esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
For crude oil operations, after a storage/charging tank is charged, the crude oil should stay in the tank for a certain time before it can be discharged. This time duration is called oil residency time (ORT) and this requirement is called an oil residency time constraint. It is the oil residency time constraint that makes the scheduling problem difficult and requires enough charging tanks to obtain a feasible schedule. With such a constraint, to find a feasible schedule with maximal production rate, generally three charging tanks are required for each distiller [21]. Although such a requirement is satisfied for many refineries, there are refineries without sufficient charging tanks to meet this requirement. Due to the market demand increase, some refineries in China install more distillers to increase their capacity without installing any more charging tanks. In this case, to keep a refinery operation, the refinery has to ignore the oil residency time constraint in feeding distillers for some time. By ignoring the oil residency time constraint, a charging tank is charged and used to feed a distiller simultaneously, and this operation mode is called simultaneously-charging-and-feeding (SCF). However, by doing so, the oil distillation process for the feeding distiller would be disturbed to some extent. Thus, it is desired that the SCF is minimally used. Up to now, there is no study on this issue, which motivates this study. Since the architecture proposed in [21; 22; 24] is shown to be effective to the scheduling problem, it is adopted as a basis of this work. To conduct this study, a model should be developed to describe the dynamic behavior of the system. For crude oil operations, there are discrete events, such as the start and end of the charging and discharging of tanks. However, oil flows continuously. Thus, the process of crude oil operations is characterized as a hybrid system containing both discrete-event and continuous variables. A hybrid model is necessary. There are hybrid Petri net models such as fluid stochastic Petri nets [31; 32] and stochastic activity networks [33]. These models can describe the stochastic properties of many systems well, but they are not developed to describe the flows of continuous materials in a system. Note that, the scheduling process of crude oil operations addressed here is not a stochastic one, while continuous flows of crude oil are essential. Thus, we extend the hybrid PN models in [24; 29; 30] to model the system, since they can describe such a system well. The next section briefly introduces the process of crude oil operations and its short-term scheduling problem. Then, a hybrid PN model is presented for such a process in Section 3. With the model, Section 4 presents the methods for the short-term scheduling problem of systems with multiple distillers to minimize the usage of the SCF mode. Section 5 extends the results obtained in Section 4 to general systems with \(K\) distillers. An industrial case study is given to show the application of the proposed methods in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 draws the conclusions.
# Mapping irrigated Areas Using Sentinel-1 Time Series in Catalonia, Spain
###### Abstract  
Mapping irrigated plots is essential for better water resource management. Today, the free and open access Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data with high revisit time offers a powerful tool for irrigation mapping at plot scale. Up to date, few studies have used S1 and S2 data to provide approaches for mapping irrigated plots. This study proposes a method to map irrigated plots using S1 SAR (synthetic aperture radar) time series. First, a dense temporal series of S1 backscattering coefficients were obtained at plot scale in VV (Vertical-Vertical) and VH (Vertical-Horizontal) polarizations over a study site located in Catalonia, Spain. In order to remove the ambiguity between rainfall and irrigation events, the S1 signal obtained at plot scale was used conjointly to S1 signal obtained at a grid scale (10 km \(\times\) 10 km). Later, two mathematical transformations, including the principal component analysis (PCA) and the wavelet transformation (WT), were applied to the several SAR temporal series obtained in both VV and VH polarization. Irrigated areas were then classified using the principal component (PC) dimensions and the WT coefficients in two different random forest (RF) classifiers. Another classification approach using one dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) was also performed on the obtained S1 temporal series. The results derived from the RF classifiers with S1 data show high overall accuracy using the PC values (90.7%) and the WT coefficients (89.1%). By applying the CNN approach on SAR data, a significant overall accuracy of 94.1% was obtained. The potential of optical images to map irrigated areas by the mean of a normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) temporal series was also tested in this study in both the RF and the CNN approaches. The overall accuracy obtained using the NDVI in RF classifier reached 89.5% while that in the CNN reached 91.6%. The combined use of optical and radar data slightly enhanced the classification in the RF classifier but did not significantly change the accuracy obtained in the CNN approach using S1 data.  
irrigation; Sentinel-1; principal components; wavelet transformation; random forest; deep learning; convolutional neural network; Spain 11 1836 10.3390/rs11151836
# Biomaterials for Ophthalmic Applications
## 2 Biomaterials in Ophthalmology
### Tissue Engineering  
Tissue engineering evolved from biomaterials development and is based on the combination of scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules to promote the development of functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs. The approach was conceived to address the critical gap between the growing number of patients on the waiting list for organ transplantation and the limited number of donated organs available [25].  
