esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Parallel Hierarchical Genetic Algorithm for Scattered Data Fitting through B-Splines
## 4 B-Spline Curve Fitting Using PHGA
### Fitness Function
#### 4.2.1 Akaike's Information Criterion  
The Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), proposed by [40], is a measure of the relative quality of statistical models for a given set of data; AIC deals with the trade-off of goodness and complexity of a model, that is to say, a likelihood function for the model fit and the number of estimated parameters for this model. Thus, the AIC value of the model is given by:  
\[AIC(\hat{f})=n\ log\sum_{j=1}^{n}(y_{j}-\hat{f}(x_{j}))^{2}+2p, \tag{7}\]  
where the first term of the equation is the residual sum of squares used as a likelihood function between the fitted function \(\hat{f}\) and their reference values \(y_{i}\), moreover, \(p\) is the number of parameters used to estimate \(\hat{f}\). In this paper the number of parameters consists of the number of interior knots \(m\) and the number of the B-spline coefficients \(m+k\), thus \(p=2m+k\). Considering the number of parameters as a fitness criterion helps to reduce the number of interior knots and consequently avoid the overfitting problem.
# Electrospun Porous PDLLA Fiber Membrane Coated with nHA
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Features of nHA/PDLLA Composite Fibrous Membranes with Different nHA Content
#### 3.4.3 Mechanical Property of PDLLA/nHA Composite Fibrous Membranes  
Figure 8 shows the stress-strain curves of the PDLLA/nHA composite fibrous membranes and non-porous PDLLA fibrous membrane (Control group). The tensile strength and Young's modulus of these specimens are listed in Table 2. The non-porous PDLLA fibrous membranes exhibits a high modulus of 84.81 MPa and a tensile strength of 6.13 MPa (in the control group of Table 2) [41].  
Figure 7: WCA of PDLLA/nHA membranes with different content of nHA, (**A**) 11.2%; (**B**) 10.6%; (**C**) 8.8%; (**D**) 5.5%; (**E**) 4.1% and (**F**) Control group.  
By adding 4.1 wt % nHA to the PDLLA composite membranes, significant reduction in the modulus and tensile strength were observed, a 60.7% and 9.3% decrease, respectively. Further modulus and tensile strength impairment to 66.8% and 44.5% can be achieved by incorporating 8.8% nHA into the PDLLA composite fibrous membranes. At 11.2% nHA loading, the modulus and tensile strength of the composite membranes declined by 76.2% and 47.1%, respectively.  
The presence of nHA particles in composite fibrous membranes reduces the modulus and tensile strength, because the nHA particles rendered the electrospun fiber matrix stiffer and less plastic in its deformation, in a manner which was typical of hard inorganic phases [41; 42]. In general, scaffolds for tissue engineering applications should possess well surface wettability and high mechanical strength, so that they can provide load support for cell adhesion and proliferation quickly. From Table 2, the hybridization of a 10.6 wt % nHA-PDLLA composite fibrous membrane exhibits a more balanced strength and surface wettability of the composite mats, rendering a promising scaffold material for tissue engineering applications [43].
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Review_  
**Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies**  
**[PERSON]**  
McDonough School of Business, Washington, DC 20057, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Received: 20 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 29 November 2020  
**Featured Application: The data and analysis can be applied to shipping emissions issues at five governmental levels:**_local_ **(ports and port cities),** _subnational regional_ **(port authorities),** _national_ **(Italy and other countries),** _international regional_ **(European Union and Mediterranean Sea coastal areas), and** _global_ **(IMO).**  
**Abstract:** Ships' emissions of air pollutants pose problems for local and regional public health and agricultural production, as well as global climate change. The Italian government's endorsement in 2019 of the creation of a Mediterranean Emission Control Area is a reflection of increasing concern about the emissions. Also, ongoing developments in the International Maritime Organization and in the European Union add to the Italian government's maritime shipping agenda and increase its complexity and uncertainty. In that context, this review paper addresses two central questions: What are the consequences for human health and agricultural production of ships' emissions in Italian ports and coastal areas? How can their emissions be reduced? The approach to these questions is inter-disciplinary. It applies the results of studies in atmospheric chemistry and physics; maritime shipping engineering; public health; agriculture; economics; and international law and policymaking to assess current and prospective policy issues in Italy. The principal conclusions are that: (1) Black carbon emissions are threats to human health and agricultural production in Italy, as well as to the global climate. (2) It is important that black carbon emissions receive more serious attention in policymaking processes in order to reflect the significant analytic progress that has been made in terms of understanding the problems it poses and the technological and policy solutions. (3) There are cost-effective, emission-reducing measures that are readily available, as well as other measures needing more time before full-scale implementation. (4) Although existing multi-level governance systems pose complex analytic and policymaking challenges, they also offer opportunities to institute new policies with significant short-term and long-term co-benefits from reductions in emissions.  
