## 3 Experimental Design and Results
### Ablation Experiment  
To verify the effectiveness of the improvements made, this study conducted a comparative analysis between the baseline model and each improved model. The comparison results are shown in Figure 15.  
In Figure 15a, the precision of the baseline model is lower compared to the performance after introducing the EMA and MPDIou modules. Notably, with the initial introduction of the EMA module, there is a significant increase in precision, which then stabilizes at a higher level, consistently outperforming the baseline model. Upon integrating MPDIou, although the initial precision is slightly lower than that of the EMA module, it surpasses the previous two in the later stages of training, demonstrating superiority. In Figure 15b, the introduction of the EMA module significantly improves the recall rate, creating a noticeable gap with the baseline model. After adopting MPDIou, the model similarly surpasses the results with EMA in the later stages of training, showing a stable and gradual upward trend. For Figure 15c, the baseline model experiences fluctuations and a declining trend in the early stages of training, which then gradually and steadily increases. After introducing EMA, the mAP50 metric shows a stable upward trend and a relatively smooth curve, with a significant initial difference from the baseline model, although this difference diminishes later. With MPDIou, the performance exceeds that of the EMA result by the end of training. In the case of Figure 15d, the baseline model also undergoes fluctuations and declines before stabilizing and rising. After integrating EMA, the improvement in the mAP50-90 metric is more pronounced, showing the largest gap with the baseline model. When MPDIou is adopted, the model similarly outperforms the EMA result in the later stages. As shown in Table 6, after introducing the EMA module to the baseline model, there was an increase of 2.6% in precision, a 2.3% improvement in recall rate, a 1.7% rise in mAP50, and a significant 4.4% increase in mAP50-90. The introduction of the EMA module led to substantial enhancements across all key performance metrics, thereby confirming the significant impact of the improvements made. Upon adopting the MPDIou loss function, the model's performance changes were minor adjustments. Specifically, there was a slight decrease in precision by 0.2%, while the recall rate increased by 0.3%. A minor decline of 0.2% was observed in the mAP50 metric. However, there was a 0.4% improvement in the mAP50-90 metric. These changes reflect the subtle balance and adjustment in the model's performance across different metrics after implementing the MPDIou loss function. Figure 14: Comparison of detection results. (**a**) Baseline model detection results, illustrating the detection performance for each category using the baseline model. (**b**) Improved model detection results, showcasing the detection performance of the proposed improved model. Table 7 presents a comparison between the experimental model and YOLOv8. The results indicate that while both models achieve the same accuracy on the validation set, the experimental model surpasses YOLOv8 in recall, with an improvement of 2.7%. Additionally, the experimental model outperforms YOLOv8 by 1.7 percentage points in mAP50. The only metric where the experimental model falls slightly behind YOLOv8 is in mAP50-90, with a decrease of one percentage point. Overall, the experimental model demonstrates superior performance compared to YOLOv8. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **mAP50** & **mAP50-90** \\ \hline Baseline & 0.913 & 0.836 & 0.921 & 0.647 \\ EMA & 0.939\(\uparrow\) & 0.859\(\uparrow\) & 0.938\(\uparrow\) & 0.691\(\uparrow\) \\ MPDIou & 0.937\(\downarrow\) & 0.862\(\uparrow\) & 0.936\(\downarrow\) & 0.695\(\uparrow\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparative experiment table. This table compares the evaluation metrics of three models: baseline, EMA, and MPDIoU.