## 4 Discussion
### Negative Impacts Derived from Cropland and Grassland Loss  
One of the primary factors contributing to the negative impact on vegetation within the Lanxi urban cluster is the extensive appropriation of cropland and grassland for urban expansion [77]. As cities continue to expand, there is a growing demand for more residential areas, commercial zones, and infrastructure, leading to significant land acquisition in surrounding areas. Croplands and grasslands are often the most accessible and economical types of land for urban development, as they are typically located in relatively flat and easily developable geographical areas. Consequently, these lands often become the primary choice for urban expansion. The research conducted by [PERSON] et al. indicates that urban expansion has reduced vegetation coverage in the Lanzhou area, leading to the fragmentation of vegetation habitats [78]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al., after studying the impact of urban expansion on vegetation across multiple urban clusters in China, found that the intensity of urbanization is negatively correlated with vegetation coverage; in areas of urban expansion, the NDVI index significantly declined, suggesting that vegetation in these zones often suffers more severe degradation [79]. The reduction and degradation of vegetation caused by urban expansion not only impacts the health of urban ecosystems but also has profound negative effects on regional biodiversity and environmental quality. Urban expansion also presents opportunities for environmental improvement. [PERSON] et al., using examples from Urumqi, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, and Hohhot, studied the positive impact of urban expansion on forest, grassland, and other vegetation types through vegetation indices [80]. The study found that urban expansion in these areas extended the growing season of urban vegetation compared to natural vegetation areas, demonstrating the positive effects of urbanization on the vegetation growth cycle. While the direct occupation of land for construction during urban expansion has a noticeable impact on vegetation, implementing effective greening measures, such as converting non-vegetated land into parks or increasing urban green space, can help mitigate these negative effects. When combined with sound urban planning and management, these strategies can effectively advance environmental protection and achieve ongoing improvements. [PERSON] et al. utilized the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) to study changes in the ecological quality of the Lanxi urban agglomeration. They reported that over the past 20 years, the annual average RSEI value for the Lanxi urban agglomeration has been increasing at a rate of 0.0057 per year, indicating that the area's vegetation coverage is increasing year by year [50]. Additionally, the degree of residents' involvement in environmental protection and their awareness of conservation are crucial factors. Active participation in environmental activities and advocating for green lifestyles among residents contribute to strengthening the positive impact on the urban environment. In the future, with continuous technological advancements, substantial development in technological innovation applications will also emerge as a significant pathway for improving the urban environment [81]. By integrating big data analysis, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other technologies, intelligent city management systems can be developed to optimize urban management and enhance resource utilization. For example, establishing systems such as intelligent traffic management to reduce traffic congestion and vehicle emissions, thereby decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Leverage the advantages of big data analysis and artificial intelligence to optimize urban planning, rationally allocate land resources, and minimize encroachment on cropland and grasslands.