## 2 Background
### An Overview of Internet of Vehicles
#### 2.1.3 IoV Network Requirements and Generic Architecture  
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a transformative advancement in the realm of vehicular communications, merging traditional vehicular networks with cutting-edge information and communication technologies. This integration not only expands vehicular capabilities but also introduces intricate challenges and requirements in security, privacy, and functionality. Understanding the architecture and requirements of IoV networks is pivotal for developing sophisticated solutions like Federated Learning (FL)-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). In this subsection we provide a summary analysis of the essential security,privacy, and functional requirements of IoV networks, alongside a detailed description of a generic IoV network architecture. Figure 1 shows the essential IoV network requirements. Security Requirements in IoV Networks  
Security within Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks is uniquely complex, given the dynamic and mobile nature of vehicular communications [10]. Here, data integrity must go beyond standard concerns--it is critical for safe vehicular operation as vehicles rely on accurate, real-time shared information for essential functions. Any unauthorized data manipulation can lead to immediate safety risks. Authentication in IoV networks is also more challenging than in static networks. It is not just about securing data, but about reliably verifying the rapidly changing participants in the network--vehicles, road infrastructure, and other connected entities--to prevent malicious activities [11]. The confidentiality of data in IoV systems carries additional weight. Protecting user privacy, like location and travel habits, is not only about privacy rights but also about safeguarding against potential threats that could exploit this sensitive data for harmful purposes. Non-repudiation, while important in many digital systems, takes on heightened significance in IoV. Here, it is crucial for legal and liability reasons, ensuring that a vehicle or network component cannot deny its actions, especially in incident analysis and forensic investigations following accidents or security breaches. Lastly, the aspect of continuous availability in IoV networks is paramount. The challenge is to maintain seamless service in a mobile, high-speed environment, where Denial of Service (DoS) attacks or other disruptions not only compromise data but can directly impact physical safety and traffic efficiency. Privacy Requirements in IoV Networks  
Privacy concerns in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks are especially pronounced due to the continuous and detailed data generation by vehicles. Protecting user identities and sensitive data here goes beyond typical privacy considerations. Users in an IoV context should have options for anonymity or pseudonymity [3], crucial for preventing the real-time tracking of their vehicles, which could lead to physical tracking in the real world. The principle of data minimization becomes even more critical in IoV environments. Here, the vast amount of data generated by vehicles, including location, travel routes, and driving patterns, must be carefully managed. Collecting only the necessary data  
Figure 1: IoV Network Requirements. for intended functionalities not only preserves privacy but also reduces the risk of data breaches with potentially severe real-world consequences. User control over data in IoV networks is vital. Given the diverse sources of data collection and dissemination in IoV--from traffic management systems to third-party service providers--users must have clear and manageable controls over who accesses their data and for what purpose. This aspect is particularly challenging in IoV due to the interconnected nature of vehicular networks and the range of stakeholders involved [12]. Moreover, when data sharing is necessary for the functionality of IoV services, its execution requires robust security measures.