## 3 Results
### Electotherapy
#### 3.2.1 Tens  
A case report performed by [PERSON] et al. [20] reported a [PERSON]'s atrophy resolution by the adjunctive use of TENS. The patient was a 43-year-old man with right distal tibia fracture and fibula contusion after falling off a ladder. The treatment consisted of the closed reduction of the fracture, and a cast. The patient was still unable to support weight on the right lower limb when the cast was removed due to pain and needed regular use of rescue pain drugs. Thirteen months after the injury, the patient received TENS for one hour a day, three times a week for 2 months. After one month, the patient reached full weight bearing with no cane needed anymore. At the end of treatment, the patient was able to move his right ankle in dorsal and plantar flexion, gradually reducing the use of pain medications. The patient returned at work after one month from the end of treatment. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [21] reported the case of a baby (3 years of age) affected by CRPS-I following a right ankle sprain and fall injury. A conservative treatment based on rest, elevation, ice, and ibuprofen brought no results after 3-4 weeks. Therefore, for three weeks his ankle and foot were then immobilized in a cast. After cast removal he recovered ankle full range of motion (ROM), but weight bearing pain persisted. He was prescribed oral naproxen 125 mg twice a day and TENS. Physical therapy also included massage using lymphedema techniques of skin stretching, along with active and passive ROM exercises. Two weeks later, the patient had a considerable clinical improvement, and after 1 month, he totally recovered. Similar results were reported by [PERSON] et al. [22], who described the case of a 48-year-old female who presented shoulder pain, hypersthesis and swelling of the hand after a cerebrovascular accident. Significant improvement of pain was achieved after three sessions of pain neurophysiology education. Later, TENS, kinesisotope application, \"pain exposure\" physical therapy and exercise therapy was administered for a period of 7 weeks. After 6 months, she still was pain -free. [PERSON] et al. [23] reported two cases of patients with CRPS-I treated with TENS. A girl 10 years of age started to feel a stabbing pain in her right foot with no previous trauma or injection. Symptoms persisted despite acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment. The patient was treated with TENS and had an immediate improvement in terms of hyperesthesia. After 3 months, she completely recovered and she got a normal ambulation, despite a slight atrophy. The authors also reported the case of a girl 10 years of age that manifested pain and swelling of the right knee and ankle 3 weeks after an upper respiratory infection. The patient was treated with TENS, reducing pain and improving the ability to support weight on the right leg during the next 5 days. [PERSON] et al. [24] assessed the clinical recovery in thirty TENS-treated CRPS type 1 patients. Fifteen participants were randomly assigned to a group receiving standard TENS therapy for 20 min, while 15 participants received sham TENS. Both groups received conventional physical therapy, consisting of 20 min of a contrast bath, 15 min of a whirlpool bath, ROM exercise of both assisted active and passive types, and stretching exercises from a static position until the patient felt pain. The intervention was scheduled for 15 sessions. The outcome measures were spontaneous pain (assessed by VAS), neuropathic pain (assessed by the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms Scale and the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions), ROM (assessed by a goniometer) and edema (volumetric measurement). Hand grip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer while activity limitations of the hand was evaluated with the Duruoz Hand Index (DHI). A significant reduction was reported for spontaneous and neuropathic pain scores and edema, and a significant improvement of ROM and functional capacity in both groups (\(p<0.05\)).