# Home-Based Lower Limb Exercises for Individuals with Diabetes: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
### Key Characteristics of Retrieved Articles
[13] conducted a prospective trial involving 97 participants with T2 DM, examining the impact of self-care guidelines and home exercises on lower limb plantar pressure and alignment over 10 months. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [14] performed a 12-week RCT with 55 participants to evaluate the effects of strengthening, stretching, and functional exercises on foot rollover during walking, showing positive improvements in walking performance. [PERSON] et al. [15] also conducted an RCT on 76 participants to examine the effectiveness of a self-care home exercise program on joint RoM and plantar pressure distribution, incorporating motivational calls to encourage adherence over the 4-week intervention period. Exercise programs in these studies typically included a combination of stretching, strengthening, range-of-motion exercises, and functional tasks. Common exercises incorporated dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, toe raises, balance training, and muscle strengthening activities, with varying durations and frequencies. Most interventions lasted between 4 and 12 weeks, with exercises performed 2 to 3 times per week. Many programs were home-based, with participants receiving detailed instructions through booklets, telephone support, or direct guidance from physical therapists. In some cases, participants were asked to track their progress in logs or receive motivational calls. Other studies, such as [PERSON] et al. [16], focused on home-based rehabilitation for patients recovering from hip fractures, incorporating exercises on ankle dorsiflexion and proprioception over 12 months. [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated the effects of proprioceptive training on postural control, gait, and functional tests in 80 participants, with exercises conducted at home and under supervision. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [18] explored the feasibility of a home-based foot-ankle exercise program for patients with DPN over 8 weeks, showing improvements in foot strength and functionality, with regular check-ins for support. [PERSON] et al. [19] conducted a study to examine the effects of flexibility and resistance exercises in patients with recent plantar diabetic foot ulcers, with the primary aim of reducing ulcer recurrence and improving walking speed. The 12-week intervention involved patients performing exercises three times a week at home, with a focus on improving both the strength and flexibility of the foot and ankle. The study emphasized the importance of home-based exercise regimens, which have the potential to improve patient outcomes in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Study Group} & & \\  & Sex M/F; & & & \\ Study/ & Age (Years); & & & **Description of Exercises/** \\ Country/ & Body Mass (kg); & Aim/ & & **Intervention Duration** \\ Type of Study/ & Body Height (cm); & Inclusion Criteria & & **(Dose per Week/)** \\ Quality & BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)); & & & **Approach to Exercise Distribution** \\  & Duration of Diabetes (DD) & & & \\  & (Years) & & & \\ \hline \hline  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)managing diabetic foot ulcers. Highlighting clinical outcomes, such as ulcer recurrence, is crucial to understanding the effectiveness of these interventions in preventing further complications and improving long-term foot health in patients with diabetes. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [20] conducted the FOCA-II study, which focused on improving foot strength, functionality, and the management of DPN symptoms in 50 patients. This study utilized an 8-week home exercise protocol, with exercises tailored to strengthen the foot and improve overall functionality. Weekly check-ins were incorporated to monitor adherence and ensure proper exercise technique, further emphasizing the importance of ongoing support in achieving successful clinical outcomes. Both studies underscore the value of clinical outcomes such as ulcer recurrence and functional improvement in assessing the overall effectiveness of home exercise interventions for patients with diabetic foot complications.