# Influence of Fatigue and Defensive Pressure on Three-Point Jump-Shot Kinematics in Basketball
## 1 Introduction  
In order to be a successful basketball player, it is essential to develop high-level performance factors, particularly a player's technical-tactical skill set, which must adapt to different game situations, such as fatigue and defensive pressure [1, 2]. The primary goal of players and teams is to score, and shooting is the most effective individual technique in basketball games, directly influencing overall success [3, 4]. Achieving precise shooting requires mastering a technique that respects the form and optimal kinematic and dynamic structure of movement patterns. Additionally, successful shooting performance depends on numerous factors, including biomechanical parameters and the body's ability to adapt to different levels of physiological load [5, 6]. While there are various types of basketball shots, the jump shot is regarded as the most important and complex shooting technique [7, 8]. Researchers have identified distance from the basket, fatigue, defensive pressure, and contextual factors as key influences on jump-shot accuracy [9, 10]. Basketball coaches continually strive to optimize players' jump-shot technique, which is traditionally evaluated subjectively based on the coach's experience and expertise. However, to accurately diagnose a player's technique, every detail must be examined, a task that cannot be achieved through subjective assessment alone. Basketball demands maximum accuracy in performing motor tasks like shooting, making it crucial to conduct precise and objective analyses of the factors that influence performance. Kinematic analysis, supported by modern diagnostic technologies, offers a deeper understanding of movement patterns in the basketball jump-shot technique, enabling coaches to enhanceplayers' performance [11; 12]. This detailed analysis provides valuable insights that help in refining shooting techniques. Today's basketball game requires players to possess highly refined shooting techniques and accuracy, especially in high-pressure situations and under intense physiological stress [13; 14]. Long-distance shots, in particular, demand precise coordination of various factors, such as eye-foot coordination, center of mass positioning, segment velocity, and the proximity of the defender [15; 16]. All of these factors significantly influence shooting success. Previous studies have reported that fatigue tends to impair both technical skills and kinematic parameters during the jump shot [17; 18]. As fatigue increases, shooting accuracy tends to decrease [19]. The physical demands of basketball games are constantly growing, making fatigue an unavoidable aspect of competition [20; 21]. Some players may have advanced basketball skills, but fatigue can impair their coordination and technique, ultimately reducing their performance efficiency. Fatigue affects kinematic parameters such as ball trajectory, joint angles in the upper and lower extremities, and the center of mass, particularly during long-range shots [6; 18]. In addition to fatigue, defensive pressure also plays a significant role in altering jump-shot performance. Studies by [PERSON] et al. [8] and [PERSON] et al. [22] highlighted changes in shooting technique under defensive pressure, such as quicker ball release and higher release points. These findings suggest that variability in practice conditions is essential, and coaches should integrate scientific research into their training methods to produce top-performing basketball players. The importance of three-point jump shots in modern basketball is clear due to its influence on game results. To win games, players must maintain a high level of technical proficiency throughout the match, even when fatigueed or facing defensive pressure [23; 24]. However, there is limited research, according to the literature, focusing on how fatigue affects three-point shooting performance, especially when combined with defensive pressure.