**Keywords:** ships' emissions; black carbon; Italy; ports; coastal areas; IMO; EU; Mediterranean ECA
# Antibiotic Resistance in Seawater Samples from East Coast of Spain
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Antibiotic Resistance  
The antibiotic resistance of _E. coli_ and _Enterococcus_ sp. isolates was determined using the Sensititre System (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Madrid, Spain), an automatic system that uses a microplate format with a panel of different antimicrobial compounds that are accurately dosed at appropriate dilutions resembling the classical broth dilution method, according to the methods described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [39], and accepted as a method of international reference [40]. EUVSEC plates were used for _E. coli_ isolates, with the following antimicrobials to be tested: ampicillin (AMP), azithromycin (AZI), cefotaxime (FOT), ceftazidime (TAZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CHL), colistin (COL), gentamicin (GEN), meropenem (MER), nalidix acid (NAL), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TET), tigecycline (TGC), and trimethoprim (TMP). The enterococci isolates were tested against ampicillin (AMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CHL), daptomycin (DAP), erythromycinogen (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), linezold (LIN), quinpristin/dalforpistin (QUIN/DAL), teicoplanin (TEI), tetracycline (TET), tigecyline (TGC), and vancomycin (VAN), using the EUVNEC plate. The test was performed following the manufacturer's instructions. The results were interpreted by means of a digital visualization system, Sensititre Vizion (Thermo Scientific); for wells that showed bacterial growth, a sedimentation button was observed, indicating the resistance of the microorganism to the concentration of the antibiotic contained in the well. The well containing the lowest antimicrobial concentration where no growth was observed was the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). _E. coli_ ATCC 25922 and _E. fecalis_ ATCC 29212 were used as internal controls.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Acquisition and Processing
#### 2.2.3 Evapotranspiration (ET)  
The ET data were derived from the MOD16A2 product produced by NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LPDAAC) with 500 m spatial resolution and 8 days temporal resolution. In this study, ET data for the 2019 rice growing season (1 May-31 August) in Tianjin were cropped and resampled by the bilinear interpolation method using QGIS 3.22.1 software to obtain ET raster data with a spatial resolution of 10 m.
# Efficient Runtime Firmware Update Mechanism for LoRaWAN Class A Devices
## 2 Related Work
They describe a protocol that allows efficient transmission of firmware images to multiple devices simultaneously, optimizing the duty cycle of devices and gateways. Additionally, they propose a fragmentation algorithm to handle packet loss in LPWAN networks. This solution was demonstrated at a LoRa Alliance event, showing the feasibility of secure and efficient firmware updates in LPWAN networks. [PERSON] [13] focuses on low-power, long-lifespan devices, especially those using LPWAN technology. The FUOTA process is described as a set of application layer specifications aimed at providing delivery and management services for firmware updatesto various end devices. The author emphasises the importance of firmware updates in LPWA devices due to their long lifespan and the need to adapt to regulatory, standard, and security changes over time. The article also addresses interoperability tests conducted to validate the specifications and highlights areas for future improvements, such as file content definition, file compression, and partial firmware update algorithms. It provides a comprehensive overview of the FUOTA specifications and their importance in efficiently updating firmware in LPWAN IoT devices.
