# Development of a Virtual Reality Tool for Train Crew Training
## 2 Literature Review
### Use of Virtual Reality in Training
The possibility of training in the comfort of one's own space: This is especially important in cases where the trainee may feel uncomfortable about their actions in the real-world training process due to the presence of other participants (observers). At the same time, the same tool can be used in training situations that need to happen in the presence of instructors as they need to provide early feedback on the trainee's performance and alert the trainee to issues that they may be experiencing, including negative trends in their performance. The increasing popularity of VR technology is positively influenced by the advantages of this solution, which are identified in numerous experiments described in the literature. The key benefits offered by VR technology in the field of employee training are usually indicated [35]:  
Figure 3: Industrial skills improved by VR training tools (based on [26]). Increased involvement in training--immersive environments and 3D representations make users more interested and committed to their training;  
Speed--workers can obtain and retain information efficiently due to the creative and attractive method that this digital tool offers. Many studies emphasize that VR allows for training through emotional responses, the best method to not forget what has been learned;  
Measurability--training is carried out in computer-generated environments; thus, researchers can quickly obtain any required statistics, such as the time it takes an operator to carry out a particular activity, the most common accidents, or the procedure with less difficulty;  
Reduction in work accidents--VR offers a much safer scenario where users can practice obtaining the necessary skills without risking their integrity;  
Personalization--scenarios can adapt to the requirements of each worker;  
Reduction in costs--VR helps to reduce infrastructure, materials, time, and personnel expenses that are required by real simulations. When assessing the effectiveness of VR training, it is worth considering the results of the literature review in this area, which was prepared by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36]. In their research, the authors emphasize that the effectiveness of VR training can be assessed in many ways. The analysis of the publication proves the following [36]:  
1. The most common approach involved using some objective method (e.g., knowledge test): such methods were applied in 82% of the reviewed studies;
2. The subjective evaluation of the training tool, learning outcomes, motivation, or other psychological constructs was also used in 72% of the studies;
3. Observation by an expert as a form of assessment of learning effectiveness was used sparingly (6%). It was primarily used where objective assessment methods could not be applied or for the qualitative evaluation of learners' reactions during learning;
4. Physiological measurements were the least frequently applied (3%). The review's authors also emphasize that more than one method was used in more than half of the analyzed publications; in particular, combining methods from two different categories was the most popular choice. Only 15 studies combined three different methods (this accounted for about 5% of the researched publications). In the remaining analyses, only one selected effectiveness assessment method was used. Due to VR technology's opportunities, it is currently used in training programs for many industrial and service sectors. [PERSON] et al. [4] reviewed a total of 48 VR training applications and works. Based on their research, the dominant areas using VR in the conducted training can be distinguished. They are as follows [4]:  
* First responder training (e.g., police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical services);
* Medical training;
* Military training;
* Transportation sector;
* Workforce training;
* Interpersonal skills training (in particular, openness, empathy, verbal, and nonverbal communication). However, it should be clearly emphasized that these are not the only sectors that currently use VR tools in training.