esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Game Theoretic Approach for Balancing Energy Consumption in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
Here we list our main contributions as follows:  
* We present a game theoretic approach for balancing energy consumption in clustered WSNs. Where sensor nodes are modeled as rational and selfish players and the ones in a close neighbor will participate in a clustering game for CH election;
* In our clustering game, we construct a novel convex payoff function for each sensor node that can capture the node's realistic behaviors. Through convex optimization, the equilibrium solution of this game is derived. Each node makes its own decisions based on the result of this equilibrium solution to achieve a tradeoff between providing data forwarding services and saving energy, and meanwhile, its own payoff can be maximized;
* Considering the energy heterogeneity of sensor nodes in practical scenario, we introduce a penalty mechanism to compel the sensor nodes which hold more energy to compete for the CHs more actively;
* Through extensive simulations under various conditions, we prove that the performance of our protocol outperforms the recent game theoretic clustering protocols CROSS and LGCA. We organize the rest of this paper as follows: Section 2 summarizes the works most related to our clustering protocol. Section 3 discusses the system model. A CH election game is presented in Section 4. The details of our clustering protocol are described in Section 5. We give the performance evaluation of our protocol in Section 6. Finally, conclusions and further work are shown in Section 7.
# Application-Aware Network Traffic Management in MEC-Integrated Industrial Environments
## 6 Prototype Description and Evaluation
### Testbed Setup  
The testbed consisted of seven Virtual Machines (VMs) hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Four of them made up a Kubernetes (v1.21.1) cluster involving a control plane and three workers. The workers acted as ENs while the control plane acted as the eINP controller. The ENs were split into two zones: \"A\" and \"B.\" An additional VM mimicked an industrial machine, producing traffic flows at arbitrary rates. Another VM collected the messages generated by the industrial machine, acting as the MES. The last VM represented a technician's laptop. In this scenario, the technician was interested in getting warning messages only when specific circumstances occur, such as hazardous vibrations detected by the industrial machine.  
We assumed that (i) zone \"A\" was the closest to the industrial machine, (ii) the SDN controller steered the traffic flows generated by the industrial machine through zone \"A,\" and (iii) the eINP controller could not take advantage of resources available in zone \"B\" because it is not on the path. As the traffic grew, the control plane could decide to scale out horizontally (deploy more replicas of) the eINP module. Each cluster node ran Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and was equipped with two vCPUs and two GB of RAM. We chose CRI-O (v1.20.0) as the container runtime and Flannel (v0.14.0) as the Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin. The remaining VMs (industrial machine, MES, and technician's laptop) were based on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS and provided with one vCPU and one GB of RAM, respectively.
# Graph-Based Resource Allocation for Integrated Space and Terrestrial Communications
## 3 Graphs for Signal Processing in Wireless Networks
The series of linked nodes and edges between any two vertices (as an example, \(i\) and \(l\)) is called a _walk_. The sum of the edges between these two vertices along a particular walk is its _length_. The adjacency matrix \(\mathbf{A}^{K}\) of size \(N\times N\) contains the number of walks of length \(K\) between any two vertices. A _K-neighborhood_ of a vertex is comprised of the vertices which are up to \(K\) walks away from that vertex. A walk which includes any vertex along its route only once, is a _path_ within the graph. The number of edges included in the path is its length (cardinality) and the sum of their weights is the path weight.
# Comparative Study of Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Applicators
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Comparison Criteria Definition  
In microwave ablation (MWA), an optimal antenna is characterized by minimal invasiveness to the patient, high energy transmission efficiency, and the ability to achieve a target ablation zone with precision in both size and shape [6]. Additional important criteria include the antenna's peak temperature, deposited power, temperature distribution, insertion depth, and the control of heat dispersion within healthy tissue.  