# Managing Access to Confidential Documents: A Case Study of an Email Security Tool
## Appendix B Video Transcript  
The major drawback of traditional email is that you can't control information once it's sent. This makes sending sensitive information through traditional email especially risky: Recipients may be hacked, or you may send an email to the wrong person. However, there are ways to ensure emails containing sensitive information aren't intercepted. To protect sensitive emails from unauthorized access or accidental sharing, you should use Virtru. Google recommends using Virtru to control access to sensitive emails. Virtru encrypts the content and attachments in your email; thus, once your email reaches the mail server, it cannot be read by anyone, such as Google, hackers, or third parties in the relay chain between you and your recipient. Importantly, Virtru allows you to set a message expiration date by specifying the amount of time the email will be accessible to the recipient. You can also revoke message access in case you send an email to the wrong person by using the access controls provided. Additionally, you can disable forwarding to the message unreadable if it has been forwarded. You also can add a watermark on the attachments and require authentication if the attachment is shared or downloaded to the recipient's computer. Also, you can apply persistent file protection to your encrypted attachments which restricts access to only authorized users even if it is shared or downloaded in their devices. Virtru works using a browser plugin. First, navigate to Virtru Email Protection for Gmail in the Chrome Web Store and select Add to Chrome, When prompted, click Add extension Once Virtru is successfully installed, enabling Virtru during email composition is easy. You will automatically be prompted to activate upon opening Gmail. Select the Activate button to begin the activation process. Click Done to begin sending secure messages! You will receive a brief tour showing you how to send your first secure message. Click Compose to continue. In the Compose window, you can toggle Virtru protection by selecting the toggle in the top right corner. Click on the setting icon to add additional security options. You can control access to your protected message by setting an expiration date, disabling forwarding, or watermarking attachments. Lastly, hit Secure Send and your message will be delivered securely.
## 4 Discussion
### Impact of Land Cover Classification Result on MODIS GPP  
The MOD17A2H GPP algorithm uses the MCD12Q1 product as its land cover classification scheme. The accuracy of the land cover classification directly determines the veracity of \(\varepsilon_{max}\) and further influences the effectiveness of the GPP estimates. Therefore, the influences of land cover misclassification on GPP estimation are non-negligible.  
In our study, we found that MCD12Q1 misclassified most of the sites (Figure 6). These misclassifications directly led to the misestimating FPAR by MOD15A2H and the misjudgments of \(\varepsilon_{max}\) by BPLUT and thus affected the MOD17A2H GPP estimates for corresponding sites.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Failure Mechanisms in RCF Tests
(**a**) Circumferential cracks and spalling, (**b**) transversal cracks in the cross-section and (**c**) zoom of (**b**) (P\({}_{\rm H}\) = 3.3 GPa; N = 2.43 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cycles; \(\Lambda\) = 0.362). Figure 9: Morphology of the rolling contact surface after RCF test (P\({}_{\rm H}\) = 3.7 GPa; N = 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cycles; \(\Lambda\) = 1.234). (**a**) Circumferential cracks at the borders of the rolling contact track; (**b**) circumferential and transversal cracks at the point A, in the rolling contact surface, before the spalling phenomenon appearance shown in (**c**); (**d**) cross section of the spalling shown in (**c**). it occurs in ductile materials in planes where the shear stress attains a maximum. This is a typical feature of the materials presenting a ductile fracture behaviour. After this stage, when the crack attains a critical length, the remaining area does not support the contact pressure and the material is pulled up, which is a well-known characteristic of spalling phenomena (Figure 9c,d). Note that the spalling damage at the rolling track is delimited by transversal cracks, which will be linked to the existing circumferential ones Figure 9b).
# Application-Aware Network Traffic Management in MEC-Integrated Industrial Environments
## 6 Prototype Description and Evaluation
### Experiments and Performance Results
In conclusion, data aggregation and filtering can dramatically reduce the network traffic traversing the industrial backbone while being computationally cheap. Ideally, such capabilities should reduce the traffic as much as possible without dropping relevant information for applications. The targets of data aggregation are those flows carrying data that are suitable for being the input of an aggregation function (e.g., the average), while the targets of data filtering are those flows carrying data that are not always relevant. Instead, data encryption targets those flows originally sent out in cleartext, thus ensuring confidentiality. In particular, homomorphic cryptography should be adopted only if (a) the target flow carries data suitable for being aggregated and/or filtered off-premises, (b) there is a strong confidentiality constraint requiring encrypted data all along the way, and (c) at least one of the two conditions above (i or ii) that make homomorphic cryptography practical is met.
