# Model Test on the Behaviors of Deep Excavation with Lateral Confined Water
## 5 Conclusions  
Through a laboratory model test, the stress and deformation behavior of a pit excavation in the presence of a lateral confined aquifer were investigated, and the influence mechanism of lateral confined aquifer pressure on the stress and deformation of the foundation pit was revealed. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. Under the action of lateral confined water pressure, the reduction in earth pressure due to the inward displacement of the diaphragm wall exceeds the increase in water pressure caused by the rise in the confined water level, leading to an overall decrease in lateral pressure. This reduction is particularly pronounced within the depth range of the rising confined water level. The bending moment distribution of the diaphragm wall exhibits a pattern of negative moments at the top and bottom, and positive moments in the middle, with positive moments being larger than negative ones;
2. Excavation and the rise of the lateral confined water level affect pore water pressure inside and outside the pit. Notably, changes in pore water pressure are most significant within the depth range of the lateral confined aquifer. The axial forces on the struts are closely related to whether the excavation reaches the confined aquifer. When excavation reaches this depth, struts experience a sharp increase in axial forces, with the fourth level of strut showing the most substantial increase (51.3%);
3. The diaphragm wall shifts inward under lateral confined water pressure and soil excavation, with horizontal displacement increasing as the confined water level rises, surpassing the safety limit of 0.5%\(D\). Surface vertical displacement outside the foundation pit shows a groove-shaped pattern. The rise in confined water level causes soil near the pit edge to uplift, increasing vertical displacement, while soil excavation reduces it. The inward displacement of the diaphragm wall causes soil loss behind the wall, with smaller vertical displacements near the diaphragm wall monitoring points compared to those farther away. Additionally, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the excavation response of the pit under lateral confined water pressure, it is recommended to use numerical simulations to verify the  
Figure 17: Deformation pattern of the diaphragm wall under different lateral confined water levels.  
accuracy of the model test data and to investigate the complex soil-water-structure interactions during the excavation process.  
Conceptualization, M.W.; methodology, M.H.; software, X.X.; validation, C.L.; formal analysis, Z.Y.; investigation, Q.H.; resources, Z.Y.; data curation, X.X.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, M.W.; visualization, Q.H.; supervision, M.H.; project administration, C.L.; funding acquisition, X.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51878616), National Key Research and Development Program Project of China (Grant No. 2022 YFC3005501) and the Construction Research Project of Zhejiang Province (Grant Nos. 2023K195 and 2024K222).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the corresponding author on request.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Zhejiang Huadong Geotechnical Investigation and Design Institute Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Dongtong Geotechnical Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the re-search was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.