## 3 Results
### Results and Evaluation of FTIR Spectra
The anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity was studied through the IC50 Value (half maximum inhibitory concentration) of the bioactive extracts of both apple juice and its by-products against platelet aggregation, induced either by the inflammatory and thrombotic platelet activator PAF (Platelet Activating Factor) for evaluating the anti-inflammatory potency of these extracts or by a standard platelet agonist (ADP: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-Adenosine Diphosphate) for evaluating the antiplatelet (antithrombotic) effects. The results of the bioassays on human platelets are presented in Figure 1 (anti-PAF anti-inflammatory activities) and Figure 2 (anti-ADP antithrombotic effects) of the rich in amphiphilic (TACs) and lipophilic (TLCs) compounds that are present in both apple juice and its by-products. It should also be stressed that the lower the IC50 value for such an anti-inflammatory/antithrombotic effect for a compound/extract the higher the inhibitory activity of each sample against the specific platelet aggregation agonist being examined [8; 11]. It can be observed from the outset that the rich-in-polar-lipids amphiphilic TAC extracts from both apple juice and its by-products showed greater inhibitory capacity against PAF, with values below 260 \(\mu\)g compared to the corresponding lipophilic TLC extracts, which showed lower anti-PAF effects, with IC50 values ranging from approximately 555 \(\mu\)g. Of all the extracts, however, the most effective against PAF was revealed to be that of the polar compounds of apple by-products, with the lowest IC50 value of approximately 80 \(\mu\)g, which was almost 5 times below the IC50 values of the extracts from the TLC compounds but also  
Figure 1: Total lipophilic compounds (TLCs) and total amphiphilic compounds (TACs) from apple juice and their by-products (pomace) have inhibitory effects on the PAF pathway. The expression of results is in IC50 values (half maximum inhibitory concentration), which means the mass of the compounds-extract in ug present in the aggregometer cuvette containing 250 \(\mu\)L of human plasma rich platelets (hPRP) that is capable of causing 50% of inhibition of the PAF-induced inflammatory activation and aggregation of hPRP (an extract’s anti-inflammatory efficacy increases as the IC50 value decreases); \({}^{\star}\) Shows that TACs and TLCs are statistically significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) in both the juice and its by-products (pomace); \({}^{\star}\) Shows statistically significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) between apple pomace-derived TAC’s anti-inflammatory efficacy and that of the TAC from apple juice. more potent against the effect of TAC from the juices (_p_ < 0.05 in all comparisons). These results are in agreement with those presented in previous studies for similar differences observed in the anti-inflammatory characteristics of TAC and TLC extracts of apple products (juice) and by-products (cider) against the PAF route of human platelet aggregation [9; 10; 11]. All TAC and TLC extracts from both juice and pomace were additionally assessed against human platelet aggregation, which is induced by the standard platelet agonist ADP with the results again revealing strong antiplatelet effects against this specific pathway (Figure 2). Again, the TAC extracts showed lower IC50 values against ADP-induced aggregation of platelets in both the juice and the pomace, and therefore stronger antiplatelet activity against the ADP pathway. The IC50 values of the TLC extracts again ranged at high IC50 values (approximately 590-800 \(\upmu\)g), thus revealing low antiplatelet activity against this thrombotic agent.