esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Outlook and Perspective
### Riblets Morphology  
In the case of riblets morphology, the geometry and pattern of the riblets can significantly influence the degree of erosion reduction. The height of the riblets, the angles of the V-shaped sawtooth, and the distance between the riblet lines should be designed considering the most probable bubbles near the propellers and hulls. Bubbles of different radii can produce various water jets and hammers, resulting in different impulses and erosions. Each water hammer, depending on its volume and momentum, causes a specific impulse and erosion pattern. The term \"erosion pattern\" refers to the specific shapes of erosion formed on the surface. At the interface between propellers (or hulls) and seawater, different riblet geometries lead to varying effects on the separation of water vortices, thus affecting erosion reduction. Therefore, the morphology of the riblets should be designed considering the most probable bubble characteristics to offer high erosion resistance.  
The orientation pattern of riblet lines is another geometric factor that can be useful in reducing erosion. The results obtained in the current study indicate that the width of erosion perpendicular to the riblet lines decreases more than that parallel to the riblet lines, as illustrated in Figure 6a. It can be predicted that if a netted pattern is considered for riblets, the erosion width could be limited in both the perpendicular and parallel directions. The schematic of the netted pattern is depicted in Figure 6b-d. It is worth mentioning that in a netted pattern, the height, angles, and size of the netted cells must be designed with regard to the most probable bubbles near the propellers and hulls to offer maximum erosion resistance. These patterns can be applied to the surface of the material using micro [57] and electron beam drilling [58] techniques. Evidence of the positive effects of netted pattern riblets on erosion reduction can initially be investigated through molecular dynamics and finite element methods. Subsequently, experimental approaches can be utilized. This strategy can not only be useful to prove the effects of the netted pattern riblets on erosion resistance, but also decrease the cost of research validation.
# Analyses of GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS Precise Positioning Performance in Different Latitude Regions
## 4 Results and Discussion  
The data quality of GPS and GLONASS, the constellation visibility of GPS, GLONASS, and GPS+GLONASS, and the performance of the DD network solutions and PPP solutions, are shown and discussed in this section.
# Can Data Assimilation Improve Short-Term Prediction of Land Surface Variables?
## 4 Discussion
### How Long Does the Influence of Assimilation Exist?  
Overall, as Figures 6-9 show, the \(RD\) between OL and MLDAS diminishes and converges to around 0 with forecast lead time, suggesting that assimilation exerts significant influence on prediction during the early prediction period. A similar pattern can be seen in other forecast work with LSM [6]. Relatively accurate initial conditions from data assimilation play an important role during the early prediction period, while the prediction skill brought by initial conditions decreases with lead time due to uncertainties in forcing data. As mentioned in Section 4.1, uncertainties in forcing data are not well considered here. However, the relatively 'perfect' forcing data makes it possible to emphasize the impact of initial conditions on prediction. It can be assumed that the influence of initial conditions on prediction decreases with lead time and disappears when \(RD\) converges to around 0.  
As with fluxes prediction, the impact of assimilation can last for around 60 days. Compared with fluxes prediction, the impact of assimilation on SM prediction generally lasts longer, which can reach around 100 days. This can be explained through the fact that turbulent fluxes are not only controlled by assimilated SM, LAI, and SIF, but also by atmospheric conditions such as advection, condensation, and evaporation during the growing season [29]. Using the same set of AmeriFlux observations as forcing data, it can be considered that the influence of initial conditions for LE prediction is not as significant as that in SM. Furthermore, in the model, LE is updated indirectly by assimilating LAI, SM, and SIF, causing the impact of assimilation on turbulent fluxes prediction to last a shorter amount of time than that of SM. Several studies have also shown that initial conditions of SM significantly impact weather forecast skills in the short or medium range [30; 31; 32]. Using AmeriFlux observations as forcing data, uncertainties introduced from precipitation and radiation was not well represented in this study. Coupling WRF to test the forecast skill of MLDAS more comprehensively is needed in the future.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Controller Node Failure-Detection  
The first step is the reliable detection if a controller node has failed. This is realized on the actuator side by keeping track of the number of already consumed commands \(N_{con,j}\) in the control command buffer at time step \(j\). Under nominal conditions the length \(N_{j}\) of control commands generated at time step \(j\) by the controller guarantees that the command reserve at the actuator is always kept around a certain desired level \(N_{min}\). However once \(N_{j}-N_{con,j}\) is less than \(N_{min}\) we either have a severe connection problem between controller- and actuator node or the controller node failed completely. In both cases we consider the controller node as faulty and initiate a control node recovery. In case the network is sensitive to bigger single data transfers like the control command list sent by the controller,  
Figure 6: Diagram of the networked closed control loop with sensor-, actuator- and controller node. The necessary tasks running on each node and the corresponding exchanged data packets are also visualized.  
