esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Scientometric Analysis
The highest-cited paper, Reference [16], published in Remote Sensing in 2022, focuses on the role of DT in smart cities, accumulating 455 citations. This is followed by Reference [1], a review on the applications of infrared thermography in buildings published in Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, with 229 citations. Both articles emphasize the importance of digital technologies in advancing sustainability but focus on different applications within the built environment. Another notable paper is Reference [22], which proposes a framework for the circular economy in digital buildings, highlighting its relevance to sustainability with 208 citations, published in Sustainability. Papers such as Reference [17], which reviews DT for ensuring healthy environments, and Reference [6], which explores blockchain integrated with DT, rank high in citations with 176 and 172, respectively. These reviews contribute to understanding DT's role in improving environmental quality and secure management within the sustainable building context. Other influential works include Reference [18], which reviews sustainable buildings through digital technologies, and Reference [23], which discusses how Industry 4.0 technologies enable sustainability in the built environment. Therefore, most of these highly cited papers are review articles, signaling the ongoing need for comprehensive assessments of how AI, DT, and IoT converge to address sustainability challenges in buildings. The high citation counts reflect the growing academic and practical interest in these emerging technologies, highlighting their potential to revolutionize the construction and facility management industries. The map and accompanying bar chart present the number of research papers published in various countries, as in Figure 7. The map visually highlights the concentration of research in specific regions. Countries with a higher number of published papers are represented by darker shades of blue, indicating a greater research activity. The bar chart provides a more detailed quantitative analysis, listing countries and their corresponding number of research papers. China stands out as the leading country in this field, with a significantly higher number of published papers compared to other nations. This dominance suggests that China has made substantial investments and research efforts in AI-driven DT and IoT for SBE. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia follow China, demonstrating a strong research presence in this area. These countries have well-established research institutions and a conducive environment for innovation in the field of sustainable building  
Figure 6: Number of Publications and Citations for Review and Research Articles. technology. Other countries, such as Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea, Canada, and France, contribute to the research landscape, albeit to a lesser extent. These countries have shown growing interest and investment in AI-driven Digital Twins and IoT for Sustainable Building Environments, indicating a growing global recognition of the importance of this research area.
# Application of an Electronic Nose as a New Technology for Rapid Detection of Adulteration in Honey
## Materials and Methods
### Sensor Assembly and the e-Nose  
The sensor was prepared by depositing 40 \(\mu\)L of ionogel on the active part of an interdigitated electrode, followed by spin coating at 10,000 rpm for 5 s. Next, the freshly prepared thin film was dried in a desiccator under vacuum (550 mmHg) for 15 h.  
Concerning the e-nose and software for data acquisition, the system used in this work was the same as previously described [27]. Briefly, the software controls the solenoid valves (SVs) and acquires data. For evaluating the changes in the conductance of the electrode according to the sample, SV1 and SV3 are opened and SV2 is closed; thus, gas passes through the sample chamber and goes to the sensor chamber (exposure). In contrast, for removing the sample VOCs (recovery), valves are set in the inverse way: SV1 and SV3 are closed, and SV2 is opened (Figure 1).  
For measurements, a vial containing 5 mL of honey was put inside the sample chamber of the e-nose. The samples were kept at 30.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C using a water bath, and the airflow was 0.5 L\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\). No further sample treatment was needed. Conductance data were acquired during 7 cycles of exposure (10 s) and recovery (150 s). The whole analysis took 18.7 min.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Sensor** & **EMIMDCA (\(\mu\)L)** & \
\begin{tabular}{l} **Bovine Skin Gelatin** \\ **(mg)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) Concentration** \\ **(mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline A-1 & 75 & 30 & 0 \\ A-2 & 75 & 30 & 25 \\ A-3 & 75 & 30 & 50 \\ A-4 & 75 & 30 & 75 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sensor identification and synthesis description according to components and their amounts.  
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the e-nose.
## 2 Background
### Summary  
To sum up, it can be stated that there is no one criteria based on which SQL or NoSQL could clearly be chosen as a database for microservice. Instead, there are recommendations when SQL or NoSQL could be a better option. For example, the SQL is a recommended technology if transactional consistency is critical and NoSQL is a recommended technology if schema changes are frequent, etc. In theory there are clear boundaries between SQL and NoSQL, but in practice it is much more complicated. For example, even though the transaction consistency is considered as a benefit of SQL, there are NoSQL databases such as RavenDB or MongoDB that also support it.  