The evaluation and comparison of antenna and waveguide designs are based on these essential criteria. In the following sections, the applicators' dimensions are detailed, and simulations verifying existing studied designs are presented. Additionally, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature distribution at a standardized insertion depth and deposited power are analyzed. Finally, the dimensions of the ablation zone and the aspect ratio are presented to enable a thorough comparison and analysis.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Variable Selection  
#### 4.2.1 Dependent Variable  
Carbon emissions intensity, which is calculated as CO\({}_{2}\) emissions per unit of GDP, is selected as the carbon emissions indicator. It represents a fundamental metric that neutralizes economic scale effects while accurately reflecting achievements in industrial restructuring and energy efficiency gains [47]. By quantifying carbon emissions per unit of economic output, this intensity metric offers distinct analytical advantages--isolating genuine structural and technological improvements from mere scale effects of economic expansion.  
The calculation methodology involves dividing a city's annual CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by its GDP (measured in tons per CNY 10,000), with adjustments made using real GDP deflators and consistent emissions data derived from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodologies. This indicator selection reflects the evolving paradigm in climate economics from aggregate emissions control to efficiency-oriented approaches, while aligning with the strategic goals of China's dual-carbon strategy.  
Figure 4 presents the spatial distribution of urban carbon emission intensity across Chinese cities for 2015-2023, along with annual rankings of the 50 cities with the lowest carbon emission intensity. Spatial divergence and clustering patterns reveal a relative lower carbon emissions intensity in eastern and southern regions compared to their western and northern counterparts. Eastern coastal cities consistently maintain carbon emissions intensity levels below 2.9 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) per CNY 10,000 GDP, thereby forming a contiguous low-carbon intensity zone. Conversely, energy-intensive cities in central and western regions exhibit carbon emissions intensity exceeding 5.8 tons, primarily due to coal dependence. Post-2019, several cities demonstrate marked carbon emissions intensity reductions through investments in renewable energy. The analysis of urban agglomeration coordination reveals significant convergence in carbon emissions intensity disparities within major metropolitan regions, particularly the Chengdu-Chongqing (Chengyu) and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jingjinji) clusters, thus suggesting effective regional policy coordination in driving balanced emissions reductions. Longitudinal analysis (2015-2023) indicates a substantial contraction of high-carbon emissions intensity regions, with notable transitions in Hebei and Shanxi provinces from high- to low-intensity categories. The expansion of cities that achieved the lowest carbon emissions intensity status, including Jixi and Ganzhou, collectively demonstrates the measurable progress in China's urban emissions reduction initiatives.
# Graphene-Based Cylindrical Pillar Gratings for Polarization-Insensitive Optical Absorbers
## 4 Discussion  
In our previous work [15; 16], we experimentally demonstrated light absorption in graphene-based one-dimensional dielectric gratings based on PMMA rectangular strips. However, the response of the structures is sensitive to the oblique incidence of light. In this study, we propose a device based on a 2D grating of cylindrical PMMA pillars that exploit GMRs to enhance light absorption in the monolayer graphene. Our proposed structure achieved light absorption of more than 40% at multiple wavelengths for both TE and TM polarizations over narrow bandwidths in the visible and near-infrared ranges. The device performance is insensitive to variation in the PMMA pillar height which is an important measure in terms of device stability and fabrication tolerances.  
Our simulations further revealed that the device has a considerable stable angular response. The absorption spectra are nearly independent of the angle of the impinging light up to 20\({}^{\circ}\) with a slope of \(\sim\)0.5 nm/degree. Moreover, the response is less sensitive to the polarization of the incident plane waves.  
In conclusion, the proposed optical absorber is less sensitive to geometrical parameters variations, polarization, and angle of the incident light which can be easily realized using nanofabrication technologies such as nanoimprint lithography.  
These results pave the way to the realization of polarization-insensitive optical absorbers that can be efficiently exploited in several applications and photonic devices such as biosensors, optical filters, modulators, and efficient photodetectors.  
[PERSON] prepared the original draft. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] contributed to the review and editing of the paper. [PERSON] supervised the research activity.  
Research was sponsored by the RDECOM, RFEC-Atlantic, and the US Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center and was accomplished under Grant Numbers W911 NF-16-2-0236. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the AMRDEC or the U.S. Government.  
The authors declare no competing interests.
