## 4 Discussion
### Evaluation of the Insecticidal Activity of Kaempfer against Spodoptera frugiperda  
[PERSON] et al. [46] reported that, through incorporating different flavonoids in the diet of _S. litura_ larvae, an insecticidal effect was observed, where 100 ppm and higher of kaempfer showed a significant difference compared to the control, with a larval mortality rate of 17% compared to 2.5% with the control. Similarly, at 1000 ppm, a larval mortality rate of 35% was observed. Kaempfer, quercetin (42.5%), and ruitin (47.5%) were the flavonoids that presented greater insecticidal activity, which was lower than that presented in this work (where the highest insecticidal activity obtained was 75% at 1000 ppm). It must be remembered that, despite being of the same genus, the species are different, which could explain the greater activity observed in this study. In the same sense, [PERSON] et al. [47] evaluated the insecticidal activity of some flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), as well as some phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), against _S. frugiperda_ larvae, and they found that quercetin had a mean lethal concentration (LC\({}_{50}\)) of 157 ppm, lower than that presented in this study (525 ppm). Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [47] evaluated a 1:1 mixture of quercetin with chlorogenic acid, which presented an LC\({}_{50}\) of 729 ppm--higher than that obtained in this research. Evaluation of the Insecticstatic Activity of the Methanolic and Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extracts of Ricinus communis against Spodoptera frugiperda  
[PERSON] et al. [40] observed an extension of the larval duration of up to 5.8 days in _S. frugiperda_ when treated with 5000 ppm of ethanolic extracts of _E. pulcherrina_ leaves in the reproductive stage. Meanwhile, the pupae also presented a reduction in weight, presenting weights of 182 mg in pupae treated with 5000 ppm of extract from leaves of the plant in the reproductive stage, while the pupae treated with 5000 ppm of leaf extract from plant in the vegetative stage showed weights of 205 mg and 201 mg for males and females, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [22] noted that larvae treated with the foliar methanolic extract of _R. communis_ exhibited significant prolongation of the duration of the larval stage starting at 560 ppm (e.g., 2 days), which increased as the treatment concentration increased, extending their larval life by up to 12 days under the 16,000 ppm treatment. Meanwhile, extension of the pupal duration occurred from 8000 ppm, causing an increase of 1 d. The weight of the pupae decreased considerably when the larvae were treated with 16,000 ppm of extract, decreasing by 35 mg compared to the control. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [42] also evaluated the larval duration and weight of _C. fumiferana_ pupae when treated with the two aglycones pungenol and piccol. Incorporating these in a combination of 6740 ppm and 5400 ppm of piccol and pungenol, respectively, caused an extension of larval life of 6 d compared to the control; furthermore, the pupae decreased in weight by up to 27% compared to the control. In the present work, it was noted that treatment with the hydrolyzed methanolic extract of _R. communis_ yielded greater insecticatic activity. According to [PERSON] et al. [48], the biological activity of flavonoids depends strictly on the substituents of the compound,varying considerably if the molecule has O-glycoside or hydroxyl substituents. However, at low concentrations, the hydrolyzed extract showed different behavior, decreasing larval and pupal duration considerably and maintaining pupal weight similar to those of the control, indicating that the hydrolyzed methanolic extract acted in a phagostimulating manner. Other natural compounds have been shown to possess this type of behavior, as in the case of tannins, due to tolerance exhibited by the aphid _Schlechtendalia chinensis_ (Hemiptera: Aphididae) when infesting _Rlus chinensis_ Mill. (Anacardiaceae) [49].