On the other hand, the nature of microservice architecture offers the flexibility to use a polyglot persistence and leverage different data store models and engines. Polyglot persistence based on supported models can be grouped into two types: single-model and multi-model. The biggest advantage of multi-model polyglot persistence is that it uses only one database engine to support all models, while in single-model polyglot persistence, each model is supported by a separate database engine. According to [PERSON], multi-model polyglot persistence is recommended only if a limited set of data models is required to access.  
There are many different suggestions on how to implement data persistence for microservice architecture, but a common consensus among practitioners is that good practice is to use a separate database for each microservice. However, an actual implementation depends on many different factors such as the size of a microservice, the actual need of the database for each microservice, the limitations of the existing infrastructure and architecture, security requirements, consistency requirements, code quality, etc. The most common patterns used for data persistence in microservice architecture are: table per microservice, schema per microservice, database per microservice, and database as microservice.  
_What data storage to use?_ Each microservice can be different in a variety of aspects and there is no one database that could potentially satisfy all the needs, which naturally leads to the usage of polyglot persistence as a microservice data store. The multi-model polyglot persistence model was chosen to be used because it uses only one data store, which supports different data model types and at the same time, according to [PERSON] et al., multi-model data stores have similar or even better performance than a combination of single-model data stores.  
_What database pattern to use?_ The authors decided to use the simplified database pattern for microservice architecture proposed by [PERSON] et al. where a database is a separate microservice itself. The decision to use this pattern was made based on the benefits this pattern provides: less complexity and better performance results.
## 5 Conclusions  
In pursuit of improving the rock erosion ability of the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet, for better practical utilizations, experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a nano-silica additive on the rock erosion characteristics, with a rock erosion test system of the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet. The erosion capability was evaluated by the erosion volume on rock specimens. Some essential conclusions can be drawn as follows:  
1. The erosion of the rock specimen caused by the impingement of the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet, is the typical \"drilling type\" damage characterized by rather deep cavities with small diameters.  
Figure 13: The density of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) fluid versus fluid temperature (Data from REFPROP).  
2. The optimal standoff distances are about five times the nozzle diameter of the nano-silica SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jets, and three times those of the pure SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet. After the standoff distance exceeds the optimum value, the erosion ability of all the jets greatly decreases.
3. The erosion abilities of all the jets show an increasing trend with the increase of inlet pressure. At the inlet pressures of 30 MPa and 35 MPa, a mass fraction of 6 wt % can achieve a better erosion ability than the others, while at an inlet pressure of 40 MPa, 9 wt % is the optimum mass fraction. Also, at inlet pressures of 45 MPa and 50 MPa, a mass fraction of 12 wt % is the optimum condition. In addition, when the inlet pressure is increased to 60 MPa, the jet with a mass fraction of 15 wt % has the best erosion ability.
4. Under a constant inlet pressure, the rock erosion ability of all the jets decreases with the increasing ambient pressure. Also, the optimum mass fraction is 12 wt %.
5. Under the constant \(\Delta P\), the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet with a nano-silica mass fraction of 6 wt % has the best erosion ability at ambient pressures of 5 MPa and 7 MPa. Then, with the increase of ambient pressure, mass fractions of 9 wt % and 12 wt %, take turns to achieve the best erosion ability. Moreover, a further increase of ambient pressure can enhance the erosion capability of the jets with mass fractions of 15 wt % and 18 wt %.
6. At fluid temperatures of 300 K and 310 K, a mass fraction of 15 wt % can achieve the strongest erosion ability. Additionally, at a fluid temperature of 320 K, a mass fraction of 12 wt % becomes the optimum condition. In addition, at fluid temperatures above 330 K, the mass fraction of 6 wt % is the most appropriate choice.  
