## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, we applied the simple crop model SAFY to both spring and winter crops in Ireland. We modified the soil-water balance and CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes modules to estimate the water, energy, and carbon budgets along with the crop growth, biomass, and yield at selected study sites. The modified model was evaluated against available in situ data for spring barley, winter wheat and winter oilseed rape. Overall, we found that the model was capable of simulating crop growth (GAI) and biomass. While the model also simulates components of the water, energy, and carbon budgets, we could not validate these at the study sites due to lack of observations. We do intend to evaluate the energy, water, and CO\({}_{2}\) components at available flux tower sites as part of future work.  
The model was found to perform poorly in simulating grain yield; there may be two main reasons for this, the lack of validation data and the constant value employed for the grain-filling factor-ideally this should be calibrated from the ground values. There are a limited number of model parameters that require calibration prior to application: date of emergence and effective light use efficiency are two of them. In the absence of measured values, the use of remote sensing data obtained during the crop season can be employed, which removes the need to manually set the parameters, as these can be optimized using data assimilation techniques. As part of the continued development of the model, we aim to integrate remote sensing data-derived information into the model for the spatial application of the model.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy12112900/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy12112900/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy12112900/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy12112900/s1)), Table S1: fix crop model parameters; Table S2: variable crop model parameters.  
Conceptualization, D.U. and R.F.; methodology, D.U. and R.F.; software, D.U.; validation, D.U. and M.O.; formal analysis, D.U.; investigation, D.U.; resources, D.U. and R.F.; data curation, D.U.; writing--draft preparation and review, D.U. and R.F.; writing contributions, K.I. and M.O.; visualization, D.U.; supervision, R.F.; project administration, R.F. and T.M.; funding acquisition, R.F. and T.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This material is based upon works supported by Terrain-AI (SFI 20/SPP/3705) which is funded under the Science Foundation Ireland Strategic Partnership Programme.  
Not Applicable.  
The meteorological data used in this study was downloaded from Met Eireann Ireland ([[https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data](https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data)]([https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data](https://www.met.ie/climate/available-data/historical-data))) (accessed on 17 November 2022). This data is freely accessible. The model parameters are provided in the Supplementary Materials. For validation data, interested user is recommended to contact related researchers on their published studies. For the modelling work and source code, a request can be made to the authors ([EMAIL_ADDRESS]).  
We thank Met Eireann, Ireland and MIDAS, UK for providing the required meteorological data to run the model simulations. We thank [PERSON] for measurements of GAI and Biomass for Spring Barley crop for the years 2011-2013. We also thank Teagasc for having information on the winter wheat yield for the years 2013-2015.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.