# Slot Waveguide Enhanced Bloch Surface Waves
## Materials and Methods  
Although this article is a theoretical study, it aims at demonstrating a concept, so simulations must be representative of a further fabrication. All dimensions, geometries, and materials are therefore realistic and can be fabricated and deposited.  
A sketch of the proposed structure is given in Figure 1. The structure is based on a polymer waveguide, e.g., the Ormocore(r) of refractive index \(n_{\rm P}\) = 1.57 at \(\lambda\) = 488 nm. In a view to use a slot waveguide, the polarization is set to TE, i.e., the electric field is oriented parallel to the wafer plane in the \(x\) direction. It corresponds to the TM polarization when using the multilayer plane as a reference.  
A large input waveguide of width \(w_{\rm in}\) = 1 \(\upmu\)m is separated into two thinner branches of width \(w_{\rm b}\) = 0.5 \(\upmu\)m. These two branches enter the slot waveguide rail under an angle \(\theta\) defined from the normal to the surface of the rails. The rail width is set to be \(w_{\rm r}\) = 0.5 \(\upmu\)m and the slot width is \(w_{\rm g}\) = 70 nm. \(t_{\rm L}\) and \(t_{\rm H}\) are the respective thicknesses of the low and high refractive index layers.
###### Abstract  
This study addresses the optimization of juice extraction from sea buckthorn (_Hippocampae Harmonoides_) to meet the growing demand for healthy, natural food products. An upgraded screw press with a self-regulating pressure adjustment mechanism was developed and evaluated. Four spring types (wire diameters, 1-6 mm; maximum forces, 47.5-800 N) and screw rotation speeds ranging from 140 to 200 rpm were investigated for their effects on juice yield, compression density, internal pressure, and power consumption using sea buckthorn fruits. The results indicated that springs with higher maximum forces yielded greater juice outputs. The highest juice yield of 47% was achieved using a spring with a 3 mm wire diameter and 630 N maximum force (Spring 4) at 185 rpm. This configuration also demonstrated an optimal balance between compression density (948 kg/m\({}^{3}\)) and internal pressure (320 Pa) while maintaining the lowest power consumption (142 W). The internal pressure within the pressing chamber increased with both spring force and rotation speed. While Spring 2 generated the highest internal pressures (up to 570 Pa at 200 rpm), Spring 4 achieved moderate internal pressures, suggesting an effective pressure transmission. Spring 4 exhibited the lowest power consumption despite the high juice yields and compression densities. The study concludes that utilizing Spring 4 at 185 rpm optimizes the juice extraction efficiency while minimizing energy use. Equipment designs allowing the fine-tuning of pressure and rotation speed can significantly enhance the production efficiency in sea buckthorn juice extraction and potentially in other fruit-juice-processing applications.  
sea buckthorn juice extraction; screw press optimization; compression density; power consumption; spring characteristics Article
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Distribution Characteristics of Design Variables and Their Formation Causes
#### 3.2.1 Effect of Building Orientation  
As can be seen from Figure 6, in the Pareto solutions, the building orientation distribution is concentrated in the range of 20\({}^{\circ}\)-40\({}^{\circ}\) south by west for Xi'an; the corresponding value is 0\({}^{\circ}\)-15\({}^{\circ}\) south by west in Yulin. The difference in building orientation distribution between the two regions is mainly affected by climatic conditions such as solar radiation. Figure 7 presents the relationship of building orientation with EC and TDHP. It can be seen that with the rotation of the building orientation from south by west (45\({}^{\circ}\)) to south by east (\(-\)45\({}^{\circ}\)) in the two regions, the EC and TDHP have the same change rule, both showing a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, but the orientation range corresponding to the low-value interval is different. Meanwhile, the values of building orientation in the Pareto solution set concentration all fall in the trough of the EC and TDHP curve--that is, consistent with the low-value interval. Due to the interaction between the building orientation and other design variables, the best orientation is not unique, and the frequency of each orientation is different. This allows for greater flexibility in the choice of orientation, especially when there are environmental constraints, rather than relying solely on the minimum value of a certain objective.  
