## 2 Reclamation Phases
### Clastic Rock and Clay Raw Materials  
Shaping the slopes of excavation sites is one of the most expensive works performed within the framework of technical reclamation, and it depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the waste rock and soil, as well as on the function of the reclaimed object. The inclination of shaped excavation slopes as part of the reclamation is related to the future accessibility of the reclaimed area, the ease of its use, and geotechnical properties of ground. It should also be emphasized that the slope inclination after the end of exploitation may be different for the clastic rocks and clays. This is due to the greater cohesiveness of soils after exploitation of clay raw materials. In the case of clastic rocks and clays, slope inclination of excavation sites after the end of reclamation should be 1:3 for agricultural, economic (excluding facilities created for a landfill site), and cultural objectives, while it should be 1:2 for forest and natural objectives of reclamation. At the commencement of technical reclamation of post-mining situations for which natural succession is planned, surface slope modification is not conducted. However, the slope inclination of a future landfill site should be from 1:3 to 1:8 [17]. Therefore, landfill sites can only be located in excavations after the exploitation of clay and clastic rock raw materials. As part of the preparation for the formation of this type of end use, it is necessary to achieve natural or synthetic (using, for example, a geomembrane) isolation (sealing) [15]. In the case of fishponds (agricultural objective), complete water drainage must be allowed, and the bed of the pond must be allowed to dry, which is affected by the level of the groundwater table. Moreover, the pond should have a maximum depth of 2.5 m, and the slope inclination of the bank should be 1:2 or 1:3 for clastic rocks, and 1:2 for clays [18; 19]. The method of reclamation of aquatic objective depends on the future function of the reservoir. The construction of a water reservoir with the functions of impounding, flood control, freshwater reservoir, etc. requires the fulfillment of specific formal and legal requirements. For clastic rocks and clays, slope inclination should not exceed 30% (1:3.3) and slopes should have long-lasting stability: a protective buffer zone, with a minimum width of 50 m, is constructed adjacent to the slope [20]. Reservoirs functioning as an element of the landscape and built for aesthetic purposes should have slope inclinations of 1:2 or 1:3 for clastic rocks, 1:1.5 or 1:2 for clays [18; 19], and 1:5 for underwater slopes [21]. However, in order to provide a greater diversity of habitats, slopes should be shaped to provide reservoirs with zones of deep and shallow water, as well as islands, bays, and peninsulas. The inclination of underwater slopes in the shore waters should be from 1:8 to 1:10 and should increase with the distance off the shore [22]. A reservoir for recreational purposes, referred to as a lido, can be constructed in pits formed by mining elastic rocks and clays and should comply to water quality standards. Table 2 shows the parameters and guidelines for shaping the slopes of a lido above and below the waterline. Figure 2 shows a profile of a lido created in the pit formed by the excavation of clastic rocks and clays. Reservoirs for recreational purposes typically have a defined beach area, while the remaining area of the reservoir may be used for fishing or water sports, e.g., sailing or diving. The requirements for such objects are varied and mostly depend on the technical, geological, and economic conditions. Recreational water boundaries which are not beaches should have similar slopes as reservoirs functioning as an element of the landscape. Reservoirs for diving should have a diverse bed shape, and reservoirs for sailing should have a considerable depth (several tens of meters) and area (several tens of hectares) [14; 16]. Shaping the excavation slopes is one of the elements of shaping the terrain.