# Ka-Band Doppler Scatterometry: A Strong Wind Case Study
## 4 Sea Surface Doppler Centroid
### The KaDOP Approach  
In the KaDOP, the DC is represented as a sum of surface currents (term 1), Bragg wave velocity (term 2), and wave-induced Doppler velocity (WIDV, term 3),  
\[V_{\text{D}}=v_{\text{dr}}\sin\theta\cos(\varphi_{\text{r}}-\varphi_{\text{dr} })+v_{\text{sc}}\sin\theta+g^{-1}\iint\text{Re}\{M(\theta,\varphi,U)G(\theta, \varphi)\}\omega^{3}S(\omega,\varphi)d\omega d\varphi, \tag{11}\]  
where \(v_{\text{dr}}\) and \(\varphi_{\text{dr}}\) are the surface current speed and direction, \(g\) is the gravity acceleration, \(\omega=2\pi f\) is the radial wave frequency, \(\varphi_{\text{r}}\) is the radar azimuth, \(M(\theta,\varphi,U)\) is the MTF empirical parameterization [25], \(G=\cos(\varphi_{\text{r}}-\varphi)\sin\theta-i\cos\theta\) is the geometrical coefficient projecting wave orbital velocity onto the radar LOS and \(M\cdot G\) is the LOS MTF, and \(v_{\text{sc}}\) is the inherent scatterer velocity approximated by Bragg wave phase velocity [26].  
The surface current velocity, \(v_{\text{dr}}\), is decomposed into a sum of a background current (from current meter measurements at 10 m depth), which may not be related to local winds, and a wind-driven current shear in the upper 10 m layer. Following [26], the latter is estimated as \(1.5\%\cdot U\).  
The WIDV is the most challenging contribution. Firstly, it is not intuitive in contrast to surface currents and inherent scatter velocity. Secondly, the WIDV can dominate over other terms of Equation (11) [76; 80]. Next, two characteristic records are considered to demonstrate WIDV contribution in different environmental conditions and at different radar look geometry configurations, \(\theta=20^{\circ}\) and \(\theta=45^{\circ}\). Without loss of generality, only VV data are presented, because HH data (not shown) show similar results.  
For further analysis, the \"direct\" WIDV estimate, which is possible with our wave-resolving platform measurements, is also used. As shown in [13; 81], the instantaneous Doppler velocity or the centroid of _instantaneous_ Doppler spectrum,  
\[\widetilde{v}(t)=\frac{\int f_{\text{d}}S(f_{\text{d}},t)\,df_{\text{d}}}{ \int S(f_{\text{d}},t)\,df_{\text{d}}}, \tag{12}\]  
Figure 10: Measured Doppler centroid (DC) versus wind speed line-of-sight (LOS) projection. Colors indicate different records (see Figure 2).  
is a measure of \"pure\" footprint kinematics. Therefore, the difference between the DC and the time-mean of this quantity, \(V_{\text{D}}-\overline{\widetilde{v}}\), cancels out the surface current and the inherent scatterer velocity, and thus isolates the WIDV. However, the \(\widetilde{v}\) is also contributed by waves not resolved by the radar footprint. Hence, the difference, \(V_{\text{D}}-\overline{\widetilde{v}}\), accounts for WIDV contribution only from waves longer than the footprint size (2 m by 2 m at \(\theta=20^{\circ}\), and 2.5 m by 4 m at \(\theta=45^{\circ}\)).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Compositions of PM\({}_{10}\)  
Figure 4 presents the mass fractions of inorganic elements in PM\({}_{10}\) from Zhundong coal combustion. Information on the size-dependent chemical composition of PM\({}_{10}\) has been developed to identify the central mode (i.e., fine fragmentation mode) that exists between the ultrafine and the coarse modes [43]. Figure 4 shows a slight decrease in Na, S and a slightly increase in Ca between \(\sim\)0.5 \(\upmu\)m and 2.5 \(\upmu\)m (stages 6-9), implying the typical characteristics of the central mode elaborated by [PERSON] et al. [43]. However, Figure 3 presents the same tendency for OXY32 \(>\) OXY27 \(>\) OXY21 for the concentration of central mode particles and coarse particles (\(>\)2.5 \(\upmu\)m), and Figure 4 shows very similar elemental compositions between these two modes for all cases. Therefore, the two mode particles are  
Figure 3: Mass-based particle size distributions (PSDs) of PM\({}_{10}\) during the air and oxy-fuel combustion of Zhundong coal.  
