esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Simultaneous Detection of Nine Key Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens Using Luminex xTAG(r) Technology
## 4 Discussion
To ensure the specificity and sensitivity of this developed MPLT assay, we also optimized the hybridization reaction conditions and confirmed that 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C was the optimal hybridization temperature, while 30 min appeared to be the optimal hybridization time. Furthermore, proper MagPlex-TAG Microspheres were chosen for this assay, which appear to be an essential constituent of this diagnostic platform. A total of 86 BALF samples collected over three years from patients with LRTIs were investigated by MPLT, and we found that eight samples were diagnostically positive for _S. pneumoniae_, 11 samples were positive for _S. aureus_, eight samples were positive for _H. influenzae_, one sample was positive for _M. pneumoniae_, 10 samples were positive for _P. aeruginosa_ and five samples were positive for _K. pneumoniae_. Of these diagnoses, most of the results (42/43 (97.7%)) obtained from the MPLT method were consistent with those from real-time PCR assay. The only conflicting result, which was MPLT-positive but negative by the real-time PCR assay, was eventually confirmed as a true positive by 165 rDNA sequence analysis. From these data, we demonstrated that the MPLT assay had a high diagnostic accuracy for _S. pneumoniae_, _S. aureus_, _M. catarrhalis_, _S. pyogenes_, _H. influenzae_, _M. pneumoniae_, _Legionella_ spp., _P. aeruginosa_ and _K. pneumoniae_, respectively. The MPLT assay could simultaneously detect nine pathogens using a quick, high-throughput assay. The limitation of the MPLT assay is that the cost of MagPlex-TAG Microspheres and Luminex equipment used in this MPLT assay is relatively high. Although the initial outlay is expensive, this assay might be economical by ensuring prompt and effective treatment of LRTIs before they develop into serious diseases. Despite the limitation, the MPLT assay is a high-throughput method that can detect a wide range of pathogens and is easy to operate with high reliability. Based on the findings of the present study, we believe this is a promising method with potential use in the clinical setting in identifying respiratory pathogens that frequently precipitate LRTI.
###### Abstract  
This paper describes an analysis of power supply rejection and noise improvement techniques for an envelope-tracking power amplifier. Although the envelope-tracking technique improves efficiency, its power supply rejection ratio is much lower than that of average power tracking or a fixed-supply power amplifier. In FDD systems with the envelope-tracking technique, the low power supply rejection ratio generates much output noise in the RX band and degrades the receiver's sensitivity. An SM is designed by using a 130 nm CMOS process, and the chip die area is 2 \(\times\) 2 mm\({}^{2}\) with a 25-pin wafer-level chip-scale package. The designed SM achieved peak efficiencies of 78-83% for LTE signals with a 5.8 dB PAPR and various channel bandwidths. For the low-output-noise-supply modulator, noise reduction techniques using resonant-frequency tuning and a notch filter are employed, and the measured results show maximum 1.8/5/5.3/3.8/3 dB noise reduction in LTE bands B17/B5/B2/B3/B7, respectively.  
envelope tracking; long-term evolution; power amplifier; power supply rejection ratio; RX-band noise; supply modulator +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-6500-790X/0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0  
requirements of SM noise. In [10; 11; 12; 13], some noise reduction methods for a supply modulator are suggested. The reduced switching frequency in [10] improves noise performance, but it degrades efficiency. The methods in [11; 12; 13] are very effective for low levels of noise with little or no efficiency degradation. In Section 3, noise reduction techniques based on the above references and a notch filter are described for further improvement in SM noise. In Section 4, the measured output noise performances of a supply modulator are presented.
# A Review of Properties of Nanocellulose, Its Synthesis, and Potential in Biomedical Applications
## 6 Biomedical Applications of Nanocellulose
### Biosensors  
Nanocellulose is an excellent material for immobilizing biological molecules, which is helpful in diagnostic and biosensor applications. For example, a one-step bio-template approach was used to make a composite of gold BNC in the aqueous solution. The conductivity and biocompatibility displayed by this composite were found to be remarkable. Its fine nanofiber architecture can trap and preserve the function of an enzyme called Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Biosensors based on the HRP enzyme can detect hydrogen peroxide at concentrations lower than 1 \(\upmu\)m [171]. Layers of nanocellulose have been used for antibody immobilization; the layers are carboxylated first and then activatedwith proteins. Physical adsorption allows this activated layer to capture antihuman immunoglobulin G antibodies [171; 172].  
Copolymer grafts can potentially be used to activate the nanocellulose layer. A peptide having a high affinity for human antibodies (IgG) is attached to the grafted polymer to improve the selectivity and specificity of the nanocellulose layer. The immobilization of nanocellulose with growth factors and proteins is used to improve biocompatibility. Sequences of amino acids have been used to strengthen the adhesive properties [173; 174].  
