first quieter mega city [58]. Given the strong will from stakeholders of the private and public sectors to meet public health and environmental goals through the electrification of public transport, Shenzhen became the first case of a conscious mobility project successfully adopted in record time. Technology adoption has allowed public administration to offer better public transport services and gather useful data for system improvement.