## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, Saudi Arabia's energy utilization has been a significant indicator of its financial progress. The requirement for energy has become one of the most significant parts of the country's development and growth. However, electric energy production has become the biggest concern worldwide, mainly due to the increase in the cost of fossil fuels, politically-driven energy markets, environmental aspects, global warming, and the accessibility of fossil fuels versus demand. In 2030, energy utilization in Saudi Arabia is anticipated to rise by 365.4 terawatt hours (TWh), as reported by reference [1]. The Ministry of Energy is working on expanding the national energy utilization in power generation, increasing the share of natural gas and renewable energy sources to roughly 50% by 2030 while diminishing the use of fossil fuels through the National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) [2]. In 2020, 63.1% of the Kingdom's annual electricity generation was gas based, whereas 36.7% was oil-based electricity generation [3]. This has driven a lot of researchers and scientists to consider the possibility of making amends for the energy generated by fossil fuels with unconventional, economic, and renewable resources to meet the anticipated gigantic increase in energy demand by 2030. Among such resources, solar energy has been found to be an auspicious resource of renewable energy in the Kingdom [4]. Photovoltaic panels retain a significant amount of solar energy. However, only a tiny portion of the solar irradiance contributes to the direct transformation of energy into valuable energy, whereas 75-80% of it is disseminated as waste heat, and around 4-8% is reflected. Roughly 8-20% of solar energy is converted into electricity [5]. The remaining portion of solar energy is converted into heat, which causes the solar cells to overheat. The surface of PV panels can heat up to temperatures above ambient [6]. This increase in temperature caused by solar-cell heating reduces the electrical efficiency of PV panels. PV panel conversion efficiency decreases by 0.4% to 0.65% for every degree increase in PV cell temperature [7]. [PERSON] [5] concluded that the electrical efficiency of PV panels falls by 0.08% for every increment in the temperature of the PV panels, thus diminishing the power output of the PV panels by 0.65%. Therefore, cooling PV panels by utilizing appropriate cooling strategies is essential for efficiency improvement and economic aspects. Researchers have proposed numerous cooling approaches. These cooling strategies are classified into two categories: active cooling systems and passive cooling techniques. PV panel temperature can be controlled by utilizing phase-change materials (PCMs) as a passive cooling method. PCMs will absorb thermal energy from PV panels needed for their phase change from the solid to the liquid phase to maintain the panels at low temperatures, preventing drastic drops in voltage and efficiency. Moreover, PV panels utilizing PCMs (PV-PCM) do not require any additional power source to run the system. The PCM in a PV-PCM module absorbs heat and lowers the panel's temperature. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] reported that the power generated by a PV module can be enhanced by approximately 9.2% at a maximal solar irradiance of 571 W/m\({}^{2}\) by incorporating RT28 HC PCM on the backside of the panel. [PERSON] et al. [9] deployed PV-PCM panels that had aluminum sheets attached to the backside of the modules as part of an experimental investigation. They demonstrated that the PCM could enhance power efficiency by an average of 2.2%, while dropping the PV module temperatures by an average of 4.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C [10]. [PERSON] et al. [11] investigated experimentally the variation of PV panel efficiency and temperature for three PV-PCM cooling cases. They found that the PV temperature decreased 10.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C when employing a PCM-AL2O3 nanoparticle compound. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] used Polyethylene glycol 1000 as a PCM to cool PV panels.