Nanocellulose, on the other hand, is also used in electrochemical sensors for detecting DNA hybridization. Nanocellulose made from cotton was used to insert DNA. Compared to the traditional nanocellulose, the DNA-embedded nanocellulose agglomerates in significantly greater sizes. Using a reducing agent of sodium borohydride, researchers were able to deposit silver nanomaterials on the nanocellulose. The presence of nanocellulose avoided the agglomeration [175].
## 5 Blockchain Effect on SDN Security  
The adoption of blockchain to secure SDN is studied in different previous works [37; 38; 39]. Some research has exploited blockchain in centralized SDN with one controller. Thus, this technology was used on the basis of vertical communication between SDN controllers and data plane nodes. In [40], blockchain was used to check the integrity of the system by comparing the vSwitch's traffic flow rules sent to the blockchain. If the rules transmitted by the SDN controller diverge from those in the blockchain, the fraudulent flow rules are identified. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [41] blocked the injection of false flow rule thanks to blockchain. Based on the same technology, authors in [42] proposed to calculate the SDN nodes' trust values. Dishonest nodes that provide improper suggestions are filtered out via the blockchain's consensus mechanism.  
On the other hand, in order to secure distributed SDN with multiple controllers, blockchain is also used. BlockTC [43] was proposed to provide a trustworthy inter-domain collaboration for mobile edge computing based on blockchain. The topology information about domains is collected for all SDN controllers by the blockchain to check the routing accuracy. A two-layer system, a layer of SDN controllers and a layer of blockchain, was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [44]. Different SDN controllers exchange control commands that are hashed and registered in the blockchain's smart contract that will be checked by the targeted controller to confirm the command integrity. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [45] proposed BMC-SDN to detect fraudulent flow rule injection. Their proposal considers different master controllers using blockchain to communicate with each other. Then, a reputation mechanism is used by redundant controllers to confirm network flow updates that are recorded in blocks created by the master controller.  
Thus, the horizontal communication between multiple controllers allows them to exchange updates about network topology, such as link state, network devices, flow table modifications, lists of network devices, and the relationships among various network domain nodes. Hence, it is critical that controllers maintain a consistent view of the entire network. To do this, the controllers' east-west interfaces must be used to exchange inter-controller traffic.
# Achieving Sender Anonymity in Tor against the Global Passive Adversary
## 4 The Proposed Protocol
### Communication Phase
#### 4.3.2 Token Generation  
Consider now the process of token generation. When a token is generated by a node \(r_{g}\), the fields are set as follows. \(F\) is set to used (i.e., 10). \(r_{g}\) picks randomly from the set \(Q\) (where \(Q\) is the set of all the public keys of the ring) a public key, say \(PK_{r_{p}}\), associated with the node \(r_{p}\). The field \(HID\) is set to \(H(PK_{r_{p}})\). It is used as an identifier to allow \(r_{p}\) to recognize that this token is intended for it. Finally, the field \(DA\) includes the encryption \(\hat{S}\) with the sender key (of \(r_{g}\)) \(k_{gp}\) of a fixed string \(S\) different from any other network address. This string allows \(r_{p}\) to identify the fact that this token, if even used, does not contain any message to forward outside the ring (see below), but it has to be emptied by \(r_{p}\). The reason why the token is not directly generated empty derives from security aspects. The security analysis is provided in Section 7. The other fields (\(CI\),\(P\)) are filled with random bits.  
The entire token is then encrypted with the forward key \(k_{r_{g}}\) and sent to \(next(r_{g})\). This node decrypts the token, and with the state of the token being filled, through the field \(HID\), it checks whether this token is intended for it. In this case (i.e., \(r_{p}=next(r_{g})\)), it processes the token. Otherwise, the token is encrypted, as usual, by \(next(r_{g})\) with the forward key \(k_{next(r_{g})}\) and sent to \(next(next(r_{g}))\). The token moves through the ring until it reaches \(r_{p}\).  
At this point, \(r_{p}\) verifies that it has been selected as recipient of the token, even though it does not know that the token was generated by \(r_{g}\). Therefore, \(r_{p}\) tries to decrypt the fields \(CI,DA,P\) with all its \(k-1\) proxy keys until it finds the correct key \(k_{gp}\). Since \(D_{k_{gp}}(DA)=S\), \(r_{p}\) knows that it has to empty the token. Thus, \(r_{p}\) sets \(F\) to 00 and \(HID=H(PK_{next(r_{p})})\). In this case, we say that \(next(r_{p})\) will play the role of _proxy node_ (with respect to a potential sender for a communication identifier not established yet). The other fields are set to random bits.  
