## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Design and Recruitment  
This study employed a single-arm quasi-experimental design, spanning over 6 months, to investigate the effects of a multicomponent exercise program in older adults. The study included both baseline and after-analysis to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. A single-arm quasi-experimental study is a type of research design that involves a single group of participants receiving an intervention or treatment, without a comparison group. In this type of study, researchers do not randomly assign participants to different groups, but instead, they observe the effects of the intervention on the same group before and after the intervention. These types of studies are typically conducted when it is not feasible to use a randomized controlled trial design, such as when the intervention being tested is already widely used or when it would be difficult to recruit a large enough sample size. In this case, a single-arm design can still provide valuable information on the potential effects of an intervention or treatment.  
The recruitment of participants for research among older populations is challenging due to limited communication channels and social isolation. To address this challenge, the study team used various communication strategies including regional journals, social media platforms, and flyers in traditional shops such as coffee shops, bakeries, and hair salons. In addition, individual invitations were made over the phone based on data from the city council of Braganca. The potential participants were fully informed about the study's goals and the voluntary nature of participation, as well as the potential risks associated with physical exercise. The study employed an inclusive approach to recruit potential participants from the community. The experimental group comprised participants who met the inclusion criteria, including being aged 65 years and above, capable of standing and walking with or without assistive equipment, not engaged in any exercise program, and living in the community. Participants with chronic neuromuscular, cardiovascular, or metabolic illnesses that could pose a danger during classes and evaluation periods were excluded. One exercise physiologists with research experience completed all the assessments, and one researcher examined the data. The first and last two weeks of the exercise protocol were dedicated to body composition and anthropometric measurement. After 6 months, an exercise physiologist measured body composition and anthropometric for follow-up analyses. The community-based program known as \"+Idade +Sauide\" was carried out in a gym facility at the School of Education of Braganca in Polytechnic Institute of Braganca. The research project received approval from an ethic committee (n\({}^{\circ}\) UID/CED/04748/2020) and adhered to the principles of the Helsinki declaration. Participants who took part in this study signed written informed consent forms.  
The G*Power 3.1 (Institut fur Experimentelle Psychologie, Dusseldorf, Germany) was used to calculate the required sample size, considering the following parameters: (1) statistical power = 0.95; (2) number of groups = 1; (3) number of measurements = 3; (4) correlation among repeated measure = 0.8; and (5) non-sphericity correction = 1. The calculations suggested a minimum of 24 participants for the results to be valid and reliable. The calculation of the effect was based on studies using similar protocols and designs converting reported Cohen's d effect sized into f [17; 22].