# Internet of Things and Its Applications: A Comprehensive Survey
## 5 IoT Applications
### Infrastructural Applications  
IoT-based networks can be used in various applications at a time. Therefore, this section discusses the studies that have been conducted regarding the infrastructural usage of IoT. [PERSON] et al. [144] proposed an incorporated structure for IoT/Fog and SDN. This helps to achieve significant features, including packet delay reduction and the possibility of misplaced packets, overflow space conflict, and the highest throughput. This study emphasizes the divergence and necessity of flow space allocation that is capable of producing essential and risky flows. It explains the balance between ordinary packet flows in the Fog communication model and SDN process programmability. This structure opts for the level of flow space allocation variance following the preference of QoS requirements. The obtained results show that critical flow classes offered more efficient support in comparison to the Naive method, devoid of trading with a typical flow class fairness distribution. The results mainly focus on improving QoS elements, including the delay, data rate, and probability; however, scenarios with numerous and virtualized devices were not considered. Another approach in which a process for resource management of Fog virtualized networks with energy efficiency was suggested by [PERSON] et al. [145]. The proposed structure operates at the Middleware layer to sustain active immediate clearing in interacting virtualized assets. It consists of satisfying QoS features, especially the energy consumption, but does not include any earlier statistics and evidence. [PERSON] et al. [146] introduced a new paradigm of effective resource processing for IoT smart applications. The authors developed a resource-efficient computation discharging technique through a device using a hybrid approach. The objective of this study was to enable smart IoT users to reduce the cloud resource \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Focus Area** & **Application** & **Protocol** & **Device** \\ \hline
[136] & QoS-aware scheduling for service-oriented IoT devices & Scheduling if IoT & WSN & Mobile devices \\ \hline
[137] & Automatic learning of energy profiles and enhancing platform strategy & IoT Fog application & - & - \\ \hline
[138] & Content-based cross-layer scheduling & Industrial plant & IEEE 802.15.4-2015 TSCH MAC & - \\ \hline
[139] & Nonbeacon-enabled personal area network & Industrial monitoring and automation & IEEE 802.15.4-2015 & - \\ \hline
[140] & Ultra-low-power robust cell & Electronics industry & - & TFET SRAM \\ \hline
[141] & Concept of prognostics and systems health management (PHM) & Medical industry & - & Smart object appliance \\ \hline
[142] & The idea of Industrial IoT (IIoT) focusing on Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) & The indoor industrial monitoring system & LoRaWAN SF 7 LoRaWAN Fair Mod. IEEE 802.15.4 & Industrial sensors \\ \hline
[143] & Industrial Blockchain Tokenizer (IBT) technology & Industrial robot security & Ad-hoc Haye & Sensors \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: IoT industrial applications. practice concerning QoS limitations. The results show the improvement in the performance of the recommended algorithm in view of the resource effectiveness. In a study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [147], a technique for rankness-based condensed detection for IoT functions was introduced. This technique is employed in the case of multiple-graph signals and is an effective way of controlling and regulating the ideal balance of short and prolonged types of communications. It focuses on infrastructural IoT advancement and expansion, requiring local WSN and physical data centers. The findings obtained from the conducted experiments indicate that the consumption of the recommended technique leads to about 25% power-saving. In the study performed by [PERSON] et al. [148], a fully incorporated and highly effective power-conserving rectifier circuit was developed.