\(r_{p}\) encrypts the token with the forward key \(k_{r_{p}}\) (shared with its next) and forwards it to \(next(r_{p})\). The empty token crosses the ring encrypted hop-by-hop, as usual.  
Figure 2: Structure of the token.  
The process of generation of the tokens is represented in the sequence diagram in Figure 3.
## 4 Methodology
### Evaluation Scenarios  
The tasks' precision and resolution time scenarios were considered for results analysis based on the automatic logs. Moreover, a qualitative evaluation of each participant's perception of the visual variables partially overlapped was conducted.  
For the accuracy analysis, three situations were considered: **TRUE**, when the element selected by the participants corresponded to the correct answer; **ERROR**, when the visual element chosen by the participant was an incorrect response; and **TIMEOUT**, when the 30 s timeout occurred. In addition, each type of answer was analyzed separately concerning the combinations of visual variables, the partial overlap levels, and the different visual encoding values.  
Considering the partial overlap, a questionnaire was applied to collect the participants' opinions about their perceptions concerning the visual variables and their visual encodes. The participants were asked to classify the following items: the ease of recognition of the visual variables, and which visual encodes were poorly perceived.  
The following scale was utilized to classify the performance of the visual variables qualitatively by participants:  
Figure 6: The hypothesis test procedure for estimating the effect of partial overlap level on the visual perception of each visual variable.  
* **GOOD--**All variables with a mean accuracy greater than 95%;
* **MEDIUM--**Visual variables with mean accuracy values between 90% and 95%;
* **POOR--**Visual variables with mean accuracy values of less than 90%.  
In summary, the proposed analysis scenarios were:  
* Accuracy per resolution time;
* Visual variables error rates;
* Classification of difficulty in identifying visual variables;
* Visual variables ranking based on participant perceptions;
* Analysis of visual encode values performance.
# Use of Phase Change Materials for Food Applications--State of the Art in 2022
## 2 Food Applications of PCM
### Food Processing
#### 2.1.3 Milk Cool-Down  
Milk spoils quickly in a warm climate. If not cooled and then stored cold, milk spoils within a few hours. In remote areas of developing countries, where grid electricity is often unreliable or even non-existent, this can be a serious problem, leading to huge losses of quality of milk, even spoilage and complete loss. Off-grid solutions are to cool milk by absorption chillers powered by biogas or solar thermal collectors, or compression coolers running on PV-electricity. If in-grid as backup, or generally to buffer the load, ice storage is an option, being cheap, reliable, and environmentally friendly, as compared to batteries. Generally, cooling allows more flexibility in the time when milk is sold, and the distance to customers. E.g. organized in a cooperative, milk can be collected from nearby farmer members of the cooperative, cooled, and later marketed to generate an income. Ref. [12] discuss this application in detail, including solutions and economics. But the approach is not only interesting for developing countries. According to [13], recently introduced new legislation in New Zealand requires farmers to cool down milk more quickly. This would require higher investment cost, and higher energy costs. In New Zealand, most electricity suppliers provide night tariffs which are significantly lower. With a cold storage energy demand can be shifted from morning to night time, reducing energy costs. But more important, cold storage will allow farmers to continue using existing chillers, instead of increasing their capacity. Ref. [13] discuss the state-of-the-art of cooling milk on farm, for the situation in New Zealand, commercially available cooling technologies there, and approaches developed at the University of Auckland with an ice storage allowing to cool milk via a heat exchanger. For developing countries, approaches to cool milk also just in small to medium quantities are studied. One approach is making ice, and then inserting it into the milk-can that contains the milk to be cooled. This approach has been studied by [14], who investigated the performance of a small on-farm milk cooling system for PV applications experimentally as well as by a computer model. The study was later continued [15]. Ref. [16] describe a system, being similar, and a successful field test performed in Tunisia. But there are also commercial systems.  
The company Inficold sells milk coolers for medium to large quantities [17]. The coolers have different size suitable for small dairy farms, milk collection centers, or central milk chilling centers. They have an ice storage integrated (Figure 3) to allow fast cool down and operation 24 h, with only 6 to 8 h grid or solar PV electricity to charge, and no diesel generator, electric battery etc. as backup. For more, [12] discuss more solutions in detail, including economics.