The general process of tissue engineering is based on the implantation of living cells in a scaffold specially designed to promote tissue replacement and regeneration [24; 25] as is schematized in Figure 2. It is therefore considered as the next step in the development of biomaterials. Regenerative medicine relies on interdisciplinary research and applications based on repair, replacement or the regeneration of cells, tissues or organs to restore impaired functions. However, adult humans have only a limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. Induced regeneration has been reported in conjunctiva and cornea.  
Tissue engineering in the eye has been reported mainly in the anterior segment (cornea and conjunctiva) and significant progress has been made in cell therapies to treat degenerative diseases of the retina. Ocular regenerative therapies are a new tool to treat several blinding disorders, namely corneal disease, cataract, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Several transplantable products, delivered as cell suspensions or as preformed 3D scaffolds combining cells and natural or artificial substrates, are being studied. Bioengineering approaches with advance cell product manufacturing are being developed, thereby enhancing stem cell-based medicine [138].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Clinical Application** & **Material** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Contact lenses} & PMMA & [98; 99; 100; 101; 102] \\  & HEMA hydrogel & [37; 103; 104; 105] \\  & Silicone hydrogel & [106; 107; 108; 109; 110] \\  & PVA & [111; 112; 113; 114] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Intraocular lenses} & PMMA & [115; 116; 117] \\  & Hydrophobic acrylate polymers & [70; 118] \\  & Hydrophilic acrylate polymers & [119; 120; 121] \\  & Siloxanes & [70; 104; 122] \\  & Collamer & [123; 124; 125] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Inlays} & Hydrophilic hydrogels & [126] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Vitreous substitutes} & Gas (air, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and perfluoropropane (C3F8) & [14; 127] \\  & Liquid (physiological solution, perfluorocarbon fluids (PFCL), \\  & semi-fluorinated alkanes (SFA) & [128; 129] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Natural and semi-synthetic polymers (hyaluronic acid and \\ \cline{1-1}  & chitosan, silicone oil) & [130; 131; 132; 133; 134; 135] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Hydrogels & [136; 137] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Main classes of ophthalmic applications involving biomaterials.
## 1 Introduction
focused on the preparation and designation of compartmentalized spaces as nanoreactor which could be used in biological and technical aspects [25]. Preparation and influencing factors of paraffin/poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules by in-situ polymerization have been investigated by many researchers [26]. [PERSON] et al. have shown that almost no paraffin was capsulated in the shell prepared through a one-step method, while paraffin/PUF microcapsules was successfully fabricated by a two-step method with the poly(ethylene-_alt_-maleic anhydride) (PEMA) as emulsifier [27]. Longer prepolymerization and polymerization time can improve the morphology and capsulated paraffin content. [PERSON] et al. prepared paraffin/PUF capsules with styrene-maleic anhydride alternating the copolymer as emulsifier and fabrication parameters, such as the amount of emulsifier and urea-formaldehyde (UF) precursor to optimize the performance of the product [28]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the effect of curing temperature on the performance of paraffin/PUF capsules and presented the optimum curing temperature as 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C, leading to microcapsule enthalpy of 74.2 J/g [29]. [PERSON] et al. found that the addition of sodium chloride could increase the crystallization enthalpy from 65.0 to 79.8 J/g and the morphologies of capsules could be significantly improved by adding the dispersing agent 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid in the latter part of polymerization [30]. [PERSON] et al. fabricated paraffin/PUF microcapsules with melting enthalpy of 117.6 J/g and found that sodium chloride could improve the microcapsule morphology [31]. [PERSON] et al. proved that mass ratio of core material increased from 30.4% to 61.8% with the resorcinol concentration increasing from 0.25% to 5%. They also found that the morphologies became worse if the amount of resorcinol kept increasing [32]. [PERSON] et al. found that the addition of ammonium could cause the pH of system to decrease, because of the reaction between ammonium chloride and formaldehyde. In addition, the reaction between ammonium chloride and urea-formaldehyde can generate active substances on the surface, which drives the formation of PUF nanoparticles to enrich on the surface of microcapsules [33]. In previous reports, many factors in the fabrication of microcapsules have been investigated. Sodium chloride and crosslinker have also been commonly used to improve the properties and performance of microcapsules. However, the influence of the amount of the two types of agents and how their working mechanisms are impacted has received little research attention and requires further study. This study aims to investigate the synthesis route of microcrystalline paraffin/PUF microcapsules and to find out the optimal technological parameters. In particular, the effects of sodium chloride on morphology and encapsulation efficiency are studied in detail.
