# Electric Vehicle Penetration in Distribution Network: A Swedish Case Study
## 3 Results
### Scenario 2 Parameters: Number of Electric Vehicles--Charging Rate--Flexible Demand  
In the second scenario, the impact of different levels of flexible demand is investigated in relation to the number of grid-connected EVs and the charging rate. The effect of flexible demand on transformers T261, T262, T273, and T422 are shown in the Tables 5-8, respectively. In Table 4, the case T261 with 60 cars at 6.9 kW presents a maximum difference of 163 kW while, in Table 5, the same case T261 with 60 cars at 6.9 kW having flexible demand 50% presents a maximum difference of 50 kW. In Table 4, the case T273 with 60 cars at 3.7 kW presents a maximum difference of 66 kW while, in Table 7, the same case T273 with 60 cars at 3.7 kW and with flexible demand of 50% presents a zero-maximum difference. Similar conclusions can be derived by controlling all cases where, in some cases, a lot of flexibility is needed to notice any effect. The results demonstrate that flexible demand can substantially reduce power consumption. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**T261** & **Max Difference** & **T262** & **Max Difference** \\ \hline Balance excluding EVs & 0 kW & Balance excluding EVs & 0 kW \\ Balance 60—3.7 & 0 kW & Balance 60—3.7 & 0 kW \\ Balance 60—6.9 & \(-\)163 kW & Balance 60—6.9 & \(-\)60 kW \\ Balance 60—11 & \(-\)402 kW & Balance 60—11 & \(-\)303 kW \\ Balance 80—3.7 & \(-\)55 kW & Balance 80—3.7 & 0 kW \\ Balance 80—6.9 & \(-\)299 kW & Balance 80—6.9 & \(-\)197 kW \\ Balance 80—11 & \(-\)612 kW & Balance 80—11 & \(-\)518 kW \\ Balance 100—3.7 & \(-\)125 kW & Balance 100—3.7 & \(-\)22 kW \\ Balance 100—6.9 & \(-\)424 kW & Balance 100—6.9 & \(-\)98 kW \\ Balance 100—11 & \(-\)822 kW & Balance 100—11 & \(-\)509 kW \\ \hline
**T273** & **Max Difference** & **T422** & **Max Difference** \\ \hline Balance excluding EVs & 0 kW & Balance excluding EVs & 0 kW \\ Balance 40—3.7 & 0 kW & Balance 20—3.7 & \(-\)37 kW \\ Balance 40—6.9 & \(-\)119 kW & Balance 20—6.9 & \(-\)186 kW \\ Balance 40—11 & \(-\)279 kW & Balance 20—11 & \(-\)213 kW \\ Balance 60—3.7 & \(-\)66 kW & Balance 40—3.7 & \(-\)126 kW \\ Balance 60—6.9 & \(-\)250 kW & Balance 40—6.9 & \(-\)281 kW \\ Balance 60—11 & \(-\)494 kW & Balance 40—11 & \(-\)488 kW \\ Balance 80—3.7 & \(-\)138 kW & Balance 60—3.7 & \(-\)216 kW \\ Balance 80—6.9 & \(-\)388 kW & Balance 60—6.9 & \(-\)454 kW \\ Balance 80—11 & \(-\)709 kW & Balance 60—11 & \(-\)771 kW \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Maximum power balance 3.7, 6.9, or 11 kW night-time charging. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**T262** & **Max Difference** & **Max 10\%** & **Max 20\%** & **Max 30\%** & **Max 50\%** \\ \hline Balance excluding EVs & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW \\ Balance 60—3.7 & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW \\ Balance 60—6.9 & \(-\)83 kW & \(-\)55 kW & \(-\)24 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW \\ Balance 60—11 & \(-\)329 kW & \(-\)284 kW & \(-\)237 kW & \(-\)193 kW & \(-\)105 kW \\ Balance 80—3.7 & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW \\ Balance 80—6.9 & \(-\)221 kW & \(-\)183 kW & \(-\)144 kW & \(-\)107 kW & \(-\)33 kW \\ Balance 80—11 & \(-\)549 kW & \(-\)489 kW & \(-\)428 kW & \(-\)369 kW & \(-\)252 kW \\ Balance 100—3.7 & \(-\)39 kW & \(-\)13 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW & 0 kW \\ Balance 100—6.9 & \(-\)359 kW & \(-\)312 kW & \(-\)263 kW & \(-\)217 kW & \(-\)125 kW \\ Balance 100—11 & \(-\)768 kW & \(-\)694 kW & \(-\)617 kW & \(-\)544 kW & \(-\)397 kW \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Effect of flexible demand for Transformer T262.