## 1 Introduction  
Enzymes are naturally evolved, biodegradable, and biocompatible, highly efficient catalysts widely applied in various scientific, technological, and industrial fields due to their notable catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, and environmentally friendly nature under mild reaction conditions [1]. Despite the advantages of enzymes over chemical catalysts, such as high catalytic efficiency, high substrate specificity, minimal side reactions, and environmental friendliness, the inherent protein nature of enzymes makes them prone to structural collapse and loss of activity under extreme environmental conditions [2]. Additionally, enzymes typically exist in a soluble state within the reaction system, making it challenging to separate and extract the products after the reaction, leading to difficulties in product isolation and enzyme recovery, consequently increasing production costs. These issues constrain the industrial application of enzymes [3].  
Enzyme immobilization technology refers to the process of fixing enzymes within a defined spatial range using physical or chemical means to protect them from environmental factors and enhance their stability [4]. Common enzyme immobilization methods include adsorption [5; 6; 7; 8; 9], encapsulation [10; 11; 12; 13; 14], and cross-linking [15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. Apart from the impact of immobilization methods, the choice of immobilization carriers also significantly influences the catalytic performance of enzymes [20]. Since the first report of enzyme immobilization in 1916, many carriers [21], such as chitosan, oxidized graphene, or polyurethane foam, have been widely used for enzyme immobilization. However, the development of novel immobilization matrices and techniques continues to attract significant attention, including polymer matrices, nanomaterials, porous materials, microcapsules, and magnetic materials [22]. With the vigorous development of nanotechnology, the application of nanomaterials in the field of enzyme immobilization has garnered widespread attention. This is due to the unique properties of nanomaterials [23], such as a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, greater resistance to stress, and lower mass transfer resistance, which help address the drawbacks of traditional enzyme immobilization methods.  
Currently, there are many strategies [24; 25] for enzyme immobilization based on nanomaterials. However, most of these immobilization strategies typically involve the preparation of carrier materials for enzyme loading, followed by the physical or chemical binding of the carrier and enzyme. The preparation and separation of carriers involve multiple steps and cumbersome processes, which are time-consuming [26]. Therefore, there is a growing research interest in developing strategies that can simultaneously synthesize carrier materials and immobilize enzymes. These immobilization strategies involving nanocariers can be rapidly synthesized through simple physical or chemical reactions, with characteristics such as easy preparation steps, mild conditions, short processing times, and minimal enzyme damage often achieving better results. In this review, we have selected three immobilization strategies that align with these characteristics, including organic-inorganic nano-flowers, metal-organic frameworks, and conductive polymers as nanocarriers for enzyme immobilization (Figure 1). We have outlined their mechanisms of action, general operational processes, key influencing factors, and post-immobilization effects. Additionally, we have briefly discussed the existing limitations and improvement directions for these three strategies. This paper aims to provide more theoretical references for the research and development of strategies that simultaneously synthesize carrier materials and immobilize enzymes during the carrier synthesis process. Due to the abundance of acronyms in this review, we have created an acronym table for better understanding (Abbreviations).