# The Sense of Agency in Human-Machine Interaction Systems
## 4 Improving the SoA
### How to Improve the SoA in General HMI Systems
#### 4.4.2 Employing Appropriate Automation Assistance  
As reported in the literature [130; 131], when the human operator cannot complete a difficult task independently, automation assistance improves the SoA. To improve the SoA, the type of automation assistance first needs to be considered. [PERSON] et al. [129] developed a semiautomatic system with high work efficiency and achieved a feeling of control that was the same as manual control using the teleoperation of a construction machine. The awareness of assistance was evaluated for automatic, manual, trajectory, and goal assistance by the SoA. [PERSON] et al. [129] reported that when the semiautomatic system performs goal-oriented assistance rather than trajectory assistance, the SoA is greatly weakened. [PERSON] et al. [143] found that visualizing the pedestrian's predicted path alone hurts the SoA. Some studies also found that an appropriate level of automation assistance improves the SoA. The SoA and sense of body ownership are usually increased when the user control weight increases; however, when the user control weight was 75%, the SoA obtained was higher than when it was 100% [117]. Appropriate normal haptic assistaance achieved better driver-automation interaction than stronger haptic assistance [116]. [PERSON] et al. [146] reported that agency awareness increased with the increase in the automation level, but when the automation level exceeded 90%, agency awareness began to decline.  
Although attention and cognitive resources have been studied in relation to the performance of HMI systems [116], the performance is usually used as the dependent variable to analyze the influence of some other control factors on the SoA.  
In summary, improving system transparency and introducing appropriate automation assistance are the most common methods to improve the SoA. Among them, improving transparency is currently the simplest and most effective and applies to all HMI systems. Moreover, if the increase in experience using HMI systems reduces the limitations of this method, transparency will be the first option to consider for the SoA (the impact of using experience on the SoA will be discussed in the next section). The use of automation assistance needs to take into account the nature of the task and the level of assistance. In some tasks that the human operator cannot complete independently (for example, an experienced operator), the assistance system plays a positive role in the SoA. But, in other tasks that the human operator can complete independently, the assistance system can hurt the SoA [67]. Therefore, an assistance system can significantly improve the SoA, but only when it is properly designed and employed according to the operator's knowledge and experience.
###### Abstract  
The hybrid FEM-DBCI numerical method is proposed for the computation of coupling factors between time-harmonic magnetic fields and human bodies. Characteristics are highlighted which make FEM-DBCI very suitable to perform such computations. Several coil geometries are considered (circular coils) at low frequency. A simplified model of the human body is assumed as suggested by IEC standards. Details of the method are highlighted, and numerical results are also provided.  
finite element method; integral equations; hybrid methods; eddy currents; coupling factor +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 5 Simulation Results and Analysis  
### Data Set  
The residential buildings in the Harbin area were selected as the research objects. The average winter temperature in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, is approximately \(-19\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, and the average summer temperature is \(23\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. The precipitation is mainly concentrated in the period from June to September. The special climate makes illumination vary significantly in the four seasons. The annual climate data of Harbin were derived from Meteororm software. Figure 8 shows the monthly average temperature and illumination in Harbin. The typical daily load in reference [10] is taken as the system load, as shown in Figure 9.  
The illumination and temperature change trend are the same in a year, indicating that the temperature directly affects the PV panels' power generation. The daily load of the system is relatively average, and the load peak is reached at approximately 18:00 every day. The PV panels generate less power during this period, indicating that the ESS is required to  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline population & 500 \\ crossover rate & 0.8 \\ mutation rate & 0.1 \\ generation gap & 0.9 \\ evolutional generation & 500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Parameters of GA.  
Figure 8: Monthly mean temperature and illumination in Harbin.  
Figure 9: Daily typical load of residential buildings.  
dispatch the PV power generation. As far as PV sizing is concerned, under the condition of constant daily load, excessive PV panels can be used to meet the power demand of the month under weak illumination intensity in winter; however, the excess PV generation in summer is unavoidable. To avoid wastage of resources, the ESS should absorb the excess power. Conversely, a few PV panels are sufficient to meet the power demand in summer; however, in winter, the PV generation is insufficient. Therefore, the difference between the real-time output PV power and the demand power of load is chosen as the demand power \(P_{\text{demand}}\). Figure 10 shows the demand power of the system and the output of the unit PV panels under different PV sizing.  
Figure 10: \(P_{\text{demand}}\) with different photovoltaic capacities: (**a**) (C\({}_{\text{PV}}\) = 5 kW) \(P_{\text{demand}}\): (**b**) (C\({}_{\text{PV}}\) = 10 kW) \(P_{\text{demand}}\): (**c**) (C\({}_{\text{PV}}\) = 15 kW) \(P_{\text{demand}}\): (**d**) the output of unit PV panels (Harbin area).  
As shown in Figure 10, the overall trend in the unit PV generation in a year is similar to that shown in Figure 9. However, because of cloudy and rainy days, there is still a period of insufficient PV generation in the month with sufficient sunshine, which reflects the particularity of the climate in Harbin. In addition, because of the intermittent nature of PV power generation, it cannot meet the peak load shown in Figure 9, indicating that the EFF of the PV system is limited when the system only has PV panels; moreover, as PV sizing increases, the EFF decreases, and the system's OCT is limited.