The authors express their appreciations to National Key Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014 CB239203), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51474158), and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education (Grant No. NCET-12-0424) for the financial support of this work.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] conceived and designed the facilities and the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data and made the analysis; [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Definition of Relevant Use Cases
#### 3.2.7 Selection of Relevant Use Cases  
This approach outlined in this research offers an explicit and repeatable procedure for selecting relevant use cases to evaluate user acceptance of HMIs in SAVs. The current set of use cases encompasses all relevant scenarios for testing user acceptance of HMIs during interactions with SAVs. Researchers and practitioners intending to utilize this systematic  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Situation-Specific Factors** & **Classification** & **Use Case** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Type of road} & Highway & \\  & Rural & iHMI/eHMI \\  & Urban & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Right of way} & SAV & \\  & Interaction partner & eHMI \\  & Undefined & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Traffic environment} & On the road & \\  & Intersection & iHMI/eHMI \\  & Parking & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Type of interaction partner} & Motorized & \\  & Non-motorized & eHMI \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Speed at the beginning of the interaction} & Speed of the SAV & \\  & Speed of interaction partner & eHMI \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Visibility conditions} & Normal & \\  & Bad & eHMI \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Interior environment} & One interaction partner & \\  & Multiple interaction partners & iHMI \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Compilation of Situation-specific factors, their detailed classification, and the application of different use cases.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & **Content** & **Information** & **Use Case** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Communication} & Control and on-trip & Route information (Schedule + upcoming stops) & iHMI \\  & information & Remaining time & iHMI \\  & & Map (Position: Street name+ Schedule) & iHMI \\ \cline{2-4}  & Communication bar & Emergency situation reporting (Input methods: & \\  & & voice, touch screen, physical buttons) & iHMI/eHMI \\ \cline{2-4}  & Vehicle Status & Driving status (whether it will stop) & iHMI/eHMI \\  & & Door status (open or close) & iHMI/eHMI \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Notifications} & \multirow{4}{*}{State} & Weather & iHMI \\  & & Interior temperature & iHMI \\  & & Sensorics (Obstacles) & iHMI/eHMI \\  & & Battery & iHMI \\ \cline{2-4}  & Details in progress & Shuttle No. & iHMI/eHMI \\ \cline{2-4}  & Incoming notification & Arrival alerts, accidents (technical malfunction), etc. & iHMI/eHMI \\ \hline Entertainment & Audio & Music & iHMI \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: HMI information content and classification for Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV).  
process to define relevant use cases should exercise caution in its application, ensuring its expansibility and validity are strengthened.  
Based on Sections 3.1 and 3.2, the experimental protocol will be detailed in Section 4.
# Bacterial Aerosol in Ambient Air--A Review Study
## 3 Discussion
### Interactions with Meteorological Factors  
#### 3.2.1 Temperature  
The results of multiple studies reveal intricate dynamics in the relationship between temperature and airborne bacterial concentrations (Table 1 and Figure 4a). The analysis demonstrates that temperature fluctuations significantly impact both fine bacteria (FB) and coarse bacteria (CB). The correlation coefficients for FB and CB are \(-\)0.334 (\(p<0.01\)) and \(-\)0.285 (\(p<0.05\)), respectively [63], indicating an inverse relationship, wherein higher temperatures are generally associated with lower concentrations of fine and coarse airborne bacteria.  
Seasonal variations further modulate the relationship between temperature and airborne bacterial concentrations. In autumn, a significant negative correlation of \(-\)0.471 (\(p<0.05\)) indicates that lower temperatures are associated with elevated bacterial levels [47]. Conversely, winter exhibits a positive correlation of 0.675 (\(p<0.05\)) [65] and 0.531 (\(p<0.05\)) [42] suggesting that bacterial levels may decrease despite lower temperatures. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [49] reported a positive correlation with temperature (\(R=0.70\), \(p<0.05\)) in the humid subtropical climate of India. Their findings highlighted that minimum bacterial concentrations during winter were associated with low temperatures (17.0 \(\pm\) 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C), while elevated concentrations in other seasons could be attributed to optimal temperatures for microbial growth (28.8 \(\pm\) 6.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This increase may be influenced by factors such as reduced air circulation or specific environmental conditions. Lower temperatures have been linked to higher pathogenic bacterial levels, particularly under haze conditions [23; 86]. However, [PERSON] et al. [87] noted that in Poland's moderate climate zone, a temperature threshold of 7.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C serves as a breakpoint, inhibiting an increase in bacterial aerosols. Additionally, cooler temperatures are thought to stabilize atmospheric layers, trapping air pollutants and microorganisms and preventing their dispersion [88].  
During spring, a negative correlation of \(-\)0.316 (\(p<0.05\)) [65] suggests that warmer temperatures correspond to lower bacterial concentrations. In Turkey, airborne bacterial levels peak during autumn [89]. Conversely, [PERSON] et al. [90] observed that in Colorado, the highest average bacterial aerosol concentrations occurred in spring. Data from Montreal further revealed minimal bacterial concentrations during summer and winter, with peak levels in spring and autumn [91].
