# Logistics Service Provider Lifecycle Model in Industry 4.0: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
Supply chain and logistics management play significant roles throughout business and economic growth at different levels. Managing and improving logistics efficiency and performance can increase a company's competitiveness and supply chain performance [1, 2]. Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) are the key drivers within a typical supply chain, providing logistics services and smoothing the necessary activities between suppliers, manufacturing companies, distribution channels, and customers [3, 4, 5]. Managing and improving logistics efficiency and performance can increase a company's competitiveness and supply chain performance [1, 2]. In the enormously competitive global fragmentation era, one needs to accommodate logistical operations and serve the customer to expand value and confront market forces [6, 7]. Customer satisfaction is related to quick customer responses in logistics activities along the supply chain [8, 9, 10]. LSPs can be categorized by application, for example, managing inventory and cost, optimizing transportation and distribution, freight forwarding, etc. [11]. With the advancement of today's technology, for example, RFID, Big Data, Cloud technology, and Machine Learning, LSPs further serve the customer with more value-adding activities such as on-demand delivery, data analytics, market understanding, and real-time tracking and tracing, etc. [12, 13, 14]. Life Cycle Management (LCM) is a tool assuring that any product or service development and implementation can satisfy customer satisfaction along the closed-loop cycle [6]. This closed-loop management is comprehensive in creating ideas, designing, launching a product, operating, reusing, recycling, and declining products [15; 16]. The concept of life-cycle management can further be separated into three concepts, namely: Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Service Lifecycle Management (SLM), and Product Service System (PSS) [17]. PLM is a crucial way to improve and manage all the steps of a product's lifecycle, which smoothly creates new value by using ICT technologies that achieve economic growth and quick responses to customer needs [18; 19; 20]. On the other hand, SLM concerns servitization to improve and quickly respond in the service industry [6; 21; 22]. PSS has been integrated from product and service to observe customer requirements to competitiveness in the manufacturing industry [8; 23; 24; 25; 26]. PLM, SLM, and PSS successfully achieve customer satisfaction and create new products or services designed to assist in manufacturing for tangible and intangible value-added activities [3; 5; 21; 25]. The first industrial revolution (Industry 1.0) started in 1784, which created steam and waterpower in industry, and the second industrial revolution (Industry 2.0) increased the efficiency of production, which included task time, operation production, and line production [27] by using the concept of \"Mass Production\". Industry 3.0 was defined in 1969, and it involved electronics and information technologies in the production process. Industry 4.0 is a new era of autonomous systems in the supply chain, addressing customer satisfaction using Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Service (IoS), Blockchain Technology, Big Data Analytics, Autonomous Systems, Virtual Technology, and Digital Twins, etc. [9; 11; 28; 29]. The concept of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) was established in Germany, in November 2011, to progress high technology to advance the competitiveness of manufacturing and improve quality, cost, and risk management. The fourth industrial revolution incorporates the implementation and integration of information technology and networking from the third industrial revolution to develop intelligent production and services [30] to support customer satisfaction, improve operations, and connect production and logistics processes smoothly along the entire supply chain [31].