regular small size beacons sent from the controller to its corresponding actuator node could also be used to identify controller node failure on the actuator side.
# Fully Open-Source Meeting Minutes Generation Tool
## 5 Evaluations
### Experiment Preparation  
Ten recorded presentation videos on different topics with varying slide lengths are prepared as experimental materials to test the proposed system's ability to handle diverse content. The videos were recorded with speakers from five non-native English accents, including Vietnam (V), Congo (C), Singapore (S), Malaysia (M), and Indonesia (I). The recordings were created using the _Zoom_ screen-share function and recorded through its meeting recording function. The output was a video file in _.mp4_ format, with a resolution of 1280 \(\times\) 720. Table 6 provides the details of each recorded presentation video.  
The video recordings have a duration ranging from 4 to 8 minutes and an average bitrate of 611 kpbs, as shown in the Table 6. The proposed system is evaluated through statistical measurements and a user questionnaire. Each model's and algorithm's output are compared to reference data. This includes evaluating the _F1_-score for _scene-change detection_, _WER_ for _audio-to-text_, _ROUGE-N_ and _ROUGE-L_ for _abstractive summarization_, _cosine similarity_ for _keyword extraction_, and _CER_ for _OCR_. Then, the user questionnaire assessed the system's practical performance and the user experience. Each participant's session lasted about 45 min. Participants watched ten presentation videos covering varied topics and accents to introduce speech pattern diversity. After viewing, users reviewed the system-generated meeting minutes and completed the questionnaire, evaluating the system's usability, interface intuitiveness, meeting minute quality, audio transcription accuracy, and scene segmentation effectiveness.
## 3 Results and Discussion
These findings confirm that ORR activity in the FeNC_catalysts arises from a combination of high surface area and the high content of FeN4 active sites well connect with the carbon support. After pyrolysis, ECSA and Jp of FeBM3_P and FeBM6_P decreased, and Epr was shifted toward less positive values, indicating that pyrolysis is not effective in improving ORR performance of FeNC_BM3 and FeNC_BM6. This can be explained by the role of pyrolysis combined with long ball-milling time in increasing metal iron and Fe3O4/Fe2O3 content in the resulting materials. In fact, it has been previously proved that iron oxide has lower catalytic activity than nitrogen coordinated iron (FeN4) sites. Metal iron has no ORR activity, also causing a reduction in the available area of FeN4 active sites [61]. As far as FeNC_BM1 sample is concerned, the pyrolysis induced an increase in ECSA and Jp, while Epr remained almost constant. Along with ORR performance, electrocatalytic stability under operative conditions is also of paramount importance for determining the applicability of an electrocatalysts. Hence, the elect of ball-milling and pyrolysis on electrocatalytic stability was evaluated by chronoamperometry in O2-saturated PBS. Figure 8 shows current density retention (Jretention) as a function of time. In the case of nonpyrolyzed samples (Figure 8a), current density decreased over time, and eventually reached a plateau after 8 h. On the other hand, current density retention increased in the order FeNC \(<\) FeNC_BM1 \(<\) FeNC_BM3 \(>\) FeNC_BM6, indicating that ball-milling time was very effective in enhancing catalytic stability of Fe_N_C catalysts. Table 3 lists Jretention values for all samples: 6 h of ball-milling allowed retention up to 65% of initial current density after 10 h of operation. In the case of nonpyrolyzed samples (Figure 8b), current density retention was much higher than that of the corresponding nonpyrolyzed samples. This finding points toward the beneficial effect of pyrolysis in enhancing catalytic stability, and adequate Jretention values were obtained for FeNC_BM1_P, FeNC_BM3_P and FeNC_BM6_P (50%, 75% and 80%, respectively).