## 3 ATON Framework
### Presentation Layer
#### 3.6.5 Semantic Annotations  
Interactive Web3D applications in general [68] and specifically those targeting Cultural Heritage have strong requirements for the annotation of 3D models [69], linking a sub-portion of a 3D object or scene to some related information presented to final users. Previous research already showed the importance of separating semantics from 3D representations [70; 71; 72]. Having a separated _semantic-graph_ offers great advantages and flexibility when dealing with different data granularity, specifically separating the 3D rendering requirements of visible scene-graph (multi-resolution, hierarchical culling, cascading transformations, etc.) from semantic segmentation requirements. Building from previous literature, ATON adopts semantic 3D shapes as primary means to link information, with several advantages:* They can be organized hierarchically (semantic graph), thus using instancing and cascading transformations
* They can be produced by external 3D modeling software, semi-automatic algorithms or interactively generated by users at runtime
* They are suitable for 3D queries performed in immersive VR/AR sessions (through 3D intersection routines)
* They can be used as base elements to build more advanced formalisms  
Each semantic node in ATON possesses a specific ID (e.g., \"eyes\", \"floor01\", etc.) with one or more children shapes, offering simple routines for web-applications to define their own behaviours when hovering or selecting shapes belonging to that ID. Common examples include showing a popup containing linked information, sliding informative panels, audio playback and much more.  
Regarding user-generated shapes, the framework allows two different approaches for interactive annotation at runtime (see Figure 11): (1) _Basic_: spherical shapes (location and radius) and (2) _Free-form_: shapes progressively built from points interactively placed on queried surfaces or in mid-air (convex-hull algorithm). In terms of network transmission, the first is indeed more compact, since a single shape can be described by 4 values (location coordinates + radius), while a free-form shape requires a list of 3D coordinates (4 points at least). Both semantic shape types can be exported into glTF or OBJ formats, directly using underneath ATON routines: a Web3D tool can thus provide user interfaces (UIs) to selectively download nodes in the _semantic-graph_. For specific workflows with dedicated UIs, such a feature allows professionals to interactively and easily create semantic shapes (annotations)--using mouse, fingers, stylus pens or VR controllers--and then reuse such shapes in other 3D modeling software.
# Acceleration of Service Life Testing by Using Weibull Distribution on Fiber Optical Connectors
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Vibration Analysis  
When the assessment of fiber optical connectors is conducted by vibration analysis, different signal processes can be considered; this can be performed within either the time or the frequency domain. Among these techniques, the PSD analysis is widely used [26]. In the analysis we must consider that the product being vibrated responds to the input vibration as a function of the product's resonant frequency, where the amplification factor of the response Q is expressed as the transmissibility of the vibration amplitude at the resonance frequency [26], and it is given by  
\[Q=\frac{f_{n}}{\Delta f} \tag{18}\]  
where \(f_{n}\) is the natural frequency in Hz, and it is determined either by Equation (19) or Equation (20) [27],  
\[f_{n}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} \tag{19}\]  
\[f_{n}=\frac{W_{n}}{2\pi} \tag{20}\]where \(m\) is the mass; k is the material's stiffness and \(W_{n}\) is the natural frequency in \(Rad/Sec\). When an oscillatory excitation force acts on the element under analysis, this is led by Equation (21) [28].  
\[m\ddot{x}+c\ddot{x}+kx=F_{0} \tag{21}\]  
\(m\), \(c\), and \(k\) are the mass, damping, and stiffness of the system, which represent its inertial, dissipative and elastic properties, respectively, while \(F_{o}\), represents the force applied to the element's mass. In the case of a fiber optical connector, the signal measured in dB can be monitored by using fiber measurement equipment (see Figure 1) when it is submitted to the stress of vibration PSD load by a period of time stated.  
Now, the steps to determine the percentage of product life consumed by the service life testing and the vibration ALT performed in fiber optical connectors are presented in the diagram in Figure 2.  
Here, note that from the proposed analysis, the corresponding Weibull reliability is estimated. Next, a numerical application is presented.  
Figure 1: Insertion loss (dB) measurement of an optical signal with fiber optical connectors. Note: the same system of measurements was applied to monitoring the fiber optic behavior while it was being submitted to either environmental or mechanical load of stress.  
Figure 2: Service life testing and ALT analysis.
# SpaFLEX: Field Campaign for Calibration and Validation of FLEX-S3 Mission Products +
## 4 Conclusions and Further Research  
The field campaign design establishes a manageable number of ESUs and field measurements to achieve the objective of errors of less than 10% in SIF and 1% in reflectance.  
The next task within the SpaFLEX project will be to apply an upscaling and error propagation methodology to verify whether measurement errors remain within the allowable limit for a 300 \(\times\) 300 m pixel.  
