# A Review on Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of _Citrus unshiu_
## 5 Conclusions  
Bioactive compounds found in Satsuma mandarin are abundant and showed a range of therapeutic benefits in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The main analytical techniques used to identify _C. unshiu_ extracts for pharmacological activity were petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, water, freeze/hot-air-drying, celluclast, and ultrasound-assisted alkaline. Hesperidin, hesperetin, nobiletin, narirutin, naringin, and \(\beta\)CX are among the bioactives from _C. unshiu_ that demonstrated anticancer activities against cells from the breast, pancreas, kidneys, liver, colorectal, bladder, cervical, and melanoma. The anticancer activities were attributed to a number of pathways, including the induction of cell cycle arrest/apoptosis and the prevention of cell growth, colony formation, adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation, metastasis, and inflammation. Extracts from _C. unshiu_, including hesperidin, hesperetin, narirutin, naringenin, and \(\beta\)CX, demonstrated anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities by lowering blood glucose levels, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, adipocyte hypertrophy/differentiation, fat mass/body weight, serum lipid levels, and hyperglycemia-induced liver dysfunction. The hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering mechanisms of _C. unshiu_ bioactives may be linked to their capacity to control palmitate-induced hepatocyte steatosis and lower hepatic fat accumulation, lipid peroxidation, liver damage, serum lipoprotein levels, triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol. Hesperetin, narirutin, and narirutin demonstrated gastoprotective activity through enhancing intestinal permeability, modifying gut microbiota, speeding intestinal transit rate, decreasing gut inflammation, and preventing mucosal damage and oxidative harm to DNA. Evaluations have been conducted on the gastroprotective activity of _C. unshiu_ bioactives and other traditional medications. In mice treated with sulfasalazine and _C. unshiu_ bioactives, inflammatory lesions were significantly reduced. Mice administered aspirin plus _C. unshiu_ showed a substantial reduction in both aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative DNA damage. Pectin treatment increased the relative abundance of certain bacteria, which in turn altered the composition of the gut microbiota in mice when compared to metformin treatment. \begin{table}
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**Pharmacological Activities** & **Bioactive Compounds** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 6: _Cont._Animal models showed neuroprotective activity from the interaction of _C. unshiu_ bioactives. The combination of nobiletin, HMF, and tangeretin, for instance, inhibited the production of iNOS and NO in astrocytes (glial cells) caused by LPS and delayed ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus CAI area in Mongolian gerbils. In the mice's hippocampal and cerebral cortex, narirutin and hesperidin both reduced the neurotoxicity caused by dexamethasone. The skin-protective activity of _C. unshiu_ bioactives (hesperetin, hesperetin, naringenin, HMF, nobiletin, tangeretin, neoponicrin, narirutin, quercetin, quercetin, and rutin) increased collagen biosynthesis from fibroblasts, as well as decreased melanin synthesis, skin inflammation/pigmentation, oxidative damage, and photoaging skin. _C. unshiu_ nobiletin and synephrine demonstrated cardioprotective activity by inhibiting serotonin and phenylephrine from inducing vasoconstriction. Histamine/ \(\beta\)-hexosaminidase secretion and nasal airway resistance were reduced by the main bioactives of _C. unshiu_, hesperetin, nohiletin, narirutin, and hesperidin, which demonstrated nasal airway-protective activity. The antioxidant activity of _C. unshiu_ bioactives has been proven by experiments using a variety of techniques, such as the DPPH, ABTS+, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) scavenging activities. Through several mechanisms, the anti-inflammatory activity of _C.