# Recent Progress on Graphene-Functionalized Metasurfaces for Tunable Phase and Polarization Control
###### Abstract  
The combination of graphene and a metasurface holds great promise for dynamic manipulation of the electromagnetic wave from low terahertz to mid-infrared. The optical response of graphene is significantly enhanced by the highly-localized fields in the meta-atoms, and the characteristics of meta-atoms can in turn be modulated in a large dynamic range through electrical doping of graphene. Graphene metasurfaces are initially focused on intensity modulation as modulators and tunable absorbers. In this paper, we review the recent progress of graphene metasurfaces for active control of the phase and the polarization. The related applications involve, but are not limited to lenses with tunable intensity or focal length, dynamic beam scanning, wave plates with tunable frequency, switchable polarizers, and real-time generation of an arbitrary polarization state, all by tuning the gate voltage of graphene. The review is concluded with a discussion of the existing challenges and the personal perspective of future directions.  
graphene; metasurface; phase shift; polarization; wavefront shaping; tunability +
Footnote †: journal: Nanomaterials
# Bearing Estimation for Indoor Localization Systems Using Planar Circular Photodiode Arrays
## 2 The Planar Circular Photodiode Array (PCPA)
### Least-Squares Estimator
The resolution of the bearing estimate (11) is \(d\hat{\varphi}=360/\text{M}\), i.e., the higher \(M\) is, the better the resolution. Observing Figure 1, it is apparent that the sensitivity curves are smooth, which enables interpolation between measured values. The sensitivity value \(r_{n,m^{\prime}}\) for an arbitrary angle \(\varphi^{\prime}\), for which \(\varphi_{m}<\varphi^{\prime}<\varphi_{m+1}\), can be calculated as follows: \[r_{n,m^{\prime}}=r_{n,m}+\left(r_{n,m+1}-r_{n,m}\right)\frac{\varphi^{\prime}- \varphi_{m}}{\varphi_{m+1}-\varphi_{m}}.\] (13) Using (13), the size of the stored calibration matrix can be kept low, while the resolution can arbitrarily be increased. 2. The computational complexity of the least squares estimate as follows: the calculation of \(\lambda_{m}\) requires approx. 8\(N\) operations (multiplications, divisions, additions, and subtractions). The brute force minimization requires the calculation of 8\(NM\) calculations, while a gradient search requires 8\(NL\) operations, where \(L\) is the number of gradient search steps. In practice \(L\) may be smaller than \(M\), but the number of calculations is still at least an order of magnitude higher than 8\(N\). In the current implementation the calculation of a bearing estimate requires 150 ms in a PC-class computer. Thus the implementation of the LS estimator is troublesome on low-scale microcontrollers.
# Effect of Compression Tights on Skin Temperature in Women with Lipedema
###### Abstract  
The aim was to analyze the effect of compression tights on skin temperature in women with lipedema and to assess the effect of different knitting on skin temperature. Twenty-four women with lipedema (Grade I = 25%; Grade II = 75%) were divided into three groups according to the compression tights prototype assigned: control (n = 9), Flat (n = 7) and circular (n = 8). The participants performed a gait test two times, separated by 15 days: before wearing the tights of the study and after the treatment (15 days employing compression tights). Skin temperature was measured using infrared thermography before and after the gait test on both days, and six regions of interest were determined in the anterior and posterior leg. The skin temperature decreased in the different regions of interest after exercise in all the groups (e.g., anterior thigh (IC95% (\(-\)1.1, \(-\)0.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \(p<\) 0.001), but no differences were observed in skin temperature between groups before and after walking (\(p>\) 0.05). The use of compressing tights for 15 days does not alter skin temperature in women with lipedema before and after walking. The absence of differences in skin temperature between tights in the different assessments allows for obtaining the benefits of wearing compression tights during exercise without negative thermal effects.  
compressive garments; infrared thermography; exercise; gait +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Physics (AITEX), Placa Emili Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoi, Spain
# A Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Based Air Pollution Monitoring Systems
## 3 Air Pollution Monitoring Equipment
### Particulate Matter Sensor
#### 3.2.2 \(\beta\)-Attenuation Analyzers [89]  
The \(\beta\)-Attenuation Analyzers or \(\beta\)-Attenuation Monitors (BAM) are the most widely used PM measurement instruments in the conventional air pollution monitoring systems. The air is first sampled through a size selective inlet (PM\({}_{10}\) or PM\({}_{2.5}\)) with or without heater/dryer that minimizes the water contained in the air. Then the air goes through a paper filter, which catches the PM. The paper filter with PM is exposed to \(\beta\)-attenuation source. After the measurement interval, researchers are able to deduce the mass of the PM on the filter by measuring the radiation intensity of the filter.