# Gazing Characteristics of a Driver during Vehicle Backing
## 3 Results  
Figure 6 shows an example of the distance series of an AOI gaze plot for (a) NT-V, (b) S-V, (c) BC-V, and (d) BCS-V, measured from one volunteer. When a driver drove NT-V and S-V, the driver mainly gazed at the left-side mirror for the start phase, and the right-side mirror for the stop phase; when driving BC-V and BCS-V, the driver mainly gazed at the left-side mirror for the start phase and the monitor and right-side mirror for the stop phase. The driver did not use the rearview mirror for any phase under the four technological conditions. Figure 6: Example of the distance series of an AOI gaze plot measured from one volunteer: (**a**) NT-V; (**b**) S-V; (**c**) BC-V; (**d**) BCS-V. The significant differences in the average gazing time of all the volunteers in each AOI in the given technology between the start and stop phases are indicated in Table 1. Figure 7 shows the gazing time ratio of individual AOIs compared to all AOIs. For example, for the start phase, it is shown that the gaze time for the left-side mirror (5.57 s) was 83% of the total AOI (6.67 s) for the NT-V. For the start phase, the gazing time of the left-side mirror was the longest among the AOIs when drivers drove all types of vehicle technologies. For the stop phase, when drivers drove NT-V and S-V, the gazing time on the right-side mirror was the longest, and when they drove BC-V and BCS-V, the gazing time on the monitor was the longest among the AOIs. When drivers drove NT-V, the gazing time of the left-side mirror for the start phase (5.57 s) was significantly longer than that for the stop phase (2.32 s). The gazing time of the right-side mirror for the start phase (0.78 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (5.06 s). When they drove S-V, a similar trend as that obtained for the NT-V was observed. The gazing time of the left-side mirror for the start phase (5.49 s) was significantly longer than that for the stop phase (2.54 s). The gazing time of the right-side mirror for the start phase (0.54 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (4.57 s). These results indicate that when drivers drove a vehicle without a backup camera (NT-V or S-V), they mainly used the left-side mirror for the start phase, and both the right-side mirror and the left-side mirror for the stop phase. When drivers drove BC-V, the gazing time of the monitor for the start phase (2.89 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (9.70 s). The gazing time of the left-side mirror for the start phase (3.37 s) was longer than that for the stop phase (1.10 s), but there was no significant difference. The gazing time of the right-side mirror for the start phase (0.49 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (2.32 s). For BCS-V, a similar trend as that obtained for BC-V was observed. The gazing time of the monitor during the start phase (2.15 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (8.44 s). The gazing time of the left-side mirror for the start phase (3.85 s) was significantly longer than that for the stop phase (1.31 s). The gazing time of the right-side mirror for the start phase (0.30 s) was significantly shorter than that for the stop phase (2.13 s). These results indicate that when drivers drove a vehicle with a backup camera (BC-V or BCS-V), they mainly used the left-side mirror together with a monitor for the start phase, and they mainly used a monitor in addition to the right-side mirror for the stop phase. Table 1 also presents the significant difference in the average total gazing of all AOIs in each type of vehicle. For instance, for NT-V and S-V, the total gazing time of all AOIs consists of three types of mirrors (the rearview mirror, left-side mirror, and right-side mirror). For BC-V and BCS-V, the total gazing time of all AOIs consists of a monitor and three types of mirrors. For NT-V, there was no significant difference in the total gazing time of all AOIs between the start phase (6.67 s) and the stop phase (7.48 s).