## 4 Discussion  
Secondary metabolites from plant sources are major bioactive compounds known for their beneficial human health properties. However, these metabolites, initially characterizing the raw plant matrices, could be lost during different food-processing steps. Thus, supplementation of BCs as a dietary additive will help retain the required health-beneficial quantity of BCs in the diet. The extraction process is an important step in the preparation of food additives [14]. For these purposes, the optimal extraction method should be implemented and considered. Indeed, the extraction of BCs could be affected by several factors such as the nature of the sample matrix, type and concentration of extraction solvent, time, temperature, and pH [15; 16]. Since the solvent type used is one of the most significant factors, different solvents were tested and used for extracting these value-added \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Methods**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Solvents**} & **AChE** & **BChE** & **Tyrosinase** & \(\alpha\)**-Amylase** & \(\alpha\)**-Glucosidase** \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **(mg GALAE/g)** & **(mg KAE/g)** & **(mmol ACAE/g)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{HAE} & EA & - & 4.94 \(\pm\) 0.36 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.92 \(\pm\) 1.25 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.69 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\  & EtOH & 2.63 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - & 27.61 \(\pm\) 2.14 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.69 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - \\  & MetOH & 2.16 \(\pm\) 0.32 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 38.63 \(\pm\) 1.03 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\  & Water & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & - & 14.78 \(\pm\) 1.34 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{h}}\) & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{h}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MAC} & EA & - & 3.89 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 28.76 \(\pm\) 0.42 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\  & EtOH & 2.57 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.73 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 42.90 \(\pm\) 2.22 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - \\  & MetOH & 2.48 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & - & 50.42 \(\pm\) 0.41 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\  & Water & - & - & 10.62 \(\pm\) 1.11 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{i}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SOX} & EA & - & 1.94 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 51.34 \(\pm\) 4.48 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.20 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\  & EtOH & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 3.12 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 49.32 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 1.30 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & MetOH & 2.38 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 52.80 \(\pm\) 0.85 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Water (Infusion) & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.09 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & - & 11.17 \(\pm\) 0.40 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{h}}\) & 1.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are reported as mean \(\pm\) SD. HAE: homogenizer-assisted extraction; MAC: macroeration; SOX: Soxhet; EA: ethyl acetate; EtOH: ethanol; MeOH: methanol; GALAE: galvanamine equivalent; KAE: Kojic acid equivalent; ACAE: acarbose equivalent; \(\div\) not active. Different letters indicate significant differences in the tested extracts in the same column (_p_ < 0.05).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Enzyme-inhibiting effects of the tested extracts. products. Generally, the selection of solvents is based on the chemical nature and polarity of compounds that are required to be extracted. Most BCs, i.e., phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, are hydro-soluble.