## 4 Discussion and Policy Recommendations  
Combined Interactions of Various Elements of Different Links in LPRO Shaping Its Macro Effects at Various Levels and Spatiotemporal Scales  
Different variables of the transfer, utilization and supervision links in LPRO have varying impacts in terms of the direction and intensity and jointly shape LPRO's macro effects (Figure 2). Overall, in the land transfer process, the land price should be increased appropriately to rationally manifest the LPR value to not only safeguard the rights and interests of LPR owners but also take full advantage of the price mechanism to optimize resource allocation, enhance utilization efficiency, and ultimately maximize LPRO's macro effects. In addition, a practical and feasible land supply plan should be developed to stabilize the scale of land transfer against large fluctuations so that regulations and plans are in place for the land use arrangements of projects in various industries and trades and that the demand for socioeconomic development can be orderly and effectively met. Moreover, the distance to the city center not only has a significant distance decay law but also appears to have a reverse driving effect, implying that China's current stage of LPRO still needs to rely on the optimized reconstruction of land resources and assets closer to the city center to exert its macro effects. In addition, during land transfer, this research suggests expanding the scale of residence, public management and transportation land depending on local conditions and reducing the scale of commercial land while structurally focusing on increasing the proportion of transportation land and decreasing the percentages for commercial, residential and industrial use to promote the ultimate realization of the LPR value via the optimal allocation of different uses and the structural effect of rational combination. With respect to the utilization link, industrial transformations and upgrades should be unswervingly promoted to increase the use value of LPRs and increase their output. For LPR regulation, deepening the reform of the LPR regulatory system, reducing the degree of policy resistance in the LPRO system, and strengthening the guarantee mechanism for efficient LPRO are important. Specifically, efforts should be made to increase the land marketization level and strengthen the economic and intensive management of LPR utilization by setting the upper and lower limits of the FAR, lower limits and given FAR values. Research has shown that the scale of low-quality land, the upper limit of the FAR, and the scale transferred by bidding are not conducive to LPRO's macro effects; therefore, measures must be taken to increase the land use value before LPR transfer, reduce the upper limit of the FAR for appropriate areas and uses, and be vigilant and strictly investigate possible backdoor operations in the process of bidding for LPR transfer to establish an open, fair and just competitive environment for market-based allocation. Implementing Regionally Differentiated Guidance Mechanisms by Selectively Drawing on the LPRO Mode of the Eastern Region Rather than Rigidly Replicating It  
The findings of the GWR analysis and regression functions for different regions indicate that the influence of various elements in the different links of LPRO on its macro effects presents obvious spatial differentiation characteristics (Figures 6-10). In practice, the severity of the LPRO challenges varies across regions, and in eastern China, excessive land dependence has led to problems such as increased risk and low-quality investment promotion, which have hindered the sustainable growth of local economies. The influencing factors and operating mechanisms of LPRO's macro effects in the central and western regions are similar.