## 2 Related Work  
To address distributed multi-site cloud monitoring and control challenges, several works have been proposed to improve operational efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [3] present the SmartX multiview visibility framework (MVF), which aims to integrate different layers of visibility (i.e., physical resources, virtual resources, and flow layers). This framework is also exploited for realizing flow-centric visibility, which is extended to assist networking control. Authors in [11] introduced a flow monitoring framework called cReFeR that aims to balance accuracy and efficiency in SDNs. This framework utilizes a three-step approach of first report, feedback, and second report to reduce the amount of flow statistics collected. [PERSON]. et al. [12] used SDN for traffic monitoring in data center networks to efficiently manage high-volume flows, particularly elephant flows. Also, this study proposes a new method for detecting such elephant flows that is based on continuous polling of all switches. Authors in [13] address the problem of high-cost and inefficient traffic monitoring in network applications by proposing new monitoring mechanisms. These mechanisms aim to minimize monitoring costs while adhering to reporting delay constraints by carefully selecting switches to report flow statistics.  
[PERSON] et al. [14], including one of the current paper's authors, proposed a limited networking control for multiple SDN controllers in the multi-domain infrastructure. This study utilizes the SDN controllers and applications for controlling interconnected SDN sites according to BGP routing information [15]. In [16], IntStream, a network telemetry framework, is proposed to address challenges in measuring and managing complex networks. The authors highlight three key challenges in developing an intent-based telemetry solution: the diversity of data sources, the complexity of measurement tasks, and the requirement for low overhead. IntStream tackles these challenges by enabling passive stream processing and active probing, effectively analyzing networks while minimizing transmission overhead. [PERSON] et al. introduce the concept of intent-driven networks (IDNs), which aims to allow for fully automated network management without human involvement [17]. They emphasize reducing network management complexity by enabling automation to achieve measurable and comprehensive life cycle management. The authors demonstrate the intent system interface using an OpenStack-based intent platform.  
In Table 1, we position our work with other related works using various factors. These factors include whether the solution has a general or specific purpose, a conceptual idea only or includes implementation, the scope of the implementation (i.e., flow collection, flow analysis, or network control), the mode of execution (online or offline), and the evaluation environment where the proposed solution is verified or data are obtained. As shown in the table, compared with other works, our proposal is a general-purpose solution with networking control as one example use case scenario. Also, unlike some other solutions that are purely conceptual ideas, our proposal includes partial component implementation (i.e., building on our previous works). Although our proposed solution is not yet in real-time operation, it is still verified in online mode in a small testbed-scale operation environment.