# The Impact of Gamifications and Serious Games on Driving under Unfamiliar Traffic Regulations
## 2 Background
### Driving Simulators  
The goal of a driving simulator is to create an illusion of the driving experience. A simulator is always an imitation of reality and, therefore, it is never perfect. The benefit comes from the transfer of what is learned in a simulator to the real world [5]. The knowledge transfer is highly dependent on the fidelity of the simulation. As explained by [36], to accomplish this illusion, the driver input is used to calculate the vehicle dynamics referring to a vehicle model and evaluated by the feedback systems to provide the driver the necessary cues. The scenario controls the terrain so that the vehicle dynamics send the output in the form of audio-visual cues. In immersive simulators, multiple projectors are used to create a seamless image typically projected onto curved screens by warping and blending of the image to surround the driver. In desktop simulators, this is performed by presenting the output typically on a single screen. Some simulators also offer haptic feedback such as steering torque and active seats.  
In a driving simulation, a scenario refers to an event that happens in a virtual environment, such as a pedestrian crossing in front of the vehicle or a situation created by the driver maneuvering the vehicle. The environment consists of the terrain, road, signs, buildings, and other objects surrounding the vehicle. Using scenarios, a variety of conditions such as the traffic, weather, and events can be added to the environment. Game engines such as Unity and Unreal Engine have gained momentum in the creation of simulators recently due to their realistic rendering capabilities.  
While providing gamification elements on smartphone might distract the driver, driving simulators are characterized as a safe testing environment to test driving performance and behavior, especially in case of novice driving environment, such as when some countries started introducing \(2+1\) roads into the road network [37]. They are also considered tools for collecting data. Data collected by a driving simulator can be used to improve vehicle manufacturing [38] or evaluate users' hazardous driving habits [39]. For example, [40] used a driving simulator to test the relationship between the users' driving performance and their visual attention. [PERSON] et al. [41] used the driving simulator to investigate the speed perception in different traffic scenarios, while another study used a simulator to assess the speeding behavior as part of a smartwatch campaign [42].  
Furthermore, in the context of serious games and gamifications, driving simulators represent an interaction style that allows the players to interact with the game as effective traffic education practices [43] and enhancements in various learning aspects of driving [44]. The software for driving simulators facilitates the design of a range of gamification elements (e.g., feedback, leaderboard, and scores) and feeds them into serious games. For instance, [45] programmed a scoring system and designed feedback in a serious game aimed to educate players about driving impairment caused by alcohol.  
The state-of-the-art simulators provide a high level of fidelity and immersive display systems with a large field of view, full vehicle mock-ups, and accurate vehicle dynamics models. Motion simulators use well-developed motion cueing algorithms that account not only for the limitations of the human perceptual system but also for the boundaries of the motion system [36].