# A Survey of GIS and IoT Integration: Applications and Architecture
## 4 Integrated IoT and GIS Architectures
### GIS and IoT Integration Architecture
#### 4.3.1 GIS in Processing Layer  
To be more specific, the involvement of GIS in IoT architecture in the processing layer is categorized into three types, namely data-related, visualization, and other GIS functionalities which are mostly analysis tools. Data-Related  
The engagement of geospatial information in IoT systems can result in an improved IoT application with more dimensions and possibilities [25]. Nowadays, there are so many geodatabases containing a wide range of information gathered for different purposes. The following articles used GIS as a source of information or as a tool for storing data in their designed IoT systems. In Intelligent Transportation Systems, the location of vehicles is required to be transmitted to the cloud but some limitations like the ones caused by bandwidth are being emerged [65]. They proposed a method of compressing the GPS data before transmitting it \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Processing Layer**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Application Layer**} \\ \hline
**Article** & **Data-Related** & **Visualization** & **Analysis** & **Mobile GIS** & **Web GIS** \\ \hline
[26] & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[27] & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \\ \hline
[28] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[29] & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline
[25] & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[30] & \(\checkmark\) & & & & \\ \hline
[31] & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[33] & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[65] & \(\checkmark\) & & & & \\ \hline
[78] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[79] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[82] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[92] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[111] & & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline
[127] & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \\ \hline
[140] & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[169] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[170] & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline
[171] & & \(\checkmark\) & & & \\ \hline
[172] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[173] & & \(\checkmark\) & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline
[174] & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[175] & \(\checkmark\) & & & & \\ \hline
[176] & & & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[177] & & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & & \\ \hline
[178] & \(\checkmark\) & & & & \\ \hline
[179] & & \(\checkmark\) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A summary of GIS involvement in IoT architecture in each article. to the cloud. As mentioned earlier, processes related to cloud computing are performed in the Processing layer. In the proposed algorithm, GIS provides the local information to help the algorithm with finding the correlation of GPS data of vehicles in a much more precise way. This help consists of providing the answer to the queries about the minimum distance between roads and waypoints. Real-time detection of logistic geographical positions by RFIDs through the Internet of mobile phones in IoT is performed to achieve the aim of positioning in Logistic Geographical Information Detecting Unified Information Systems [178]. In their study, the geographical information database is used to represent the detailed address information by geocoding. Reference [30] proposed two distributed IoT platforms improve energy management in smart cities. The purpose of DIMMER, their first proposed platform, is to make different devices capable of interoperating to share heterogeneous information about energy distribution systems, buildings, and apartments. In their work, GIS is used along with the Building Information Model (BIM) 3D parametric models and System Information Model (SIM) to find the correlation of energy-related information. The general framework of the risk management system proposed by [33] discussed in Section 3.7 clearly indicates the presence of GIS in the processing layer.