## 4 Results and Discussion  
Multiple experiments were conducted with different cooling fluids, flow rates, and porous structures. Water was first used as the cooling fluid, and the temperature measurement was performed for various flow rates. An aluminum TPMS structure and silver TPMS structure were used in this experiment. As discussed earlier, the inlet temperature varied between experiments but could be adjusted by presenting the difference between the measured and inlet temperatures. Figure 5 displays the data from the experiment with water as the flowing liquid in the aluminum TPMS structure. Figure 5a presents the temperature distribution measured 1 mm below the TPMS/heated block interface. As observed and evident, the cooling process removes more heat from the system as the flow rate increases. An additional observation worth mentioning is the uniformity of the temperature distribution. This uniform temperature distribution is an important finding using TMPS. The temperature difference between thermocouples #1 and #7 does not exceed two degrees, regardless of the inlet temperature. As the flow rate increases, the temperature uniformity improves. Also, in this experiment, the inlet temperature range between the low and highest flow rates is approximately 12.5 degrees Celsius. Figure 4: Boundary conditions used in the model. Figure 5b shows the temperature difference between the measured one and the inlet temperature to observe the amount of heat removed by the TPMS regardless of the inlet temperature. In this graph, the temperature scale is changed to verify the uniformity of the temperature accurately. The uniformity and the temperature difference, as observed in Figure 5a, is around 1.25 degrees Celsius. This uniformity is detected regardless of the inlet temperature. However, another variable measured experimentally is worth mentioning: the outlet temperature. Figure 5c displays the non-dimensional temperature measured experimentally, combining the inlet and outlet temperatures with the measured temperature T.  
In this case, as shown in Figure 5c, it is evident that the temperature is uniform by removing the effect of the different inlet and outlet temperatures. The experiment was repeated by replacing the aluminum TPMS structure with a silver TPMS structure. It is known that silver has a high thermal conductivity. That means more heat is absorbed by the structure and taken away with the water circulation. Figure 6 presents the case of the silver structure. By examining Figure 6a, it is found that the temperature is lower than the one presented in Figure 5a. The thermal conductivity  
Figure 5: Temperature measurement for water as the cooling fluid through an aluminum TPMS structure. (**a**) Temperature distribution, (**b**) temperature difference, and (**c**) non-dimensional temperature. effects of the structure play an important role in heat extraction. Again, suppose we continue the comparison between Figures 5a and 6a. In that case, the temperature variation for the flow rate of 7.86 cm\({}^{3}\)/s exhibits a higher temperature measurement than that for a flow rate of 3.74 cm\({}^{3}\)/s. The reason for that is the inlet temperature at a low flow rate is higher than at the flow rate of 7.86 cm\({}^{3}\)/s. Thus, by analyzing Figure 6b and, consequently, Figure 5b, the effect of inlet temperature is removed, and it shows that, as the flow rate is low, the temperature is high and is reduced as the flow rate increases. Figure 6c displays the non-dimensional temperature by considering the inlet and outlet temperatures. Temperature uniformity is maintained, proving that the TPMS structure provides a more uniform heat distribution. Figure 6: Temperature measurement for water as the cooling fluid through the silver TPMS structure. (**a**) Temperature distribution, (**b**) temperature difference, and (**c**) non-dimensional temperature. distribution is detected for all flow rates. This temperature profile is ideal for a uniform cooling system at low pressure drop (i.e., low flow rates).