# A Novel Localization Technique Using Luminous Flux
## 5 Simulation Setup, Results, and Discussion  
In this section, the experimental parameters and their results are considered. Here, the best configuration and effectiveness of the proposed system are evaluated under two scenarios. The RSS values for a VLC network along with multiple reflections are evaluated for each scenario. The proposed system is validated using Communication and Lighting Emulation Software (CandLES) [41]. CandLES uses the MATLAB software interface. Furthermore, the RSS values that were generated for single and multiple reflections were simulated. The software tool has modulation, transmitters, optics, channel noise, interference, receivers, and decoding modules. Parameters such as the room size, the orientation of transmitters and receivers, wall reflectivity, and obstacles were taken into account. The performed experiments were focused on comparing positioning error. The system robustness and computation time were taken into consideration. The results obtained from simulations were adequately interpreted to analyze the channel model. The obstacle-free model was used as a transmission medium, and in order to calculate RSS values, the zero reflection was used, which signifies LoS and the existence of reflections (NLoS). The receiver was configured by using the value of 90\({}^{\circ}\) for field of view (FOV) and a photosensor area of 100 mm\({}^{2}\). Finally, the reflectivity (%) of the wall, ceiling, and floor were set to 0.8, 0.35, and 0.60, respectively. All experiments were carried out on an AMD FX(tm)-8300 Eight-Core Processor with 3.30 GHz/8 GB RAM on a non-dedicated Windows machine. As mentioned, CandLES was used to build an RSS dataset to compute the impulse response and obtain the dimensions of a room. Both components of the optical transmission, namely direct LoS and NLoS, were taken into account in a \(6\times 6\times 6\) m room. A direct component with 10 reflections was taken into account with given parameters. The experiments were centered on comparing the accuracy and positioning error, and the system robustness and computation time were taken into consideration. The parameters specification for simulation against scenarios 1 and 2 are listed in Table 1[42; 43]. LED transmitters were installed on the ceiling to transmit data. The LEDs transmit data uniformly without any central unit controlling them and no collaboration allowed between them. The relative positions of LEDs and receivers with respect to scenarios 1 and 2 are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. Two indoor localization scenarios using VLC are presented. In scenario 1, the room dimension L \(\times\) W \(\times\) H is \(6\times 6\times 6\) m, and four LED lamps are located at the four corners of the ceiling, respectively, as shown in Figure 4a. The position of four LED lamps in scenario 1 is denoted by A (0,0,6), B (6,0,6), C (0,6,6), and D (6,6,6). In scenario 2, two LEDs are located in the room corners and two others are located close to the center of the room (coordinates), as shown in Figure 4b. The positions of four LED lamps in scenario 2 are denoted by A (2,2,6), B (4,2,6), C (0,6,6), and D (6,6,6) (verified experimentally). Figure 5a,c demonstrates the spread and focusing of power over the volume of the room and the proximity of the sources, while Figure 5b,d presents the 2D view of received optical power for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. In each scenario, we chose \(31\times 31\) positioning nodes on the Z = 1 plane, with each node fixed at intervals; aside from its neighboring nodes, the receiver axis is parallel with Z-axis. Figure 5a,b illustrates the energy spread between the LED grids of two different configurations. There is a reduction of energy in the LED grids, which is laid out in a far grid against the closer one. We calculated the PDoP value for each positioning node. The statistics of all the PDoP values calculated for \(31\times 31\) nodes are analyzed. Using the least squares estimation for the position, as shown in Equation (20), we calculated the error matrix.