# Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology
## 2 Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission
### NSC in Fission: The Czech Republic Implementation
In addition, this includes the human factor [42], and whether the human factor does not increase the risk of the initiation event, including an assessment of whether the overall personnel policy and its management are in accordance with the requirements of the safety culture [43; 44]. Safety culture is also the subject of State Office for Nuclear Safety Czech Republic (SONS) inspections. All nuclear safety inspectors participate in the inspection, collecting findings related to the safety culture (so-called safety culture characteristics) from license holders and their subcontractors during their daily work (e.g., other inspections, documentation assessment, administrative proceedings). The used methodology is based on observing personnel behavior, discussion and argumentation, problem and issue solving, working atmosphere, quality of work and documentation assessment and overall working observation. Each single finding is collected including its context and must be independently understandable by all participants. The safety culture characteristics are marked using four grades:  
* A--positive manifestation of safety culture;
* B--expected condition;
* C--non-compliance with the healthy safety culture attribute;
* D--denying of the healthy safety culture attribute. Findings are collected using a database. Specialized inspectors process them to form the output for inspection purposes (Inspection Report), and for the benefit of the license holder. The license holder obtains, four times a year, information about the safety culture assessment: the report and the periodical meetings between the management and the SONS underline the main positive and negative findings, which are explained to the license holder. In the processing, data are strictly anonymized (also from the language and communication style point of view) to avoid and prevent worries of personnel or inspectors with regard to expressing freely their concerns, opinions and attitudes. Some methodologies are widespread worldwide to assess safety culture. The most generally known are the US NRC methodology [45] and GRS [46], but some other methodologies [47] have been developed in other countries, too. SONS describes the process of collecting safety culture characteristics in its internal document [48]. Findings are collected in 10 areas using the \"10 Traits\" reference framework created by the US NRC [45] and also recommended by the IAEA [49]. The \"10 Traits\" reference framework is applied to different structures (organization, work groups, supplemental personnel and independent oversight organizations) and at different levels for organizational roles and positions (individuals, leaders, executives, managers, senior managers, supervisors, individual contributors), as shown in Figure 3. The assessment is focused on them, their relations and communication from a different perspective. The \"10 Traits\" assessment method brings complex and simple ways to evaluate the existing safety culture and its manifestation in an organization. The \"10 Traits\" consist of attributes, for which there is some example or description. The traits and their content can be described as follows [45] (see also Figure 3):  
1. \"Leadership Safety Values and Actions\"--whether leaders demonstrate their commitment to safety in decision making and behavior;
2. \"Problem Identification and Resolution\"--whether issues, which can potentially impact safety, are promptly identified, evaluated, addressed and corrected commensurate with their safety significance;
3. \"Personal Accountability\"--whether all individuals take personal responsibility for safety;
4. \"Work Processes\"--whether the process of planning and controlling work activities is implemented to maintain safety;
5. \"Continuous Learning\"--whether emerging opportunities to learn about ensuring safety are sought out and taken;
6. \"Environment for Raising Concerns\"--whether a healthy environment exists for personnel feel free to raise safety concerns without fear;
7.