Conceptualization, P.J.G.-G., D.A., M.J., M.P.C.-M., S.V.W., J.J.P., A.M.-E. and R.D.-D.; methodology, P.J.G.-G. and R.D.-D.; field campaign, P.J.G.-G., D.A., M.J., M.P.C.-M., J.J.P. and A.M.-E.; software, P.J.G.-G., R.D.-D. and D.A.; data curation, P.J.G.-G., R.D.-D. and D.A.; writing--review, and editing, P.J.G.-G., M.J. and R.D.-D.; graphical deployment, P.J.G.-G., D.A. and A.M.-E.; supervision, R.D.-D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This publication is part of the R&D&I projects PID2022-137022 OB-C33 and PCI2023-145988-2, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/. Part of this work was also funded by the eLTER Plus project (INFRAIA, Horizon 2020, Agreement no. 871128).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
Authors are also participants of the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platforms (PTI) PTI EcoBioDiv and PTI Teledetect and in the thematic network NetOps (RED2022-134438-T) funded by MICIU.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & **ESU (ID)** & **PRI \(\sigma\)** & **n (Reflectance)** & **ChIRE \(\sigma\)** & **n (Fluorescence)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sarrion} & 49 & 0.020 & 14.797 & 0.188 & 13.581 \\  & 94 & 0.020 & 15.148 & 0.202 & 15.727 \\  & 115 & 0.021 & 16.602 & 0.182 & 12.719 \\  & 201 & 0.024 & 22.670 & 0.187 & 13.378 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Manzanera} & 51 & 0.021 & 17.341 & 0.203 & 15.861 \\  & 152 & 0.019 & 14.200 & 0.198 & 15.031 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 176 & 0.022 & 17.811 & 0.150 & 8.678 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 45 & 0.021 & 17.287 & 0.209 & 16.847 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: ESU ID within the 300 \(\times\) 300 plot, standard deviation of PRI and ChIRE, and number of sampling points for reflectance and fluorescence.
# Structural Information Reconstruction of Distorted Underwater Images Using Image Registration
## 2 Methods  
### Overview  
In this section, we propose a new image restoration method, which is illustrated as the flow chart in Figure 1. The primary object of the proposed method is to recover an undistorted sequence \(V_{f}=\left\{I_{f1},I_{f2},\ldots I_{fn}\right\}\) and a dewarped frame F from a distorted underwater sequence \(V_{d}=\left\{I_{d1},I_{d2},\ldots I_{dn}\right\}\), where \(V\in\mathbb{R}^{h\times x\times n}\). The restoration algorithm is composed of three major parts:  
1. Lucky patches fusion: the severely distorted image patches within each frame and across the entire image sequence are clustered and discarded, and the patches with less distortion are selected to fuse a reference image.
2. Guided filter: a guided filter algorithm is employed to preserve the edge and smooth the non-edge of the fused image.
3. Image registration: to dewarp the frames sequence, a nonrigid registration is applied to register frames against the reference R.  
After applying the registration algorithm several times, the frames obtained still contain several misalignments and residual noises. The robust PCA technique is employed as the post-processing to refine the frames, and patches fusion is used to obtain a single dewarped image.
# Remote Sensing for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops
## 4 Approaches to Precision Irrigation
### Remote Sensing and Soil
#### 4.3.2 [PERSON] et al. (2016) evaluated the use of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to investigate crop water use efficiency of drip-irrigated tomato. A new instrument to measure in-depth soil moisture was tested combined with the Hargreaves method and VIs with the goal of reducing irrigation volume, to assess crop spatial variability, and to identify the best VIs related to WUE, at a field scale. The tomato crop was drip irrigated by an automated precision system, which maintained the soil water content within a specific range related to growth stage and environmental conditions.  
The instrument recorded the soil moisture at different soil depths, providing information on the amount of water to apply, taking into account--at each watering--the volume of the root zone explored by the crop. The results confirmed that the system saved water, applying lower soil water depths than those calculated with the Hargreaves formula. The field was divided into three clusters, characterized by increasing WUE. The highest (H) cluster showed a WUE value of 35.1 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\); the lowest (L) showed WUE a value of 23.1 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\). Among VIs tested, the Perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index (SAVI), optimized Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Weighted Difference Vegetation (WDVI) were significantly related to tomato crop yield. The authors concluded that \"_PVI proved to be a useful tool for (i) a better understanding of the different field productive areas and for (ii) the adoption of variable water rate application according to the different PVI values. The irrigation system adopted proved to be effective from agronomic and environmental point of view_\".  
Similar probes were used by [PERSON] et al. (2017) to monitor soil water in a vineyard for irrigation management. [PERSON] et al. (2018) studied the application of quick techniques based on thermal imaging and visual-NIR spectroscopy for measuring WUE in millet. The authors suggested that the exact spectral parameters used for measuring physiological factors (e.g., E, g\({}_{\text{s}}\), leaf and WUE) may be used for estimating response of crops to changes in the environmental conditions.