Figure 6: Value distribution of building orientation in Pareto solutions: (**a**) Xi’an and (**b**) Yulin.  
Figure 7: Relationship between building orientation, EC, and TDHP: (**a**) Xi’an and (**b**) Yulin.
# Minimum Variance Distortionless Response--Hanbury Brown and Twiss Sound Source Localization
## 4 The Sound Source Detection Experiment
### Snr  
To verify the ability of MVDR-HBT to accurately locate sound sources in low-SNR real environments, white Gaussian noise was added to the original sound signal to simulate a low-SNR environment, with SNR values of 0 dB and \(-\)5 dB. In the positioning experiments, sound sources located at coordinates (5, 5) and (2.5, 2) were tested, with the experiment parameters set as follows: the sound source signal was a piece of music ranging from 200 Hz to 2000 Hz, with a sampling frequency of 192 kHz; the microphone array had a uniform linear structure, with microphone coordinates of (0, 0), (0.129, 0), and (0.258, 0). The experimental results of MVDR-HBT for sound source coordinates (5, 5) at SNR values of 0 dB and \(-\)5 dB are shown in Figure 8, and the experimental results of MVDR-HBT and HBT for different SNR values are summarized in Table 4. In Figure 8, the bright striped area represents the direction of the sound source. The same applies to Figures 9 and 10. As shown in Figure 8 and Table 4, when the SNR values were \(-\)5 dB and 0 dB, the bright striped areas fluctuated, and the fluctuations were more obvious at \(-\)5 dB than at 0 dB, but the sound source direction could still be distinguished. After adding white Gaussian noise, the performance of both algorithms decreased to
# Assessment of Novel Modal Testing Methods for Structures Rotating in Water
## 2 Experimental Investigation
### Instrumentation  
In order to measure the modal response of the structure, the test rig was equipped with several sensors placed in specific locations to precisely detect different mode shapes (see Figure 3a). Concretely, the disk was equipped with three on-board waterproof triaxial strain gauges, SG1, SG2 and SG3 (Strain Gauge, WFRA-3-120-17-3 LDBB-F, Tokyo Measuring Instruments Laboratory), glued to the bottom of the disk and one on-board ICP accelerometer, A0 (Accelerometer, 352C34, PCB Piezotronics), glued to the top of the disk. This accelerometer is not waterproof, and it was used only in the case of having the disk in air. Additionally, five off-board laser displacement sensors, D0, D1, D2, D3 and D4 (Displacement Laser, ILD1320-10, Micro-Epsilon), were placed along the shaft line and the disk (see Figure 3b). Due to their measuring range (20-30 mm), the laser sensor pointing at the disk was also used only in the case of having the disk in air. Additionally, two off-board triaxial accelerometers, AUB and ALB (Accelerometer, 356A16, PCB Piezotronics), were placed in the outside housing of the bearings to measure the vibrations transmitted from the shaft (see Figure 3c).  
Figure 3: (**a**) Scheme of the position of the instrumentation used during the tests (bottom and lateral views). (**b**) Laser displacement sensors mounted on the shaft. (**c**) Triaxial accelerometers mounted on the lower and upper housings of the bearings.  
Figure 2: (**a**) End-of-shaft SR-series slip ring assembly. (**b**) Lateral B-series slip ring assembly.  
The excitation of the structure was performed using an impact hammer (Hammer, 086C03, PCB Piezotronics) and a piezoelectric PZT patch (PZT patch, P-876.A12, PI Ceramic) glued to the bottom of the disk (see Figure 3a). The rotating speed ramp-up test excited the structure with the force induced by the mechanical rotor imbalance.  
The digitalization and recording of the signals were performed using the National Instruments compact DAQ NI-cDAQ-9185 chassis equipped with three input modules: (i) the current module NI-9253 for the laser displacement sensors, (ii) the IEPE acceleration module NI-9231 for the accelerometers and (iii) the voltage module NI-9235 for the strain gauge measurements. In order to generate a frequency-varying voltage to feed the PZT patch, the output voltage module NI-9262 was employed. A LabVIEW code was used to synchronize the acquisition and to record all the signals, which were sampled at 4267 Hz.
