# Game-Based Resource Allocation Mechanism in B5G HetNets with Incomplete Information
## 1 Introduction  
Rapid proliferation of intelligent objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) brings a tremendous data traffic increase in 5G and beyond networks. The Cisco visual networking index [1], updated in 2019, predicts that, by 2022, mobile data traffic will reach a seven-fold increase over 2017 and average 5G connections will be three times more than 4G connections. Meanwhile, as diverse deployments of 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets), mobile users are able to access one or more wireless networks optimally and simultaneously for obtaining better network resources and quality of services (QoS). This trend incurs increasing requirements and competitions for limited network resources amongubiquitous IoT devices. Furthermore, for each HetNet in a 5G and beyond environment, efficient and effective resource allocation methods should be adopted to improve the rate of resource utilization and optimize global system performance. Consequently, the allocation or management of HetNet resources has always been a crucial issue needing prompt solutions. Numerous works have been conducted to solve the above issues, especially game-based methods, proving to be efficient and practical for improving the allocation of limited resources in realistic situations, where the strategies of mobile users or networks are interacted with mutually. [PERSON] et al. [2] propose a potential game-based distributed resource allocation optimization algorithm in HetNets with mobile edge computing. [PERSON] et al. [3] address the uplink cross-layer (physical layer and link layer) resource allocation problem for heterogeneous wireless access, which is based on imperfect channel state information and queue state information, respectively. Authors in References [4; 5] analyzed the interactions among users and networks based on the Stackelberg game, where both mobile users and networks obtain their optimal equilibrium strategies. The game theory has also been used to solve the problem of distributed power control and dynamic pricing in References [6; 7]. Meanwhile, in research [8; 9; 10], game theory is utilized to address the issue of network selection, with mobile users aimed to selfishly maximize their own utilities. Heterogeneous vehicular network selection is studied in Reference [8] under conditions where the performance parameters of some networks are changing. [PERSON] et al. [9] analyzes the resource sharing problem in the cloud radio access network (C-RAN)-based cellular networks and models the problem as a noncooperative game. [PERSON] et al. [10] studies the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) access selection and base station (BS) bandwidth allocation problems by presenting a hierarchical game framework. Bargaining game-based frameworks is proposed in Reference [11] to solve the joint power and bandwidth allocation in cognitive HetNets, while frequency and timeslot selection problems are studied in Reference [12], based on the potential game. Game theory-enabled methods are also utilized to solve the resource allocation issue in the device-to-device (D2D) communication scenario [13; 14; 15; 16]. Specifically, power control and resource assignment problems in a cognitive radio based HetNet coexisting with cognitive D2D pairs and cellular users are solved in Reference [13], and the non-cooperative game is adopted in Reference [14] to address the cross-tier and co-tier interference in D2D communications. [PERSON] et al. [15] focus on the security of both cellular and D2D communications through a game-based resource allocation scheme, while [PERSON] et al. [16] propose the coalition formation game-based joint resource allocation and power control algorithm to maximize the D2D system throughput. Furthermore, the optimal allocation of the spectrum resource is studied in [17; 18], respectively, based on the n-person game and Stackelberg game. Meanwhile, in Reference [19], cooperative game theory is utilized for solving the fair-awareness resource sharing problem in 5G environments and [PERSON] et al.