## 1 Introduction  
Surface treatment is one of the critical aspects of the manufacturing process that fundamentally affects the quality, functionality, and durability of the final product. For this reason, it is essential that this phase is carried out with a high degree of precision and expertise. A thorough and high-quality surface treatment ensures the long-term durability of the material and its reliability in use. Surface treatments provide protection against mechanical damage, weathering, and increased adhesion to other materials. The detrimental impact of metal corrosion on the economy, the environment, and safety requires urgent preventive measures [1, 2, 3]. The use of organic coatings on metal surfaces has been shown to effectively retard the corrosion process, preventing the metal from encountering corrosive media. However, the effectiveness of these coatings is influenced by various parameters, including the intrinsic nature of the coatings themselves, the continuity of the coating phase, and the thickness of the coatings applied [4]. These parameters are not easily controlled by traditional methods, such as spraying the solution, dipping, or brushing. Consequently, the parameters in question could be controlled by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method, which has been used to prepare coatings of controllable thickness at the electrode by applying a DC electric field between the cathode and the anode. The EPD process can be divided into two distinct types, cathodic and anodic deposition, depending on the nature of the materials to be deposited [5]. For corrosion resistance purposes, cathodic deposition has advantages over anodic deposition. In anodic electrodeposition, the inevitable electrolysis of water in the anode, which produces hydrogen ions and oxygen, weakens the effectiveness of corrosion protection [6]. Recently, the use of nanoparticles as inorganic nanofillers in polymeric protective coatings has attracted special attention because of their unique barrier properties. The homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles is a key factor in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. A study by [PERSON] [7] investigated the effect of cerium and zirconium nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance of cataphoretic epoxy coatings on AA 6060 alloy. The properties of the coatings were analyzed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, while the corrosion stability was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl solution. The results confirmed the importance of cataphoretic electro spraying as an effective corrosion protection method [8]. Cataphoretic electrodeposition is a widespread technique used in many fields, especially in the automotive industry, to protect the body of automobiles [9]. Manufacturers of organic coatings for the automotive industry test new products and materials according to production parameters to verify their properties before mass production. The key is selecting the appropriate test to differentiate between similar coatings and provide results in a short time. Accelerated ageing tests are used to predict the durability of coatings to speed up development. To improve the adhesion and corrosion protection of cataphoretic coatings, metal substrates are commonly subjected to surface pretreatment. Research by [PERSON] [10] has focused on the relationship between the electrochemical properties of metal substrates and the properties of electrophoretic clear coatings. The study investigated three types of substrates: active (bare steel), passive (nickel), and noble (gold). The aim was to determine whether the electrochemical behavior of the substrate influences coating properties, such as barrier properties, adhesion, and water absorption. The results showed that the properties of the coating are influenced by the type of substrate and its electrochemical behavior. Another study investigated the effect of graphene filler and thermochromic pigments on cataphoretic acrylic coatings.