## 2 Related Work  
In the context of indoor VLC heterogeneous networks, it is crucial to design a network decision framework and handover schemes that enable rapid determination of the optimal network and seamless access to it. To address this challenge, some VHO schemes incorporate artificial intelligence schemes.  
In [6; 7], the authors utilize a Markov decision process framework that employs a dynamic approach to strike a balance between switching costs and delay requirements. This approach facilitates effective decision making during handovers. In [8], [PERSON] and his team implement a smart-aware VHO mechanism in a converged VLC and WiFi networking environment by integrating a location-aware coordinator. Their approach enhances the efficiency and performance of VHO operations. In [9], the authors propose a context-aware indoor network selection scheme to implement VHO, which exhibits superior convergence speed performance compared to traditional schemes. This scheme takes into account contextual information to optimize the handover decision-making process. [PERSON] and his team, in [10], develop a scheme based on radial basis function fuzzy neural networks. This approach effectively mitigates the ping-pong effect during network handover, ensuring a smoother and more stable handover process.  
These authors highlight various approaches to addressing network decision and handover challenges in indoor VLC heterogeneous networks, ranging from incorporating artificial intelligence schemes, location-aware coordination, and context-aware schemes to fuzzy neural network-based solutions, all aiming to optimize the handover process and enhance the overall network performance.  
Time-dwelling schemes have long been employed as a common solution in VHO systems. These schemes enhance the performance of the overall handover system by adjusting the handoff dwell time and logical framework tradeoffs based on the specific environment and requirements. Consequently, this scheme's framework offers greater flexibility. It is important to note that the duration of the dwell time should be appropriately set.  
On one hand, a dwell time that is too short can result in excessive and unnecessary VHOs, leading to the ping-pong effect. On the other hand, an excessively long dwell time can introduce delays and reduce the average transmission rate. One possible solution to this challenge is the design of a dynamic dwell VHO scheme [11].  
Some time-dwelling VHO schemes have also been proposed for VLC indoor heterogeneous networking environments. In [4; 12], the authors utilize dynamic dwell time settings to adjust the VHO dwell time in response to channel adaptation and changes in link state, thereby improving the overall performance of link data transmission. In [13], [PERSON], [PERSON], and their team gather information on various attributes, such as channel quality, user speed, and arrival data rate. They leverage this information to calculate handover dwell time values and make VHO decisions under different operating conditions in a VLC heterogeneous network environment. Moreover, in [3], the authors propose a hybrid application-aware VHO scheme for multi-user access in an indoor heterogeneous converged VLC networking environment. This scheme determines the dwell time for handover by setting a lower threshold when an RTA is present.  
These studies underscore the importance of time-dwelling schemes in VHO systems and exemplify their applicability in VLC indoor heterogeneous network environments. The dynamic adaptation of dwell time and the comprehensive consideration of multiple factors synergistically contribute to the optimization of VHO decisions, leading to enhanced network performance and an improved user experience.  
The existing time-dwelling VHO schemes for VLC heterogeneous networking do not account for specific types of RTA. Thus, we have developed a VHO scheme for indoor scenarios with random MT movements by integrating specific RTA types and link quality variations.