## 1 Introduction  
Liver failure is a severe illness characterized by liver dysfunction, often resulting from viruses [1], alcohol abuse [2], drug exposure [3], and other factors. It is marked by significant morbidity and mortality rates [4, 5]. The primary pathological alteration in liver failure is the widespread death of liver cells, which are challenging to regenerate, thus compromising the liver's ability to efficiently carry out its vital functions of synthesis, transformation, and detoxification; consequently, this can trigger a cascade of critical health complications, including jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, and coagulation disorders [6, 7]. Presently, liver transplantation stands as the definitive treatment for patients with liver failure; however, the acute shortage of donor livers poses a significant limitation to the widespread clinical application of this procedure [8; 9]. Research on artificial liver technology holds significant importance in refining and improving the ongoing treatment of patients suffering from liver function failure [10; 11; 12]. Among various technologies, the bioinformatic liver stands out as an extracorporeal biological reaction system grounded in hepatocytes. Its mechanism involves cultivating hepatocytes in an external circulation device, referred to as a bioreactor, where a substance exchange takes place between the hepatocytes and the patient's plasma either through a semi-permeable membrane or direct contact, thereby aiding liver function. When juxtaposed with mechanical artificial livers [13], the bioartificial liver offers not just detoxification abilities but also carries out synthetic metabolism and biotransformation functions within the bioreactor, thus providing a more holistic liver function replacement [14; 15]. Ensuring a high-density, large-scale hepatocyte culture within the bioreactor while preserving its viability and function is pivotal for amplifying the therapeutic effectiveness of bioartificial livers [16; 17; 18]. Tissue-engineered three-dimensional cultures represent the evolving trend in artificial liver bioreactor technology [19; 20]. Given that hepatocytes are polarized, anchorage-dependent cells that naturally proliferate within a three-dimensional network scaffold composed of diverse extracellular matrices in vivo, mimicking this native environment through the preparation of a three-dimensional porous scaffold could potentially facilitate tissue-engineered three-dimensional culture in vitro. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a condensation polymer derived from terephthalate acid and ethylene glycol. As a synthetic polymer biomaterial, PET demonstrates remarkable mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, heat tolerance, and optical properties. Easily modifiable and processable, its application in the fields of biology and medicine is expanding rapidly [21; 22]. Despite PET's good chemical stability in body fluids [23], its pronounced hydrophobicity, stemming from chemical inertness, absence of polar groups, and low surface energy, significantly impacts its biocompatibility. PET's inability to induce tissue remodeling limits its capacity to enhance cell functionality and activity in in vitro cultures [24]. Collagen is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can self-assemble into cross-striped fibers, providing support for cell growth and giving connective tissue a certain mechanical toughness [25]. Collagen has many important biological characteristics, for example, it can serve as a substrate for cell adhesion and migration, providing signals to cells to regulate their functions; it can form three-dimensional scaffolds of various physical configurations to support cell growth and construct engineered tissues; it can also be enzymatically degraded in the body with low immune rejection, which is beneficial for tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, it is abundant in sources, easy to extract, and low cost.