## 3 Results  
All participants completed the study, but four subjects were excluded from the statistical analysis due to circumstances such as pregnancy, health problems, and others (Figure 1). No adverse effects related to the consumption of probiotic yogurt and (or) the implementation of a reduction diet were reported during the experiment. Descriptive characteristics and comparison within the two groups of subjects included in the study are shown in Table 1. At the beginning of the experiment, there were no statistically significant differences in anthropometric characteristics between the observational groups and between the number of participants who completed the study. The qualitative analysis of nutritional plans used during interventions is presented in Table 2. Energy levels and consumption of the primary nutrients were similar in both groups. Other important components of a balanced diet such as polyunsaturated fatty acids or dietary fiber were also identical in GP and GRD. The energy value of the diet was approximately 1600 kcal/d for women and 2100 kcal/d for men, which gave an average value of 1850 kcal/d. The energy deficit applied, depending on the case, was 500-800 kcal/d. The presented results meet the assumptions of a balanced weight-loss diet. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & **GP (\(n\) = 27)** & **GRD (\(n\) = 27)** & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} \\  & **Women (\(n\) = 17)**, **men (\(n\) = 10)** & **Women (\(n\) = 18)**, **men (\(n\) = 9)** & \\ \hline Age (years) & 34.85 \(\pm\) 9.22 & 34.18 \(\pm\) 10.80 & 0.64662 \\ Height (m) & 1.71 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.63568 \\ Body Weight (kg) & 104.37 \(\pm\) 20.93 & 101.25 \(\pm\) 14.12 & 0.52382 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 35.55 \(\pm\) 4.40 & 34.21 \(\pm\) 3.15 & 0.20520 \\ Fat Mass (kg) & 43.72 \(\pm\) 9.13 & 41.46 \(\pm\) 8.35 & 0.44653 \\ Viscal Adipose Tissue (VAT) (L) & 4.01 \(\pm\) 2.74 & 3.22 \(\pm\) 1.98 & 0.41122 \\ Free Fat Mass (kg) & 60.65 \(\pm\) 15.01 & 59.79 \(\pm\) 10.33 & 0.76868 \\ Muscle Mass (kg) & 29.93 \(\pm\) 8.37 & 29.43 \(\pm\) 6.07 & 0.86265 \\ Total Body Water (L) & 45.11 \(\pm\) 10.86 & 44.51 \(\pm\) 7.38 & 0.84230 \\ Phase Angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 5.57 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 5.61 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 0.88309 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(p\)-value—statistically significant difference between GP and GRD groups at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the studied group before the intervention. Table 3 presents the results of anthropometric measurements for two groups at the beginning and end of the 12-week intervention. The differences were compared within each group separately (at week 0 and 12 of the study) and between GP and GRD at the endpoint of the experiment. As expected, weight loss was observed in both groups, although no significant (\(p<0.05\)) differences were found between the groups. However, it is worth emphasizing that for both groups a loss of initial body weight of 3-5% was achieved, which reduces the risk of lifestyle diseases [28]. The majority of the total body weight loss was fat, and this reduction was significant for both groups. The addition of probiotic yogurt to the diet plan did not contribute to the occurrence of statistically significant differences between GP and GRD in fat reduction. Similarly to the decrease in total body weight, the BMI index in both groups decreased. Excessive accumulation of visceral fat (VAT) leads to visceral obesity. According to [PERSON] et al. [29], normal VAT volumes are up to 1.2 L for women and 2.1 L for men. Values between 1.2 and 1.9 L for women and between 2.1 and 3.8 for men indicate an increased but still acceptable VAT content, while higher volumes mean that a VAT level is too high. In both groups, the overall volume of VAT decreased at a similar level, and even after 12 weeks of intervention, most participants had an increased or high volume of visceral fat. There was also a slight loss of free fat mass (including muscle mass and total water), which is typical during weight reduction [30].