analyzed together as PM\({}_{0.5-10}\) below. As shown in Figure 4, the chemical compositions of PM\({}_{0.5-10}\) in air and oxy-fuel conditions with different oxygen fractions are very similar; PM\({}_{0.5-10}\) predominantly contains Ca (-50-65%), and some Mg, S, Al and Si.  
Particles less than 0.5 \(\upmu\)m in size (stages 1-5, called ultrafine particles and PM\({}_{0.5}\)) present relatively uniform elemental distributions for each case. PM\({}_{0.5}\) is composed of Na, S, Mg and Ca, with total fractions of nearly 90%. Comparing air with oxy-fuel conditions, the mass fractions of Ca in PM\({}_{0.5}\) from the air condition are much higher than those from oxy-fuel conditions, while the fractions of Na and S in PM\({}_{0.5}\) are obviously lower. Beyond this, as the oxygen concentration increases in oxy-fuel combustion, the mass fractions of Na and S in PM\({}_{0.5}\) decrease while that of Mg increases distinctly. The phenomena observed will be discussed thoroughly in Section 3.4.
# GSFedSec: Group Signature-Based Secure Aggregation for Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning
## 4 Security Analysis of the Proposed Algorithm
### Robustness against Various Attacks
#### 4.3.3 Impersonation Attack  
Impersonation attacks are possible when some network entity assumes the identity of some other entity in the network. Because identities are not revealed between clients in the network, clients have minimal information about other clients, making impersonation attacks less likely.
## 8 Summary of the Main Findings in this Paper  
This section serves the purpose of providing a quick overview for readers. It underscores the significance of the material presented in this review paper. Table 1 summarises the primary findings of this review on the design and application of polygon hollow structures in various fields of engineering.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Section of Review** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} An overview of lattice structures \\ built from polygonal hollow \\ shapes \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The choice as to whether to use struts or beams/plates for building polygonal \\ lattice structures is based on an in-depth analysis of the project’s primary \\ structural specifications, cost, and desired design implications. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} Numerous research works [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23] have overlooked analytical modelling of the effects of polygonal hollow structures’ node connections on stiffness. This is a worry because multiple studies [17; 23; 24; 25; 26] indicate that vertices are highly stressed locations and so are more likely to fail first under applied loads. \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} Currently, the analytical models available in the literature for predicting the energy absorption mechanisms of polygon hollow structures are based on generic mathematical equations that characterise the strain energies induced by bending, tensile, and shear loading [7; 18; 17; 19]. \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} The authors are presently investigating limitations of two-stage stress-strain curves commonly used to predict the behaviour of cellular/lattice structures as they do not include all of the deformation mechanisms that occur in lattice structures. \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} According to the analytical models described here, the four polygonal hollow cells are ranked in decreasing order of transverse stiffness, from circular to hexagonal, triangular, and square. \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} The present literature lacks analytical models that describe the load-bearing capability of three-dimensional (3D) polygon hollow constructions loaded in the cell walls’ in-plane directions. \\ \end{tabular} \
\begin{tabular}{c} Currently, available analytical models have the drawback of being based on unit cells rather than the overall structure [7; 18; 19; 23; 26; 17]. This approach ignores the influence of the unit cell connection in a structure and so cannot accurately anticipate how the final polygon structure will behave to applied loads. \\ \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} Mechanical properties of lattice structures built with polygonal hollow shapes