# Transforming Interactive Educational Content into Immersive Virtual Reality Learning Objects
## 2 Related Works
[28] attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of their proposed collocation solution for real and virtual tools by comparing the user performance between virtual and real environments and the effectiveness of enactment for memory-based tasks. The collocation effectiveness was measured based on reaction time and accuracy and had a combination of four experimental conditions (with HMD, without HMD, and sitting down, standing up conditions). For the experiment, all participants had to perform a task that required pressing a button and a task that required grasping a wheel in all four conditions. For the evaluation of enactment effectiveness, three different experiment conditions were used: virtual reality-based environment, video-based environment, and text-based environment. Participants were randomly selected for each condition and had to perform and/or memorize a list of procedures in their designated environments, followed by a recall test. The authors conclude that based on the results of the collocation effectiveness experiment, their proposed method is a viable solution to use for the purpose of imitating real tools in a virtual environment. In the enactment experiment, the results showed that memory recall from the enactment virtual environment was weaker than other environments, but it was more accurate in a follow-up recall test. A proposal by [PERSON] et al. [29] presented an IVR system with haptic feedback for dental surgical skill training. The goal of the system was to create an IVR training solution that makes it possible to transfer and teach haptic or kinesthetic sensations that are required during dental or other surgical procedures. The system allows the teacher and a student to share a virtual environment in which they are provided with a virtual dental station, a patient, and a virtual dental drill. Using a Phantom Omni haptic device, the teacher can perform dental procedures on the virtual patient while a student observes. The forces that are used during the procedure are transferred to the student's haptic device, mimicking the teacher's performed actions with the virtual drill. Alternatively, a student can perform the specified procedures and the teacher receives the haptic feedback from the student's actions. Based on this, the teacher can evaluate the student. In the study on the IVR solution, [PERSON] et al. [11] evaluated the impact stereoscopic view and tool alignment had on learning effectiveness and skill transfer in IVR training. The authors hypothesized that stereoscopic view and hand-tool alignment has a positive impact on learning effectiveness, and that these conditions also increase the suitability of a simulator for skill assessments. The study used four separate participant groups with different pairs of IVR stereoscopic or monoscopic view and hand-tool alignment or misalignment conditions. The stereoscopic condition used the standard IVR rendering, where a different image within the HMD was displayed to each eye, creating a natural-feeling stereoscopic vision, while the monoscopic view condition displayed the same rendered image to both eyes. The hand-tool alignment condition had the real haptic controller device aligned with the virtual drilling tool that was seen within the virtual environment, while the misalignment condition had an added offset to the haptic controller device, creating a sense of discrepancy similar to a desktop setup. Overall, the authors of the study [11] concluded that hand-tool alignment and stereoscopic view had a positive effect on skill transferability from real life to the simulator, as there was a positive correlation with the participant pre-training scores, meaning that such type of IVR could be used as an effective tool for skill assessments. On the other hand, stereoscopic view had no statistically significant impact on real-world learning gain because it required the participants to work on small elements within the virtual environment, which proved to be complex with the HMD's small-resolution screens.