# Two Novel Multidimensional Data Analysis Approaches Using InSAR Products for Landslide Prone Areas
## 6 Conclusions  
The aim of this study was to develop two approaches with the potential to enhance the deformation detection capability of InSAR. The integration of Sentinel-1 SAR data with advanced processing techniques, namely LiCSAR and LiCSBAS, has enabled the successful detection and analysis of multi-temporal surface deformation patterns in the Buyukalan region of western Antalya. Each of the proposed MIRA and InCROSS methods has demonstrated distinct advantages. MIRA facilitates the utilization of multiple InSAR products for the purpose of deformation analysis through multidimensional visualization. Conversely, the InCROSS technique facilitates the identification of undetected deformations within the region by employing a trend-based identification approach, utilizing known sites within the region and integrating them into a singular principal component.  
In addition, not only the use of MIRA or InCROSS alone, but the use of both together will provide a very powerful tool in the identification of deformation areas. In this study, the integration of the proposed approaches, MIRA and InCROSS, proved to be effective in the comprehensive evaluation of complex deformation signals. These findings demonstrate that integrated methodologies supported by ground-based observations and high-resolution topographic data can significantly improve early warning systems and hazard mapping strategies for future applications. The approaches proposed in this study are suitable for further development and provide guidance to InSAR researchers.  
Conceptualization, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; data curation, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; formal analysis, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; methodology, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; supervision, B.T.S.; validation, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; visualization, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; writing--original draft, H.B.G. and B.T.S.; writing--review and editing, H.B.G. and B.T.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to [PERSON] from the AFAD Antalya Provincial Directorate for kindly providing the landslide inventory data used in this study. Special thanks are also extended to [PERSON] from the Department of Space Sciences and Technologies at Akdeniz University for his valuable technical guidance and scientific support throughout the research process.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Screening Mechanism and Properties of a Cantilevered Vibrating Sieve for Particles Processing
###### Abstract  
Screening of fine wet particles or near-aperture particles by traditional screen devices is often not quite effective for sieve plugging. Different from traditional rigid regular mesh sieves, a cantilevered vibrating sieve (CVS) with open screen holes, composed of cantilevered sieve rods, was proposed in this paper. The CVS proved to have a higher screen-penetrating probability relative to traditional sieves. By establishing a bending vibration model for the CVS, it can be found that additional vibrations may emerge during the screen body motion, and a smaller difference between the natural circular frequency and the vibration frequency will achieve a larger vibration of cantilevered sieve rod. On this basis, this investigation also analyzed anti-plugging mechanism of the CVS and systematically discussed the influence laws of the geometric parameters and vibration parameters of the sieve on screening efficiency by the discrete element method.  
cantilevered vibrating sieve; sieve plugging; bending vibration; screening efficiency; simulation; discrete element method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Cellulose Nanofibers and Other Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications. A Review
## 3 Alternative Biopolymers
### Polysaccharides
#### 3.1.1 Starch  
Starch is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers and acts as an energy store within plants. After photosynthesis, glucose is stored as starch granules within the chloroplasts of plant cells. Depending on the type of plant, these starch granules are composed of varying percentages of amylose and amylopectin. amylose is a linear polymer of glucose monomers bonded together by (1,4) glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin also contains these (1,4) glycosidic bonds, but is also a branched molecule containing multiple side chains found every 24-30 glucose monomers on average and held together by (1,6) glycosidic bonds (Figure 2).  
Starch is one of the most abundant polysaccharides on the planet, sourced primarily from corn, rice, potato and wheat crops. It is also inexpensive. It is easy to obtain and modify to improve its mechanical properties via processes, such as cross-linking or blending with synthetic polymers. As such, starch is an attractive biopolymer for development within biomedicine and other fields. For example, starch-based biomaterials have been developed for use in producing scaffolds in tissue engineering [56] and wound healing [57]. However, limitations, such as high water sensitivity (very hydrophilic), poor barrier properties at high moisture concentrations, and mechanical difficulties, remain major obstacles in the biomedical development of starch [27].