# ARNS: Adaptive Relay-Node Selection Method for Message Broadcasting in the Internet of Vehicles
## 4 Method Design
### EPBP-Based Relay-Node Selection Method Suitable for Curved Road Scenarios with Obstacles
After that, Node S\({}_{7}\) as a sender only performs the reverse selection, and Node S\({}_{8}\) as a sender only performs the normal selection. ```
1 Input: Set of Nodes N, Obstacles. 2 Input: Message sender \(S\), previous sender \(S_{\text{pre}}\), terminal point \(P_{\text{end}}\). 3 Output: Relay-node on curved roads. 4 Phase 1. Judgment Phase:
5 if there is an area between \(S\) and \(S_{\text{pre}}\) that is blocked by or out of the communication range of \(S\) and \(S_{\text{pre}}\). 6 Determine the area as a vacant. 7 Phase 2. RTB Packet Broadcast Phase:
8 if there is a vacant between \(S\) and \(S_{\text{pre}}\)
9 Set the mode flag of RTB packet to 3 (means simultaneously start the normal selection and the reverse selection). 10 Determine the optimal position \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\) in the message propagation direction according to Definition 1. 11 Choose the nearest corner as the optimal position \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\) in the reverse direction. 12 Determine the endpoint of the vacant closest to \(S_{\text{pre}}\) as the termination of the reverse selection \(P_{\text{rev\_end}}\). 13 Add \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\), \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\), \(P_{\text{rev\_end}}\) into the RTB packet. 14 elseif be on the road between \(S\) and \(S_{\text{pre}}\). 15 Set the mode flag of RTB packet to 2 (means start the reverse selection). 16 Choose the next corner as the optimal position \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\) in the reverse direction
17 Update \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\) in the RTB packet. 18 Else
19 Set the mode flag of RTB packet to 1 (means start the normal selection). 20 Determine the optimal position \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\) in the message propagation direction according to Definition 1. 21 Update \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\) in the RTB packet. 22 Broadcast the RTB packet. 23 Phase 3. Relay-Node Selection Phase:
24 if the mode flag of RTB packet is 3
25 Start EPBP with \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\) as the optimal position, \(n_{\text{norm}}\in\text{N}\) is not blocked by is selected as the relay-node in the message propagation direction. 26 Simultaneously, start EPBP with \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\) as the optimal position, and \(n_{\text{never}}\in\text{N}\) is not blocked by is selected as the relay-node in the reverse direction. 27 elseif the mode flag of RTB packet is 2
28 Start EPBP with \(P_{\text{opt\_rev}}\) as the optimal position. 29\(n_{\text{never}}\in\text{N}\) is not blocked by is selected as the relay-node. 30 Else
31 Start EPBP with \(P_{\text{opt\_norm}}\) as the optimal position. 32\(n_{\text{norm}}\in\text{N}\) is not blocked by is selected as the relay-node. 33 Relay-node selection finished
```  
**Algorithm 1**Method of Relay-Node Selection on Curved Roads
# NetAP: Adaptive Polling Technique for Network Packet Processing in Virtualized Environments
## 3 Design
### Periodic Polling Algorithm  
Algorithm 1 details the periodic polling technique. The core function is \(the\_packet\_handler\_of\_a\_host\_system()\), which processes packets in a continuous loop. When the loop is executed once, it processes the packets loaded in the RX and TX queues (line 21 and 22), sleeps for an \(interval\) (line 24), and starts the next loop. Until it sleeps, interrupts are disabled for packet arrivals (line 8 and 23). A \(round\) is a time unit for observing performance. To adapt NetAP for a given workload, we change the polling interval for each round according to the observedperformance for the previous round. Furthermore, \(round\_length\) is the predetermined length of a round (e.g., one second). Line 14 sets the start time of the next round by adding \(round\_length\) to \(current\_time\), and line 9 checks the time. At the start of a new round, the \(interval\) is updated by running the \(golden\_section\_searching()\) function on line 10. The parameters are the number of the current round, the size of the packet processed in the round (\(bytes\)), and the current interval. The function is explained in detail in the next section.  
