## 1 Introduction
The Minjiang River Basin in the southwest is also showing a stable upward trend [35]. The NDVI of the entire southwestern region is growing at a rate of 0.02 per decade, with a regional increase of approximately 85.59% of the vegetation area [36]. A more significant improvement has been observed in the Tarim River Basin in the arid northwest region, where 90.1% of the area shows an increase in NDVI, with an overall trend of 0.032/decade, although the overall level is still relatively poor [37; 38]. Located in the eastern monsoon region of the Shandong Province, vegetation coverage is generally on the rise, especially in areas where human activities are concentrated [39]. The average NDVI value of vegetation in Central China and the Hubei Province from 2000 to 2022 was 0.762, fluctuating and increasing at a rate of 0.01/10a [40]. These studies explored the dynamics of vegetation cover in different regions, but most of them focused on overall trend analysis and prediction, neglecting detailed investigations of vegetation cover changes on different land types. Further research is needed on the relationship between vegetation cover change and land-use change, in order to quantify the contribution of land-use change to vegetation cover change [41; 42]. In addition, existing studies have also lacked attention to vegetation cover changes in coastal areas. There are many reasons for changes in vegetation coverage, which is also a research perspective of great concern. Natural factors such as the climate, terrain, and soil are usually the causes of large-scale vegetation coverage changes [43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49], and the impact of human activities cannot be ignored [50]. Different terrain conditions, in addition to the spatiotemporal differences in vegetation coverage caused by climate and hydrology differences due to different slope orientations [51; 52], are also important non-climatic factors for human activities [53; 54]. The drastic changes in the LULC in plain regions may indicate significant human activities, especially the urbanization process [55]. In Nanchang City, located in the Poyang Lake Plain in South China, LULC change is the dominant factor in vegetation coverage change, with construction and expansion of the city leading to the occupation of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland. Large-scale land activities such as abandonment and deforestation inocentric to more than 50% of vegetation coverage degradation, while returning farmland to forests and grasslands, reclamation of abandoned land, and the development of reserve resources are the main reasons for increases in vegetation coverage [56]. There is also a response relationship between vegetation coverage change and land-use change in the Guangdong Province. The map of transformation to urban and rural, industrial and mining, and residential land significantly overlaps with vegetation in highly degraded areas, indicating that the transformation of cultivated land and forest land to urban and rural, industrial and mining, and residential land is the main reason for the degradation of vegetation cover, with the Pearl River Delta region being the most significant example [57]. In northwestern India, it was found that increasing farmland is also beneficial for expanding green space [58]. In the arid regions of Central Asia, human activities are prone to causing vegetation degradation [44; 59]. The reason for the decrease in forest vegetation in the coastal regions of Tanzania is that most livelihoods in the region rely on agriculture and harvesting of forest products such as firewood, wood, and charcoal [60]. Therefore, evaluating the factors influencing vegetation coverage changes under different terrain conditions is of great value. Plain regions, especially warm and humid river deltas and coastal areas such as the coastal regions of South China, are frequently disturbed by humans, which may be an undeniable factor causing the changes in vegetation coverage in these regions.