# Developing a Hybrid Morphological Analyzer for Low-Resource Languages
## 3 Methodology
### Dataset Creation
#### 3.1.3 Paradigm Generation  
Certain words undergo inflection according to a set of rules, and the features that cause these changes form paradigms. This is carried out for noun, verb, indeclinable, adjective, numeric and pronouns. The basic paradigms are built based on the morphological rules, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Word Count**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Before Pre-Processing** & **After Pre-Processing** \\ \hline Noun & 9167 & 7873 \\ Verb & 1006 & 956 \\ Indeclinable & 176 & 242 \\ Adjective & 75 & 799 \\ Numeric & - & 9 \\ Pronoun & - & 12 \\ \hline Total & 10,424 & 9891 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Word count statistics before and after pre-processing. Figure 3: Proposed word classification in the Kannada language. Figure 2: Steps involved in pre-processing. and these are extended onto similar words that form the dictionary. The paradigms are written as XML files before compiling, and the analysis is performed by giving an inflected word as input. The steps involved in paradigm generation are shown in Figure 4. The generic algorithm for developing paradigms is shown in Algorithm 1. ```
Data: Kannada dictionary \(dict\) in the form \(<root,tag,meaning>\) Variables: List of nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, numeric, indeclinable \(noun\leftarrow\{n_{1},n_{2},\ldots,n_{t}\}\) verb \(\leftarrow\{v_{1},v_{2},\ldots,v_{q}\}\) pronoun \(\leftarrow\{p_{1},p_{2},\ldots,p_{r}\}\) indeclinable \(\leftarrow\{i_{1},i_{2},\ldots,i_{s}\}\) adjective \(\leftarrow\{a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{w}\}\) numeric \(\leftarrow\{m_{1},m_{2},\ldots,m_{u}\}\) #Sample noun and pronoun suffix list \(ns=[^{u},^{\prime},annu^{\prime},idx^{\prime},geV^{\prime},keV^{\prime},igeV^{ \prime},kkeV^{\prime},^{\prime},d^{\prime},alli^{\prime}]\) #Sample verb suffix list \(vs=[^{u},anu^{\prime},uwwwAev^{\prime},\ldots,^{\prime}vannu^{\prime},varu^{ \prime}]\) Output: Paradigms for each category
1 for\(s\)indictdo
2# Read a sentence fromdict data \(\leftarrow\)read(s)
3#Split and extract word with POS tag \(d\leftarrow split(data,neville)\)
4#Creation ofnew_dict in the form \(<root,tag>\) new_dict \(\leftarrow extract(d,root,tag)\) for\(i\)innew_dictdo
5 switch(tag): case\(noun\):\(root\gets split(i,ns)\)
6#Generate analysis for noun and write to the respective file \(file\_n.write(root,noun\_Analysis)\) case\(pronoun\):\(root\gets split(i,ns)\)
7#Generate analysis for pronoun and write to the respective file file \(\_p.write(root,pronoun\_Analysis)\) case\(verb\):\(root\gets split(i,vs)\)
8#Generate analysis for verb and write to the respective file \(file\_v.write(root,verb\_Analysis)\) default:
9#Generate analysis for adjective, indeclinable or numeric and write to a general file if\(i==\) adjective\(||i==\) indeclinable\(||i==\) numericthen
10 file_gen.write(root, tag)
11 else
12#Words without category print(\"Category not found\")
13
14
15 end if
16
17 end for
18
19 end for
20
21 end for
```  
**Algorithm 1**Paradigm construction from the dictionary  
```
Data: Kannada dictionary \(dict\) in the form \(<root,tag,meaning>\) Variables: List of nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, numeric, indeclinable \(noun\leftarrow\{n_{1},n_{2},\ldots,n_{t}\}\) verb \(\leftarrow\{v_{1},v_{2},\ldots,v_{q}\}\) pronoun \(\leftarrow\{p_{1},p_{2},\ldots,p_{r}\}\) indeclinable \(\leftarrow\{i_{1},i_{2},\ldots,i_{s}\}\) adjective \(\leftarrow\{a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{w}\}\) numeric \(\leftarrow\{m_{1},m_{2},\ldots



The following POS tags are considered in this study: noun, verb, indeclinable, adjective, numeric and pronoun. A Finite State automaton (FSA) is an abstract machine that can be in one of a finite number of states at a given point in time [35]. The adjectives, numerics, and indeclinables are retained as they do not have any inflections. The FSA for inflections of the noun _huduga_ is shown in Figure 5.

#### 3.1.4 Paradigm Extension

After creating a paradigm in XML, it is necessary to compile a dictionary of words that adhere to the specific paradigm.