The algorithm also provides a function to restart adaptation in response to characteristic changes in the workload after adaptation was formerly completed. Line 11 checks whether the size of transferred data changes greater than the predefined ratio \(MinChange\), when the interval is no longer updated. Line 17 checks whether the current round exceeds the predefined maximum number of rounds. If one of the two conditions is satisfied, then adaptation is started again by setting the round number to 0. This allows for NetAP to keep tracking the appropriate interval continuously against the changes of workload characteristics within the running VM.
## 2 Methodology
### Feature Extraction
Since all of the above single features are uncertain and interdigitated with each other for NLOS signals, it is impossible for any single feature to effectively classify GNSS signals. Thus, NLOS signals need to be determined by a combination of different features. In summary, this paper comprehensively selects the above four parameters to form the feature vector of cluster analysis. Then the data are standardized to eliminate the influence of different dimensions on the clustering results, that is, each feature value conforms to the standard normal distribution after data processing.
# A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things
## 3 The LoRa Physical Layer
### Performance Evaluation
#### 3.4.1 Receiver Sensitivity  
As there are many models and evaluations of the propagation of radio signals at the frequencies used by LoRa in various environments [22], this experiment is focused on checking the decoding performance of LoRa receivers.  
To this end, around 10,000 packets were sent from a LoRa device to the gateway, and the Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) of received packets were recorded while moving the end-device.  
Figure 4: The LoRa testbed. (**a**) The LoRa end-device; (**b**) the LoRa gateway.  
Figure 3: Structure of a LoRa frame. \(n\in\{1..4\}\).  
The gateway was placed indoors, and the device was outdoors, in an urban environment. All packets were sent with a bandwidth of 125 kHz and a code rate of 4/5. The transmit power of the device was set to the minimum (2 dBm, with a 3-dBi antenna) in order to limit the distance to cover before reaching low RSSIs. The order of magnitude of the distance between the end-device and the gateway at which packets started to get lost was 100 m. The minimal observed RSSIs are depicted in Figure 5.  
These measured results are slightly above the specified values, and the expected decrease with the increase of the spreading factor is not observed. However, the packets achieving the lowest RSSIs were also received with a high SINR, close to 20 dB. This is likely due to the gateway being indoors, leading to additional shadowing.  
It should be noted that the observed RSSIs are already 6 dB lower than the specified RSSIs when using FSK [19].
