## 3 Lean Management and Industry 4.0 Integration: Conceptual Approach
### Lean Tools and Industry 4.0 Technologies  
The Lean management system contains an integrated set of tools and methods frequently used in organizing production, with proven efficiency during the evolution of manufacturing systems, through applications implemented mainly in the industrial environment. Considering the purpose of identifying and eliminating waste and ensuring a continuous production flow, over time, a series of Lean methods have been perfected and verified in production, and the most common are briefly described in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Lean Management Tools and Techniques** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Value stream map (VSM)**} & The value stream map (VSM) is a basic tool in Lean manufacturing, useful in identifying waste, critical points in the system (activities that do not bring value) as well as reducing cycle times in manufacturing in order to improve and streamline processes. VSM is presented in the form of a specific diagram in which the information and material flows are drawn as well as data on the need for operators and process times. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Process mapping**} & Mapping business processes by drawing clear and detailed maps or diagrams that allow organizations to become more efficient through analysis in order to make improvements to the current process. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Visual management**} & Technique for the rapid visualization of manufacturing processes, flexible production cells through the use of production monitoring panels and stock control and the use of color marking systems. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**KAIZEN**} & A method of continuous improvement that comes from the Japanese language and means changing production processes for the better. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**KANBAN**} & An information-based system that plans and controls the quantity of production, helping to increase production flexibility and reduce stocks, based on the “pull system” principle; it allows the exact definition of stocks in the process and their drastic reduction; \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Just-in-time (JIT)**} & The JIT method expresses manufacturing at the desired time and in the strictly necessary quantity in order to increase production efficiency by minimizing stocks. \\ \cline{2-2}  & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Basic tools and techniques of Lean management. Figure 3: Lean management—Industry 4.0 integration methodological flow. Industry 4.0 is capable of achieving process connectivity and monitoring autonomously, in real time. By using advanced tools and technologies, Industry 4.0 contributes to developing the value-creating chain in advanced manufacturing systems (Table 4). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Industry 4.0 Technologies** & **Concepts** \\ \hline
**Cyber–physical System (CPS)** & Intelligent systems designed to achieve the integration of cyber and physical components, with the possibility of real-time monitoring and control through computing and communication networks. \\ \hline
**Internet of Things (IoT)** & The concept of networking everything in the physical world, objects and devices, through digitization. \\ \hline
**Cloud computing (CC)** & It contains applications designed to store data, using servers and software networks to provide services over the Internet; in production all the data needed for manufacturing are stored using cloud manufacturing tools. \\ \hline
**Big data** & A new concept used in intelligent business systems, providing solutions and tools for the analysis and exploitation of large databases using algorithms and software applications. \\ \hline
**Fig. 4**: Advanced technologies: Industry 4.0. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Advanced technologies: Industry 4.0.