# Interference-Aware Opportunistic Dynamic Energy Saving Mechanism for Wi-Fi Enabled IoTs
## 6 Conclusions  
Energy consumption is a major concern of IoTs industries, and energy saving technologies have already been implemented in WLANs. WLAN enabled IoTs require low power operation because the network needs to operate for prolonged periods on restrained power sources. Several IoTs products have the ability to provide Wi-Fi connectivity such as IEEE 802.11b/g/n [15; 16; 17; 18]. Furthermore, IEEE 802.11 ah/af supporting multiple sub-channels were designed for low power IoTs applications. This paper proposed an efficient energy saving mechanism for multi-channel IoTs for WLANs. We demonstrated that the multi-channel IoT's energy efficiency is improved by reducing the operating clock frequencies. In this paper, a closed-form analytical model describes the relationship between energy consumption, signal bandwidth, and operating clock frequency. In this paper, it is verified that the energy consumption was reduced by adaptive control of operating clocks even in the active mode. For a further study, this work will be extended to implement and demonstrate the proposed dynamic energy saving mechanism in a real testbed and study transmission strategies for higher energy efficiency.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional decline in proprioceptors in patients with low back pain (LBP) by evaluating the entire range of response frequencies of proprioceptors. In previous studies, the function of proprioceptors was only evaluated by single frequency vibrations. However, because it is assumed that individual differences exist in response frequencies of proprioceptors, we developed a method using vibration with sweep frequency covering the entire range of response frequencies of proprioceptors. The center of pressure was determined in 35 elderly patients with non-specific LBP (NSLBP) and 28 elderly individuals with non-LBP (NLBP) during upright stances on a balance board without vision. Local vibratory stimulations to lower leg or trunk muscles were continuously varied between 27 and 272 Hz over 60 s to evaluate the proprioceptive predominance of a body location using the relative proprioceptive weighting ratio (RPW). Compared with the NLBP group, the NSLBP group exhibited a lower RPW value for the Vater-Pacini corpuscles. Thus, the NSLBP group relied more on the input of Vater-Pacini corpuscles in the trunk. A reduction in lower leg sensitivity at the Vater-Pacini corpuscles in the NSLBP group was observed.  
Keywords:vibratory stimulation device; local muscle vibration; proprioceptors; low back pain; response frequency; postural control; Vater-Pacini corpuscles +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Research Status, Background, and Purpose  
### Analysis of Research Status  
The existing research in the field of ICH mainly focuses on the method of protection and the content of inheritance. In terms of protection, digital methods are the main focus of research; in terms of inheritance, the live inheritance and modern application of ICH are the focus of research [8]. Studies related to Zhuang brocade are mainly in the fields of folk culture, ethnology, historical development, technical procedures, and visual pattern modeling. Studies on the inheritance and application of Zhuang brocade culture mainly focus on cultural and creative product design, clothing design, and visual communication design. The study of cultural traits is rarely involved [9]. On the other hand, the research concerning the cultural traits in the field of product design focused on the design alone, and few covered the process from the cultural traits of ICH to their applications in cultural and creative products. In terms of research methodology, many studies focused on finding the point where the product meets the emotional needs of users from the perspective of user experience.  
Kansei engineering was established in response to social development and market demand. In 2004, [PERSON] mentioned the relationship between emotion and design in Emotional Design [10]. Since 1970, kansei engineering has taken shape by considering the emotions and needs of the occupants in house design and has received more and more attention. In the 1990s, kansei engineering was widely implemented in the automobile industry [11]. Kansei engineering is a discipline that combines the engineering part of emotional quantitative measurement with the perception expression part on the basis of measurement, creation, and sensing. The core of kansei engineering is the measurement of human physiology and psychology. Technology is used in experimentsto more accurately quantify consumers' psychological indicators [12]. Kansei engineering aims to reduce the statistical errors caused by perceptual factors and bring the experimental results closer to consumers' psychological expectations. In 1989, Japanese scholar [PERSON] published a monograph entitled Kansei Engineering and constructed the theoretical system of kansei engineering in more detail [13]. The Ergonomics Laboratory of the University of Nottingham is a well-known research institution for Kansei Engineering. Research in this field has also been carried out in universities such as Hunan University and Zhejiang University in China. The basic research methods of kansei engineering in many studies include: combining psychology with sociology to study brain structure and neural transmission of perception, using modern computing technology to capture and study data of the users, and researching the design and manufacturing of products that meet the needs of users, i.e., kansei creative engineering [14]. By using kansei engineering methods to study the cultural traits of ICH, this study falls into the third category.